NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DICKINSON FROZEN FOODS, INC., 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

FPS FOOD PROCESS SOLUTIONS 

CORPORATION, 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 22-35832 

D.C. No. 1:17-cv-00519-MMB 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Idaho

M. Miller Baker, International Trade Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted September 11, 2023

Seattle, Washington

Before: HAWKINS, W. FLETCHER, and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges.

Dissent by Judge HAWKINS.

Dickinson Frozen Foods, Inc. purchased an industrial-grade freezer from FPS 

Food Process Solutions Corporation. Dickinson also contracted with Kemper 

Northwest, Inc. to design and install a refrigeration system to power the freezer. The 

freezer from FPS was supposed to produce 8,000 pounds of frozen diced and 

shredded potatoes an hour but failed to perform as expected—it froze only 4,000 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

OCT 18 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

pounds an hour. And it only worked for six hours at a time before it stopped working

due to excessive ice and frost buildup. Dickinson notified FPS of the freezer’s 

performance issues, and several times over the next year, FPS sent technicians to 

inspect, troubleshoot, and, if necessary, repair the freezer. 

Those efforts failed. In the months before the case’s filing, Dickinson sent 

three letters to FPS relevant to the freezer’s removal. The first letter, sent in July 

2017, informed FPS that Dickinson would be installing a replacement freezer and 

that it would “continue to operate [the FPS freezer], even in its unsatisfactory 

condition, so as to limit . . . damages,” until the replacement freezer arrived, at which 

point Dickinson would “make arrangements for FPS to take back possession of the 

defective” freezer. The second letter, sent in October 2017, explained that Dickinson

“anticipat[ed] having the Freezer removed in January, 2018” and that it sought FPS’s 

“full cooperation by coordinating the exact dates” and reaching an “agreement on 

the vendor FPS”—not Dickinson—planned to “use for the removal.” Finally, the 

third letter, sent the day after Dickinson filed suit, told FPS for the first time that 

Dickinson planned to remove the freezer in a “multi-day process” starting just three 

weeks later. In that letter, Dickinson gave FPS the opportunity “at its own expense, 

to arrange for pick-up of the uninstalled Freezer Machine,” but it also told FPS that, 

if FPS elected to remove the machine, FPS would be “obligated to preserve it as 

evidence during the pendency of Dickinson’s dispute with FPS.” 
3 

Faced with a freezer that failed to adequately freeze its products, Dickinson 

sued FPS for breach of contract, breach of express warranty, breach of the implied 

covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and promissory estoppel. 

Dickinson proceeded with its removal of the freezer. Though FPS tried to 

observe the removal by sending representatives to the site, Dickson refused to allow 

FPS’s representatives to observe the removal process. While Dickinson was 

uninstalling the freezer, it “altered, if not destroyed” both the freezer and the 

refrigeration system. In response, the district court imposed a sanction requiring the 

future jury to assume that, had FPS been given an opportunity to inspect the freezer, 

it would have been able to show that the freezer “was capable of performing at the 

levels specified by the Parties’ Agreement.” It later granted summary judgment to 

FPS. The district court also imposed sanctions against Dickinson for failing to 

adequately notify FPS about depositions. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1291 and affirm.

1. Dickinson spoliated evidence. Parties to litigation have a duty to preserve 

evidence that kicks in once a party has “some notice” that evidence will be

“potentially relevant to the litigation.” Ryan v. Editions Ltd. W., Inc., 786 F.3d 754, 

766 (9th Cir. 2015) (citation omitted). Once a party has such notice, it engages in 

spoliation if it “destr[oys] or significant[ly] alter[s]” the evidence or if it fails “to 

preserve property for another’s use as evidence, in pending or future litigation.” 
4 

Kearney v. Foley & Lardner, LLP, 590 F.3d 638, 649 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation 

omitted). “Upon a finding of spoliation, the district court ha[s] discretion to impose 

sanctions pursuant to its inherent power.” Ryan, 786 F.3d at 766. “We review the 

district court’s imposition of spoliation sanctions for an abuse of discretion,” and we 

review its “factual findings, including findings of bad faith and prejudice,” for “clear 

error.” Leon v. IDX Sys. Corp., 464 F.3d 951, 957–58 (9th Cir. 2006).

