NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

3142

PROJECTS EEIATED TO BUILDING RESEARCH AT THE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

FOR FISCAL YEAR 1954

Compiled "by the

Building Technology Division

Mr. D. E. Parsons, Chief

(!. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

cover of this report.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance Measurements. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic

Measurements. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat and Power. Temperature Measurements. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Engines

and Lubrication. Engine Fuels. Cryogenic Engineering.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Measurements. Infrared Spectros- copy. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-Ray. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment. Atomic Energy Commission Radiation Instruments Branch.

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry.

Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Mass

and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Control.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Mineral Products. Porcelain and Pottery. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting

Materials. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Conditioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering.

Electronics. Engineering Electronics. Electron Tubes. Electronic Computers. Electronic

Instrumentation. Process Technology.

Radio Propagation. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular Propagation

Services, f requency Utilization Research. Tropospheric Propagation Research. High Frequency

Standards. Microwave Standards.

^Office of Basic Instrumentation ^Office of Weights and Measures.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1000-00-9010 March 1, 195^ 31^2

PROJECTS EEIATED TO BUILDING RESEARCH

AT THE

NATIONAL BUREAU OE STANDARDS

TOR FISCAL YEAR I95L

Compiled hy the

Building Technology Division

Ml'. D. E. Parsons, Chief

<NBS>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The publication, ri

unless permission i

25, D, C, Such pe

cally prepared If I

A j n 1 1

- 1 1 ii • In part, Is prohibited Approved tor public release by the

. 1 T • r- tandards, Washington Director ot the National Institute ot , eport has been specin* Standards and Technology (NIST) for it, own use. on October 9, 2015.

INDEX

Acoustics . o .. o ... o ... c , Air Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration

Cement, Concrete, and Masonry ........

Codes and Specifications ..........

Fire Detection and Prevention ........

Plumbing ..................

Properties of Materials ...........

Surface Finishes and Coverings .......

Testing of Materials and Products ......

Miscellaneous ................

Page

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1j

12

18

19

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34

^8

INTRODUCTION

This report lists unclassified projects

concerned with building research and related

subjects in progress at the National Bureau

of Standards in Fiscal Year 1954.

Each project is identified by ten digits.

The first four, followed by a dash, indicate

the division and section at NBS which is

carrying out the work. The next two numbers

indicate the scientific activity class, as follows

10 Research

20 Development

30 Testing, Calibration, and

Specifications

40 General Scientific Services

The last four digits identify the projects within the basic organizational unit.

Thus, project 1003-20-4832 refers to a development project being undertaken in

Division 10, Section 3»
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ACOUSTICS

0601“20-0600 Calilpration Procedures (Acoustic Equipment)

O’b.iectives s Researches on, and development of, methods for absolute measurement of sound pressure and intensity over wide frequency and intensity

ranges. Application of such methods to determination of the threshold of

hearing.

Backgroxuad s Absolute measurements of sound intensity made by means of calibrated microphones, which are used by industrial, academic, and Government acoustical laboratories. These calibrated microphones measure sound

radiated by loudspeakers, noise, and other complex sounds. They are re- quired also for audiometric measiirements . Calibrations are effected by

comparison of the microphones with standards maintained in the IJBS Sound

Laboratory.

Tasks % (l) Extension of the range of calibration of condenser microphones

to very low frequencies. (2) Production and meas^lrement of high-intensity

sound fields at audio frequencies.

0601“30“0605 Acoustic Measurements

Ob.jectives ; To measure the sound absorption of acoustic materials and the

sound-transmission properties of wall and floor constructions. To calibrate and measure the performance characteristics of electro-acoustic

devices such as microphones, loudspeakers, earphones, sound level meters,

and audiometers. To test acoustic devices such as dictating-machine

cylinders, phonographs, etc.

Background ; (A) Measurements of the sound absorbing properties of acoustical materials and the sound insulation of building structures require

large-scale testing facilities. Those available in the UBS Sound Laboratory are used in making tests for the building industry and for Government agencies. (B) Microphones, sound level meters, and other electroacoustical instruments require calibration in order to be useful in the

laboratory. Such calibrations are performed under this project.

Tasks g The following measurements are made on a continuing basis; (l)

Sound absorption coefficients of acoustical materials. (2) Sound insulation of wall and floor constructions. ( 3) Calibration of microphones,

sound level meters, and eai^hones. (4) Miscellaneous sound measurements.

- 1 -
0601-10-0632 Architectural Acoustics

O’b.iectivee ; Research on basic physical phenomena involved in the transmission and absorption of sound in building structures. Improvement of

existing and development of new measuring techniques in architectural

acoustics

.

Background; Acoustical materials are widely used in buildings for reducing noise and improving acoustics of auditoria. The reduction of sound

transmission from one part of a building to another part is an important

technological problem. Researches on this project are for the purpose

of standardizing the methods of measurement in architectural acoustics.

Many of the phenomena of sound propagation in structures are imperfectly

understood and require experimental and theoretical elucidation before

improvements can be made in the present standard measuring techniques.

Tasks ; (l) Investigation of interference patterns in reverberant sound

fields, (2) Improvement of methods of measuring so"und transmission loss

and sound absorption. (3) The transmission loss of double walls.

0601-10-3550 Ground Sound

Objectives ; The purpose is the measurement of the propagation of sound

through soils up to distances of the order of three hundred feet, and

correlation of the data with the theory for such propagation.

Background; Data on the propagation of so->jnd through soils are needed in

order to insulate buildings against vibrations transmitted throu^ the

ground. KBS is carrying on researches in order to determine how sound

is propagated throvigh soils up to distances of the order of 3^^ feet.

Tasks ; (l) Measure the acoustical impedance of the ground as seen by a

vibrator located on the surface. (2) Measure the velocity and attenuation of sound in soils as a function of distance and frequency of

vibration. (3) Carry on a mathematical analysis of the propagation of

vibrations over the surface of a semi-infinite solid having the properties of the ground, and correlate the theory and experimental data.

-2-
AIR CONDITIONING, KEATIHG, MD HEFRIGEBATIOK

0302“10-0305 Thermal Conductivities of Gases

O'b.iectlves i Determination of thermal conductivity of gases, such as air,

nitrogen, oxygen, carhon dioxide, and other gases. These measurements

un to 50^° C and lOO atmospheres pressure will permit reasonehle extrapolation to higher temperatures and pressures and should serve to check

on the present theories of thermal conduction of gases. Measurements

of the thermal conductivities of helium and argon are also needed to serve as standards for calibrating apparatus.

Background ; The accurate measurement of thermal conductivities of gases

is difficult even at normal temperatures and pressures. Although

measurements at high temperatures and pressures have been needed for a long time, very few have been made because of the difficulties involved.

Much time has been spent on this project in the development of apparatus.

The apparatus now is apparently operating satisfactorily and measurements

on nitrogen are under way. There is need for accurate data on a number

of gases so that conductivity values at very high temperatures can be

obtained by extrapolation. There is also need for data on gases such as helium and argon which can be used as standards for calibrating apparatus.

Tasks i ( 1 ) It is expected that measurements of thermal conductivity will be

completed on nitrogen at temperatures up to ^00° C and 100 atmospheres

pressure during Ff 195^»

O 3 O2-IO-263I Thermodynamic Frouerties of Air

Objectives ; The conduct of experimental and theoretical research on the

thermodynamic properties of air over a wide range of tenroeratures and

pressures

,

Background ; The correlation of the existing experimental data on air for

the NBS-HACA tables revealed the need for experimental data for air. Such

charts as exist are based only upon Joule-Thorns on and meager FVT date, at

low temperature. These data are not reliable enough to permit tabulations

over an extended temperature range at pressxires over 100 atmospheres. The

first stage of this project involves the experimental determination of the

data of state (P, V, T,). These data and the earlier data will be fitted

in accordance with existing theory to a Lennard-Jones potential function,

from which the other thermodynamic data can be computed.

Tasks ; (l) Measurements of the data of state of dry air from 100 to Ji0Q° K

and to 200 atmospheres. (2) Correlation of the PVT and other thermodynamic

data for air.
0402-10”3017 ProTjerties of I^dioraetric_ Devices

O’b.iectivee g To investigate infrared optical properties of s'^urces, winf^ow

materials, reflecting or adsorbing surfaces, and calibrate devices

for the detection and/or quantitative evaluation of radiant energy and

the measurement of humidity by radiometric instruments.

Background ; The Radiometry Section has carried out many tests and researches

on the transmission of materials, on filters, the radiant energy emitted

by various sources, and the spectral sensitivity of different types of

detectors. The present program will endeavor to find specific filters,

detectors, and sources which will give the best combination in certain

narrow regions of the infrared and in certain narrow regions of the

ultraviolet. At present the work for the Weather Bureau consists almost

entirely of calibration of pyroheliometers and similar devices used in

the measurement of solar and sky radiation, and methods of determining

hxzmidity in the atmosphere.

Tasks ; (l) To measure the spectral response of photoconducting elements.

(2) To measure spectral response, temperature dependence of response,

and other properties of pyroheliometers for the Weather Bureau. Tests

of other energy/ measuring devices, such as special phototubes, as supplied. (3) To measure the scattering properties of diffused filters.

0507-20-0532 Utilization of Fuel Gases

Objectives s Research on fuel gases and gas-burning appliances, their use

and control

Background ; Since I9IO, IJBS research on methods of testing gases to determine their useful properties, and on the design, adjustment, and use

of gas-burning appliances has been the basis of State Public Utility

regulations, a large part of the AGA appliance approval program, and of

various safety codes. A continuation of the work is needed to meet the

needs of Government, industry, and the public for standards and technical

guidance in this field.

