F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JUL 2 2003

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JESUS TORRES-AQUINO,

also known as Tomas Perez-Ruiz,

also known as Simon Sanchez,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 02-2075

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW MEXICO

(D.C. Nos. CR-00-1021-JC & CIV-02-121-JC)

Submitted on the briefs:

Jesus Torres-Aquino, Pro Se.

David C. Iglesias, United States Attorney, Laura Fashing, Assistant U.S.

Attorney, Albuquerque, New Mexico, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Before SEYMOUR , EBEL , and O’BRIEN , Circuit Judges.

O’BRIEN , Circuit Judge.
1 After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

-2-

This case presents the question whether Amendment 632 to the sentencing

guidelines can be applied retroactively under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) to reduce

a defendant’s previously imposed sentence. We hold it cannot. 1

Defendant pleaded guilty to reentering the United States illegally as a

deported alien previously convicted of an aggravated felony, in violation of

8 U.S.C. § 1326(a)(1), (2), and (b)(2). He did not enter into a plea agreement. 

The district court determined defendant’s sentence by applying the then-existing

version of USSG § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A), which called for a sixteen-level increase for

a defendant previously convicted of an aggravated felony. Based on a total

offense level of twenty-one, the district court sentenced defendant to forty-one

months’ imprisonment, at the low end of the guideline range.

Effective November 1, 2001, the Sentencing Commission promulgated

Guidelines Amendment 632, which amended § 2L1.2(b)’s aggravated-felony

enhancement to provide for an increase of eight to sixteen levels according to

the seriousness of the earlier aggravated felony. See USSG Supp. to App. C

at 222-25 (Nov. 1, 2001); USSG § 2L1.2(b) (Nov. 1, 2001). In response,

defendant filed a pro se motion to modify his sentence under 18 U.S.C.
-3-

§ 3582(c)(2), arguing that Amendment 632 had lowered the authorized term of

imprisonment. The district court denied the motion and defendant appealed. 

The government concedes on appeal that if Amendment 632 were to be applied

retroactively to this defendant, he would receive an eight-level increase for his

prior aggravated felony conviction instead of a sixteen-level increase, and the

applicable guideline range would be fifteen to twenty-one months. Aplee. Br.

at 5 n.4.

We review de novo a district court’s interpretation of the sentencing

guidelines. United States v. Torres , 99 F.3d 360, 362 (10th Cir. 1996). Under

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), a court may reduce a previously imposed sentence if the

Sentencing Commission has lowered the applicable sentencing range and “such

a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the

Sentencing Commission.” The relevant policy statement, USSG § 1B1.10(a),

states that “[i]f none of the amendments listed in subsection (c) is applicable, a

reduction in the defendant’s term of imprisonment under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)

is not consistent with this policy statement and thus is not authorized.” 

Amendment 632 is not listed in § 1B1.10(c). As a result, defendant is not

entitled to relief under § 1B1.10. See United States v. Avila , 997 F.2d 767, 768

(10th Cir. 1993) (per curiam).
-4-

Both parties argue that the district court can nevertheless give retroactive

effect to Amendment 632 if it is clarifying rather than substantive–they dispute

only whether it is clarifying or substantive. The premise is mistaken, however. 

The question whether an amendment to the guidelines is clarifying or substantive

goes to whether a defendant was correctly sentenced under the guidelines in the

first place, not to whether a correct sentence has subsequently been reduced by

an amendment to the guidelines and can be modified in a proceeding under

§ 3582(c)(2). An argument that a sentence was incorrectly imposed should be

raised on direct appeal or in a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Cf. United States v. Thompson , 281 F.3d 1088,

1089, 1092-93 (10th Cir.) (direct appeal), cert. denied , 123 S. Ct. 288 (2002);

United States v. Kissick , 69 F.3d 1048, 1051-53 (10th Cir. 1995) (§ 2255). 

Because defendant proceeded exclusively under § 3582(c)(2), we have no

occasion to consider whether Amendment 632 was clarifying or substantive and

the district court should not have reached the question. Amendment 632 is not

listed in § 1B1.10(c), and a reduction of defendant’s sentence under § 3582(c)(2)

was “not authorized.” § 1B1.10(a).

The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of

New Mexico is AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith.