# Patent

## Title
Information exchange engine providing a critical infrastructure layer and methods of use thereof

## Abstract

A virtual record manager and a data exchange engine are provided for dynamically defining data records in a database and for dynamically allocating instances of defined data records. These components are capable of mediating between the database and application and client interface layers to facilitate exchange of information over a network. Embodiments are configured to allow complex data records having a plurality of related fields, and to allow management and exchange of information at both the data field level and data record level.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/327,719, filed Dec. 15, 2011, of same title, which will issue on Aug. 19, 2014 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,812,548, which is a Continuation and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/848,166, filed Jul. 31, 2010, of same title, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,099,435, which is a Continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/742,699, filed on Dec. 20, 2000, of same title, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,788,222, which application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/172,977, filed on Dec. 20, 1999, entitled “Web-Based Personal Data Repository and Access Management System and Methods of Use Thereof,” which all applications are incorporated herein in their entirety by this reference.


BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to information technology, and more particularly to systems and methods for providing dynamic creation, storage and exchange of personal information.
2. Description of Related Art
With the evolution of social interaction, people feel the need to exchange personal and business information with each other. In addition, with the advancement and proliferation of communication technology, people have acquired more and more personal contact information, such as electronic mail addresses, mobile phone numbers, and the like. These issues, coupled with the dynamic nature of society, has created a need for an easier, more accurate way to store personal information, to maintain its accuracy and currentness, and to exchange it with others.
With the advancement and proliferation of computer network technology, people and businesses have increasingly relied on computers, computer networks, handheld electronic devices, and the like to manage their vast amount of personal and business information. Thus, there is a further need for convergence of a robust data management system with network communication technologies to fill the need for a flexible, easily updateable, real-time information exchange mechanism.
SUMMARY
An information exchange system which provides a critical infrastructure layer, and methods of user thereof, are described. The information exchange system provides a tool for dynamically defining data records and dynamically allocating instances of those records. The system further provides a tool for facilitating electronic exchange of personal information represented by the data, such as contact, payment, shipping, and other information, between individuals and the people and businesses with which they interact. The system allows editing and sharing of information at a data field level, in addition to supporting information transactions at a complex level, defined as a combination of related fields. The architecture of one embodiment is such that the system can be coupled with a conventional relational database application.
The information exchange system comprises an interface layer providing a tool for users to interact with the system through a plurality of client-side platforms. The system also comprises an application layer comprising a vault providing a storage mechanism for individual and business users to store information about themselves and/or their business, and a contact manager providing a utility for saving information about static and dynamic contacts.
The system further comprises a critical exchange engine layer comprising an account manager, a virtual record manager, a data exchange engine, and an encryption engine which provides the capability to save and access raw data that has been encrypted in a relational database. The virtual record manager is configured to manage the storage of data, whereby support for complex data records is supported while maintaining access and control of data on an individual field basis. The data exchange engine supports the exchange of information between system users and the definition and enforcement of rule-based behaviors on the availability of information.
A database is provided in one embodiment for storage of encrypted personal information of system users, for storage of metadata describing the structure and description of the personal information stored in the database, and for storage of permissions data describing sharing and accessibility rules related to the fields of information.
The system generally provides a private, accurate, convenient, and secure method of maintaining and accessing up-to-date information at any time from anywhere. Users are able to expand and customize their information readily and in real-time. The information in the robust data repository can be accessed through a WAN such as the Internet or through various handheld wireless devices. Upon a change of information, all persons that have permission to view that information field are alerted and updated automatically with the new data.
