NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

4l64

PROJECTS RELATED TO BUILDING RESEARCH

AT THE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

FOR FISCAL YEAR 1955

Compiled by the

Building Technology Division

D. E. Parsons, Chief

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL DUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards is suggested in the following listing

of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section is engaged in specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated hy its title. A brief

description of the activities, and of the resultant reports and publications, appears on the inside

of the back cover of this report.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Tubes. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Process Technology. Engineering Electronics. Electronic

Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instnmients. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat and Power. Temperature Measurements. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics.

Engines and Lubrication. Engine Fuels.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid

State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment. AEC Radiation Instruments. Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Smmd. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics.

Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Mineral Products. Porcelain and Pottery. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Conditioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems.

Analogue Systems.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Propagation Services.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Frequency Utilization Research. Tropospheric Propagation

Research.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Standards. Microwave Standards. • Office of Basic Instrumentation • Office of Weights and Measures
o

^ *7

^ ' 3.' NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

4

\ 1000-40-1099 June 15> 1955

^ ^ 1\11 1 T%1

^ II

lo

7 PROJECTS RELATED TO BUILDING RESEARCH

^ AT THE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

FOR FISCAL YEAR 1955

10

I \

1 +

Compiled by the

Building Technology Division

D, Eo Parsons, Chief

4164

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The publication,

unless permisslo

25, D.C. Such I

cally prepared I

. , r- , . , or In part, Is prohibited Approved for public release by tlie Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) report for its own use, on October 9, 20 1 5. —

INDEX

Page

Acoustics 1

Air Conditioning, heating, and Refrigeration ... 3

Cement, Concrete, and Masonry 10

Codes and Specifications 17

Fire Detection and Prevention 20

Plumbing 22

Properties of Materials 24

Surface Finishes and Coverings . . . 31

Testing of Materials and Products . . . 37

Miscellaneous 4o

INTRODUCTION

This report lists unclassified projects concerned

with building research and related subjects in progress

at the National Bureau of Standards in Fiscal Year 1955.

Mo«?t projects mentioned are directly related to

engineering and research in the building field. However,

other NBS projects not directly related, such as those on

instrumentation and properties of gases, are included in

the belief that the basic information is sometimes appli°

cable to building research.

Each project is identified by ten digits. The first

four, followed by a dash, indicate the division and section at NBS which is carrying out the work. The next two

indicate the scientific activity class, as follows;

10 Research

20 Development

30 Testing, Calibration, and

Specifications

40 General Scientific Services

The last four digits identify the projects within

the basic organizational unit. Thus, project 1003-20-

4832 refers to a Division 10, Section 3? development

project.
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ORGANIZATIONS

AND

ABBREVIATIONS

APPEARING IN THIS REPORT

Organization

American Association of Textile., , Chemists and Colorists

American Electroplaters ' Society. . . . . , . . . American Gas Association. . American Iron and Steel Institute..........

American Leather Chemists Association. ..... American Society for Testing Materials.....

American Standards Association, ............ Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau. ........... Atomic Energy Commission, .................. Building Research Advisory Board.

Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy,

Bureau of Engraving and Printing. ............. Bureau of Public Roads ........................ Bureau of Ships, Navy Department. ............. Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, ............. Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks , ................... Department of the Navy

Corps of Engineers ............................ Department of the Air Force ................... Department of the Navy, ....................... Federal Construction Council. ................. Federal Fire Council. ......................... Federal Housing Administration.

Federal Safety Council,

Federal Supply Board. ......................... Federal Trade Commission, .....................

General Services Administration. .............. Geodetic Survey of Canada. .................... Hydrographic Office, .......................... Department of the Navy

Illuminating Engineering Society. ............. Inter-American Geodetic Survey. ............... International Business Machines Corporation. .

International Organization for Standardization

National Academy of Sciences .................. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics...

National Bureau of Standards .................. National Conference on Weights and Measures...

National Fire Protection Association..........

National Naval Medical Center ................. National Research Council. .................... National Safety Council. ......................

Naval Ordnance Laboratory. ....................

Abbreviations

Used

AATCC

AGA

AISI

ALCA

ASTM

ASA

AEC

lES

lAGS

IBM

ISO

NACA

NBS

NOL

( over

)
Organization Abbreviations

Used

Office of the Chief of Engineers ^

o o . o , . OCE

Department of the Army

Office of the Chief of Transportation, <,<,000,000.0

Department of the Army

Office of Defense Mobilization. , , , , , . . , , . , ,

,

, , , , , Office of the Quartermaster General, , , . . , , , , . . . .

