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14-2986-cr(L) 

United States v. Riccardi and Grasso 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST 

CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at 

the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New 

York, on the 26th day of June, two thousand fifteen. 

 

PRESENT: RALPH K. WINTER, 

PIERRE N. LEVAL, 

REENA RAGGI, 

 Circuit Judges. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

 Appellee, 

v. Nos. 14-2986-cr(L) 

 14-3018-cr(Con) 

RICHARD RICCARDI, LOUIS GRASSO, AKA Ronnie 

Petrino, AKA Luigi Grasso, 

Defendants-Appellants.

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APPEARING FOR APPELLANTS: SUSAN G. KELLMAN (Ezra Spilke, Law 

Offices of Ezra Spilke, PLLC, Brooklyn, New 

York, on the brief), Law Offices of Susan G. 

Kellman, Brooklyn, New York, for Richard 

Riccardi. 

 ROBERT A. SOLOWAY, Rothman, Schneider, 

Soloway & Stern LLP, New York, New York, 

for Louis Grasso. 
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APPEARING FOR APPELLEE: SUSAN CORKERY (Nicole M. Argentieri, 

Darren A. Laverne, Ryan Harris, on the brief), 

Assistant United States Attorneys, for Kelly T. 

Currie, Acting United States Attorney for the 

Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, 

New York. 

Appeal from judgments of the United States District Court for the Eastern District 

of New York (John Gleeson, Judge). 

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the judgments entered on August 5, 2014, and August 6, 2014, are 

AFFIRMED. 

Defendants Richard Riccardi and Louis Grasso stand convicted, after a joint trial, of 

robbery conspiracy and robbery, see 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and related firearms offenses 

causing death, see id. § 943(c)(1)(A), (j)(1). Both defendants argue that the district court 

(1) plainly erred in instructing the jury on the robbery counts, and (2) abused its discretion 

by admitting evidence of uncharged crimes pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). Grasso also 

argues that the district court abused its discretion by initially denying Grasso’s requests for 

additional defense funds pursuant to the Criminal Justice Act of 1964 (“CJA”). See 18 

U.S.C. § 3006A(e)(1). We assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and the record of 

prior proceedings, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm. 

1. Grasso’s Requests for CJA Funds 

Grasso argues that Judge Johnson, to whom this case was originally assigned, 

committed reversible error in denying CJA funding for an investigator, paralegal, and 
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associate attorney. See United States v. Bah, 574 F.3d 106, 118 (2d Cir. 2009) (“The 

decision to grant or deny [CJA] funding . . . is committed to the discretion of the district 

court.”). This argument merits little discussion because even if funds were improperly 

denied initially, the error was rendered harmless by Judge Gleeson’s subsequent grant of 

funds, along with a continuance of trial. See United States v. Salameh, 152 F.3d 88, 118 

(2d Cir. 1998) (finding no error where district court initially denied request for CJA funds 

but later reconsidered and granted request in full). Grasso never argued that the 

continuance ordered was inadequate, nor does he now demonstrate any concrete harm 

stemming from the delay in funding. Accordingly, we “perceive no prejudice” from the 

initial denial of funds and, thus, “no basis for reversal” on this ground. Id. 

2. Jury Instructions 

As defendants concede, because they did not object in the district court to the jury 

instructions they now challenge on appeal, our review is limited to plain error. See Fed. 

R. Crim. P. 30(d), 52(b); United States v. Nouri, 711 F.3d 129, 138 (2d Cir. 2013). Under 

this standard, defendants must demonstrate (1) error, (2) that is clear or obvious, (3) 

affecting substantial rights, and (4) calling into question the fairness, integrity, or public 

reputation of judicial proceedings. See United States v. Marcus, 560 U.S. 258, 262 

(2010). They cannot carry this burden here. 

Defendants submit that the district court failed explicitly to define “robbery” by 

reference to two statutory elements: (1) that personal property was unlawfully taken or 

obtained from the person or in the presence of another; and (2) that the property was taken 
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or obtained against the victim’s will, by actual or threatened force, violence, or fear of 

injury. See 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(1). Instead, the district court instructed the jury that “to 

prove the crime of robbery charged in Count Two, the government must establish two 

elements beyond a reasonable doubt. First, that the defendant or someone he aided and 

abetted robbed James Donovan at gunpoint. Second, that the robbery in some way 

obstructed or affected interstate commerce.” Riccardi App. 458–59. 

A jury instruction is erroneous if it fails to convey to the jury an essential element of 

the charged offense. See United States v. Quinones, 511 F.3d 289, 315 (2d Cir. 2007). 

Here, any error the district court committed by failing to define “robbed” to include the 

unlawful taking of personal property from another does not satisfy prongs three and four of 

plain error review because the evidence that property was taken from Donovan was 

“overwhelming and essentially uncontroverted.” United States v. Gomez, 580 F.3d 94, 

100–01 (2d Cir. 2009); see Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 18 (1999) (holding 

omission of element in jury instructions harmless where it is “clear beyond a reasonable 

doubt that a rational jury would have found the defendant guilty absent the error”); accord 

United States v. Nouri, 711 F.3d at 140 (“Where the error is an instruction that incorrectly 

omitted an element of the offense, we will sustain the conviction if we find that the jury 

would have returned the same verdict beyond a reasonable doubt.”) (internal quotation 

marks omitted). 