Tasks ; (l) Stud^^ of factors affecting the accuracy of recording gas calorimeters. V^ork continuing with cooperation of the Government of the District of Columbia, the Washington Gas Light Company, and the American Gas

Association (which is supporting a Research Associate assigned to the

problem). (2) Testing of gas appliances including laboratory burners.

(3) Experimental work on technical questions involved in the interchange

of gases. (4) Studying safety and other regulations in the field of

fuel gas utilization and assisting in their development. (5) To assist

in the inauguration of a program of supply of gases of standard heating

value for instrument calibration.

,4.
0507-20-0559 Air Pollution

OTj.jectivee g To isolate, identify, and estimate gaseous air pollutants in

various locations, under different industrial and meteorological con- ditions « To study sources and chemistry in the air in the light of the

composition of the smog concentrates.

Background s Because of extensive experience in the analysis of unusual gas

mixtures, NBS was invited by the U. So Bureau of Mines and Los Angeles

County authorities to apply certain specialized techniques to the identification of the gaseous constituents of Los Angeles smogs. The suc- cessful outcome of this work has led to reqiiests for assistance from

other areas where smogs constitute a serious nuisance and public health

problem.

Tasks s (1) To complete the analysis of data collected in the work at Los

Angeles. ( 2 ) To analyze smog concentrates collected at Detroit. (3)

To advise and possibly cooperate in a study of Holland Tunnel Air to

determine the contribution of automobile exhaust gases to the gaseous

mixtures found in smogs.

0603“ 30“0613 Wind Equipment

Objectifies; To conduct tests and calibrations of instruments and equipment

applied to air movement, to devise test equipment and techniques.

Background ; One of the basic functions of the KBS Aerodynamics Section is

the testing of a variety of equipment applied to the measurement of air

flow. These activities include the calibration of vane, cup, thermal

anemometers, and pitot tubes, the testing of instruments to measure

pressure; maintenance of velocity standards and test apparatus, and

devising of test methods as required by new equipment.

Tasks ; (l) Calibrate and test anemometers and pitot tubes for Federal

and State agencies, universities, manufacturers, and users. ( 2 ) Devise

methods and test equipment as necessary.

0603-20=3512 Wind-Measuring Systems

Ob.jectives ; To assist the Weather Services in development and selection

of wind-measuring systems for field use.

Background ; The Bureau of Aeronautics requested the NBS to investi^te

commercial types of wind-measuring systems in order to assist in the

selection of suitable equipment for field use. The U. S. Weather

Bureau has also requested limited assistance in their program of anemometer development. A general study of anemoraetry has been made and

is continuing, with particular attention being paid to gust measurements.

5 -
Tasks ? (l) Wind tunnel and exposure studies to "be continued on present

wind intensity and direction systems and extended to as many new systems as "become availa"ble. (2) Investigation of time-response of present systems and development of systems with quick response to "be continued. ( 3 ) ^ct as consultants on wind-measuring pro"blems and development of new systems

.

1003-20-1014 Heating and Air Conditioning Equipment

Objectives s To develop test methods for heating, air conditioning, and

air cleaning equipment and to develop specifications, codes, and

standards for heating, refrigerating, air conditioning, and associated

equipment

.

Background ? There is a continuing need for colla"boration with other

Government agencies, professional societies, and with industry in preparing and improving codes and standards for heating, air conditioning,

refrigerating, and air cleaning equipment. At present, for example,

there is no one standard method for testing and rating "base'board

radiators and convectors. The BBS, working with industry associations,

has proposed certain test methods and some progress is "being made

toward a uniform rating code. Another example results from the increased use of package air conditioners "by the Federal Government and

the entry of many new manufactjnrers into production of these units,

which has placed new emphasis on Federal specifications and on the

testing and rating codes for such devices. It has also created demands

for humidity control and capacity control not covered "by existing

standards and specifications.

Tasks ; (l) CoE5>lete the development of the porta"ble infiltration meter

designed at the BBS for use in studying the air leakage in heated or air-conditioned "buildings. (2) Complete papers for pu"blication on

the performance of a panel heating system in the Test Bungalow and

on the performance of three different panels in the panel-heating

calorimeter. ( 3 ) Complete paper for pu"blication on the factors affecting comfort and heat requirements in forced warm-air heating

systems

.

1003“30“1015 Heat Transfer Measurements

Objectives To develop and maintain equipment for accurately determining

the thermal conductivity of materials for Government and scientific

agencies, and to calibrate suitable specimens for the standardization

of similar equipment in other Government, scientific, and industrial

laboratories. To make thermal conductivity measurements for referee

purposes

.

-6-
Background s The need for accurate and complete data on the thermal rc'jerties of raaterialSj and for the improvement and standardization among

laboratories of equipment for determining such properties, is continuous.

Commercial, industrial, Government, university, and scientific laboratories depend upon the NBS as a source of assistance in calibrating their

devices and standardizing their methods of measurement for determining

the thermal conductivity of solids.

Tasks i (l) Continue to develop and maintain equipment for more accurate

thermal conductivity measurements on various materials, including thermal

insulations and building materials; undertake cooperative calibrations

for standardization purposes in this field; conduct required referee

measurements. ( 2 ) Continue development and use of apparatus for determining the thermal conductivity of metals and solids of high con= ductivity, to obtain accurate data on materials and for the calibration

of equipment in other laboratories. (3) Undertake establishment of a stock of suitable metals of accurately measured thermal conductivity

for use by other laboratories as calibration and reference specimens

available at low cost upon request. (k) Prepare e paper for piiblication

describing a rotatable guarded hot box heat transfer apparatus and

presenting data on the thermal conductance of air spaces.

IOO3-IO-483I Air Conditioning in Underground Structures

Ob.jectives ; To obtain the engineering data essential to the proper design

of air conditioning equipment for underground protective structures.

This involves problems of heat transfer in large rock masses, the re- moval of moisture from underground spaces, the changes in sensible and

latent heat content of ventilating air drawn through long underground

shafts in all seasons, the investigation of promising heat sources and

heat sinks for use with underground air conditioning, and the effect

of these phenomena on the insulation and construction methods to be used

for underground protective structures.

Backgrpu^; Lack of information on the magnitude of heat and moisture transfer in underground spaces surrounded by large rock masses has made it impossible to systematically design air conditioning equipment for such

spaces, with the result that too much capacity or the improper kind of

equipment has been installed in a number of instances. To prevent such

loss in the future, and because the need for such information could become critical at any time in the future, the Corps of Engineers initiated

this project at NBS about three years ago. A large primary site is now being occupied at Ft, Ritchie, Md., and observations of heat and moisturetransfer in ventilating air shafts and in the surrounding rock are planned during the shake-down tests of all mechanical equipment. An

experimental site at Mr. Weather, Va,, ha.s been in operation for more than

a year and a large amount of data has been taken at this site. Experiments at this site are still in progress. This project is a part of the

Bureau’s basic program of study of the properties of building materials

and structural elements.

-7

-
1003-20-4832 Refrigeration Equipment

Objectives To determine by means of laboratory investigations, the extent

to which portable and mobile refrigerating nnits and systems for military

use can be improved in performance and reduced in size and weight by

utilizing improved designs and newly-developed con^onents; and to prepare

and revise specifications for refrigerating equipment used by the

Military Services.

BackgrouMs The NBS Heating and Air Conditioning Section has conducted

this program of research and development on refrigeration equipment for

the Office of The Quartermaster General since 1944. It represents a continuing effort on the part of the Research and Development Branch of

the Office of The Quartermaster General (l) to develop portable and

mobile refrigerating systems for the Army that will have the desired

military characteristics of performance under extreme temperature, of

ruggedness, and of durability without excess weight for size by incorporating new developments and materials in their construction whenever

they are beneficialj (2) to standardize equipment or components thereof

with other branches of the military where similar equipment is required;

and (3) to revise specifications where possible, so commercial items can be purchased. Many of the systems used during World War II were hastily assembled for rapid production without sufficient consideration

for adequate performance with the minimum of size and weight. This

project is a part of the broad program of the NBS in developing devices for the special needs of the Government.

Tasks 5 (1) Complete study of the effect of independent speed variations

of the compressor, condenser fan, and evaporator fan on the capacity

of several plxig-type refrigerating units. (2) Complete study of the

basic requirements of an automatic defrosting system for refrigerating

units operating near 0® F. (3) Conplete portions of a study of the air

distribution in loaded and partially- loaded refrigerated trailers,

(4) Con5)lete portions of a study of the temperatures attained on the

insulated doors of refrigerated warehouses with particular attention

to the gasketed areas and latch areas as they affect the tendency for

doors to freeze shut. (5) Revise the Federal Specification on electric

refrigerators to include requirements on automatic defrosting, door

racks, low-ten^erature conroartments , and other special features. (6)

Report on performance of special dehydrators using calcium carbide,

calorimeter measurements of capacity for a special compressor, performance of gasoline lanterns with special deflectors to prevent ex- cessive mantle breakage.

- 8-
1003-10-4833 Water Vauor Transmission in Refrigerated Warehouses

0~b.iectivee s To conduct experimental studies and establish criteria by means

of which deterioration of the structure or insulating value of prefabricated sectional refrigerated chambers due to moisture condensation and

accumulation can be prevented or minimized.