.

Department of the Army

Porcelain Enamel Institute , o,, o, o,., .... o, o., ...

.

PEI

Portland Cement Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . Post Office Department. , , . . . . . . . .

.

. . . . . . . . , . .

.

.

.

. Society of Automotive Engineers . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.

SAE

Technical Association of the Pulp and. . . . . . . , , . ,

.

TAPPI

Paper Industry

UoS. Coast and Geodetic Survey o... o.. .o. o.. .o.

.

U o S o C oa S t Guard oo.o.oo.oooooooo.oo.ooooooooo.oo.

UoS o Weather Bureau, o.ooo.oooooo.ooooo.oooo.oo.oo
ACOUSTICS

O6OI-2O-O6OO Acoustic Calibration Procedures

Objectives : Researches into, and development of, methods for

absolute measurement of sound pressure and Intensity over wide

frequency and intensity ranges 0 Application of such methods

to determination of the -threshold of hearing. Development of

sound sources for calibrations of microphones for highintensity sound measurements.

Background : Absolute measurements of sound Intensity are basic

to almost all researches in acoustics. Such measurements are

most conveniently made by means of calibrated microphones,

which are used by Industrial, academic, and governmental

acoustical laboratories. Calibrations are effected by comparison of the microphones with standards maintained in the

NBS Sound Laboratory. Calibrated microphones are required

for measurement of sound radiated by loudspeakers, and for

measurement of noise and other complex sounds. They are required also for audiometric measurements. Recent engineering

developments have resulted in the production of sounds of

unprecedented high intensities, necessitating extension of

calibrating procedures to cover this increased range.

Tasks : ( 1 ) Production and measurement of high-intensity sound

fields at audio frequencies, ( 2 ) Measurement of the mechanical parameters of standard condenser microphones.

O6OI-3O-O605 Acoustic Measurements

Ob je ctive

: (a) To measure the sound absorption of acoustic

materials. To measure the sound-transmission properties of

wall and floor constructions, (b) To calibrate and measure

the performance characteristics of electro-acoustic devices

such as microphones, loudspeakers, earphones, sound-level

meters, and audiometers. To test acoustic devices such as

dictating -machine cylinders, phonographs, etc,, for agencies

of the Federal Government.

Background : (a) Measurements of the sound-absorbing properties

of acoustical materials and the sound insulation of building

structures require elaborate and large-scale testing facilities, which are available in the NBS Sound Laboratory, The

NBS facilities are used in making tests for the building

industry and for Government agencies, (b) Microphones,

sound-level meters, and other electro-acoustical instruments

require calibration in order to be useful in the laboratory.

Such calibrations are usually performed in the NBS anechoic

chamber
0601“30-06 o5 - continued

Tasks : (l) Sound-absorption coefficients of acoustical materials.

T2) Sound insulation of wall and floor constructions. (3)

Calibration of microphones, sound-level meters, and earphones.

(4) Miscellaneous sound measurements.

0601-10-0632 Architectural Acoustics

Ob ,]'e ctives : Research on basic physical phenomena involved in

the transmission and absorption of sound in building materials

and structures. Improvement of existing measuring techniques

in architectural acoustics, and the development of new techniques . Background : Acoustical materials are widely used for reducing

noise and for improving the acoustics of buildings and autitorla. Other materials are used for the equally important

job of reducing the sound transmission from one part of a building to another. The researches on this project are for

the purpose of standardizing the methods of measurement in

architectural acoustics. Many of the phenomena of sound

propagation in structures are Imperfectly understood and require experimental and theoretical elucidation before significant improvements in measuring techniques can be accomplished . Tasks : (l) Redrafting of the ASTM standard on transmission-loss

measurement to incorporate new results developed on this

project. (2) Investigation of effect of interference patterns on the reverberation-room measurement of sound

absorption. (3) Design and construction of new impedance

tube, (I|) Development of better bands of noise, using

magnetic tapes, for use in acoustic measurements.

- 2 -
AIR CONDITIONING, HgATING, AND REFRIGERATION

0302 - 10-2631 Thermodynamic Properties of Air

Objectives : To conduct experimental and theoretical research

on the thermodynamic properties of air over a wide range of

temperatures and pressures*

Background : The correlation of the existing experimental data

on air for the NBS-NACA tables revealed the great need for

experimental data for air. Such charts as exist are based

only on Joule-Thomson and meager PVT data at low temperature.

