Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

Ged

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

6898

EUROPEAN VISIT

FIRE RESEARCH I960

by

Ao F, Robertson

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUKEAL OF STANDAHDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

m% PROJECT

1002-12-10120 July 15, I 96O

NBS REPORT

6898

EUROPEAN VISIT

FIRE RESEARCH I 96O

by

Ac Fo Robertson

IMPORTANT NOTICE

NATIONAL 0UREAU OF F irtenried for use )within thi to additional evaluation ani lhtlr.5 cf this' Report, eithe fhe f»P1ce of the Director, I r.ov.'evor, by the Gcvernmer

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Approved for public release by the

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on October 9, 2015.

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
V.1

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EUROPEAN VISIT

FIRE RESEARCH I96O

by

A. F. ROBERTSON

ABSTRACT

On the occasion of a meeting of the CIB and EPA groups on Fire Research, a visit

was made by the writer to Britain, Germany and France, where groups active in the field of fire research were visited. A brief

summary is presented of discussions with various members of the technical staff of

some organizations active in the field of fire research.

CIB Meeting

Housp

meeting of this group was held in Charles

Joint Fire Research Station on 1 June. The first dav was spent _ in discussing the model enclosure fire tests and planning further studies. Some discussion of this will be

many

presented below. The list of delegates, agendafL^the papers presented are enclosed as appelSx A & B.

Enclosure Fires Tests

summarv^nf^tu^^^^ TMary ^able I as a hurrie dly prepared of the experimental data so far available. It

biiLion ^n spacing and vent area com- tion studied, variations in fire load had little effect n average combustion rate. However, there were significant variations in combustion rates betwein countriel aid the^r

before progrlssJng

®"®

Table 1

Fuel

Combustion

Rates - 2 -

CO0

•H

fH -P

;=s oo

COo

•H

Sh

CTj Cd >aop

Cd -p

cd Q

P>

CO0

EH0p

•H0p

COoI—

o

St PUI—

0o o oo CM MD lT\ (N PO lOv pf" iTN pi" pf 9 9 9 9 9

rQ o 1—1 00 PO Un PO ON

OJ J- J" ITN IPN IN. pt e 9 o 9 m\H o CM 1 f UN OO 1 1 CN ro CM PO CM CM PO CM o 9 9 9 9 9 J"1 1 O CX) ON PO H NO

C\J CM CM CM CM CM CM 9 9 9 9 9 9 o pP) (N- PO H (ON ITN PO J" J- J" it Pt ph e 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 o CM ON 00

rOu^ CM o C\J PO J" PO CM pt ph o o 9 9 9 9 !—

\H o CO nD 00 1 1 NO O PO I—

CM 1—1 CM

H CM 9 o o 9 9 9 H o PO CO 00 \o iTN o CM H CM 1—i CM H CM 9 9 9 9 9 0

fxO 0d

St

a 0 0

•H 0 0 P o a 1

-P

cd <cl

p 1

0 a

cd

w CO 0 O 0 0 ca 1=3 CO tt •=0 4^

03 0 cd P Ot a a a a a p 0 < 0 o o o o o o o p p p p p 0

ht 'is hU Pi Pi Pi Pi Pi bO 0 o 0

Td 0 0 0 0 0 0 p

p St

p P> P> P> P> -p 0 1 H •H 0 0 0 0 0 >

Ph s Q

Q

Q

Q

Q < O

CMtd00o

C7N 0

r0

O -P 0

bO 0 0 0 P 0 0

:s >

-p 0 0

rO0 0

•l-f 0 0

^-> •H 0 a P p0 0 p 0 0 0 Td a 0 0 •H

-0

p) 0 0 no p 0 0 o iH 0 o 0 0 0 0 a •H

P> -H 0 p P p O p 0

txO 0 0 no 0

•H 0 P 0 -H 0 P 0 •H 0 a O

rQ 0 On P 0 0 0 rH 0 0 0 0

.0 0 r0

EH Pi EH rQ
.A-i
Table II

Variations in Performing Model Tests

Variable Details Countries Involved

lo Crib Stocking Not Glued

Glued

Nailed

Germany , Canada^, Netherlan ds

UK, USA, Canada

Netherlands (first layer)

2» Enclosure Drying Dried before test

Not " " " UK, USA

Germany, Canada, Netherlands

3. Box Material Asbestos wood

Asbestos Mill board

UK, Canada, Germany

USA, Netherlands

4, Floor Baffle No baffle used

Baffle at box floor

UK, Canada, Germany

USA, Netherlands

5« Fuel Material No detailed data aval! .able, but assumed variable

Only data for glued specimens submitted to GIB,
:.'V i,
survey was therefore made during the meeting concerning procedure details used in the various countries#

The results are tabulated in table II# It was assumed

that the variations in burning rate shown in table I were

at least partially a result of the procedural variations#

It was decided that UK, USA, and the Netherlands would

perform further tests to study the effect of fuel type and^box material before proceeding further# It was further decided that in all future tests the cribs would be glued, the crib would be suspended at least one box height above

any horizontal baffle, and boxes would be dried before each test or at least once each test dayo It was further agreed that wood from four or five countries, perhaps USA,

UK, Netherlands, Germany, and Australia, sufficient for

two tests of the 1“2“1 fully open model using 20 kg/m^ fire load and ls3 spacing would be shipped to UK, USA, and Netherlands# I offered to provide glue for use durine: these further tests#

Russian Model Work

Mr, Milivonov presented a discussion of work currently under way in Russia on the behavior of fires in rooms or models of them# He stated that when these tests were com- pleted and a report was available, this would be forwarded#

He summarized his work as follows ?!

