1

Filed 3/1/21 P. v. Edrington CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

MICHAEL EDRINGTON,

Defendant and Appellant.

E073798

(Super. Ct. No. INF1601333)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Samah Shouka, Judge. 

Affirmed.

Patricia L. Brisbois, under appointment by the Court of Appeal for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Daniel Rogers and Christopher P. 

Beesley, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

I.

BACKGROUND

Defendant and appellant, Michael Lee Edrington, molested his stepdaughter, S.F., 

for several years. A jury convicted him of one count of continuous sexual abuse of a 

child under 14 years old (Pen. Code, § 288.5; count 1)1and one count of committing a 

lewd and lascivious act upon a child of 14 or 15 years of age (§ 288, subd. (c)(1); count 

8). The trial court sentenced defendant to 12 years, eight months in prison.

Before trial, defendant filed a motion in limine to introduce evidence that K.D., his 

wife and S.F.’s mother, fraudulently applied for unemployment benefits. Defendant 

moved to include evidence of K.D.’s applications and the rulings by an Employment 

Development Department Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) finding the applications to be 

fraudulent. Defendant argued the evidence supported his defense that K.D. and S.F. 

conspired to accuse him of abusing S.F. so that K.D. could divorce him without having to 

pay him alimony. 

The trial court denied defendant’s motion in limine. The court reasoned that the 

merits of the ALJ’s rulings constituted inadmissible hearsay and the evidence about 

K.D.’s applications would have taken up too much time and confused the issues for the 

jury. The trial court therefore precluded defendant from asking K.D. anything about her 

unemployment applications or introducing any evidence about them.

1

Unless otherwise indicated, all further statutory references are to the Penal 

Code.
3

On appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred in doing so. We find no abuse of 

discretion and affirm.

II.

DISCUSSION

“Under Evidence Code section 352, the probative value of the proffered evidence 

must not be substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission would create 

substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury.” 

(People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1195.) Because the decision to admit or exclude 

evidence under Evidence Code section 352 is committed to the trial court’s discretion, we 

will not disturb a trial court’s exercise of that discretion “‘“except on a showing the trial 

court exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that 

resulted in a manifest miscarriage of justice.”’” (Uspenskaya v. Meline (2015) 241 

Cal.App.4th 996, 1000-1001.)

We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding all evidence 

about K.D.’s unemployment applications and prohibiting defendant from asking K.D. 

about them.

Hearsay is defined as “evidence of a statement that was made other than by a 

witness while testifying at the hearing and that is offered to prove the truth of the matter 

stated.” (Evid. Code, § 1200, subd. (a).) Defendant does not dispute that the trial court 

properly found that the substance of K.D.’s applications and the ALJ’s rulings were 
4

hearsay. Nor does defendant offer any applicable exception to the hearsay rule.

2

 In fact, 

he does not mention the issue in his appellate briefs.

Instead, defendant argues the trial court erroneously failed to take judicial notice 

of the ALJ’s rulings. But, as defendant correctly notes, the trial court could have taken 

judicial notice of only the existence of the ALJ’s rulings, not its findings of fact. (See 

People v. Moore (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 168, 178 [“[W]hile a court can take judicial 

notice that a court made a particular ruling, it cannot take judicial notice of the truth of a 

factual finding made in another action.”].) Thus, the trial court here could have taken 

judicial notice that the ALJ denied K.D.’s unemployment applications, but not the ALJ’s 

findings underlying its rulings. (See ibid.)

Because K.D.’s unemployment applications and the substance of ALJ’s rulings 

were inadmissible hearsay, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding them.3

The trial court likewise did not abuse its discretion by prohibiting defendant from 

questioning K.D. about her unemployment applications.

2

The People argue that the ALJ’s findings and rulings were inadmissible under 

Unemployment Insurance Code section 1960. That provision provides in relevant part: 

“[a]ny finding of fact or law, judgment, conclusion, or final order made by a[n] . . . 

administrative law judge . . . shall not be used as evidence in any separate or subsequent 

action or proceeding, between an individual and his or her present or prior employer . . .” 

(Italics added.) The People omit the italicized language and thus misleadingly argue the 

ALJ’s findings and rulings were inadmissible “in any subsequent action,” such as 

defendant’s criminal proceeding.

3

 For the reasons explained below, we also conclude the trial court reasonably 

excluded all evidence about K.D.’s unemployment applications, including the ALJ’s 

rulings, on the ground that introducing that evidence would have caused an undue 

consumption of time.
5

“Any ‘[m]isconduct involving moral turpitude may suggest a willingness to lie’”

and therefore may be admitted for impeachment purposes. (People v. Anderson (2018) 5 

Cal.5th 372, 408.) “‘“[T]he admissibility of any past misconduct for impeachment is 

limited at the outset by the relevance requirement of moral turpitude.”’” (People v. 