Background ; The cost of prefabricated sectional refrigerators purchased

by the Armed Forces each year totals several million dollars. Common

construction employs metal skins on inner and outer surfaces and often

uses structural members of wood because of its low heat conduction and

good strength. However, conrolete protection against moisture entry

and accumulation is often not obtained, and accumulated moisture causes early deterioration of insulating value, rot or decay of insulation and

wood members, or corrosion of metallic fasteners and faces. While

studies have been made of many types of wall constructions for heated

buildings to avoid moisture condensation within the structure, no com- prehensive studies have been made for sectional refrigerator construction (a much more severe service) in regard to relative vapor permeances of panel faces, effect of leaks, materials and design of construction, and of ventilation, to assure adequate protection against

moisture and retention of insulating value under various conditions of

inside and outside temperature. Because of its long-term concern with

the purchase and maintenance of such refrigerated structures, the

Office of The Quartermaster General requested that the facilities of

the UBS in connection with heat transfer measurements and moisture

problems in buildings be applied to this research program. The studies

have a direct relationship to the problems involved in the construction

and maintenance of buildings in arctic climates.

1003-20-4834 Thermoscreen Development

Ob.iectives ; To develop enclosures for weather instruments that will permit

more accurate measurement and recording of temperature and humidity on board ship or on land under all weather conditions than is possible with

existing wooden enclosures.

Backgro\md s The Bureau of Aeronautics initiated this project at the NBS

about five years ago because it had been found that the standard wooden

enclosures (thermoscreens) did not provide an environment for the weather

instruments that permitted sufficiently accurate measurements of temperature and humidity under certain weather conditions. A small, inexpensive thermoscreen for large scale use is desired that will have an

accuracy of 1® F under all conditions and a second thermoscreen of

greater accuracy is desired for more limited use with elaborate electronic recording apparatus

-9

-
Tasks; (l) To complete the design of a email pilot model thermoscreen

having an accuracy of 1* F under all weather conditions and to "build

five prototypes of this model. (2) To con^lete the design of a precise

thermoshield for use with electronic recording equipment and "build a prototype. (3) To compare these two thermoscreens with a specimen

wooden thermoscreen of the type currently in use. (4) To prepare a final report of the test results and the development of these devices.

It is expected that this project will "be completed in FY 1954.

1003-20-4835 Grease Filters

0"b.1ectivee ; To determine the factors essential to the esta"blishment of a test method for evaluating the effectiveness of grease filters and

to determine the requirements of a standard specification for grease

filters for use in the exhaust ducts of kitchens and galleys. This

includes studies of the factors that affect the deposition of grease

in ducts and of the effectiveness of various methods for cleaning

grease filters.

Background s Grease deposits in uptake ducts from kitchens and galleys

continue to "be a serious fire hazard and heretofore no test method has

existed for determining the effectiveness of a material for removing

the grease from the stream of air entering the uptake or exhaust duct.

This project was initiated "by the Bureau of Ships a"bout five years ago

with a request that a test method for grease filters "be developed.

The NBS has developed a test method for determining the effectiveness

of filtering media in removing grease from an air stream and has used

it on a nura"ber of commercial filters and some special water-cooled

filters developed "by the Bureau here. Investigations of filter-cleaning methods have resulted in recommendations to the sponsor on the "best

procedure to "be used. It is desira"ble to continue and conclude this

investigation so that requirements for the performance of grease filters can be included in Government specifications for suet items.

Tasks ; (l) 4pply NBS test method to special prototype flatfin filters and

to a commercial grease arrester using the centrifugal principle. (2)

Continue and complete the investigation of the effect of lint and duct

temperature on the thickness of grease deposits and the possibility of

draining off grease accumulations at selected places in a duct system.

(3) Prepare a final report on the development of a test method for

grease filters and recommend requirements for specification use. It

is expected that this project will be completed during FY 195^”

1003-30-^837 Air Cleaner Tests

Objectives ; To determine the performance of air cleaners of various types

selected by Public Building Service in regard to dust-arresting efficiency, pressure drop, dirt-holding capacity, and cleanability , and to

assist in preparation of PBS procurement specifications for such

equipment

- 10-
Backi°: round s The latest general specification for air-filter equipment

issued by PBS was aoout 193^- Since that time, commercial units have

been improved and new types of equipment have made their appearance. Accordingly, PBS has requested that information be obtained on representative units of all types of current importance as a basis for new snecifications and file data as to equipment which will meet specifications.

This work constitutes an effective means of directly a-oplying the methods

of determining air-filter performance developed at IIBS to assist in

procurement of the most satisfactory air cleaning equipment for Government service.

Tasks i (l) Conduct tests of representative models of four types of air

cleaning equipment; Group I - Electrostatic Air Cleaners, Group II - Automatic Oil Filters, Group III - Replaceable Media Filters, Group V - Throw-Away Type Filters.

1003-20-4838 Air Filter Systems for Army Aircraft

Objectives ; To develop and construct models of air cleaners that will be

more effective than present devices in protecting aircraft and helicopter engines from ercessive wear in dusty atmospheres. This involves

gathering existing information on air cleaning methods and a study of

all known physical principles that may be used for removing dust from

a moving air stream.

Background ; Aircraft, and especially helicopters, necessarily operate in

dusty atmospheres much of the time, and available evidence indicates

that present air cleaners for combustion air are inadeauate to protect

them from excessive wear. Reports of engine failure due to this cause

in less than 100 hours are common. Experiments on this subject have

been sporadically conducted by various agencies of the United States

Government, as well as the Governments of other nations. It is highly

desirable that present information on the subject be gathered and

correlated and that steps be taken to assure tl,at the best physical

principles are applied to the development of more effective air filters for aircraft engines.

Tasks ; (l) Survey of past work; visits to other laboratories, Government and private, to inspect existing test methods and procedures and

to consult with technical personnel v/ith experience in this field.

(2) Dismantle and inspect specimens of aviation engines after use in

the field to determine where damage is due to dust, and to microscopically examine any dust residue in manifold passages, combustion

chambers, and air cleaners. (3) Obtain saraplec of dust, through

Army channels, from various flying fields, domestic and foreign, for

microscopic analysis.

- 11 -
1003-30“^839 Thermal Conductivity of Inconel

Ob.jectjyes g To measure accurately the thermal conductivity of four Inconel alloys of special interest to the National Advisory Committee

for Aeronautics.

CEMENT, CONCBETE, AND MASONRY

0903-20-0903 Development of Eval\iation Criteria and Methods

for Refractory Materials

Ob.iectives s The investigation of the physical properties of refractory

materials for the purpose of obtaining data which will be useful in

revising existing standards, including Federal specifications, or forming the basis for the technical requirements of new specifications

for such materials

„

Backgrounds Castable refractory is a comparatively recent addition to

this group of commodities. Its inportance to industry is increasing

because of the present shortage of men capable of laying up firebrick.

The properties of castables are being investigated for the purpose of

establishing technical requirements for a new Federal specification

and to publish information on conpositions and properties as an aid to

industry

.

Tasks ; (l) Firebrick; Inactive, (2) Plastic Fire-Clay Refractories;

Accumulated results of tests to be written into manuscript form.

Change of length to be studied during heating from 20® to I5OO® C of

proprietary brands of materials. This test work is planned for the

latter part of the year and is dependent upon the progress made on Task 3, (3) C astable Refractories; Length changes with increase of

tenperature from 20® to 1350° 0 and strength and elastic properties

at a number of high temperatures to be investigated.

0903-20-4428 Evaluation of Refractory Qualities of Concretes

for Warm-Up Aprons for Jet Aircraft

Ob.jectives ; The evaluation, on the basis of physical properties, of the

suitability of concretes prepared with each of three different types

of hydraulic cement and a wide variety of aggregates, as warm-up and

power check aprons for jet aircraft.

-12-
Background; The inventions of the turbojet, the ramjet, the rocket engine,

and the use of jet planes have brought with them the problem of suitable

materials of construction for warm-up and power-check aprons for aircraft and launching pits for rockets. The intense heat developed preceding takeoff or launching of jets may cause destruction of ordinary

Portland cement concrete because of cracking, spalling, or deterioration

in strength. In addition to resistance to destruction by heat, such

installations must have and maintain high strength and the aggregates,

if concrete is used, should preferably be readily available, both as to

quantity and proximity to the site of the installation.

Tasks * (l) The design of refractory concretes using portland, portland

pozzolan, and high alumina hydraulic cements with a wide variety of

dense or heavy aggregates and the fabrication of several types of

specimens therefrom for test purposes, (2) The determination of cer- tain physical properties of the concretes, such as thermal expansion

and contraction, hardness of the aggregates, thermal conductivity,

strength, Young’s modulus resistance to abrasion.

O9O6-2O-O9IO Physical Pronerties of Concrete and Concreting Materials

Objectives ; (A) To cort5

)are the resistance of various concretes as subjected

to four different cycles of freezing and thawing and to attempt to cor- relate the resistances found with volume changes, both transient and

residual, pore properties, etc. (B) To continue development work on methods of determining pore sizes in concrete and its constituents by

adsorption and porosimeter methods.

Background ; The durability of stone and concrete under exposure to the

action of freezing and thawing, wetting and drying, salt action, etc,,

is of major concern to the construction industry and those who employ

such materials. The durability is so closely related to the pore size,

pore distribution, and fine structure of the solids that information on

the latter is of prime importance. The study of volume changes accom- panying exposure is expected to throw new light on the disintegration

process

Tasks s ( 1 ) Construct a mercury porosimeter to measure the lai'ger size

pores which cannot be eval\iated by the existing low temperature adsorption methods. (2) Continue work on the relationship between pore

size and durability of aggregates. ( 3 ) Determine the effect of a num- ber of variables such as freezing rate, thawing rate, moisture content,

etc., on the resistance of concrete to laboratory freezing and thawing.

(4) Continue work on determination of the mechanism of the deleterious

reaction between high alkali cements and certain reactive aggregates.

