J-A20034-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

NIKOLAOS HATZIEFSTATHIOU 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 2590 EDA 2021

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered November 24, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-23-CR-0005279-2019

BEFORE: STABILE, J., McCAFFERY, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED SEPTEMBER 15, 2022

Nikolaos Hatziefstathiou (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of 

sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County (trial 

court) after a jury found him guilty of tampering with public records or 

information, forgery (two counts), identity theft (two counts) and unsworn 

falsification (three counts).1 After review, we affirm.

I.

This case arose out of a prior criminal case in which Appellant was placed

on probation after pleading guilty to false reports and harassment. In that 

case, Appellant harassed his neighbor by sending escorts to the neighbor’s 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 4911(a)(2), 4101(a)(1) and (a)(3), 4120(a) and 4904(a)(2).
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home and then calling 911 to report suspicious activity. Apparently unhappy 

with how he was treated while on supervision, Appellant sought to get back 

at the county while at the same time boosting both his profile as a journalist 

and that of his online news website called “YC News.”

Appellant’s conduct began in April 2019 when he sent a series of emails 

to the Delaware County District Attorney’s Office (DAO). In the emails, 

Appellant sought comment about an allegedly forthcoming report from YC 

News about a “decades long scheme” among Delaware County officials 

engaging in various forms of illegal behavior. After getting no real response

from the DAO, Appellant shifted his strategy by creating Microsoft Outlook 

email accounts for two established journalists from ABC News and the New 

York Times, both of whom later testified at trial. While pretending to be the 

journalists, Appellant sent another barrage of emails seeking comment not 

only about the allegedly forthcoming report from YC News, but also about an 

alleged audio recording in which a police detective harassed Appellant. When 

the DAO alerted the Delaware County Criminal Investigative Division (CID)

about the emails, Detective Edmund Pisani (Detective Pisani) contacted the

journalists and confirmed that they did not send them. Detective Pisani also 

applied for and obtained a search warrant for Microsoft to provide records for 

the email accounts. Upon receiving those records, Detective Pisani discovered 

that the fake email accounts for the journalists originated from Appellant’s 

home IP address.
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The next month, Appellant’s strategy shifted to concocting a news story 

about a Delaware County probation supervisor sending a racist email. The 

story was titled, “Racist high-ranking official tells friend he’ll have ‘airtight job 

security so long as there’s [n------] in town.” The story alleged that YC News 

had obtained an email sent in 2015 by a “high-ranking” probation supervisor 

to several other county officials about an individual intending to apply to the 

department but being told they would need to change their political party 

registration. According to the story, YC News had obtained the email from a 

probationer that was “accidentally carbon copied” to the email.

The email, as it appeared in the news story, read as follows:

Commonwealth’s Exhibit 37 (epithet redacted; other redactions in original).
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After the story was posted, the Delaware County IT Department 

searched its servers to determine if the email was genuine. To do this, they

searched for any emails that contained the same terms used in the offensive

email. When searching for emails containing the “n” word, there were over 

3,000 results, although this included anytime the word was mentioned in a 

court transcript. However, when the additional search term “gangbangs” was 

added to the search, the IT Department found no results.

Not long after, CID obtained a search warrant for Appellant’s home. 

While searching his bedroom, CID discovered a paper copy of an email sent 

by a probation supervisor in the prior case that appeared to serve as the

template for the email in the YC News story. CID also seized Appellant’s cell 

phone and laptop from the car that Appellant was driving. After doing so, CID 

conducted a forensic examination of the devices. That examination revealed 

that Appellant’s laptop was used not only to create the fake email accounts 

for the journalists, but also to alter the email from the prior case to create the 

racist email posted in the news story.

Appellant was charged with the offenses mentioned above and went to 

trial in October 2021. While Appellant did not testify, his defense counsel 

conceded that Appellant sent the emails posing as the journalists but argued 

that his doing so constituted neither identity theft nor unsworn falsification. 

As for the altered email, defense counsel conceded that Appellant’s laptop was 

used to create the email but disputed that the Commonwealth proved it was
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Appellant who did so. However, even if Appellant altered the email, defense 

counsel asked the jury to infer that the YC News story was true: that a 

probationer inadvertently received a racist email from a probation supervisor 

and served as the source for the news story. Under this theory, Appellant 

then merely created the email to serve as an illustration for the news story to 

show how the email would have looked.

The jury found Appellant guilty of all charges, and the trial court 

sentenced him to an aggregate two to four years’ imprisonment with a 

consecutive five years’ probation. He did not file any post-sentence motions 

but timely appealed. While his statement of the questions involved raises 

twelve issues, Appellant raises five principal issues in the argument section of 

his brief. He asserts that the trial court (1) improperly allowed prior bad acts 

evidence; (2) violated his right to a public trial; (3) improperly admitted

evidence obtained without a warrant; (4) barred him from introducing 

evidence about the IT Department’s search of emails; and (5) imposed an 

unduly harsh sentence.2

____________________________________________

2

In his statement of the questions involved section of his brief, Appellant 

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for his forgery conviction and a 

separate claim alleging that he was barred from introducing evidence that 

other uncharged persons invoked their right against self-incrimination. See

Appellant’s Brief at 7-9. These issues are waived because Appellant provides 

no substantive argument in his brief for these issues. See In re M.Z.T.M.W.,

163 A.3d 462, 465 (Pa. Super. 2017) (“It is well-settled that this Court will 

not review a claim unless it is developed in the argument section of an 

appellant's brief.”); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2119(b).
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II. Prior Bad Acts Evidence

Appellant first contends that the trial court erred in allowing the 

Commonwealth to admit evidence that he used the “n” word during the 

commission of his prior case. He advances two arguments for relief on this 

issue. First, he challenges the pretrial ruling that the evidence was admissible 

under Pa.R.E. 404(b), arguing that any relevance the evidence had for a 

permissible other purpose was outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice. 

Second, he argues that the Commonwealth used inadmissible hearsay to 

prove that he uttered the slur. Because we agree with his second argument,

we confine our analysis to that argument.

A.

We begin with some background on this issue. In its notice under 

Pa.R.E. 404(b), the Commonwealth alleged that Appellant harassed his 

neighbor in May 2015 by using a website called “Backpage” to call escorts to 

the neighbor’s home and then calling 911 to report the activity. See 404(b)

Notice, 6/29/21, ¶ 2. The Commonwealth alleged that during one of these 

incidents, Appellant “used racial slurs.” Id. As was later admitted at trial, 

Appellant said: “I like to watch [n------] get locked up and more [n------] are 

going to get in trouble.” N.T., 10/19/21, at 43. After a pretrial hearing on 

the issue, the trial court found that the prior conviction and its facts were

“permissible to establish motive, plan, intent, preparation, knowledge and 
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absence of mistake” because Appellant’s offenses arose out his previous 

supervision. See Order, 8/31/21, at 1 n.1.

At trial, the Commonwealth did not call anyone involved in the prior 

case, instead relying on Detective Pisani to testify about what Appellant did in

the prior case. See N.T., 10/19/21, at 39-41. When Detective Pisani was

asked about “what would happen when these escorts would arrive at the 

neighbor’s house,” Appellant objected on hearsay grounds but was overruled:

[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I’m not sure where the Commonwealth is 

going, sir, but my objection will be to hearsay if he attempts to 

repeat anything that [Appellant] said to a prostitute. There’s a

claim that in the reports that [Appellant] said -- used the N-word 

in communicating with the prostitutes. So if the prostitute says 

that to the officer and it’s offered here, I think it’s hearsay, highly 

inflammatory, and prejudicial. We deny it. And the prostitute 

herself would have to be the one to come in and say it. So I’m 

not sure how far he’s going here, but in the anticipation that this 

would naturally lead there, I’m objecting anticipatorily and moving 

in Limine to preclude such evidence motion.

[COMMONWEALTH]: Yes. Your Honor, my understanding of your 

Order permitted us to bring in the details of the crime for which 

[Appellant] was on probation and he did plead guilty to those 

charges.

THE COURT: Overruled.

Id. at 41-42.

This was not the end of the matter, however. On cross-examination, 

Appellant clarified that Detective Pisani was not involved in the prior case. 

Indeed, he acknowledged that he was relying on the police report from that 

case for his testimony that Appellant had used the slur.
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Q Okay. I’d like to focus your attention on the back page 

prostitution thing. That involved [Appellant’s neighbor]. That was 

the -- one of the alleged victims in that case, correct?

A Yes.

Q And you weren’t -- were you an investigating officer there 

in that case?

A I was not.

Q Did you interview [Appellant’s neighbor]?

A I did not.

Q Did you interview [the neighbor’s wife]?

A I did not.

Q Did you interview any of the alleged prostitutes you testified 

here?

A I did not.

Q Do you know the names of those prostitutes?

A They would be in some of the reports, but I don’t know off 

the top of my head; no.

Q Did you reach out to them before you testified in this case?

A I did not.

Q Well, how in the world do you know that [Appellant] said to 

them I like to watch [n------] get in trouble? How do you know 

that?

A It was in the report and he pled guilty to it.

Q Who wrote the report? Who wrote the report?

A I believe it was Officer Coffen (ph).
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Q So -- and did he identify the declarant, the woman who said 

that Nik said this to her?

A Yes.

Q Okay. So you came into this courtroom to repeat what 

somebody else wrote that somebody else told them? That’s the 

substance of your testimony?

A Yes.

Id. at 202-04. Later, Detective Pisani admitted he did not know whether 

Appellant’s use of the slur was the basis for his harassment conviction.

Q He never acknowledged using the N-word, did he?

A Not that I’m aware of.

Q In fact, you’re aware that he denies it to this day, correct?

A I -- yes.

Id. at 212.

B.

Appellant reasserts his objection at trial that the Commonwealth relied 

on inadmissible hearsay that he said the “n” word during his prior case.3

Hearsay is defined as an out-of-court statement offered to prove 

the truth of the matter asserted. Pa.R.E. 801(c). Under the 

____________________________________________

3 As he acknowledged at oral argument, Appellant’s evidentiary challenge is 

limited to his prior use of the “n” word. Appellant does not challenge the trial 

court’s broader pretrial Pa.R.E. 404(b) ruling about the admissibility of the 

facts of his prior convictions, nor that Detective Pisani was permitted to testify 

about the underlying facts of those convictions. Indeed, Appellant raised no 

hearsay objection to Detective Pisani testifying that Appellant was convicted 

of false reports and harassment for calling the escorts to his neighbor’s house. 

See N.T., 10/19/21, at 40-41.
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Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence, a “statement” is defined as “a

person’s oral [or] written assertion, or nonverbal conduct, if the

person intended it as an assertion.” Pa.R.E. 801(a) (emphasis 

added). Generally, hearsay is not admissible, as it “lacks 

guarantees of trustworthiness fundamental to [our] system of 

jurisprudence.” Commonwealth v. Smith, 545 Pa. 487, 681

A.2d 1288, 1290 (1996). In order to guarantee trustworthiness, 

the proponent of a hearsay statement must establish an exception 

to the rule against hearsay before it shall be admitted. Id.

Commonwealth v. Wallace, 244 A.3d 1261, 1270 (Pa. Super. 2021)

(emphasis omitted).

However, where an out-of-court statement is not admitted for the 

purpose of proving the truth of what was said, the hearsay rule 

does not bar admission of that statement. Testimony as to an out 

of court statement, written or oral, is not hearsay if offered to 

prove, not that the content of the statement was true, but that 

the statement was made. The hearsay rule does not apply to all 

statements made to or overheard by a witness, but only those 

statements which are offered as proof of the truth of what is said. 

Thus, a witness may testify to a statement made to him when one 

of the issues involved is whether or not the statement was, in fact, 

made.

American Future Systems, Inc. v. BBB, 872 A.2d 1202, 1213 (Pa. Super. 

2005) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

4

We agree with Appellant that Detective Pisani’s testimony about

Appellant’s use of the slur meets the definition of hearsay. Critically, 

____________________________________________

4 An appellate court’s standard of review of a trial court’s evidentiary rulings, 

including decisions on the admission of hearsay, is an abuse of discretion. 

See Commonwealth v. Rivera, 238 A.3d 482, 492 (Pa. Super. 2020). We 

will not disturb an evidentiary ruling unless “the law is overridden or 

misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the 

result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by evidence of record.” 

Commonwealth v. Fitzpatrick, 204 A.3d 527, 531 (Pa. Super. 2019).
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Appellant’s use of the slur is not the out-of-court statement; instead, it was 

the police report containing the non-testifying declarant’s statement to the 

police about Appellant’s use of the slur. Moreover, the Commonwealth 

admitted the out-of-court statement for the truth of the matter asserted: that 

Appellant used the slur. Indeed, the out-of-court statement would have no 

relevance to Appellant’s trial other than to prove that he used the term in the 

prior case.

The Commonwealth nonetheless asserts that there are no hearsay 

problems because Appellant pleaded guilty to harassment in the prior case, 

thus establishing the facts of that case and relieving it of the burden of having 

to offer non-hearsay evidence of the contested prior bad act. We find this

argument unconvincing. First, the Commonwealth does not assert that the 

hearsay was properly admissible under any exception to the rule against 

hearsay. Second, it never established that Appellant’s use of the slur in the 

prior case was the basis for his harassment conviction. Indeed, the 

Commonwealth has never offered the transcript from Appellant’s December 

2015 guilty plea hearing showing that his harassment conviction was based 

on his use of the slur rather than sending the escorts to his neighbor’s home. 

Third, and finally, even if the harassment conviction encompassed his use of 

the slur, the Commonwealth cites no case law for the proposition that excuses

it from producing competent, non-hearsay evidence to prove that Appellant 
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uttered the slur. For these reasons, we find merit in Appellant’s challenge to 

the admission of inadmissible hearsay to prove his prior use of the racial slur.

C.

This does not end our inquiry, however. An appellate court may find 

that an error is harmless when it finds beyond a reasonable doubt that:

(1) [t]he error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice 

was de minimis; or

(2) the erroneously admitted evidence was merely cumulative 

of other untainted evidence which was substantially similar to the 

erroneously admitted evidence; or

(3) the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt 

was so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was 

so insignificant by comparison that the error could not have 

contributed to the verdict.

Commonwealth v. Holt, 273 A.3d 514, 540 (Pa. 2022). The Commonwealth 

must prove that an error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt; however,

an appellate court may invoke the harmless error doctrine sua sponte when

not addressed by the trial court or raised by the parties as it relates to this 

issue. Id.; Commonwealth v. Hamlett, 234 A.3d 486, 492 (Pa. 2020).

After reviewing the record, we find that Appellant’s prior use of the racial 

slur could not have contributed to the jury’s verdict given the overwhelming 

evidence of guilt and its insignificant prejudicial effect. First, as noted, CID 

conducted a forensic examination of Appellant’s laptop and cell phone. That 

examination established that Appellant created the fake email accounts for 

the ABC News and New York Times journalists. See N.T., 10/19/21, at 241-
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48. Defense counsel conceded during his closing statement that Appellant 

sent the emails posing as the journalists, disputing only that Appellant had 

the requisite intent to be convicted of identity theft or unsworn falsification. 

See N.T., 10/21/21, at 34-37, 42. Thus, there was no real factual dispute 

over Appellant’s actions as to the journalists’ emails, only as to his intent.

The same holds true for Appellant’s creation of the fake racist email 

allegedly written by the probation supervisor. For this, the Commonwealth 

presented the CID investigator who conducted the forensic examination and 

had him go through step-by-step how the email was created on Appellant’s 

laptop. Again, like the fake emails, defense counsel conceded that Appellant’s 

laptop was used to alter the email from the prior case, but argued that the 

body of the email message might have come from a source that Appellant was 

unwilling to reveal. Appellant’s basis for this speculative argument, however, 

was a comment that he made to Detective Pisani during the execution of the 

search warrant when Appellant asked him if he was attempting to violate his 

First Amendment right and reveal the source for his story. See N.T., 

10/19/21, at 89-90. In any event, as discussed, the county IT Department 

searched its servers and failed to find any emails with the same terms as those 

in the offensive email in the YC News story.

On top of that, Appellant’s use of the slur in the prior case was brought 

up briefly during the lead detective’s testimony. See N.T., 10/19/21, at 43. 

As the Commonwealth notes, this was the only mention of the evidence, as it 
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did not mention Appellant’s use of the slur in either its opening or closing 

arguments. The trial court also instructed the jury in its final charge that 

Appellant’s prior crime was admitted for a limited purpose and not to show 

that he was a person of bad character or criminal tendencies. See N.T., 

10/21/21, at 87-88. As our Supreme Court has explained, “[i]t is well settled 

that the jury is presumed to follow the trial court’s instructions.”

Commonwealth v. Cash, 137 A.3d 1262, 1280 (Pa. 2016). For these 

reasons, we find that the trial court’s error in admitting Appellant’s prior use 

of the “n” word in the 2015 case to have been harmless.

III. Right to Public Trial

Next, Appellant contends that the trial court violated his Sixth 

Amendment right to a public trial.

5

 In addressing this claim, we begin by 

acknowledging that:

The Sixth Amendment right to a public trial in a criminal 

case is binding on the states through the due process clause of 

the Fourteenth Amendment.

____________________________________________

5 Appellant failed to include this issue in his statement of questions involved. 

Such an omission generally results in waiver. See Commonwealth v. 

Hodge, 144 A.3d 170, 172 n.4 (Pa. Super. 2016) (quoting Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a)). 

However, “such a defect may be overlooked where [the] appellant’s brief 

suggests the specific issue to be reviewed and [the] appellant’s failure does 

not impede our ability to address the merits of the issue.” Werner v.

Werner, 149 A.3d 338, 341 (Pa. Super. 2016). Here, Appellant listed the 

issue in his Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement, and the trial court addressed the 

issue in its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion. Because this deficiency does not 

hamper our review of his claim, we review its merits.
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The Pennsylvania Constitution likewise guarantees an 

accused’s right to a public trial. The right to a public trial 

is applicable to voir dire proceedings.

* * *

In determining whether the voir dire procedure ... violated 

[a defendant’s] right to a public trial, we keep in mind that 

such right serves two general purposes: (1) to prevent an 

accused from being subject to a star chamber proceeding; 

and (2) to assure the public that standards of fairness are 

being observed. The public’s right to attend a trial is not 

absolute, and exists as a guarantee of fairness in judicial 

conduct during criminal court proceedings. Where trial 

courts perceive a threat to the orderly administration of 

justice in their courtrooms by an unmanageable public, 

they may always place reasonable restrictions on access to 

the courtroom, so long as the basic guarantees of fairness 

are preserved such as by the presence of the press and the 

making of a record for later review.

The question in a particular case is whether that control [over the 

courtroom] is exerted so as not to deny or unwarrantedly abridge 

... the opportunities for the communication of thought and the 

discussion of public questions immemorially associated with resort 

to public places.

Commonwealth v. Phillips, 946 A.2d 103, 109 (Pa. Super. 2008) (internal 

citations and quotation marks omitted).

The alleged violation stems from the way the trial court conducted jury 

selection, with the group voir dire being held in a courtroom while the 

individual voir dire was held in a nearby conference room. As a result, the 

trial court had caution tape put up to deter “traffic in the hallways from 

interfering with the selection process.” Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 3/1/22, at 

28. Apparently, the caution tape stayed up because on the first day of trial 

one of Appellant’s attorneys raised a concern that the tape had remained up. 
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See N.T., 10/18/21, at 4. Upon hearing this, the trial court immediately 

directed court staff to make sure that the caution tape was removed. Id. at 

4-5.

Appellant brought up this concern again during trial and called as a 

witness Christopher Boggs (Attorney Boggs), an Assistant District Attorney for 

Delaware County. He testified that on the second day of trial he tried to enter 

the trial, but a sheriff’s deputy told him there were “strict orders” not to let 

anyone in. See N.T., 10/21/21, at 114-15. Later that afternoon, Attorney

Boggs saw the trial judge and joked that he was not allowed into the trial, to 

which the judge responded with confusion and told him that he just needed 

to “walk around.” Id. at 115. Attorney Boggs testified that he was unaware 

of anyone else that was denied access to the trial. Id. at 116. After the 

testimony, one of Appellant’s attorneys related that on the first day of trial 

during jury selection, he saw a sheriff’s deputy turn away a woman who tried 

to use the restroom outside the courtroom. Id. at 117-18. Appellant’s 

attorneys, however, did not move for a mistrial.

After reviewing the record, we find no violation of Appellant’s right to a 

public trial. Contrary to Appellant’s claims, the trial court never closed the 

courtroom from the public. Instead, the trial court aimed to ensure that there 

was free space available outside the conference room for the potential jurors 

involved in individual voir dire, to which Appellant had no objection. See N.T., 

10/19/21, at 393. Then, upon finding out that the caution tape used for that 
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purpose stayed up, the trial court promptly directed that the caution tape be 

taken down. At most, Appellant’s evidence established that one member of 

the public (Attorney Boggs) was turned away from entering the courtroom 

because a sheriff’s deputy misapprehended that there was to be no 

admittance into the courtroom. Beyond this, however, Appellant failed to 

show that any other members of the public were denied access to any portion 

of his trial; indeed, his attorneys conceded that his family was present for the 

entire trial. See N.T., 10/21/21, at 118. Thus, we will not find that Appellant’s 

right to a public trial was violated just because one of members of the DAO’s 

office was denied access based on the actions of a single sheriff’s deputy 

acting on his own rather than the trial court excluding anyone from the 

courtroom. See Commonwealth v. Constant, 925 A.2d 810, 817 (Pa. 

Super. 2007) (finding no violation where one member of the public, his wife, 

was denied permission to attend voir dire because of limited space).6

____________________________________________

6

In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the trial court remarks that it obtained video 

from the hallway confirming that “the only person who interacted with the 

Park Police Officer was ADA Boggs.” TCO at 28. Because this video is not in 

the record, Appellant argues that a remand is necessary to determine the

video’s admissibility and relevance. See Appellant’s Brief at 29. Because 

there is more than enough undisputed evidence in the record to deny his 

claim, no remand is necessary because the trial court’s representation about 

the video plays no role in our consideration of this issue.
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IV. Suppression

Appellant next contends that the trial court erred in admitting the 

contents of his laptop and cell phone, both of which were seized without a 

warrant. The Commonwealth counters that Appellant’s claim is waived 

because he failed to make this argument in his pretrial suppression motion. 

We agree.

“[A]ppellate review of an order denying suppression is limited to 

examination of the precise basis under which suppression initially was sought; 

no new theories of relief may be considered on appeal.” Commonwealth v.

Little, 903 A.2d 1269, 1272–73 (Pa. Super. 2006). Motions must be made 

to the suppression court with specificity and particularity. Commonwealth

v. Freeman, 128 A.3d 1231, 1241 (Pa. Super. 2015). See also Pa.R.Crim.P.

581(D) (explaining that an omnibus pretrial motion must “state specifically 

and with particularity the evidence sought to be suppressed, the grounds for 

suppression, and the facts and events in support thereof”). Thus, when a 

defendant’s motion to suppress does not assert specifically the grounds for 

suppression, he cannot later complain that the Commonwealth or the 

suppression court failed to address a particular theory never expressed in that 

motion. See Commonwealth v. Quaid, 871 A.2d 246, 249 (Pa. Super.

2005).

Appellant filed an omnibus pretrial motion that included three 

suppression motions. The first sought to suppress any evidence seized from 
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his house, as he argued that the search warrant lacked sufficient probable 

cause. See Omnibus Pretrial Motion, 5/26/20, ¶¶ 2-4. The second sought to 

suppress any evidence seized from any other search warrants. Id. ¶¶ 5-9. 

Finally, the third sought to suppress any statements that Appellant made 

during the execution of the warrant. Id. ¶¶ 10-11. Thus, none of Appellant’s 

motions sought to suppress the electronic devices seized. Likewise, at the 

suppression hearing, Appellant did not move to amend his omnibus motion to

argue that the devices seized without a warrant were illegally obtained. 

Instead, his attorneys stated that he was still moving only to suppress any 

evidence seized by the search warrants based on the “four corners” of the 

affidavit. See N.T., 7/28/21, at 5. The trial court then received testimony 

related to Appellant’s suppression motion relating to statements he made to 

CID during the execution of the search warrant. Id. at 7-20.

To recap, Appellant’s omnibus pretrial motion included three motions to 

suppress, two of which presented any evidence seized from search warrants 

while the third sought to suppress any involuntary statements made during 

the execution of the search. Then, at the suppression hearing, Appellant

never moved to suppress his laptop and cell phone (as well as their contents) 

that CID seized without a warrant. As a result, Appellant has waived his 

argument for suppression that he now seeks to advance on appeal.
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V. Barred from Introducing Evidence

Appellant next claims the trial court barred him from introducing at trial 

a report that the IT Department’s search of the county servers uncovered over 

3,000 emails containing the “n” word. According to Appellant, he sought to 

admit this report to support his claim that the email in the YC News story was,

in fact, genuine.

The record reveals, however, that the trial court never barred Appellant 

from introducing evidence about the report. At trial, the Commonwealth called 

John Becht (Becht), a Delaware County IT Department employee. He testified 

that after the YC News story was posted, his supervisor directed him to search 

the county’s servers for the email in the story. See N.T., 10/20/21, at 43. 

When Becht did a search for any email that contained both the “n” word and 

the term “gangbang,” he found no results. Id. at 46-47. As noted, however, 

Becht did get results when he did a search for the “n” word alone, but he 

explained that the results were mostly from testimony in transcripts when a 

witness’s testimony included the term. Id. at 47.

On cross-examination, Appellant clarified that Becht’s search produced 

an electronic report called a PST file that he gave to his supervisor. Id. at 51. 

As a result, the trial court directed Becht to download the report and give a 

copy to Appellant’s attorneys. Id. at 56, 94. After Becht complied with the 

trial court’s request, he explained that the search for the “n” word in the 
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county servers returned 3,152 results. Id. at 93-94. Not long after, being 

provided with the report, one of Appellant’s attorneys stated the following:

Your Honor, I don’t believe after discussing with co-counsel that 

we need anybody to review the records or get the records 

regarding this. All we need, I believe, is testimony from Mr. Becht 

in front of the jury regarding what he testified to earlier outside 

the hearing of the jury.

Id. at 102-03. Becht was, thus, recalled as a witness and asked by Appellant 

about his search of county emails for the “n” word that produced 3,152 results. 

Id. at 104.

