Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk 

Assessment for the New Proposed Uses of 

Cyprodinil: Addition of Aerial Applications to 

Existing Crops for California

CYPRODINIL

CAS name: 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine

IUPAC name: 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenylpyrimidin-2-amine

CAS No: 121552-61-2; PC Code: 288202

Prepared by:

José L. Meléndez, Chemist

James Felkel, Wildlife Biologist

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Pesticide Programs

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Environmental Risk Branch V

Ariel Rios Building (Mail Code 7507P) 

1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW

Washington, DC 20460

Reviewed by:

Jean Holmes, Risk Assessment Process Leader

Mah T. Shamim, Ph.D., Branch Chief
2

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary................................................................................................................Page 3

A. Nature of Chemical Stressor.....................................................................................Page 3

B. Potential Risks to Non-target Organisms .............................................................Page 3

C. Exposure Characterization...................................................................................... Page 3

D. Effects Characterization ...........................................................................................Page 4

E. Data Gaps and Uncertainties...................................................................................Page 5

II. Problem Formulation.............................................................................................................Page 7

A. Stressor Source and Distribution............................................................................Page 7

B. Receptors...................................................................................................................Page 9

C. Assessment Endpoints............................................................................................Page 11

D. Conceptual Model....................................................................................................Page 12

E. Analysis Plan............................................................................................................Page 14

III. Analysis ................................................................................................................................Page 17

A. Use Characterization..............................................................................................Page 17

B. Exposure Characterization.....................................................................................Page 19

C. Ecological Effects Characterization..........................................................................Page 29

IV. Risk Characterization............................................................................................................Page 31

A. Risk Estimation - Integration of Exposure and Effects Data .................................Page 31

B. Risk Description .........................................................................................................Page 37

C. Description of Assumptions, Limitations, Uncertainties, Strengths and 

Data Gaps ..............................................................................................................Page 45

V. Literature Cited...................................................................................................................Page 48

VI. Appendices...........................................................................................................................Page 50
3

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A. Nature of Chemical Stressor

This assessment addresses the risks of cyprodinil resulting from proposed aerial applications of 

SwitchTM 62.5WG and Vangard® WG in the state of California only, to berries, pistachios, 

strawberries, and tropical fruits; and also proposed aerial application of Vangard® WG, in 

California only, to grapes and pome fruits. Furthemore, it addresses the addition of nine crops or 

crop groups to the label of Vanguard® WG. These crops or crop groups are already registered in 

the preoduct SwitchTM 62.5 WG at the same labe rates (with the exception of strawberries. 

Cyprodinil (4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine; CAS No. 121552-61-2; PC 

Code: 288202) is used in a variety of crops, including fruits, herbs, nuts and vegetables; 

however, aerial applications are not currently allowed except for stone fruits and almonds in the 

state of California only (Vangard® WG label). Cyprodinil is the potential stressor in this 

assessment. It is applied as a fungicide, to control certain pests on various crops. Its mode of 

action is by interference with biosynthesis of methionine. It may also impede the secretion on 

fungal hydrolytic enzymes. The chemical is persistent to various routes of dissipation and it is 

persistent in aquatic systems, where it partitions with the sediment. Furthermore, cyprodinil is 

acutely very highly toxic to freshwater and estuarine/ marine invertebrates in water column 

studies, and hence it is assumed that it is also toxic to sediment dwelling organisms. Aquatic 

invertebrates in the water column or sediments may be killed should exposure to bodies of water 

occur (spray drift or runoff via erosion). 

B. Potential Risks to Non-target Organisms

There is potential for risk to aquatic invertebrates. LOC’s have been exceeded for these 

organisms in all categories (acute risk, risk that may be mitigated through restricted use, acute 

endangered species risk, and chronic risk). The risk quotient ranges for estuarine/ marine 

invertebrates are 0.31 -1.65 (acute) and 1.27 – 6.56 (chronic). For freshwater invertebrates, the 

risk quotient ranges are 0.08 – 0.41 (acute) and 0.30 – 1.56 (chronic). For benthic organisms, 

risk quotient ranges are 0.07 – 0.35 (freshwater acute), 0.27 – 1.38 (freshwater chronic), 0.27 –

1.38 (estuarine/marine acute) and 1.12 – 5.82 (estuarine/marine chronic). Similar risks have been 

previously identified with both Switch (e.g., 8/12/03 EFED review) and with Vangard (e.g., 

8/15/02 EFED review). The addition of aerial application increases drift and thus aquatic 

exposure and risk. Cyprodinil does not readily leach to ground water, however, there is potential 

for surface water contamination by drift and runoff via erosion. Cyprodinil’s fate characteristics 

suggest that once it reaches surface water, residues in the sediment can persist for several months 

to years and invertebrates, even in the water column, can be exposed continuously when residues 

from sediment are redistributed throughout the water body. This type of chronic exposure is a 

concern, because laboratory studies support chronic effects to both mysid shrimp and daphnids. 

C. Exposure Characterization

The environmental fate database for cyprodinil is complete and no additional data are required at 

this time. The major route of dissipation of cyprodinil in the field appears to be the aerobic soil 

metabolism (22-50 days). Laboratory data supports that cyprodinil shows moderately slow to 

very slow degradation patterns to other routes of dissipation. It is highly persistent in anaerobic 

aquatic environments, and degrades slowly in aerobic aquatic environments (half-lives of 106-

612 days in river and pond systems). Aqueous and soil photolysis have been found to be minor 
4

degradation pathways for this chemical. Cyprodinil is stable to hydrolysis in the pH range of 5-9. 

The results of the field studies were of the same order of magnitude than the aerobic soil 

metabolism (CA half lives 42-47 days and NY half lives 14-28 days). Cyprodinil does not 

readily leach to ground water, and appears to have a relatively high affinity to bind to soil and 

particulate matter, it is slightly mobile (FAO classification; Kd range = 14.2 - 31.2 L/Kg; KOC

range = 1,550 - 2,030 L/KgOC). Given the relatively low vapor pressure of cyprodinil (3.80 x 10-6

mmHg), its low Henry’s Law Constant (7.04 x 10-8 atm-m3

/mol), and its tendency to bind to soils 

and sediments, the chemical is not expected to volatilize readily from wet or dry surfaces in the 

environment. Furthermore, cyprodinil is not expected to be a good leacher, except in vulnerable 

sites (because of its very high persistence). The likely routes of exposure to aquatic environments 

will be from spray drift and the contamination of surface waters from run-off and erosion events. 

Cyprodinil’s fate characteristics suggest that residues in the sediment can persist for several 

months to years and aquatic animals, even in the water column, can be exposed continuously 

when residues from the sediment are redistributed throughout the water body by equilibration. 

Based on reported pKa of 4.44, of the conjugated acid, cyprodinil, would primarily exist as a

neutral species in the environment. Cyprodinil residues bioaccumulated only moderately, with 

maximum BCF of 466, in the whole fish tissues. The rate of depuration was rapid. ≥97% of the 

radioactivity depurated by the third day.

There is uncertainty about the transformation products of cyprodinil. It appears that only under 

aerobic conditions there is degradation and little information was available about CGA-249287, 

CGA-321915 and CGA-275535. CGA-275535 shows less mobility than the parent; it is slightly 

mobile (FAO classification). However the other degradates are more mobile than the parent. 

They are mobile to moderately mobile: CGA-321915 and CGA-249287. CGA-275535 is the 

degradate that may be persistent as the parent compound in the sediment, however, with no data 

to show toxic effects of this degradate to any aquatic organism, the impact that it could have on 

them is unknown. 

D. Effects Characterization

Cyprodinil toxicity has been assessed and/or described in previous reviews (e.g., 8/15/02 and 

8/12/03 EFED reviews) and this new use assessment relies on these.

Fish

Cyprodinil is moderately toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis (Rainbow trout 96-hour LC50= 

2410 ppb; Bluegill sunfish 96-hour LC50= 3200 ppb). Cyprodinil is also moderately toxic to 

estuarine/ marine fish on an acute basis (Sheepshead minnow 96-hour LC50= 1250 ppb). An early 

life stage mortality test with fathead minnows show that cyprodinil caused effects at the 460 ppb 

concentration (LOAEC) and no effects at the 230 ppb concentration (NOAEC).

Invertebrates

Cyprodinil is very highly toxic to freshwater invertebrates (Daphnid 48- hour LC50= 32 ppb) on 

an acute basis. A 21-day Life-cycle test with the Daphnid showed effects at the 19 ppb 

concentration (LOAEC) and no effects at the 8 ppb concentration (NOAEC). Cyprodinil is 

highly toxic to the Eastern oyster (96-hour EC50= 433 ppb) and very highly toxic to Mysid 

Shrimp (96-hour LC50= 8 ppb) on an acute basis. In a 28-day life-cycle test, cyprodinil caused 

effects to Mysid Shrimp at the 3.7 ppb level (LOAEC) and no adverse effects were observed at 

the 1.9 ppb concentration (NOAEC).

Aquatic Plants
5

Cyprodinil is moderately toxic to the freshwater Algae (Anabaena flos-Aquae 120-hour EC50= 

2250 ppb) on an acute basis. Cyprodinil is also moderately toxic to estuarine/ marine Algae 

(Skeletonema costatum 120-hour EC50= 1970 ppb).

Birds

Cyprodinil is practically non-toxic to Bobwhite Quail (LD50 >2000 mg/kg) and slightly toxic to 

Mallard Duck (LD50 >500 mg/kg) on an oral acute basis. On a sub-acute dietary basis, it is also 

practically non-toxic to Bobwhite Quail (LC50> 5200 ppm) and Mallard Duck (LC50 > 5180 

ppm). Results from the avian reproduction study with Mallard Duck, showed no effects at the 

500 ppm concentration (NOAEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOAEC) to be >

500 ppm. Results from the reproduction study with Bobwhite Quail, showed no effects at the 600 

ppm concentration (NOAEC) ppm and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOAEC) to be 

>600 ppm.

Mammals

Cyprodinil is practically non-toxic to small mammals (Rat LD50 = 5000 mg/kg). A 10 month, 2-

Generation reproduction study suggests that cyprodinil causes no effects at the >1000 ppm 

concentration (NOAEL). 

Insects

Cyprodinil is practically non-toxic (48- hour LD50 >784 micrograms/bee) to honey bees. 

E. Data Gaps and Uncertainties

Terrestrial Plants

In the seedling emergence and vegetative vigor plant tests, there were no EC25 levels established, 

due to lack of effect. Carrot was the most sensitive seedling emergence species tested with a 15% 

effect for shoot weight. Cucumber was the most sensitive vegetative vigor species tested with 8% 

effect for shoot length. This testing was done at a maximum rate of 0.5 lbs ai/A, applied 3 times 

per year (maximum exposure for terrestrial plants = 1.5 lb ai/A). Since there was not enough 

toxic effect on terrestrial plants in the Tier I test to produce an EC25, no risk quotients can be 

calculated for this assessment.

a. Environmental Fate and Exposure

There is uncertainty about the transformation products of cyprodinil. It appears that only under 

aerobic conditions there is degradation and little information was available about CGA-249287,

CGA-321915 and CGA-275535. HED has identified CGA-249287 as a degradate of concern. 

 

For aerial applications, the estimation of spray drift corresponding to a buffer zone of 150 ft, was 

quantitatively obtained from AgDRIFT® v2.01. However, there is uncertainty with respect to the 

level of mitigation that the vegetative strip of 10 ft can provide for runoff. In certain scenarios, 

runoff via erosion will predominate and will be the most important factor influencing the amount 

of a chemical that a body of water may receive (rather than spray drift). The Tier II model 

PRZM/EXAMS is unable to quantitatively estimate reduction in exposure from the use of a 

vegetative buffer. However, it is expected that the movement of soil particles through the 

vegetative strip would be controlled, therefore mitigating the risk.

2. Ecological Effects
6

A chronic sediment toxicity study with marine/estuarine invertebrates may provide confirmatory 

data. Any study conducted should be with the marine/estuarine invertebrate Leptocheirus 

plumulosus. This is a 28-day study that addresses survival, growth, and reproduction. Please 

refer to the EPA guidance manual EPA 600/R-01/020 (3/01), available on the EPA website. This 

study should substantially reduce uncertainties in risk assessment for aquatic invertebrates 

dwelling in or near sediments, but may not change the overall risk assessment conclusions.

In the absence of this study, EFED relied on the principles of the equilibrium partition theory 

(EqP), to estimate the potential for acute and chronic risk from porewater. This screening 

approach has been sanctioned by the Office of Water (OW). 
7

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION

A previous ecological risk assessment assessed the risks of cyprodinil use on bushberry subgroup, 

caneberry, watercress and pistachio for the product SwitchTM 62.5 WG (DP Barcodes: D278820; 

D274576; D279062; D279448). They concluded that “The maximum application rate of 

cyprodinil for each crop is 0.328 lb a.i./A, applied 4 times/year (1.31 lb cyprodinil/A/year). This 

rate is lower than the maximum rate (1.407 lb cyprodinil /A/year) for the aerial use on almonds 

and stone fruits (refer to memo ‘attached’; DP Barcode D273197).” In the later memo, the 

conclusions were, among others, “EFED’s evaluation of the fate and disposition of cyprodinil 

shows that this compound is persistent, binds to particulate and sediment and has low soil 

mobility (groundwater contamination appears to be low). However, aquifers that lie below areas 

that have low organic content and coarse textured soils or shallow leaky aquifers could be prone 

to contamination. Even though spray drift buffers can potentially reduce the cyprodinil load into 

surface waters, this compound’s high affinity to sorb to soil and particulate suggests that the 

potential for runoff can be coupled with erosion. This stability and binding to particulate and 

organic matter (aerobic and anaerobic conditions) suggests that cyprodinil residues in sediments 

could contribute to a possible resuspension of compound through mixing and mass balance that 

can extend toxic risk to aquatic invertebrates in the epibenthos (water just above the benthos), as 

well as those in the benthos, over an extended time period.” This particular assessment involves 

the risks of cyprodinil resulting from aerial applications of SwitchTM 62.5WG in California to 

berries, pistachio, strawberries and tropical fruits; and Vangard® WG also to grapes and pome 

fruits. Furthemore, this assessment includes the addition of nine crops or crop groups to the label 

of Vangard® WG. The label rates of these crops or crop groups are the same or similar to those 

of the existing product (SwitchTM 62.5 WG), that have previously been assessed by EFED. 

Therefore, the major focus of this assessment is aerial applications of cyprodinil in the state of 

California.

A. Stressor Source and Distribution

1. Source and Intensity

The registrant, Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc., is requesting registration for their selective 

fungicide, cyprodinil (4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl-2-pyrimidinamine; CAS No. 121552-61-

2; PC Code: 288202), for aerial application to control certain fungal diseases in a variety of crops

in California. The maximum application rate is 0.328 lb a.i./A/ application in their product 

SwitchTM 62.5 WG, and includes a 150 ft buffer to protect aquifers. This is the maximum rate 

proposed for most crops on the Vangard label as well, with some crops proposed for up to 0.469 

lb a.i./A, the current maximum rate for almonds and stone fruits. Cyprodinil is considered the 

potential stressor. Following application, the only route of dissipation of the compound is aerobic 

metabolism (especially in soils, but not in aquatic systems). Furthermore, it may drift during 

application, or runoff via erosion for extended periods of time (months). In aquatic environments 

it is expected to partition with the sediment and persist in the benthos. This stability and binding 

to particulate and organic matter (aerobic and anaerobic conditions) suggests that cyprodinil 

residues in sediments could contribute to a possible resuspension of the pesticide through mixing 

and mass balance, that can extend toxic risk to aquatic invertebrates in the epibenthos (water just 

above the benthos), as well as those in the benthos, over an extended time period (many months 

to a year or more). With aerial applications, the level of drift will be higher, increasing the 

exposure.
8

2. Physicochemical, Fate, and Transport Properties

The following are the most important physicochemical and fate characteristics of cyprodinil:

• Complete fate data base.

• Major route of exposure is aerobic metabolism (aerobic soil half-lives 22-50 days).

• It is persistent to hydrolysis at three pH’s (5-9), in anaerobic media, and to photolysis/ 

photodegradation in water and soil.

• Field results are of the same order of magnitude than the aerobic soil metabolism (14-47 

days in CA and NY).

• Slightly mobile. A vulnerable area may be at potential risk of ground water 

contamination, if the chemical is applied, due to its very high persistence (Koc average = 

1,745 L/KgOC).

• Volatilization not expected (low vapor pressure and Henry’s Law constant). Furthermore, 

tendency to bind to soils, sediments and organic matter.

• There is relatively low bioaccumulation potential, with rapid depuration.

• Major transformation products are CGA-249287 and CGA-321915.

• Based on reported pKa of the conjugated acid (4.44), cyprodinil, would primarily exist as 

a neutral species in the environment.

3. Pesticide Type, Class, and Mode of Action

Cyprodinil belongs to a group of fungicides commonly known as anilo pyrimidine fungicides, 

they act by inhibition of amino acids and protein synthesis < http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI131>. 

There are a number of pyrimidine derivatives with systemic fungicidal activity. Cyprodinil is 

referred as a pyrimidinamine. 

The active ingredient of this fungicide (cyprodinil) belongs to a new chemical class of anilinopyrimidines and exhibits a systematic mode of action with no cross resistance to currently used 

disease control products. The systematic action of cyprodinil comes from its lipophilic properties. 

It is easily absorbed into and across the cuticle and wax layers of leaves and fruits from where it 

continuously distributes and penetrates into other plant parts. Biochemical studies indicate that 

the mode of action for cyprodinil comes from its interference with biosynthesis of methionine. It 

may also impede the secretion on fungal hydrolytic enzymes, thus resulting in impaired fungal 

pathogenesis and growth <http://www.frac.info/frac/index.htm>,

<www.frac.info/frac/publication/anhang/FRAC_Code_List2.pdf> and 

<www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/nzpps/journal/52/nzpp52_176.pdf>

4. Overview of Pesticide Usage

Cyprodinil is registered as a fungicide for use in combination with fludioxonil (CAS No. 131341-

86-1) in a product called SwitchTM 62.5WG (37.5% cyprodinil, and 25.0% fludioxonil; EPA Reg. 

No. 100-953). It is also used alone in Vangard® WG (75.0% cyprodinil; EPA Reg. No. 100-

828). For SwitchTM 62.5 WG, the maximum application rate per crop for beans, tropical fruits,

berries, brassica, carrot, herbs, leafy vegetables, onions, garlic, pistachio, strawberries, and 

watercress is equivalent to 1.3 lb a.i./A/year cyprodinil and 0.9 lb a.i./A/year fludioxonil. 

Cyprodinil is used for the control of certain diseases in fruits, herbs, nuts, and vegetables. 

Currently, only ground applications are allowed, and a buffer zone of 75 ft has been imposed to 

protect aquatic areas such as lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes or natural 

ponds, estuaries, and commercial fish ponds. At this time two aerial applications per season are 
9

allowed on stone fruits and almonds only in California, and the buffer zone is increased to 150 ft. 

Application season varies according to the target pest. It is recommended that every two 

applications, the grower used another fungicide so there is no development of resistance.

The registrant is seeking approval of one aerial application per year for berries, pistachios, 

strawberries, and tropical fruits with its product SwitchTM 62.5WG, and grapes and pome fruits 

with its product Vangard, both in the state of California only. According to USDA data (NASS 

2006, USDA 2006), at least one type of crop from each of the crop groups listed on the label is 

grown in California (please, refer to Tables III a and b).

B. Receptors

For the screening-level risk assessment of cyprodinil, toxicological data generated on 

representative test species belonging to broad taxonomic groups are summarized, then utilized in 

an assessment of risk for each group. These data are obtained from registrant-submitted studies. 

Table II.a gives examples of taxonomic groups and test species evaluated for ecological effects in 

screening-level risk assessments for cyprodinil. Within each of these very broad taxonomic 

groups, an acute and/or chronic measure of effect is selected from the available test data. 

Table II.a. Taxonomic Groups and Test Species Evaluated for Ecological Effects in 

Screening-Level Risk Assessments.

Taxonomic group Chemical Example(s) of representative species

Birds a Cyprodinil Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)

Mammals Cyprodinil Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Rabbit 

Dog 

Insects Cyprodinil Honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)

Freshwater fish b Cyprodinil Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Freshwater invertebrates Cyprodinil Water flea (Daphnia magna)

Estuarine/marine fish Cyprodinil Sheepshead minnow

Estuarine/marine invertebrates

Cyprodinil

Mysid shrimp
10

Table II.a. Taxonomic Groups and Test Species Evaluated for Ecological Effects in 

Screening-Level Risk Assessments.

Terrestrial plants c Cyprodinil Multiple species

Aquatic plants and algae Cyprodinil

Blue-green algae (Anabaena flos-aquae)

Marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum)

a Birds represent surrogates for amphibians (terrestrial phase) and reptiles. b Freshwater fish may be surrogates for amphibians (aquatic phase).

c Four species of two families of monocots, of which one is corn; six species of at least four dicot families, of 

which one is soybeans.

1. Ecological Effects

a. Aquatic Effects

For cyprodinil, effects on aquatic organisms are estimated from acute and chronic laboratory 

studies submitted to the Agency. Acute toxicity data are available for freshwater fish [rainbow 

trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)], and freshwater 

invertebrates [water flea (Daphnia magna)]. 

Reproductive or growth effects from chronic exposure are estimated from studies conducted with 

freshwater fish and freshwater invertebrates. 

For cyprodinil, toxicity data are available for aquatic non-vascular plants (blue-green algae, 

Anabaena flos-aquae; Marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum)).

b. Terrestrial Effects 

Terrestrial exposure to birds, mammals and invertebrates can occur orally and via other routes. 

Available cyprodinil toxicity studies allow the assessment of acute oral/dietary exposure of birds 

and mammals. Studies are available to assess reproductive toxicity of cyprodinil. Effects on 

mammals are estimated from acute and chronic laboratory studies reviewed by the Health Effects 

Division (HED). Studies (seedling emergence and vegetative vigor) are available to evaluate the 

effects of cyprodinil to terrestrial plants. 

2. Ecosystems at Risk

Ecosystems that were considered at risk due to applications of SwitchTM 62.5 WG and Vangard® 

WG included areas adjacent to application sites and water bodies adjacent to and downstream of 

application sites. In addition, organisms that inhabit the application site were also considered to 

be part of the ecosystems at risk. Specific ecosystems of interest are freshwater aquatic systems 
11

(e.g. wetlands, lakes, and streams), marine/estuarine aquatic systems (e.g. estuaries) and 

terrestrial systems (e.g. forests). Ground applications of Switch and Vangard are currently on 

accepted labels for applications across the nation; Vangard has aerial use in California for 

almonds and stone fruits only. Risks of aerial applications of cyprodinil are assessed for 

ecosystems in California only.

C. Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints are defined as “explicit expressions of the actual environmental value that 

is to be protected.” Defining an assessment endpoint involves two steps: 1) identifying the valued 

attributes of the environment that are considered to be at risk; and 2) operationally defining the 

assessment endpoint in terms of an ecological entity (i.e., a community of fish and aquatic 

invertebrates) and its attributes (i.e., survival and reproduction). Therefore, selection of the 

assessment endpoints is based on valued entities (i.e., ecological receptors), the ecosystems 

potentially at risk, the migration pathways of pesticides, and the routes by which ecological 

receptors are exposed to pesticide-related contamination. The selection of clearly defined 

assessment endpoints is important because they provide direction and boundaries in the risk 

assessment for addressing risk management issues of concern. Assessment endpoints are 

ultimately selected from the available toxicity studies, and are used as the measures of effects to 

characterize potential ecological risks associated with exposure to dazomet.

To estimate exposure concentrations, this ecological risk assessment considers applications of 

both Switch and Vangard at maximum application rates for a wide variety of scenarios. 

Likewise, the most sensitive toxicity endpoints are used from surrogate test species to estimate 

treatment-related direct effects on acute mortality and chronic reproductive, growth and survival 

assessment endpoints. Toxicity tests are intended to determine effects of pesticide exposure on 

birds, mammals, fish, terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, and plants. These tests include shortterm acute, subacute, and reproduction studies and are typically arranged in a hierarchical or 

tiered system that progresses from basic laboratory tests to applied field studies. The toxicity 

studies are used to evaluate the potential of a pesticide to cause adverse effects, to determine 

whether further testing is required, and to determine the need for precautionary label statements 

to minimize the potential adverse effects to non-target animals and plants. A summary of 

measures of effect selected to characterize potential ecological risks associated with exposure to 

cyprodinil is provided in Table II.b. 

Table II.b. Summary of Possible Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect for MITC 

Assessment Endpoint Measures of Effect

1. Abundance (i.e., survival, reproduction, and growth) 

of individuals and populations of birds.

1a. Bobwhite quail/mallard acute oral LD50. 

1b. Avian subchronic/chronic inhalation.

2. Abundance (i.e., survival, reproduction, and growth) 

of individuals and populations of mammals.

2a. Laboratory rat acute oral LD50.

2b. Laboratory rat development/reproduction chronic 

NOAEL and LOAEL.
12

Table II.b. Summary of Possible Assessment Endpoints and Measures of Effect for MITC 

3. Survival and reproduction of individuals and 

communities of freshwater fish and invertebrates.

3a. Rainbow trout and bluegill acute LC50.

3b. Fathead minnow chronic (early-life) NOAEC and 

LOAEC.

3c. Water flea acute EC50.

3d. Water flea chronic (life-cycle) LOAEC

4. Survival and reproduction of individuals and 

communities of estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates.

4a. Sheepshead minnow acute LC50.

4b. Eastern oyster and mysid shrimp acute LC50.

4c. Mysid shrimp chronic (life-cycle) NOAEC and 

LOAEC (No studies)

5. Survival of beneficial insect populations. 5a. Honeybee acute contact LD50.

6. Perpetuation of individuals and populations of nontarget terrestrial and semi-aquatic species (crops and 

non-crop plant species).

6a. Monocot and dicot seedling emergence and vegetative 

vigor EC25 values.

7. Maintenance and growth of individuals and 

populations of aquatic plants from standing crop or 

biomass.

7a. Algal EC50 values for growth rate and biomass 

measurements. 

LD50 = Lethal dose to 50% of the test population.

NOAEC = No-observed-adverse-effect concentration.

LOAEC = Lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration.

LC50 (EC50) = Lethal (effective) concentration to 50% of the test population.

LC25 (EC25) = Lethal (effective) concentration to 25% of the test population

D. Conceptual Model

1. Risk Hypotheses

Risk hypotheses are specific assumptions about potential adverse effects (i.e., changes in 

assessment endpoints) and may be based on theory and logic, empirical data, mathematical 

models, or probability models (EPA 1998). For this assessment, the risk is stressor-initiated, 

where the stressor is the release of cyprodinil to the environment. Cyprodinil is applied as a 

water dispersible granule. It appears to be persistent and available for runoff for long periods of 

time (months). Furthermore, bodies of water may be contaminated via spray drift. The major 

emphasis initially appears to be on the aquatic invertebrates. The following risk hypothesis is 

presumed for this screening level assessment:

The agricultural uses of cyprodinil may involve potential exposure to terrestrial and 

aquatic organisms. Based on cyprodinil’s persistence, mode of action, direct toxicity and 

possible indirect effects to various food webs, the Agency assumes that this compound 

has the potential to cause reduced survival, growth, and reproductive impairment to 

terrestrial and aquatic animals and plants, as a result of the proposed uses of the 

pesticide.
13

2. Diagram

The conceptual site model shown in Figure 1 generically depicts the potential source of 

cyprodinil release mechanisms, abiotic receiving media, biological receptor types, and effects 

endpoints of potential concern. In order for a chemical to pose an ecological risk, it must reach 

ecological receptors in biologically significant concentrations. An exposure pathway is the 

means by which a contaminant moves in the environment from a source to an ecological receptor. 

For an ecological exposure pathway to be complete, it must have a source, a release mechanism, 

an environmental transport medium, a point of exposure for ecological receptors, and a feasible 

route of exposure. In addition, the potential mechanisms of transformation (i.e., which degradates

may form in the environment, in which media, and how much) must be known, especially for a 

chemical whose metabolites/degradates are of greater toxicological concern). The assessment of 

ecological exposure pathways, therefore, includes an examination of the source and potential 

migration pathways for constituents, and the determination of potential exposure routes (e.g., 

ingestion, inhalation, dermal absorption).

Ecological receptors that may potentially be exposed to cyprodinil include terrestrial and semiaquatic wildlife (i.e., mammals, birds, beneficial insects and reptiles), terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants, and soil invertebrates. In addition to terrestrial ecological receptors, aquatic receptors 

(e.g., freshwater and estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, and amphibians) may also be 

exposed to cyprodinil from the site of application to various watersheds and other aquatic 

environments via runoff and/or spray drift. 

The source and mechanism of release of cyprodinil are ground application via foliar spray, and 

aerial application to agricultural crops only in the state of California. Movement to surface water 

is expected from erosion and spray drift. Potential emission of volatile compounds is not 

considered as a viable release mechanism for cyprodinil, since volatilization is not expected to be 

a significant route of dissipation for this chemical. The potential aquatic receptors include 

freshwater and estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates (water column and benthic), as well as 

freshwater aquatic plants and amphibians. Terrestrial receptors include mammals, birds, plants, 

and nontarget invertebrates (e.g., beneficial insects). The predicted effects can be either direct or 

indirect. Direct toxic effects reflect morbidity and chronic effects on growth, development and 

reproduction. Indirect effects suggest alterations in habitat or feeding that can eventually impact 

the well being of the organism. All of these issues can have implications for population effects.
14

E. Analysis Plan

1. Preliminary Identification of Data Gaps

Given the persistence of cyprodinil in sediment, there is a need for chronic sediment testing, as 

indicated earlier, to fully assess the potential for cyprodinil exposure and toxicity to aquatic 

organisms living in/or on the benthos. The Agency is estimating the potential for toxic risk from 

sediment/porewater through the use of the PRZM/EXAMS model, using the equilibrium 

partitioning theory.

Since cyprodinil sediment toxicity studies were not available, The Agency has estimated the 

potential for toxic risk to aquatic benthic receptors. The basis for this estimation is grounded in 

the equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP) that holds that a nonionic chemical in the sediment 

partitions between sediment organic carbon, interstitial water (porewater) and benthic organisms. 

At equilibrium, if the concentration in any one phase is known then the concentration in the 

others can be predicted (Di Toro et al., 1991). Since, the PRZM/ EXAMS model uses 

equilibrium partitioning in order to predict concentrations of nonionic chemicals in porewater, 

The Agency will rely on this scenario for generating porewater values for potential exposure to 

benthic organisms. Porewater values (μg/L or ppb) will be used in conjunction with acute 

invertebrate effects values (μg/L) generated from standard water column testing. Di Toro et al., 

1991 noted that “for nonionic organic chemicals, the concentration-response relationship for the 

biological effect of concern can most often be correlated with the interstitial water (porewater) 

concentration (μg chemical/ L interstitial water) ...” This method is used and sanctioned by 
15

EPA’s Office of Water and will be used by the Agency as a screening method in the absence of 

actual sediment toxicity data.

2. Measures to Evaluate Risk Hypotheses and Conceptual Model

a. Measures of Exposure

• For aerial applications, the measurement of the level of drift was performed with 

the model AgDRIFT®, in the Tier I Aerial mode, which is capable to determine 

the level of drift to the EXAMS standard pond from a predetermined buffer zone.

• For agricultural uses, exposure concentrations for aquatic ecosystems 

assessments were estimated based on EFED’s Tier 2 aquatic model 

PRZM/EXAMS. A graphical user interface (pe4), developed by the EPA 

<http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water>, was used to facilitate inputting 

chemical and use specific parameters into the appropriate PRZM input files (inp) 

and EXAMS chemical files. This approach employs PRZM, which simulates the 

processes in the agricultural field, such as runoff and erosion, on a daily time 

step. The runoff and erosion flux output data from PRZM are used as chemical 

loadings to EXAMS, which simulates surface water in order to predict the EECs. 

Five PRZM field (crop) scenarios were modeled: CA almonds, CA citrus, CA 

grapes, CA fruits and OR berries. An effort was made to cover as many of the 

crops as possible in the SwitchTM 62.5 WG label and to select crops

representative of the new aerial uses, using the highest application rates (see 

additional notes below). EECs for ecological risk assessment were determined 

using a pond modeling scenario which describes a generic scenario for the 

EXAMS component of the modeling exercise. 

• Since cyprodinil binds to organic carbon (mean KOC = 1,745 mg/L), and 

eventually accumulates in aquatic sediment, toxic exposure to organisms living 

in this media is a concern. EFED has estimated cyprodinil sediment exposure to 

benthic organisms by calculating pore water exposure values using the PRZM/

EXAMS model. Screening level RQs for sediment dwelling organisms were 

estimated with an extrapolation method recommended by the Office of Water 

(USEPA). This was based on the Agency Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment 

Guidelines (ESG) under the Clean Water Act [CWA Section 304(a)(2)]. After 

consultation with the OW, EFED adopted the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) 

method to be used when sediment toxicity and exposure data are not available 

(Appendix C). The EqP theory holds that a nonionic compound in the sediment 

partitions between sediment organic carbon, interstitial (pore) water and benthic 

organisms (Di Toro et al., 1991, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000). 

At equilibrium, if the concentration in any phase is known, then the concentration 

in the other phases can be predicted through the organic/ carbon soil partition 

coefficient. The EECs are calculated from the pore water concentration (an 

output from PRZM/ EXAMS) through the KOC. 

• Since only one aerial application is allowed, and the maximum number of 

applications may be 3 or 4, the EFED will run all aerial and all ground 

applications to bracket the actual estimated environmental concentrations 

(EECs).
16

● The proposed label recommends to alternate fungicides with different modes of 

action every two applications of cyprodinil, for certain crops, in order to avoid 

resistance towards the chemical. The EFED replicated this recommendation by 

changing the interval between application of the second to the third application to 

14 days (equivalent to two applications of cyprodinil).

b. Measures of Effect

Measures of ecological effects are obtained from a suite of registrant-submitted guideline studies 

conducted with a limited number of surrogate species. Surrogate test species of birds, mammals, 

fish, aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and plants are used to estimate treatment-related direct 

effects on acute mortality and chronic reproduction, growth, and survival of non-target species. 