-13-
0906 -20-4415 Cement Reference Laljoratory

OTj.iectives s Standardization and calilDration of equipment in cement-testing laboratories throughout the United States

Background; This project is jointly supported by the HBS, the Bureau of

Public Eoads, the Corps of Engineers, and by funds received through

the ASTM, The project was started in order to standardize cementtesting procedures and equipment and to clarify specifications for

Portland cement.

0906-30-^433 Portland Cement Testing

Objectives ; To make acceptance tests on portland cement as requested

by other Federal agencies and investigate and inspect test methods

and procedures .

•

.

Background ; Acceptance tests of portland cement are normally performed

on samples obtained while the cement is being transferred to storage

silos or bins. The cement is held in storage until the tests are completed and, upon acceptance, is shipped as orders are received.

It is not practicable for the manufacturers to maintain separate

stocks of tested cement for each Federal agency and hence, the need

for a single testing agency for Federal Government purchases. The

National Bureau of Standards has been rendering this service for over

40 years and currently operates testing stations at San Francisco,

Seattle, Denver, Kansas City, Allentown, and Washington, D. C.

Inspection facilities are maintained at some 90 cement plants while

at others samples are submitted to the Bureau by the Inspector of

Naval Material. During fiscal 1953 » samples representing some 13,000,000 barrels of portland cement were tested. Development and

comparative work on test methods for cement are a proper adjunct to

the testing program.

Tasks ; (l) Samples will be tested as submitted. ( 2 ) Cement-testing

equipment will be inspected. (3) Comparative tests will be made as follows; (a) European vs American tests on cement, (b) Flexural

tests vs compression tests, (c) Similar specimens subjected to four

different freezing and thawing procedures. (d) A variety of representative cements will be used to fabricating concrete specimens for

long-time outdoor exposure.

0907-10-0914 The Chemistry of Portland Cement

Objectives ; To improve the usefulness, the dependability, the quality,

and the econon;^ of cement in concrete and to contribute to the

fundamental knowledge of the physical chemistry of cementitious

materials

- 14-
Backgrounds A considerable number of advances in the technologr '^f cement

production and in the art of designing cement for special purposes have

resulted from investigations which have been supported jointly by the

Portland Cement Association and the National Bureau of Standards for the

past 29 years. At the present time, investigations are in progress that are making possible designed control of the molecular structures by

virtue of which cement functions as a bonding agent. These studies

include X-ray crystal structure, phase equilibria, differential thermal

analysis, and electron microscopy. Incidental discoveries are being

developed that are proving of value in the entire field of physicochemical research. Such are precision temperature control, growth of

perfect single crystals, high-temperature furnace centrifugation,

and mathematical contributions to increase the applicability of phaserule techniques.

Tasks i (1) The crystal structure of cement compounds is under study in

several laboratories in various countries. NBS studies in this field

were initiated three years ago and a part of this work, the crystal

structure of tricalciujn aluminate, is now nearing completion, (2)

The gels of hydrated cement cornpounds have been ^lnder study at NBS

for over a year by means of electron microscopy. The ultimate

particles of calcium silicate hydrate have been observed for the first

time and this part of the investigation should be conpleted during

the next year.

O9O8-IO-O924 Composition and Durability of Plasters, Cements,

and Mortars

Objectives ; To study the conposition and durability of cements, limes,

and mortars in relation to the properties of the magnesium and other

oxides contained in the cementitious materials.

Background s The durabilit^r of cementitious materials, particularly

those containing magnesia, cannot at present be predicted. It is believed that a knowledge of the activity of MgO and the effect of the

history of the MgO on that activity will go far toward explaining the

failures in service that occur in such materials, A study should also

be made of the properties of lightweight aggregates being used in lieu

of sand in plasters.

Tasks ; (l) Critical study of methods for determining the cement content

of mortars and concrete. (2) Workability characteristics of hydrated

limes. (3) Measurement of the activity of magnesia. (4) Properties

of lightweight aggregates used in plaster, (5) Method for measuring

pozzolanic activity.

-15
0908-10-0943 Physical Chemistry of Hydrated Silicates,

Aluminates, and Ferrites

Oh.jectives ; To study the physico-chemical relations at normal and elevated

temperatures in aqueous systems containing silica, alumina, ferric oxide,

or combinations of these, together with hydroxides of the alkaline

earths; also to determine the composition and means of preparation of

compounds occurring in such systems.

Background ; Previous work in this field by HBS includes a study of the

hydration of the calcium alurainates, a study of the system Ca0-Al20-H20

at 21® and 90® C, a study of the system Ca0-Si02-H20 at 30*, hydrothermal synthesis of calcium silicate hydrates and the calcium hydrogarnets, and a study of calcium silico-aluminate hydrates. This has

aided in the interpretation of the mechanism of the hydration of

cement, and of the effect of steam-curing and autoclaving of cement.

Tasks s (1) A study of the system Ca0-Al20j5-H20 at ten^eratures above

100® C. (2) a study of solid phases formed in the system

Ca0-Al20j-Si02“H20 at room temperature, (3) Mechanism of reaction

of water on calcium aluminates in light of system Ca0-Al20^-H20.

1001-10-1000 Masonry and Reinforced Concrete

Ob.jectives s To secure basic data in the laboratory on properties of

masonry, concrete, and reinforced concrete, including stone, brick,

concrete masonry units, masonry mortars, lightweight concrete, and

reinforced concrete. These data will indicate ways to improve

specification requirements for various service conditions and for

effecting economies in the use of critical materials.

Background ; In order to predict durability of brick and stone under

various conditions of weathering, there is a need for correlating

various properties determined in the laborat 01^,-’ with results of outdoor exposure tests. Exposure tests of brick started on the IBS

grounds in 1936. on roofing slate in 1933. building stone in

1948, are being continued in this connection as one phase of this

project. Another large phase is the work done in collaboration with

the producers of masonry cement on Masonry Research. Such research

is needed to provide information on the structural properties of

masonry to indicate how the various materials available can be used

in the most economical ways. Continuation of a study of properties

of reinforced concrete is another phase. It is also planned to continue collaborative work with the Pellowship of the American Iron

and Steel Institute. This will include research and development of

theory needed to formulate new design practices with respect to control of the width of cracks and resistance of reinforced concrete

to shear.

-16-
Tasks ; The study is of continuing nature. The following tasks will he

continued and/or initiated during FT 195^5 (l) Make periodic examinations of stone exposure test wall, study effects of 20-year exposure

of roofing slate, and analyze observations from long-term masonry

exposure tests. (2) Study of thermal and moisture characteristics of

marble, sandstone, and limestone over natural temperature range. (3)

Collaborate with Masonry Research Fellowship by conducting a survey of

Portland masonry cement and by performing tests of masonry assemblages.

(4) Con5)lete con5)arative tests of conventionally reinforced col-umns

and specimens containing high-strength welded wire fabric as reinforcement. ( 5 ) Collaborate with American Iron and Steel Fellowship

in performing tests and analyzing data on shearing strength of reinforced concrete and formation of tensile cracks in beams and slabs.

1001-10-4811 Precast Thin-Shell Concrete Structures

Objectives : To evaluate and develop prototype design of thin-shell precast and prestressed concrete elements and buildings. This will include the determination of strength, elastic stability, adequacy of

joint waterti^tness, and resistance to fire, of precast thin-shell

ribbed concrete panels and hollow-section framing members, with and

without prestressed reinforcement.

Background; Precast thin-shell ribbed panels and hollow-section framing

members are a relatively new type of construction, particularly those

containing prestressed reinforcement. Technical data on design

aspects such as the cross sections of the members, orientation and

amount of reinforcement, and losses in prestress resulting from plastic

flow are urgently needed. Buildings making use of structural members

of this type are being planned at present by the Bureau of Yards and

Docks

Tasks ; This study is of a continuing nature in which the designs of

structural members evolve as the evaluation tests proceed. The following tasks are in progress; (l) Upon selection of a panel design

following tests completed in FT 1953> several panels of the selected

type are to be assembled into a single unit and adequacy of prestressing in securing watertight joints is to be determined. (2) Determine

effect of fire on strength of panels with and without prestress.

(3) The evaluation of the strength and rigidity of hollow-section prestressed concrete frame is to be carried out on a full-scale structure

with particular emphasis on checking the continuity provided by prestressing units at the junctions of individual structural members.

(4) The evaluation of the strength and rigidity of a thin-shell panel

prestressed transversely with welded wire fabric and longitudinally

with the conventional prestressing rods. ( 5 ) The evaluation of properties of autoclaved thin-shell cell-like blocks with enphasis on their possible use in prestressed slab and beam assemblies.

-17-
1001-10“48l2 Shrinkage Stresses in Masonry V'Jalls

Oh.jectives ; To determine by means of tests of small-scale models and "by

approximate theoretical analysis the direction and relative intensities of stresses in masonry walls of various sizes which are restrained

from shortening at the foundation level while undergoing drying shrinkage or thermal contraction.

Background ; Both the results of tests conducted in laboratories and of

extensive experience with structures indicate that the drying shrinkage

of walls of concrete masonry and of monolithic concrete is responsible

for much of the cracking observed. Despite widespread interest in

cracking resulting from drying shrinlcage, the literature contains no method by which design engineers may estimate the minimum spacing of

control joints and the least amount, the location, and the form of

reinforcement that would be most effective in minimizing objectionable

cracking under various conditions.

Tasks ; (l) Complete preliminary study to select appropriate material and

testing technique for small-scale models, (2) Complete preliminary

study to ascertain which of the several analytical methods will yield

useful results at the least cost. (3) Initiate study to determine the

effect of length on the direction and relative magnitude of the

stresses in plain walls attached to rigid foundations. (4) Same as Task 3s except that height of wall is to be the variable factor.

CODES AlH) SPECIFICATIONS

0201-30-0208 Specifications for Electrical Supplies.