Although uses of the information exchange system described herein are many, several are provided for exemplary purposes. Exemplary uses for an individual user which are provided by the system include: (1) requesting a summary of information that has changed for people, groups, or businesses in their network of contacts, possibly through a personal newsletter or as highlighted boxes on a system home page, thus being automatically informed of changes; (2) maintaining a community address book whereby clubs, organizations, chat groups, etc. can maintain current information on members which can be reflected in distribution lists or instant messaging buddy lists linked to the system; (3) drawing on information already stored in the system to save time filling out on-line registration, commerce, and site log-in forms preferably by supplying a system ID to the site of interest which is linked to personal, commerce, and site specific user name/password information of the user; and (4) automatically notify friends, relatives, and businesses when a user moves, providing the new personal information immediately.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawing and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a preferred operating architecture of an information exchange system, according to an embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 depicts a preferred operating architecture 100 of the information exchange system 102 described herein. The overall system architecture 100 is based on a network client-server model, wherein various client 110 platforms communicate with a layer of applications 140 through a network 120. Since the information exchange system 102 supports a plurality of client platforms (which are discussed in detail below), an interface layer 130 comprising interface servers is provided for interacting with the plurality of client-side platforms. The information that is exchanged by users of the system 102 is maintained in a database 160. The critical infrastructure layer that primarily provides the operational capability of the system 102 to facilitate the storage, modification, and exchange of information for people and businesses lies in the exchange engine layer 150.
The application layer 140 and its components are described prior to the detailed description of the interface layer 130, so it is noted that a client user interacts with the system 102 and its application layer 140 through the interface layer 130. The application layer 140 contains a vault 142 and a contact manager 148. The vault is depicted as containing constituent elements for individual 144 and business 146 applications for didactic purposes, but configurations are contemplated wherein the needs of both individual and business users are provided by a single vault 142 application.
The vault 142 is an application that provides a storage mechanism for registered individual and business users of the system 102 to store information about themselves and/or their business. Non-limiting examples of an individual user's information include name, home and office addresses, home, office, mobile phone and various other phone numbers, date of birth, as well as similar information about the user's spouse and children. Additional examples include names and membership numbers related to various organizations of which the user is a member, bank and mortgage information, and similar information. A user's information may be described within the system 102 in relation to various permission groups to facilitate management by the user, e.g., groups such as “family,” “work,” “financial,” “social,” “recreational,” etc. Non-limiting examples of a business user's information include the business name, address of their headquarters and branch offices, names of the company executives, Dun and Bradstreet number, tax identification number, bank account information, membership in various organizations, etc.
The vault 142 presents the registered user with a number of fields with predefined semantics. To this end, the vault 142 utilizes information stored and managed by the account manager engine 152, to know if the user is a business user or an individual user. For example, the vault 142 may present “name” and “home address” fields to an individual user, whereas it may present “office phone number” and “D&B number” fields to a business user. The number of fields of information and the nature of the fields are decided by each registered user of the system, and are not limited to those presented. Consequently, the exchange system 102 is configured to facilitate the exchange of dynamic, user-defined information and types of information.
The vault 142 invokes the virtual record manager (VRM) 154 of exchange engine layer 150 to actually store and retrieve the information. In managing the information, the vault 142 queries the VRM 154 using an internal account ID of the registered user as a parameter of the query. The VRM 154 provides the name, value, and an internal ID of every field in which the user has stored information. The vault 142 also provides to the user the information stored in each of these fields. Upon user modification of any of the user's information fields, the vault 142 provides to the VRM 154 the fields that have changed and the VRM 154 subsequently stores the modifications in the database 160. Upon user creation of a new field of a particular type, the vault 142 directs the VRM 154 to allocate memory for the new field. The VRM 154 operates to allocate sufficient memory to store the new field and the related information depending on the type of the field created, such as text or numeral, simple or complex, and the like.
The contact manager 148 is an application similar to a conventional address book application, but providing a number of novel features. The contact manager 148 provides to users a utility for saving information about their contacts, i.e., people with whom the users desire to keep communicative contact. The contact manager 148 differentiates between two types of contacts, static and dynamic contacts.
Static contacts are defined as those in which information is provided to the system 102 by a user. For example, an individual user could employ the system to store the name of a friend and an associated home and work phone numbers and home address, whereby this information is not provided to the system directly by friend. If the friend were to change residence (and hence home address and home phone number), the user would need to re-enter these changes into the system 102.