The test species are not intended to be representative of the most sensitive species but rather were 

selected based on their ability to thrive under laboratory conditions. Toxicity testing does not 

represent all species of birds, mammals, or aquatic organisms. Only a few surrogate species for 

both freshwater fish and birds are used to represent all freshwater fish (2000+) and bird (680+) 

species in the United States. Surrogate mammalian species include laboratory rats, rabbits and 

dogs. Reptile and amphibian toxicity data are not available; consequently, this risk assessment 

assumes that avian and reptilian toxicities are similar and fish and amphibian toxicities are 

similar. Consistent with EPA test guidelines, a variety of ecological effects data appropriate for 

this assessment on technical grade cyprodinil that complies with good laboratory testing 

requirements have been submitted. In addition, the Ecological Incident Information System 

(EIIS) is searched to further refine the characterization of potential ecological effects associated 

with exposure to cyprodinil. Toxicity tests include short-term acute, subacute, and 

reproduction/chronic studies. These data are summarized in Section III.C.

c. Measures of Ecosystem and Receptor Characteristics

Ecological field studies studies of cyprodinil (i.e., in natural ecosystems) are not available. An 

evaluation of modeled EECs and calculated RQs will determine if direct effects to receptor 

species could potentially result in effects at the higher levels of organization (i.e. population, 

trophic level, community, ecosystem). 

Models used in this analysis include Tier II PRZM/EXAMS, for the new aquatic exposure 

assessment. Since the current terrestrial model (T-Rex) does not discriminate between aerial and 

ground applications, and cyprodinil has been previously shown to have low risk to terrestrial 

wildlife, new model runs were not conducted. The receptors addressed by the aquatic and 

terrestrial risk assessments are summarized in Figure II.a. For aquatic assessments, generally fish 

and aquatic invertebrates in both freshwater and estuarine/marine environments are represented. 

For terrestrial assessments, three different size classes of small mammals and three size classes of 

birds are represented. Information regarding the toxicity data available for these various classes of 

aquatic and terrestrial receptors is provided in Section III (Analysis).
17

III. ANALYSIS

A. Use Characterization

Cyprodinil (CAS No. 121552-61-2) is registered as a fungicide for use in combination with 

fludioxonil (CAS No. 131341-86-1) in a product called SwitchTM 62.5WG (37.5% cyprodinil, and 

25.0% fludioxonil; EPA Reg. No. 100-953). It is also used alone in Vangard® WG (75.0% 

cyprodinil; EPA Reg. No. 100-828). Cyprodinil is currently used in a variety of crops, including 

stone fruits (apricots, tart cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums, prunes), pome fruits (apples, 

crabapples, loquat, mayhaw, pears, quince) and grapes. In addition, cyprodinil may be applied to 

almonds and pistachio. Furthermore, there are a variety of uses on numerous vegetables, beans, 

berries, herbs, strawberries and watercress. These uses involve exposure around the entire 

continental US, including coastal areas, where estuarine/marine environments may be 

neighboring. Cyprodinil may be applied at planting, post-planting, or foliar; the time of 

application varies widely, depending on the target pest. The new aerial uses have the potential to 

increase the exposure with cyprodinil to neighboring bodies of water substantially, by increasing 

the level of drift. This assessment seeks to quantify this potential.

According to the “Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: 2002,” in 2002, 120,906 lb a.i. were 

applied nationally. The survey did not have earlier data for comparison because this is a 

relatively new chemical in the market. The survey has data for several chemicals and comparison 

against 1997 and 1992.

Tables IIIa and IIIb are summaries of all agricultural use patterns for cyprodinil. The highlighted

uses are those proposed new ones or proposed changes. The use information was obtained from 

the proposed labels for SwitchTM 62.5 WG and Vangard® WG.

Table IIIa. Summary use information for cyprodinil, based on SwitchTM 62.5 WG label.

USE SINGLE 

APP. RATE 

(lbs. a.i./A)

NUMBER 

OF APPS.

SEASONAL 

APP. RATE 

(lbs. a.i./A)

INTERVAL 

BETWEEN 

APPS. (days)

APP. 

METHOD

Pre-Harvest 

Interval 

(days)

Beans (dried and 

succulent)

0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Berries 0.328 4 1.3 7 G,A* 0

Brassica (cole) leafy 

vegetables

0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Carrot 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Herbs 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Leafy Vegetables 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 0

Onions, Garlic 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Pistachio 0.328 4 1.3 14 G,A* 7

Strawberries 0.328 4 1.3 7 G,A* 0
18

Table IIIa. Summary use information for cyprodinil, based on SwitchTM 62.5 WG label.

USE SINGLE 

APP. RATE 

(lbs. a.i./A)

NUMBER 

OF APPS.

SEASONAL 

APP. RATE 

(lbs. a.i./A)

INTERVAL 

BETWEEN 

APPS. (days)

APP. 

METHOD

Pre-Harvest 

Interval 

(days)

Tropical Fruits 0.328 4 1.3 7 G,A* 0

Watercress 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 0

*One aerial application in California only.

Table IIIb. Summary use information for cyprodinil, based on Vangard® WG label. New 

crops appear in bold.

USE SINGLE 

APP. RATE 

(lbs. a.i./A)

NUMBER 

OF APPS.

SEASONAL 

APP. RATE 

(lbs. a.i./A)

INTERVAL 

BETWEEN 

APPS. (days)

APP. 

METHOD

Pre-Harvest 

Interval 

(days)

Beans (dried and 

succulent)

0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Berries 0.328 4 1.3 7 G,A* 0

Brassica (cole) leafy 

vegetables

0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Carrot 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Herbs 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 7

Leafy Vegetables 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 0

Onions, Garlic 0.469 3@0.433 1.3 7 G 7

Pistachio 0.328 4 1.3 14 G,A* 7

Strawberries 0.469 3@0.433 1.3 7 G,A* 0

Tropical Fruits 0.328 5 1.7 7 G,A* 0

Watercress 0.328 4 1.3 7 G 0

Almonds 0.469 3 1.4 NS G,A* 7

Stone Fruits 0.469 3 1.4 NS G,A* 1
19

Table IIIb. Summary use information for cyprodinil, based on Vangard® WG label. New 

crops appear in bold.

USE SINGLE 

APP. RATE 

(lbs. a.i./A)

NUMBER 

OF APPS.

SEASONAL 

APP. RATE 

(lbs. a.i./A)

INTERVAL 

BETWEEN 

APPS. (days)

APP. 

METHOD

Pre-Harvest 

Interval 

(days)

Pome Fruits 0.234 6 1.4 7 G,A* 72

Grapes 0.469 4 2.0 7 G,A* 7

*One aerial application in California only.

NS = Not specified

B. Exposure Characterization

Selected physical and chemical properties of cyprodinil are listed in the following table. 

Cyprodinil is non-volatile and has a relatively low solubility in water (13 ppm at 20°C). It 

degrades moderately under aerobic conditions. There are no other major routes of dissipation for 

the chemical. The following table also provides information about the transformation products of 

cyprodinil, in particular, their mobility. Based on reported pKa of the conjugated acid, in 

moderately acidic to alkaline aqueous solutions, typically expected in the environment (pH 6.0-

8.5), cyprodinil would primarily exist as a neutral species. It is expected to be predominantly in 

the ionized form (protonated species) only in highly acidic aquatic environments (pH <4.4). This

fungicide has a moderately high molecular weight (225.29 g/mol).

Table IV. Summary of physical/chemical and environmental fate and transport properties 

of cyprodinil.

PARAMETER VALUE(S) (units) SOURCE COMMENT

 Chemical Name 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-N-phenyl2-pyrimidinamineChemical Data 

Sheet (web)

CAS name

4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-Nphenylpyrimidin-2-amineIUPAC name

 Structure

 Molecular Weight 225.29 g/mole Registrant Data –

 Physical State Powder with agglomerates at 20°C, 

with a weak odor and beige color

EPA Fact Sheet --

 Density at 20°C 1.21 g/cm3 EPA Fact Sheet --
20

Table IV. Summary of physical/chemical and environmental fate and transport properties 

of cyprodinil.

PARAMETER VALUE(S) (units) SOURCE COMMENT

 Solubility (20 oC) 16-20 ppm @ pH 5; 13 ppm 

@ pH 7; and 15 ppm @ pH 9

MRID: 43709003. –

 Vapor Pressure (20 oC) 3.80 x 10-6 mmHg MRID: 43709003. –

 Henry’s Law constant 7.04 x 10-8 atm-m3/mole

---

Estimated from vapor 

pressure and water solubility.

 pKa 4.44 Tomlin, C.D.S. 

(ed.)

The Pesticide Manual - World 

Compendium, 11 th ed., 

British Crop Protection 

Council, Surrey, England 

1997, p. 319

 pH at 25°C 9.5 EPA Fact Sheet ---

 Solubilities in g/l at 25°C In ethanol 160, acetone 610, 

toluene 460, n-hexane 30, 

n-octanol 160

Tomlin, C.D.S. 

(ed.)

---

Octanol-Water Partition 

Coefficient 

(KOW, at 20o

C)

log PO/W = 3.9 @ pH 5; 4.0 @ pH 7; 

and 4.0 @ pH 9

PO/W = 10,000 @ pH 7

MRID: 43709003. –

 Hydrolysis Half-life 

 (pH 5, 7, 9; (25o

C)

Stable to hydrolysis at 

pH 5, 7, and 9.

MRID: 43709044. Stable at all pHs.

 Aqueous Photolysis Half-life 

 (pH 5)

DT50 = 22 days

In unsterilized water; suspected 

microbial transformation instead 

of photolysis.

MRID: 43908422. ---

 Soil Photolysis Half-life t1/2 = 64-70 days Suspected 

microbial transformation instead 

of photodegradation.

MRID: 43908423 

and 43908424.

–

 Aerobic Soil Metabolism Half-life LS t1/2 = 40 and 50 days

SL t1/2 = 22 and 31 days

MRID: 43908425, 

43908426, 

43709045, and 

43709046.

For the SL, the pattern was 

biphasic, the half lives 

reported include data from 0 

to 21 days.

 Anaerobic Soil Metabolism

Half-life

After aerobic incubation (half-lives 

of 16-98 days), during anaerobic 

conditions, the compound was 

stable

MRID: 43908427 

and 43908428

---

 Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

 Half-life

Stable for 369 days. MRID: 44186406. –

 Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

 Half-life

t1/2 = 106-126 days for the Rhine 

river; 165-178 days for the pond 

system from Switzerland, and 612 

days for the pond system from 

Denton, TX.

MRID: 45518701, 

45518702, 

43908429, and 

43908430.

_

 Organic Carbon Partition

 Coefficient (KOC) (mL/gOC) 

SL 2030

S 1770

L 1630

CL 1550

MRID: 43709047. Low to slight mobility (FAO of 

the UN classification).
21

Table IV. Summary of physical/chemical and environmental fate and transport properties 

of cyprodinil.

PARAMETER VALUE(S) (units) SOURCE COMMENT

 Soil Partition Coefficient (Kd)

(mL/g)

SL 16.3

S 14.2

L 24.3

CL 31.2

MRID: 43709047. –

Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and 

KOC

CGA-249287

Kd KOC

SL 5.23 650

S 6.97 867

CL 3.48 173

L 3.88 260

LS 0.31 180

(mL/g or 

mL/gOC)

MRID 43908431 Moderately mobile

Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and 

KOC

CGA-321915

Kd KOC

SL 2.52 313

S 1.45 180

CL 0.99 49.7

L 1.14 76.5

LS 0.25 147

(mL/g or 

mL/gOC)

MRID 43908432 Mobile to Moderately mobile

Soil Partition Coefficient Kd and 

KOC

CGA-275535

Kd KOC

SL1 60.3 7500

S 26.7 3320

L1 32.1 2070

L2 33.3 2900

LS 4.39 2550

SL2 8.31 1810

(mL/g or 

mL/gOC)

MRID 44186407 Slightly mobile

 Terrestrial Field Dissipation 

 Half-life

Applied to two plots, one w. 6 

applications at 0.5 lb a.i./A, and 

another at 3.0 lb a.i./A:

CA half-lives 42 multiple applics. 

47 days single applic. and NY 14 to 

28 days.

Non-linear first order half-life was 

35 days. First order half lives in 

NY were 88-92 days.

MRID: 44186408, 

44186437, 

44186409, 

44186436.

_

Bioaccumulation in Fish Total residue:

Edible 100X

Non-edible 777X

Whole fish 466X

BCF based on parent only:

Edible 33X

Non-edible 90X

Between 76 and 83% of the 

radioactivity depurated after one 

day; and >97% depurated by the 

third day.

MRID: 43924501.

1. Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization
22

a. Summary of Empirical Data

Cyprodinil is stable to hydrolysis, photolysis, and anaerobic biotransformation. Although aerobic

biotransformation might be a major route of dissipation, primary and secondary aerobic soil 

metabolism half-lives of ca. 30 and 440 days, respectively suggest that cyprodinil can also be 

persistent in aerobic soil under certain circumstances. Cyprodinil has a relatively high affinity to 

sorb to soils and does not volatilize from soil or water. Cyprodinil does not bioaccumulate in 

fish. The major route of transport to surface water would be by erosion of cyprodinil sorbed to 

soils or spray drift.

b. Degradation and Metabolism

Cyprodinil appears to be stable to hydrolysis, and aqueous and soil photolysis. Available fate 

data indicate that cyprodinil is moderately persistent in the aerobic soil environment (t1/2 = 22 to 

50 days). In contrast, laboratory fate data for aquatic systems suggest that aquatic environments 

can be conducive to cyprodinil persistence. Cyprodinil is stable in anaerobic aquatic systems and 

can even persist in aerobic aquatic systems. Calculated half-lives for the total aerobic sediment/

water systems were in the range of 106-178 days for river and pond samples obtained from 

Switzerland and 612 days for pond samples obtained from Texas. In these aquatic systems, 

cyprodinil is expected to be highly persistent in the sediment rather than the water as suggested 

from the observed partitioning from the water column where it had relatively short residence halflives of 3-5 days for samples obtained from Switzerland and 8-29 days for samples obtained from 

Texas. Data suggest that aerobic transformation in sediments is the major means of dissipation in 

aquatic systems. It follows that persistence of cyprodinil is expected to be relatively high if the 

sediment part of the aquatic system is anaerobic compared to aerobic sediment.

The significant (> 10%) degradates of cyprodinil include the hydroxylated parent (CGA 275535 

and CGA 304075) and 4-cyclopropyl-6-methyl-2-amine-pyrimidine (CGA 249287) generated as 

a result of aerobic soil metabolism. CGA-249287 has been identified by HED as a degradate of 

concern.

c. Transport and Mobility

Data on mobility of cyprodinil indicates that cyprodinil does not appear likely to leach 

appreciably through the soil profile into groundwater sources; however, cyprodinil may be very 

persistent in anaerobic environments, which is a concern in vulnerable sites to groundwater 

contamination. Cyprodinil has a relatively high affinity for soil (average Koc= 1,745 L Kg-1

), 

therefore, cyprodinil is likely to adhere to soil particles and move from application sites, and 

reach surface waters and/or vulnerable shallow ground water as an aqueous species in runoff, but 

most likely as sorbed species through erosion of soil particles.

d. Field Studies

Field dissipation studies were conducted in New York and in California. In these studies, a 

wettable powder formulation was applied to two sets of bare ground plots; one set was treated at 

0.5 lb a.i/Acre for 6 applications at 7-day intervals and the second set was treated at 3.0 lb a.i./A 

in a single application. Calculated field dissipation half-lives (DT50) for multiple application trials 

were 42 to 47 days for those conducted in California (CA) and 14 to 28 days for those conducted 

in New York (NY). A range of DT50’s of 88-92 days was calculated for the single application 

trials.
23

In these studies, parent did not leach below the top 6" of the soil. Degradates detected in the top 

6" were CGA-249287 and CGA-321915 at CA; and only CGA-249287 in NY. At lower depths 

(6-12"), CGA-321915 only was detected at California site, between 60 to 240 days post 

treatment.

e. Bioaccumulation

14C-Cyprodinil residues did not significantly accumulate in bluegill sunfish exposed to 14CCyprodinil at 0.105 ppm in a flow-through system for 28 days. Maximum BCFs, as a function of 

total radioactive residues present, were 100, 777, and 466, in the edible, non-edible, and whole 

fish tissues, respectively. Between 76 and 83% of the radioactivity depurated after one day; and 

>97% depurated by the third day.

2. Measures of Aquatic Exposure

a. Aquatic Exposure Modeling

For agricultural uses, exposure concentrations for aquatic ecosystems assessments were estimated 

based on EFED’s Tier II aquatic models PRZM V3.12 Beta and EXAMS V2.98.04. A graphical 

user interface (pe4v01), developed by the EPA <http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water>, 

was used to facilitate inputting chemical and use specific parameters into the appropriate PRZM 

input files (inp) and EXAMS chemical files. The Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) field or 

orchard crop scenario is the basic file which describes the local or regional climatological 

information, soil hydrology, soil characteristics, crop characteristics, and the pesticide properties 

necessary to determine pesticide loadings to ground or surface water. This basic file constitutes 

the first part of the “exposure scenario.” It simulates the processes in the agricultural field, such 

as runoff and erosion, on a daily time step. The runoff and erosion flux output data from PRZM 

are used as chemical loadings to EXAMS (Exposure Analysis Modeling System), which 

simulates surface water in order to predict the Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs). 

The PRZM scenarios selected for modeling were Oregon berries (representative of all berries and 

strawberries in California), California almonds (surrogate for pistachios), California lettuce

(representative of Leafy Vegetables), California Fruits (representative of Pome Fruits) and 

California citrus (representative of Spanish lime, a member of the Tropical Fruits). EECs for 

ecological risk assessment were determined using a pond modeling scenario which describes a 

standard scenario for the EXAMS component of the modeling exercise (EXAMS Mississippi 

pond).

To determine the level of spray drift for a buffer zone of 150 ft imposed in the label for this 

chemical, the model AgDRIFT® v2.01 was utilized. A simple calculation was performed with 

the “toolbox” Deposition Assessment with the Tier II level of AgDRIFT® and the following 

assumptions: drop size distribution ASAE Fine to Medium (DV0.5 = 254.72 μm; DV0.9 = 443.58 

μm), wind speed of 10 mph and boom height of 10 ft. The level of drift (fraction) obtained was 

0.039 (3.9%). The level of drift for ground applications was kept at a conservative 1%.

The proposed label recommends to alternate fungicides with different modes of action every two 

applications of cyprodinil, for certain crops, in order to avoid resistance towards the chemical. 

The EFED replicated this recommendation by changing the interval between application of the 

second to the third application. The interval chosen was 14 days (equivalent to two applications 
24

of cyprodinil). EFED recognizes that some fungicides may have a longer or shorter interval 

between application; however, 14 days appeared to be a good compromise.

Following is a table of input parameters for cyprodinil. The table provides comments which 

explain how each input parameter was selected according to the EFED guidance dated 2/28/02. 

The output files from PRZM/EXAMS appear in the Appendix A. The Appendix also provides 

further information about the models PRZM, EXAMS, and AGDRIFT®.

Table A. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS:

Parameter (units) VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

Output File Name varies with crop --- ---

Chemical Name Cyprodinil Label ---

Crop Name almond (pistachio),

citrus (Spanish lime), 

berries (all berries 

and strawberries), 

grapes, fruits

Proposed Labels SwitchTM 62.5WG 

Fungicide (EPA Reg. No. 

100-953) and Vangard® 

WG (EPA Reg. No. 100-

828)

Application Rate Rate in Kg a.i./ha:

CA almonds 0.367

CA citrus 0.367

CA fruits 0.262

CA grapes 0.525

OR berries 0.489

Label Rate in lb a.i./A:

CA almonds 0.328

CA citrus 0.328

CA fruits 0.234

CA grapes 0.469

OR berries 0.437

Day of Application (daymonth)CA almonds 15-03

CA citrus 01-02

CA fruits 01-04

CA grapes 13-07

OR berries 07-05

Estimated from 

metadata file and 

label, or other 

sources of 

information.

CA almond is surrogate 

scenario for pistachio. OR 

berries covers all berries and 

strawberries.

Number of Applications 

Allowed

1 aerial application 

per crop

CA almond 4

CA citrus 4 

CA fruits 5

CA grapes 4

OR berries 3

Label ---

Minimum Interval between 

Applications (days)

CA almonds – 14 

CA citrus – 7

CA fruits – 7 

CA grapes – 7 

OR berries 7

Label Recommends to alternate 

with another fungicide after 

every two applications.

KOC (mL/gOC) 1,745 MRID: 437090-47 Represents the average KOC

value among four values

ranging from 1550 to 2030 

ml/g. The KOC model was 

utilized; it describes better 

the mobility of cyprodinil.

Aerobic Soil Metabolism 

(days)

44.3 MRID: 439084-26 Represents the 90th

percentile of the upper 

confidence bound on the 

mean of four half-life 

values: 40, 50, 22, 31 days; 

mean = 35.75 days; std. dev. 

= 10.40 days

Incorporation Depth 0.0 in Label ---
25

Table A. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS:

Parameter (units) VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

Method of Application

Ground or Aerial

Label ---

Buffer Zone (ft.) 150 Label ---

Application Efficiency 

(fraction)

0.95 aerial; 0.99 

ground

--- EFED guidance on input 

parameters for PRZM/

EXAMS dated 2/28/02

Spray Drift (fraction) 0.039 aerial; 0.010 

ground

AgDRIFT® Tier II result obtained from 

AgDRIFT® V2.01. 

Consistent with an 

application with a wind 

speed of 10 mph, a boom 

height of 10 ft and a droplet 

size of ASAE Fine to 

Medium.

Solubility in Water (ppm)

At 20°C

130 MRID 437090-03 10X the actual solubility as 

per EFED guidance on input 

parameters for PRZM/

EXAMS, dated 2/28/02. 

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism (days)

382.3 MRID 439084-26, 

439084-29, 439084-

30, 455187-01 & 

455187-02

Represents the 90th

percentile of the upper 

confidence bound on the 

mean of five half-life 

values: 106, 126, 165, 178 

and 612 days; mean = 

237.40 days; std. dev. = 

211.41days

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism (days)

Stable MRID 441864-06 ---

Hydrolysis at pH 7 Stable MRID 437090-44 ---

Aqueous Photolysis @ pH 

7 and 25°C (days)

Stable MRID 439084-22 ---

Molecular Weight (g/mol) 225.29 Registrant Data ---

Vapor Pressure (torr or 

mmHg)

3.80 x 10-6 MRID 437090-03 ---

Henry’s Law Constant

(atm-m3/mol)

7.04 x 10-8 Calculated from 

solubility and vapor 

pressure.

---

Environment pond298.exv --- Default for pond scenario, 

as opposed to index 

reservoir.

Field Size Pond ---

Runoff None --- ---

PRZM Scenario CAalmond_NirrigC.txt

CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt

CAfruit_NirrigC.txt

CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt

ORberriesOP.txt

--- Selected to be representative 

of crops existent and new 

crops, taking into 

consideration geographical 

areas in the state of 

California, and availability of 

PRZM scenarios.

Metfile Scenario CAalmond w23232.dvf

CAcitrus w23155.dvf

CAfruit w93193.dvf

CAgrape w93193.dvf

ORberries w24232.dvf

--- As suggested by the shell 

(pe4V01).
26

Table A. Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS:

Parameter (units) VALUE(S) SOURCES COMMENTS

CAM (Chemical 

Application Method)

2 --- Linear foliar based on crop 

canopy

IPSCND 1 --- pesticide remaining on 

foliage is converted to 

surface application to the 

top soil layer

FEXTRC, Foliar extraction 0.5 --- EFED guidance on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAMS dated 

2/28/02

PLDKRT, Decay rate on 

foliage (day-1)

0 --- EFED guidance on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAMS dated 

2/28/02

PLVKRT, Volatilization 

rate from foliage

0 --- EFED guidance on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAMS dated 

2/28/02

UPTKF, Uptake factor 0 --- EFED guidance on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAMS dated 

2/28/02

Write Benthic Pore Water 

Concentrations?

Yes --- Necessary to calculate the 

benthic organisms risk 

quotients.

Table B provides the EECs of cyprodinil in the water column. The highest peak EEC was 

obtained from the OR berries aerial scenario. In contrast, the peak EEC for the OR berries 

ground scenario, was lower than all of the ground scenarios except for CA fruit ground. The next 

highest EEC corresponds to CA grapes aerial, which has the next lowest ground peak EEC (CA 

grapes ground). It is also noted that the 21-day and 60-day values decreased very little from the 

Selection of PRZM scenarios and limitations:

The aerial crops assessed included all berries, tropical fruits, strawberries, grapes and pome fruits. 

Among the tropical fruits the Spanish lime was modeled with the CA citrus scenario, but the 

model represented also lychee, longan, rambutan and pulasan. Grapes were represented with the 

CA grapes scenario. Pome fruits (apples, crabapples, loquat, mayhaw, pears, quince) were 

modeled with the CA fruits scenario. This scenario is suitable to represent non-citrus fruits, such 

as pome fruits. To represent strawberries and all berries (berries, bushberries, caneberries, 

juneberries, lingonberries, salal), the EFED selected the OR berries scenario. Oregon is a 

contiguous state (to California), and the scenario was the best representation available. There are 

some considerations and uncertainties related to the scenario. The OR berries scenario is set to 

represent blackberries. It is located in the NE of the state of Oregon. The weather patterns may 

not be exactly those observed in California. However, because the scenario is in a contiguous 

state one would expect that the general weather patterns would not differ extremely from those of 

California. Furthermore, the soils may be similar as well (that is, conducive to growing of 

berries). Therefore, the EFED still considers the scenario suitable for a Tier II screening level 

risk analysis. In addition, the EFED included strawberries in the group of crops covered by the 

OR berries scenario. Since the single application rate for strawberries is higher than for other 

berries in the label of Vangard, the rate for strawberries was utilized in the modeling of all 

berries. The higher rate will cover the use rates for other berries.
27

peak value. The reader is reminded that cyprodinil is persistent under aerobic and anaerobic

aquatic metabolism.

Table B. Estimated Environmental Concentrations of Cyprodinil in the Water Column in ppb

Scenario Peak 21-day 60-day

CA almonds ground 4.83 4.38 4.08

CA almonds aerial 9.48 9.09 8.78

CA citrus ground – 5 4.56 4.45 4.41

CA citrus aerial – 5 9.94 9.54 9.44

CA citrus ground – 4 4.23 4.12 4.05

CA citrus aerial – 4 8.80 8.39 8.10

CA grapes ground 3.85 3.68 3.58

CA grapes aerial 11.00 10.37 9.78

CA fruits ground 2.51 2.42 2.31

CA fruits aerial 7.76 7.42 7.15

OR berries ground 3.40 3.26 3.13

OR berries aerial 13.17 12.47 11.88

Equilibrium Partitioning and Concentration in the Sediment/Pore water

As mentioned previously, cyprodinil is a lipophilic compound that can adsorb readily to 

particulate and sediment, thus possibly limiting its exposure to aquatic life in the water column 

but increasing toxic exposure in the benthos. Sediment can act as a reservoir for lipophilic 

persistent compounds. The sediment and particulate likely adsorb a high percentage of cyprodinil

TGAI, as indicated by its relatively high KOC. Therefore, coupled with cyprodinil’s persistence in

aerobic and anaerobic aquatic environments, sediment bound cyprodinil TGAI could present a 

toxicity risk for benthic aquatic life and aquatic ecosystems in general. 

Therefore, in order to assess this potential for pesticide risk to aquatic benthic systems, the 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) of the Office of Pesticides Program (OPP) has 

adopted the method used by the Office of Water that relies on equilibrium partitioning (EqP) of 

chemicals. The EqP theory is based on the hydrophobicity and concentrations of the chemical 

normalized to organic carbon (OC) in sediment (De Toro et al. 1991) and holds that a nonionic 

chemical in sediment partitions between sediment organic carbon, interstitial (pore) water and 

benthic organisms. At equilibrium, if the concentration in any phase is known, then the 

concentration in the other phases can be predicted. A key component to this theory is the 

chemicals organic carbon coefficient (KOC), which is constant for every chemical and represents 

the ratio of the chemical concentration in water to the concentration in organic carbon. The 

document, “Technical Basis for the Derivation of Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines 

(ESGs) for the Protection of Benthic Organisms: Nonionic Organics” (Di Toro, et al. 1991), 

demonstrates that biological responses of benthic organisms to nonionic organic chemicals in 

sediments are different when the sediment concentrations are expressed on a dry weight basis, but 

similar when expressed on a ug chemical/g organic carbon basis (ug/goc). Similar responses were

also observed across sediments when interstitial water concentrations were used to normalize 

biological availability. The Technical Basis Document further demonstrates that if the toxic effect 

concentration in water is known (e.g., LC50), the effect concentration in sediment on a ug/goc basis 

can be predicted by multiplying the effect concentration in water by the chemical Koc.

 (LC50 ug/L x Koc L/Kgoc x 1 Kgoc/1000goc = LC50 ug/goc)
28

Since, EFED uses a deterministic method for its screening level risk assessment, the calculation 

of risk quotient values (RQ) is important for assessing possible risk. The RQ values are calculated 

by taking the ratio of the estimated exposure concentrations (EEC) to the toxicity effect value 

(e.g., LC50, NOAEC). The EEC values are model generated (e.g., PRZM/EXAMS) and reflect 

peer evaluated and approved scenarios for assessing pesticide exposure to an aquatic 

environment. However, the PRZM/EXAMS output produces water column EEC values, as well 

as pore water EEC values. Therefore, to assess possible toxic pesticide exposure to aquatic 

organisms from sediments, EFED is using the PRZM/EXAMS to generate EECs for pore water 

model based on the principles of the equilibrium partitioning theory, by relying on pore water 

output values. 

The calculations that rely on pore water can be calculated by dividing the PRZM/EXAMS output 

value for pore water concentrations by the dissolved concentrations in the water column that 

caused toxicity in bioassays using cyprodinil TGAI (e.g., LC50).

 RQbenthic organisms = EEC pore water μg/L / LC50 μg/L

Additional details on the equilibrium partitioning theory can be found in Appendix C.

Table C provides the EECs for the pore water. The peak EECs follow a similar trend than the 

peak EECs for the water column; however, they are approximately 20-30% smaller in magnitude. 

The 21-day and the 60-day EECs did not change over time, compared to the peak EEC.

Table C. Estimated Environmental Concentrations of Cyprodinil in the Pore Water in ppb

Scenario Peak 21-day 60-day

CA almonds ground 3.70 3.70 3.69

CA almonds aerial 8.26 8.26 8.23

CA citrus ground – 5 4.25 4.25 4.25

CA citrus aerial – 5 8.87 8.87 8.85

CA citrus ground – 4 3.90 3.89 3.89

CA citrus aerial – 4 7.58 7.58 7.56

CA grapes ground 3.38 3.38 3.37

CA grapes aerial 9.06 9.06 9.02

CA fruits ground 2.12 2.12 2.12

CA fruits aerial 6.57 6.57 6.54

OR berries ground 3.00 3.00 2.99

OR berries aerial 11.05 11.05 11.02

b. Aquatic Exposure Monitoring (Field Data)

No data were identified to provide information on surface water or groundwater monitoring of 

cyprodinil. Databases searched included NAWQA Pesticide National Synthesis Project,

STORET and Pesticides in Groundwater Database.

3. Measures of Terrestrial Exposure

a. Modeling of Exposure for Non-Target Terrestrial Animals

The focus of this risk assessment is the potential increased aquatic risk resulting from the addition 

of aerial application. The current terrestrial model (T-REX) does not discriminate between 
29

ground and aerial application, and thus would not be able to demonstrate what risk changes would 

occur with this label change. Further, all previous cyprodinil terrestrial modeling has shown very 

low risk to terrestrial wildlife, far below Levels of Concern. Thus, this review simply relies on 

this prior modeling and results rather than generate new modeling of terrestrial exposure.

b. Exposure Modeling for Non-Target Terrestrial Plants

There is no risk assessment for terrestrial plants since no EC25 values are available.

C. Ecological Effects Characterization

This review relies on previous risk assessments (e.g., 8/15/02 Vangard assessment and 8/12/03 

Switch assessment) for all cyprodinil (single ai/technical) toxicity information. 

1. Aquatic Effects

a. Aquatic Animals

Fish

Cyprodinil is moderately toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis (rainbow trout 96-hour LC50= 

2410 ppb; bluegill sunfish 96-hour LC50= 3200 ppb). Cyprodinil is also moderately toxic to 

estuarine/ marine fish on an acute basis (sheepshead minnow 96-hour LC50= 1250 ppb). An early 

life stage mortality test with fathead minnows show that cyprodinil caused effects at the 460 ppb 

concentration (LOAEC) and no effects at the 230 ppb concentration (NOAEC).

Invertebrates

Cyprodinil is very highly toxic to freshwater invertebrates (daphnid 48- hour LC50= 32 ppb) on an 

acute basis. A 21-day Life-cycle test with the daphnid showed effects at the 19 ppb concentration 

(LOAEC) and no effects at the 8 ppb concentration (NOAEC). Cyprodinil is highly toxic to the 

eastern oyster (96-hour EC50= 433 ppb) and very highly toxic to mysid shrimp (96-hour LC50= 8 

ppb) on an acute basis. In a 28-day life-cycle test, cyprodinil caused effects to mysid shrimp at 

the 3.7 ppb level (LOAEC) and no adverse effects were observed at the 1.9 ppb concentration 

(NOAEC).

b. Aquatic Plants

a. Terrestrial Animals

Aquatic Plants

Cyprodinil is moderately toxic to the freshwater algae (Anabaena flos-Aquae 120-hour EC50= 

2250 ppb) on an acute basis. Cyprodinil is also moderately toxic to estuarine/ marine algae 

(Skeletonema costatum 120-hour EC50= 1970 ppb).

2. Terrestrial Effects

Cyprodinil is practically non-toxic to bobwhite quail (LD50 >2000 mg/kg) and slightly toxic to 

mallard duck (LD50 >500 mg/kg) on an oral acute basis. On a sub-acute dietary basis, it is also 

practically non-toxic to bobwhite quail (LC50> 5200 ppm) and mallard duck (LC50 > 5180 ppm). 

Results from the avian reproduction study with mallard duck showed no effects at the 500 ppm 

Birds
30

concentration (NOAEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOAEC) to be > 500 ppm. 

Results from the reproduction study with bobwhite quail showed no effects at the 600 ppm 

concentration (NOAEC) ppm and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOAEC) to be >600 

ppm.

Mammals

Cyprodinil is practically non-toxic to small mammals (rat LD50 = 5000 mg/kg). A 10 month, 2-

Generation reproduction study suggests that cyprodinil causes no effects at the >1000 ppm 

concentration (NOAEL). 