As for the force requirement, the instruction adequately communicated that element 

to the jury by requiring a finding that Donovan had been “robbed . . . at gunpoint.” This 
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precluded a verdict of guilty based on “any type of theft regardless of the threat or use of 

force.” Riccardi Br. 28. Thus, although the instruction did not expressly track the 

statutory language, it “adequately inform[ed] the jury on the law.” United States v. Al 

Kassar, 660 F.3d 108, 126 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). See United 

States v. Crowley, 318 F.3d 401, 415 (2d Cir. 2003) (observing that “this Court has never 

remotely suggested that it is mandatory for a trial court to use [particular] language in 

instructing a jury, or indeed that a trial court is required to go beyond [a] perfectly 

understandable English word”); see also United States v. Ganim, 510 F.3d 134, 142 (2d 

Cir. 2007) (“No particular form of words is required, so long as taken as a whole the 

instructions correctly convey the required legal principles.” (internal quotation marks 

omitted)). We thus identify no plain error in the district court’s robbery instruction. 

3. Uncharged Crimes Evidence 

Defendants fault the district court’s admission of evidence that (1) over a year after 

the charged robbery, law enforcement recovered one 9-millimeter firearm, one .38 caliber 

revolver (the same type of guns used in the robbery), and related ammunition from 

Riccardi’s residence; (2) Riccardi, Grasso, and cooperating witness Hector Pagan had 

previously engaged in marijuana trafficking together; and (3) prior to the charged robbery, 

Pagan, Grasso, and others had robbed a marijuana trafficker in Brooklyn. We review the 

district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion, see United States v. Nektalov, 

461 F.3d 309, 318 (2d Cir. 2006), and we identify no such abuse here. 

Rule 404(b) permits the admission of uncharged crimes, wrongs, or other acts for 
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purposes other than proving propensity. See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b); United States v. 

LaFlam, 369 F.3d 153, 156 (2d Cir. 2004) (adopting inclusionary approach to Rule 404(b) 

evidence). Nevertheless, Rule 403 requires the exclusion of relevant evidence if its 

“probative value is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.” Fed. R. 

Evid. 403. 

 a. Gun and Ammunition Evidence 

 The district court acted well within its discretion in concluding that the guns and 

ammunition were not being offered to prove propensity but, rather, as direct evidence of 

the charged robbery crimes as well as corroboration for Pagan’s testimony that Riccardi 

had provided him with the guns he used to commit the robbery. See United States v. 

Eppolito, 543 F.3d 25, 47 (2d Cir. 2008) (“Where, as here, the indictment contains a 

conspiracy charge, uncharged acts may be admissible as direct evidence of the conspiracy 

itself.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also United States v. Scott, 677 F.3d 72, 81 

(2d Cir. 2012) (“We have consistently held other act evidence admissible to corroborate 

crucial prosecution testimony.” (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). The 

government’s theory at trial was that Riccardi supplied the guns used in the robbery—the 

crucial fact disputed by Riccardi. Thus, Riccardi’s later possession of guns and 

ammunition in his home was direct evidence supporting this theory. 

 Nor did the district court err in concluding that the probative value of the gun 

evidence outweighed any unfair prejudice under Rule 403. Among other things, “the 

evidence did not involve conduct more serious than the charged crime.” United States v. 
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Williams, 205 F.3d 23, 34 (2d Cir. 2000). Moreover, the district court’s careful and 

repeated limiting instructions both at the time the gun evidence was admitted and in the 

final jury charge were sufficient to ensure against any unfair prejudice. See United States 

v. Downing, 297 F.3d 52, 59 (2d Cir. 2002) (noting that 404(b) prejudice “can be cured 

with proper instructions, and juries are presumed to follow their instructions” (internal 

quotation marks omitted)). 

b. Marijuana Trafficking and Prior Robbery Evidence 

 Evidence of prior marijuana trafficking by Riccardi, Grasso, and Pagan and of 

robbery by Pagan and Grasso was properly admitted “to inform the jury of the background 

of the conspiracy charged, in order to help explain how the illegal relationship between 

participants in the crime developed, [and] to explain the mutual trust that existed between 

coconspirators.” United States v. Diaz, 176 F.3d 52, 79 (2d Cir. 1999) (internal quotation 

marks omitted); accord United States v. Mercado, 573 F.3d 138, 141 (2d Cir. 2009). 

Grasso argues that because the jury heard that Pagan, Riccardi, and Grasso had met while 

participating in a prior extortion conspiracy, the challenged marijuana/robbery evidence 

was impermissible “piling on” that “served only to augment Grasso’s ostensible criminal 

propensities in the minds of jurors.” Grasso Br. 40. While this argument was properly 

weighed by the district court, we cannot conclude that rejection of the argument was an 

abuse of discretion. In a conspiracy as brief as this one—only two months passed between 

the meeting at which the charged robbery scheme was first discussed and the executing of 

the robbery—the challenged 404(b) evidence permitted the jury to understand the 
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longstanding nature of the coconspirators’ relationship of trust and, therefore, their ability 

quickly to enter into the charged conspiracy and to execute the robbery. Finally, the 

district court’s clear limiting instructions ensured against any unfair prejudice. See 

United States v. Downing, 297 F.3d at 59. 

 Accordingly, we identify no error warranting reversal. 

4. Conclusion 

We have considered defendants’ remaining arguments and conclude that they are 

without merit. Therefore, we AFFIRM the judgments of the district court. 

FOR THE COURT: 

CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, Clerk of Court