Dickinson knew that it had a duty to preserve the freezer and the refrigeration 

system. It explained as much in its letter to FPS telling FPS that if FPS collected 

and destroyed the freezer and refrigeration system, it “may constitute spoliation of 

evidence or subject FPS to sanctions.” And Dickinson itself conducted tests on the 

freezer five days before it disassembled the unit. Dickinson did not discharge its 

duty to preserve the freezer and the refrigeration system by sending letters to FPS.

Only the third letter—sent three weeks before removal—told FPS that Dickinson

planned to remove the freezer itself. And even that letter did not notify FPS that 

Dickinson would destroy the evidence in the process of removal—to the contrary, it 

told FPS that FPS would have a duty to preserve the freezer if it took control of it.

1

2. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it imposed the non1 Because we agree with FPS that Dickinson did not put FPS on notice of the 

freezer’s potential destruction, we have no need to adopt or reject the reasoning of 

the Wisconsin Supreme Court in American Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Golke, 

768 N.W.2d 729 (Wis. 2009).
5 

rebuttable jury instruction as a sanction for destroying the freezer and the 

refrigeration system. “A federal trial court has the inherent discretionary power to 

make appropriate evidentiary rulings in response to the destruction or spoliation of 

relevant evidence.” Med. Lab. Mgmt. Consultants v. Am. Broad. Cos., Inc., 306 F.3d 

806, 824 (9th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). The district court did not abuse its 

discretion in applying Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Natural Beverage Distributors, 69 

F.3d 337, 348 (9th Cir. 1995), to conclude that a less harsh sanction than dismissal 

was warranted. And its finding that FPS was prejudiced by the destruction of the 

freezer and the inability to inspect the freezer “after [the] lawsuit is filed” was not 

clearly erroneous.2It thus had the discretion to impose the jury instruction. While

the instruction proved fatal to two of Dickinson’s claims against FPS on summary 

judgment, two other claims failed because Dickinson forfeited them after the parties 

agreed that they were pre-empted. 

Our dissenting colleague acknowledges that our conclusion as to the preempted claims is “technically accurate.” But he faults us for not considering that 

those claims could also have failed because of the jury instruction. This is 

incorrect—if the claims are federally pre-empted, then they would fail on their own 

terms, regardless of the sanction. We disagree with Dickinson and the dissent that 

2 Dickinson claims that the district court improperly required it to disprove prejudice. 

We need not consider who carries that burden, as the district court also found that 

FPS had established prejudice. 
6 

the instruction was a case-ending sanction when two of the four claims were 

meritless on their own terms and those claims have not been appealed.

3

3. Dickinson also appeals the award of attorney’s fees under Federal Rule 

of Civil Procedure 37(a)(5) and other sanctions under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 32(a)(5) to FPS. Rule 37(a)(5)(A) provides that, if a court grants a 

protective order, it “must, after giving an opportunity to be heard, require the party 

or deponent whose conduct necessitated the motion . . . to pay the movant’s 

reasonable expenses incurred in making the motion, including attorney’s fees.” The 

general rule yields, however, if “the movant filed the motion before attempting in 

good faith to obtain the disclosure or discovery without court action.” Fed. R. Civ. 

P. 37(a)(5)(A)(i). In such cases, the district court cannot order the payment of fees.

Rule 32(a)(5) provides that “[a] deposition must not be used against a party who, 

having received less than 14 days’ notice of the deposition, promptly moved for a 

protective order” if the “motion was still pending when the deposition was taken.”