Insects

Cyprodinil is practically non-toxic (48- hour LD50 >784 micrograms/bee) to honey bees. 

b. Terrestrial Plants

In the seedling emergence and vegetative vigor plant tests, there were no EC25 levels established, 

due to lack of effect. Carrot was the most sensitive seedling emergence species tested with a 15% 

effect for shoot weight. Cucumber was the most sensitive vegetative vigor species tested with 8% 

effect for shoot length. This testing was done at a maximum rate of 0.5 lbs ai/A, applied 3 times 

per year (maximum exposure for terrestrial plants = 1.5 lb ai/A). Since there was not enough 

toxic effect on terrestrial plants in the Tier I test to produce an EC25, no risk quotients can be 

calculated for this assessment.

3. Formulated Product Data

Six (6) acute studies have been submitted on the formulation Switch 62.5 WG, which contains 

37.6% cyprodinil and 25.1% fludioxonil. Three of these are considered invalid, in part due to 

poor recovery of one or both of the active ingredients (rainbow trout, MRID 456493-03; bluegill, 

MRID 456493-02; daphnid, MRID 456493-01). Reviews of the remaining two aquatic tests 

(mysid, MRID 457345-01; duckweed, MRID 458081-01) and a honey bee study (MRID 456493-

04) indicate that these are considered Acceptable (Core). 

Review of the mysid study indicates a 96-hour LC50 of 51 (33-97) ppb of cyprodinil in this 

formulation. Technical cyprodinil (99.2% ai) has a lower LC50 (8 ppb), which will be used for 

risk assessment. There thus does not appear to be any synergism between active ingredients in 

the formulation. Review of the duckweed study indicates an EC50 of 1.3 ppm cyprodinil. Both 

this toxicity value and other aquatic plant toxicity values are all far above expected EECs and 

thus no LOCs for aquatic plants would be exceeded. Results of the honey bee study indicate that 

the Switch formulation is considered practically non-toxic to honey bees on an acute contact basis 

(LD50 > 200 ug/bee).
31

IV. RISK CHARACTERIZATION

Risk characterization provides the final step in the risk assessment process. In this step, exposure 

and effects characterization are integrated to provide an estimate of risk relative to established 

levels of concern (LOC). The results are then interpreted for the risk manager through a risk 

description and synthesized into an overall conclusion.

A. Risk Estimation - Integration of Exposure and Effects Data

A deterministic approach is used to evaluate the likelihood of adverse ecological effects to nontarget species. In this approach, risk quotients (RQs) are calculated by dividing exposure 

estimates (EECs) by ecotoxicity values for non-target species, both acute and chronic. 

RQ = EXPOSURE/TOXICITY 

RQs are then compared to OPP's levels of concern (LOCs). These LOCs are criteria used by OPP 

to indicate potential risk to non-target organisms and the need to consider regulatory action. The 

criteria indicate that a pesticide used as directed has the potential to cause adverse effects on nontarget organisms. LOCs currently address the following risk presumption categories: (1) acute -

potential for acute risk is high, regulatory action may be warranted in addition to restricted use 

classification (2) acute restricted use - the potential for acute risk is high, but this may be 

mitigated through restricted use classification (3) acute endangered species - the potential for 

acute risk to endangered species is high, regulatory action may be warranted, and (4) chronic risk 

- the potential for chronic risk is high, regulatory action may be warranted. Currently, EFED 

does not perform assessments for chronic risk to plants, acute or chronic risks to non-target 

insects, or chronic risk from granular/bait formulations to mammalian or avian species.

The ecotoxicity test values (i.e., measurement endpoints) used in the acute and chronic risk 

quotients are derived from the results of required studies. Examples of ecotoxicity values derived 

from the results of short-term laboratory studies that assess acute effects are: (1) LC50 (fish) (2) 

LD50 (birds and mammals) (3) EC50 (aquatic plants and aquatic invertebrates) and (4) EC25

(terrestrial plants). An example of a toxicity test effect level derived from the results of long-term 

laboratory study that assesses chronic effects is: NOAEC (birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates). 

Risk presumptions, along with the corresponding RQs and LOCs are tabulated below:

TABLE IV.a. Risk Presumptions for Terrestrial Animals

Risk Presumption RQ LOC

Birds:

Acute Risk EEC1/LC50 or LD50/sqft2 or LD50/day3 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day (or LD50 < 50 

mg/kg) 0.2

Acute Endangered Species EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.1

Chronic Risk EEC/NOAEC 1

Wild Mammals:

Acute Risk EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.5
32

TABLE IV.a. Risk Presumptions for Terrestrial Animals

Risk Presumption RQ LOC

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day (or LD50 < 50 

mg/kg) 0.2

Acute Endangered Species EEC/LC50 or LD50/sqft or LD50/day 0.1

Chronic Risk EEC/NOAEC 1

1 Estimated Environmental Concentration (ppm) on avian/mammalian food items 

2 (mg/ft) / LD50 * wt. of bird 3

(mg of toxicant consumed/day)/ LD50 * wt. of bird

 

 

TABLE IV.b. Risk Presumptions for Aquatic Animals

Risk Presumption RQ LOC

Acute Risk EEC1/LC50 or EC50 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC50 or EC50 0.1

Acute Endangered Species EEC/LC50 or EC50 0.05

Chronic Risk EEC/ NOAEC 1

1

 EEC = (ppm or ppb) in water

TABLE IV.c. Risk Presumptions for Plants 

Risk Presumption RQ LOC

Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Plants:

Acute Risk EEC1/EC25 1

Acute Endangered Species EEC/EC05 or NOAEC 1

Aquatic Plants:

Acute Risk EEC2/EC50 1

Acute Endangered Species EEC/EC05 or NOAEC 1

1

 EEC = lbs ai/A 

2

 EEC = (ppb/ppm) in water 
33

1. Non-target Aquatic Animals and Plants

a. Fish and Invertebrates

Non-target Aquatic Animals

Table 1. Risk Quotients for Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates. The calculations were based on the following: for 

freshwater fish an LC50 of 2410 ppb for rainbow trout and NOAEC of 230 ppb for fathead minnow; for 

freshwater invertebrates an LC50 of 32 ppb for daphnid and NOAEC of of 8 ppb for daphnid.

Application 

Rate

lb a.i./A/ Year 

Method

Crop

(number of days 

between 

applications)

Peak 

EEC

(ppb)

21-day 

EEC

(ppb)

60-day 

EEC

(ppb)

Acute RQ 

(Peak EEC 

/ LC50) for 

Fish

Acute RQ 

(Peak EEC / 

LC50) for 

Invertebrates

Chronic 

RQ (60-

day 

EEC/ 

NOAEC) 

for Fish

Chronic RQ 

(21-day EEC/ 

NOAEC) for 

Invertebrates

0.328 applied 

4 times

Ground Spray

CA almond

(7)

(1 % drift)

4.83 4.38 4.08 <0.01 0.15 0.02 0.55

0.328 applied 

4 times

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA almond

(7 )

( 3.9 % drift)

9.48 9.09 8.78 <0.01 0.30 0.04 1.14

0.328 applied 

4 times

Ground Spray

CA citrus

(7)

(1 % drift)

 

4.23 

 

4.12 

 

4.05 <0.01 0.13 0.02 0.52

0.328 applied 

4 times

Aerial Spray

CA citrus

(7 )

( 3.9 % drift)

 

8.80 

 

8.39 

 

8.10 <0.01 0.28 0.04 1.05

0.328 applied 

5 times

Ground Spray

CA citrus

(7)

(1 % drift)

4.56 4.45 4.41 <0.01 0.14 0.02 0.56

0.328 applied 

5 times

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA citrus

(7 )

( 3.9 % drift) 

9.94 9.54 9.44 <0.01 0.31 0.04 1.19

0.433 applied 

3 times

Ground Spray

OR berries

(7) 3.40 3.26 3.13 <0.01 0.11 0.01 0.41

0.433 applied 

3 times

Aerial Spray

OR berries

(7) 13.17 12.47 11.88 0.01

0.41 0.05 1.56

Ground Spray CA grapes

Vangard Only

3.85 3.68 3.58 <0.01

0.12 0.02 0.46

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA grapes

Vangard Only

11.00 10.37 9.78 <0.01

0.34 0.04 1.30

Ground Spray CA fruits

Vangard Only

2.51 2.42 2.31 <0.01

0.08 0.01 0.30

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA fruits

Vangard Only

7.76 7.42 7.15 <0.01

0.24 0.03 0.93

Risk Presumptions for Aquatic Animals and LOCs

Risk Presumption LOC
34

Acute Risk

Acute Restricted Use

Acute Endangered Species

Chronic Risk

> 0.5

> 0.1

> 0.05

> 1
35

Table 2. Risk quotients for estuarine/marine fish and aquatic invertebrates. The calculations were based on the 

following: for estuarine/marine fish an LC50 of 1250 ppb for sheephead minnow, and for estuarine/ marine 

invertebrates an LC50 of 8 ppb for mysid shrimp and a NOAEC of 1.9 ppb for mysid shrimp.

Application 

Rate

lb a.i./A/ Year 

Method

Crop

(number of days 

between 

applications)

Peak 

EEC

(ppb)

21-day 

EEC

(ppb)

Acute RQ 

(Peak EEC 

/ LC50) for 

Fish

Acute RQ 

(Peak EEC / 

LC50) for 

Invertebrates

Chronic RQ 

(21-day EEC/ 

NOAEC) for 

Invertebrates

0.328 applied 

4 times

Ground Spray

CA almond

(7 )

(1 % drift)

4.83 4.38 <0.01 0.60 2.31

0.328 applied 

4 times

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA almond

(7 )

(3.9 % drift)

9.48 9.09 0.01 1.19 4.78

0.328 applied 

4 times

Ground Spray

CA citrus

(7 )

(1 % drift)

 

4.23 

 

4.12 <0.01 0.53 2.17

0.328 applied 

4 times

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA citrus

(7 )

(1 % drift)

 

8.80 

 

8.39 0.01 1.10 4.42

0.328 applied 

5 times

Ground Spray

CA citrus

(7 )

(1 % drift)

4.56 4.45 <0.01 0.57 2.34

0.328 applied 

5 times

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA citrus

(7 )

( 3.9 % drift)

9.94 9.54 0.01 1.24 5.02

0.433 applied 

3 times

Ground Spray

OR berries

(7) 3.40 3.26 <0.01 0.43 1.72

0.433 applied 

3 times

Aerial Spray

OR berries

(7) 13.17 12.47 0.01 1.65 6.56

Ground Spray CA grapes

Vangard Only

3.85 3.68 <0.01 0.48 1.94

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA grapes

Vangard Only

11.00 10.37 0.01 1.38 5.46

Ground Spray CA fruits

Vangard Only

2.51 2.42 <0.01 0.31 1.27

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA fruits

Vangard Only

7.76 7.42 0.01 0.97 3.91

Risk Presumptions for Aquatic Animals and LOCs

Risk Presumption LOC

Acute Risk

Acute Restricted Use

Acute Endangered Species

Chronic Risk

> 0.5

> 0.1

> 0.05

> 1
36

b. Benthic Organisms

In the absence of a marine/estuarine chronic sediment toxicity study, EFED relied on the 

principles of the equilibrium partition theory (EqP), to estimate the potential for acute and chronic 

risk from porewater. This screening approach has been sanctioned by the Office of Water (OW). 

Aquatic EECs were generated for sediment pore water concentrations (see Exposure 

Characterization, II.B. above). These concentrations are then compared to the toxicity values for 

the most sensitive aquatic organisms. Table 3 presents the risk quotients resulting from this 

comparison. 

Table 3. Risk quotients for benthic invertebrates. The calculations were based on the following: for 

freshwater invertebrates, an LC50 of 32 ppb for daphnids and NOAEC of 8 ppb for daphnids; for estuarine/ 

marine invertebrates an LC50 of 8 ppb for mysid shrimp and a NOAEC of 1.9 ppb for mysid shrimp.

Application 

Rate

lb a.i./A/ Year 

Method

Crop

(number of 

days between 

applications)

Peak 

EEC

(ppb)

21-day 

EEC

(ppb)

Acute RQ 

(Peak EEC / 

LC50) for 

Freshwater 

Invertebrates

Chronic RQ 

(21-day EEC/ NOAEC) for

Freshwater Invertebrates

Acute RQ 

(Peak EEC / 

LC50) for

Est./marine

Invertebrates

Chronic RQ 

(21-day EEC/ 

NOAEC) for

Est./marine 

Invertebrates

0.328 applied 

4 times

Ground Spray

CA almond

(7 )

(1 % drift)

3.70 3.70 0.12 0.46 0.46 1.95

0.328 applied 

4 times

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA almond

(7 )

(3.9 % drift)

8.26 8.26 0.26 1.03 1.03 4.35

0.328 applied 

4 times

Ground Spray

CA citrus

(7 )

(1 % drift)

 

3.90 

 

3.89 0.12 0.49 0.49 2.05

0.328 applied 

4 times

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA citrus

(7 )

(1 % drift)

 

7.58 

 

7.58 0.24 0.95 0.95 3.99

0.328 applied 

5 times

Ground Spray

CA citrus

(7 )

(1 % drift)

 

4.25 

 

4.25 0.13 0.53 0.53 2.24

0.328 applied 

5 times

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA citrus

(7 )

( 3.9 % drift)

 

8.87 

 

8.87 0.28 1.11 1.11 4.67

0.433 applied 

3 times

Ground Spray

OR berries

(7) 

3.00 

 

3.00 0.09 0.38 0.38 1.58

0.433 applied 

3 times

Aerial Spray

OR berries

(7) 

11.05 

 

11.05 0.35 1.38 1.38 5.82

Ground Spray CA grapes

Vangard Only

 

3.38 

 

3.38 0.11 0.42 0.42 1.78

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA grapes

Vangard Only

 

9.06 

 

9.06 

 

0.28 1.13 1.13 4.77

Ground Spray CA fruits

Vangard Only

 

2.12 

 

2.12 

 

0.07 0.27 0.27 1.12

Aerial Spray

(150 ft)

CA fruits

Vangard Only

 

6.57 

 

6.57 

 

 

0.21 0.82 0.82 3.46
37

Risk Presumptions for Aquatic Animals and LOCs

Risk Presumption LOC

Acute Risk

Acute Restricted Use

Acute Endangered Species

Chronic Risk

> 0.5

> 0.1

> 0.05

> 1

b. Aquatic Plants

Given the highest peak EEC of 13.17 ppb (OR berries) and lowest toxicity endpoint (538 ppb 

NOAEC for freshwater algae), the highest risk quotient would be 0.02 (acute endangered species) 

for aquatic plants. This is far below the LOC of 1, and thus all aquatic plant risk quotients are 

also far below LOCs.

2. Non-target Terrestrial Animals

As discussed earlier, the current terrestrial model (T-REX) does not discriminate between ground 

and aerial application, and thus would not be able to demonstrate what risk changes would occur 

with this label change. Further, all previous cyprodinil terrestrial modeling has shown very low 

risk to terrestrial wildlife, far below Levels of Concern. Thus, this review simply relies on this 

prior modeling and results rather than generate new modeling of terrestrial exposure, with new 

risk quotients.

B. Risk Description - Interpretation of Direct Effects

The risk hypothesis states that the use of cyprodinil as a fungicide for foliar spray use is likely to 

expose terrestrial and aquatic animals and plants, with resulting adverse effects. Based on 

available ecotoxicity data and predicted environmental exposures, this ecological risk assessment 

supports the presumption of direct risk to aquatic organisms.

1. Risks to Aquatic Organisms

a. Animals

The principal risks identified for aquatic animals are acute and chronic risk to freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates. Based on water column EECs, acute LOCs are exceeded for both 

freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates for all scenarios modeled. Chronic LOCs are 

exceeded for estuarine/marine invertebrates for all scenarios and are exceeded for freshwater 

invertebrates for five scenarios. Based on pore water EECs, acute LOCs are exceeded for both 

freshwater benthic and estuarine/marine benthic invertebrates for all scenarios modeled. Chronic 

LOCs are exceeded for estuarine/marine benthic invertebrates for all scenarios and are exceeded 

for freshwater benthic invertebrates for four scenarios. Thus, risks are to both invertebrates that 

inhabit the water column and those that inhabit benthic sediments. 

LOC’s have been exceeded for aquatic invertebrates in all categories (acute risk, risk that may be 

mitigated through restricted use, acute endangered species risk, and chronic risk). Across all 
38

modeled scenarios, the risk quotient ranges for estuarine/ marine invertebrates are 0.31 -1.65 

(acute) and 1.27 – 6.56 (chronic). For freshwater invertebrates, the risk quotient ranges are 0.08 –

0.41 (acute) and 0.30 – 1.56 (chronic). For benthic organisms, risk quotient ranges are 0.07 –

0.35 (freshwater acute), 0.27 – 1.38 (freshwater chronic), 0.27 – 1.38 (estuarine/marine acute) and 

1.12 – 5.82 (estuarine/marine chronic). 

The highest risk quotients across all sites modeled are for estuarine/marine invertebrates. This is 

true for both acute and chronic risk, as seen in the RQ tables earlier and the ranges listed above. 

As discussed earlier, all scenarios were run with all air and all ground applications, to bracket 

estimated residues (a maximum of one aerial application is allowed by proposed labels). The 

Oregon berry scenario (used to model for berries and strawberries) with all air applications is the 

scenario producing the highest RQs, while the California fruits scenario (used to model pome 

fruits) with all ground applications produced the lowest RQs. Even these very lowest RQs

(which are lower than potentially expected, since up to one aerial application is proposed) exceed 

several LOCs (freshwater acute ES LOC for water column and pore water; estuarine/marine acute 

ES and RU LOC and chronic LOC for water column and pore water). The highest RQs (OR 

berries/all air) exceed nearly all LOCs, and by larger amounts (freshwater acute ES and RU LOCs 

and chronic LOC for water column and pore water; estuarine/marine acute ES, RU, and acute risk 

and chronic LOC for water column and pore water).

Similar risks have been previously identified with both Switch (e.g., 8/12/03 EFED review) and 

with Vangard (e.g., 8/15/02 EFED review). The addition of aerial application increases drift and 

thus aquatic exposure and risk. Cyprodinil does not readily leach to ground water; however, there 

is potential for surface water contamination by drift and run-off events. Cyprodinil’s fate 

characteristics suggest that once it reaches surface water, residues in the sediment can persist for 

several months to years and invertebrates, even in the water column, can be exposed continuously 

when residues from sediment are redistributed throughout the water body. This type of chronic 

exposure is a concern, because laboratory studies support chronic effects to both mysid shrimp 

and daphnids. 

A chronic sediment toxicity study with marine/estuarine invertebrates may provide confirmatory 

data. Any study conducted should be with the marine/estuarine invertebrate Leptocheirus 

plumulosus. This is a 28-day study that addresses survival, growth, and reproduction. Please 

refer to the EPA guidance manual EPA 600/R-01/020 (3/01), available on the EPA website. This 

study should substantially reduce uncertainties in risk assessment for aquatic invertebrates 

dwelling in or near sediments, but may not change the overall risk assessment conclusions.

Additionally, the proposed labels of cyprodinil products (SwitchTM 62.5WG and Vangard® WG) 

impose numerous important measures (Refer to Appendix F) to reduce the levels of spray drift 

and runoff. They include buffer zones (150 ft between crop and water body for aerial application

and 75 ft for ground applications) to reduce spray drift and a 10 ft vegetative filter strip to reduce 

runoff via erosion. For aerial applications, EFED quantified the reduction in spray drift due to the 

buffer zone, utilizing the model AgDRIFT®, calculating the corresponding drift using the Tier II 

level of the model. For ground applications, the EFED, used the standard 1%. There is high

uncertainty as to how much the 10 ft vegetative strip is able to reduce the level of erosion during 

a heavy rain event. In the case of cyprodinil, the chemical persists in aquatic environments, but, 

if it is retained for extended periods in the buffer zone or in the vegetative strip, it may degrade to 

less toxic products (aerobic soil metabolism 22-50 days; terrestrial field dissipation 14-47 days), 

reducing the risk to aquatic organisms. It is noted that cyprodinil has a relatively high tendency 

to bind to soil/sediments, and it may runoff via erosion. Therefore, a vegetative strip may be able 

to retain the eroded particles if it is well maintained.
39

The labels for SwitchTM 62.5WG and Vangard® WG include numerous additional stringent 

measures of precaution to avoid spray drift and to protect any adjacent body of water (Refer to 

Appendix F). Over all, the most important aspect about them is that they are intended to reduce 

exposure. Furthermore, they are mandatory, as opposed to recommendations (e.g. “Do not apply

3. Review of Incident Data

when gusts or sustained winds exceed 10 mph”). Sometimes, labels have measurements of 

precaution that are presented as recommendations only, or they ar more lenient.

In short, it has been found that there are two major sources of uncertainties: those related to the 

stringent label restrictions imposed in cyprodinil products to prevent spray drift and runoff and 

erosion, including a buffer zone and a vegetative strip; and the uncertainties related to the 

limitations of modeling, surrounding the calculation of the risk quotient due to the fact that the 

modeling involved all aerial and all ground applications. Due to these uncertainties, it appears 

that the actual risk posed by cyprodinil could be lower than predicted by the models.

This assessment has indicated that aquatic areas adjacent to fields where cyprodinil is applied 

may be at risk should exposure occur. This risk would be greater for aerial applications, and the 

organisms at greater risk are aquatic invertebrates.

b. Plants

Neither acute risk quotients for non-endangered species or endangered species exceed LOCs. 

 

2. Risks to Terrestrial Organisms

a. Terrestrial Animals

As discussed earlier, the current terrestrial model (T-REX) does not discriminate between ground 

and aerial applications, and thus would not be able to demonstrate what risk changes would occur 

with this label change. Further, all previous cyprodinil terrestrial modeling has shown very low 

risk to terrestrial wildlife, far below Levels of Concern. Thus, this review simply relies on this 

prior modeling and results rather than generate new modeling of terrestrial exposure, with new 

risk quotients.

b. Terrestrial and Semi-aquatic Plants

There is no risk assessment for terrestrial plants since no EC25 values are available.

EFED’s Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS) contains information on two crop 

incidents related to cyprodinil, where the treated crop was reportedly adversely affected. One 

incident (I007644-024) reportedly involved the product Vangard and 7 acres of grapes in 

California, in 1998. The second incident (I014597-045) reportedly involved the product Switch 

and 60 acres of strawberries in Florida, in 2002. 
40

4. Endocrine Effects

Under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), as amended by the Food Quality 

Protection Act (FQPA), EPA is required to develop a screening program to determine whether 

certain substances (including all pesticide active and other ingredients) “may have an effect in 

humans that is similar to an effect produced by a naturally-occurring estrogen, or other such 

endocrine effects as the Administrator may designate.” Following the recommendations of its 

Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC), EPA determined 

that there was scientific basis for including, as part of the program, the androgen- and thyroid 

hormone systems, in addition to the estrogen hormone system. EPA also adopted EDSTAC’s 

recommendation that the Program include evaluations of potential effects in wildlife. For 

pesticide chemicals, EPA will use FIFRA, to the extent that effects in wildlife may help 

determine whether a substance may have an effect in humans, and the FFDCA authority to 

require the wildlife evaluations. As the science develops and the resources allow, screening of 

additional hormone systems may be added to the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program 

(EDSP). Reproductive effects have been seen in some available reproduction studies with 

cyprodinil.

5. Threatened and Endangered Species Concerns

a. Action Area

For listed species assessment purposes, the action area is considered to be the area affected 

directly or indirectly by the Federal action and not merely the immediate area involved in the 

action. At the initial screening-level, the risk assessment considers broadly described taxonomic 

groups and so conservatively assumes that listed species within those broad groups are collocated 

with the pesticide treatment area. This means that terrestrial plants and wildlife are assumed to be 

located on or adjacent to the treated site and aquatic organisms are assumed to be located in a 

surface water body adjacent to the treated site. The assessment also assumes that the listed 

species are located within an assumed area which has the relatively highest potential exposure to 

the pesticide, and that exposures are likely to decrease with distance from the treatment area. 

Section II.A.4 of this risk assessment presents the pesticide use sites that are employed to 

establish initial location of species with treatment areas. 

If the assumptions associated with the screening-level action area result in RQs that are below the 

listed species LOCs, a "no effect" determination conclusion may be made with respect to listed 

species in that taxa (for direct effects), and no further refinement of the action area is necessary 

(assumptions include a complete data set for that taxa). Furthermore, RQs below the listed 

species LOCs for a given taxonomic group indicate no concern for indirect effects upon listed 

species that depend upon the taxonomic group covered by the RQ as a resource. However, in 

situations where the screening assumptions lead to RQs in excess of the listed species LOCs for a 

given taxonomic group, a potential for a "may affect" conclusion exists and may be associated 

with direct effects on listed species belonging to that taxonomic group or may extend to indirect 

effects upon listed species that depend upon that taxonomic group as a resource. In such cases, 

additional information on the biology of listed species, the locations of these species, and the 

locations of use sites could be considered along with available information on the fate and 

transport properties of the pesticide to determine the extent to which screening assumptions 

regarding an action area apply to a particular listed organism. These subsequent refinement steps 

could consider how this information would impact the action area for a particular listed organism 
41

and may potentially include areas of exposure that are downwind and downstream of the pesticide 

use site.

b. Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk

i. Discussion of Risk Quotients

The preliminary risk assessment for endangered species indicates that under the application 

scenarios evaluated, potential exposure to cyprodinil resulted in RQs that exceed the Endangered 

Species LOCs for the following taxonomic groups:

• freshwater invertebrates 

• estuarine/marine invertebrates

Should estimated exposure levels occur in proximity to listed resources, the available screening 

level information suggests a potential concern for direct effects on listed species within these 

taxonomic groups listed above associated with the use of cyprodinil as described in Section 

II.A.4. 

ii. Probit Dose Response Relationship

An analysis has been conducted of the probability of individual mortality at an LOC of 0.05, the 

acute endangered species LOC for aquatic animals. It is recognized that extrapolation of very 

low probability events is associated with considerable uncertainty in the resulting estimates. The 

analysis uses the EFED spreadsheet IECv1.1.xls, developed by EFED (USEPA, 2004). 

For freshwater invertebrates, a daphnid LC50 of 32 ppb (MRID 43709013) is used for the 

assessment of acute risk from exposure to cyprodinil. A probit slope (5.8) and 95% confidence 

interval (3.7 – 7.9), rounded off, with probit LC50 of 34.1 ppb are provided in the DER for the 

data set. Based on these inputs and an assumption of a probit dose response relationship, the IEC 

spreadsheet indicates an estimated chance of individual mortality associated with the listed 

species LOC of 0.05, the acute toxic endpoint for aquatic animals, of approximately one in 

4.46E+13. To explore possible bounds to this estimate, the upper and lower values for the mean 

slope estimate were used to calculate upper and lower estimates of the effects probability 

associated with the listed species LOC. These values are approximately one in 1.35E+06 and one 

in 2.26E+24.

For estuarine/marine invertebrates, an LC50 of 8 ppb (MRID 43908409) is used to evaluate the 

risk of acute exposure cyprodinil. A probit slope (9.1) and 95% confidence interval (5.6 – 12.5), 

rounded off, are provided in the DER for the data set. Based on these inputs and an assumption 

of a probit dose response relationship, the IEC spreadsheet indicates an estimated chance of 

individual mortality associated with the listed species LOC of 0.05, the acute toxic endpoint for 

aquatic animals, of approximately one in 8.19E+31. To explore possible bounds to this estimate, 

the upper and lower values for the mean slope estimate were used to calculate upper and lower 

estimates of the effects probability associated with the listed species LOC. These values are 

approximately one in 6.25E+12 and one in 1.10E+59.

c. Data Related to Under-represented Taxa
42

No data are currently available in EFED that would indicate that taxa under-represented among 

those used for risk quotient calculations are more sensitive to cyprodinil. 

d. Implications of Sublethal Effects

Chronic studies are available for freshwater fish and invertebrates, estuarine/marine invertebrates, 

birds, and mammals. The calculated RQs for freshwater invertebrates and estuarine/marine 

invertebrates exceed chronic LOCs. 

e. Indirect Effects Analysis

Pesticides have the potential to exert indirect effects upon the listed organisms by, for example, 

perturbing forage or prey availability, altering the extent of nesting habitat, and creating gaps in 

the food chain. In conducting a screen for indirect effects, direct effect LOCs for each taxonomic 

group are used to make inferences concerning the potential for indirect effects upon listed species 

that rely upon non-endangered organisms in these taxonomic groups as resources critical to their 

life cycle. Species specific concerns for cyprodinil indirect effects to listed organisms will 

require a determination of the coincidence of cyprodinil use with locations of listed species and 

the biologically based resources upon which they depend.

Based on the proposed usage of cyprodinil, the screening level risk assessment shows that there is 

a concern for indirect effects to listed species that may depend upon other taxonomic groups for 

their survival. As described above, acute RQs for freshwater invertebrates and estuarine/marine 

invertebrates exceed endangered species LOCs. Therefore, the nature of the toxicological 

endpoint, Services-provided “species profiles”, and further evaluation of the geographical and 

temporal nature of the exposure will need to be considered to determine if a rationale for a “not 

likely to adversely effect” determination is possible. Indirect effects analyses for organisms that 

depend on freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates as a critical component of their resource 

needs are described in further detail below. 

Freshwater Invertebrates - Acute and chronic endangered species LOCs were exceeded for 

freshwater invertebrates based on modeled residues of cyprodinil. Therefore there is the potential 

for adverse indirect effects on those listed species that eat or otherwise depend on freshwater 

invertebrates.

Estuarine/marine invertebrates - Acute and chronic endangered species LOCs were exceeded for 

freshwater invertebrates based on modeled residues of cyprodinil. Therefore there is the potential 

for adverse indirect effects on those listed species that eat or otherwise depend on freshwater 

invertebrates.

f. Critical Habitat

In the evaluation of pesticide effects on designated critical habitat, consideration is given to the 

physical and biological features (constituent elements) of a critical habitat identified by the U.S 

Fish and Wildlife and National Marine Fisheries Services as essential to the conservation of a 

listed species and which may require special management considerations or protection. The 

evaluation of impacts for a screening level pesticide risk assessment focuses on the biological 

features that are constituent elements and is accomplished using the screening-level taxonomic 

analysis (RQs) and listed species levels of concern that are used to evaluate direct and indirect 

effects to listed organisms.
43

The screening-level risk assessment has identified potential concerns for indirect effects on listed 

species for those organisms dependant upon freshwater and estuarine/marine invertebrates based 

on specific LOC exceedances for acute effects to listed species. In light of the potential for 

indirect effects, the next step for EPA and the Service(s) is to identify which listed species and 

critical habitat are potentially implicated. Analytically, the identification of such species and 

critical habitat can occur in either of two ways. First, the agencies could determine whether the 

action area overlaps critical habitat or the occupied range of any listed species. If so, EPA would 

examine whether the pesticide's potential impacts on non-endangered species would affect the 

listed species indirectly or directly affect a constituent element of the critical habitat. 

Alternatively, the agencies could determine which listed species depend on biological resources, 

or have constituent elements that fall into, the taxa that may be directly or indirectly impacted by 

the pesticide. Then EPA would determine whether use of the pesticide overlaps the critical 

habitat or the occupied range of those listed species. At present, the information reviewed by 

EPA does not permit use of either analytical approach to make a definitive identification of 

species that are potentially impacted indirectly or critical habitats that is potentially impacted 

directly by the use of the pesticide. EPA and the Service(s) are working together to conduct the 

necessary analysis.

g. Co-occurrence Analysis

Since the Endangered Species LOCs for freshwater invertebrates and estuarine/marine 

invertebrates are exceeded for the use of cyprodinil, the LOCATES program was run for all 

taxonomic groups, due to the potential for indirect effects. Potential indirect effects could 

include, for example, effects upon any aquatic or terrestrial organisms that might consume 

aquatic invertebrates. See the above section on indirect effects for additional details. 

Information from LOCATES is provided in Appendix E.

This is a screening assessment only. LOCATES identifies those federally-listed species that are 

located in the same county as the identified crop is located. A refined assessment will be needed 

to determine which species are actually located in sufficiently close proximity to the potential 

treatment sites that they could be potentially exposed. 

The registrant must provide information on the proximity of all federally listed species to the 

cyprodinil use sites. This requirement may be satisfied in one of three ways: 1) having 

membership in the FIFRA Endangered Species Task Force (Pesticide Registration [PR] Notice 

2000-2); 2) citing FIFRA Endangered Species Task Force data; or 3) independently producing

these data, provided the information is of sufficient quality to meet FIFRA requirements. The 

information will be used by the OPP Endangered Species Protection Program to develop 

recommendations to avoid adverse effects to listed species.

h. Summary Table

Table IV k. Listed species risks associated with direct or indirect effects due to applications of 

cyprodinil to one or more use sites, if organisms in listed taxa are exposed (direct effects) or are 

dependent on other organisms that are exposed (indirect effects). Risks are based on available 

data. See text for additional details. Requested data may result in additional potential direct 

effects.
44

Listed Taxon Direct Effects Indirect Effects6 

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants – monocots No1 Yes

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants – dicots No1 Yes

Terrestrial Invertebrates No1 Yes

Birds No1 Yes

Terrestrial phase amphibians2 No1 Yes

Reptiles2 No1 Yes

Mammals No1 Yes

Aquatic non-vascular plants* No1 Yes

Aquatic vascular plants No1 Yes

Freshwater fish No1 Yes

Aquatic phase amphibians3 No1 Yes

Freshwater crustaceans Yes Yes

Mollusks Yes Yes

Marine/estuarine fish No1 Yes

Marine/estuarine crustaceans Yes Yes

* At the present time no aquatic non-vascular plants are included in Federal listings of threatened and endangered 

species. The taxonomic group is included here for the purposes of evaluating potential contributions to indirect 

effects to other taxa and as a record of exceedances should future listings of non-vascular aquatic plants warrant 

additional evaluation of Federal actions.

1

At the present time, LOC exceedances (re direct effects) appear to be restricted to freshwater and estuarine/marine 

invertebrates. Additional data from the open literature (e.g., ECOTOX) or the registrant could potentially change 

this assessment.

2

Risk assessment is based on avian assessment.

3

Risk assessment is based on freshwater fish assessment.

4

Indirect effects are considered possible for every taxonomic group when one or more direct effect LOCs are

met/exceeded. Listed species could be affected by the loss of other species that they depend on for food, cover, 
45

Table IV k. Listed species risks associated with direct or indirect effects due to applications of 

cyprodinil to one or more use sites, if organisms in listed taxa are exposed (direct effects) or are 

dependent on other organisms that are exposed (indirect effects). Risks are based on available 

data. See text for additional details. Requested data may result in additional potential direct 

effects.