Lamps, Colors

Objectives ; Formulation of Federal Specifications for electrical supplies,

lamps, and colors, and cooperation with ASA and lES in allied fields

in order to obtain coordination, particular stress being placed upon

the development of irt^roved qualification tests for lan^s, on insuring

interchangeability of lamps, and on the assignment of uniform designations to lamps.

Background ; Closely related to the acceptance and qualification inspection and testing of lamps for the Government which have been con- ducted at NBS for many years, are applicable Federal Specifications

developed under this project for electrical supplies.

- 18-
1005-40-1022 Construction Codes and Safety Standards

Ob.jectives ; Utilization of NBS laboratory results and specialized

knowledge in connection with recommendations for safe building construction, safety of building equipment, industrial safety, and home

safety

Background s Government officials, construction and safety engineers, and

the general public look to the ICBS for technical information to be

used in regulations and manuals designed to prevent injuries and loss

of life. As a consequence of presenting data to various standardizing

bodies, results of UBS work find application in State and local codes

and in National safety standards. Among the organizations concerned

are the American Standards Association, American Society for Testing

Materials, National Safety Council, National Fire Protection Association, Federal Safety Council, and Federal Fire Council.

Tasks ; Activities are of a continuing nature, requiring (l) development

of new safety standards, (2) periodical revision of existing safety

standards, ( 3) determination of factors affecting personal safety, and

(4) technical research on safe use of materials and assemblies in

buildings, building equipment, industrial processes, and the home.

FIKE DETECTION AND PREVENTION

0801-10-0802 Properties of Metals at High Temperatures

Objectives ; To determine the influence of stress, strain rate, temperature, and thermal and mechanical historj'- upon the characteristics and

mechanism of creep and the failure of metals at elevated temperatures.

Background ; Numerous formulas have been proposed to predict the timetemperature relationship in single and polycrystalline metals but none

is entirely satisfactory. Additional studies, under carefully con- trolled conditions, are essential before a theory con^letely acceptable

can be established. A fundamental knowledge of the mechanism of deformation, including the physical and metallurgical changes occurring

during deformation at different temperatures, is essential for the

most economical utilization of the present metals and alloys and for

the development of new materials for the defense agencies and industrial applications.

Tasks; (l) Complete tests and prepare papers summarizing the results of

creep tests on high purity nickel and short-time high temperature tests

of both high-purity and commercial 70^ Ni, 3^?^ alloys. (2) Make

creep tests on high-purity 70^ Ni, yyf> Cu alloy. ( 3 ) Make short-time

high temperature tests on 3^^ Ni, 70^ Cu alloy.

-19-
1002-10-1029 Fire Hazard Studies

0~b.iectives ; To investigate methods of preventing and reducing losses

resulting from accidental fires. This involves the determination of

the fire-resistive properties of various types of materials and constructions and investigations of (l) the self-ignition characteristics

and ignitxon temperature of materials; (2) the stimuli and sensing

devices which may he used for fire detection; ( 3 ) the mechanism of

fire spread; and (4) the methods of fire extinguishment.

Background ; There is a constant need for up-to-date information on the

fire-resistive properties of new building construction materials and

of fabricated assemblies, particularly those designed to reduce weight

and cost as far as possible. A better knowledge of the basic mechanism

of fire spread in full-scale structural members and of the mechanism

of extinguishment by available agents is essential for effective detection and control of fires.

Tasks ; (l) Investigations of (a) the spontaneous heating and ignition of

materials; (b) the fire-resistive properties of materials and constructions; (c) the efficacy of various fire-retardant treatments and

coatings; and (d) the mechanism of extinguishment of oil fires by dry

powders will be continued. (2) ^reparation of papers leading to

publication of results of those phases of the fire research studies

completed during the present and previous fiscal years.

1002-10-4821 Fire Detection in Aircraft

Objectives ; To study the properties and characteristics of flame, in

order to ascertain which might be used for the detection of fires in

aircraft engine nacelles and cori5)artments; to evaluate the various

possible methods of fire detection, and to recommend to the Air Force

the most feasible method to be used for further development.

Background ; The Air Force is not satisfied with present commercial fire

detection systems for aircraft engine nacelles. One of the principal

reasons for this is frequent false alarms, which negate the positive

detecting value of the instrumentation. As a result of many failures,

the Air Force has decided to turn back to a study of fundamentals in

order to be able to decide as to which direction further instrumentation development should turn.

Tasks ; (l) Continue studies on characteristics of flames which might be

useful for fire detection in aircraft including spectral emission,

fluctuation of radiant energy, air ionization, and contact heating

ability. (2) Evaluation of flame characteristics in relation to

operating requirements of fire detectors as specified by the Air Force,

( 3 ) If desirable, construct and test prototypes of promising types of

detectors. (4) Write final report.

-20-
1002-3®“^822 Fire Tests of Prestressed Concrete Beams

Ob.jectives ; To perform fire-resistance tests of six prestressed concrete

beams as a part of a joint investigation of this type of "beam by the

Fire Research Station of Great Britain and the ITBS

Background s Prestressed concrete construction provides one excellent

method by which economy in the use of steel for building construction

may be accomplished. Although a number of buildings ha,ve been erected

in which prestressed concrete has been used, very little information

is available on the fire-resistance behavior of such structures. The

Fire Research Station of Great Britain has started an investigation of

prestressed concrete beams and has requested that the UBS cooperate

with them by testing larger specimens than is possible in their furnaces.

Tasks I (l) Con^jlete conditioning of specimens. (2) Perform fire-resistance

tests. ( 3 ) Analyze the results and, if possible, correlate them with the

results of previous tests of small-scale specimens. (4) Prepare a summary

report on the subject.

1002-30-4824 Evaluation of Marine Use Material

Objectives ; To obtain data on the constructional features and evaluate

operating behavior of equipment and materials requiring Coast Guard

approval for marine use,

Backgro-gnd ; Each year for several years, the KBS has made nixmerous

individual tests for the U. S. Coast Guard and has provided them with

technical data to permit action to be taken on materials and equipment

submitted for approval for marine use. The purpose of this project is

to coordinate this work under one transferred fund, thereby assuring

better control and simplifying procedures.

Tasks ; (l) Continuation of tests and examinations of equipment and materials as required by the U. S. Coast Guard. Typical work includes type

tests of fire extinguishers submitted for U. S. Coast Guard approval

and a program for evaluation of various methods for test of flamespread hazards of materials.

-21-
PLUMBING

0603-10“06l8 Research in Hydrodynamics

Objectives ; To investigate various "basic pro"blems of hydrodynamics

which have direct importance in engineering applications, or which

are of importance in advancing "basic knowledge of hydrodynamic

phenomena

Background ; This project constitutes the NBS continuing research program covering the "broad field of hydrodynamics. It is desired to

expand fundamental research of this type and to enter fields not now "being covered. One such field is that of sediment transportation.

Previous work included studies of floor waves, solitary waves, wind

effects on water surfaces, and flow in open and closed conduits.

Tasks ; One of the tasks is to con^lete analysis on form of surface of

reservoir under severe wind storms. Another is to make experiments

on saline intrusion in sand "beds.

0804-10-0817 Underground Corrosion Circular

0"b.1ectives ; To revise Circular 0450, Undergro\md Corrosion, as a final

report and summary of the program.

Background ; For many years, the National Bureau of Standards has con- ducted a wide program of tests of engineering materials exposed to a variety of soils underground. This work has "been completed and all

of the specimens have "been returned and the corrosion damage evaluated.

The results are now "being incorporated in a revision of Circular C450,

Underground Corrosion, which was first pu"blished in 1945- This work

is the only authoritative pu"blication on the su"bject and has had wide

circulation.

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

0103“30“2020 Tests of Electric Distri"bution Line Components

0"b jectives ; This project comprises the development of methods of testing

for essential properties of various conponents used in high voltage

distri"bution lines; the relative evaluation of the suita"bility of

availa"ble devices such as lightning arrestors, line insulators, and

other components; experimental and advisory assistance in the preparation of improved specifications for the purchase of line components.

-22
Backgrounds Work of this type has "been requested for several years hy

the Standards Group of the REA to give them engineering data on which

to "base recommendations for the construction of transmission lines hy

their subsidiaries. Electrical work is done hy Division 1, mechanical tests hy Division 6.

Tasks ; (l) Eurther tests of line insulators using very high rates of

rise of voltage. (2) Comparative tests of lightning arrestors. ( 3 ) Meclianical strength tests on transmission line hardware.

0204“ 10“ 0221 Thermal Expansion

Objectives i Investigation of thermal expansion of metals, alloys, and

other solid materials as required for science and industry.

Background ; Determinations of thermal expansion of chemical elements and

alloys, and the magnitudes of the dimensional changes that occur during transformations in various temperature regions, are necessary for

progress in science and industry. In particular, such data on lowexpanding alloys should lead to new applications in connection with

length standards; also for thermostats, pendulum rods for clocks,

indicating pyrometers, and other devices having special thermal

properties

Tasks ; ( 1 ) Completion of investigation and preparation of manuscript

on thermal expansion of low-expanding alloys, to he cocpleted about

January 195^“ (2) Compilation of references is a continuing task.

( 3 ) Completion of investigation and preparation of manuscript on thermal expansion of some rare metals to he completed about June 195^

O 302-IO-O303 Calorimetric Measurements

Objectives ; To investigate the need and satisfy the demand for improved

standard substances to he used in calorimetric work in the range 12®

to 2000® K, This includes measurements of heat capacities of solids,

liqiiids, and gases, heats of transitions, and heats of reactions such

as in combustion. To determine the thermal properties of selected

pure substances which are of fundamental icportance to thermodynamics

and related fields. Also, to determine the purity of certain materials, using calorimetric measurements.

