NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

AMA MULTIMEDIA, LLC, a Nevada 

limited liability company, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

SAGAN LIMITED, DBA Porn.com, a 

Republic of Seychelles company, 

individually; NETMEDIA SERVICES, 

INC., DBA Porn.com, a Canadian company, 

individually; GLP 5, INC., DBA 

Trafficforce.com, a Michigan company, 

individually; DAVID KOONAR, an 

individual; CYBERWEB LIMITED, DBA 

Porn.com, formerly MXN LTD., a Barbados 

Company, individually; JOHN DOE, 1-20, 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 17-15178 

D.C. No. 2:16-cv-01269-DGC 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Arizona

David G. Campbell, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted April 11, 2018

San Francisco, California

Before: McKEOWN and WARDLAW, Circuit Judges, and KATZMANN,**

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Gary S. Katzmann, Judge for the United States Court 

FILED

APR 27 2018

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

International Trade Judge.

AMA Multimedia, LLC (“AMA”) appeals the district court’s order 

dismissing its federal copyright claims against Sagan, Ltd.; Netmedia Services, 

Inc.; GLP 5, Inc.; Cyberweb, Ltd.; David Koonar; and several unnamed individuals 

(collectively, “Defendants”), on grounds of forum non conveniens. Because the 

parties are familiar with the facts, we do not repeat them here. 

The district court relied on the forum-selection clause in a licensing 

agreement—formally, the “Content Partner Revenue Sharing Agreement” 

(“CPRA”)—that AMA entered into with GIM Corp. (“GIM”).1 The forumselection clause requires courts to “construe[]” the CPRA “in accordance with the 

laws of Barbados,” and also requires the parties to “institute[]” any and all “legal 

action arising out of or relating to [the CPRA] . . . in a court located in Barbados.” 

None of the Defendants, of course, was a party to the CPRA. However, GIM 

could assign the CPRA to any “affiliate, parent, or subsidiary” with or “without 

[the] consent” of AMA, in which case the CPRA would become “binding upon, 

inure to the benefit of, and be enforceable” by the assignee. The district court 

determined that Defendants were “affiliates” of GIM and valid assignees of GIM’s 

rights under the CPRA. As a result, the court permitted Defendants to enforce the 

 

of International Trade, sitting by designation.

1 Despite having some sort of relationship with each named Defendant, GIM is not 

a party in this lawsuit.
3 

CPRA’s forum-selection clause. 

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and review the district court’s 

enforcement of a forum-selection clause for abuse of discretion. Murphy v. 

Schneider Nat’l, Inc., 362 F.3d 1133, 1137 (9th Cir. 2004). The CPRA’s forumselection clause must be enforced unless the district court “reach[ed] a result that is 

illogical, implausible, or without support in the inferences that may be drawn from 

the record.” Kode v. Carlson, 596 F.3d 608, 612 (9th Cir. 2010). Applying that 

standard, we vacate and remand.

1. Application of Barbadian Law

As a threshold matter, we need not decide whether the district court abused 

its discretion by determining the scope of the forum-selection clause under federal 

law as opposed to Barbadian law. AMA has yet to indicate how—or indeed, even 

claim that—Barbadian law differs from federal law on this question. Under the 

circumstances, the district court did not abuse its discretion by applying federal 

law. See United States v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 648 F.2d 642, 647 n.1 (9th 

Cir. 1981) (“Absent a showing to the contrary, it is presumed that foreign law is 

the same as the law of the forum.”), overruled on other grounds by FTC v. Actavis, 

570 U.S. 136, 158 (2013); 1700 Ocean Ave. Corp. v. GBR Assocs., 354 F.2d 993, 

994 (9th Cir. 1965) (“In the absence of a showing at the trial that some other law 

than that of the forum was applicable, and proof of it, the presumption would be 
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that the foreign law, if applicable, would be the same as [the forum’s law].”). 

2. Assignment of CPRA to Defendants

Although the CPRA’s assignment clause permits GIM to “assign [the] 

Agreement without consent to an affiliate,” the evidence of such an assignment 

here is conspicuously scarce. Indeed, Defendants’ only evidence is a declaration 

from defendant David Koonar (president, sole director, and sole employee of 

GIM), stating: “To the extent any corporate Defendant in this action acted in 

connection with any AMA content it did so with the express understanding that it 

acted as an assignee of the rights afforded GIM under [the CPRA].” 

Koonar’s statement, however, was self-serving and made only after the 

district court ruled in AMA’s favor on a motion to dismiss. The director of 

Cyberweb testified that he had no knowledge of any assignment. Defendants 

provided no evidence of the scope of GIM’s purported assignments to Defendants, 

no documents relating to an assignment, nothing to indicate whether there were 

single or multiple assignments, or even a date on which any such assignments 

occurred. We need not decide how much of this evidence is required for a valid 

assignment; we simply note that none of it is present here. On this record, we are 

unable to conclude that Defendants were valid assignees of GIM’s rights under the 

CPRA. We therefore vacate the judgment of the district court and remand for 

further proceedings.
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We do not reach Defendants’ alternative arguments for enforcing the forumselection clause, including those based on an implied license, agency relationships, 

or third-party beneficiary status. “[A] range of transaction participants, parties and 

non-parties, should benefit from and be subject to forum selection clauses.” 

Manetti-Farrow, Inc. v. Gucci Am., Inc., 858 F.2d 509, 514 n.5 (9th Cir. 1988) 

(quoting Clinton v. Janger, 583 F. Supp. 284, 290 (N.D. Ill. 1984) (permitting 

third-party beneficiaries of contract to enforce forum-selection clause)). 

Defendants may pursue those theories on remand.

VACATED and REMANDED.