Listed Taxon Direct Effects Indirect Effects6 

and/or reproduction. This is only a screening assessment. A refined assessment will consider the specifics of the 

food, cover, and reproduction needs of each listed species.

C. Description of Assumptions, Limitations, Uncertainties, Strengths, and 

Data Gaps

1. Uncertainties, Assumptions, and Limitations Associated with Models

Extrapolating the risk conclusions from the standard pond scenario modeled by PRZM/EXAMS 

may either underestimate or overestimate the potential risks. Major uncertainties with the 

standard runoff scenario are associated with the physical construct of the watershed and 

representation of vulnerable aquatic environments for different geographic regions. The 

physicochemical properties (pH, redox conditions, etc.) of the standard farm pond are based on a 

Georgia farm pond. These properties are likely to be regionally specific because of local 

hydrogeological conditions. Any alteration in water quality parameters may impact the 

environmental behavior of the pesticide. The farm pond represents a well mixed, static water 

body. Because the farm pond is a static water body (no flow-through), it does not account for 

pesticide removal through flow through or accidental water releases. However, the lack of water 

flow in the farm pond provides an environmental condition for accumulation of persistent 

pesticides. The assumption of uniform mixing does not account for stratification due to 

thermoclines (e.g., seasonal stratification in deep water bodies). Additionally, the physical 

construct of the standard runoff scenario assumes a watershed:pond area ratio of 10. This ratio is 

recommended to maintain a sustainable pond in the Southeastern United States. The use of higher 

watershed:pond ratios (as recommended for sustainable ponds in drier regions of the United 

States) may lead to higher pesticide concentrations when compared to the standard 

watershed:pond ratio.

The standard pond scenario assumes that uniform environmental and management conditions 

exist over the standard 10 hectare watershed. Soils can vary substantially across even small areas, 

and thus, this variation is not reflected in the model simulations. Additionally, the impact of 

unique soil characteristics (e.g., fragipan) and soil management practices (e.g., tile drainage) are 

not considered in the standard runoff scenario. The assumption of uniform site and management 

conditions is not expected to represent some site-specific conditions. Extrapolating the risk 

conclusions from the standard pond scenario to other aquatic habitats (e.g., marshes, streams, 

creeks, and shallow rivers, intermittent aquatic areas) may either underestimate or overestimate 

the potential risks in those habitats.

2. Uncertainties, Assumptions, and Limitations Associated with the Toxicity 

Data
46

There are a number of areas of uncertainty in the terrestrial and the aquatic organism risk 

assessments that could potentially cause an underestimation of risk. Use of toxicity data on 

representative species does not provide information on the potential variability in susceptibility to 

acute and chronic exposures. For screening terrestrial risk assessments, a generic bird or mammal 

is assumed to occupy either the treated field or adjacent areas receiving the pesticide at a rate 

commensurate with the treatment rate on the field. The actual habitat requirements of any 

particular terrestrial species are not considered, and it is assumed that species occupy, exclusively 

and permanently, the treated area being modeled. This assumption leads to a maximum level of 

exposure in the risk assessment. Second, for the aquatic organism risk assessment, there are 

uncertainties associated with the PRZM/EXAMS model, input values, and scenarios including the 

use of surrogate scenarios; however these uncertainties cannot be quantified. The potential 

impacts of these uncertainties are outlined in the Aquatic Exposure and Risk Assessment and the 

Terrestrial Exposure and Risk Assessment sections of this document.

Although the screening risk assessment relies on a selected toxicity endpoint from the most 

sensitive species tested, it does not necessarily mean that the selected toxicity endpoints reflect 

sensitivity of the most sensitive species existing in a given environment. The relative position of 

the most sensitive species tested in the distribution of all possible species is a function of the 

overall variability among species to a particular chemical. In the case of listed species, there is 

uncertainty regarding the relationship of the listed species' sensitivity and the most sensitive 

species tested. Surrogates were used to predict potential risks for species with no data (i.e., 

reptiles and amphibians). It was assumed that the use of surrogate effects data is sufficiently 

conservative to apply the broad of species within taxonomic groups. If other species are more or 

less sensitive to cyprodinil than the surrogates, risks may be under- or overestimated, 

respectively.

3. Uncertainties and Assumptions Associated with Gaps in Fate and Toxicity 

Data

Additional uncertainty results from the lack of information and/or data concerning the fate and 

dissipation of cyprodinil in environmental compartments. 

There are no monitoring studies for cyprodinil in groundwater or surface water; therefore, the 

exposure of aquatic species is based entirely on the modeled data. Surface water monitoring data 

would be useful in order to determine how well the modeled results fit measured levels of 

cyprodinil in aquatic environments following its application to crops at appropriate rates. While 

acceptable studies are available to assess the acute toxicity of cyprodinil to freshwater fish and 

invertebrates, toxicity data are not available to determine the potential sediment toxicity of 

cyprodinil to aquatic invertebrates. 

A chronic sediment toxicity study with marine/estuarine invertebrates may provide confirmatory 

data. Any study conducted should be with the marine/estuarine invertebrate Leptocheirus 

plumulosus. This is a 28-day study that addresses survival, growth, and reproduction. Please 

refer to the EPA guidance manual EPA 600/R-01/020 (3/01), available on the EPA website. This 

study should substantially reduce uncertainties in risk assessment for aquatic invertebrates 

dwelling in or near sediments, but may not change the overall risk assessment conclusions.

In the absence of this study, EFED relied on the principles of the equilibrium partition theory 

(EqP), to estimate the potential for acute and chronic risk from porewater. This screening 

approach has been sanctioned by the Office of Water (OW).
47

The screening assessment does not consider dermal exposure through contact with contaminated 

water or soil. Data which address dermal exposure of wildlife to pesticides in a quantitative 

fashion are extremely limited. The Agency is actively pursuing modeling techniques to account 

for dermal exposure via direct application and by incidental contact.
48

V. LITERATURE CITED

A. Fate Bibliography

1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO PESTICIDE DISPOSAL 

SERIES 8. Assessing Soil Contamination: A Reference Manual. Appendix 2. 

Parameters of pesticides that influence processes in the soil. Editorial Group, FAO 

Information Division: Rome, 2000. 

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2570E/X2570E00.htm

2. Gianessi, L and N. Reigner. 2006. “Pesticide Use in U.S. Crop Production: 2002, With 

Comparison to 1992 & 1997: Fungicides and Herbicides.” CropLife Foundation, Crop 

Protection Research Institute, in the Web available at http://www.croplifefoundation.org/

3. US EPA; Pesticide Fact Sheet. Cyprodinil. Registration. April 6, 1998. Washington, DC: 

USEPA, Off Prev Pest Tox Sub (7501C). Available at 

http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/factsheets/cyprodinil.pdf .

4. PRZM 3.12 beta. 1998. Surface Water Model, Version 3.12 Beta. Environmental Fate 

and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency, Washington, D.C.. Information downloaded from the website 

http//www.epa.gov/ceampubl/gwater/przm3/index.htm . 

5. U.S. EPA. 2002. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance for Selecting Input 

Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version II. 

Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 21 pp.

6. Di Toro DM, Zarba CS, Hansen DJ, Berry WJ, Swartz RC, Cowan CE, Pavlou SP, Allen 

HE Thomas NA, Paquin PR. 1991. Technical basis for establishing sediment quality 

criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning. Environ Toxicol 

Chem 10:1541-1583

7. Burns, Lawrence, 1997. Exposure Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS): User Manual 

and System Documentation. Ecosystem Research Division, National Exposure Research 

Laboratory. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.

8. EXAMS. 2002. Surface Water Model, Version 2.98.04. Environmental Fate and Effects 

Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Washington, D.C.

9. Schocken, M.J. 1995. 14C-[Pyrimidinyl]-CGA-219417 - soil photolysis. SLI Study # 

1781.0994.6452.721. Unpublished study performed by Springborn Laboratories, Inc., 

Wareham, MA and submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greensboro, NC. (MRID# 

43908423)

10. Schocken, M.J. 1995. 14C-[Phenyl] CGA-219417 - soil photolysis. SLI Study # 

1781.0994.6453.721. Unpublished study performed by Springborn Laboratories, Inc., 

Wareham, MA and submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greensboro, NC. (MRID# 

43908424)

11. Schäffer, A. 1993. Degradation of pyrimidyl-labelled CGA-219417 in Collombey soil 

under aerobic conditions at 20 °C. Project #: 91AS07. Unpublished study performed and 

submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greensboro, NC. (MRID# 43908425)

12. Kitschmann, P. 1994. Degradation of phenyl-labelled CGA-219417 in Collombey soil 

under aerobic conditions at 20 °C. Project #: 93PK03. Unpublished study performed and 

submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greensboro, NC. (MRID# 43908426)
49

13. Concha, M. 1995. Anaerobic soil metabolism of 14C-pyrimidyl CGA-219417. 

Laboratory Study #: 538W. Unpublished study performed by PTRL West Inc., 

Richmond, CA and submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greensboro, NC. (MRID#

43908427)

14. Concha, M. 1995. Anaerobic soil metabolism of 14C-phenyl CGA-219417. Laboratory 

Study #: 539W. Unpublished study performed by PTRL West Inc., Richmond, CA and 

submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greensboro, NC. (MRID# 43908428)

15. Ye, Maochun, 1995. Soil adsorption/desorption of pyrimidinyl14C-CGA-249287 by the 

batch equilibrium method. Unpublished study performed by Centre Analytical 

Laboratories, Inc., State College, PA and submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 

Greensboro, NC. (MRID# 43908431)

16. Ye, Maochun, 1995. Soil adsorption/desorption of pyrimidinyl14C-CGA-321915 by the 

batch equilibrium method. Unpublished study performed by Centre Analytical 

Laboratories, Inc., State College, PA and submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 

Greensboro, NC. (MRID# 43908432)

17. Ye, Maochun, 1996. Soil adsorption/desorption of pyrimidinyl14C-CGA-275535 by the 

batch equilibrium method. Unpublished study performed by Centre Analytical 

Laboratories, Inc., State College, PA and submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation, 

Greensboro, NC. (MRID# 44186407)

18. Atkins, R. H. April 10, 1995. Hydrolysis of pyrimidinyl[14C]CGA-219417 in aqueous 

buffered solutions at pH 5, 7, and 9. Unpublished study (PTRL Project No.: 830) 

performed by PTRL East, Inc. Richmond, KY. Submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation 

Greensboro, NC. Ciba-Geigy Study No.: 0041-94 (MRID# 43709044)

19. Concha, M. June 14, 1995. Aerobic soil metabolism of[14C-(phenyl)]CGA-219417 in a 

sandy loam. Unpublished study Laboratory No. 444W) performed by PTRL West, Inc.

Richmond, CA. Submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation Greensboro, NC. Sponsor Study 

No.: 072-94. 362 pp. (MRID# 43709045)

20. Concha, M. June 14, 1995. Aerobic soil metabolism of[14C-(pyrimidinyl)]CGA-219417 

in a sandy loam. Unpublished study (Laboratory No. 445W) performed by PTRL West, 

Inc. Richmond, CA. Submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corporation Greensboro, NC. Sponsor 

Study No.: 0449-93. 344 pp. (MRID# 43709046)

21. Van Dijk, A. July 28, 1994. Accumulation and elimination of [U14C-phenyl]-CGA 

219417 by bluegill sunfish in a dynamic flow-through system. Laboratory Project 

Identification RCC Project 322277. Unpublished study performed by RCC 

Umweltchemie AG., Itingen, Switz. and submitted by Ciba-Geigy, Basle Switz. 161 pp. 

(MRID# 43924501)

22. Ye, M. May 25, 1995. Soil adsorption/desorption of [14C-pyrimidinyl]-CGA-219417 by 

batch equilibrium method. Unpublished study (Laboratory No. 003-17) performed by 

Centre Analytical Laboratories, Inc., State College PA. Submitted by Ciba-Geigy 

Corporation Greensboro, NC. Sponsor Study No.: 365-94. 153 pp. (MRID# 43709047)

23. Sandberg, C.L. 1995. Terrestrial field dissipation of CGA-219417 in California. CibaGeigy Study #178-94 and ABC/Pan Ag Study #94387 (MRID# 43908436). Belcher, T.I. 

1996. Addendum to the final report (MRID# 44186409)

24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998. Pesticides in Ground Water Data Base – A 

Compilation of Monitoring Studies:1971-1991, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and 

Toxic Substances, EPA 734-12-92-001

25. Judy, D. and Manuli, 1995. Dissipation of CGA-219417 in soil under field conditions in 

New York (MRID# 43908437). Judy, D. and Manuli, 1996. Addendum #1 to the final 

report (MRID# 44186408).

26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk 

Assessment, Risk Assessment Forum EPA/630/R-95/002F
50

VI. APPENDICES

Appendix A. Information About PRZM/EXAMS and AgDRIFT®, Run Inputs and 

Outputs

Background Information About PRZM and EXAMS: 

The Tier II aquatic model employs PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model; version 3.12 Beta 

compiled May 24, 2001) and EXAMS (Exposure Analysis Modeling System; version 2.98.04, 

compiled November 12, 2002). PRZM simulates processes such like runoff and erosion from an 

agricultural field on a daily time step. The runoff and erosion flux output data from PRZM are 

used as chemical loadings to the EXAMS surface water program in order to predict the EECs. A 

graphical user interface (pe4v01.pl) developed by the EPA (http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/

models/water) was used to facilitate inputting chemical and use specific parameters into the 

appropriate PRZM input files (inp) and EXAMS chemical files.

PRZM is a one-dimensional, dynamic, compartmental model that can be used to simulate 

chemical movement in unsaturated soil systems within and immediately below the plant root 

zone. It has two major components: hydrology (and hydraulics) and chemical transport. The 

hydrologic component for calculating runoff and erosion is based on the Soil Conservation 

Service curve number technique and the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Evapotranspiration is 

estimated either directly from pan evaporation data, or based on an empirical formula. Water 

movement is simulated by the use of generalized soil parameters, including field capacity, wilting 

point, and saturation water content. 

The chemical transport component can simulate pesticides or other chemicals. For pesticides, the 

transport component can simulate pesticide application on the soil or on the plant foliage. 

Biodegradation can also be considered in the root zone. Dissolved, adsorbed, and vapor-phase 

concentrations in the soil are estimated by simultaneously considering the processes of pesticide 

uptake by plants, surface runoff, erosion, decay, volatilization, foliar washoff, advection, 

dispersion, and retardation. For nitrogen, simulation of surface applications, atmospheric 

deposition, and septic effluent discharge may all be simulated.

EXAMS is a model that has a set of process modules that link fundamental chemical properties to 

limnological processes that control the kinetics and transport of chemicals in aquatic systems. It 

provides facilities for steady state or long-term evaluation of chronic chemical discharges, initialvalue approaches for studying short-term contaminant releases, and full kinetic simulations that 

allow for monthly variation in mean climatological factors, and changes in contaminant loadings 

on daily time scales. It is fairly and relatively complex model that requires more input variables, 

ranging from hydro-geological and weather data to pesticide physicochemical properties, 

mobility coefficients, and degradation rate constants in the aqueous and sediment phases.

The PRZM scenarios selected for modeling were California grapes, California almonds, 

California fruits, California lettuce and California onions. EECs for ecological risk assessment 

were determined using a pond modeling scenario which describes a generic scenario for the 

EXAMS component of the modeling exercise (Mississippi standard pond).

Background Information About AgDRIFT®

The AgDRIFT® model is used to generate deposition values in a tiered approach. Results from 

the Spray Drift Task Force, a consortium of industry groups and other interested parties that 

worked together in the development of AgDRIFT® (SDTF), were used to confirm the model 

:
51

results at each of the different levels of analysis. The aerial tiers consist of a mathematical model. 

For example, AgDRIFT® predicts the motion of spray material released from aircraft; including 

the mean position of the material and the position variance about the mean as a result of turbulent 

fluctuations, pointing toward a prediction of spray drift (from the User’s Manual). Three major 

variables control the level of drift: the wind speed (it is assumed that the wind is in the direction 

of the pond, more wind speeds favor drift), the boom height (the higher, the more the level of 

drift), and the droplet size (smaller droplets drift more). If more refinement are desired, the spray 

volume is another variable that observations show that have a relatively high effect on the level of 

drift (smaller volumes favor drift). In order to obtain the level of drift assigned to a particular 

buffer zone, the model provides a “toolbox” named Aquatic Assessment. In the toolbox, one can 

define the standard ecological pond, and obtain the level of drift for any particular buffer zone as 

a fraction.

Estimated Environmental Concentrations of Cyprodinil in the Water Column in ppb

Scenario Peak 21-day 60-day

CA almonds ground 4.83 4.38 4.08

CA almonds aerial 9.48 9.09 8.78

CA citrus ground – 4 4.23 4.12 4.05

CA citrus aerial – 4 8.80 8.39 8.10

CA grapes ground 3.85 3.68 3.58

CA grapes aerial 11.00 10.37 9.78

CA fruits ground 2.51 2.42 2.31

CA fruits aerial 7.76 7.42 7.15

OR berries ground 3.40 3.26 3.13

OR berries aerial 13.17 12.47 11.88

Estimated Environmental Concentrations of Cyprodinil in the Pore Water in ppb

Scenario Peak 21-day 60-day

CA almonds ground 3.70 3.70 3.69

CA almonds aerial 8.26 8.26 8.23

CA citrus ground – 4 3.90 3.89 3.89

CA citrus aerial – 4 7.58 7.58 7.56

CA grapes ground 3.38 3.38 3.37

CA grapes aerial 9.06 9.06 9.02

CA fruits ground 2.12 2.12 2.12

CA fruits aerial 6.57 6.57 6.54

OR berries ground 3.00 3.00 2.99

OR berries aerial 11.05 11.05 11.02

Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS:

Parameter 

(units)

VALUE(S) SOURCE

S

COMMENTS

Output File 

Name

varies with crop --- ---

Chemical 

Name

Cyprodinil Label ---

Crop Name almond (pistachio), 

citrus, grapes, pome 

fruits, berries

Label SwitchTM 

62.5WG 

Fungicide 

(EPA Reg. No. 
52

Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS:

Parameter 

(units)

VALUE(S) SOURCE

S

COMMENTS

100-953) and 

Vangard® WG 

(EPA Reg. No. 

100-828)

Application 

Rate

Rate in Kg a.i./ha:

CA almonds 0.367

CA citrus 0.367

CA grapes 0.525

CA fruits 0.262

OR berries 0.489

Label Rate in lb 

a.i./A:

CA almonds 

0.328

CA citrus 

0.328

CA grapes 

0.469

CA fruits 0.234

OR berries 

0.437

Day of 

Application 

(day-month)

CA almonds 15-03

CA citrus 01-02

CA grapes 13-07

CA fruits 01-04

OR berries 07-05

Estimated 

from 

metadata 

file and 

label, or 

other 

sources of 

informatio

n.

CA almond is 

surrogate 

scenario for 

pistachio.

CA fruits 

scenario is 

surrogate for 

pome fruits.

Number of 

Applications 

Allowed

CA almond 4

CA citrus 4 

CA grapes 4

CA fruits 6

OR berries 3

Label Label for 

SwitchTM 62.5 

WG or 

Vangard® WG 

Fungicides

Minim Interval 

between 

Applications 

(days)

CA almonds – 14 

CA citrus – 7

CA grapes – 7

CA fruits – 7

OR berries 7

Label Recommends 

to alternate 

with another 

fungicide after 

every two 

applications. 

This

recommendatio

n does not 

appear for 

grapes, 

pistachios or 

pome fruits.

KOC 1,745 MRID: 

437090-47

Represents the 

average KOC

value among 

four values 

ranging from 

1550 to 2030 

ml/g. The KOC

model was 

utilized; it 

describes better 

the mobility of 
53

Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS:

Parameter 

(units)

VALUE(S) SOURCE

S

COMMENTS

cyprodinil.

Aerobic Soil 

Metabolism 

(days)

44.3 MRID: 

439084-26

Represents the 

90th percentile 

of the upper 

confidence 

bound on the 

mean of four 

half-life values: 

40, 50, 22, 31 

days; mean = 

35.75 days; std. 

dev. = 10.40 

days

Incorporation 

Depth

0.0 in Label ---

Method of 

Application Ground or Aerial

Label ---

Buffer Zone 

(ft.)

150 Label ---

Application 

Efficiency 

(fraction)

0.95 aerial; 0.99 

ground

--- EFED guidance 

on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAM

S dated 2/28/02

Spray Drift 

(fraction)

0.039 aerial; 0.010 

ground

AgDRIFT

®

Consistent with 

an application 

with a wind 

speed of ≤10 

mph.

Solubility in 

Water (ppm)

At 20°C

130 MRID 

437090-03

10X the actual 

solubility as 

per EFED 

guidance on 

input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAM

S. 

Aerobic 

Aquatic 

Metabolism 

(days)

382.3 MRID 

439084-26, 

439084-29, 

439084-30, 

455187-01 

& 455187-

02

Represents the 

90th percentile 

of the upper 

confidence 

bound on the 

mean of five 

half-life values: 

106, 126, 165, 

178 and 612 

days; mean = 

237.40 days; 

std. dev. = 

211.41days

Anaerobic 

Aquatic 

Metabolism 

Stable MRID 

441864-06

 ---
54

Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS:

Parameter 

(units)

VALUE(S) SOURCE

S

COMMENTS

(days)

Hydrolysis at 

pH 7

Stable MRID 

437090-44

---

Aqueous 

Photolysis @ 

pH 7 and 25°C 

(days)

Stable MRID 

439084-22

---

Molecular 

Weight 

(g/mol)

225.29 Registrant 

Data

 ---

Vapor 

Pressure (torr 

or mmHg)

3.80 x 10-6 MRID 

437090-03

 ---

Henry’s Law 

Constant

(atm-m3

/mol)

7.04 x 10-8 Calculated 

from 

solubility 

and vapor 

pressure.

 ---

Environment pond298.exv --- Default for 

pond scenario, 

as opposed to 

index reservoir.

Field Size Pond ---

Runoff none --- ---

PRZM 

Scenario

CAgrapes_NirrigC.t

xt

CAalmond_NirrigC.txt

CAfruit_NirrigC.txt

CAcitrus_NirrigC.tx

t

ORberriesOP.txt

--- Selected to be 

representative 

of crops 

existent and 

new crops, 

taking into 

consideration 

geographical 

areas in the 

state of 

California.

Metfile 

Scenario

CAGrape 

w93193.dvf

CAalmond 

w23232.dvf

CAfruit w93193.dvf

CAcitrus 

w23155.dvf

ORberries w24232.dvf

--- As suggested 

by the shell 

(pe4).

CAM 

(Chemical 

Application 

Method)

2 --- Linear foliar 

based on crop 

canopy

IPSCND 1 --- pesticide 

remaining on 

foliage is 

converted to 

surface 

application to 

the top soil 
55

Input Parameters Utilized in PRZM/EXAMS:

Parameter 

(units)

VALUE(S) SOURCE

S

COMMENTS

layer

FEXTRC, 

Foliar 

extraction

0.5 --- EFED guidance 

on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAM

S dated 2/28/02

PLDKRT, 

Decay rate on 

foliage (day-1

)

0 --- EFED guidance 

on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAM

S dated 2/28/02

PLVKRT, 

Volatilization 

rate from 

foliage

0 --- EFED guidance 

on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAM

S dated 2/28/02

UPTKF, 

Uptake factor

0 --- EFED guidance 

on input 

parameters for 

PRZM/EXAM

S dated 2/28/02

Write Benthic 

Pore Water 

Concentrations

?

Yes --- Necessary to 

calculate the 

benthic 

organisms risk 

quotients.

PRZM/EXAMS OUTPUT FILES

POME FRUIT AERIAL

stored as Cypomefr.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAfruit_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:02

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 1.982 1.883 1.659 1.373 1.227 0.7105

1962 2.784 2.684 2.459 2.171 2.018 1.483

1963 3.479 3.376 3.15 2.856 2.697 2.147

1964 4.053 3.951 3.725 3.432 3.27 2.715

1965 4.587 4.483 4.257 3.961 3.799 3.227

1966 5.012 4.908 4.681 4.383 4.216 3.65

1967 5.867 5.744 5.543 5.174 4.949 4.212

1968 5.897 5.792 5.564 5.262 5.087 4.507
56

1969 6.361 6.252 6.022 5.719 5.546 4.914

1970 6.584 6.476 6.247 5.939 5.761 5.148

1971 6.788 6.684 6.456 6.154 5.975 5.339

1972 6.89 6.783 6.555 6.248 6.067 5.458

1973 7.057 6.948 6.718 6.408 6.224 5.599

1974 7.157 7.049 6.82 6.511 6.328 5.694

1975 7.258 7.149 6.92 6.61 6.429 5.796

1976 7.397 7.288 7.059 6.75 6.57 5.998

1977 7.583 7.479 7.251 6.948 6.76 6.105

1978 7.621 7.511 7.281 6.97 6.782 6.116

1979 7.571 7.462 7.232 6.922 6.736 6.079

1980 7.561 7.454 7.226 6.92 6.74 6.079

1981 7.548 7.439 7.209 6.896 6.698 6.032

1982 7.526 7.418 7.188 6.88 6.7 6.083

1983 8.565 8.403 8.113 7.494 7.243 6.415

1984 7.86 7.747 7.516 7.201 7.01 6.333

1985 7.743 7.636 7.407 7.099 6.905 6.25

1986 7.673 7.564 7.334 7.022 6.832 6.187

1987 7.696 7.587 7.358 7.049 6.864 6.235

1988 7.761 7.651 7.421 7.106 6.912 6.214

1989 7.649 7.542 7.313 7.007 6.824 6.184

1990 7.649 7.543 7.314 7.154 7 6.299

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 8.565 8.403 8.113 7.494 7.243 6.415

0.0645161290322581 7.86 7.747 7.516 7.201 7.01 6.333

0.0967741935483871 7.761 7.651 7.421 7.154 7 6.299

0.129032258064516 7.743 7.636 7.407 7.106 6.912 6.25

0.161290322580645 7.696 7.587 7.358 7.099 6.905 6.235

0.193548387096774 7.673 7.564 7.334 7.049 6.864 6.214

0.225806451612903 7.649 7.543 7.314 7.022 6.832 6.187

0.258064516129032 7.649 7.542 7.313 7.007 6.824 6.184

0.290322580645161 7.621 7.511 7.281 6.97 6.782 6.116

0.32258064516129 7.583 7.479 7.251 6.948 6.76 6.105

0.354838709677419 7.571 7.462 7.232 6.922 6.74 6.083

0.387096774193548 7.561 7.454 7.226 6.92 6.736 6.079

0.419354838709677 7.548 7.439 7.209 6.896 6.7 6.079

0.451612903225806 7.526 7.418 7.188 6.88 6.698 6.032

0.483870967741936 7.397 7.288 7.059 6.75 6.57 5.998

0.516129032258065 7.258 7.149 6.92 6.61 6.429 5.796

0.548387096774194 7.157 7.049 6.82 6.511 6.328 5.694

0.580645161290323 7.057 6.948 6.718 6.408 6.224 5.599

0.612903225806452 6.89 6.783 6.555 6.248 6.067 5.458

0.645161290322581 6.788 6.684 6.456 6.154 5.975 5.339

0.67741935483871 6.584 6.476 6.247 5.939 5.761 5.148

0.709677419354839 6.361 6.252 6.022 5.719 5.546 4.914

0.741935483870968 5.897 5.792 5.564 5.262 5.087 4.507

0.774193548387097 5.867 5.744 5.543 5.174 4.949 4.212

0.806451612903226 5.012 4.908 4.681 4.383 4.216 3.65

0.838709677419355 4.587 4.483 4.257 3.961 3.799 3.227

0.870967741935484 4.053 3.951 3.725 3.432 3.27 2.715

0.903225806451613 3.479 3.376 3.15 2.856 2.697 2.147

0.935483870967742 2.784 2.684 2.459 2.171 2.018 1.483

0.967741935483871 1.982 1.883 1.659 1.373 1.227 0.7105
57

0.1 7.7592 7.6495 7.4196 7.1492 6.9912

6.2941

Average of yearly averages: 5.10695

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypomefr

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAfruit_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.262 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 01-04 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 4 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 5 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cypomefrben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAfruit_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:02

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30
58

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.8435 0.8435 0.843 0.8396 0.8354 0.5416

1962 1.629 1.629 1.628 1.622 1.614 1.323

1963 2.301 2.301 2.3 2.292 2.282 1.991

1964 2.875 2.875 2.873 2.862 2.849 2.565

1965 3.4 3.4 3.398 3.386 3.371 3.087

1966 3.827 3.826 3.825 3.811 3.793 3.512

1967 4.452 4.452 4.45 4.434 4.412 4.051

1968 4.697 4.697 4.694 4.676 4.653 4.375

1969 5.129 5.129 5.127 5.11 5.087 4.776

1970 5.369 5.369 5.367 5.347 5.322 5.022

1971 5.578 5.578 5.575 5.556 5.529 5.226

1972 5.684 5.684 5.681 5.66 5.633 5.345

1973 5.842 5.842 5.839 5.817 5.79 5.496

1974 5.943 5.942 5.939 5.918 5.89 5.589

1975 6.031 6.031 6.028 6.008 5.982 5.684

1976 6.173 6.173 6.17 6.15 6.123 5.851

1977 6.384 6.383 6.38 6.355 6.324 6.016

1978 6.386 6.386 6.383 6.36 6.329 6.018

1979 6.363 6.362 6.359 6.335 6.304 5.997

1980 6.352 6.351 6.348 6.327 6.297 5.984

1981 6.332 6.332 6.328 6.301 6.266 5.952

1982 6.306 6.306 6.303 6.283 6.255 5.961

1983 6.729 6.729 6.726 6.702 6.67 6.262

1984 6.644 6.644 6.64 6.615 6.581 6.263

1985 6.541 6.541 6.537 6.51 6.475 6.166

1986 6.462 6.462 6.459 6.434 6.402 6.099

1987 6.494 6.494 6.491 6.467 6.438 6.137

1988 6.505 6.505 6.502 6.479 6.447 6.12

1989 6.452 6.451 6.448 6.425 6.394 6.094

1990 6.578 6.577 6.574 6.547 6.513 6.175

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 6.729 6.729 6.726 6.702 6.67 6.263

0.0645161290322581 6.644 6.644 6.64 6.615 6.581 6.262

0.0967741935483871 6.578 6.577 6.574 6.547 6.513 6.175

0.129032258064516 6.541 6.541 6.537 6.51 6.475 6.166

0.161290322580645 6.505 6.505 6.502 6.479 6.447 6.137

0.193548387096774 6.494 6.494 6.491 6.467 6.438 6.12

0.225806451612903 6.462 6.462 6.459 6.434 6.402 6.099

0.258064516129032 6.452 6.451 6.448 6.425 6.394 6.094

0.290322580645161 6.386 6.386 6.383 6.36 6.329 6.018

0.32258064516129 6.384 6.383 6.38 6.355 6.324 6.016

0.354838709677419 6.363 6.362 6.359 6.335 6.304 5.997

0.387096774193548 6.352 6.351 6.348 6.327 6.297 5.984

0.419354838709677 6.332 6.332 6.328 6.301 6.266 5.961

0.451612903225806 6.306 6.306 6.303 6.283 6.255 5.952

0.483870967741936 6.173 6.173 6.17 6.15 6.123 5.851

0.516129032258065 6.031 6.031 6.028 6.008 5.982 5.684

0.548387096774194 5.943 5.942 5.939 5.918 5.89 5.589

0.580645161290323 5.842 5.842 5.839 5.817 5.79 5.496

0.612903225806452 5.684 5.684 5.681 5.66 5.633 5.345

0.645161290322581 5.578 5.578 5.575 5.556 5.529 5.226
59

0.67741935483871 5.369 5.369 5.367 5.347 5.322 5.022

0.709677419354839 5.129 5.129 5.127 5.11 5.087 4.776

0.741935483870968 4.697 4.697 4.694 4.676 4.653 4.375

0.774193548387097 4.452 4.452 4.45 4.434 4.412 4.051

0.806451612903226 3.827 3.826 3.825 3.811 3.793 3.512

0.838709677419355 3.4 3.4 3.398 3.386 3.371 3.087

0.870967741935484 2.875 2.875 2.873 2.862 2.849 2.565

0.903225806451613 2.301 2.301 2.3 2.292 2.282 1.991

0.935483870967742 1.629 1.629 1.628 1.622 1.614 1.323

0.967741935483871 0.8435 0.8435 0.843 0.8396 0.8354

0.5416

0.1 6.5743 6.5734 6.5703 6.5433 6.5092

6.1741

Average of yearly averages:

4.98928666666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypomefr

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAfruit_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.262 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 01-04 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 4 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 5 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0
60

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

POME FRUIT GROUND

stored as Cypomefr.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAfruit_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:02

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.508 0.4826 0.4252 0.3518 0.3145 0.186

1962 0.7469 0.7211 0.6635 0.5896 0.5498

0.4126

1963 0.9453 0.9186 0.8605 0.7831 0.7415

0.5996

1964 1.087 1.061 1.003 0.9277 0.8861 0.7528

1965 1.262 1.235 1.177 1.101 1.059 0.9098

1966 1.37 1.343 1.285 1.208 1.165 1.031

1967 2.039 1.981 1.927 1.737 1.638 1.342

1968 1.764 1.737 1.679 1.6 1.554 1.42

1969 2.027 1.996 1.939 1.866 1.813 1.626

1970 2.063 2.035 1.976 1.895 1.847 1.693

1971 2.119 2.092 2.033 1.954 1.906 1.734

1972 2.096 2.068 2.009 1.929 1.881 1.732

1973 2.15 2.121 2.062 1.982 1.931 1.765

1974 2.15 2.122 2.063 1.983 1.934 1.771

1975 2.151 2.123 2.064 1.983 1.935 1.766

1976 2.277 2.243 2.135 2.015 1.975 1.86

1977 2.306 2.279 2.22 2.142 2.091 1.916

1978 2.326 2.296 2.236 2.159 2.104 1.919

1979 2.265 2.237 2.178 2.098 2.047 1.871

1980 2.253 2.225 2.166 2.087 2.039 1.863

1981 2.223 2.194 2.135 2.054 1.999 1.819

1982 2.193 2.165 2.105 2.025 1.978 1.839

1983 3.374 3.277 3.04 2.677 2.538 2.159

1984 2.519 2.489 2.429 2.348 2.294 2.11

1985 2.433 2.405 2.346 2.267 2.214 2.037

1986 2.368 2.339 2.28 2.2 2.147 1.979

1987 2.399 2.371 2.312 2.233 2.181 2.018

1988 2.422 2.391 2.339 2.241 2.18 1.973

1989 2.311 2.283 2.224 2.145 2.095 1.927

1990 2.759 2.704 2.524 2.319 2.265 2.03

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 3.374 3.277 3.04 2.677 2.538 2.159