Edwards (2013) 57 Cal.4th 658, 722.) “Immoral conduct is admissible for impeachment 

even though the witness was not convicted, or even if the conduct did not constitute a 

criminal offense. [Citation.] Admission of such prior misconduct evidence remains 

subject to the trial court’s discretion under Evidence Code section 352, which ‘empowers 

courts to prevent criminal trials from degenerating into nitpicking wars of attrition over 

collateral credibility issues.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Rivera (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 

1374, 1380.) “[I]impeachment evidence other than felony convictions entails problems 

of proof, unfair surprise, and moral turpitude evaluation which felony convictions do not 

present. Hence, courts may and should consider with particular care whether the 

admission of such evidence might involve undue time, confusion, or prejudice which 

outweighs its probative value.” (People v. Wheeler (1992) 4 Cal.4th 284, 296-297, 

superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in People v. Duran (2002) 97 

Cal.App.4th 1448, 1459.) We review the trial court’s rulings on impeachment evidence 

for an abuse of discretion. (People v. Edwards, supra, at p. 722.)

The trial court did not abuse its discretion by prohibiting defendant from 

questioning K.D. about her unemployment applications or introducing any related 

evidence because it would consume undue time. The trial court reasonably assumed that 
6

K.D. would testify that she disputed and had appealed the ALJ’s rulings, which could 

have led to “having a trial just as lengthy” as defendant’s trial in order to explore the 

“collateral credibility issue” of whether K.D. fraudulently applied for unemployment 

benefits. The trial court thus reasonably excluded all evidence and testimony about 

K.D.’s unemployment applications. (See People v. Jennings (1991) 53 Cal.3d 334, 371 

[trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding evidence about four witnesses’ 

alleged welfare fraud because it would have resulted in the “undue consumption of time” 

on a “collateral matter”].) Because the trial court’s ruling did not “exceed[] the bounds of 

reason,” the court did not abuse its discretion. (People v. Mullens (2004) 119 

Cal.App.4th 648, 658.)

Defendant also contends the trial court’s evidentiary rulings violated his

unspecified federal constitutional rights. We disagree. 

Defendant relies on one Ninth Circuit case to support his argument that the 

erroneous exclusion of evidence about K.D.’s unemployment applications violated his 

federal constitutional rights. (See Thomas v. Hubbard (9th Cir. 2001) 273 F.3d 1164

(Thomas), overruled on other grounds by Payton v. Woodford (9th Cir. 2002) 299 F.3d 

815, 829 fn. 11, vacated by Woodford v. Payton (2003) 538 U.S. 975.) In Thomas, the 

sole alleged eyewitness, Schwab, accused the defendant of murder. (Id. at p. 1168.)

During the defendant’s cross-examination of the lead detective, the trial court precluded 

defense counsel from eliciting testimony about the detective’s difficult in locating 

Schwab for two months after the murder. (Ibid.) The defendant argued on appeal that 
7

this violated his federal constitutional rights because evidence of Schwab’s evading the 

police for two months undermined his credibility. (Ibid.)

The Thomas court noted that the Ninth Circuit had “recognized that ‘where a 

defendant’s guilt hinges largely on the testimony of a prosecution’s witness, the 

erroneous exclusion of evidence critical to assessing the credibility of that witness 

violates the Constitution.’” (Thomas, supra, 273 F.3d at p. 1178.) The Thomas court

held the trial court erroneously prevented the defendant from cross-examining the 

detective about Schwab’s evasion because he was the sole eyewitness and the 

prosecution’s case turned “almost exclusively” on his testimony. (Ibid.) The defendant 

therefore had a right to present evidence undermining Schwab’s testimony. (Ibid.)

Thomas does not support defendant’s argument that the trial court’s excluding 

evidence of K.D.’s unemployment applications violated his constitutional rights. Unlike 

Schwab in Thomas, K.D. was not the sole eyewitness to the crime and did not testify for 

the prosecution, so the prosecution’s case did not rest “almost exclusively” on her 

testimony. (Thomas, supra, 273 F.3d at p. 1178.) If anything, defendant’s guilt 

“hinge[d] largely” on S.F.’s testimony, not K.D.’s, because S.F. was the victim and she 

testified for the prosecution. (Ibid.) Thomas therefore does not support defendant’s 

argument that the exclusion of evidence about K.D.’s unemployment applications 

violated his federal constitutional rights. In any event, “[w]e are not bound by federal 

appellate cases.” (In re Luis F. (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 176, 185 fn. 7.)
8

Further, “the routine application of provisions of the state Evidence Code law does 

not implicate a defendant’s constitutional rights.” (People v. Jones (2013) 57 Cal.4th 

899, 957.) “Application of the ordinary rules of evidence generally does not 

impermissibly infringe on a . . . defendant’s constitutional rights. [Citations.] 

[Defendant] fails to persuade us this case constitutes an exception to that general rule.” 

(People v. Kraft (2000) 23 Cal.4th 978, 1035.) As explained, the trial court properly 

excluded the evidence about K.D.’s unemployment applications under the applicable 

Evidence Code provisions. “Because the trial court’s ruling was not an abuse of 

discretion . . . defendant’s constitutional claim also fails.” (People v. Miranda (2011) 

199 Cal.App.4th 1403, 1426.)

IV.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CODRINGTON

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

SLOUGH

J.