NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0508n.06 

No. 16-2617 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MARY MA, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC., 

 Defendant-Appellee. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE WESTERN 

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN 

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, GIBBONS, and COOK, Circuit Judges. 

ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge. Mary Ma appeals the district court’s order 

awarding costs to American Electric Power Company, Inc. (AEP). For the following reasons, we 

dismiss the appeal and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

 Ma sued AEP for employment discrimination, but AEP prevailed in a bench trial. AEP 

then sought costs in the amount of $173,368.42, as is its right under 28 U.S.C. § 1920. The 

district court referred the motion to a magistrate judge, who issued an order awarding 

$103,410.29 in costs to AEP.1

 Both parties objected to the magistrate judge’s order. The district 

court stated that it conducted a “careful review” of the order and that it reviewed the order under 

a clear-error standard of review. Seeing no such error, it “affirmed” the magistrate judge’s order. 

Ma timely appealed. 

 1

 The referral order says: “(NON-DOCUMENT) ORDER REFERRING MOTION for order to disallow bill 

of costs (as taken from 231 to Magistrate Judge Ray Kent pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 636(b)(1)(A).” 
No. 16-2617 

Ma v. American Electric Power Co., Inc. 

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 We review an award of costs for abuse of discretion. See McCombs v. Meijer, Inc., 

395 F.3d 346, 359–60 (6th Cir. 2005). “Generally, an abuse of discretion is evident when the 

reviewing court is firmly convinced that a mistake has been made. A district court abuses its 

discretion when it . . . uses an erroneous legal standard.” Ross v. Duggan, 402 F.3d 575, 581 

(6th Cir. 2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

 In this case, we must determine whether the district court followed the proper procedures 

in referring the motion to the magistrate judge and in reviewing the magistrate judge’s opinion. 

The following principles govern our analysis: 

A Magistrate Judge is not permitted to determine costs or fees, but may make a 

report and recommendation to the district court on such issues. After being 

presented with the Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation, the district 

court must then conduct a de novo review of the findings and issue an order as it 

sees fit. The district court cannot simply “concur” in the magistrate’s findings, 

but it must conduct its own review in order to adopt the recommendations. 

McCombs, 395 F.3d at 360 (citing Massey v. City of Ferndale, 7 F.3d 506, 510–11 (6th Cir. 

1993)). 

 The district court abused its discretion by failing to follow the standards established by 

McCombs. Its error was twofold—first in referral and then in review. The district court erred by 

referring the motion for costs under 18 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A)’s authorization for magistrate 

judges to determine pretrial matters.2

 McCombs held, however, that a magistrate judge may not 

determine costs. Instead, we have held that the referral of a motion for costs should be under 

 2 AEP argues that Ma has waived any contest of the referral issue because she did not raise the issue before 

the district court in her objections to the magistrate judge’s order. See, e.g., Sutton v. U.S. Small Bus. Admin., 92 F. 

App’x 112, 119 (6th Cir. 2003) (“Plaintiffs did not preserve this issue for appeal as plaintiffs failed to object to the 

district court’s designation of a magistrate judge either at the time that the district court did so or as an objection to 

the magistrate judge’s Report and Recommendation; rather, plaintiffs first raised this issue only after the district 

court issued its judgment adopting the Report and Recommendation.”). Even if she has waived the referral issue, we 

are also reversing because the district court failed to apply the proper standard of review when reviewing the 

magistrate judge’s opinion. Ma could not have objected to the district court’s standard of review until after the 

district court entered the order awarding costs. In any event, waiver is inconsequential due to the jurisdictional 

aspect of our holding. 
No. 16-2617 

Ma v. American Electric Power Co., Inc. 

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§ 636’s “additional duties” provision. See § 636(b)(3) (“A magistrate judge may be assigned 

such additional duties as are not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United 

States.”); Fharmacy Records v. Nassar, 465 F. App’x 448, 455–56 (6th Cir. 2012) (explaining 

that the district court should refer an attorney’s fees and costs motion to a magistrate judge under 

§ 636(b)(3) because that provision “is broad enough to encompass post-judgment motions”). In 

Fharmacy Records, the district court referred an attorney’s fees and costs matter to the 

magistrate judge under § 636(b)(1)(A). See 465 F. App’x at 456. We held that this was 

technically an error, but we were satisfied that the district court properly conducted a de novo 

review of the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, rendering any error harmless. Id.

(“[T]he procedure actually followed by the magistrate judge and district judge was entirely 

consonant with the law.”). 

 Here, however, the district court compounded its referral error by failing to conduct de 

novo review. This was the district court’s second error, and, unlike the first, cannot be excused 

because it is jurisdictional. See Massey, 7 F.3d at 510. Because we lack jurisdiction over this 

appeal, we cannot follow Fharmacy Record’s harmless error approach. 

 It is not sufficient that the district court stated that it conducted “a careful review of the 

record and applicable law,” because that language came between recitations of a clear-error 

standard. If the “careful review” was for clear error as opposed to de novo, then the district court 

applied the wrong legal standard, thereby abusing its discretion. 

 The referral of Ma’s motion to disallow costs to the magistrate judge should have resulted 

in the magistrate judge’s issuing a report and recommendation subject to de novo review. The 

district court applied the wrong standard of review, so we cannot affirm its order granting costs. 

In so holding, we make no comment on the merits of Ma’s arguments seeking to reduce her 
No. 16-2617 

Ma v. American Electric Power Co., Inc. 

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costs. Nor do we comment on the magistrate judge’s analysis. The district court must conduct a 

de novo review of the magistrate judge’s recommendation before it is appropriate for us to 

review such issues. Accordingly, we DISMISS Ma’s appeal, and we REMAND the case to the 

district court for de novo determination of the costs issue.