0.0645161290322581 2.759 2.704 2.524 2.348 2.294 2.11

0.0967741935483871 2.519 2.489 2.429 2.319 2.265 2.037

0.129032258064516 2.433 2.405 2.346 2.267 2.214 2.03
61

0.161290322580645 2.422 2.391 2.339 2.241 2.181 2.018

0.193548387096774 2.399 2.371 2.312 2.233 2.18 1.979

0.225806451612903 2.368 2.339 2.28 2.2 2.147 1.973

0.258064516129032 2.326 2.296 2.236 2.159 2.104 1.927

0.290322580645161 2.311 2.283 2.224 2.145 2.095 1.919

0.32258064516129 2.306 2.279 2.22 2.142 2.091 1.916

0.354838709677419 2.277 2.243 2.178 2.098 2.047 1.871

0.387096774193548 2.265 2.237 2.166 2.087 2.039 1.863

0.419354838709677 2.253 2.225 2.135 2.054 1.999 1.86

0.451612903225806 2.223 2.194 2.135 2.025 1.978 1.839

0.483870967741936 2.193 2.165 2.105 2.015 1.975 1.819

0.516129032258065 2.151 2.123 2.064 1.983 1.935 1.771

0.548387096774194 2.15 2.122 2.063 1.983 1.934 1.766

0.580645161290323 2.15 2.121 2.062 1.982 1.931 1.765

0.612903225806452 2.119 2.092 2.033 1.954 1.906 1.734

0.645161290322581 2.096 2.068 2.009 1.929 1.881 1.732

0.67741935483871 2.063 2.035 1.976 1.895 1.847 1.693

0.709677419354839 2.039 1.996 1.939 1.866 1.813 1.626

0.741935483870968 2.027 1.981 1.927 1.737 1.638 1.42

0.774193548387097 1.764 1.737 1.679 1.6 1.554 1.342

0.806451612903226 1.37 1.343 1.285 1.208 1.165 1.031

0.838709677419355 1.262 1.235 1.177 1.101 1.059 0.9098

0.870967741935484 1.087 1.061 1.003 0.9277 0.8861 0.7528

0.903225806451613 0.9453 0.9186 0.8605 0.7831

0.7415 0.5996

0.935483870967742 0.7469 0.7211 0.6635 0.5896

0.5498 0.4126

0.967741935483871 0.508 0.4826 0.4252 0.3518 0.3145

0.186

0.1 2.5104 2.4806 2.4207 2.3138 2.2599

2.0363

Average of yearly averages:

1.60202666666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypomefr

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAfruit_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm
62

Application Rate: TAPP 0.262 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 01-04 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 4 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 5 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cypomefrben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAfruit_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:02

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.2229 0.2227 0.2197 0.2153 0.2142

0.1397

1962 0.4495 0.4495 0.4493 0.4475 0.4454

0.3682

1963 0.6382 0.6381 0.6378 0.6355 0.6327 0.555

1964 0.7844 0.7844 0.784 0.7811 0.7774 0.7086

1965 0.9529 0.9529 0.9525 0.9493 0.945 0.8707

1966 1.065 1.065 1.065 1.061 1.056 0.9856

1967 1.426 1.426 1.425 1.42 1.413 1.27

1968 1.455 1.455 1.454 1.448 1.441 1.376

1969 1.688 1.688 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.576

1970 1.748 1.748 1.747 1.741 1.732 1.649

1971 1.804 1.804 1.803 1.797 1.789 1.706

1972 1.785 1.785 1.784 1.778 1.769 1.697

1973 1.836 1.836 1.835 1.828 1.82 1.74

1974 1.837 1.837 1.836 1.829 1.82 1.741

1975 1.834 1.834 1.833 1.827 1.819 1.74

1976 1.882 1.882 1.882 1.88 1.867 1.796

1977 1.997 1.997 1.996 1.988 1.979 1.896

1978 1.993 1.993 1.992 1.985 1.975 1.887

1979 1.954 1.954 1.953 1.946 1.937 1.854

1980 1.94 1.94 1.939 1.932 1.924 1.835
63

1981 1.906 1.906 1.905 1.897 1.887 1.8

1982 1.877 1.877 1.877 1.871 1.862 1.793

1983 2.279 2.279 2.278 2.27 2.259 2.07

1984 2.205 2.205 2.204 2.196 2.185 2.097

1985 2.124 2.124 2.123 2.114 2.103 2.018

1986 2.055 2.055 2.054 2.046 2.037 1.954

1987 2.09 2.09 2.089 2.081 2.072 1.988

1988 2.062 2.062 2.061 2.054 2.044 1.947

1989 2.003 2.003 2.002 1.994 1.985 1.906

1990 2.126 2.126 2.125 2.116 2.104 1.972

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 2.279 2.279 2.278 2.27 2.259 2.097

0.0645161290322581 2.205 2.205 2.204 2.196 2.185 2.07

0.0967741935483871 2.126 2.126 2.125 2.116 2.104 2.018

0.129032258064516 2.124 2.124 2.123 2.114 2.103 1.988

0.161290322580645 2.09 2.09 2.089 2.081 2.072 1.972

0.193548387096774 2.062 2.062 2.061 2.054 2.044 1.954

0.225806451612903 2.055 2.055 2.054 2.046 2.037 1.947

0.258064516129032 2.003 2.003 2.002 1.994 1.985 1.906

0.290322580645161 1.997 1.997 1.996 1.988 1.979 1.896

0.32258064516129 1.993 1.993 1.992 1.985 1.975 1.887

0.354838709677419 1.954 1.954 1.953 1.946 1.937 1.854

0.387096774193548 1.94 1.94 1.939 1.932 1.924 1.835

0.419354838709677 1.906 1.906 1.905 1.897 1.887 1.8

0.451612903225806 1.882 1.882 1.882 1.88 1.867 1.796

0.483870967741936 1.877 1.877 1.877 1.871 1.862 1.793

0.516129032258065 1.837 1.837 1.836 1.829 1.82 1.741

0.548387096774194 1.836 1.836 1.835 1.828 1.82 1.74

0.580645161290323 1.834 1.834 1.833 1.827 1.819 1.74

0.612903225806452 1.804 1.804 1.803 1.797 1.789 1.706

0.645161290322581 1.785 1.785 1.784 1.778 1.769 1.697

0.67741935483871 1.748 1.748 1.747 1.741 1.732 1.649

0.709677419354839 1.688 1.688 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.576

0.741935483870968 1.455 1.455 1.454 1.448 1.441 1.376

0.774193548387097 1.426 1.426 1.425 1.42 1.413 1.27

0.806451612903226 1.065 1.065 1.065 1.061 1.056 0.9856

0.838709677419355 0.9529 0.9529 0.9525 0.9493 0.945

0.8707

0.870967741935484 0.7844 0.7844 0.784 0.7811 0.7774

0.7086

0.903225806451613 0.6382 0.6381 0.6378 0.6355

0.6327 0.555

0.935483870967742 0.4495 0.4495 0.4493 0.4475

0.4454 0.3682

0.967741935483871 0.2229 0.2227 0.2197 0.2153

0.2142 0.1397

0.1 2.1258 2.1258 2.1248 2.1158 2.1039 2.015

Average of yearly averages:

1.56452666666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypomefr
64

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAfruit_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.262 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 01-04 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 4 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 5 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

PISTACHIO AERIAL

stored as Cyppista.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAalmond_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:13:20

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:22

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 1.637 1.564 1.33 1.118 1.021 0.6986

1962 8.185 7.774 6.491 5.106 4.449 2.307
65

1963 5.6 5.516 5.242 5.046 5.031 4.438

1964 5.856 5.779 5.528 5.302 5.208 4.816

1965 6.199 6.12 5.866 5.643 5.564 5.145

1966 6.39 6.312 6.056 5.828 5.747 5.372

1967 7.006 6.924 6.658 6.431 6.407 5.864

1968 7.021 6.943 6.683 6.448 6.376 5.949

1969 7.312 7.229 6.962 6.736 6.707 6.19

1970 7.365 7.285 7.024 6.795 6.733 6.359

1971 7.717 7.639 7.379 7.144 7.074 6.621

1972 7.695 7.615 7.354 7.12 7.056 6.634

1973 7.78 7.699 7.432 7.197 7.153 6.715

1974 7.846 7.767 7.506 7.277 7.205 6.784

1975 7.965 7.883 7.612 7.379 7.359 6.835

1976 7.884 7.801 7.529 7.295 7.261 6.778

1977 7.878 7.8 7.538 7.297 7.232 6.792

1978 8.023 7.941 7.675 7.446 7.393 6.939

1979 8.125 8.043 7.775 7.541 7.51 7.028

1980 8.14 8.06 7.801 7.57 7.507 7.052

1981 8.278 8.197 7.922 7.677 7.66 7.209

1982 9.813 9.661 9.427 9.053 8.928 8.06

1983 9.508 9.417 9.119 8.911 8.805 8.256

1984 9.197 9.114 8.844 8.612 8.582 8.084

1985 9.001 8.92 8.647 8.4 8.365 7.907

1986 9.003 8.921 8.651 8.412 8.375 7.883

1987 8.815 8.733 8.464 8.231 8.195 7.728

1988 8.824 8.739 8.456 8.215 8.164 7.631

1989 8.629 8.548 8.281 8.044 8.005 7.613

1990 10.12 9.952 9.415 8.803 8.582 7.941

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 10.12 9.952 9.427 9.053 8.928 8.256

0.0645161290322581 9.813 9.661 9.415 8.911 8.805 8.084

0.0967741935483871 9.508 9.417 9.119 8.803 8.582 8.06

0.129032258064516 9.197 9.114 8.844 8.612 8.582 7.941

0.161290322580645 9.003 8.921 8.651 8.412 8.375 7.907

0.193548387096774 9.001 8.92 8.647 8.4 8.365 7.883

0.225806451612903 8.824 8.739 8.464 8.231 8.195 7.728

0.258064516129032 8.815 8.733 8.456 8.215 8.164 7.631

0.290322580645161 8.629 8.548 8.281 8.044 8.005 7.613

0.32258064516129 8.278 8.197 7.922 7.677 7.66 7.209

0.354838709677419 8.185 8.06 7.801 7.57 7.51 7.052

0.387096774193548 8.14 8.043 7.775 7.541 7.507 7.028

0.419354838709677 8.125 7.941 7.675 7.446 7.393 6.939

0.451612903225806 8.023 7.883 7.612 7.379 7.359 6.835

0.483870967741936 7.965 7.801 7.538 7.297 7.261 6.792

0.516129032258065 7.884 7.8 7.529 7.295 7.232 6.784

0.548387096774194 7.878 7.774 7.506 7.277 7.205 6.778

0.580645161290323 7.846 7.767 7.432 7.197 7.153 6.715

0.612903225806452 7.78 7.699 7.379 7.144 7.074 6.634

0.645161290322581 7.717 7.639 7.354 7.12 7.056 6.621

0.67741935483871 7.695 7.615 7.024 6.795 6.733 6.359

0.709677419354839 7.365 7.285 6.962 6.736 6.707 6.19

0.741935483870968 7.312 7.229 6.683 6.448 6.407 5.949

0.774193548387097 7.021 6.943 6.658 6.431 6.376 5.864

0.806451612903226 7.006 6.924 6.491 5.828 5.747 5.372

0.838709677419355 6.39 6.312 6.056 5.643 5.564 5.145
66

0.870967741935484 6.199 6.12 5.866 5.302 5.208 4.816

0.903225806451613 5.856 5.779 5.528 5.106 5.031 4.438

0.935483870967742 5.6 5.516 5.242 5.046 4.449 2.307

0.967741935483871 1.637 1.564 1.33 1.118 1.021 0.6986

0.1 9.4769 9.3867 9.0915 8.7839 8.582 8.0481

Average of yearly averages:

6.45428666666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cyppista

Metfile: w23232.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAalmond_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 15-03 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 14 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 42 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 14 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cyppistaben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAalmond_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:13:20
67

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:22

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.8883 0.8862 0.8614 0.7992 0.788 0.5148

1962 3.517 3.515 3.493 3.338 2.946 1.762

1963 4.603 4.603 4.601 4.588 4.571 4.204

1964 4.957 4.956 4.954 4.939 4.92 4.679

1965 5.29 5.29 5.288 5.272 5.254 5.008

1966 5.492 5.492 5.49 5.474 5.454 5.232

1967 6.058 6.058 6.056 6.037 6.013 5.705

1968 6.114 6.114 6.111 6.093 6.069 5.839

1969 6.378 6.378 6.376 6.357 6.332 6.05

1970 6.467 6.467 6.464 6.445 6.419 6.199

1971 6.802 6.802 6.799 6.779 6.753 6.508

1972 6.79 6.79 6.787 6.766 6.74 6.516

1973 6.881 6.881 6.878 6.856 6.828 6.601

1974 6.934 6.934 6.932 6.922 6.904 6.671

1975 7.05 7.05 7.046 7.024 6.996 6.729

1976 6.976 6.976 6.973 6.951 6.922 6.682

1977 6.958 6.958 6.955 6.934 6.908 6.673

1978 7.108 7.108 7.105 7.085 7.058 6.812

1979 7.211 7.211 7.208 7.186 7.158 6.905

1980 7.229 7.229 7.226 7.206 7.18 6.941

1981 7.342 7.342 7.338 7.315 7.287 7.04

1982 8.265 8.265 8.262 8.24 8.212 7.773

1983 8.474 8.474 8.47 8.447 8.416 8.121

1984 8.309 8.309 8.305 8.28 8.248 8.011

1985 8.086 8.086 8.082 8.056 8.024 7.795

1986 8.088 8.088 8.085 8.06 8.029 7.784

1987 7.921 7.921 7.918 7.895 7.866 7.637

1988 7.86 7.86 7.856 7.831 7.797 7.531

1989 7.722 7.721 7.718 7.695 7.665 7.475

1990 8.206 8.206 8.202 8.175 8.141 7.77

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 8.474 8.474 8.47 8.447 8.416 8.121

0.0645161290322581 8.309 8.309 8.305 8.28 8.248 8.011

0.0967741935483871 8.265 8.265 8.262 8.24 8.212 7.795

0.129032258064516 8.206 8.206 8.202 8.175 8.141 7.784

0.161290322580645 8.088 8.088 8.085 8.06 8.029 7.773

0.193548387096774 8.086 8.086 8.082 8.056 8.024 7.77

0.225806451612903 7.921 7.921 7.918 7.895 7.866 7.637

0.258064516129032 7.86 7.86 7.856 7.831 7.797 7.531

0.290322580645161 7.722 7.721 7.718 7.695 7.665 7.475

0.32258064516129 7.342 7.342 7.338 7.315 7.287 7.04

0.354838709677419 7.229 7.229 7.226 7.206 7.18 6.941

0.387096774193548 7.211 7.211 7.208 7.186 7.158 6.905

0.419354838709677 7.108 7.108 7.105 7.085 7.058 6.812

0.451612903225806 7.05 7.05 7.046 7.024 6.996 6.729

0.483870967741936 6.976 6.976 6.973 6.951 6.922 6.682

0.516129032258065 6.958 6.958 6.955 6.934 6.908 6.673

0.548387096774194 6.934 6.934 6.932 6.922 6.904 6.671

0.580645161290323 6.881 6.881 6.878 6.856 6.828 6.601
68

0.612903225806452 6.802 6.802 6.799 6.779 6.753 6.516

0.645161290322581 6.79 6.79 6.787 6.766 6.74 6.508

0.67741935483871 6.467 6.467 6.464 6.445 6.419 6.199

0.709677419354839 6.378 6.378 6.376 6.357 6.332 6.05

0.741935483870968 6.114 6.114 6.111 6.093 6.069 5.839

0.774193548387097 6.058 6.058 6.056 6.037 6.013 5.705

0.806451612903226 5.492 5.492 5.49 5.474 5.454 5.232

0.838709677419355 5.29 5.29 5.288 5.272 5.254 5.008

0.870967741935484 4.957 4.956 4.954 4.939 4.92 4.679

0.903225806451613 4.603 4.603 4.601 4.588 4.571 4.204

0.935483870967742 3.517 3.515 3.493 3.338 2.946 1.762

0.967741935483871 0.8883 0.8862 0.8614 0.7992 0.788

0.5148

0.1 8.2591 8.2591 8.256 8.2335 8.2049 7.7939

Average of yearly averages:

6.30559333333334

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cyppista

Metfile: w23232.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAalmond_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 15-03 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 14 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 42 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 14 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond
69

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

PISTACHIO GROUND

stored as Cyppista.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAalmond_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:13:20

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:22

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.8363 0.7966 0.672 0.418 0.3432 0.207

1962 7.405 6.977 5.642 4.202 3.517 1.329

1963 3.821 3.757 3.574 3.471 3.41 3.053

1964 3.307 3.286 3.214 3.149 3.15 3.019

1965 3.289 3.266 3.191 3.152 3.14 2.987

1966 3.151 3.13 3.076 2.993 2.996 2.896

1967 3.611 3.572 3.482 3.403 3.373 3.119

1968 3.263 3.242 3.167 3.102 3.106 2.965

1969 3.507 3.465 3.333 3.257 3.218 2.996

1970 3.884 3.817 3.613 3.22 3.079 2.993

1971 3.399 3.377 3.304 3.239 3.24 3.093

1972 3.231 3.209 3.136 3.072 3.073 2.957

1973 3.198 3.176 3.101 3.05 3.054 2.92

1974 3.137 3.116 3.044 2.985 2.978 2.869

1975 3.258 3.225 3.149 3.05 3.044 2.829

1976 3.022 2.999 2.921 2.885 2.872 2.707

1977 2.921 2.9 2.828 2.762 2.764 2.635

1978 3.013 2.99 2.915 2.867 2.857 2.723

1979 3.097 3.068 2.976 2.909 2.912 2.744

1980 3.005 2.984 2.913 2.851 2.851 2.711

1981 3.444 3.394 3.243 3.064 2.961 2.817

1982 5.143 5.049 4.765 4.39 4.223 3.642

1983 4.274 4.246 4.181 4.091 4.01 3.794

1984 3.944 3.921 3.847 3.804 3.805 3.632

1985 3.712 3.691 3.613 3.561 3.563 3.426

1986 3.697 3.675 3.599 3.554 3.559 3.38

1987 3.494 3.472 3.396 3.347 3.352 3.197

1988 3.476 3.45 3.384 3.34 3.294 3.099

1989 3.562 3.517 3.375 3.231 3.187 3.067

1990 4.897 4.779 4.403 3.97 3.809 3.392

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 7.405 6.977 5.642 4.39 4.223 3.794

0.0645161290322581 5.143 5.049 4.765 4.202 4.01 3.642

0.0967741935483871 4.897 4.779 4.403 4.091 3.809 3.632

0.129032258064516 4.274 4.246 4.181 3.97 3.805 3.426

0.161290322580645 3.944 3.921 3.847 3.804 3.563 3.392

0.193548387096774 3.884 3.817 3.613 3.561 3.559 3.38

0.225806451612903 3.821 3.757 3.613 3.554 3.517 3.197

0.258064516129032 3.712 3.691 3.599 3.471 3.41 3.119
70

0.290322580645161 3.697 3.675 3.574 3.403 3.373 3.099

0.32258064516129 3.611 3.572 3.482 3.347 3.352 3.093

0.354838709677419 3.562 3.517 3.396 3.34 3.294 3.067

0.387096774193548 3.507 3.472 3.384 3.257 3.24 3.053

0.419354838709677 3.494 3.465 3.375 3.239 3.218 3.019

0.451612903225806 3.476 3.45 3.333 3.231 3.187 2.996

0.483870967741936 3.444 3.394 3.304 3.22 3.15 2.993

0.516129032258065 3.399 3.377 3.243 3.152 3.14 2.987

0.548387096774194 3.307 3.286 3.214 3.149 3.106 2.965

0.580645161290323 3.289 3.266 3.191 3.102 3.079 2.957

0.612903225806452 3.263 3.242 3.167 3.072 3.073 2.92

0.645161290322581 3.258 3.225 3.149 3.064 3.054 2.896

0.67741935483871 3.231 3.209 3.136 3.05 3.044 2.869

0.709677419354839 3.198 3.176 3.101 3.05 2.996 2.829

0.741935483870968 3.151 3.13 3.076 2.993 2.978 2.817

0.774193548387097 3.137 3.116 3.044 2.985 2.961 2.744

0.806451612903226 3.097 3.068 2.976 2.909 2.912 2.723

0.838709677419355 3.022 2.999 2.921 2.885 2.872 2.711

0.870967741935484 3.013 2.99 2.915 2.867 2.857 2.707

0.903225806451613 3.005 2.984 2.913 2.851 2.851 2.635

0.935483870967742 2.921 2.9 2.828 2.762 2.764 1.329

0.967741935483871 0.8363 0.7966 0.672 0.418 0.3432 0.207

0.1 4.8347 4.7257 4.3808 4.0789 3.8086

3.6114

Average of yearly averages: 2.9066

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cyppista

Metfile: w23232.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAalmond_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 15-03 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 14 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 42 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.
71

Interval 3 interval 14 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cyppistaben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAalmond_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:13:20

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:22

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.3377 0.3354 0.3083 0.2404 0.2257

0.1379

1962 2.552 2.55 2.525 2.358 1.943 0.8796

1963 3.137 3.137 3.135 3.127 3.116 2.925

1964 3.072 3.072 3.071 3.062 3.053 2.985

1965 3.042 3.042 3.041 3.033 3.023 2.95

1966 2.921 2.921 2.919 2.911 2.902 2.85

1967 3.207 3.207 3.205 3.197 3.185 3.052

1968 3.029 3.029 3.028 3.018 3.009 2.945

1969 3.074 3.074 3.073 3.065 3.054 2.943

1970 3.046 3.044 3.01 2.977 2.968 2.915

1971 3.16 3.16 3.159 3.15 3.141 3.067

1972 2.998 2.998 2.997 2.988 2.979 2.923

1973 2.969 2.969 2.967 2.958 2.949 2.884

1974 2.905 2.905 2.904 2.901 2.897 2.84

1975 2.913 2.913 2.912 2.903 2.893 2.798

1976 2.781 2.781 2.78 2.771 2.762 2.687

1977 2.68 2.68 2.679 2.671 2.662 2.597

1978 2.767 2.767 2.766 2.758 2.749 2.671

1979 2.798 2.798 2.797 2.789 2.779 2.697

1980 2.767 2.767 2.766 2.759 2.749 2.68

1981 2.869 2.868 2.858 2.806 2.796 2.72

1982 3.734 3.734 3.733 3.723 3.71 3.434

1983 3.875 3.875 3.873 3.863 3.849 3.73

1984 3.723 3.723 3.722 3.712 3.707 3.626

1985 3.478 3.478 3.477 3.466 3.458 3.391

1986 3.459 3.459 3.458 3.448 3.439 3.354

1987 3.268 3.268 3.267 3.257 3.25 3.18

1988 3.185 3.185 3.184 3.174 3.161 3.067

1989 3.065 3.065 3.064 3.062 3.058 3.004

1990 3.533 3.533 3.532 3.52 3.505 3.288

Sorted results
72

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 3.875 3.875 3.873 3.863 3.849 3.73

0.0645161290322581 3.734 3.734 3.733 3.723 3.71 3.626

0.0967741935483871 3.723 3.723 3.722 3.712 3.707 3.434

0.129032258064516 3.533 3.533 3.532 3.52 3.505 3.391

0.161290322580645 3.478 3.478 3.477 3.466 3.458 3.354

0.193548387096774 3.459 3.459 3.458 3.448 3.439 3.288

0.225806451612903 3.268 3.268 3.267 3.257 3.25 3.18

0.258064516129032 3.207 3.207 3.205 3.197 3.185 3.067

0.290322580645161 3.185 3.185 3.184 3.174 3.161 3.067

0.32258064516129 3.16 3.16 3.159 3.15 3.141 3.052

0.354838709677419 3.137 3.137 3.135 3.127 3.116 3.004

0.387096774193548 3.074 3.074 3.073 3.065 3.058 2.985

0.419354838709677 3.072 3.072 3.071 3.062 3.054 2.95

0.451612903225806 3.065 3.065 3.064 3.062 3.053 2.945

0.483870967741936 3.046 3.044 3.041 3.033 3.023 2.943

0.516129032258065 3.042 3.042 3.028 3.018 3.009 2.925

0.548387096774194 3.029 3.029 3.01 2.988 2.979 2.923

0.580645161290323 2.998 2.998 2.997 2.977 2.968 2.915

0.612903225806452 2.969 2.969 2.967 2.958 2.949 2.884

0.645161290322581 2.921 2.921 2.919 2.911 2.902 2.85

0.67741935483871 2.913 2.913 2.912 2.903 2.897 2.84

0.709677419354839 2.905 2.905 2.904 2.901 2.893 2.798

0.741935483870968 2.869 2.868 2.858 2.806 2.796 2.72

0.774193548387097 2.798 2.798 2.797 2.789 2.779 2.697

0.806451612903226 2.781 2.781 2.78 2.771 2.762 2.687

0.838709677419355 2.767 2.767 2.766 2.759 2.749 2.68

0.870967741935484 2.767 2.767 2.766 2.758 2.749 2.671

0.903225806451613 2.68 2.68 2.679 2.671 2.662 2.597

0.935483870967742 2.552 2.55 2.525 2.358 1.943 0.8796

0.967741935483871 0.3377 0.3354 0.3083 0.2404

0.2257 0.1379

0.1 3.704 3.704 3.703 3.6928 3.6868 3.4297

Average of yearly averages:

2.84068333333333

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cyppista

Metfile: w23232.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAalmond_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.2 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life
73

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 15-03 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 14 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 42 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 14 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

CA CITRUS (TROPICAL FRUITS) AERIAL 5 APPLICATIONS

stored as Cypcitru.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23155.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:20

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 1.948 1.866 1.611 1.49 1.368 1.037

1962 5.185 4.967 4.695 4.076 3.723 2.837

1963 5.193 5.054 4.83 4.485 4.291 3.698

1964 5.289 5.204 4.938 4.825 4.685 4.159

1965 5.696 5.61 5.343 5.23 5.093 4.552

1966 6.472 6.347 5.955 5.798 5.626 4.99

1967 6.484 6.395 6.123 6.013 5.887 5.282

1968 6.721 6.618 6.338 6.234 6.092 5.463

1969 7.173 7.072 6.755 6.548 6.406 5.723

1970 7.267 7.173 6.905 6.757 6.593 5.874

1971 7.245 7.151 6.873 6.765 6.619 5.987

1972 7.394 7.291 6.998 6.896 6.754 6.089

1973 7.779 7.662 7.354 7.208 7.069 6.289

1974 7.611 7.513 7.359 7.201 7.057 6.341

1975 7.784 7.676 7.352 7.254 7.099 6.386

1976 7.724 7.621 7.335 7.233 7.092 6.378

1977 7.715 7.612 7.326 7.245 7.123 6.412

1978 18.11 17.37 15.3 12.85 11.91 9.424

1979 10.42 10.32 10.02 9.921 9.781 8.859

1980 9.968 9.864 9.569 9.47 9.331 8.52

1981 9.711 9.608 9.317 9.216 9.076 8.206

1982 9.392 9.288 8.99 8.893 8.753 7.92
74

1983 9.539 9.415 9.105 8.932 8.752 7.924

1984 9.159 9.058 8.773 8.669 8.526 7.741

1985 9.018 8.916 8.631 8.529 8.385 7.617

1986 8.898 8.795 8.505 8.404 8.264 7.518

1987 8.939 8.834 8.53 8.426 8.298 7.508

1988 8.74 8.636 8.331 8.231 8.094 7.289

1989 8.511 8.409 8.105 8.007 7.866 7.084

1990 8.343 8.242 7.948 7.847 7.705 6.924

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 18.11 17.37 15.3 12.85 11.91 9.424

0.0645161290322581 10.42 10.32 10.02 9.921 9.781 8.859

0.0967741935483871 9.968 9.864 9.569 9.47 9.331 8.52

0.129032258064516 9.711 9.608 9.317 9.216 9.076 8.206

0.161290322580645 9.539 9.415 9.105 8.932 8.753 7.924

0.193548387096774 9.392 9.288 8.99 8.893 8.752 7.92

0.225806451612903 9.159 9.058 8.773 8.669 8.526 7.741

0.258064516129032 9.018 8.916 8.631 8.529 8.385 7.617

0.290322580645161 8.939 8.834 8.53 8.426 8.298 7.518

0.32258064516129 8.898 8.795 8.505 8.404 8.264 7.508

0.354838709677419 8.74 8.636 8.331 8.231 8.094 7.289

0.387096774193548 8.511 8.409 8.105 8.007 7.866 7.084

0.419354838709677 8.343 8.242 7.948 7.847 7.705 6.924

0.451612903225806 7.784 7.676 7.359 7.254 7.123 6.412

0.483870967741936 7.779 7.662 7.354 7.245 7.099 6.386

0.516129032258065 7.724 7.621 7.352 7.233 7.092 6.378

0.548387096774194 7.715 7.612 7.335 7.208 7.069 6.341

0.580645161290323 7.611 7.513 7.326 7.201 7.057 6.289

0.612903225806452 7.394 7.291 6.998 6.896 6.754 6.089

0.645161290322581 7.267 7.173 6.905 6.765 6.619 5.987

0.67741935483871 7.245 7.151 6.873 6.757 6.593 5.874

0.709677419354839 7.173 7.072 6.755 6.548 6.406 5.723

0.741935483870968 6.721 6.618 6.338 6.234 6.092 5.463

0.774193548387097 6.484 6.395 6.123 6.013 5.887 5.282

0.806451612903226 6.472 6.347 5.955 5.798 5.626 4.99

0.838709677419355 5.696 5.61 5.343 5.23 5.093 4.552

0.870967741935484 5.289 5.204 4.938 4.825 4.685 4.159

0.903225806451613 5.193 5.054 4.83 4.485 4.291 3.698

0.935483870967742 5.185 4.967 4.695 4.076 3.723 2.837

0.967741935483871 1.948 1.866 1.611 1.49 1.368 1.037

0.1 9.9423 9.8384 9.5438 9.4446 9.3055

8.4886

Average of yearly averages:

6.33436666666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypcitru

Metfile: w23155.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol
75

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 02-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 4 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cypcitruben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23155.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:20

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 1.006 1.006 1.006 1.003 0.999 0.8461

1962 2.851 2.851 2.85 2.843 2.832 2.471

1963 3.772 3.772 3.771 3.762 3.749 3.48

1964 4.29 4.29 4.288 4.279 4.266 4.014

1965 4.696 4.696 4.694 4.684 4.669 4.409

1966 5.169 5.169 5.167 5.154 5.136 4.835

1967 5.478 5.478 5.477 5.466 5.451 5.151

1968 5.686 5.686 5.684 5.671 5.654 5.343

1969 5.97 5.969 5.968 5.953 5.934 5.593

1970 6.153 6.153 6.151 6.138 6.118 5.759

1971 6.209 6.209 6.207 6.193 6.177 5.867
76

1972 6.339 6.339 6.337 6.322 6.301 5.977

1973 6.585 6.585 6.583 6.567 6.544 6.165

1974 6.637 6.637 6.634 6.619 6.597 6.231

1975 6.675 6.675 6.673 6.66 6.64 6.28

1976 6.679 6.679 6.677 6.663 6.642 6.283

1977 6.712 6.712 6.71 6.693 6.672 6.309

1978 9.722 9.721 9.717 9.69 9.654 8.757

1979 9.342 9.342 9.339 9.319 9.29 8.81

1980 8.899 8.899 8.897 8.879 8.855 8.441

1981 8.644 8.644 8.641 8.622 8.596 8.144

1982 8.323 8.323 8.32 8.302 8.276 7.847

1983 8.25 8.25 8.248 8.232 8.209 7.801

1984 8.096 8.096 8.094 8.078 8.055 7.653

1985 7.952 7.952 7.95 7.931 7.908 7.517

1986 7.84 7.84 7.837 7.821 7.799 7.421

1987 7.834 7.834 7.831 7.812 7.787 7.4

1988 7.679 7.679 7.676 7.658 7.633 7.225

1989 7.45 7.45 7.447 7.426 7.4 7.008

1990 7.289 7.289 7.286 7.267 7.242 6.849

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 9.722 9.721 9.717 9.69 9.654 8.81

0.0645161290322581 9.342 9.342 9.339 9.319 9.29 8.757

0.0967741935483871 8.899 8.899 8.897 8.879 8.855 8.441

0.129032258064516 8.644 8.644 8.641 8.622 8.596 8.144

0.161290322580645 8.323 8.323 8.32 8.302 8.276 7.847

0.193548387096774 8.25 8.25 8.248 8.232 8.209 7.801

0.225806451612903 8.096 8.096 8.094 8.078 8.055 7.653

0.258064516129032 7.952 7.952 7.95 7.931 7.908 7.517

0.290322580645161 7.84 7.84 7.837 7.821 7.799 7.421

0.32258064516129 7.834 7.834 7.831 7.812 7.787 7.4

0.354838709677419 7.679 7.679 7.676 7.658 7.633 7.225

0.387096774193548 7.45 7.45 7.447 7.426 7.4 7.008

0.419354838709677 7.289 7.289 7.286 7.267 7.242 6.849

0.451612903225806 6.712 6.712 6.71 6.693 6.672 6.309

0.483870967741936 6.679 6.679 6.677 6.663 6.642 6.283

0.516129032258065 6.675 6.675 6.673 6.66 6.64 6.28

0.548387096774194 6.637 6.637 6.634 6.619 6.597 6.231

0.580645161290323 6.585 6.585 6.583 6.567 6.544 6.165

0.612903225806452 6.339 6.339 6.337 6.322 6.301 5.977

0.645161290322581 6.209 6.209 6.207 6.193 6.177 5.867

0.67741935483871 6.153 6.153 6.151 6.138 6.118 5.759

0.709677419354839 5.97 5.969 5.968 5.953 5.934 5.593

0.741935483870968 5.686 5.686 5.684 5.671 5.654 5.343

0.774193548387097 5.478 5.478 5.477 5.466 5.451 5.151

0.806451612903226 5.169 5.169 5.167 5.154 5.136 4.835

0.838709677419355 4.696 4.696 4.694 4.684 4.669 4.409

0.870967741935484 4.29 4.29 4.288 4.279 4.266 4.014

0.903225806451613 3.772 3.772 3.771 3.762 3.749 3.48

0.935483870967742 2.851 2.851 2.85 2.843 2.832 2.471

0.967741935483871 1.006 1.006 1.006 1.003 0.999 0.8461

0.1 8.8735 8.8735 8.8714 8.8533 8.8291

8.4113

Average of yearly averages:

6.19620333333333
77

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypcitru

Metfile: w23155.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 02-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 4 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

CA CITRUS GROUND 5 Applications

stored as Cypcitru.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23155.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:20

Water segment concentrations (ppb)
78

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.4994 0.4785 0.413 0.382 0.3508 0.2658

1962 3.585 3.4 2.988 2.429 2.159 1.488

1963 2.841 2.753 2.531 2.251 2.137 1.82

1964 2.16 2.134 2.062 2.036 1.999 1.813

1965 2.148 2.122 2.053 2.025 1.991 1.814

1966 2.572 2.521 2.358 2.243 2.169 1.927

1967 2.27 2.244 2.171 2.144 2.12 1.932

1968 2.256 2.229 2.151 2.126 2.09 1.893

1969 2.504 2.465 2.356 2.226 2.184 1.958

1970 2.546 2.504 2.402 2.299 2.238 1.99

1971 2.301 2.275 2.201 2.175 2.138 1.976

1972 2.313 2.286 2.208 2.181 2.145 1.968

1973 2.62 2.579 2.503 2.445 2.384 2.092

1974 2.557 2.525 2.422 2.336 2.299 2.078

1975 2.488 2.456 2.36 2.316 2.269 2.049

1976 2.357 2.331 2.253 2.228 2.193 1.983

1977 2.344 2.321 2.246 2.203 2.186 1.984

1978 13.3 12.59 10.54 8.092 7.234 5.115

1979 5.081 5.053 4.974 4.934 4.902 4.49

1980 4.591 4.563 4.484 4.448 4.417 4.077

1981 4.232 4.205 4.127 4.094 4.06 3.711

1982 3.882 3.854 3.776 3.745 3.711 3.394

1983 4 3.952 3.876 3.762 3.683 3.331

1984 3.539 3.512 3.434 3.405 3.37 3.088

1985 3.332 3.305 3.227 3.199 3.164 2.899

1986 3.156 3.129 3.051 3.022 2.988 2.74

1987 3.134 3.104 3.025 2.992 2.966 2.686

1988 2.932 2.905 2.827 2.796 2.762 2.505

1989 2.762 2.736 2.657 2.628 2.592 2.35

1990 2.628 2.601 2.523 2.496 2.46 2.224

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 13.3 12.59 10.54 8.092 7.234 5.115

0.0645161290322581 5.081 5.053 4.974 4.934 4.902 4.49

0.0967741935483871 4.591 4.563 4.484 4.448 4.417 4.077

0.129032258064516 4.232 4.205 4.127 4.094 4.06 3.711

0.161290322580645 4 3.952 3.876 3.762 3.711 3.394

0.193548387096774 3.882 3.854 3.776 3.745 3.683 3.331

0.225806451612903 3.585 3.512 3.434 3.405 3.37 3.088

0.258064516129032 3.539 3.4 3.227 3.199 3.164 2.899

0.290322580645161 3.332 3.305 3.051 3.022 2.988 2.74

0.32258064516129 3.156 3.129 3.025 2.992 2.966 2.686

0.354838709677419 3.134 3.104 2.988 2.796 2.762 2.505

0.387096774193548 2.932 2.905 2.827 2.628 2.592 2.35

0.419354838709677 2.841 2.753 2.657 2.496 2.46 2.224

0.451612903225806 2.762 2.736 2.531 2.445 2.384 2.092

0.483870967741936 2.628 2.601 2.523 2.429 2.299 2.078

0.516129032258065 2.62 2.579 2.503 2.336 2.269 2.049

0.548387096774194 2.572 2.525 2.422 2.316 2.238 1.99

0.580645161290323 2.557 2.521 2.402 2.299 2.193 1.984

0.612903225806452 2.546 2.504 2.36 2.251 2.186 1.983

0.645161290322581 2.504 2.465 2.358 2.243 2.184 1.976

0.67741935483871 2.488 2.456 2.356 2.228 2.169 1.968

0.709677419354839 2.357 2.331 2.253 2.226 2.159 1.958
79

0.741935483870968 2.344 2.321 2.246 2.203 2.145 1.932

0.774193548387097 2.313 2.286 2.208 2.181 2.138 1.927

0.806451612903226 2.301 2.275 2.201 2.175 2.137 1.893

0.838709677419355 2.27 2.244 2.171 2.144 2.12 1.82

0.870967741935484 2.256 2.229 2.151 2.126 2.09 1.814

0.903225806451613 2.16 2.134 2.062 2.036 1.999 1.813

0.935483870967742 2.148 2.122 2.053 2.025 1.991 1.488

0.967741935483871 0.4994 0.4785 0.413 0.382 0.3508

0.2658

0.1 4.5551 4.5272 4.4483 4.4126 4.3813

4.0404

Average of yearly averages:

2.45469333333333

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypcitru

Metfile: w23155.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 02-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 4 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond
80

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cypcitruben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23155.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:20

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.258 0.258 0.2579 0.2572 0.2562 0.217

1962 1.5 1.5 1.499 1.495 1.489 1.248

1963 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.865 1.859 1.728

1964 1.89 1.89 1.889 1.885 1.88 1.787

1965 1.884 1.884 1.884 1.88 1.875 1.785

1966 2.002 2.002 2.002 1.996 1.99 1.877

1967 2.01 2.01 2.009 2.005 2 1.903

1968 1.981 1.981 1.98 1.976 1.97 1.87

1969 2.046 2.046 2.045 2.04 2.033 1.918

1970 2.089 2.089 2.088 2.084 2.077 1.955

1971 2.028 2.028 2.027 2.023 2.02 1.944

1972 2.035 2.035 2.034 2.03 2.023 1.939

1973 2.186 2.186 2.186 2.18 2.173 2.044

1974 2.175 2.175 2.174 2.169 2.161 2.044

1975 2.148 2.148 2.147 2.143 2.137 2.025

1976 2.084 2.084 2.083 2.079 2.072 1.965

1977 2.074 2.074 2.073 2.068 2.06 1.953

1978 5.224 5.224 5.221 5.206 5.184 4.496

1979 4.773 4.773 4.772 4.763 4.752 4.516

1980 4.29 4.29 4.289 4.281 4.271 4.084

1981 3.937 3.937 3.936 3.928 3.918 3.724

1982 3.589 3.589 3.588 3.581 3.571 3.397

1983 3.477 3.477 3.476 3.469 3.46 3.292

1984 3.25 3.25 3.249 3.243 3.234 3.083

1985 3.044 3.044 3.043 3.036 3.028 2.887

1986 2.872 2.872 2.871 2.866 2.858 2.727

1987 2.808 2.808 2.807 2.8 2.792 2.657

1988 2.651 2.651 2.651 2.644 2.636 2.501

1989 2.482 2.482 2.481 2.475 2.466 2.341

1990 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.344 2.336 2.214

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 5.224 5.224 5.221 5.206 5.184 4.516

0.0645161290322581 4.773 4.773 4.772 4.763 4.752 4.496

0.0967741935483871 4.29 4.29 4.289 4.281 4.271 4.084

0.129032258064516 3.937 3.937 3.936 3.928 3.918 3.724

0.161290322580645 3.589 3.589 3.588 3.581 3.571 3.397

0.193548387096774 3.477 3.477 3.476 3.469 3.46 3.292

0.225806451612903 3.25 3.25 3.249 3.243 3.234 3.083

0.258064516129032 3.044 3.044 3.043 3.036 3.028 2.887

0.290322580645161 2.872 2.872 2.871 2.866 2.858 2.727
81

0.32258064516129 2.808 2.808 2.807 2.8 2.792 2.657

0.354838709677419 2.651 2.651 2.651 2.644 2.636 2.501

0.387096774193548 2.482 2.482 2.481 2.475 2.466 2.341

0.419354838709677 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.344 2.336 2.214

0.451612903225806 2.186 2.186 2.186 2.18 2.173 2.044

0.483870967741936 2.175 2.175 2.174 2.169 2.161 2.044

0.516129032258065 2.148 2.148 2.147 2.143 2.137 2.025

0.548387096774194 2.089 2.089 2.088 2.084 2.077 1.965

0.580645161290323 2.084 2.084 2.083 2.079 2.072 1.955

0.612903225806452 2.074 2.074 2.073 2.068 2.06 1.953

0.645161290322581 2.046 2.046 2.045 2.04 2.033 1.944

0.67741935483871 2.035 2.035 2.034 2.03 2.023 1.939

0.709677419354839 2.028 2.028 2.027 2.023 2.02 1.918

0.741935483870968 2.01 2.01 2.009 2.005 2 1.903

0.774193548387097 2.002 2.002 2.002 1.996 1.99 1.877

0.806451612903226 1.981 1.981 1.98 1.976 1.97 1.87

0.838709677419355 1.89 1.89 1.889 1.885 1.88 1.787

0.870967741935484 1.884 1.884 1.884 1.88 1.875 1.785

0.903225806451613 1.87 1.87 1.87 1.865 1.859 1.728

0.935483870967742 1.5 1.5 1.499 1.495 1.489 1.248

0.967741935483871 0.258 0.258 0.2579 0.2572 0.2562 0.217

0.1 4.2547 4.2547 4.2537 4.2457 4.2357 4.048

Average of yearly averages:

2.40403333333333

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypcitru

Metfile: w23155.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 02-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.
82

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 4 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

California Citrus (Spanish lime, tropical fruits) Ground, 4 

applications

stored as Cypcitru.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23155.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:20

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.4949 0.4698 0.3928 0.3181 0.2926 0.217

1962 3.382 3.206 2.784 2.209 1.958 1.343

1963 2.602 2.521 2.265 1.983 1.884 1.616

1964 1.971 1.945 1.868 1.792 1.761 1.589

1965 1.941 1.915 1.837 1.762 1.733 1.57

1966 2.344 2.292 2.13 1.945 1.879 1.665

1967 2.017 1.992 1.914 1.839 1.808 1.644

1968 1.99 1.963 1.885 1.81 1.777 1.598

1969 2.095 2.064 1.965 1.882 1.846 1.653

1970 2.259 2.217 2.085 1.948 1.893 1.681

1971 2.016 1.99 1.913 1.837 1.804 1.652

1972 2.01 1.983 1.906 1.829 1.795 1.634

1973 2.299 2.258 2.178 2.081 2.01 1.751

1974 2.068 2.042 1.964 1.936 1.904 1.722

1975 2.158 2.126 2.03 1.925 1.889 1.696

1976 2.032 2.005 1.928 1.852 1.819 1.634

1977 1.976 1.95 1.872 1.803 1.791 1.626

1978 12.93 12.22 10.15 7.67 6.821 4.751

1979 4.746 4.719 4.64 4.566 4.524 4.133

1980 4.264 4.236 4.157 4.083 4.043 3.723

1981 3.906 3.879 3.8 3.725 3.687 3.361

1982 3.56 3.533 3.454 3.378 3.341 3.047

1983 3.678 3.63 3.555 3.38 3.3 2.98

1984 3.214 3.188 3.11 3.034 2.997 2.739

1985 3.008 2.981 2.903 2.827 2.792 2.549

1986 2.832 2.805 2.727 2.652 2.616 2.39

1987 2.804 2.774 2.695 2.638 2.591 2.331

1988 2.606 2.58 2.501 2.426 2.389 2.157

1989 2.444 2.418 2.34 2.264 2.227 2.009
83

1990 2.315 2.288 2.211 2.135 2.1 1.888

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 12.93 12.22 10.15 7.67 6.821 4.751

0.0645161290322581 4.746 4.719 4.64 4.566 4.524 4.133

0.0967741935483871 4.264 4.236 4.157 4.083 4.043 3.723

0.129032258064516 3.906 3.879 3.8 3.725 3.687 3.361

0.161290322580645 3.678 3.63 3.555 3.38 3.341 3.047

0.193548387096774 3.56 3.533 3.454 3.378 3.3 2.98

0.225806451612903 3.382 3.206 3.11 3.034 2.997 2.739

0.258064516129032 3.214 3.188 2.903 2.827 2.792 2.549

0.290322580645161 3.008 2.981 2.784 2.652 2.616 2.39

0.32258064516129 2.832 2.805 2.727 2.638 2.591 2.331

0.354838709677419 2.804 2.774 2.695 2.426 2.389 2.157

0.387096774193548 2.606 2.58 2.501 2.264 2.227 2.009

0.419354838709677 2.602 2.521 2.34 2.209 2.1 1.888

0.451612903225806 2.444 2.418 2.265 2.135 2.01 1.751

0.483870967741936 2.344 2.292 2.211 2.081 1.958 1.722

0.516129032258065 2.315 2.288 2.178 1.983 1.904 1.696

0.548387096774194 2.299 2.258 2.13 1.948 1.893 1.681

0.580645161290323 2.259 2.217 2.085 1.945 1.889 1.665

0.612903225806452 2.158 2.126 2.03 1.936 1.884 1.653

0.645161290322581 2.095 2.064 1.965 1.925 1.879 1.652

0.67741935483871 2.068 2.042 1.964 1.882 1.846 1.644

0.709677419354839 2.032 2.005 1.928 1.852 1.819 1.634

0.741935483870968 2.017 1.992 1.914 1.839 1.808 1.634

0.774193548387097 2.016 1.99 1.913 1.837 1.804 1.626

0.806451612903226 2.01 1.983 1.906 1.829 1.795 1.616

0.838709677419355 1.99 1.963 1.885 1.81 1.791 1.598

0.870967741935484 1.976 1.95 1.872 1.803 1.777 1.589

0.903225806451613 1.971 1.945 1.868 1.792 1.761 1.57

0.935483870967742 1.941 1.915 1.837 1.762 1.733 1.343

0.967741935483871 0.4949 0.4698 0.3928 0.3181

0.2926 0.217

0.1 4.2282 4.2003 4.1213 4.0472 4.0074

3.6868

Average of yearly averages:

2.14496666666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypcitru

Metfile: w23155.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life
84

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 02-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cypcitruben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23155.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:20

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.2072 0.2072 0.2071 0.2066 0.2058

0.1779

1962 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.346 1.341 1.122

1963 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.656 1.651 1.539

1964 1.659 1.659 1.659 1.656 1.651 1.569

1965 1.632 1.632 1.631 1.629 1.626 1.548

1966 1.732 1.732 1.731 1.727 1.721 1.623

1967 1.71 1.71 1.709 1.707 1.704 1.623

1968 1.676 1.676 1.676 1.672 1.668 1.581

1969 1.726 1.726 1.725 1.721 1.716 1.619

1970 1.764 1.764 1.764 1.76 1.755 1.652

1971 1.704 1.704 1.703 1.7 1.695 1.628

1972 1.695 1.695 1.694 1.69 1.685 1.612

1973 1.828 1.828 1.828 1.824 1.818 1.709

1974 1.802 1.802 1.802 1.798 1.792 1.697

1975 1.778 1.778 1.778 1.775 1.77 1.675

1976 1.719 1.719 1.719 1.716 1.711 1.62

1977 1.698 1.698 1.697 1.693 1.687 1.602

1978 4.841 4.841 4.839 4.824 4.804 4.138

1979 4.41 4.41 4.409 4.401 4.39 4.164
85

1980 3.931 3.931 3.93 3.924 3.915 3.736

1981 3.578 3.578 3.577 3.571 3.562 3.378

1982 3.232 3.232 3.231 3.226 3.219 3.055

1983 3.114 3.114 3.113 3.107 3.1 2.948

1984 2.89 2.89 2.889 2.884 2.877 2.738

1985 2.683 2.683 2.683 2.678 2.671 2.543

1986 2.512 2.512 2.512 2.507 2.501 2.383

1987 2.442 2.442 2.441 2.436 2.43 2.309

1988 2.291 2.291 2.29 2.285 2.278 2.157

1989 2.128 2.128 2.127 2.122 2.116 2.004

1990 2.001 2.001 2 1.995 1.989 1.882

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 4.841 4.841 4.839 4.824 4.804 4.164

0.0645161290322581 4.41 4.41 4.409 4.401 4.39 4.138

0.0967741935483871 3.931 3.931 3.93 3.924 3.915 3.736

0.129032258064516 3.578 3.578 3.577 3.571 3.562 3.378

0.161290322580645 3.232 3.232 3.231 3.226 3.219 3.055

0.193548387096774 3.114 3.114 3.113 3.107 3.1 2.948

0.225806451612903 2.89 2.89 2.889 2.884 2.877 2.738

0.258064516129032 2.683 2.683 2.683 2.678 2.671 2.543

0.290322580645161 2.512 2.512 2.512 2.507 2.501 2.383

0.32258064516129 2.442 2.442 2.441 2.436 2.43 2.309

0.354838709677419 2.291 2.291 2.29 2.285 2.278 2.157

0.387096774193548 2.128 2.128 2.127 2.122 2.116 2.004

0.419354838709677 2.001 2.001 2 1.995 1.989 1.882

0.451612903225806 1.828 1.828 1.828 1.824 1.818 1.709

0.483870967741936 1.802 1.802 1.802 1.798 1.792 1.697

0.516129032258065 1.778 1.778 1.778 1.775 1.77 1.675

0.548387096774194 1.764 1.764 1.764 1.76 1.755 1.652

0.580645161290323 1.732 1.732 1.731 1.727 1.721 1.628

0.612903225806452 1.726 1.726 1.725 1.721 1.716 1.623

0.645161290322581 1.719 1.719 1.719 1.716 1.711 1.623

0.67741935483871 1.71 1.71 1.709 1.707 1.704 1.62

0.709677419354839 1.704 1.704 1.703 1.7 1.695 1.619

0.741935483870968 1.698 1.698 1.697 1.693 1.687 1.612

0.774193548387097 1.695 1.695 1.694 1.69 1.685 1.602

0.806451612903226 1.676 1.676 1.676 1.672 1.668 1.581

0.838709677419355 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.656 1.651 1.569

0.870967741935484 1.659 1.659 1.659 1.656 1.651 1.548

0.903225806451613 1.632 1.632 1.631 1.629 1.626 1.539

0.935483870967742 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.346 1.341 1.122

0.967741935483871 0.2072 0.2072 0.2071 0.2066

0.2058 0.1779

0.1 3.8957 3.8957 3.8947 3.8887 3.8797

3.7002

Average of yearly averages:

2.10106333333333

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypcitru

Metfile: w23155.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt
86

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 02-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

California Citrus (Spanish lime, tropical fruits) Aerial, 4 

applications

stored as Cypcitru.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23155.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:20

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 1.931 1.833 1.532 1.241 1.142 0.8463

1962 4.856 4.646 4.269 3.503 3.188 2.428

1963 4.713 4.581 4.18 3.794 3.621 3.124

1964 4.754 4.654 4.353 4.059 3.95 3.471

1965 5.059 4.959 4.658 4.363 4.254 3.766

1966 5.74 5.616 5.226 4.824 4.678 4.121

1967 5.669 5.57 5.268 4.974 4.862 4.33
87

1968 5.843 5.741 5.438 5.143 5.024 4.461

1969 5.983 5.883 5.609 5.376 5.259 4.67

1970 6.24 6.137 5.904 5.547 5.419 4.794

1971 6.251 6.152 5.85 5.555 5.436 4.868

1972 6.356 6.254 5.951 5.655 5.529 4.938

1973 6.705 6.589 6.281 5.951 5.808 5.114

1974 6.532 6.432 6.13 5.863 5.762 5.139

1975 6.674 6.567 6.239 5.921 5.801 5.172

1976 6.606 6.504 6.201 5.906 5.786 5.157

1977 6.591 6.489 6.186 5.891 5.795 5.175

1978 16.95 16.21 14.04 11.41 10.5 8.18

1979 9.277 9.176 8.873 8.58 8.448 7.615

1980 8.828 8.725 8.421 8.128 8.001 7.266

1981 8.553 8.451 8.148 7.855 7.729 6.949

1982 8.236 8.133 7.829 7.533 7.408 6.662

1983 8.376 8.253 7.944 7.54 7.39 6.65

1984 7.981 7.88 7.578 7.283 7.159 6.458

1985 7.83 7.728 7.425 7.129 7.007 6.322

1986 7.699 7.597 7.294 7.002 6.877 6.212

1987 7.722 7.617 7.313 7.031 6.896 6.19

1988 7.527 7.424 7.121 6.827 6.696 5.986

1989 7.32 7.218 6.914 6.619 6.488 5.799

1990 7.165 7.063 6.761 6.467 6.339 5.652

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 16.95 16.21 14.04 11.41 10.5 8.18

0.0645161290322581 9.277 9.176 8.873 8.58 8.448 7.615

0.0967741935483871 8.828 8.725 8.421 8.128 8.001 7.266

0.129032258064516 8.553 8.451 8.148 7.855 7.729 6.949

0.161290322580645 8.376 8.253 7.944 7.54 7.408 6.662

0.193548387096774 8.236 8.133 7.829 7.533 7.39 6.65

0.225806451612903 7.981 7.88 7.578 7.283 7.159 6.458

0.258064516129032 7.83 7.728 7.425 7.129 7.007 6.322

0.290322580645161 7.722 7.617 7.313 7.031 6.896 6.212

0.32258064516129 7.699 7.597 7.294 7.002 6.877 6.19

0.354838709677419 7.527 7.424 7.121 6.827 6.696 5.986

0.387096774193548 7.32 7.218 6.914 6.619 6.488 5.799

0.419354838709677 7.165 7.063 6.761 6.467 6.339 5.652

0.451612903225806 6.705 6.589 6.281 5.951 5.808 5.175

0.483870967741936 6.674 6.567 6.239 5.921 5.801 5.172

0.516129032258065 6.606 6.504 6.201 5.906 5.795 5.157

0.548387096774194 6.591 6.489 6.186 5.891 5.786 5.139

0.580645161290323 6.532 6.432 6.13 5.863 5.762 5.114

0.612903225806452 6.356 6.254 5.951 5.655 5.529 4.938

0.645161290322581 6.251 6.152 5.904 5.555 5.436 4.868

0.67741935483871 6.24 6.137 5.85 5.547 5.419 4.794

0.709677419354839 5.983 5.883 5.609 5.376 5.259 4.67

0.741935483870968 5.843 5.741 5.438 5.143 5.024 4.461

0.774193548387097 5.74 5.616 5.268 4.974 4.862 4.33

0.806451612903226 5.669 5.57 5.226 4.824 4.678 4.121

0.838709677419355 5.059 4.959 4.658 4.363 4.254 3.766

0.870967741935484 4.856 4.654 4.353 4.059 3.95 3.471

0.903225806451613 4.754 4.646 4.269 3.794 3.621 3.124

0.935483870967742 4.713 4.581 4.18 3.503 3.188 2.428

0.967741935483871 1.931 1.833 1.532 1.241 1.142 0.8463
88

0.1 8.8005 8.6976 8.3937 8.1007 7.9738

7.2343

Average of yearly averages: 5.25051

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypcitru

Metfile: w23155.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 02-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cypcitruben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:14:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w23155.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:20

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly
89

1961 0.8079 0.8079 0.8076 0.8056 0.8027

0.6938

1962 2.427 2.427 2.426 2.42 2.411 2.108

1963 3.179 3.179 3.178 3.171 3.161 2.945

1964 3.578 3.578 3.577 3.57 3.56 3.356

1965 3.882 3.882 3.881 3.874 3.863 3.653

1966 4.268 4.268 4.267 4.256 4.242 3.995

1967 4.485 4.485 4.484 4.478 4.469 4.228

1968 4.646 4.646 4.644 4.634 4.621 4.366

1969 4.868 4.868 4.866 4.856 4.842 4.565

1970 5.021 5.021 5.019 5.009 4.994 4.7

1971 5.054 5.054 5.053 5.042 5.028 4.774

1972 5.147 5.146 5.145 5.133 5.118 4.849

1973 5.354 5.354 5.352 5.34 5.324 5.011

1974 5.378 5.378 5.376 5.364 5.348 5.053

1975 5.407 5.407 5.405 5.395 5.381 5.086

1976 5.403 5.403 5.402 5.391 5.376 5.081

1977 5.414 5.414 5.412 5.399 5.386 5.094

1978 8.41 8.41 8.406 8.383 8.351 7.533

1979 8.048 8.048 8.045 8.03 8.008 7.584

1980 7.605 7.605 7.603 7.589 7.57 7.21

1981 7.333 7.333 7.331 7.317 7.297 6.906

1982 7.013 7.013 7.011 6.998 6.979 6.609

1983 6.928 6.928 6.926 6.913 6.896 6.55

1984 6.763 6.763 6.762 6.749 6.732 6.391

1985 6.609 6.609 6.607 6.594 6.575 6.246

1986 6.487 6.487 6.485 6.473 6.456 6.137

1987 6.466 6.465 6.464 6.45 6.431 6.103

1988 6.318 6.318 6.316 6.302 6.283 5.937

1989 6.109 6.109 6.107 6.092 6.072 5.74

1990 5.959 5.959 5.957 5.943 5.924 5.594

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 8.41 8.41 8.406 8.383 8.351 7.584

0.0645161290322581 8.048 8.048 8.045 8.03 8.008 7.533

0.0967741935483871 7.605 7.605 7.603 7.589 7.57 7.21

0.129032258064516 7.333 7.333 7.331 7.317 7.297 6.906

0.161290322580645 7.013 7.013 7.011 6.998 6.979 6.609

0.193548387096774 6.928 6.928 6.926 6.913 6.896 6.55

0.225806451612903 6.763 6.763 6.762 6.749 6.732 6.391

0.258064516129032 6.609 6.609 6.607 6.594 6.575 6.246

0.290322580645161 6.487 6.487 6.485 6.473 6.456 6.137

0.32258064516129 6.466 6.465 6.464 6.45 6.431 6.103

0.354838709677419 6.318 6.318 6.316 6.302 6.283 5.937

0.387096774193548 6.109 6.109 6.107 6.092 6.072 5.74

0.419354838709677 5.959 5.959 5.957 5.943 5.924 5.594

0.451612903225806 5.414 5.414 5.412 5.399 5.386 5.094

0.483870967741936 5.407 5.407 5.405 5.395 5.381 5.086

0.516129032258065 5.403 5.403 5.402 5.391 5.376 5.081

0.548387096774194 5.378 5.378 5.376 5.364 5.348 5.053

0.580645161290323 5.354 5.354 5.352 5.34 5.324 5.011

0.612903225806452 5.147 5.146 5.145 5.133 5.118 4.849

0.645161290322581 5.054 5.054 5.053 5.042 5.028 4.774

0.67741935483871 5.021 5.021 5.019 5.009 4.994 4.7

0.709677419354839 4.868 4.868 4.866 4.856 4.842 4.565

0.741935483870968 4.646 4.646 4.644 4.634 4.621 4.366
90

0.774193548387097 4.485 4.485 4.484 4.478 4.469 4.228

0.806451612903226 4.268 4.268 4.267 4.256 4.242 3.995

0.838709677419355 3.882 3.882 3.881 3.874 3.863 3.653

0.870967741935484 3.578 3.578 3.577 3.57 3.56 3.356

0.903225806451613 3.179 3.179 3.178 3.171 3.161 2.945

0.935483870967742 2.427 2.427 2.426 2.42 2.411 2.108

0.967741935483871 0.8079 0.8079 0.8076 0.8056

0.8027 0.6938

0.1 7.5778 7.5778 7.5758 7.5618 7.5427

7.1796

Average of yearly averages:

5.13659333333333

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypcitru

Metfile: w23155.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAcitrus_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.367 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 02-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 21 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)
91

CA GRAPE AERIAL

stored as PdCAgrap.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:13:38

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 3.028 2.856 2.415 1.894 1.669 0.6776

1962 4.173 3.999 3.558 3.029 2.797 1.84

1963 5.1 4.925 4.483 3.947 3.705 2.796

1964 5.855 5.679 5.237 4.698 4.457 3.617

1965 6.636 6.459 6.015 5.471 5.229 4.377

1966 7.179 6.999 6.552 5.995 5.745 4.962

1967 7.796 7.615 7.169 6.608 6.35 5.586

1968 8.115 7.94 7.498 6.952 6.705 5.991

1969 8.929 8.75 8.306 7.745 7.483 6.764

1970 9.237 9.058 8.613 8.053 7.795 7.12

1971 9.55 9.368 8.921 8.353 8.093 7.4

1972 9.672 9.491 9.045 8.479 8.219 7.588

1973 9.998 9.819 9.373 8.81 8.549 7.859

1974 10.09 9.914 9.468 8.896 8.624 7.977

1975 10.29 10.11 9.665 9.1 8.828 8.123

1976 10.5 10.36 9.927 9.45 9.361 8.554

1977 10.97 10.79 10.34 9.76 9.492 8.878

1978 11.03 10.84 10.39 9.875 9.633 8.987

1979 11 10.81 10.37 9.786 9.506 8.886

1980 10.93 10.74 10.3 9.725 9.457 8.825

1981 10.77 10.59 10.14 9.56 9.292 8.701

1982 10.8 10.62 10.17 9.595 9.424 8.792

1983 11.24 11.05 10.6 9.996 9.722 9.12

1984 10.95 10.77 10.32 9.733 9.457 8.899

1985 10.8 10.62 10.17 9.608 9.348 8.757

1986 10.77 10.58 10.13 9.543 9.282 8.676

1987 10.95 10.76 10.31 9.726 9.451 8.81

1988 10.76 10.58 10.13 9.562 9.295 8.671

1989 10.7 10.52 10.07 9.504 9.284 8.631

1990 10.74 10.56 10.11 9.54 9.272 8.651

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 11.24 11.05 10.6 9.996 9.722 9.12

0.0645161290322581 11.03 10.84 10.39 9.875 9.633 8.987

0.0967741935483871 11 10.81 10.37 9.786 9.506 8.899

0.129032258064516 10.97 10.79 10.34 9.76 9.492 8.886

0.161290322580645 10.95 10.77 10.32 9.733 9.457 8.878

0.193548387096774 10.95 10.76 10.31 9.726 9.457 8.825

0.225806451612903 10.93 10.74 10.3 9.725 9.451 8.81

0.258064516129032 10.8 10.62 10.17 9.608 9.424 8.792

0.290322580645161 10.8 10.62 10.17 9.595 9.361 8.757

0.32258064516129 10.77 10.59 10.14 9.562 9.348 8.701

0.354838709677419 10.77 10.58 10.13 9.56 9.295 8.676

0.387096774193548 10.76 10.58 10.13 9.543 9.292 8.671
92

0.419354838709677 10.74 10.56 10.11 9.54 9.284 8.651

0.451612903225806 10.7 10.52 10.07 9.504 9.282 8.631

0.483870967741936 10.5 10.36 9.927 9.45 9.272 8.554

0.516129032258065 10.29 10.11 9.665 9.1 8.828 8.123

0.548387096774194 10.09 9.914 9.468 8.896 8.624 7.977

0.580645161290323 9.998 9.819 9.373 8.81 8.549 7.859

0.612903225806452 9.672 9.491 9.045 8.479 8.219 7.588

0.645161290322581 9.55 9.368 8.921 8.353 8.093 7.4

0.67741935483871 9.237 9.058 8.613 8.053 7.795 7.12

0.709677419354839 8.929 8.75 8.306 7.745 7.483 6.764

0.741935483870968 8.115 7.94 7.498 6.952 6.705 5.991

0.774193548387097 7.796 7.615 7.169 6.608 6.35 5.586

0.806451612903226 7.179 6.999 6.552 5.995 5.745 4.962

0.838709677419355 6.636 6.459 6.015 5.471 5.229 4.377

0.870967741935484 5.855 5.679 5.237 4.698 4.457 3.617

0.903225806451613 5.1 4.925 4.483 3.947 3.705 2.796

0.935483870967742 4.173 3.999 3.558 3.029 2.797 1.84

0.967741935483871 3.028 2.856 2.415 1.894 1.669 0.6776

0.1 10.997 10.808 10.367 9.7834 9.5046

8.8977

Average of yearly averages: 7.15052

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: PdCAgrap

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.525 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 13-07 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1
93

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as PdCAgrapben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:13:38

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 1.174 1.173 1.164 1.133 1.123 0.4386

1962 2.234 2.234 2.233 2.229 2.224 1.612

1963 3.145 3.145 3.144 3.138 3.136 2.572

1964 3.979 3.979 3.978 3.965 3.943 3.398

1965 4.679 4.679 4.677 4.667 4.656 4.186

1966 5.229 5.227 5.207 5.194 5.179 4.765

1967 5.841 5.841 5.838 5.821 5.802 5.411

1968 6.256 6.256 6.253 6.229 6.204 5.79

1969 6.972 6.972 6.969 6.95 6.929 6.554

1970 7.297 7.297 7.293 7.274 7.252 6.93

1971 7.602 7.602 7.599 7.578 7.554 7.248

1972 7.737 7.737 7.735 7.702 7.688 7.41

1973 8.052 8.051 8.048 8.027 8.003 7.717

1974 8.147 8.147 8.143 8.116 8.094 7.826

1975 8.327 8.327 8.323 8.299 8.273 7.974

1976 8.923 8.923 8.921 8.91 8.868 8.277

1977 9.036 9.036 9.032 9.004 8.972 8.756

1978 9.138 9.138 9.134 9.11 9.083 8.828

1979 9.064 9.063 9.059 9.026 8.99 8.783

1980 9.002 9.001 8.997 8.969 8.936 8.699

1981 8.858 8.858 8.853 8.824 8.792 8.595

1982 8.941 8.94 8.926 8.907 8.899 8.586

1983 9.271 9.271 9.266 9.235 9.201 8.969

1984 9.052 9.051 9.046 9.011 8.974 8.808

1985 8.898 8.898 8.895 8.869 8.839 8.642

1986 8.82 8.82 8.817 8.792 8.762 8.546

1987 8.975 8.975 8.971 8.943 8.91 8.669

1988 8.848 8.848 8.843 8.815 8.782 8.558

1989 8.78 8.78 8.776 8.763 8.742 8.501

1990 8.819 8.819 8.815 8.787 8.754 8.525

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 9.271 9.271 9.266 9.235 9.201 8.969