In contrast, dynamic contacts are those in which information is provided to the system 102 directly by the contact person and is shared with others through operation of embodiments of the system 102. For example, if a user desires to have a friend's information in a personal list of contacts managed in the system 102 and if the friend is a registered user of the system 102, the user does not need to provide the friend's information to the system. The friend would directly save personal information in the system 102, utilizing the vault 142 application as previously described. The friend would then permit the system 102 to share portions of personal information, e.g., home and office phone numbers, with the user. The user would consequently find the personal list of contacts to include the friend with the relevant information that the user has is permitted to access and view. If the friend were to modify any portion of the information that is being shared with the user, the user will be able to view the new information when viewing the personal contact list. In addition, the system 102, primarily through operation of a data exchange engine 156 of exchange engine layer 150 and permissions data 166 of database 160, provides the capability for the friend to manage access to personal information by directing the contact manager 148 to share this or any other personal information with the user for a defined period of time only. After expiration of this defined period, the user will no longer be able to view the friend's information.
The contact manager 148 manages the information about each registered user's static contacts by storing these in the database 160 and retrieving it when necessary. In contrast, to manage dynamic contacts the contact manager 148 invokes the VRM 154 and the data exchange engine (DXE) 156. The contact manager 148 first invokes the account manager 152 to verify that the user logging in to the system 102 is a registered user and to retrieve the internal account ID of the user. The contact manager 148 would then communicate with the VRM 154, providing the VRM 154 with the account ID of the registered user. The VRM 154 is operative to retrieve from the database 160 and to present to the user the names and account IDs of the user's dynamic contacts. The contact manager 148 then invokes the DXE 156 to determine which fields of each dynamic contact are being shared with this registered user.
Once the contact manager 148 is familiar with the fields (represented as field IDs) shared by one registered user with another (i.e., shared by the dynamic contact with the logged-in user), it invokes the VRM 154 to read the contents of the shared fields. The system 102 is capable of then providing the content of these fields to the appropriate interface layer server 131-139, for transmission to the associated client platform 111-119.
It is noteworthy that the contact manager 148 provides a rich set of information about a user's contacts, including every piece of information that the contact registered user allows one to see. In addition, the contact manager 148 provides the capability for the user to query the contact manager 148 in order to determine who has actually viewed which personal information fields in their information repository. Furthermore, if a personal information field has been constructed as time-limited, the system 102 will automatically stop sharing this information upon expiration of the associated time limit.
Reference is directed to the exchange engine layer 150, which comprises the account manager 152, the virtual record manager (VRM) 154, the data exchange engine (DXE) 156, and the encryption engine 158. The account manager 152 manages account information about each registered user. This information includes, but is not limited to, whether a user is a business or individual user, their internal account ID and password, the last time they logged into the system 102, whether their registration is still active, etc. The account manager 152 also implements security rules that inactivate a registered user's account upon certain occurrences or non-occurrences. For example, registered users are considered inactive and thus their accounts inactivated if they do not login to the system 102 at least once every six months. Additionally, users may be locked out of the system 102 for a 24-hour period if they unsuccessfully attempt to login four times during any four-month window.
The account manager 152 preferably stores the relevant account information in a table of a relational database. Each row of the table is configured to store information about one registered user. The columns of the table are preferably configured to represent the registered user's password, the last time they logged in to the system 102, whether the user is locked out for a security reason, whether the user has changed the login name and the previous login name, and the like. Those skilled in the art may recognize that the information stored and managed by the account manager may include more than those items listed above and still be within the scope of the present invention.
The virtual record manager (VRM) 154 is configured to manage the storage of data preferably utilizing a conventional relational database. The VRM 154 supports complex data type (record) modeling while maintaining access and control of data on an individual field basis. For example, the VRM 154 architecture supports operations on a single-field record, an entire complex (multi-field) record, or an individual field within a complex record. Furthermore, the VRM 154 is configured to provide a fully dynamic extensible data store mechanism whereby new instances of data records as well as entirely new and possibly unique data types may be defined “on the fly,” or substantially instantaneous, for each user, without the need for any system downtime to perform such operations.
The VRM 154 operates at the level of a single field of information. For instance, each field of information is assigned a unique ID so that operations can be performed on individual fields. The fields are also defined for a particular user of the system, although sharing of fields between users is possible by employing the DXE 156. The information fields are also typed, allowing type-specific behavior (input data validation, for example) to be implemented.
To support record-level data modeling, the VRM utilizes the concept of a virtual object (VOB) (not shown). The VOB defines a record structure (logical collection of individual data fields), and also supports the ability to arbitrarily nest record structures. Any number of VOB types can be defined, either globally accessible by all users or per user of the system, and each VOB type is assigned a unique VOB type ID. VOB type information provides the metadata, which is generally a definition or description of the data, for the VRM 156 to dynamically support arbitrary data types and is stored in the VOB and VOB Field of the following database 160 table.