They had used wooden sticks of 5 x 5 x 80 cm size with a moisture content of 1^-^ as fuel# These, when stacked in crib form, were found to burn in quite similar fashion to furniture, corresponding to a fire load of

50 kg/m2o

were made to change only one variable at a time# The tests were conducted with enclosures having floor

areas of 9 and 5 m2 and windows of 1 and 5 m2 area. I^ w^c; found that the fire duration D in hours could be expressed as D - q/x ( 1 ) where q is the fire load kg/m2 and x is the rate of fuel consumption kg/m2 hr#

The following abstract was recorded from Mr# Rogowski*s translation of portions of a Russian mimeographed report# Ihis was available to Mr# Rogowski during 2 or 3 hours of the meeting prior to presentation#
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For a range of window sizes of 1, 1,5 and 2m^ a factor cp was defined as

cp _ 0«l6 Floor Area (2)

F Window Area

The type of fuel used was stated to have no effect on fire

duration.

An adjusted fire duration was then defined as © - 9

^^ - 0.l6 Floor Area

F window Area

where the subscripts refer to different fuel types. It was

found that the following factors influenced the fire behavior;

1. Quantity of combustible fuel

2. Air supply conditions

3o The rate of burning (?)

The following rules were suggested as applicable to

the use of models for study of large fires;

1 . 2 . The two structures must be geometrically similar.

The height of ventilation openings must follow the law

h1.5

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where hj^ is the height of model opening

ho6 " " " " prototype opening

Ce " " scale ratio

3.

The same fire loading must be used or = Ce

^0 The fire duration is then given by

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A study was conducted on a room of 1850 x 1350 mm floor

dimensions and 1500 mm height with an opening of 1000 mm height

and 500 mm width. The results were compared with a prototype

of twice this scale size and the data were in close agreement.

- 6 -

Mr» Lawson pointed out that the relationship shown in

equation ( 3 ) of the Russian presentation was quite consistent

with the findings of the Japanese as well as recent British

work. These showed that similar fuel cpnsuption rates would

exist in two models when the factor A vh was maintained

constant. In this factor A is the area of the window or

other opening while h is the height of the opening.

The Russian delegate promised that further information

on their work would he made available as it developed.

Remainder of CIB Meeting

The previous discussions of studies of model techniques

consumed about one and one-half days. The afternoon of

Tuesday 31 May and the following morning were spent in brief

discussions of the other papers prepared for this meeting

and included in appendix B, These included:

1, Fire Resistance;

Discussions of effects of restraint on floor

constructions, the current British plan to loosenup on unexposed surface temperature rise (insulation

requirement) as limiting performance, and discussions

of deflection behavior as limiting load carrying

ability,

2, Repair ability of Buildings Damaged by Fire;

The Japanese have done some interesting work

on this subject and find that the strength of concrete

beams exposed to fire can be significantly recovered

after prolonged exposure to high moisture conditions

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3 9 Curtain Wall Fire Behavior-;

The Swedish delegate presented a resume of a

paper describing tests for study of the fire spread

up the front of wooden buildings®

ho Movement of Smoke in Buildings;

I was impressed with studies made in both France

and the Netherlands on the movement of smoke in

buildings® This appeared to be good work in which

the buildings involved were not damaged.

After dinner at Borehamwood, the CIB meeting was closed

with a visit during the afternoon to the Joint Fire Research

Station. We visited the Experimental Fires Laboratory which

is now in constant use, and saw from the outside their new

office and laboratory buildings, which are to be dedicated in

the fall.
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Joint Fire Research Station

Fire Extinguishment

I visited Mr» Hird to discuss their work on extinguishment o Most of this recent work has been related to study of

foam compatible powders. The test method they have devised

makes use of a 3 ft diam tray in which gasoline of 2 - 3 in,

depth is burned. The critical rate of foam application to

balance the rate of drop-out is determined. The powder to

be tested is then added to the fuel in quantity of one pound

in the gasoline tray and the rate of foam application is

again determined. They find that in general the following

application rates are required;

0,025 gal foam

0o5 " "

0,25 " " <0,050 " "

liquid/ft min -

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no powder

dry powder with

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Purple K

Potassium Sulphate

plus 2% stearate

Sodium chloride

with stearate

They observed that stearate did not appear to be objectionable for many salts other than bicarbonate. They find,

however, that results vary with the type of foam liquid used.

The results of use of this test method are not the same as those using the NRL compatibility test.

Mr, Hird indicated that they were just now in process of

finishing a powder applicator with which rate could be

controlled at will. He was interested in our unit and requested

drawings of it. They have done some tests on very large oil

fires with two fighters. The results he showed me seemed to

indicate that they were able to control the fire with very

low application rates. He was dissatisfied with our suggestion

that the minimum application rate was a function of fire area.

He considered it should more properly be a function of unit

width of fire being fought.
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I visited Mr, Stark who is working under Dr. Rasbash

on the proposed inerting system for control of building fires.

This experimental unit consists of a jet engine with afterburner and water-cooled exhaust such that the exhaust gases

are at about 100*^0 with only about 5% oxygen. The whole rig

is mounted on a truck which could be moved up to any building.

They plan to study its effectiveness in controlling fires in

their Models Laboratory, They have so far run just one or

two tests but others will be studied shortly. In using this

unit, they attempt to avoid turbulence with gases in the room

to be flooded with the objective of smothering the fire

promptly by "plug flow".

Growth of Fires

I talked to Dro Thomas about his current work, the

discussion closely related to three papers. The first

involving an analysis of flame height was initiated as a

result of observations made of the burning behavior of

fabrics. He has been able to show a correlation between 6/L,

the flame height to lateral dimension of the fuel bed, and

R'vl5 the ratio of the absolute rate of fuel consumption to

fifth power of lateral fuel dimension. He has been able to

show a correlation of this type over a very wide range of

fuel types including fabrics, crib fires and oil tub fires.

He was pleased to see that our crib results seemed to agree

with his.