The district court concluded that FPS made good-faith attempts to obtain the 

relief it sought from the protective order, and the record supports that conclusion 

3 We also reject any suggestion that the jury instruction may have been acceptable if 

it were permissive, rather than mandatory. Dickinson’s spoliation deprived FPS of 

the chance to inspect the freezer with an eye toward the pending litigation. A jury 

with a permissive instruction would have been forced to weigh Dickinson’s evidence 

unrebutted by contrary evidence from FPS. Such a result would inherently prejudice 

FPS’s defense. It would be no answer to tell the jury that—although it heard nothing 

from FPS—it could, if it wanted, issue a verdict in FPS’s favor.
7 

based on the communications FPS had with Dickinson. Because the good-faith 

determination is supported by the record, it was not clearly erroneous. Given that 

finding, Rule 37(a)(5) required the district court to impose attorney’s fees to cover 

the costs of moving for a protective order. And because FPS’s motion for a 

protective order was pending when the depositions were taken, Rule 32(a)(5) forbid 

Dickinson from using the depositions against FPS.

AFFIRMED.
Dickinson Frozen Foods, Inc. v. FPS Food Process Solutions Corporation,

No. 22-35832

HAWKINS, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

Exercising its discretion to police a discovery violation, the district court 

determined that a “less harsh sanction than dismissal” was appropriate. In spite of 

this determination, it chose a sanction that effectively and actually terminated the 

case. I respectfully dissent on that basis.

We review the district court’s imposition of sanctions for abuse of discretion. 

Barber v. Miller, 146 F.3d 707, 709 (9th Cir. 1998). An abuse of discretion is “a 

judgment that is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts as are found.” Wing 

v. Asarco Inc., 114 F.3d 986, 988 (9th Cir. 1997). Even where dismissal seems 

inappropriate on the facts of a case, “we do not disturb the district court’s choice of 

sanction unless we have a ‘definite and firm conviction that [it] committed a clear 

error of judgment in the conclusion it reached upon a weighing of the relevant 

factors.’” Leon v. IDX Sys. Corp., 464 F.3d 951, 961 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Yourish 

v. Cal. Amplifier, 191 F.3d 983, 992 (9th Cir.1999)) (internal quotation marks and 

citation omitted). In my view, the mandatory nature of the jury instruction clearly 

went against the logic and effect of the district court’s express intention not to issue 

case-terminating sanctions. 

After properly applying the Anheuser-Busch factors to relevant evidence, the 

district court found that “under [the] circumstances, . . . a less harsh sanction than 

FILED

OCT 18 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2

dismissal is appropriate.” Yet, the jury instruction it fashioned effectively decided 

the case in FPS’s favor. In relevant part, the instruction required the jury “to presume 

that had Dickinson not destroyed the FPS Freezer and Refrigeration System, FPS 

would have been able to prove that the FPS Freezer was capable of performing at 

the levels specified by the Parties’ Agreement.” Whether the freezer performed as 

specified by the parties’ agreement was the sole dispute in this lawsuit. The jury 

instruction did not tell the jurors they could resolve this dispute in FPS’s favor. It 

told them they must.

1

Nevertheless, the majority finds the instruction was not case terminating 

because, although it “proved fatal to two of Dickinson’s claims against FPS on 

summary judgment, two other claims failed because Dickinson forfeited them after 

the parties agreed that they were pre-empted.” Respectfully, I disagree. While this 

characterization of the summary judgment order is technically accurate, it does not 

prevent the instruction from terminating the case.

Dickinson brought four claims against FPS: breach of contract, breach of 

express warranty, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and 

promissory estoppel. As the majority notes, the district court granted summary 

1 To be clear, my position is not that the jury instruction necessarily would have been 

acceptable if it were permissive rather than mandatory. The district court’s order 

should be vacated because the sanction it employed rests on a clear error in judgment 

that goes against the facts as they existed when the decision was issued. 
3

judgment on Dickinson’s breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims because 

it found the mandatory jury instruction foreclosed them. The unrelated reason the 

district court granted summary judgment on the express warranty and good faith and 

fair dealing claims was that Dickinson failed to address them in its response to FPS’s 

motion. 

Dickinson apparently took this approach because the parties agreed these 

claims were pre-empted by federal law. With that understanding in mind, Dickinson 

sought to voluntarily dismiss them but was not allowed to do so under Federal Rule 

of Civil Procedure 41(a). After addressing this procedural point, the district court 

construed Dickinson’s failure to respond to FPS’s motion “as a tacit admission that 

those claims are without merit.” 