TABLE 1





Database Table
Description







VOB
Metadata for Virtual Objects (VOBs) describing



elements such as the VOB type name, VOB Type ID,



etc. There is one row for each VOB type defined.


VOB_Field
Metadata describing the individual fields defined



for each VOB. There is one row for each field within



a virtual object.









When a new VOB is defined by a user, the VRM 154 searches for the metadata for the requested VOB type (via it's unique VOB type ID) and creates a record to reflect the VOB instance (in the VOB_Data table), in addition to all of the individual fields defined for the VOB (in the VOB_Field_Data table). This data structure is depicted in the following database 160 table.








TABLE 2





Database Table
Description







VOB_Data
Instances of VOB types. There is one record



for every VOB that is instantiated. Each VOB



is instantiated for a particular user account.


VOB_Field_Data
Data for each VOB instance. There is a row for



each field defined for an instantiated VOB type.









The VRM 154 also supports the ability to control the VOB types available to a particular user based on their user class. For example, the VOB types available to business users can be defined to be different than those available for individual users.
In addition to VOBs, the VRM 154 also supports two additional concepts, InfoCards and VRecords. InfoCards provide a convenient way for users to share their information using the DXE 156. An InfoCard allows a user to define a specific collection of information fields. It is noted that InfoCards differ from VOBs in that they can only be defined from a set of already defined fields, and that the fields selected can actually span across VOBs. To ensure a minimum set of data may be exchanged between any two user accounts, the VRM 154 may pre-populate every user account with a minimum set of VOBs, and define a set of system-defined InfoCards that use those VOBs. The operability of the InfoCard feature is provided primarily by the database 160 table depicted.








TABLE 3





Database Table
Description







Field_Group
Contains InfoCards. There is a row for each



InfoCard defined for a user account.


Field_Group_Data
Defines the fields that belong to each InfoCard



defined. There is a row for each field that is



defined within an InfoCard.









VRecords provide a generic mechanism for the electronic exchange of information with third-party systems, a valuable feature for business-to-business (B2B) electronic commerce. In many cases, a third party has a data record format that they wish to have returned from the system 102 when requesting information about a particular registered user of the system 102. The VRecord defines a mapping between the third party record format, and the native system 102 record structure as primarily defined by the metadata 164 of database 160. Employment of a VRecords further allows a user to define a mapping based on the user class (e.g. a different mapping can be defined for business and individual users). This VRecords feature operates by correlating a field ID for each class of user with an output field name selected by the VRecord author. The operability of the VRecords feature is provided primarily by the database 160 table depicted.








TABLE 4





Database Table
Description







VRecord
Contains VRecords.


Vrecord_Dynamic_Data
Defines field mapping for obtaining infor-



mation from system 102 member accounts.


VRecord_Static_Data
Defines field mapping for obtaining infor-



mation for static contacts defined in the



system 102 contact manager 148 for the



requesting party. Primarily useful for



synchronization applications.









Some of the operational capability of the VRM 154 is exemplified below by describing the effect that occurs in certain tables of database 160 when a transaction is implemented.
Define New Record Type
This example demonstrates the database 160 changes that occur when a new VOB type is defined in the system 102. Assume that a user desires to define a new record named “Friend” that has the following fields:
First Name
Last Name
PhoneNumber
Assuming this is done for user account 250, and that the last VOB_Type_ID used was 200, this operation creates the following row in the VOB table:










TABLE 5





Account_ID
VOB_Type_ID
VOB_Name
VOB_Description







250
205
Friend
Record for adding a





friend









It also creates the following rows in the VOB_Field table:











TABLE 6





Account_ID
VOB_Type_ID
Field_Order
Field_Label
Field_Type_ID



















250
205
5
First Name
1


250
205
10
Last Name
1


250
205
15
PhoneNumber
1





Note


that in this example, the Field_Type_ID of 1 indicates that these are text fields.