Another paper Involved further discussion of selfignition phenomena. I gathered that this provided a discussion

of the observed effect that the results of Mitchel's tests seem

to show two different reactions are taking place, one in which

the self heating may be quite pronounced but as a result of

which the reactant is quickly depleted. This phase does not

seem to have been detected by the adiabatic furnace. This

equipment seems to be sensitive only to the second or longer

term reaction which appears to be less subject to fuel depletion.
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A third paper involves a theoretical study of the

burning of wood on the assumption that flow of oxygen to

the wood reaction zone was not of importance. He was

interested to find that the problem was quite amenable to

treatment by techniques similar to those developed in the

study of self-ignition. He computed the rate of char

formation in several ways but found that it was quite sensitive to the heat of reaction. He believes the Japanese

value of this is probably too lowo

We discussed work he had under way on models. He

was planning to continue some work on the arrangement of

fuel when burned in rooms. One experiment he reported

involved the placing of fiberboard slabs in a vertical

position, perpendicular to the window. He found that the

rate of burning remained constant regardless of whether all

slabs were equally spaced or pairs of slabs were stacked

closely together. We also discussed the need for baffles

around the openings of the model rooms tests. He would

plan to explore this as well as ignition sensitivity and

let us know the results. I agreed that we would perform

additional model tests using the box material they would

forward and each of at least three fuel types

o

Models Laboratory

I visited Mr. Stark who apparently is in charge of

operational use of this laboratory. We discussed the various

features related to it. In general, he felt that they would

have been better off to use a separate building for a wind

tunnel. The arrangement they had, prevented its use unless

the building was tightly closed up. (This doesn’t happen

often in England!) This has a tendency to interfere with

other work underway. When I was there, they were performing

experiments on

1. A factory building model for roof vent studies

2. Oil pan fires for foam compatibility studies

3o Small wind tunnel tests of kerosine heaters

Arrangements were being made for tests of the

jet engine inerter.
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These would all have to be interrupted if the wind tunnel

was in operation. He also questioned the need for the

moving roof. He was not certain on its ultimate need, but

pointed out that with it open, there were frequently

undesirable drafts produced in the room. He thought that

the use of fans might work just as well. Although they

have three laboratories located along one side of the building, these were already overcrowded and used for purposes

he considered the lab a very useful one and was happy with it.

The windows were very useful for illumination, but it would

be preferable to have them to the northo Heating was a problem,

and he suggested that it would be preferable to use pipes in

the floor rather than the radiators they have at about 15 ft

level. Forced convection heaters were objectionable because

of the drafts they create.

Fire Endurance Tests

I discussed test methods in general with Messrs. Ashton

and Malhotra. They indicated that in the new building code

for Scotland, Integrity would be required for an hour or more,

but the insulation requirement? unexposed temperature rise,

would be waived for periods in excess of 15 min.
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In general, they were inclined to agree with us on the

desirability of a rate of deflection for determination of

the time of load failure of floor and beam specimens during

fire test. They were uncertain of the need for both deflection and rate of deflection requirements. They indicated

that they might incorporate a requirement of this type when

the British Standard is revised.

They have made no progress on drying specimens or

measurement of their condition, A new group of specimens

now being made for column tests is to be dried 6 months

prior to test. This study involves steel columns with

various types and thickness of concrete aggregate protection.

These are required in connection with a code change permitting

the concrete to carry a maximum of one half the column load.

Mr. Malhotra mentioned an interesting test in which he

had run an experimental fire test in one of their huts for

determination of flashover time. It was found that this

time, when sprayed asbestos fiber was used on the walls, was

very similar to that observed when fiberboard was used as an

interior finish.

They were interested in problems associated with foamed

polystyrene. They have given it a class 3 or ^ rating (spread of

flame) because it ignites and burns with match ign.1tion. It

melts and shrinks back without burning in their spread of

flame test,

Japanese Work

I spent a morning in talks with Dr, Kowagoe, who is

currently working at the Joint Fire Research Station. He

furnished a chart. Appendix C, outlining the organizations

in Japan which work on unwanted fires. We also discussed

numerous things of general interest. These included;

1, Discussion of Dr, Yokoi's work on flames above burning

fires, Kowagoe questioned the conclusion that the

convection column above a number of dispersed fires

was similar to that above a large pan fire of the

same diameter.

- 13 -

2« In making temperature measurements during fires in

Japan they use protected thermocouples of loO mm wire

diam for measuring temperatures within rooms. However,

for measurements in flames above burning- material they

use 0,65 mm diam wire thermocouples which are bare,

3. Their hot wire anenometer can be used in gases at

temperatures up to 100°C.

4, Professor Harada, Tokyo Technical University,

Ookayama Meguro-ku Tokyo has made very careful

measurements of strength, expansion, thermal diffusivity

etc,, as a function of temperature for concretes and

other materials. Information should be available from

himo

5. In Japan, the building code calls for a 3 ft spandrel wall

with 1 hour endurance between windows of a building

or the use of a balcony which extends about 1,6 ft

out above the window,

6, Yokoi's work has shown that the use of wide windows

results in the flame issuing from them closely following

the wall above the window. This is not observed for

narrower windows. He has estimated the following

spandrel heights required between windows for a fire

load of 50 kg/m2.

Window Spandrel

Width Height Height

1 3 121 cm

4 3 226

These figures are taken from his thesis which is

currently being translated,

7« Dro Kowagoe does not know of any measurements being

made on vapor behavior as it leaves the surface of a

burning liquid.
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recovery of reinforced concrete construction after

fire exposureo The results obtained were for both

lightweight and dense concretes o They show that a

major recovery in strength from the loss resulting

from fire exposure is obtained after one year's exposure to the weathero The results of the study

are expected to be published in the fall.

Radiometers

I spoke briefly to Mr, Wright about radiometers with

which he is concerned. He indicated that a calibration curve

was forwarded with the unit they sent us. They can furnish

a duplicate if we tell them the identification number. They

use a copper slug as their radiation standard. They find that

the unit they forwarded works well unless the body temperature

changes significantly. They have a water^^cooled version for

work where the radiometer is exposed for long periods.

Imperial College

I visited Dr, Burgoyne, who furnished a list of graduate

workers in the Chemical Engineering Department, I had talks

with only four of these men. The only thing of special

interest 5 I observed, was the use of an interferrometer constructed with the use of diffraction gratings.