0.0645161290322581 9.138 9.138 9.134 9.11 9.083 8.828

0.0967741935483871 9.064 9.063 9.059 9.026 8.99 8.808

0.129032258064516 9.052 9.051 9.046 9.011 8.974 8.783
94

0.161290322580645 9.036 9.036 9.032 9.004 8.972 8.756

0.193548387096774 9.002 9.001 8.997 8.969 8.936 8.699

0.225806451612903 8.975 8.975 8.971 8.943 8.91 8.669

0.258064516129032 8.941 8.94 8.926 8.91 8.899 8.642

0.290322580645161 8.923 8.923 8.921 8.907 8.868 8.595

0.32258064516129 8.898 8.898 8.895 8.869 8.839 8.586

0.354838709677419 8.858 8.858 8.853 8.824 8.792 8.558

0.387096774193548 8.848 8.848 8.843 8.815 8.782 8.546

0.419354838709677 8.82 8.82 8.817 8.792 8.762 8.525

0.451612903225806 8.819 8.819 8.815 8.787 8.754 8.501

0.483870967741936 8.78 8.78 8.776 8.763 8.742 8.277

0.516129032258065 8.327 8.327 8.323 8.299 8.273 7.974

0.548387096774194 8.147 8.147 8.143 8.116 8.094 7.826

0.580645161290323 8.052 8.051 8.048 8.027 8.003 7.717

0.612903225806452 7.737 7.737 7.735 7.702 7.688 7.41

0.645161290322581 7.602 7.602 7.599 7.578 7.554 7.248

0.67741935483871 7.297 7.297 7.293 7.274 7.252 6.93

0.709677419354839 6.972 6.972 6.969 6.95 6.929 6.554

0.741935483870968 6.256 6.256 6.253 6.229 6.204 5.79

0.774193548387097 5.841 5.841 5.838 5.821 5.802 5.411

0.806451612903226 5.229 5.227 5.207 5.194 5.179 4.765

0.838709677419355 4.679 4.679 4.677 4.667 4.656 4.186

0.870967741935484 3.979 3.979 3.978 3.965 3.943 3.398

0.903225806451613 3.145 3.145 3.144 3.138 3.136 2.572

0.935483870967742 2.234 2.234 2.233 2.229 2.224 1.612

0.967741935483871 1.174 1.173 1.164 1.133 1.123 0.4386

0.1 9.0628 9.0618 9.0577 9.0245 8.9884

8.8055

Average of yearly averages:

6.98578666666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: PdCAgrap

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.525 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.039 fraction of application rate applied to pond
95

Application Date Date 13-07 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

CA GRAPE GROUND

stored as PdCAgrap.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:13:38

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.7755 0.7314 0.6184 0.485 0.4276 0.1884

1962 1.187 1.142 1.029 0.8927 0.8323 0.5959

1963 1.468 1.423 1.309 1.17 1.107 0.8931

1964 1.671 1.631 1.547 1.44 1.357 1.14

1965 1.973 1.928 1.814 1.672 1.609 1.409

1966 2.265 2.222 2.084 1.796 1.73 1.571

1967 2.388 2.341 2.226 2.079 2.011 1.841

1968 2.606 2.563 2.431 2.301 2.19 1.943

1969 2.958 2.911 2.797 2.649 2.579 2.443

1970 3.053 3.006 2.892 2.744 2.676 2.567

1971 3.163 3.115 3 2.849 2.781 2.642

1972 3.343 3.296 3.145 2.949 2.826 2.66

1973 3.299 3.253 3.138 2.989 2.92 2.779

1974 3.264 3.217 3.102 2.951 2.879 2.771

1975 3.303 3.257 3.142 2.993 2.921 2.771

1976 4.915 4.781 4.359 3.903 3.752 3.058

1977 3.805 3.757 3.641 3.486 3.415 3.316

1978 3.854 3.805 3.689 3.595 3.551 3.418

1979 3.802 3.754 3.639 3.482 3.406 3.296

1980 3.724 3.677 3.562 3.408 3.337 3.221

1981 3.592 3.544 3.428 3.274 3.203 3.096

1982 3.677 3.65 3.518 3.473 3.423 3.147

1983 3.936 3.886 3.769 3.608 3.556 3.454

1984 3.751 3.702 3.587 3.432 3.355 3.271

1985 3.615 3.568 3.454 3.305 3.236 3.136

1986 3.851 3.795 3.385 3.227 3.159 3.06

1987 3.688 3.639 3.522 3.365 3.302 3.182
96

1988 3.513 3.466 3.351 3.2 3.13 3.008

1989 3.427 3.38 3.265 3.12 3.094 2.946

1990 3.448 3.401 3.286 3.134 3.063 2.942

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 4.915 4.781 4.359 3.903 3.752 3.454

0.0645161290322581 3.936 3.886 3.769 3.608 3.556 3.418

0.0967741935483871 3.854 3.805 3.689 3.595 3.551 3.316

0.129032258064516 3.851 3.795 3.641 3.486 3.423 3.296

0.161290322580645 3.805 3.757 3.639 3.482 3.415 3.271

0.193548387096774 3.802 3.754 3.587 3.473 3.406 3.221

0.225806451612903 3.751 3.702 3.562 3.432 3.355 3.182

0.258064516129032 3.724 3.677 3.522 3.408 3.337 3.147

0.290322580645161 3.688 3.65 3.518 3.365 3.302 3.136

0.32258064516129 3.677 3.639 3.454 3.305 3.236 3.096

0.354838709677419 3.615 3.568 3.428 3.274 3.203 3.06

0.387096774193548 3.592 3.544 3.385 3.227 3.159 3.058

0.419354838709677 3.513 3.466 3.351 3.2 3.13 3.008

0.451612903225806 3.448 3.401 3.286 3.134 3.094 2.946

0.483870967741936 3.427 3.38 3.265 3.12 3.063 2.942

0.516129032258065 3.343 3.296 3.145 2.993 2.921 2.779

0.548387096774194 3.303 3.257 3.142 2.989 2.92 2.771

0.580645161290323 3.299 3.253 3.138 2.951 2.879 2.771

0.612903225806452 3.264 3.217 3.102 2.949 2.826 2.66

0.645161290322581 3.163 3.115 3 2.849 2.781 2.642

0.67741935483871 3.053 3.006 2.892 2.744 2.676 2.567

0.709677419354839 2.958 2.911 2.797 2.649 2.579 2.443

0.741935483870968 2.606 2.563 2.431 2.301 2.19 1.943

0.774193548387097 2.388 2.341 2.226 2.079 2.011 1.841

0.806451612903226 2.265 2.222 2.084 1.796 1.73 1.571

0.838709677419355 1.973 1.928 1.814 1.672 1.609 1.409

0.870967741935484 1.671 1.631 1.547 1.44 1.357 1.14

0.903225806451613 1.468 1.423 1.309 1.17 1.107 0.8931

0.935483870967742 1.187 1.142 1.029 0.8927 0.8323 0.5959

0.967741935483871 0.7755 0.7314 0.6184 0.485 0.4276

0.1884

0.1 3.8537 3.804 3.6842 3.5841 3.5382 3.314

Average of yearly averages:

2.52551333333333

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: PdCAgrap

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L
97

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.525 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 13-07 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as PdCAgrapben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt modified Thuday, 17 June 2004 

at 08:13:38

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.3588 0.3579 0.3465 0.3123 0.3026

0.1161

1962 0.6884 0.6884 0.6882 0.6867 0.6851

0.5249

1963 0.9873 0.9873 0.9864 0.9767 0.9721

0.8192

1964 1.301 1.3 1.297 1.271 1.237 1.063

1965 1.471 1.471 1.47 1.467 1.464 1.355

1966 1.705 1.703 1.669 1.609 1.602 1.499

1967 1.888 1.888 1.887 1.881 1.875 1.788

1968 2.111 2.11 2.099 2.053 2.009 1.861

1969 2.459 2.459 2.458 2.451 2.443 2.352

1970 2.604 2.601 2.577 2.552 2.544 2.486

1971 2.669 2.669 2.668 2.66 2.651 2.603

1972 2.77 2.769 2.76 2.693 2.663 2.587

1973 2.805 2.805 2.804 2.796 2.787 2.745

1974 2.776 2.776 2.775 2.766 2.757 2.72

1975 2.803 2.803 2.802 2.794 2.785 2.737
98

1976 3.382 3.382 3.381 3.364 3.294 2.889

1977 3.38 3.38 3.378 3.369 3.359 3.287

1978 3.418 3.418 3.416 3.407 3.398 3.346

1979 3.376 3.375 3.373 3.366 3.357 3.281

1980 3.242 3.242 3.24 3.229 3.221 3.187

1981 3.133 3.132 3.132 3.127 3.122 3.073

1982 3.309 3.305 3.28 3.229 3.194 3.04

1983 3.445 3.445 3.444 3.438 3.431 3.39

1984 3.373 3.372 3.368 3.356 3.345 3.256

1985 3.193 3.193 3.193 3.186 3.178 3.112

1986 3.072 3.072 3.068 3.062 3.059 3.015

1987 3.192 3.192 3.191 3.186 3.18 3.133

1988 3.072 3.071 3.065 3.053 3.043 2.987

1989 2.961 2.961 2.96 2.954 2.949 2.908

1990 2.963 2.963 2.962 2.952 2.942 2.907

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 3.445 3.445 3.444 3.438 3.431 3.39

0.0645161290322581 3.418 3.418 3.416 3.407 3.398 3.346

0.0967741935483871 3.382 3.382 3.381 3.369 3.359 3.287

0.129032258064516 3.38 3.38 3.378 3.366 3.357 3.281

0.161290322580645 3.376 3.375 3.373 3.364 3.345 3.256

0.193548387096774 3.373 3.372 3.368 3.356 3.294 3.187

0.225806451612903 3.309 3.305 3.28 3.229 3.221 3.133

0.258064516129032 3.242 3.242 3.24 3.229 3.194 3.112

0.290322580645161 3.193 3.193 3.193 3.186 3.18 3.073

0.32258064516129 3.192 3.192 3.191 3.186 3.178 3.04

0.354838709677419 3.133 3.132 3.132 3.127 3.122 3.015

0.387096774193548 3.072 3.072 3.068 3.062 3.059 2.987

0.419354838709677 3.072 3.071 3.065 3.053 3.043 2.908

0.451612903225806 2.963 2.963 2.962 2.954 2.949 2.907

0.483870967741936 2.961 2.961 2.96 2.952 2.942 2.889

0.516129032258065 2.805 2.805 2.804 2.796 2.787 2.745

0.548387096774194 2.803 2.803 2.802 2.794 2.785 2.737

0.580645161290323 2.776 2.776 2.775 2.766 2.757 2.72

0.612903225806452 2.77 2.769 2.76 2.693 2.663 2.603

0.645161290322581 2.669 2.669 2.668 2.66 2.651 2.587

0.67741935483871 2.604 2.601 2.577 2.552 2.544 2.486

0.709677419354839 2.459 2.459 2.458 2.451 2.443 2.352

0.741935483870968 2.111 2.11 2.099 2.053 2.009 1.861

0.774193548387097 1.888 1.888 1.887 1.881 1.875 1.788

0.806451612903226 1.705 1.703 1.669 1.609 1.602 1.499

0.838709677419355 1.471 1.471 1.47 1.467 1.464 1.355

0.870967741935484 1.301 1.3 1.297 1.271 1.237 1.063

0.903225806451613 0.9873 0.9873 0.9864 0.9767

0.9721 0.8192

0.935483870967742 0.6884 0.6884 0.6882 0.6867

0.6851 0.5249

0.967741935483871 0.3588 0.3579 0.3465 0.3123

0.3026 0.1161

0.1 3.3818 3.3818 3.3807 3.3687 3.3588

3.2864

Average of yearly averages:

2.46890666666667
99

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: PdCAgrap

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAgrapes_NirrigC.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.525 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 13-07 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 3 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

OR berries ground

stored as Cypallbe.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: ORberriesOP.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:17:16

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.5966 0.5624 0.4596 0.3571 0.3145

0.1651
100

1962 0.8119 0.7776 0.6747 0.5688 0.5239

0.3856

1963 1.037 1.003 0.8995 0.792 0.7466 0.6039

1964 1.229 1.195 1.091 0.9821 0.9354 0.7877

1965 1.407 1.372 1.269 1.17 1.122 0.9729

1966 1.576 1.541 1.438 1.325 1.277 1.132

1967 1.714 1.679 1.576 1.461 1.412 1.263

1968 1.849 1.814 1.726 1.616 1.562 1.428

1969 2.015 1.979 1.875 1.826 1.796 1.645

1970 2.251 2.216 2.112 1.994 1.94 1.793

1971 2.325 2.29 2.186 2.081 2.032 1.901

1972 2.72 2.67 2.544 2.36 2.282 2.058

1973 2.59 2.554 2.45 2.332 2.277 2.137

1974 2.654 2.619 2.515 2.396 2.341 2.192

1975 2.692 2.656 2.552 2.434 2.38 2.229

1976 2.726 2.69 2.586 2.47 2.416 2.256

1977 2.744 2.707 2.603 2.479 2.423 2.266

1978 3.077 3.025 2.916 2.713 2.627 2.386

1979 2.891 2.855 2.75 2.63 2.572 2.453

1980 2.968 2.933 2.829 2.726 2.672 2.513

1981 3.055 3.031 2.925 2.861 2.8 2.625

1982 3.143 3.107 3.003 2.88 2.821 2.666

1983 3.119 3.082 2.978 2.859 2.807 2.658

1984 3.116 3.08 2.987 2.939 2.885 2.705

1985 3.732 3.691 3.493 3.26 3.181 2.901

1986 3.4 3.364 3.259 3.135 3.08 2.923

1987 3.382 3.349 3.241 3.11 3.103 2.955

1988 3.462 3.426 3.322 3.202 3.14 2.982

1989 3.388 3.351 3.247 3.123 3.063 2.915

1990 3.357 3.329 3.225 3.102 3.039 2.882

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 3.732 3.691 3.493 3.26 3.181 2.982

0.0645161290322581 3.462 3.426 3.322 3.202 3.14 2.955

0.0967741935483871 3.4 3.364 3.259 3.135 3.103 2.923

0.129032258064516 3.388 3.351 3.247 3.123 3.08 2.915

0.161290322580645 3.382 3.349 3.241 3.11 3.063 2.901

0.193548387096774 3.357 3.329 3.225 3.102 3.039 2.882

0.225806451612903 3.143 3.107 3.003 2.939 2.885 2.705

0.258064516129032 3.119 3.082 2.987 2.88 2.821 2.666

0.290322580645161 3.116 3.08 2.978 2.861 2.807 2.658

0.32258064516129 3.077 3.031 2.925 2.859 2.8 2.625

0.354838709677419 3.055 3.025 2.916 2.726 2.672 2.513

0.387096774193548 2.968 2.933 2.829 2.713 2.627 2.453

0.419354838709677 2.891 2.855 2.75 2.63 2.572 2.386

0.451612903225806 2.744 2.707 2.603 2.479 2.423 2.266

0.483870967741936 2.726 2.69 2.586 2.47 2.416 2.256

0.516129032258065 2.72 2.67 2.552 2.434 2.38 2.229

0.548387096774194 2.692 2.656 2.544 2.396 2.341 2.192

0.580645161290323 2.654 2.619 2.515 2.36 2.282 2.137

0.612903225806452 2.59 2.554 2.45 2.332 2.277 2.058

0.645161290322581 2.325 2.29 2.186 2.081 2.032 1.901

0.67741935483871 2.251 2.216 2.112 1.994 1.94 1.793

0.709677419354839 2.015 1.979 1.875 1.826 1.796 1.645

0.741935483870968 1.849 1.814 1.726 1.616 1.562 1.428

0.774193548387097 1.714 1.679 1.576 1.461 1.412 1.263
101

0.806451612903226 1.576 1.541 1.438 1.325 1.277 1.132

0.838709677419355 1.407 1.372 1.269 1.17 1.122 0.9729

0.870967741935484 1.229 1.195 1.091 0.9821 0.9354 0.7877

0.903225806451613 1.037 1.003 0.8995 0.792 0.7466 0.6039

0.935483870967742 0.8119 0.7776 0.6747 0.5688

0.5239 0.3856

0.967741935483871 0.5966 0.5624 0.4596 0.3571

0.3145 0.1651

0.1 3.3988 3.3627 3.2578 3.1338 3.1007

2.9222

Average of yearly averages:

2.02597333333333

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypallbe

Metfile: w24232.dvf

PRZM scenario: ORberriesOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.489 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 07-05 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cypallbeben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil
102

PRZM environment: ORberriesOP.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:17:16

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.2138 0.2135 0.2114 0.2093 0.2085

0.1212

1962 0.4444 0.4443 0.4423 0.4333 0.4276 0.335

1963 0.6446 0.6446 0.6444 0.6407 0.6357 0.556

1964 0.8229 0.8228 0.8226 0.8207 0.8184

0.7425

1965 1.008 1.008 1.007 1.005 1.002 0.9238

1966 1.164 1.164 1.164 1.161 1.158 1.086

1967 1.299 1.299 1.298 1.295 1.29 1.22

1968 1.465 1.465 1.464 1.463 1.46 1.368

1969 1.699 1.699 1.697 1.694 1.69 1.578

1970 1.829 1.828 1.828 1.823 1.818 1.752

1971 1.918 1.918 1.917 1.916 1.914 1.847

1972 2.124 2.124 2.123 2.118 2.111 2.004

1973 2.165 2.165 2.164 2.159 2.153 2.09

1974 2.228 2.228 2.227 2.222 2.216 2.151

1975 2.265 2.265 2.265 2.26 2.253 2.188

1976 2.3 2.3 2.299 2.294 2.288 2.22

1977 2.307 2.307 2.306 2.301 2.294 2.227

1978 2.458 2.458 2.457 2.451 2.443 2.329

1979 2.463 2.463 2.462 2.456 2.449 2.403

1980 2.553 2.553 2.552 2.546 2.539 2.468

1981 2.661 2.661 2.66 2.654 2.646 2.558

1982 2.711 2.711 2.71 2.704 2.696 2.63

1983 2.688 2.688 2.688 2.683 2.677 2.617

1984 2.751 2.751 2.75 2.743 2.735 2.65

1985 3.005 3.005 3.004 2.996 2.987 2.825

1986 2.969 2.969 2.968 2.962 2.955 2.892

1987 3.004 3.004 3.003 2.996 2.987 2.893

1988 3.031 3.031 3.03 3.023 3.014 2.947

1989 2.956 2.956 2.955 2.949 2.94 2.879

1990 2.93 2.93 2.929 2.922 2.913 2.847

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 3.031 3.031 3.03 3.023 3.014 2.947

0.0645161290322581 3.005 3.005 3.004 2.996 2.987 2.893

0.0967741935483871 3.004 3.004 3.003 2.996 2.987 2.892

0.129032258064516 2.969 2.969 2.968 2.962 2.955 2.879

0.161290322580645 2.956 2.956 2.955 2.949 2.94 2.847

0.193548387096774 2.93 2.93 2.929 2.922 2.913 2.825

0.225806451612903 2.751 2.751 2.75 2.743 2.735 2.65

0.258064516129032 2.711 2.711 2.71 2.704 2.696 2.63

0.290322580645161 2.688 2.688 2.688 2.683 2.677 2.617

0.32258064516129 2.661 2.661 2.66 2.654 2.646 2.558

0.354838709677419 2.553 2.553 2.552 2.546 2.539 2.468

0.387096774193548 2.463 2.463 2.462 2.456 2.449 2.403

0.419354838709677 2.458 2.458 2.457 2.451 2.443 2.329

0.451612903225806 2.307 2.307 2.306 2.301 2.294 2.227
103

0.483870967741936 2.3 2.3 2.299 2.294 2.288 2.22

0.516129032258065 2.265 2.265 2.265 2.26 2.253 2.188

0.548387096774194 2.228 2.228 2.227 2.222 2.216 2.151

0.580645161290323 2.165 2.165 2.164 2.159 2.153 2.09

0.612903225806452 2.124 2.124 2.123 2.118 2.111 2.004

0.645161290322581 1.918 1.918 1.917 1.916 1.914 1.847

0.67741935483871 1.829 1.828 1.828 1.823 1.818 1.752

0.709677419354839 1.699 1.699 1.697 1.694 1.69 1.578

0.741935483870968 1.465 1.465 1.464 1.463 1.46 1.368

0.774193548387097 1.299 1.299 1.298 1.295 1.29 1.22

0.806451612903226 1.164 1.164 1.164 1.161 1.158 1.086

0.838709677419355 1.008 1.008 1.007 1.005 1.002 0.9238

0.870967741935484 0.8229 0.8228 0.8226 0.8207

0.8184 0.7425

0.903225806451613 0.6446 0.6446 0.6444 0.6407

0.6357 0.556

0.935483870967742 0.4444 0.4443 0.4423 0.4333

0.4276 0.335

0.967741935483871 0.2138 0.2135 0.2114 0.2093

0.2085 0.1212

0.1 3.0005 3.0005 2.9995 2.9926 2.9838

2.8907

Average of yearly averages: 1.97825

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypallbe

Metfile: w24232.dvf

PRZM scenario: ORberriesOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.489 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.01 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 07-05 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1
104

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

OR berries aerial

stored as Cypallbe.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: ORberriesOP.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:17:16

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 2.986 2.815 2.301 1.782 1.562 0.8045

1962 3.974 3.802 3.288 2.76 2.535 1.783

1963 4.892 4.719 4.204 3.67 3.444 2.685

1964 5.711 5.538 5.022 4.48 4.247 3.483

1965 6.458 6.284 5.769 5.232 4.996 4.225

1966 7.13 6.956 6.439 5.882 5.646 4.879

1967 7.72 7.545 7.028 6.46 6.219 5.436

1968 8.245 8.07 7.556 7.009 6.762 5.999

1969 8.778 8.601 8.083 7.573 7.346 6.586

1970 9.362 9.187 8.669 8.09 7.837 7.067

1971 9.75 9.574 9.057 8.502 8.255 7.486

1972 10.41 10.22 9.665 9.037 8.758 7.912

1973 10.55 10.37 9.856 9.279 9.021 8.254

1974 10.84 10.67 10.15 9.566 9.309 8.524

1975 11.08 10.91 10.39 9.812 9.555 8.769

1976 11.33 11.15 10.63 10.06 9.803 9.009

1977 11.56 11.39 10.87 10.28 10.02 9.219

1978 12.02 11.83 11.31 10.63 10.33 9.47

1979 11.99 11.81 11.29 10.7 10.43 9.686

1980 12.2 12.02 11.51 10.94 10.68 9.879

1981 12.36 12.19 11.67 11.18 10.92 10.11

1982 12.6 12.42 11.9 11.3 11.03 10.24

1983 12.63 12.45 11.93 11.35 11.09 10.3

1984 12.71 12.53 12.01 11.5 11.24 10.42

1985 12.88 12.71 12.3 11.88 11.59 10.7

1986 13.12 12.94 12.42 11.82 11.55 10.76

1987 13.08 12.91 12.38 11.79 11.59 10.82

1988 13.24 13.06 12.54 11.96 11.68 10.88

1989 13.17 13 12.48 11.88 11.61 10.83

1990 13.18 13.01 12.49 11.89 11.61 10.81

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 13.24 13.06 12.54 11.96 11.68 10.88

0.0645161290322581 13.18 13.01 12.49 11.89 11.61 10.83

0.0967741935483871 13.17 13 12.48 11.88 11.61 10.82
105

0.129032258064516 13.12 12.94 12.42 11.88 11.59 10.81

0.161290322580645 13.08 12.91 12.38 11.82 11.59 10.76

0.193548387096774 12.88 12.71 12.3 11.79 11.55 10.7

0.225806451612903 12.71 12.53 12.01 11.5 11.24 10.42

0.258064516129032 12.63 12.45 11.93 11.35 11.09 10.3

0.290322580645161 12.6 12.42 11.9 11.3 11.03 10.24

0.32258064516129 12.36 12.19 11.67 11.18 10.92 10.11

0.354838709677419 12.2 12.02 11.51 10.94 10.68 9.879

0.387096774193548 12.02 11.83 11.31 10.7 10.43 9.686

0.419354838709677 11.99 11.81 11.29 10.63 10.33 9.47

0.451612903225806 11.56 11.39 10.87 10.28 10.02 9.219

0.483870967741936 11.33 11.15 10.63 10.06 9.803 9.009

0.516129032258065 11.08 10.91 10.39 9.812 9.555 8.769

0.548387096774194 10.84 10.67 10.15 9.566 9.309 8.524

0.580645161290323 10.55 10.37 9.856 9.279 9.021 8.254

0.612903225806452 10.41 10.22 9.665 9.037 8.758 7.912

0.645161290322581 9.75 9.574 9.057 8.502 8.255 7.486

0.67741935483871 9.362 9.187 8.669 8.09 7.837 7.067

0.709677419354839 8.778 8.601 8.083 7.573 7.346 6.586

0.741935483870968 8.245 8.07 7.556 7.009 6.762 5.999

0.774193548387097 7.72 7.545 7.028 6.46 6.219 5.436

0.806451612903226 7.13 6.956 6.439 5.882 5.646 4.879

0.838709677419355 6.458 6.284 5.769 5.232 4.996 4.225

0.870967741935484 5.711 5.538 5.022 4.48 4.247 3.483

0.903225806451613 4.892 4.719 4.204 3.67 3.444 2.685

0.935483870967742 3.974 3.802 3.288 2.76 2.535 1.783

0.967741935483871 2.986 2.815 2.301 1.782 1.562 0.8045

0.1 13.165 12.994 12.474 11.88 11.608 10.819

Average of yearly averages: 7.90085

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypallbe

Metfile: w24232.dvf

PRZM scenario: ORberriesOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.489 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.05 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 07-05 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm
106

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)

stored as Cypallbeben.out

Chemical: Cyprodinil

PRZM environment: ORberriesOP.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:17:16

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10

Benthic segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 1.028 1.028 1.028 1.026 1.023 0.5959

1962 1.987 1.987 1.986 1.982 1.977 1.57

1963 2.888 2.888 2.887 2.881 2.873 2.478

1964 3.687 3.687 3.686 3.677 3.667 3.282

1965 4.43 4.43 4.429 4.418 4.405 4.023

1966 5.082 5.082 5.08 5.068 5.053 4.684

1967 5.654 5.654 5.652 5.637 5.618 5.252

1968 6.184 6.184 6.182 6.167 6.154 5.792

1969 6.774 6.774 6.772 6.757 6.739 6.375

1970 7.274 7.274 7.271 7.253 7.231 6.883

1971 7.678 7.678 7.675 7.657 7.636 7.289

1972 8.151 8.151 8.148 8.128 8.103 7.716

1973 8.456 8.456 8.453 8.432 8.408 8.066

1974 8.738 8.738 8.735 8.715 8.69 8.346

1975 8.981 8.98 8.978 8.957 8.932 8.588

1976 9.223 9.223 9.22 9.2 9.174 8.827

1977 9.439 9.439 9.436 9.415 9.387 9.041

1978 9.722 9.721 9.718 9.694 9.664 9.279

1979 9.877 9.877 9.874 9.849 9.819 9.499

1980 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.07 10.04 9.694

1981 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.3 10.27 9.907

1982 10.47 10.47 10.46 10.44 10.41 10.07

1983 10.51 10.51 10.51 10.49 10.46 10.13

1984 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.62 10.59 10.23

1985 10.98 10.98 10.97 10.95 10.91 10.49

1986 10.99 10.99 10.99 10.97 10.93 10.61

1987 11.01 11 11 10.98 10.96 10.63

1988 11.12 11.12 11.12 11.09 11.05 10.72

1989 11.05 11.05 11.05 11.02 10.99 10.67

1990 11.06 11.06 11.05 11.03 10.99 10.65

Sorted results
107

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.032258064516129 11.12 11.12 11.12 11.09 11.05 10.72

0.0645161290322581 11.06 11.06 11.05 11.03 10.99 10.67

0.0967741935483871 11.05 11.05 11.05 11.02 10.99 10.65

0.129032258064516 11.01 11 11 10.98 10.96 10.63

0.161290322580645 10.99 10.99 10.99 10.97 10.93 10.61

0.193548387096774 10.98 10.98 10.97 10.95 10.91 10.49

0.225806451612903 10.65 10.65 10.65 10.62 10.59 10.23

0.258064516129032 10.51 10.51 10.51 10.49 10.46 10.13

0.290322580645161 10.47 10.47 10.46 10.44 10.41 10.07

0.32258064516129 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.3 10.27 9.907

0.354838709677419 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.07 10.04 9.694

0.387096774193548 9.877 9.877 9.874 9.849 9.819 9.499

0.419354838709677 9.722 9.721 9.718 9.694 9.664 9.279

0.451612903225806 9.439 9.439 9.436 9.415 9.387 9.041

0.483870967741936 9.223 9.223 9.22 9.2 9.174 8.827

0.516129032258065 8.981 8.98 8.978 8.957 8.932 8.588

0.548387096774194 8.738 8.738 8.735 8.715 8.69 8.346

0.580645161290323 8.456 8.456 8.453 8.432 8.408 8.066

0.612903225806452 8.151 8.151 8.148 8.128 8.103 7.716

0.645161290322581 7.678 7.678 7.675 7.657 7.636 7.289

0.67741935483871 7.274 7.274 7.271 7.253 7.231 6.883

0.709677419354839 6.774 6.774 6.772 6.757 6.739 6.375

0.741935483870968 6.184 6.184 6.182 6.167 6.154 5.792

0.774193548387097 5.654 5.654 5.652 5.637 5.618 5.252

0.806451612903226 5.082 5.082 5.08 5.068 5.053 4.684

0.838709677419355 4.43 4.43 4.429 4.418 4.405 4.023

0.870967741935484 3.687 3.687 3.686 3.677 3.667 3.282

0.903225806451613 2.888 2.888 2.887 2.881 2.873 2.478

0.935483870967742 1.987 1.987 1.986 1.982 1.977 1.57

0.967741935483871 1.028 1.028 1.028 1.026 1.023 0.5959

0.1 11.046 11.045 11.045 11.016 10.987

10.648

Average of yearly averages:

7.71289666666667

Inputs generated by pe4.pl - 8-August-2003

Data used for this run:

Output File: Cypallbe

Metfile: w24232.dvf

PRZM scenario: ORberriesOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Cyprodinil

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 225.29 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 7.04e-8 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 3.80e-6 torr

Solubility sol 130 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 1745 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 382.3 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 0 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 44.3 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life
108

Method: CAM 2 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 0 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.489 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.95 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0.05 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 07-05 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single 

app.

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF 0

Record 18: PLVKRT 0

PLDKRT 0

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or 

total(average of entire run)
109

Appendix B: Environmental Fate Studies

Table B-1. Selected data reviews from data evaluation records (DERs) for photolysis, 

anaerobic aquatic and mobility studies.

Study Review Summary1

Photolysis 

in natural 

waters

Phototransformation of dual labelled cyprodinil was studied in unsterilized natural bond water 

system from Denton, Texas (MRID 439084-22). No significant transformation of cyprodinil took 

place in the dark controls as parent compound ranged from 97-100% during the 30 -day study. In 

contrast, Phototransformation of cyprodinil in the irradiated samples followed a biphasic pattern 

with very slow transformation taking place during the first nine days of irradiation (parent 

decreased to 93% of the applied), followed by an increased rate from day 9 to 30 (parent decreased 

to 14% of the applied). A DT50 of 22 days was reported based on a visual extrapolation from a 

curve fitted to the data The authors of the study suggested that the biphasic transformation pattern 

was the result of autocatalytic indirect photolysis mechanism, but did not expand on this 

hypothesis. Therefore, previous review1 concluded that “based on calculated DT50 and observed 

transformation pattern, photolysis of cyprodinil would not be considered a major pathway of 

dissipation in natural waters”.

Photolysis 

on Soils

Cyprodinil present on soil surfaces did not degrade significantly by exposure to photon energy in 

two studies conducted using the same soil and two different 14C-label positions (MRIDs 43908-23 

and 439084-24). In these studies, irradiated half-lives were 64-70 days compared to 86 to 160 days 

for the dark controls. Calculated half-lives of 64-70 days were largely attributed to microbial 

processes. Thus, it was concluded that photo degradation on wet soil surfaces is not a major 

transformation process for cyprodinil.

Anaerobic 

aquatic

Concentrations of cyprodinil in the whole system declined marginally in the 369 days of the study,

from 94.4% to 89.6% of quantified radioactivity. A half-life of 3,465 days was estimated for the 

system assuming first order kinetics. No transformation products were quantified at levels greater 

than 0.3% of initial measured dose in water, sediment or as volatile organic compounds (MRID 

441864-06). Redox potentials and dissolved O2 of water measured just above the water/sediment 

interface indicated anaerobic conditions throughout the study. Mean recovery of radioactivity was 

97.4±2.8% with values from 92.8 - 101.9% of applied amounts. Parent compound was determined 

to account for >98% of the radioactivity in water and > 94% of the radioactivity in the sediment.

Mobility Mobility of Degradates:

(a) CGA-249287: was shown to be mobile to moderately mobile in a loamy sand soil from TX, a 

clay loam soil and a loam soil from NY, in a sandy loam soil from CA, and a sandy soil from GA. 

Adsorption Kd’s were 0.31, 3.48, 3.88, 5.23, and 6.97 for the loamy sand, clay loam, loam, sandy 

loam and sand soils, respectively. Corresponding adsorption Koc's were 180, 173, 260, 650, and 

867 (MRID 439084-31).

(b) CGA-321915: was shown to be highly mobile to moderately mobile in five soils from CA, GA, 

NY and TX. Adsorption Kd’s were 0.25, 0.99, 1.14, 1.45, and 2.52 for the loamy sand, clay loam, 

loam, sand and sandy loam soils, respectively. Corresponding adsorption Koc's were 147, 50, 76, 

180 and 313 (MRID 439084-32).

(c) CGA-275535: was shown to be slightly mobile in six soils from CA, GA, NY and TX. 

Adsorption Kd’s were 4.39, 8.31, 26.7, 32.1 and 33.3, 60.3 in a loamy sand, sandy loam, sandy 

soil, two loamy soils, and sandy loam soils, respectively. Corresponding adsorption Koc's were 

1,810-7,500 (MRID 441864-07).

1 Summary and conclusions were derived from US EPA/Canada PMRA Joint Review of March 1998
110

Table B-2 Summary of the soil characteristics, results and calculated half-lives for four 

aerobic soil studies.