Add New Data Record
This example demonstrates the database 160 changes that occur when a user adds a new data record to the system 102. Assume that a user wishes to add a new data record to their account of type “Friend” as was defined in the previous example, with the following values:
First Name: Tom
Last Name: Smith
Phone Number: 555-1212
Assuming that the user's account ID is 250, the last VOB_ID used for the account was 500, the last Field_ID used for the account was 1250 and the user wishes to name this record “Tom Smith”, this operation creates the following row in the VOB_Data table:










TABLE 7





Account_ID
VOB_ID
VOB_Type_ID
VOB_Label







250
505
205
Tom Smith









It also creates the following rows in the VOB_Field_Data table:











TABLE 8





Account_ID
Field_ID
VOB_ID
Field_Order
Field_Value



















250
1255
505
5
Tom


250
1260
505
10
Smith


250
1265
505
15
555-1212









In at least one embodiment, the primary database 160 tables with which the VRM 154 interacts to provide the capabilities described above are presented. Presentation of these exemplary tables is not intended to limit practice of the invention to use of only these tables or the specific data table structure presented, for those skilled in the art will recognize that a different data and table architecture may be implemented and still fall within the scope of the invention.
The VOB table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 9







Primary



VOB Table Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID that identifies





the user account for which





the VOB type is defined.


VOB_Type_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID in the scope of





Account_ID for this VOB





type.


VOB_Name
Text
No
Name of the VOB type.


VOB_Description
Text
No
A description of the VOB





type.


XML_Tag_Name
Text
No
A name to use for this





type when translating to





an XML representation.









The VOB_Field table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 10







Primary



VOB_Field Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID that identifies





the user account for which





the VOB type is defined.


VOB_Type_ID
Number
Yes
ID of the VOB Type of





which this field is a member.


Field_Order
Number
Yes
Specifies the relative order





of this field within the VOB





Type.


Field_Label
Text
No
Name of this field.


Field_Type_ID
Number
No
ID representing the Type of





field (text, date, CC Type,





Country, etc.).


Field_Default_Value
Text
No
Default value for the field.


XML_Tag_Name
Text
No
A name to use for this field





when translating to an XML





representation.









The VOB Data table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 11





VOB_Data Table

Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID that identifies the





user account for which the





VOB instance is defined.


VOB_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID in the scope of





Account_ID for this VOB





instance.


VOB_Type_ID
Number
No
ID of the VOB Type of this





VOB instance.


VOB_Label
Text
No
Label to use for this VOB





instance (for User Interface





display purposes).


Category_ID
Number
No
Category under which this





VOB is organized.


VOB_Order
Number
No
Order of this VOB within the





specified category.


Show_VOB
Number
No
Allows the fields within this





VOB to be displayed or not.





0 = VOB fields are hidden,





1 = VOB fields are shown.


Public_VOB_ID
Text
No
VOB ID that is used by the





B2B interface 119.









The VOB_Field_Data table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 12





VOB_Field_Data

Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID that identifies





the user account for which





the VOB instance is defined.


Field_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID of this field





record in the scope of





Account_ID.


VOB_ID
Number
No
ID of the VOB that is the





owner of this field. See





VOB_Data::VOB_ID.


Field_Order
Number
No
Order of this field within





the parent VOB. See





VOB_Field::Field_Order.


Field_Value
Text
No
Value of the field.


Field_Mod
Date/Time
No
Last time the field value





was modified.


Encryption
Number
No
Indicates the type of





encryption applied to the





field.


Public_Field_ID
Text
No
Field ID that may be used





via the B2B interface 119





to reference this field.









The Field_Group table structure for an exemplary embodiment utilizing the InfoCard feature is as follows:










TABLE 13





Field_Group

Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID that identifies the





user account for which the





InfoCard is defined.


Group_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID of this InfoCard in





the scope of Account_ID.


Group_Name
Text
No
Name of this InfoCard.


Required
Number
No
1 = this InfoCard is defined by





the system and cannot be





removed.


Read_Only
Number
No
1 = You cannot edit the





InfoCard.





0 = You can edit the InfoCard.


Hidden
Number
No
1 = this group cannot be edited





or seen.









The Field_Group_Data table structure for an exemplary embodiment utilizing the InfoCard feature is as follows:










TABLE 14





Field_Group_Data

Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique Id that identifies the





user account for which the





InfoCard is defined.