This makes an excellent "poor man's" interferrometer , I believe

this instrument was described in Scientific Instruments about

a year ago by Dr, Weinberg,
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I also talked to both Dr, Burgoyne and Dr, Cullis about

Mr, Creitz's work on flame ionization. Both were very interested and Dr, Cullis agreed to comment on the next paper if

we would furnish it shortly. He plans to be at the Combustion

Symposium in California and has an invitation from Dr, Howard

to talk at NBS the day after Labor Day, He will try to visit

us then.

Institute fur Bausto/fkunde

und Materialprufung

I visited Mr, P, Bornermann at this institute .of the

Technische Hochschule Braunschweig Germany, The director,

Dr, Kordina, was out of town. This laboratory is located

in woods about 8 miles from town. It was built, in 1939 as a research center for study of explosive damage to buildings.

They have about seven furnaces for floor and wall tests taking

specimens of about 2 x 3 m size. One floor furnace may take

specimens as large as 4 x 6 m, but most of their tests are

performed on the smaller specimens. They do have reinforced

concrete restraining frames, but most tests seem to be performed without their use. The furnaces are very simple, just

cubicles with openings for portable oil burners to be inserted.

Dead weight loading is used. The furnaces are lined with

lightweight cellular concrete.

The specimens are constructed outdoors and dried under

small portable roof covers for at least 3 months prior to

test. Most of their work is done for industry for approval

purposes, but some research is also under way. Unexposed

surface temperatures are measured by soldering a TC to a

small copper sheet about 3/4 x 1-1/2 in, size which is

fastened to the specimen. This is covered with a small square

of asbestos paper about 3/l6=4n, thick by 2-in, square. They

will be interested to compare their results with use of our

pads o They are cooperating in the model fire experiments and

are using a local spruce as a fuel. The sticks were not nailed

or glued, but were conditioned prior to test.

16 -

I was interested in visiting with Mr. Schultz, who is

doing building acoustic studies work at this same organization. They have three types, reverberation, transmission,

and wall panel conduction tests. The latter method attempts

to assess the conduction through walls as well as transmission through the panel itself. They also have made extensive field measurements of acoustic behavior in actual

buildings. He was interested in any information which was

available on sound control in apartment and housing projects.

Bundesanstalt fur Materialprufung (BM)

('Federal Institute for Testing Materials)

The visit to this organization was planned primarily

because the British had reported that this was the really

outstanding organization in Germany, in the Fire Protection

field. The organization, together with a sister organization

in Braunschweig, the Physikalische-Technlshe Bundesanstalt

form_, together, an organization quite similar in scope of

activities to the National Bureau of Standards. The BAM,

concentrating on Engineering and Chemical problems, while

the Braunschweig group carries on Physical and Technical

activities

«

An organization chart is included as appendix D.

A, Fire Resistance

The visit was started with Dr. Seekamp, who is in charge

of Section 2.2 Protection. They are in process of constructing

a new laboratory and office building for division 2, NonMetallic Building Materials, Since space is limited, the

existing building is being removed. The new laboratory for

fire test work is being built on the ground floor and basement, It will be 11 X 45 m in size and will contain a wall

furnace 3 x 3 m, a floor furnace 4x3m, and a column furnace

2 X 2 X 3 m in size, the whole area to be conditioned at

20°C and rh.
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We saw the last tests to be run in their present furnaces.

The floor construction under test was 2 x 3 m in size and

involved a dense reinforced concrete construction with fiberboard ceilingo They currently have 4 or 5 furnaces of this

size. There was also a wall furnace for specimens about 2 x 2 m. The two column furnaces were quite similar to that at NBS. They

were interested in the problem of spalling and attributed it to

moisture in the concrete. They condition specimens for three

months prior to test.

We discussed the model room experiments briefly. They

also are using spruce as a fuel. Their sticks were stacked

just prior to burning. A photograph was given me of their

experimental setup.

B. Heat Transfer

The next visit was with Chemmerer, who has charge of the

heat transfer work under Dr. Seekamp. Their hot plate apparatus

was about one meter square with a central test area about 20 in.

square. They commented on the need for large specimens because

of the non- uniformity of building materials. They were currently

in process of initiating a round robin series of tests and were

interested in the fact that NBS could furnish materials of

measured conductivity.

They showed me heat flow meters that they had purchased

from TNO Netherlands. They claimed that they had excellent

experience with these units, specially the small one of about

1 cm diameter. They were also enthusiastic about the probe

method of conductance measurement developed by TNO. They were

ordering one of these instruments for use in Berlin.

They showed me calorimetric equipment on the roof which

was being used to study the effectiveness of Venetian blinds

as sun shades. They commented that the ASHV & RE in our

country does similar work.

C. Combustion

Dr. Zehr spent quite a while showing me some of the work

done in his section on combustion of gases, dusts, and solids.

Most of the work has apparently been concerned with dusts and

solids

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Several more or less conventional test methods were

shown for tests on dusts « These included;

lo An electrically heated hot plate on which dust

layers were placed and the temperature at which

smouldering combustion would occur was observed,

2o A vertical tube furnace of small diameter (1-1/2 in,)

and of metal construction was being used for igni--

tion temperature determinations of dusts. In

using this apparatus N2 or CO2 was passed by specimen

during warm-up period,

3 , A horizontal tube furnace into which dusts coulid be

blown to determine possibility of ignition,

4, A large enclosed hood with Bunsen pilot flame into

which one gram samples of dusts were injected.

Evaluation of the burning behavior was based on

photographic records of the flame produced.

It was mentioned that they had observed self-ignition of

metallic dusts after prolonged grinding in an airtight ball

mill when this was opened. They also described experiments

in which they had been able to produce steady flames in dust

air mixtures and even made flame speed measurements on them,

! In producing such flames, they had found Lycopodium powder

very easy to handle. Their equipment made use of a motor

driven helical screw which fed the dust into an air stream.