These data are not reliable enough to permit tabulations

over an extended temperature range at pressures over 100

atmospheres. The first stage of this project involves the

experimental determination of the data of state (P, V, T)

These data and the earlier data will be fitted in accordance

with existing theory to a Lennard -Jones potential function,

from which the other thermodynamic data can be computed.

Tasks : (l) Measurements of the data of state of dry air from

100° to 300 ° K and to 200 atmospheres. (2) Correlation of

the PVT and other thermodynamic data for air.

0l_|.02-30”3017 Properties of Radiometric Devices

Ob je ctives : To assist the U.S. Weather Bureau in the application of radiometric instruments to their problems. To

measure the intensity of sources and the response of detectors. To calibrate filters for various regions of the

spectrum.

Background ‘ For many years the Radlometry Section has advised

the U.S. Weather Bureau on radiometric devices. They are

Interested in measuring the radiation from the sun and the

measurement of water vapor in the air. As the Instruments

they use are similar to those NBS uses in other work, the

services performed for them fit well with the program on

radiome try.

Tasks ' ( 1 ) To measure the transmission of special filters of

special Interest to the U.S. Weather Bureau. (2) To calibrate in absolute units detectors of radiant energy used

by the U.S, Weather Bureau for measuring the radiation

from the sun.

- 3

-
O507-2O-O532 utilization of Fuel Gases

Objectives : Research on fuel gases and gas-burning appliances,

their use and controls

Background » Since 1910 , NBS research on methods of testing gases

to determine their useful properties, and on the design, adjustment, and use of gas-burning appliances has been the basis

of many State public utility regulations, a large part of the

AGA appliance-approval program, and of various safety codes.

A continuation of the work is needed to meet the needs of

Government, industry, and the public for standards and technical guidance in this field.

Tasks ; ( 1 ) Complete a study of the factors affecting the accuracy of recording gas colorimeters. ( 2 ) Assist in the inauguration of a program of supply of gases of standard heating

value for instrument calibration. ( 3 ) Study safety and other

regulations in the field of fuel-gas utilization, and assist

in their development. (I4.) Assist in revision of the Gas Code

of the District of Columbia. (^) Test gas burning appliances

and give advice and assistance in connection with such appliances when required.

0603-30-0613 Wind Equipment

Objectives : To conduct research on air flow and methods of

measurement. To conduct tests and calibrations of instruments and equipment applied to air movement.

Background : This project covers research and development on wind

equipment and problems connected with air-flow phenomena and

measurement. it includes the development of new ideas and

preliminary work on investigations that may later develop

into separate projects. Also included is the testing and

calibration of a variety of equipment, such as anemometers,

pitot tubes, and liquid manometers, applied to the measurement

of air flow.

Tasks * (1) Conduct research on skin friction using specially

prepared surfaces. ( 2 ) Calibrate and test anemometers, pitot

tubes, and manometers for Federal and State agencies, universities, manufacturers, and users. Maintain standards for

accuracy and devise new techniques as required.

- 4

-
1003 - 20 - 10114- Heating and Air-Conditioning Equipment

Ob je ctive : To develop test methods for heating, air-conditioning

and air-cleaning equipment and to develop specifications,

codes and standards for heating, refrigerating, airconditioning, and associated equipment.

Background : There is a continuing need for collaboration with

other government agencies, professional societies, and industry in preparing and improving codes and standards for heating,

air-conditioning, refrlgerating ,and air-cleaning equipment.

At present, for example, there is no one standard method for

testing and rating baseboard radiators and convectors. The

MBS, working with industry associations, has proposed certain

test methods and some progress is being made toward a uniform

rating code. Another example is the increased use of package

air conditioners by the Federal Government and the entry of

many new manufacturers into production of these units which

has placed new emphasis on the Federal specification and on

the testing and rating codes for such devices. It has also

created demands for humidity control and capacity control not

covered by existing standards and specifications.

Tasks : (l) Complete the development of the portable infiltration

meter designed at the MBS, including field tests made in

heated and/or air-conditioned houses to study and develop

information regarding infiltration rates in houses under

various conditions. ( 2 ) Initiate study of methods of rating

window and room-size air-conditioning units, and of methods

of calculating design cooling loads for air-conditioning

applications

IOO3-3O-IOI5 Heat-Transfer Measurements

Ob ,ie ctive : To develop and maintain equipment for accurately

determining the thermal conductivity and heat- transfer properties of materials and constructions for governmental and

scientific agencies, and to calibrate suitable specimens for

the standardization of similar equipment in other governmental, scientific, and Industrial laboratories upon consultation; to furnish advisory technical information on

heat-transfer matters to governmental agencies for assistance in connection with design, specifications, standards,

and special applications.