Group_ID
Number
Yes
ID of the InfoCard to which





this field belongs.


Field_ID
Number
Yes
Field_ID of the field to





include in the InfoCard.









The VRecord table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 15







Primary



VRecord Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique Id that identifies the





user account for which the





VRecord is defined.


VRecord_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID in the scope of





Account_ID for this





VRecord.


VRecord_Name
Text
No
Name of the VRecord.


Label
Text
No
Printable name for the





VRecord.









The VRecord_Dynamic_Data table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 16





VRecord_Dynamic_Data

Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID that identifies





the user account for





which the VRecord is





defined.


VRecord_ID
Number
Yes
ID of the VRecord to





which this field





belongs. See





VRecord::VRecord_ID.


Account_Type_ID
Number
Yes
Indicates the user class





that this mapping record





applies to (e.g. business





or individual account).


Field_Order
Number
Yes
Order within the





VRecord that this field





should be mapped.


Field_ID
Number
No
Field_ID of the field to





include in the Vrecord.


Label
Text
No
Printable name of the





field within the Vrecord.









The VRecord_Static_Data table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 17





VRecord_Static_Data

Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique ID that identifies





the user account for which





the VRecord is defined.


VRecord_ID
Number
Yes
ID of the VRecord that





this field belongs. See





VRecord::VRecord_ID.


Column_Name
Text
Yes
Name of the column in





Contact table to use for





the field.


Column_Order
Number
No
Order of the column





within the Vrecord.


Label
Text
No
Printable name for the





field.









The data exchange engine (DXE) 156 supports the exchange of information between users of the system 102. The DXE 156 provides interfaces to enable users to request information from each other, approve or deny requests for information, and provide authorized information. The DXE 156 also supports the definition and enforcement of rule-based behaviors on the availability of information, sharing of information in a global space (public directory), sharing of simple text messages, and event triggers based on requests and changes to authorized information.
In requesting information from another system 102 user, registered users may request either globally defined InfoCards (see the description of InfoCards above) of information, or globally defined fields of information from the other user. The DXE 156 provides event notification hooks for requests for information and messages. Users may approve or deny the request by InfoCard or field, and apply rules regarding access to any provided information, e.g., specifying an expiration date for access to the information. Furthermore, users may also provide any field or InfoCard to another user at any time.
The DXE 156 further provides interfaces for registered users to view information made available to them from other registered users. It is noted that when a user changes a field that has been shared, the changed information is available to other users immediately. This functionality is operative due to the DXE 156 architecture, which provides event notification hooks for changes to information that is available to other users.
The DXE 156 is operative to track relationships between users in a Data_Sharing table. Each record represents what is shared from user A to user B. A record exists only if user A is sharing one or fields with user B. In addition, if user B shares information with user A, an additional record appears in the Data_Sharing table. It is in this table that any rules regarding the sharing of information between the two users is defined.
As previously described, users can share information either by specifying individual fields of information, or by using the InfoCards feature. This sharing information is tracked by the DXE 156 in the Data_Sharing_Field_ID and Data_Sharing_Group_ID tables (shown below), respectively. The DXE 156 architecture explicitly normalizes this data in the database 160 to enable the capability to perform reverse lookups of shared information, e.g., finding all users that you are sharing your home phone number with. It is noted that there is one InfoCard that the DXE 156 treats specially, the Directory InfoCard. The Directory InfoCard is given the same ID for all users (which uniquely identifies it as the Directory InfoCard) and has the behavior attribute that all fields defined within this Infocard are implicitly shared with all other users. For example, when an application in the application layer 140 requests the information being shared by user A with user B, the system 102 returns all of the fields explicitly shared by A with B, and all the fields that A has placed in his/her Directory InfoCard.
In at least one embodiment, the primary database 160 tables with which the DXE 156 interacts to provide the capabilities described above are presented. Presentation of these exemplary tables is not intended to limit practice of the invention to utilization of only these tables or the specific data table structure presented, for those skilled in the art will recognize that a different data and table architecture may be implemented and still fall within the scope of the invention.
The Data_Sharing table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 18







Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique identifier for





the user account that





is sharing information.


Recipient_Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique identifier for





the user that is





receiving the





information.