They have done extensive experimental work on study of

self-ignition of materials. Fiberglass was one such material

i studied. They made a cylindrical roll of the material about

8 -in, diameter and perhaps I8 in, long. This was heated in

an oven at various temperatures until self-ignition was

observed. It was mentioned that foamed rubber after cleaning

with chlorinated hydrocarbon was observed to ignite at

relatively low temperatures, 100 - 150°C,

They showed me improved forms of the Mackey apparatus

which they apparently find useful in studies of some materials.
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It was mentioned, that polyvinylchloride plastics, when

pyrollzed at relatively low temperatures, left a char residue

which was very subject to self-ignition at temperatures close

to 160°C.

They demonstrated the ignition of steel wool with a

flint lighter and a 4-1/2 v dry cell battery*

Do Measuring Instruments

Several unusual mechanical measuring methods were demonstrated. The most interesting of these was a small dial

indicator type of gage length measuring device. With its use,

distances between two steel balls mounted on the specimen

being studied could be reproduced to a precision of h 0,001 mm

or t 0,000,04 in. It could be used over any gage lengths up

to about 6 in. This instrument appeared to be a very useful

device, NBS should have some. Another device under

development was a strain sensitive disc of anodized aluminum.

This was proposed as a more uniform material than the strain

sensitive paints. In use, the disc would be cemented to the

structure under study and the type of cracking produced in

the anodized surface serves as an indication of the strain

developed. Another instrument shown, provided for high speed

photographs of strain produced as a result of impact on a plastic model. These photographs were produced by a multiple

spark and lens fixed film camera technique.

Numerous electrical measuring devices were under development, These included!

1, A bonded strain gage dynanometer and thrust measuring

cell,

2o Development of a device for measuring changes in shape

of the internal diameter of a hole formed in a structural

member,

3« Equipment for measurement of dynamic stress strain

behavior of materials,

4o Strain gages of long gage length for use in reinforced

concrete.

5, Use of a rectangular ring to develop more uniform

strains for tests of strai.n sensitive elements.
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Vibration Test Methods

Vibration studies were being performed under the direction

of Mr, Amerdick, In general, such studies are^ where possible,

performed by setting up symetrical vibrating systems. This

reduces the loads transmitted through the testing machine to the

foundation. They work close to the resonant frequency of the

system and control amplitude by varying the frequency of the

exciting oscillation. An electrical contactor is used to

measure amplitude of oscillation. They showed me a test stand

for study of vibration fatigue failure of high tension electrical cables.

A new instrument in process of development involved an

electronic method for direct measurement of the damping coefficient of a vibrating material as a function of stress.

I was impressed with the productivity and energy of this

organization, which being in Berlin, must work under considerable

difficulty.

-CSTB Paris

I visited the Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batimeht

(CSTB) to review recent progress and discuss technical work with

Colonel Fackler,

One thing of special interest involves their work on

experimental room fires. The rooms used are built of brick and

concrete and are of about 3 x 4 m size. Windows of area equal

to one sixth the floor area have been used. These rooms are

r^erred to as LEPIR or Laboratorie Experimental Pour Inc indies

Reels. The experiments so far have been performed with bare

masonry unpainted interior walls. Mockup furniture is used,

and windows are simulated. The latter are removed when the

glass first cracks. The studies conducted are designed to explore the effects of furniture material and arrangement on time

to flashover. The fires are ignited with 1/2 kg of rag waste'

and 1/21 oil. They are extinguished almost immediately after

flashover with a water spray using the minimum amount necessary

to control and extinguish the fire. About 5 days drying period

is allowed between the experimental burn tests.

It was stated that with one typical furniture arrangement,

the time to flashover was found to be within 10 percent of 20-1/2

minutes for a group of four identical tests. In performing the

tests, it had been found necessary to conduct them as far as

possible, in such a manner that winds would not influence the

results

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Some concern was expressed about the use of foamed

plastics in buildings. Some experiments had been conducted

in room burn tests in which polystrene was mounted as the

ceiling surface finish and hardboard as a wall finish, and

the hardboard ignited. In these tests the polystrene drew

back from the heated gas column above the fire and was never

ignited. A question was raised about the possibility of

electric spark ignition of such foamed insulation.

Two fire tests were run during my visit to the laboratories at Champs sur Marne. One of these was a precast

beam and poured concrete floor slab unit with plastered

ceiling. The other was a reinforced concrete protected steel

column. The floor construction was reported as one of a

series typical of current construction techniques. The test

was in their new floor furnace. The specimen was supported on

two ends and loaded with dead weights. No restraining frame

was used and the elaborate hydraulic loading equipment was

just set aside. The furnace differs from any other in that

the fuel oil is burned in two separate combustion chambers and

the hot gasses used to heat the specimen. Automatic control

equipment was used to program the time-temperature curve. They

have been making good use of this equipment and have performed

perhaps 15 - 20 tests in the last year with it. The column

test was one of a series in which cover thickness was varied.

The column was loaded and performed very well, no visible

cracks developed until load failure was approached. The

aggregate after test appeared to be of a calcareous type.

I was impressed with the progress being made at CSTB,

in spite of the still apparent shortage of technical staff.
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Appendix A

Delegates Attending

FOUBTH MEETING OF C. I . B./C .T ,F, , LONDON.

30 MAY TO 1ST JUNE, I960

AUSTRIA

Oberstadtbaurat Dr, techn, Leopold Rister,

Wiener Staditschen Pruf-und Versuchsanstalt

,

CANADA

Mr, G, W, Shorter,

Head of Fire Section, Division of Building Research,

National Research Council,

FRANCE

Colonel J, Fackler (CHAIRMAN OF C , I ,B. /C ,T .F.

)

Centre Scientifique et Technique du Batiment,

Monsieur Roland Traverse,

Capitaine Clement (Paris Fire Brigade).

Monsieur Bellisson, (CSTB)

GERMANY

Dr, H, Seekamp,jj „ Bundesanstalt fur Materialprufung,

Berlin-Dahlem,

Dipl, Ing, Bornemann

Institut fur Baustoffkunde und Materialprufung

Technisch Hochschule, Braunschweig,

Dr, Westhoff

Appendix A (Continued)

HOLLAND

Dr. C. W. van Hoogstraten,

Director of the Institute for Fire Prevention,

(Brandveiligheidsinstituut T.N.O. )

.