-23-
Background ; The need for more and improved standard substances has been

widely recognized by those making calorimetric measurements. KBS is

participating in the program for standard substances proposed by the

Fourth Conference on Calorimetry (U.3.). Further work needs to be done,

both on heat-capacitj'" standards and on standard substances to be used

for calibrating calorimeters. With the increasing importance of hightemperature thermodynamics, it is desirable to extend the temperature

range of the present heat-capacity measurements. Accurate measurement

of heat capacity of solids, liquids, and gases are essential to the

evaluation of the thermodynamic functions enthalpy, entropy, and free

energy. The calorimetric laboratories in the KBS Thermodynamics

Section are able to measure with the highest accuracy all of the following: (a) heat capacity of solids and liquids over the temperature

range 12® to 1200® K, (b) heat capacity of gases at moderate temperatures and pressures, and (c) heats of combustion and heats of solution.

The measurements on gases have added significance in that they permit

a check on the interpretation of molecular spectra and structure

which is used to extrapolate thermodynamic functions to very high

temperatures where it is impossible to make accurate experimental

determinations

.

Tasks ; (l) Formulate and publish the heat capacity studies in the range

12® to 1200® K on n-heptane and aluminum oxide (sapphire) used as heat capacity standards. (2) Measure in the range 12® to 400® Z the

heat capacity and conpute entropy of CI2C1CCI2 or CF-j;-SF^. (3) Construct an adiabatic calorimeter for use to about 5OC® C, capable of

0.1 to 0.2 percent accuracy. Test the calorimeter by making measurements of the heat capacity of aluminum oxide (sapphire) over this

range. (4) Review literature and make preliminary investigation of

promising reactions suitable for calibrating calorimeter used in the

measurement of small quantities of heat. (5) Complete measurements

and analysis of gas heat capacity of fluorocarbons started earlier.

0901-10-0942 Special Porcelains for High Temperature

Service and Improvement of Glazes

Objectives ; (A) To conduct an exploratory study of special oxide

systems. (B) To study the effect of composition and firing of glazes

on their "bubble structure" and related wear resistance.

- 24-
Backgro-mid ; (A) The constantly increasing demands for high-ten^erat-are

duty materials in missiles and for military weapons requires that

other materials he investigated as replacements for metallic al]oys.

The inherent refractoriness, strength, and corrosion resistance of

ceramic oxides indicate that they should he completely explored^

Previous work at the NSS has shown that basic combinations of

heryllia with zirconia have great promise, due in large part to the

high thermal conductivity of heryllia and strength imparted by the

zirconia. This basic composition, modified by other oxides, produce

ceramics that cannot be foxind in any other ceramic-oxide combinations.

(B) The ultimate objective is the improvement of resistance to abrasion of tableware glazes. This applies to ware used in homes, public

restaurants, and in the mess halls of the various Defense agencies.

The immediate objective is the study of the effect of composition and

firing on bubble structure for the p\irpose of decreasing or eliminating such bubbles, and thereby to enhance the serviceability of the ware „

Tasks ; (A) The general equilibrium diagram and maturing behavior having

been determined for the systems Be0-Ti02~Zr02 , Be0-Ce02“Zr02, and

Be0-Cr203-Zr02, there remains the preparation and physical testing

of specimens and the writing of the report. (B) A suitable laboratory

space and equipment must be prepared for the storage of materials and

the preparation of specimens. Physical testing will consist of

microscopic examinations, hardness tests by diamond indentation, and

simulated wear tests.

0604-20-0614 Static and Dynamic Techniques for Load and

Strain Measurements

Objectives ; Development of elastic load measuring devices for calibrating testing machines; development of techniques for determining

mechanical properties of materials at high rates of loading; development of methods for eval-uation and comparison of hardness testing

machines

Background ; As a part of its work on the development of methods for

testing materials and mechanisms, the NBS is extending its study of

methods of load calibration of testing machines. A new method for

obtaining stress-strain relationships for structural materials at

high rates of loading is also being developed. The study of methods

for the measurement of hardness is being continued, principally along

the line of a study of the performance of existing eauipment for

hardness testing.

- 25-
Tasks i (l) Extend the range of static load calibration equipment above

500,000 lb and below 200 lb. (2) Investigate and improve methods for

the determination of dynamic stress-strain characteristics of structural materials. (3) Investigate factors in the field of hardness and

micro-hardness tests bearing on the accuracy and reproducibility of

the results. (4) Study improved methods for measuring the output of

elastic load calibrating devices using wire strain gages.

06 04- 30- 06 16 Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines

and Au-paratus

Objectives Calibration of mechanical testing machines, dynamometers,

load cells, force, strain, displacement, velocity and acceleration

measuring equipment; development of test equipment and methods;

assistance in the formulation of specifications.

Background s The NBS provides the only service available for the accurate

calibration of elastic devices used for calibrating testing machines.

Some 250 devices per year ranging in capacity from a few hundred pounds

to several million pounds are calibrated for Government agencies and

commercial laboratories. The accuracies of the testing machines used

by the Government and by producers and consumers are dependent on periodic calibrations made with devices calibrated at FBS . Calibrations of strain and displacement measuring equipment are performed

for other Government agencies. Assistance is given in reviewing the

requirements for mechanical tests included in specifications.

0604-10-3516 Engineering Structures

Objectives ; To determine the stress distribution and strength of

structural connections at bulkhead intersections in welded ships.

Background s The large number of structural failures in welded merchant

ships during World War II led the Ship Structure Committee to initiate

long range studies of the design and methods of construction of welded

ships. A part of this investigation was to be concerned with design

details of structural discontinuities. At the request of the Bureau

of Ships, Navy Department, a program of tests on design details of

bulkhead intersections and interrupted longitudinals for welded

tankers was \indertaken at NBS in 1948.

Tasks ; (l) Preparation of final report on measurements of elastic stress

distribution at room temperature, plastic strain distribution at 0® F,

and energy to fracture on welded bulkhead intersection ship specimens.

-26 -
0604~30"3567 Survey of High-Temperature Strain Measuring Devices

Ob.lectives ; To make availalDle in the form of a critical survey comprehensive information on the current status of development of hign-tempe na- ture strain gages and calibration methods, and an evaluation of their

theoretical and practical limitations, useful in the planning and conduct of research and development on such devices and methods, and useful for provision of general guidance in instrumentation problems

concerned with high-temperature strain gages.

0707-10-0733 Research on Properties of Plastics

Ob.jectives ; To determine the properties of plastics, in particular, the

physical and chemical properties of plastic films and the mechanism

of degradation of polyvinyl chloride.

Background s (a) Plastic films are being used in an ever-increasing voliime

by Government and industry, but data on the properties of these materials

are not complete and manufacturers* data are frequently not comparable

or variations from material to material occur because of variations in

test methods. These data will be used to prepare specifications and

guide their use by Government agencies. (B) The degradation of plastic

materials is one of the most iiaportant problems of the plastics industry and one of the least understood. The empirical accelerated aging

tests are not satisfactory = A more basic understanding of the reasons

for deterioration will be of assistance in providing better products

and in guiding the use of plastics into proper channels. The Government, as the largest user of plastics, would benefit immeasurably. At

present, the degradation of polyvinyl chloride is being investigated.

Tasks t (1) Determine the resistance to chemicals, gas permeability,

stiffness, and physical properties of plastic films. (2) Investigate

the effects of hydroperoxide groups on the degradation of polyvinyl

chloride

O8O3-IO-412O Investigations of Fractures in Welded Ships

Objectives

g

To conduct metallurgical examinations on plates from fractured

ships for evidence bearing on the cause of failure.

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Background : For several years the UBS Metallurgy Division has conducted

examinations of plates from fractured ships at the request of the

Ship Structure Committee., This work has resulted in important con- clusions concerning the effect of the properties of the steel on the

prohahility of failure. During the past year much of the effort has

Been spent on analysis of data and writing of summary reports, with

the result that a large Backlog of plates are now on hand awaiting

test. The results of these examinations will provide additional

experimental evidence of the correlations which have Been oBserved

and will Be of value to the industry By providing a record of the

detailed information on recent ship fractures.

0804-10-0815 Mechanism of Corrosion Processes

OB.jectives ; To determine the nature, mechanism, and rates of the cor- rosion of metals By different processes in various corrosive media

and environments.

Background ; (A) The mechanism of corrosion processes has never Been

completely understood. Stress corrosion, in particular, is quite

Baffling in its inception and progression. In certain metals it

starts and proceeds along grain Boundaries, in other metals it avoids

Boundaries and proceeds across grains. This phenomenon is Being

studied to develop a working theory for this type of corrosion.

(B) Pitting corrosion is a different type of phenomenon. Its mechanism is not understood any Better. (C) Galvanic corrosion implies

not only couples of unlike metals But also metallic surfaces where

difference in potential exists Because of corrosion products, non- metallic inclusions, segregation, etc.

0907-10-0917 Effect of Heat on Crystal Structure of

Inorganic Minerals

OB.jectives ; To determine the mechanism of crystal formation in the

solid state after decomposition of hydrates or carbonates.

Background ; The complex changes which crystals undergo Between dehydration (or decarBonization) and new crystal formation is not

well understood. This phenomenon is important in clays, refractories, and in crystal chemistry. This work will add to knowledge

of solid state reactions, the structure of hydrates, and to the

mechanism of approach to equilibrium.

Tasks ; (l) A paper on the calcite-type carbonates will Be written and

the study completed of the aragonite- type carbonates. (2) A study

will Be made of thermal effects in amphiboles, zeolites, and

hydrogarnets

.