As this Court has explained,

It is axiomatic that “[i]ssues not raised in the lower court are 

waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”

Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). “The absence of a contemporaneous objection 

below constitutes a waiver” of the claim on appeal.

Commonwealth v. Powell, [ ] 956 A.2d 406, 423 ([Pa.] 2008);

Tindall v. Friedman, 970 A.2d 1159, 1174 (Pa. Super. 2009)

(“On appeal, we will not consider assignments of error that were 

not brought to the tribunal’s attention at a time at which the error 

could have been corrected or the alleged prejudice could have 

been mitigated.”) (citation omitted)).

Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 174 A.3d 1130, 1144–45 (Pa. Super. 2017).

Contrary to Appellant’s claims, the trial court never barred him from 

introducing evidence about the IT Department’s search of the county’s servers 

for emails that contained the “n” word. In fact, as noted, when offered a 

digital copy of the search results, Appellant’s attorneys declined reviewing the 

report, opting instead to have Becht testify about the results of his search. In 
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so doing, Appellant never raised an objection with the trial court about its 

handling of the evidence in this issue. As a result, Appellant’s issue is waived.7

VI. Sentencing

In his final issue, Appellant raises a discretionary challenge to the trial 

court’s sentence, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing 

consecutive sentences on several of his convictions that resulted in an 

aggregate sentence of two to four years’ imprisonment.

As the Commonwealth points out in its brief, Appellant did not file a 

post-sentence motion for modification of sentence. As a result, because 

Appellant did not raise this issue in a timely post-sentence motion in the 

sentencing court, his discretionary challenge is waived for appellate purposes. 

See Commonwealth v. Griffin, 65 A.3d 932, 936 (Pa. Super. 2013) 

____________________________________________

7 As the Commonwealth also notes, Appellant does not explain in his brief 

where he preserved this issue. See Pa.R.A.P. 2117(c) (requiring, where an 

issue is not reviewable on appeal unless raised or preserved below, a 

statement of place of raising or preservation of issues); Pa.R.A.P. 2119(e) 

(“Where under the applicable law an issue is not reviewable on appeal unless 

raised or preserved below, the argument must set forth, in immediate 

connection therewith or in a footnote thereto, either a specific cross-reference 

to the page or pages of the statement of the case which set forth the 

information relating thereto as required by Pa.R.A.P. 2117(c), or substantially 

the same information”). “Our appellate courts have long held that an 

[appellant] who does not follow Pa.R.A.P. 2117(c) and Pa.R.A.P. 2119(e) 

waives the related issues due to the defects in his brief.” Young v. S.B.

Conrad, Inc., 216 A.3d 267, 274 (Pa. Super. 2019). “[I]t is not the 

responsibility of this Court to scour the record to prove that an appellant has 

raised an issue before the trial court, thereby preserving it for appellate 

review.” Commonwealth v. Baker, 963 A.2d 495, 502 n.6 (Pa. Super.

2008) (citations omitted).
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(“[I]ssues challenging the discretionary aspects of a sentence must be raised 

in a post-sentence motion or by presenting the claim to the trial court during 

the sentencing proceedings. Absent such efforts, an objection to a 

discretionary aspect of a sentence is waived.”) (citation omitted)).

What is more, Appellant has also failed to file a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) 

statement. We note that a statement under Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) that concisely 

sets forth the reasons relied on for allowance of appeal with respect to the 

discretionary aspects of a sentence is required when a party is challenging the 

discretionary aspects of a sentence. See Commonwealth v. Eisenberg, 98

A.3d 1268, 1275 (Pa. 2014). When a defendant fails to file a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f)

statement relative to a challenge to the discretionary aspects of his sentence 

and the Commonwealth objects, the challenge will be found waived. Id. at

1274. Here, because the Commonwealth objects to Appellant’s failure to file 

the required statement requesting permission to appeal, his claim is also 

waived for failure to file a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 9/15/2022