Dr. T. T. Lie,

(Brandveiligheidsinstituut T.N.O, )

,

Ir, F, J, van Sante,

Stichting Ratiobouw.

ITALY

Dr, Salvatore Cuomo,

Del Centro Studi ed Esperienze dei Servizi Antincendi

Rome.

JAPAN

Mr, Kunio Kawagoe, (at present working at J.F.R.O.)

Building Research Institute,

Ministry of Construction,

Tokyo

,

SWEDEN

Lektor P. A, Johannesson,

Swedish State Co^j^mittee for Building Research,

(Statens N^nd for Byggnadsforskning)

,

U. S , A

»

Dr, A, F, Robertson

Chief, Fire Protection Section

National Bureau of Standards

- 2h -

Appendix A (Concluded)

UoSoS.R

Two representatives from:

Academy of Building and Architecture,

Moscow*

(i) Mr. A. F, Milovanov

UNITED KINGDOM

Mr. Do I, Lawson, Director, ) Mr. Ro G. Silversides, Asst. Director. ) Dr. F. E. T. Kingman. ) Mr. J, F. Fry (SECRETARY TO C . I .B. /C .T .F. ) ) Mr. L. A. Ashton. ) Mr. G. Langdon-Thomas . ) Mr. H. L. Malhotra. ) Dr. P. H. Thomas ) Mr. R. W. Pickard. )

Interpreters

Mrs. C. Marett

Mrs, N. Taylor

Joint Fire

Research

Organization
(4 A

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- 25

Appendix B

PAPERS REQUIRED FOR C . I . B. /C . T .F

.

MEETING

3OTH MAY TO 1ST JUNE, I96O.

SESSION 1

3OTH MAY 10,00 - 12.30

Papers submitted for discussion

CIB/CTF 60/18 (UK) - Report of Preliminary Eight

Tests of Co-operative C,I,B,

Programme on Models

SESSION 2

3OTH MAY 15,00 - 17.30

Papers submitted for discussion

CIB/CTF 60/9 (J) An Experimental Fire in a Room

with a Large Opening

CIB/CTF 60/10 (UK) Studies of Fires in Buildings

Using Models, Part I - Experiments in Ignition and Fires in

Rooms

CIB/CTF 60/11 (UK) Studies of Fires in Buildings

Using Models. Part II - Some Theoretical and Practical

Considerations

CIB/CTF 60/16 (UK) Some General Questions in the

Study of Fires in Rooms

CIB/CTF 60/17 (UK) Proposals for Next Stage of

C.I.B, Programme on Fires in

Rooms

other relevant papers

CIB/FRWP 59/22 (UK)

CIB/FRWP 59/25 (UK)

CIB/CTF 60/h (UK)

31ST

Papers submitted for disc

CIB/FRWP 59/20 (N)

CIB/FRWP 59/2^ (I)

CIB/CTF 60/7 (C)

CIB/CTF 60/8 (J)

CIB/CTF 60/19 (UK)

- 26 -

Appendix B (Continued)

- The Burning of Fires in Rooms:

Part I - Small scale tests

with cribs and high ventilation

- The Temperature & Duration of

Fires: Part II - Analysis of

some full scale tests

- The Temperature and Duration

of Fires: Part I - Some experiments with models with

restricted ventilation

SESSION 3

MAY 10,00 - 12,30

ission

- The Determination of the FireResistance of a Floor, Consisting of Prefabricated Hollow

Beams of Reinforced Concrete

- Sulla resistenza al fuoco dell

strutture e sui relativi metodi

di prova

- Restraint and Temperature Stuiies

on Wall of Clay Brick Exposed to

Fire

- Fire Resistance Test of Prestressed Concrete Beam

- The Use in Building Codes of

the Insulation Requirement of

Fire Resistance Tests

- 27

Appendix B (Continued)

CIB/CTF 60/20 (UK) Deflection as a Criterion of

Failure for Beams and Floors

CIB/CTF 60/25 (USA)

CIB/CTF 60/27 (UK)

CIB/CTF 60/28 (UK)

CIB/CTF 60/32 (F)

- Proposed Criteria for Defining

Load Failure of Beams, Floors,

and Roof Constructions During

Fire Tests

- First Programme of Tests on

Effect of Restraint on Fire

Resistance of Floors

- Correlation of Floor Tests

- Premiere serie de planchers - Resume des r^sultats obtenus

Other relevant papers

CIB/FRWP 59/18 (I)

CIB/FRWP 59/21 (J)

CIB/CTF 60/1 (J)

Essai de la Resistance au feu

de poutre en b8ton precontraint

Les Rectifications et les Explications supplementaires pour

le rapport ((Essai de la

risistance au feu de poutre en

beton precontraint))

SESSION i+

31ST MAY 1^.00 - 16.30

Papers submitted for discussion

CIB/CTF 60/21 (UK) - Repairability of Buildings

Damaged by Fire

CIB/CTF 60/22 (UK) - Fire Requirements for Curtain

Walls and Their Behavior in Fires

- 28

Appendix B (Continued)

CIB/CTF 60/2^ (S) - Fire Tests with Light, NonBearing External Walls

CIB/CTF 60/29 ( J) - Diagnosis of Bearing Power Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Damaged

SESSION 5

1ST JUNE 10,00 - 12,30

Papers submitted for discussion

CIB/CTF 60/23 (UK) - Movement of Smoke and Toxic

Gases in Fires in Buildings

CIB/CTF 60/26 (USA) - Fuel Potential Test Method

CIB/CTF 60/30 (I) - Sulla resistenza del pilastri

di acciaio alle elevate temperature

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF PAPERS REQUIRED FOR

C.I.B/C.T.F. MEETING

3OTH MAY to ^ 1ST JUNE, I960,

SESSION 2

3OTH MAY I5o00 - 17«30

Papers submitted for discussion

CIB/CTF 60/3^- (N) - The influence of heat supply

dimensions and ventilation on

the flashover time in enclosures

with internal linings

- 29

Appendix B (Continued)