Item

Study MRID Number

439084-25 439084-26 437090-46 437090-45

Soil Collombey loamy sand Hanford sandy loam

Characteristics pH 7.2 and 1.9% organic carbon pH 7.2 and 1.9% organic carbon

14C label position Pyrimidinyl-ring Phenyl-ring Pyrimidinyl-ring Phenyl-ring 

Study length 180 days 154 days 363 days 364 days

System Open flow -through Open flow -through Static Static

Material Balance 97.7 ± 1.3% 96.4 ± 4.3% 100.2 ± 2.6% 96.5 ± 2.8%

Parent Decreased steadily 

to 5% @ 

termination

Decreased steadily 

to 12% @ 

termination

Decreased steadily 

to 43% @ 

termination

Decreased steadily 

to 34% @ 

termination

Bound residue Increased steadily 

from <1% @ day 0 

through 42% @ day 

28 to reach a Max. 

of 71% @ 

termination

Increased steadily 

from 1% @ day 0 

through 29% @ day 

28 to reach a Max. 

of 67% @ 

termination

Increased from 3% 

@ day 0 through 

25% @ day 28 to 

reach a Max. of 

31% @ termination

Increased from 3% 

@ day 0 through 

26% @ day 28 to 

reach a Max. of 

42% @ termination

Volatilized 

materials

CO2: Max. 14% @ 

termination

CO2: Max. 18% @ 

termination

CO2: Max. 3% @ 

termination and 

volatile organic 

compounds 

(VOCs): Maxi. <1%

CO2: Max. 10% @ 

termination and 

volatile organic 

compounds 

(VOCs): Maxi. <1%

Calculated t1/2

(Calculated by 

EFED except as 

indicated)

40 days (R2= 0.96) 50 days (R2= 0.999) 22 days for the 1st

21 days (1st/ rapid 

phase, R2 = 0.88); 

433 days from 28-

363 days (2nd/slow 

phase, R2 = 0.65); 

and 365 days for the 

whole period1.

31 days for the 1st

28 days (1st/rapid 

phase, R2 = 0.98); 

433 days from 59-

364 days (2nd/slow 

phase, R2 = 0.59); 

and 267 days for the 

whole period1.

Pathway Refer to Figure B-1 in this Appendix. B

1 Summary and calculations stated derived mainly from US EPA/Canada PMRA Joint Review of March 

1998

Summary of Abiotic and Biotic Fate Studies

The individual fate studies are summarized hereunder. More details for most of the fate studies 

are included in Tables B-1 to B-6.
111

Hydrolysis

In a 32-day study (MRID 437090-44) cyprodinil was found to be stable to hydrolysis at pH 5, 7 

and 9. In the laboratory ≥93.9% of the radioactivity remained as parent 32 days after dosing. 

Because cyprodinil did not hydrolyze or hydrolyzed very slowly in the buffer solutions, a half-life 

at each pH could not be determined. The results indicate that hydrolysis would not be considered 

a major environmental route of dissipation for this chemical. 

Phototransformation

Aqueous photodegradation was examined in a natural unsterilized water and on surface soil 

systems irradiated with artificial light sources (MRID 439084-22 and MRIDs 439084-23/24). A 

DT50 of 22 days was reported for cyprodinil in the aqueous system and half-lives of 64-70 days 

were reported for the soil system. Phototransformation was not considered to be a major pathway 

of dissipation of cyprodinil in both systems. This conclusion was based on observed 

transformation pattern in the aqueous system and on the possibility that microbial rather than 

photodegradation had occurred on the soil surfaces (Table B-1, Appendix B).

Aerobic soil metabolism

Two soils were used in conducting four aerobic soil studies using cyprodinil labeled at two 

different 14C-positions: one in the phenyl-ring and the other in the pyrimidinyl-ring. The two soils 

were Collombey loamy sand (MRID 439084-25/26) and Hanford sandy loam (MRIDs 437090-

46/45). EFED calculated first order half-lives for Collombey soil were 40 and 50 days whereas 

registrant suggested biphasic degradation for Hanford soil. In the latter soil, registrant calculated 

first order half-lives were in the range of 22-31 days for the 3-4-week 1st rapid phase and 433 

days for the 2nd slow phase; half-lives ranged from 365-267 days for the whole period of the two 

experiments. Close examination of data presented for the last two studies revealed the existence 

of large differences in residue data between replicates for at least three sample intervals. These 

differences may have been a result of using a static system in the experiment for Hanford soil

compared to the continuous open flow system used in Collombey soil. Therefore, EFED 

calculated first order half-lives of 40 and 50 days were considered to be more representative for 

the natural environment and were used for modeling.

In the four aerobic soil experiments, the total maximum transformation products reached 

concentrations of 4-26% after 21 to 270 days posttreatment and declined to concentration levels 

of 3-23% at the termination of the experiments. Major identified degradates included pyrimidinyl 

amine (CGA-249287) and three types of hydroxylated cyprodinil: CGA-275535, CGA-304075, 

and CGA-304076. Individual concentrations for the most major degradates were not determined, 

however total concentration data suggested that concentrations were <10% of the applied parent 

except CGA-249287 which reached 11.2% at study termination (363 days). 

Details reported on half-lives and transformation products are shown in Tables B-2 and B-3 

(Appendix B) while the structure of the transformation products as well as the suggested 

degradation pathways are shown in Figure B-1.

Anaerobic soil metabolism

Cyprodinil did not degrade when incubated under anaerobic conditions after a period of aerobic 

pre-incubation. Calculated half-lives for the aerobic pre-incubation period were 98 days (R2

= 
112

0.83) from MRID 439084-27 and 16 days (R2= 0.76) from MRID 439084-28.

Aerobic and anaerobic sediment/water systems

The fate of cyprodinil was examined using sediment/water systems at aerobic conditions. Three 

sediment/water systems were used including one river system (the Rhine river, Switzerland) and 

one pond system from Switzerland (MRIDs 455187-01/02) in addition to one pond system from 

Denton, Texas (MRIDs 439084-29/30). For each system, parent cyprodinil was labeled in the 

phenyl-ring for one experiment and in the pyrimidinyl-ring in the other, a total of six 

experiments.

 

The transformation rates of cyprodinil in the total sediment/water system were determined and 

appeared to follow first order kinetics, with estimated t1/2 of 106-126 days for the Rhine river 

system, 165-178 days for the pond system from Switzerland, and 612 days for the pond system 

from Denton, Texas. Pyrimidinyl-labeled cyprodinil was considered to be stable in the same pond 

system Texas as only minimum degradation occurred (Tables B-4 and B-5, Appendix B).

In the examined aquatic systems, cyprodinil partitioned from the water column with a water 

column residence half-life of 3 days in the Rhine river sediment/water system, and 5 and 8-29 

days in the pond systems from Switzerland and Texas, respectively. Partitioning of cyprodinil 

from the water column into the sediment is shown for the Texas pond system in Figure B-2 

(Appendix B). 

Transformation products were reported to form in some of the water and sediment phases. Some 

of these products were identified in the sediment phase such as CGA-249287 and CGA-275535 

(6-14% and <1% of the applied radioactivity, respectively) and some were not identified in both 

the sediment and the water phases (<1% and <7% of the applied radioactivity, respectively). 

Details reported on the aerobic aquatic studies are included in Tables B-4 and B-5 (Appendix B).

In an anaerobic aquatic study, concentrations of cyprodinil in the whole system declined 

marginally in the 369 days of the study, from 94.4% to 89.6% of quantified radioactivity. A halflife of 3,465 days was estimated for the system assuming first order kinetics. More details 

reported on the anaerobic aquatic study are included in Table B-1 (Appendix B).

Mobility

Parent cyprodinil showed to be slightly mobile and to have a high affinity for sorption to soil 

particles in batch equilibrium studies with four soils. Adsorption was correlated with organic 

matter content of the soils. The sandy loam soil had a Kd of 16.3 and a Koc of 2,030. The sandy 

soil showed a Kd of 14.2 and a Koc of 1,770. The clay loam soil had a Kd of 31.2 and a Koc of 

1,550 and the loam soil had a Kd of 24.3 and a Koc of 1,630 (MRID 437090-47). Varied results 

was obtained for the major cyprodinil transformation products. These results are summarized in 

Table B-1 (Appendix B).

In two soil column leaching experiments, radioactive residues of cyprodinil were not very mobile 

in columns of loamy sand and silt loam soils. The bulk of the applied radioactivity remained on 

the top 2 cm. About 1% of the radioactivity was recovered in the leachate with small amounts 

recovered throughout the column (MRID 439084-33 and 439084-34).
113

Field dissipation

Field dissipation studies were conducted in New York (MRID 441864-08 and 441864-37) and in 

California (MRID 441864-09 and 441864-36). In these studies, a wettable powder formulation 

was applied to two sets of bare ground plots; one set was treated at 0.5 lb a.i/Acre for 6 

applications at 7-day intervals and the second set was treated at 3.0 lb ai/A in a single application. 

Calculated field dissipation half-lives (DT50) for multiple application trials were 42 to 47 days for 

those conducted in California (CA) and 14 to 28 days for those conducted in New York (NY). A 

range of DT50’s of 88-92 days was calculated for the single application trials.

In these studies, parent did not leach below the top 6" of the soil at both CA and NY trials as it 

was not detected at CA trials and was detected in only minor amounts (0.011 to 0.05 ppm) at 

random intervals at NY trials. Degradates detected in the top 6" were CGA-249287 and CGA321915 at CA; and only CGA-249287 at NY. CGA-249287 (Kd = 0.25-02.5 and Koc = 50-313) 

reached peak concentrations of 0.03 ppm in CA and 0.086 ppm in NY and declined to less than 

the detection limit in CA and to 0.043 ppm in NY. At lower depths ( 6-12"), CGA-321915 was 

detected at California site, between 60 to 240 days post treatment, and within a concentration 

range of 0.011-0.016 ppm, while CGA-249287 was not detected at both NY and CA trials.

Bioaccumulation

Although cyprodinil n-Octanol/H2O partition coefficient indicates that it is likely to 

bioaccumulate (Log PO/W= 3.9- 4.0; MRID 43709003), 14C-Cyprodinil residues did not 

significantly accumulate in bluegill sunfish exposed to 14C-Cyprodinil at 0.105 ppm in a flowthrough system for 28 days. Maximum concentrations of cyprodinil were 3.5 ppm in the edible 

fish parts and 9.9 ppm in the nonedible tissue. 14C-Cyprodinil residue equivalents in the fish 

tissue during depuration ranged from 17.4 ppm at the start to 0.14 ppm 14 days later. Between 76 

and 83% of the radioactivity depurated after one day; and >97% depurated by the third day.

Maximum BCFs, as a function of radioactive residues present, were 100, 777, and 466, 

respectively, in the edible, non-edible, and whole fish tissues. Maximum bioconcentration factors 

as a function of parent cyprodinil were 33 and 90 in the edible and non-edible tissues, 

respectively (MRID 43924501).
114

Table B-3. Summary of the results obtained for transformation products formed in four 

aerobic soil studies.

Item

Study MRID Number

439084-25 439084-26 437090-46 437090-45

Soil Collombey loamy sand Hanford sandy loam

Total 

metabolites

Reached a 

maximum (max.) of 

14% @ days 61 and 

90 and declined to 

9% @ termination

Reached a max. of 

4% @ day 91and 

declined to 3% @ 

termination

Reached a max. of 

26% @ day 270 and 

declined to 23% @ 

termination

Reached a max. of 

17% @ day 21 and 

declined to 14% @ 

termination

Major 

metabolites

(1) CGA-249287 

(Pyrimidinyl amine): 

decreased from a 

max. of 10% @ day 

45 to 3% @ 

termination

None (1) CGA-249287 

(Pyrimidinyl amine):

reached a maxi. of 

11% @ termination

(2) Three 

hydroxylated parent 

designated as CGA275535, CGA304075, and CGA304076: in total, it 

decreased from a 

max. of 8% @ day 7 

to 2% @ 

termination

Three hydroxylated 

parent designated as 

CGA-275535, CGA304075, and CGA304076: in total, it 

decreased from a 

max. of 13% @ day 

14 to 4-6% @ day 

273 and termination

Minor 

metabolites

(1) Hydroxy 

pyrimidine (a 

phenolic derivative 

of Pyrimidinyl 

amine): reached a 

max. of 4%

(2) The symmetrical 

dimer of hydroxy 

pyrimidine with an 

ether like O bridge:

reached a max. of 

1%

(3) One un-identified 

metabolite: reached 

a max. of 2%

Six: minor 

metabolites: reached 

a max. of ≥1% each. 

Identification by 

GS-MS was not 

successful but were 

identified by 

retention times at 

3:35, 4:50, 17:40, 

18:20, 20:10, 21:15, 

24:00, 24:50, and 

25:25 given in 

minutes: seconds. 

(1) Two to three 

polar un-identified 

compound eluted at 

3.0- 3.5 minutes: in 

total, it reached a 

max. of 5%

(2) A mixture of unidentified compound:

in total, it reached a 

max. of 7%

(1) Multiple unidentified polar 

compound eluted at 

3.0- 3.5 minutes: in 

total, it reached a 

max. of 6%

(2) A mixture of unidentified compound:

in total, it reached a 

max. of 5%

(3) A mixture of unidentified compounds 

+ CGA-73330, all 

eluted at 3.0- 3.5 

minutes: in total, it 

reached a max. of 

1%

Structure For chemical structures, refer to Figure B-1 in this Appendix. B
115

NH

N

N

CH3

Parent Cyprodinil

NH2

N

N

CH3

Pyrimidine Amine

(CGA-249287)

N

N

CH3

CGA-275535 (meta hydroxylate)

N

H

OH

+

OH

N

N

CH3

Hydroxy Pyrimidine

 

N

N

CH3

CGA-304075 (para-hydroxlate)

N

H

OH

N

N

Symmetrical Dimer of Hydroxy Pyrimidine

CH3

N

N O

CH3

N

N

CH3

CGA-304076

N

H

OH

+

Volatilized Materials (Mainly CO2)

Figure B-1. Aerobic soil transformation pathway for cyprodinil.
116

Table B-4 Summary for aerobic aquatic studies conducted using river and pond systems 

from Switzerland1

.

Item

Study MRID Number

455187-01 455187-02

System type Rhine river Natural pond Rhine river Natural pond

Characteristics River sediment: Sandy loam (Sand:Silt:Clay= 69:25:6%); 1.0% O.C; pH 7; and CEC=9

Pond sediment: Loam (Sand:Silt:Clay= 39:44:17%); 1.3% O.C; pH 6.5; and CEC=13

14C label position Phenyl-ring Pyrimidinyl-ring

Study length 260 days

Aerobicity Systems equilibrated for 3 weeks prior to addition of cyprodinil. During the equilibration 

and study O2 an pH were monitored in the water and redox potential was monitored in the 

sediment of one control flask. Aerobic conditions were maintained by continuous 

ventilation with moistened air flow. Monitoring indicated aerobicity was maintained in the 

water column while visual observation of the sediment indicated presence of aerobic and 

anaerobic layers in flasks at the end of the study period.

Volatile traps Three traps 2N NaOH, ethylene glycol, and 2N H2SO4

Material Balance 91.7-103% 90.4-101.5% 94.5-104.8% 91.8-104.4%

Extractable Parent Decreased to 32% Decreased to 56% Decreased to 33% Decreased to 36%

Bound residue Increased to 48% Increased to 30% Increased to 39% Increased to 45%

Volatilized 

materials

Maximum 11% 

(mainly CO2)

Maximum 5% 

(mainly CO2)

Maximum 4% 

(mainly CO2)

Maximum 3% 

(mainly CO2)

Metabolites In the water phase 

only: One (unidentified) 

accounting for 

≤6.7% of applied 

radioactivity

In the water phase 

only: One (unidentified) 

accounting for 

≤3.2% of applied 

radioactivity

In the sediment 

phase only: CGA249287 (Max. of 

14.2%); and three 

Un-identified (Max. 

<7%)

In the sediment 

phase only: CGA249287 (Max. of 

6%); and three Unidentified (Max. 

<4%)

Partitioning of 

parent from water 

to sediment

DT50 in water 3 

days (decreased to 

5% by 21 days)

DT50 in water 5 

days (decreased to

14% by 21 days)

DT50 in water 3 

days (decreased to 

8% by 21 days)

DT50 in water 5 

days (decreased to 

19% by 21 days)

Calculated first 

order t1/2 for the 

whole system 

(sediment+water)

126 days 178 days 106 days 165 days

1 Summary and calculations stated derived mainly from US EPA/Canada PMRA Joint Review of March 

1998
117

Table B-5 Summary for aerobic aquatic studies conducted using a pond system from 

Denton, Texas.

Item

Study MRID Number

439084-30 439084-29

Characteristics Water pH 7.8 and total dissolved solids 672 ppm; sediment texture loamy sand, pH 8.3, organic 

carbon 0.35%

14C label position Phenyl-ring Pyrimidinyl-ring

Study length 31 days

Aerobicity levels of dissolve oxygen were less than half of that expected to occur in natural well aerated 

ponds

Material Balance 98.4±1.0% 97±3%

Extractable Parent 69% of the applied at study termination 91% of the applied at study termination

Bound residue 3% of the applied at study termination 3% of the applied at study termination

Volatilized 

materials

Maximum 0.6% of the applied at study 

termination (mainly CO2)

Maximum 0.07% of the applied at study 

termination (mainly CO2)

Metabolites In the water phase: Un-identified (Max. 

0.2%)

In the sediment phase: CGA-275535 (Max 

0.1% at 30 days) and two un-identified (Max. 

<1.3 % in total)

None detected

Partitioning of 

parent from water 

to sediment

t1/2 in water 29 days (decreased to 27% by 

experiment termination)

t1/2 in water 9 days (decreased to 6% by 

experiment termination)

Calculated first 

order t1/2 for the 

whole system 

(sediment+water)

EFED calculate= 612 days

Stable: determination of half-life was not 

made because no bio-transformation was 

observed in this experiment in both the water 

and the sediment phases of the system
118

Figure B-2. Partitioning of materials (mainly parent) between the sediment/water phases in 

two aerobic aquatic studies using a water/sediment system from Texas (MRID s 439084-

29/30).

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Time (days)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

As % of Applied Parent

Radioactivity (mainly parent)

Radioactivity (mainly parent)

Water phase (study 1)

Water phase (study 2)

Sediment phase (study 2)

Sediment phase (study 1)

Radioactivity (mainly parent)

Radioactivity (mainly parent)
119

Appendix C. Sediment Calculations and Assumptions

Screening Level RQ values (Sediment)

Contamination of sediments is a widespread ecological problem that can pose a potential risk to a 

wide variety of aquatic organisms and aquatic ecosystems. All aquatic life has some contact 

either direct or indirect with sediments as a media for habitat and or a source of food. This is an 

ecologically important habitat where significant densities and diversities of benthic and 

epibenthic species occur. Embryonic life stages and gametes of infaunal, epibenthic and water 

column species of a variety of commercially important fisheries can also be found directly in 

contact with sediments (e.g., salmon, trout, clams, oysters) during critical stages of their 

development. A wide host of fish and aquatic invertebrates live in or on the benthos in direct or 

close proximity of sediments. Because of the widely accepted recognition that sediments serve as 

a dynamic media for aquatic ecosystems, government organizations, as well as industry have 

come to realize that sediments can act as a repository for many contaminants, especially those 

that are lipophilic. This recognition of the potential for problem is manifest through examples of 

deleterious effects from contaminated sediments and their significant impact on commercial 

fisheries (e.g., TBT and effects to shell fish), ecosystem diversity (e.g., TBT and endocrine 

effects to mollusks), and possible impact to endangered species (e.g., salmonides in the Pacific 

Northwest). State and federal regulatory agencies currently rely on several assessment tools in 

order to evaluate the toxic effects of contaminated sediments on marine and freshwater 

communities that include measures of chemical concentration, bioaccumulation, and biological 

toxicity. The combination of defining exposure and effects can provide a first step for an 

integrative approach to defining sediment quality and the potential for risk to ecosystems and 

populations. Sediment toxicity tests are considered to be a powerful assessment tool that help to 

define the potential for acute and chronic risk to aquatic systems from contaminated sediment 

exposure. The use of sediment testing and sediment evaluation can often complete the risk picture 

for many compounds that are present in the water column for a relatively short time. Laboratory 

tests on cyprodinil, have shown that water column exposure declines over a short period but that 

sediment exposure increases (sediment receives cyprodinil bound particulate from the water 

column). The potential for cyprodinil risk to aquatic invertebrates via sediment exposure suggests 

indirect effects to fish populations that are dependent upon invertebrates in the food chain, as well 

as direct effects to fish life stages that may be in direct contact with this media. The magnitude of 

these effects can be compounded since cyprodinil is persistent in aquatic systems. Sediment test 

can facilitate the use of relatively sensitive life stages (e.g., 2nd and third instar for chironomus) 

in addressing toxicity from this media. Acute sediment tests can measure effects that include 

survival, growth and emergence, while chronic studies can add important information on 

reproduction. 

The risk quotients (RQ) for sediment dwelling organisms were estimated with an extrapolation 

method recommended by the USEPA Office of Water (OW). This was based on the Agency’s

Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines (ESG) under the Clean Water Act [CWA Section 

304(a)(2)]. Often the Agency is faced with the problem of assessing risk to aquatic systems from 

compounds that readily bind to particulate and eventually accumulate in the sediment. This issue 

is more problematic if sediment toxicity date and/or monitoring information are also not 

available. Therefore, in order to address this concern, The Agency has consulted with the OW, 

and adopted a method for extrapolating exposure values (i.e., bulk sediment and porewater) that 

relies on the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) of nonionic compounds in sediment. The EqP theory 

holds that a nonionic chemical in sediment partitions between sediment organic carbon, 

interstitial (pore) water and benthic organisms. At equilibrium, if the concentration in any phase 

is known, then the concentration in the other phases can be predicted through the organic/carbon 
120

soil partition coefficient (KOC). In order to generate exposure concentrations from sediment 

(ug/KgOC) and porewater (ug/L) for calculating RQs, The Agency relies on the output from the 

PRZM/EXAMS model. The effects components, are standard water column toxicity endpoints 

(e.g., worst case LC50, NOAEC). This extrapolation method is useful for estimating potential 

sediment exposure values, as well as sediment toxicity values that can be used in a screening 

level risk assessment. 

Rationale for EqP Use in the Agency Assessing Risk to Sediment Organisms

Cyprodinil is a lipophilic compound with relatively high Koc and Ko/w values, that can adsorb 

readily to particulate and sediment with resulting exposure to benthic aquatic life through 

respiration, ingestion, dermal contact, as well as indirect impact to other species through food 

chain alterations. Since, sediment can act as a reservoir for this compound, the bioavailability to 

aquatic organisms living in this medium is a concern that the Agency is trying to address through 

consultation with the EPA Office of Water (OW).

Under the Clean Water Act (CWA Section 304(a)(2) the Environmental Protection Agency 

(EPA) and the States are expected to develop programs for protecting the chemical, physical, and 

biological integrity of the nation’s waters. In order to meet the objectives of the CWA, EPA’s 

Office of water (OW) has periodically issued ambient water quality criteria (WQC). However, 

toxic contaminants in bottom sediments of lakes, rivers, wetlands, and coastal waters can also 

create potential for environmental degradation even if water column contamination values are low 

and comply with the Agencies water quality criteria. In order to evaluate this possible concern the 

OW also calculates Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines (ESG). 

Pesticide compounds that bind readily to particulate and organic carbon may have a limited 

exposure to aquatic organisms in the water column. However, this increase in particulate-boundpesticides can result in an accumulation of compounds in or on the sediment that may have the 

potential for toxic impact to benthic and epibenthic aquatic organisms (e.g., early life stage of 

many invertebrates and fish, as well as crabs and shrimp). However, evaluating the risk to aquatic 

life from this exposure becomes problematic especially if there is a lack of adequate sediment 

toxicity and exposure data. Therefore, in order to assess this potential for pesticide risk to aquatic 

benthic systems, the Environmental Fate and Effects Division (The Agency) of the Office of 

Pesticides Program (OPP) has adopted the method used by the OW that relies on the theory of 

equilibrium partitioning (EqP) of chemicals. This theory is based on the hydrophobicity and 

concentrations of the chemical normalized to organic carbon (OC) in sediment (De Toro et al. 

1991) and holds that a nonionic chemical in sediment partitions between sediment organic 

carbon, interstitial (pore) water and benthic organisms. At equilibrium, if the concentration in any 

phase is known, then the concentration in the other phases can be predicted. A key component to 

this theory is the chemicals organic carbon coefficient (Koc), which is constant for every 

chemical and represents the ratio of the chemical concentration in water to the concentration in 

organic carbon. The document, “Technical Basis for the Derivation of Equilibrium Partitioning 

Sediment Guidelines (ESGs) for the Protection of Benthic Organisms: Nonionic Organics” 

(USEPA, 2000), demonstrates that biological responses of benthic organisms to nonionic organic 

chemicals in sediments are different when the sediment concentrations are expressed on a dry 

weight basis, but similar when expressed on a ug chemical/g organic carbon basis (ug/goc). 

Similar responses were also observed across sediments when interstitial water concentrations 

were used to normalize biological availability. The Technical Basis Document further 

demonstrates that if the toxic effect concentration in water is known (e.g., LC50), the effect 

concentration in sediment on a ug/goc basis can be predicted by multiplying the effect 

concentration in water by the chemical Koc.
121

 (LC50 ug/L x KOC L/KgOC x 1 KgOC/1000gOC = LC50 ug/gOC)

Since, The Agency uses a deterministic method for its screening level risk assessment, the 

calculation of risk quotient values (RQ) is important for assessing possible risk. The RQ values 

are calculated by taking the ratio of the estimated exposure concentrations (EEC) to the toxicity 

effect value (e.g., LC50, NOAEC). The EEC values are model generated (e.g., PRZM/ EXAMS) 

and reflect peer evaluated and approved scenarios for assessing pesticide exposure to an aquatic 

environment. However, the PRZM/EXAMS output produces water column EEC values, as well 

as sediment and porewater EEC values. Therefore, in order to assess possible toxic pesticide 

exposure to aquatic organisms from sediments, The Agency is using the PRZM/EXAMS model 

which incorporates the principles of the equilibrium partitioning theory, in order to generate 

EECs from sediment and porewater. By relying on sediment and/or porewater output values, The 

Agency has two ways for calculating RQ values for sediments by using porewater exposure 

values and bulk sediment values. RQ values can be produced by using the PRZM/ EXAMS EEC 

output value for sediment as follows: 

EEC sediment ug/ugOC / LC50 ug/gOC

The calculations that rely on porewater can be calculated by dividing the PRZM/EXAMS output 

value for porewater concentrations by the dissolved concentrations in the water column that 

caused toxicity in bioassays (e.g., LC50).

 EEC porewater ug/L / LC50 ugL

Assumptions of the equilibrium partitioning model

Three principle observations that underlie the equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach:

1. The concentrations of nonionic organic chemicals in sediments (expressed on an organic 

carbon basis) and in interstitial waters correlate with observed biological effects on 

sediment-dwelling organisms across a range of sediments. 

2. Partitioning models can relate sediment concentrations for nonionic organic chemicals on

an organic carbon basis to freely-dissolved concentrations in interstitial water.

3. The distribution of sensitivities of benthic organisms is similar to that of water column 

species.

The EqP approach assumes that the partitioning of a chemical between sediment organic carbon 

and interstitial water is at or near equilibrium. Another assumption is that the concentration in 

either phase can be predictive using appropriate partition coefficient and the measured 

concentration in the other phase. Furthermore, it is assumed that organisms receive equivalent 

exposure from water-only exposures or from any equilibrated phase (interstitial water via 

respiration; from sediment via ingestion or other sediment integument exchange). The final 

assumption is that for nonionic compounds, effect concentrations in sediments on an organic 

carbon basis can be predicted using the organic carbon partition coefficient (Koc) and effects 

concentrations in the water.

This method to estimate the risk to sediment dwelling organisms has certain uncertainties. First, 

it appears that the exposure may be underestimated because it assumes that the only source of 

contact of cyprodinil to the sediment dwellers is the pore water; however, these organisms may be 

in constant contact with the sediments and even feed from them or from other small organisms 

that are contaminated. Second, the sensitivity of the sediment dwellers towards cyprodinil is 
122

assumed to be similar to that of water column dwellers in the absence of data, adding uncertainty 

to the calculation. Finally, some organisms dwell in the sediment only partially, (e.g. tadpoles) 

and the risk is very uncertain in those cases.
123

Appendix D.

Table D1. Environmental Fate Data Requirements for Cyprodinil

Guideline Number Data Requirement MRID

Study 

Classification1

Are 

Additional 

Data Needed 

for Risk 

Assessment
124

Table D1. Environmental Fate Data Requirements for Cyprodinil

Guideline Number Data Requirement MRID

Study 

Classification1

Are 

Additional 

Data Needed 

for Risk 

Assessment

§ 161-1 Hydrolysis 43709044 Core No

§ 161-2 Photodegradation in 

Water

43908422 Core No

§ 161-3 Photodegradation on Soil 43908423 and 

43908424

Core No

§ 161-4 Photodegradation in Air NA Waived No

§ 162-1 Aerobic Soil Metabolism 43908425, 

43908426, 

43709045, and 

43709046

Core No

§ 162-2 Anaerobic Soil 

Metabolism

43908427 and 

43908428

Core No

§ 162-3 Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism

44186406 Core No

§ 162-4 Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism

45518701, 

45518702, 

43908429, and 

43908430

Core No

§ 163-1 LeachingAdsorption/Desorption

(Parent and Degradates)

43709047, 

43908431, 

43908432, and 

44186407

Core No

§ 163-2 Laboratory Volatility NA N/A No

§ 163-3 Field Volatility NA N/A No

§ 164-1 Terrestrial Field 

Dissipation

44186408, 

44186437, 

44186409, 

44186436

Copy No

§ 164-2 Aquatic Field Dissipation NA N/A No

§ 164-3 Forestry Dissipation NA N/A No

§ 164-4 Combined application 

Products and Tank Mixes 

Dissipation

N/A to EFED N/A to EFED N/A to EFED

§ 165-4 Accumulation in Fish 43924501 Core No

§ 165-5 Accumulation – Aquatic NA - - - - No
125

Table D1. Environmental Fate Data Requirements for Cyprodinil

Guideline Number Data Requirement MRID

Study 

Classification1

Are 

Additional 

Data Needed 

for Risk 

Assessment

Non-target Organisms

§ 166-1 Groundwater – Small 

Prospective

NA CR No

§ 201-1 Droplet Size Spectrum - - - - - - - -

2 - - - -

§ 202-1 Spray Drift Field 

Evaluation

- - - - - - - -

2 - - - -

1

Core: study satisfies guideline; Supplemental: study is scientifically sound, but does not satisfy guideline; Invalid: 

study is not scientifically sound and does not satisfy guideline.

2.The registrant is a member of the Spray Drift Task Force and is not required to do these guideline studies. 

Table D-2 Status of Ecological Data Submissions for Cyprodinil1.

Guideline

Number 

Study Are additional 

data needed 

for risk 

assessment?

MRID

Number 

Study 

Classification

71-1 Avian Oral LD50 No 437090-08 Core

437090-07 Supplemental

71-2 Avian Dietary LC50 No 437090-09 Core

437090-10 Core

71-4 Avian Reproduction No 439084-04 Core

439084-05 Core

72-1 Freshwater Fish LC50 No 437090-12 Core

439084-06 Core

72-2 Freshwater Invertebrate Acute 

LC50

No 437090-13 Core

72-3 (a) Estuarine/Marine Fish LC50 No 439084-07 Core

72-3 (b) Estuarine/Marine Mollusk EC50 No 439084-08 Core

72-3 (c) Estuarine/Marine Shrimp EC50 No 439084-09 Core

72-4 (a) Freshwater Fish Early LifeStageNo 439084-11 Core
126

Guideline

Number 

Study Are additional 

data needed 

for risk 

assessment?

MRID

Number 

Study 

Classification

72-4 (b)* Estuarine Fish Early LifeStageN/R N/R N/R

72-4 (c) Estuarine Invertebrate LifeCycleNo 439084-09 Core

72-4 (d) Freshwater Invertebrate LifeCycleNo 439084-12 Core

72-5* Freshwater Fish Full Life-Cycle N/R N/R N/R

81-1 Acute Mammalian LD50 No 437090-34 Core

83-5 2-generation mammalian 

reproduction

No 437090-34 Core

122-1 (a) Seed Germ./Seedling Emergence No 442754-03 Core

122-1(b) Vegetative Vigor No 442754-03 Core

123-2 Aquatic Plant Growth No 439084-15 Core

144-1 Honey Bee Acute Contact LD50 No 437090-04 Core

1

 Information is largely from prior review by Ellis, et. al. (8/15/02) 

*Study is not required at this time (N/R)
127

Appendix F. Measurements of Precaution

OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING PRECAUTIONS WHEN SPRAYING IN THE VICINITY OF 

AQUATIC AREAS SUCH AS LAKES, RESERVOIRS, RIVERS, PERMANENT STREAMS, 

MARSHES OR NATURAL PONDS, ESTUARIES, AND COMMERCIAL FISH FARM 

PONDS.

• Do not apply within 75 ft of bodies of water such as lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent 

streams, natural ponds, marshes, or estuaries.

• For all plantings within 150 ft of bodies of water as described above, spray crops from 

outside the planting away from the bodies of water.

• Shut off the sprayer when at row ends.

• Spray last three rows windward of aquatic areas using nozzles on one side only, with 

spray directed away from aquatic areas.

• Do not cultivate within 10 ft of aquatic areas as to allow a vegetative filter strip.

• Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift to aquatic areas. Do not apply when 

gusts or sustained winds exceed 10 mph.

• Do not apply during temperature inversion. Mist or fog may indicate the presence of an 

inversion in humid areas.

Aerial Spray Recommendations

Aerial use in California only. Make no more than one aerial application per season.

• Do not apply by air within 150 ft of lakes, reservoirs, rivers, permanent streams, marshes 

or natural ponds, estuaries and commercial fish ponds.

• Mount the spray boom on the aircraft so as to minimize the drift caused by wing tip 

vortices. Use the minimum practical boom length, and do not exceed 75% of wing span 

or rotor diameter.

• Use the largest droplet size consistent with good pest control. Formation of very small 

droplets may be minimized by appropriate nozzle selection, by orientating nozzles away 

from the air stream as much as possible, and by avoiding excessive spray boom pressure.

• Release the spray at the lowest height consistent with pest control and flight safety. 

Avoid applications more than 10 feet above the crop canopy.

• Reduce risk of exposure to aquatic areas by avoiding applications when wind direction is 

toward the aquatic area.

• Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift to aquatic areas. Do not apply when 

gusts or sustained winds exceed 10 mph.

• Low humidity and high temperatures increase the evaporation rate of spray droplets and 

therefore, the likehood of increased spray drift to aquatic area. Avoid spraying during 

conditions of low humidity and/or high temperatures.

• Do not apply during a temperature inversion. Mist or fog may indicate the presence of an 

inversion in humid areas.