Sharing_Record_ID
Number
Yes
Unique identifier for





this record.


Expiration_Date
Date/Time
No
Access to information





expires on this date.


Date_Granted
Date/Time
No
Access to information





was originally granted





on this date.


Date_Modified
Date/Time
No
Access to information





was last modified on





this date.









The Data_Sharing_Field_ID table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 19







Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique identifier for





the user account that





is sharing information.


Recipient_Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique identifier for





the user that is





receiving the





information.


Field_ID
Number
Yes
ID of the field that is





being shared. See





VOB_Field_Data::Field_ID.









The Data_Sharing_Group_ID table structure for an exemplary embodiment is as follows:










TABLE 20







Primary



Column
Type
Key
Description







Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique identifier for





the user account that





is sharing information.


Recipient_Account_ID
Number
Yes
Unique identifier for





the user that is





receiving the





information.


Group_ID
Number
Yes
ID of the InfoCard





that is being shared. See





Field_Group::Group_ID.









The encryption engine 158 provides to the VRM 154 and the DXE 156 the capability to save and access raw data that has been encrypted in the relational database 160. This feature is critical to ensuring the security of data that is saved by the system 102, for unencrypted data in a database is very vulnerable to attack, even within what is considered a secure network.
All data read and write requests to the database 160 are implemented through the encryption engine 158, making the task of encrypting and decrypting transparent to all other layers of the system 102 architecture. The encryption engine 158 supports a plurality of conventional encryption schemes on a per field basis. For example, one field in a record may be encrypted using 128-bit symmetric encryption, while another field in the same record may be saved with no encryption at all. The encryption engine 158 architecture also allows encryption keys to be stored physically separate from the database 160 server hosting the encrypted data. Employment of this feature makes it even more difficult to covertly obtain raw information from the database 160.
The database 160 comprises data 162 (user personal information) encrypted by the encryption engine 158, metadata 164 as described above primarily in reference to the VRM 154, and permissions information 166 as described above primarily in reference to the DXE 156. As described above, the VRM 154 and the DXE 156 interact with the database 160 any time a user's personal information is created, edited, or accessed.
Attention is directed to the interface layer 130, preferably comprising the WAP (wireless application protocol) interface server 131, the web clipping interface server 133, the sync interface server 135, the web interface server 137, and the B2B interface server 139. The interface layer 130 is configured to manage the user interaction with the system 102. The different interface servers 131-139 communicate with various client side devices or software across a network 120, preferably a WAN such as the Internet, and manage the user interaction with the system 102 utilizing the communication protocol that is appropriate for the client side device or client side software. The interface servers 131-139 invoke various internal components of the system 102, namely the account manager 152, the vault 142 and the DXE 156, to retrieve, edit, and store information.
The WAP interface server 131 is focused on interfacing with WAP devices 111 utilizing the wireless application protocol, such as Internet-enabled mobile phones or similar wireless communication devices. The web clipping interface server 133 is focused on interfacing with wireless handheld electronic devices 113, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), communicating over a wireless medium utilizing the web clipping protocol. The web interface server 137 is focused on interfacing with users accessing the system 102 via a conventional web browser 117. The web interface server 137 preferably utilizes the secure hypertext transfer protocol (https).
The contact manager 148 manages the list of contacts of a user as described above. The sync interface server 135 provides the interface for synchronizing the contact information stored in the system 102 with other conventional client address books resident on various user handheld or desktop devices. The sync interface server 135 is configured to communicate with client synchronization software 115 residing on the various user handheld or desktop devices, via the network 102.
Finally, the B2B interface server 139 provides an application programming interface (API) for registered users to login to the system 102 and to query for their information or for information about their contacts. Additional exemplary operations include changing (add/delete/edit) their personal information, sharing their personal information with others, requesting others to share their information, and all the other functionality offered by the vault 142 and the contact manager 148 applications. The B2B interface server 139 communicates with client users utilizing https. Upon a client transmission of a request to do a certain action (e.g., manipulate information data 162 or permissions data 166), the request is made to the system 102 using the POST command of http and, possibly, described using XML (eXtended Markup Language). The B2B interface server 139 processes the request and invokes the account manager 152, the vault 142, and the contact manager 148 to perform appropriate subtasks within the request. These three subsystems return information or completion status to the B2B interface server 139, which then appropriately replies to the client request using the language of XML. Through this XML request-reply mechanism, the user can exercise all the functionality of the system 102 described above.
The B2B interface client 119 depicts any software that can communicate over the https protocol and send requests and receive replies from the B2B interface server 139. The B2B interface client 119 application is intended to be written by users of the system 102, with the goal of integrating the information exchange service provided by the system 102 with other user databases containing personal or business information. For example, if a user of the system 102 maintains a list of customers and their contact information in an enterprise database, this user can write a B2B interface client 119 application to interface with the B2B interface server 139, and thus the system 102. Through communication between the proprietary B2B interface client 119 and the B2B interface server 139, the user can access contact information about his customers from the system 102 and store this contact information in the local enterprise database. This feature enables the user's customer information stored on the enterprise database to maintain synchronization with the information in the system 102.
In addition to the API provided for businesses to link to the system 102, a business model is contemplated that would utilize the system 102 to provide a myriad of information services to businesses for a fee. The services provided by the system 102 assist the business in minimizing their database maintenance costs, reducing customer service/call center costs, and improving sales and marketing activities. Some exemplary services may include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) providing accurate, timely customer record updates, thus increasing the efficiency of marketing programs; (2) reducing customer service costs through minimization of call length by facilitating the identification of callers through their system 102 ID, thus providing instant access to the information necessary to resolve the customer complaint/inquiry; (3) maintaining company employee and vendor information through the system 102, either in a distributed manner as described above in reference to the contact manager 148 or through an independent system 102 licensed to the company; (4) listing company information in a business directory maintained by the system 102, which could be used in lieu of or to augment conventional directories such as the white and yellow pages; (5) simplifying customer electronic purchases by enabling customers to register with their site and perform transactions utilizing their system 102 ID and associated information, thus increasing the volume of completed transactions; (6) displaying privacy policies to customers and matching those policies with privacy preferences of the customer maintained by the system 102; (7) maintaining a digital certificate registry to search and track digital certificates of users so that the certificate authority can be automatically notified when a user changes relevant information; and (8) providing a data escrow service thereby escrowing credit card and other transaction information for on-line auction participants.
It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that while the invention has been described above in terms of preferred embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Various features and aspects of the above-described invention may be used individually or jointly. Further, although the invention has been described in the context of its implementation in a particular environment and for particular applications, those skilled in the art will recognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto and that it can be utilized in any number of environments and applications and that its scope is limited only by the claims appended hereto.