CIB/CTF 60A0 (N) - Report on studies of Fires

Using Models, derived from

received C.I.B. papers

SESSION

31 ST MAY 10

Papers submitted for discussion

CIB/CTF 60/33 (N)

CIB/CTF 60/37 (F)

CIB/CTF 60/39 (UK)

CIB/CTF 60/^2 (N)

00 - 12.30

Determination of the equilibrium

state of the moisture content of

building materials by measuring

the electrical resistance

Note concernant les echauffements

admissibles pour les faces non

expos4es des elements

The first programme of tests on

effect of restraint on fire

resistance of floors Part II

Survey of floor tests

SESSION ^ 31ST MAY 14,00 - 16,30

Papers submitted for discussion

CIB/CTF 60/35 (F) - Note sur la prevention du feu

dans les immeubles d' habitation

en France

CIB/CTF 60/36 (F) - Arr^te no du , concernant

la protection des batiments

d' habitation contre I'incendie,

la s6curite et la sauvegarde

des personnes en cas d'incendie.

Project - Confidential
I
- 30 -

Appendix B (Concluded)

CIB/CTF 60/38 (F) - Les murs-rideaux et le danger

d’incendie contribution a

1 ' 4tablissement d’un programme

d' essais

SESSION 5

1ST JUNE lOoOO - 12.30

CIB/CTF 60/41 (N)

CIB/CTF 60/43 (F)

- Note on some tests about the

spread of smoke through a

building

- Note sur les dangers occasionnes

en cas d'incendie par les fum^es

et les gaz brulants du point de

vue de la sg'curit^ humaine

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- 32 -

Appendix D

Technical Organization of BAM

With Names of Staff Members Visited

Division 1 Metals & Construction Dr.

Section 1.1 Metalurgy

1.2 Structural Properties of Metals

1.22 Vibration Test Methods

1.3 Chemical Properties

_

1.^ Corrosion

Division 2

Section

Non-Metalic Building Materials

2.1 Mineral Building Materials

2.2 Concrete

2.23 Test Methods Mr.

2.3 Protection Dr.

2.31 Fire Protection Mr.

2.32 Insulation and Heat Conduction Mr.

2.33 Acoustics

2.^ Protection of Wood (Degredation)

Division 3

Section 3.1

3.2

Organic Materials

Paints and Rubber Plastics

Textiles Leather

Paper and Cellulose

Coal and Petroleum

Division ^

1 Section 4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

Technical Gases and Explosives Dr.

Acetylene

Other Gases Dr.

Explosives

Thermal Processes

Welding

Special Problems

Non- Destructive Testing Dr.

Measuring Techniques Dr.

5.21 Mechanical Methods Mr.

5«22 Electrical Methods Dr.

5.3 Rheology of Materials

5.4 Electro-Chemical Problems

5.5 Color

Division 5

5ol

5.2

iDivision 0 Administrative Services Mr.

Library

Martin

Jung

Seekamp

Becker

Caemerer

Zehr

Kaesche

Voupel

Emschermann

Fencht

Rohrbach

Grant

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- 33 "

Appendix E

Publications Received Relating

to Fire Research and Acoustics

Fire Endurance

lo Dr» Ho Seekamp, and Po Boue, Die Verwendung befongefullter

Stahlstutzen mit geschlossenem Querschnitto (The Use of

Concrete-Filled Steel Columns with Closed Cross Section)

,

Der Bau und die Bauindustrle, d, *+ (1957)®

2o Dr« Horst Seekamp, Bandversuche mit stark bewehrten

Stahlbetonsaulen, (Fire Tests with Heavy ConcreteProtected Steel Columns), Deutscher Ausschuss fur

Stahlbeton, 132 ^ 17, (1959)®

3® Annono , Die Normung von ein-und Zweiflugligen Turen fur

Fahrschachtzug&ige von Augzilgen, (The Standardization of

Single and Double Wing Doors Used in Elevator Shaft

Entrances), Die Bauwirtschaf t , 4, 26 January (1957)®

Flammability

lo Dr» Ho Seekamp, J» Prufung von Schutzmitteln zur Erschwerung

der Entflammbarkeit des Holzes (Feuerschutzmittel )

,

(Testing of Treatments for Reducing the Flammability of

Wood), Handbuch Der Werkstoffpriifung , 99-107? (1957)®

2o Franz Zeplichal, Wolfgang Wegener, and Hermann Peters,

Entzundlichkeit und Brennbarkeit von organischen Schaumstoffen, (Inflammability and Combustibility of Organic

Foam Plastics, Materialpruf , 1, 297-302, (1959)®

3® Wo Wolgast, Prufverf ahren auf Schwerentflammbarkeit fur

brennbare Stoffe, (Testing Techniques of Combustible

Materials other than Wood Which Have Low Flammability),

Zeitschrift Brandschutz, 2, 1-^-, (1959)®

Dr» Ho Seekamp, Die Zukunft der Feuerschutzmittel, (The

Future of Fire Retardants), VFDB-Zeitschrif t - Forschung

und Technik im Brandschutz, (1957)®

5® Annono, Das Verhalten brennbarer, unbehandelter Wand-und

Deckenbekleidungen im Feuer, (The Behavior of Combustible

Wall and Ceiling Coverings Exposed to Fire), Bauwelt, 23 ^ (1959)®
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- 34 - Appendix E (Continued)

Combustion of Dusts

1, Jo Zehr, Die physikalische Kennzeichnung der Staubeigenschaften

(The Physical Identification of the Properties of Dust)

VDI-Verichte, 12, 19-24, (1957).

2. Dr« Bo Kaesche-Krischer , Untersuchungen an vorgemiscl^ten,

laminaren St aub/Luft-Fl ammen) , (Investigation of pre-mixed

laminar dust and air flames), Staub 12, 200-203, (1959).'

3o Ho Selle, Die chemischen und physikalischen Grundlagen

der Verbrennungsvorgange von Stauben, ( The Chemical

and Physical Principles of the Combustion Processes of

Dust), VDI-Berichte 12, 25-36-V (1957).