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0908-10-0923 Thermochemistry of Mineral Products

Oh.jectives ; Determination of the thermocheraical relations of compounds

occurring in mineral products

Background ; Thermodynamic data are scanty or lacking for most of the

substances occurring in mineral products or in related systems of

oxides. Such data are needed for understanding the energy relations

and determining the stability of the compounds controlling the behavior of mineral products. Additional data is also desirable for

a better understanding of the heat evolved in the setting of cements

in mass concrete.

Tasks s (1) Preparation of compounds in the system Mg0-MgCl2-H20 and

determination of their heats of formation. (2) Preparation of

compounds in the system Ca0-Al20^-H20 and determination of their

heats of formation. (3) Completion of construction of decompositionpressure apparatus and measurement of the decomposition pressure of

hydrated minerals, specifically Mg(0H)2 and compounds prepared in

above tasks

IOOO-3O-48OI Properties of Building Materials

Objectives; To obtain data on the properties of building materials,

equipment, and structural assemblies and their probable service

performance, to assess their value for use in military structures.

1000-10-4803 Building Technology Services

Ob.jectives ; To provide building technology services of a specialized

nature, financed by small-scale transfer funds, to various agencies

of the Government

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SUHFACE IINISHES AID COVEfilHGS

0201-20-0203 Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry

Oh.jectives ; To develop and maintain spectrophotometric standards, to

study improvements in spectrophotometric instruments and techniques,

particularly for the standardization and specification of color and

the determination of the permanence of standard samples of ceramics,

glasses, pigments, paints, papers, plastics, textiles, and other

materials of special interest in colorimetry

„

Background s Spectrophotometry is the only fundamental basis for the

analysis, standardization, and specification of color = It is also

a research and analytical tool in physics, chemistry, engineering,

and technology. The color of a standard sample is always of

questionable permanence, and spectrophotometric information con- cerning the change of color of these standards is required in art,

industry, and science.

Tasks ? (l) Spectrophotometric and colorimetric permanence study of

nitrocellulose paint deposits, NBS Standard Samples of Paint Pigments, Artists* Oil Paints, light-sensitive papers, and other

materials subject to natural and accelerated weathering including

the effects of radioactive irradiation on h\iman and building ma- terials. ( 2 ) Specification of special sets of material colors such

as signal target enamels and glasses, safety color code for physical

hazards, radiation hazard warnings and other colors related to

safety. ( 3 ) Spectrophotometric study of optical glasses, species

of foliage, eggs, skin, teeth, blood, hair, crops, sand, and other

materials

O5OI- 3O-O5OI Preparation and Revision of Federal and Other

S pecifications for Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers , and Ingredient Materials

Objectives ; To prepare, revise, or amend when necessary. Federal

Specifications for (l) paints, enamels, varnishes, lacquers, putties,

and similar coatings and filling materials; ( 2 ) ingredient raw ma- terials including pigments, oils, resins, driers, thinners, plasticizers, and solvents; and ( 3 ) methods of testing, paint colors, and

other special organic coatings requirements. Also, to participate

in the specification work of Committee D-1, ASTM, and of the ISO

Committee on Shellac, and to assist Government agencies in the development of departmental specifications for special products.

Background ; This project is a part of the continuing NBS program of

cooperation with Government and technical organizations in the development of adequate procurement specifications and testing methods.

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0904-20-0908 Development of Evaluation Criteria for

Porcelain Enamels

Objectives g To develop laboratory test procedures by which commercially

important properties of porcelain enamels and enameled items may be

evaluated? to evaluate test methods by comparison of laboratory re- sults with performance data, providing a basis for selection of test

procedures giving the most reliable criteria of performance in ser- vice, particularly by aqueous solutions encountered in service.

Background ? Work on the development of standard tests for porcelain

enamels has continued at EBS since 193^° Industry has cooperated

through the research associateship maintained by the Porcelain

Enamel Institute. Tests developed have been adopted by the PEI as standards and by the ASTM as standards. A procedure for evaluating

tests in terms of service conditions is an indispensable part of

any test development program, and in this case it is being arrived

at by act\aal service testing of various porcelain enameled items.

A basic knowledge of the structure of porcelain enamels, particularly of the structure of the surface layer, and the mechanisms by

which this structure is destroyed in service, is necessary to develop laboratory tests which form the best basis for perdicting

relative service life.

Tasks g (l) Make field inspections of installations at Fall River,

Mass., Cambridge, Mass., and Toledo, Ohio. Organize and reduce data

obtained, and start correlation of field data with results of laboratory tests. (2) Establish conditions to be recommended for testing

porcelain enamels for alkali resistance. ( 3 ) Make limited exploratory investigations into the mechanism of attack of alkaline solution on porcelain enamels.

0904-10-4412 Mechanism of Adherence of Ceramic Coatings to Metals

Objectives i To investigate ceramic coatings and, in particular, to obtain a fundamental insight into the adherence mechanism.

Background ? Early work on this project yielded ceramic coatings that

are currently being applied in substantial volume to production parts

including many aircraft components. While these coatings improve

service life of the parts, they suffer from certain deficiencies that

restrict their widest acceptance and use. The development of a suitable and consistent adherence of the coating to the alloy is one of

most pressing problems. Progress toward solution of the adherence

difficulties has been hindered by a lack of information concerning

the fundamental mechanisms. Considerable progress was made during

fiscal 1952 and 1953- Continued work should lead to an ultimate

solution of the adherence problem.

-31-
Tasks ; (l) Determine the effect of the oxygen content of the firing

atmosphere on the adherence of ground coats to steel and of ceramic

coatings to alloys. (2) Determine how copper oxide improves adherence of ceramic coatings to stainless steel without increasing

surface roughness. (3) Determine "bond mechanism of coating for

molybdenum consisting of CrB-Ni glass and investigate effect of

coating con5>osition and durability. (4) Determine correlation, if

any, between oxygen permeability of a coating as determined with

the recording balance and its electrical conductivity.

1004-10-1017 Properties of Roofing. Waterproofing. Flooring . and Coating Materials

Objectives: To determine the properties of floor, roof, and wall

covering materials and to formulate specifications and safety

codes applicable thereto.

Background ; (A) The principal roofing materials used in this country

contain asphalt. Since the deterioration of such roofing materials

is closely associated with the degradation of the asphalts, the

work on roofing materials, at present, consists primarily of fundamental studies of the degradation of asphalts and of methods of

retarding this process. The work on this subject at the NBS since

1946 has been carried on in collaboration with the Asphalt Roofing

Industry Bureau. (B) Another phase is development of specific

tests for evaluating properties of flooring materials and the

establishment of requirements for specifications and safety standards. This work is necessary in light of the development of new flooring materials and processes since publication of the Bureau’s

extensive investigations along these lines in the period 1939-1943.

(C) Modern practices of tight construction and the increased use

of insulation and air conditioning have emphasized the importance

of moisture control in structures. Water-vapor barriers are one means of exercising such control. Requests from other agencies of

the Government for information on the water-vapor permeance of

structural elements and coating materials necessitates basic work

by the Bureau in this field.

- 32-
Tasks; (A) Hoofing Mate rials S (l) Assemble and calibrate micro-combustion apparatus to follow the shift in the composition of the component

of asphalt as they degrade under exposure to light and water. (2)

Develop methods for following the physical changes which take place

in asphalts during degradation. ( 3 ) Write summary reports on the re- sults obtained in the work on mineral stabilizers in asphalt coatings

and prepare publications on these results. (4) Develop a macro method

for the separation of weathered and unweathered asphalts into groups

of components. ( 5 ) Develop a method of analysis for the functional

groups in asphalts. (6) Develop test procedures for bituminous roofing, waterproofing, and road materials. (B) Flooring Materials?

( 1 ) Determine the resistance of flooring materials to abrasion and

cleaning materials. (2) Study the antislip characteristics of floor

surfaces and protective coatings. ( 3 ) Develop methods for evaluating

the relative performance of flooring materials. (C) Coating Materials

( 1 ) Preparation of a report for publication on work completed.

1004-40-4841 Maintenance of Waxed Floors

Ob.jectives g Preparation of a floor maintenance manual with special

emphasis on the proper use of floor waxes in protecting and satisfactorily maintaining different types of flooring materials found in

Navy establishments.

Background ; The wax industry has undergone considerable change in the

past several years. Much emphasis has been placed on research and the

development of new materials for floor polishes, some as additive

materials to the commonly used water-emulsion waxes. An evaluation of

present-day materials and recommendations for their safe and economical use are needed.

Tasks ; (l) A study of literature and information now available on floor

maintenance materials and procedures. (2) Inspection of floors for

which cleaning and maintaining methods are known. ( 3 ) Limited laboratory investigations for specific properties of some materials such as slip resistance. (4) Preparation of floor maintenance manual.

1004-40-4842 Evaluation of Flooring Materials in Field

Installations

Ob.jectlves ; To determine by means of laboratory tests and pilot field

installations, the most economically suitable flooring materials for

Array kitchens

- 33"
Background ; During the prosecution of the NBS project on Evaluation of

Flooring Materials in Field Installations in FY 1953 (1004-40-4726),

studies were aade of various types of floors in Army "buildings, and

specific recommendations were made from the results of these studies.

These showed that certain types of floors v;ere satisfactory for use

in Army kitchens. However, data showing the types of materials which

might he economically suitable for this use were not obtained. This

project is intended to obtain such information.

Tasks S (l) Investigation by laboratory means of the relative resistance

of selected flooring materials to abrasion, alkalies, and grease.

( 2 ) Observation of the most favorable materials in pilot installations

at a convenient Army base to be selected by OCB. ( 3 ) Preparation of

final report and recommendations to OCE

1004-40-4843 Revision of Roofing Manual

Objectives ; Revision of War Department Technical Manual TM5

-617 , Roofing, Repairs and Utilities.