## Claims

1. A data exchange engine for use with a database, comprising:
a virtual record manager coupled to the database and configured to manage the storage of at least one data record in the database, the data record being managed at an individual data field level;
a data exchange engine coupled to the database and configured to support an exchange of the information in at least one data field between at least two parties, the exchange being based on a relationship between the parties, the relationship being represented in the database; and
wherein the virtual record manager is configured to utilize a virtual object to manage the storage of the data record, the virtual object defining a data record structure being a logical grouping of individual data fields, the virtual object being described as a virtual object type whereby the virtual object type is configured to provide a description of the data record structure, and utilization of the virtual object allows a unique type of data record to be created substantially instantaneous.

2. The engine of claim 1 wherein the virtual record manager is configured to support a complex data record, the complex data record comprising a plurality of related data fields.

3. The engine of claim 2 wherein the data exchange engine is configured to support the exchange of the information in the complex data record.

4. The engine of claim 1 wherein the virtual record manager is configured to allow a unique type of data record to be created substantially instantaneous.

5. The engine of claim 1 wherein the virtual record manager is configured to allow an instance of the data record to be allocated to the database substantially instantaneous.

6. The engine of claim 1 wherein the virtual record manager is configured to assign each data field a unique identifier.

7. The engine of claim 1 wherein the virtual record manager is configured to associate each data field with a data record type and to manage each data field according to the data record type.

8. The engine of claim 1 wherein utilization of the virtual object allows an instance of the data record to be allocated to the database substantially instantaneous.

9. The engine of claim 1 wherein the virtual record manager and the data exchange engine are configured to provide a means for a party to exchange specific data fields with all other parties with which the party has a relationship.