This reasoning never mentions the jury instruction. But Dickinson’s tactical 

misjudgment does not cure the clear error underpinning the court’s earlier decisions. 

In its reconsideration order, the district court expressed its judgment that the 

“adverse inference instruction only presumptively ends Dickinson’s ability to 

establish its breach of contract claim” because it was the only claim that relied solely 

on the parties’ written agreement. According to the district court, “[a]t this point, 

Dickinson can still claim that FPS breached an express warranty under Idaho law, 

can argue it was damaged under a good faith and fair dealings theory, and can attempt

to assert promissory estoppel against FPS.” But Dickinson could not. 
4

The claims are supported by essentially the same facts––indeed, there is not a 

single fact pleaded in the express warranty and good faith and fair dealing claims 

that is not also pleaded in either the breach of contract or promissory estoppel claims. 

Further, Dickinson’s express warranty and contract claims advance a common theory 

of breach. The district court found this theory was foreclosed by the mandatory jury 

instruction. If the only legal argument supporting Dickinson’s express warranty 

claim was foreclosed, the claim was necessarily foreclosed as well. Dickinson’s 

good faith and fair dealing claim also would have failed in light of the instruction.2

For those reasons, the jury instruction defeated Dickinson’s claims. The 

district court anticipated this problem in its reconsideration order, however. There, 

the court explained that even if the instruction impacted all of Dickinson’s claims, it 

was not a constructive dismissal because “unlike dismissal, the Sanctions Order 

2 When the district court considered the mandatory jury instruction’s impact on 

Dickinson’s good faith and fair dealing claim, it did not address whether it was preempted. The court’s apparent belief (as expressed in its reconsideration order) was 

that Dickinson could bring that claim despite the instruction. This was erroneous.

The complaint stated, “Defendant failed to exercise good faith or deal fairly with 

Dickinson in repeatedly failing to remedy the defective performance and nonconformities in the Freezer.” The district court’s position was that “under [the] 

instruction, whatever the terms of the parties’ agreement were, the freezer could 

perform as required by those terms.” Thus, there was simply no permissible basis 

from which the jury could find that the freezer suffered from any defective 

performance issues or non-conformities that FPS failed to remedy.
5

allowed Dickinson the opportunity to amend, to attempt to negotiate a settlement, or 

to seek reconsideration.”

This conclusion is erroneous in several respects. To start, the availability of 

settlement negotiations does not impact whether litigants have a live case or 

controversy in federal court. Additionally, the district court denied Dickinson’s 

request for reconsideration and its subsequent motion to amend the complaint.

Moreover, in its summary judgment order, the district court noted that “even if the 

court had allowed Dickinson to amend its complaint to assert this theory and the 

parties’ purported unwritten agreement that the freezer would operate for 20–22 

hours per day were considered an entirely separate agreement (rather than simply an 

unwritten term of the parties’ purchase and sale agreement), the mandatory jury 

instruction forecloses it.” Despite the district court’s apparent belief to the contrary, 

none of the legal mechanisms it mentioned remedied the jury instruction’s caseterminating effect.

The majority nevertheless remains unpersuaded “that the instruction was a 

case-ending sanction when two of the four claims were meritless on their own terms 

and those claims have not been appealed.” But this conclusion misses the larger 

point. In substance, the mandatory jury instruction did not just foreclose the four 

claims in the complaint; it foreclosed any claims Dickinson might have raised. 

Every legal claim (or potential claim) in this case turned on the resolution of one 
6

fundamental fact question: Did the freezer work as FPS promised? The jury 

instruction provided the answer. 

Of course, Dickinson brought claims that failed for procedural reasons and 

were also likely pre-empted. But even if Dickinson made no mistakes, the jury 

instruction meant it could never win its case. The district court did not think the 

instruction had that effect. It was wrong. Accordingly, I am of the “definite and firm 

conviction” that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in its 

reconsideration and sanctions orders. I would, therefore, vacate the district court’s 

sanctions, reconsideration, and summary judgment orders and remand the case for a 

trial on the merits.