Background ; War Department Technical Manual TM5

-617 , Roofing, Repairs

and Utilities, published in June 1945, was prepared to deal mainly

with roofing problems occasioned by wartime construction and conditions. Changed conditions and the development of new materials

and procedures make desirable a revision of this manual to meet current needs

,

Tasks ; (l) Review current roofing literature and discuss methods of

maintaining and repairing roofs with Army engineers and industry

representatives. (2) Inspect roofs in Army buildings, particularly

those which have been maintained or repaired by methods developed

recently. ( 3 ) Prepare a revision of Technical Manual TM5-6 I7 , Roofing, Repairs and Utilities.

TESTING OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

0201- 30-2320 Q,ualification Insuection and Testing of Lamps

for the Government

Objectives ; To conduct qualification tests of manufacturers currently

supplying incandescent, fluorescent, and photographic flash lamps

to the Government by inspecting and life-testing the lamps supplied

in order to determine coo^jliance with applicable Federal Specifications; also to conduct qualification tests of prospective bidders

not currently supplying lamps to the Government.

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0501-*30”32^0 Analysis and Testing of Paint. Varnish. Lacquer . and Related Materials

0~b.iectives ; To test and analyze paints, varnishes, lacquers, enamels,

and ingredient raw materials for compliance with specifications.

Also to examine and evaluate organic coating materials for which no specifications exist, and to conduct special tests and investigations

for regulatory agencies.

0502-30-3241 Analysis and Evaluation of Detergents and

Miscellaneous Materials

Ob.jectives ; Testing detergents, waxes, and miscellaneous materials for

conformance to Federal and other specifications; identification,

analysis, and evaluation of a wide variety of miscellaneous products

that are not covered hy any specifications. Development of new specifications and test methods for detergents and miscellaneous

materials. Technical services of analytical, investigative, and

advisory nature pertinent to regulatory or judicial functions of

Government agencies.

Background ; The services outlined are required hy other Government

agencies for procurement of materials and in carrying out their

assigned functions.

Tasks ; (l) Continuation of testing detergents, waxes, and related

materials. (2) If time permits, study, improve, and develop methods

for the analysis of products containing synthetic detergents. (3)

Continuation of the identification, analysis, and evaluation of

miscellaneous materials.

0506-20-0526 Permeahility and Protective Value of

Electroplated Coatings

Objectives ; To develop and evaluate methods of measuring porosity in

electroplated coatings and determine the cause and effect relationships .

Background ; The protective value and life of plated coatings are con- sidered to he related to the porosity of the coatings, hut at present, the relation has not been satisfactorily determined due to the

lack of a suitable method of measuring the porosity.

Tasks ; (l) Exploratory experiments to determine feasibility of using

radioactive isotopes to detect and measure porosity. (2) Further

refinement of a photographic method of measuring porosity.

- 35-
O702-2O-O7O9 DeveloTjtaent of Methods for Testing Textiles

Objectives s To develop new methods for evaluating the properties of textile fibers, yarns, fabrics, and products of irrroortance to the Government and other users. To improve and standardize existing methods.

Background s A continuing effort is necessary to keep textile testing

methods abreast of the needs of the Government and the public because

of the novel properties of the products being developed, in particular, the synthetic fiber textiles. Rating of colorfastness to light

continues to be a major problem and use of the NBS light-sensitive

paper standards is growing and being extended to fields other than

textiles. The widely recognized need for adequate laboratory tests

for wear resistance of carpets has resulted in the cooperation of

fiber producers, carpet manufacturers, and general interests, for a cooperative investigation with special en^hasis on the UBS carpetwear testing machine and carpets containing synthetic fibers.

Tasks ; (l) Colorfastness to lights Continue to supply laboratories

with calibration standards for fading lamps and put this service on

the regular standard sample basis. ( 2 ) Carpet-wear testss Reexamine

the NBS carpet-wear testing machine and determine its applicability

to carpets made from fibers other than wool.

O7O2-IO-O73I Research on Properties of Textiles

Objectives s To investigate the reaction that occurs at the wet-dry

interface of textiles that are partially immersed in liquid. To

investigate the surface properties of textile fibers, especially

the newer fibers, by nitrogen sorption, moisture sorption, and

electron microscopy.

Background s Previous work at the UBS has shown that cellulose undergoes degradation at the wet-dry interface that results rtpon continuous immersion of one end of a long strip of cotton cloth in

water. More recently, evidence of chemical reaction at the wetdry interface has been obtained with nylon and acetate fabrics

partially immersed in water and with cellulose, nylon, and acetate

fabrics and quartz paper immersed in organic liauids. Wet-dry

regions occur frequently on fabrics during processing and use. Hence, a knowledge of the reactions that occur in such regions

is of practical as well as of theoretical interest, and should

contribute to our knowledge of the structure of the fibers and

to an understanding of the behavior of fibers in processing and

use

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0705“3^"®719 Pre-paration of Specifications and Standards

(Organic and Fibro-gs Materials)

Q’b.iectives g To prepare specifications and standards for organic and

fibrous materials, to review and coordinate such specifications for

the General Services Administration and other agencies of the Government and for various technical organizations, and to establish and

maintain standard samples of rubber compounding ingredients.

Background i This project covers the well-established practice of the

NBS of cooperating with Government agencies in the preparation of

specifications, test methods, and standards for organic and fibrous

materials through leadership and membership on committees.

Tasks s One of the tasks is to prepare test method and commodity specifications for rubber and paper products, textiles, nontextile floor

coverings, bnoshes, and brooms.

0707”10“3862 Relation of Properties and Adhesion of Components

to Strength of Glass-Piber Reinforced Plastics

Objectives s To evaluate the basic factors involved in obtaining high

strength and durability in glass-fiber reinforced plastics so that

the selection of components used in these constructions may be made

on a rational rather than the present empirical basis.

Tasks g One of the tasks is to study the comparative degree of adhesion

between glass fibers with various treatments and several types of

resins using a microscopic technique to observe the wetting of the

fiber with the liquid resin. Another task is to determine the

strength properties of the glass fibers and the resins.

0906-39“^^^2 Miscellaneous Materials Testing

Objectives ? To make acceptance tests on miscellaneous concreting

materials, irrigation water, paints, detergents, metals, petroleum

products, etc.

1000-30-4800 Testing Building Materials

Objectives g To perform such tests on building materials, equipment,

or structures, as requested by Federal agencies in accordance with

the appropriate fee schedules.

37-
MISCELIANEOUS

0201-20-0205 Photometry

Oh.iectives ? To maintain and develop methods of photometry, visual and

physical; to study the luminosity factors of the human eye hy means which the candlepowers of lights of different colors are evaluated

and luminous transmittance and reflectance are determined; to develop and maintain standards of candlepower, luminous flux, illumination, and luminances.

Background ; The maintenance of the national units for photometric

values is one of the basic functions of the KBS. Lamp companies,

universities, and commercial laboratories throughout the country

depend upon the lamp standards calibrated or issued by the Bureau.

O2OI-3O-O207 Standards of Light and Color

Objectives ; The calibration and issuance of lamp standards of candlepower, luminous flux, and color temperature; spectrophotometric

standards; standards of color transmittance, reflectance, opacity,

gloss, and luminance.

0205“30”0225 Standardization of Screw Threads and

Threaded Components

Objectives ; The development of unified standards for screw threads

and threaded products with Great Britain, Canada, and other inchusing countries; the development of standards for screw threads for

use in the design of defense material and other threaded products

used by the Government; the development of standards and specifications for bolts, nuts, screws, and other threaded or associated

products

1000-40-4802 Federal Construction Council

Objectives ; To provide a mechanism for establishing a Federal Construction Council, an organization for the exchange of technical

information between various Federal construction agencies, and

for general in5)rovement of construction technology in Government

buildings and structures.

-38-
Backgro\ind: In Fiscal Year 1952, the Building Research Advisory Board

of the National Research Council, under the National Academy of

Sciences, operated a mechanism for assisting Federal agencies in the

solution of their technical prohleras in construction engineering and

building technology by exchanging technical information and collaborating on building research. These activities were carried out under

contract between the National Academy of Sciences and the Office of

Defense Mobilization, but in FY 1953 latter office was unable to

continue the operation. Late in FY 1953 was determined that con- tinuation of the activity could be achieved only by securing funds

from agencies concerned with construction, and the National Bureau

of Standards was requested to continue the program using funds transferred to the Bureau by the participating agencies. A contract between NBS and the National Academy of Sciences was negotiated in

which the Chief of the Building Technology Division of NBS was designated as the ’’Agency Representative” charged with responsibility

for directing the conduct of the subject work.

3200-04-1752 Coordination of State and Local Weights and Measures

Activities. Including Publications Related Thereto

Objectives: Promotion of uniformity and efficiencj'' among State and local

weights and measures jurisdictions as to laws, regulations, specifications, tolerances, testing methods, and enforcement procedures.

Background ; Cooperation with wei^ts and measures officials by members

of the staff of the NBS dates back to the creation of the Bureeu and

the first National Conference on Weights and Measures in 1995- Publications of a technical weights and measures character have been

issued by the NBS throughout the years promoting uniformity of re- quirements and procedures. The services rendered by the NBS in

matters of wei^ts and measures administration are the only activities of this nature carried on by the Federal Government in this

particular field.

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functioias and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instrunients for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s o^vn series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available irom the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical mvestigations; the Techmcal News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publicatioas.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Pubhcations of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.00). Information on calibration services and fees can be

found in NBS Circular 483, Testing by the National Bureau of Standards (25 cents). Both are

available from the Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Pubhcations, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.