4o Ho Selle, Die Grundzuge der Experimentalverf ahren zur

Beurteilung brennbarer Industriestaube , (Principle of the

Experimental Processes Used in the Evaluation of Combustible Dusts), VDI-Berichte i2, 37-^8, (1957).

5o Ho Selle, and Jo Zehr, Experimentaluntersuchungen von

Staubverbrennungsvorg^gen und ihre Betrachtung vom

reaktionsthermodynamischen Standpunkt, (Experimental

Investigation of Dust Combustion Processes from the

Viewpoint of Thermodynamic Aspects of Reactions), VDIBerichte 12, 73-87, (1957).

6o Jo Zehr, Untersuchungen uber die Verbrennungsintensitat

von Holzstaub/Luft-Gemischen bei variierendem

Sauerstoffgehalt der Luft), (Investigation of the Combustion Intensity of Wood Dust and Air Mixtures with Varying

Oxygen Content), Staub l8 (1958)

«

7. J. Zehr, Explosive Eigenschaften von Staub/Luft-Gemischen,

(Explosive Properties of Dust and Air Mixtures), VFDBZeitschrift - Forschung und Technik im Brandschutz - 1, (1957).
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Appendix E (Concluded)

Gas Explosives

« t *1 lo J, Zehr, Anleitung zu den Berechnungen uber die Zundgrenzwerte

und die maximalen Explosionsdrlicke , (Guide to the Computation of Ignition Limit Values and of Maximum Explosion

Pressures), VDI-Berichte, 3^, 63-68, (1957)*

2o Von Hermann Selle, Deflagrations-und Detonationsercheinungen

beim Zerfall von Methylnitrit , (Deflagration and Detonation Phenomena in the Decomposition of Methylnitrite)

,

Zeitschrift Fur Elektrochemie, No» 5? 672- 678 , (1957)'»

Acoustics

lo Dro Tho Kristen, and Dr«^ H, Wo Muller, Schallabstrahlung

von Bauteilen bei erhohter Druckbelastung , (Sound Reflection of Building Components at Elevated Acoustic Pressures)

Die Schalltechnik, 2^, 1-^, (1957)<>

2o Ho Neumann, Zur Frage der Trittschalldammung, der Waimedammung

und des Feuerschutzes bei Asphalt-Fu^bodenbelagen im

Hochbau, (On Impact Alternation and Fire Protection of

Asphalt Floor Coverings Used in Buikding Construction),

Zeitschrift - Bitumen, 1-6, (1953)9

3o R» Palazy, Verbesserung des Trittschallschutzes durch

Schwimmende^ Estriche bei ein-und zweischaligne

Deckenkonstruktionen, (Improvement of Impact Sound Protection by Means of Floating Coverings Used in Single or

Double Shell Roofing Design), Parkett, ^ 75-78 (1958)

»

^0 Dro Tho Kristen, and Ro Palazy, Schallschutz von

Wohnungstrennwhnden aus Kalksandsteinen, (Sandproffiiig

of Dividing Walls Made of Sand-Lime Bricks), Baupraxis,

1, 197-202, (1958)0

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U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMICRCE

Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary NATIONAT. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Afllin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The 8CO])c of activities of the National Mnreaii of Standards at its major lal»oratorics in Wasliinpton. and

Ronlder. Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in lia hnical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engimering in llu^ field indicated hv

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant puhliealitms, appears on the insid<! of (he front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity and Eleelroiiics. Re.sistanee and Reactance. Electron Devices. ICleclriea! instruments. Magnetic Measuremenls. Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. l'’leetrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Photographic Technology. T.cngth. I’.ngineering Metrology.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Ph) sics. Rheology. Molecular Kinetics. Free Radicals Research. Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physi<-s. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Radiation 1’heory. Radioactivity. X-rays. High

Energy Radiation. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment.

Chemistry. Organi<- Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic (dicmistry. Analytical Chemistry, inorganic

Chemistry. l'/lee(rodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties o( (iases. Physical (ihemistry. rhermochetnistry. S|)ectroci\emistry . Pure .Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Me< hanical In.sirunients. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Meclianics. Mass and .Scale. Capacity. Density, and Fluid Meters. Comhustion Controls.

Organic and Fihrons Alalcrials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. 1'<^sting and Specifiiaitions. Poly- mer Structure. Plasties. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal

Physics.

Mineral Products. F’ngincering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. (Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Air Conditioning, M<;ating, and Rcfrigi^ration. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Safety Standar<ls. Heat Transfer. Concreting Materials.

Ap]ilie<l Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical l'inginc(!ring. Mathematical Physic.s. Data Processing System’s. Sl'iAC F.nginecring Croup. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry.

Digital Systems. Analog .Systems. Application F.ngineering.

• Office of Basic Instrumentation. • Office of Weights and Measures. BOG LDEll, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic E([uipmcnt. Cryogenic Processes. Projterlics of Materials. Gas Liquefaction.

Rarlio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionos[)heric Research. Regular Propagation

Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. VIIF’ Rc.seareh. Radio Warning Services. Airglow and .Aurora. Radio

Astronomy and Arctic, J’ro|)agation.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instriimentiition. Modulation Research. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. 'I'ropospherie Analysis. Propagation Ohstaeles I'.ugineering. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere 1‘hysies.

Riidio Standards. High Fre<pieney Electrical Standards. Radio Rr4>adeasi Service. High l'Ae<)ueney lui' pi-dance Standanis. Electronic Calibration Center. Microwave Physics. M icrowaye ( iireiiit Standards.

Radio (ionitmmical ion ao«B Systems. Low Fnaptency and Very Low F're(pi<'ney Research. High Fre- quency and Viry H igh FViapiency Researidi. I lit ra H igh Frecpieuey and Super 1 1 igh Fre(piene\ Research. Modidation Res<-areh. Antenna Rt-seareh. Navigation Systems. .Systems Analysis. Field ( Iperations.
^ !