Background

The need for accurate and complete data on the

thermal properties of materials, and for the improvement and

standardization among laboratories of equipment for determining

such properties, is continuous. Commercial, industrial, government, university, and scientific laboratories depend upon

- 5-
1003-30-1015 - continued

the NBS as a source of assistance In calibrating their devices

and in standardizing their methods of measurement for determining the thermal conductivity of solids.

Tasks : (1) Continue to develop and maintain equipment for more

accurate and expeditious thermal-conductivity measurements on

various materials, including thermal insulations and building

materials; undertake cooperative calibrations for standardization purposes in this field; conduct required referee measurements. (2) Continue development and use of apparatus for

determining the thermal conductivity of metals and solids of

high conductivity, to obtain accurate data on materials, andfor the calibration of equipment in other laboratories.

(3) Initiate preparation, for publication as a BMS report,

of a compendium on the thermal insulation of dwellings and

similar buildings, presenting summarized data from NBS files

on representative insulating values of building materials and

fibrous and reflective Insulations.

IOO 3 -IO-I4. 83 I Air Conditioning in Underground Structures

Objective : To obtain the engineering data essential to the

proper design of air-conditioning equipment for underground

protective structures. This Involves problems of heat transfer in large rock masses, the removal of moisture from underground spaces, the changes in sensible and latent heat content

of ventilating air drawn through long underground shafts in

all seasons, the investigation of promising heat sources and

heat sinks for use with underground air conditioning, and the

effect of these phenomena on the Insulation and construction

methods to be used for underground protective structures.

Background : Lack of information on the magnitude of heat and

moisture transfer in underground spaces surrounded by large

rock masses has made it impossible to design systematically

air-conditioning equipment for such spaces, with the result

that too much capacity or the improper kind of equipment has

been Installed in a number of instances. To prevent such

loss in the future, and because the need for such information

could become critical at any time in the future, the Office

of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, initiated

this project at NBS about four years ago. A large primary

site was occupied and observations of heat and moisture

transfer in ventilating air shafts and in the surrounding

rock are planned during the shakedown tests of all mechanical

equipment. Another experimental site has been in operation

for two years and a large amount of data has been taken at

this site. Experiments at this latter site are still in

- 6 -
IOO3 -IO-L1- 83 I “ continued

progress. This project is a part of the Bureau's basic program

of study of the properties of building materials and structural

elements.

Tasks : (l) Analyze the data gathered at both sites during FY1953

and PY1931i> mathematically or empirically, whichever proves

more practical. (2) Correlate the data from Task 1 and prepare

it for use as a part of an engineering manual of the Corps of

Engineers, OCE, dealing with the air conditioning of underground spaces. (3) Complete the gathering of engineering

data at the second site on the use of the presently equipped

underground spray and cooling ponds as heat sources and sinks,

([j.) Complete portions of the study of the heating and cooling

effect of the rock mass on ventilating air drawn through long

underground shafts at both sites. (5) Prepare engineering

manual material for submittal to the Office of the Chief of

Engineers

,

IOO 3

- 2 O-I1832 Refrigeration Equipment

Ob je ctive ‘ To determine by means of laboratory investigations

the extent to which portable and mobile refrigerating units

and systems for military use can be Improved in performance

and reduced in size and weight by utilizing improved designs

and newly developed components; and to prepare and revise

specifications for refrigerating equipment used by the military servicesc

Background

The NBS Heating and Air Conditioning Section has

conducted this program of research and development on refrigeration equipment for the Office of The Quartermaster

General, Department of the Army, since 194^» It represents

a continuing effort on the part of the Research and Development Branch of the Office of The Quartermaster General

(a) to develop portable and mobile refrigerating systems

for the Army that will have the desired military characteristics of performance under extreme temperatures, of ruggedness, and of durability without excess weight for size

bylincorporatlng new developments and materials in their

construction whenever they are beneficial; (b) to standardize equipment or components thereof with other branches of

the military where similar equipment is required; and (c)

to revise specifications where possible, so that commercial

items can be purchased. Many of the systems used during

“ 7

-
IOO3 - 2 O-L1.832 “ continued

World War II were hastily assembled for rapid production without

sufficient consideration for adequate performance with the

minimum of size and weight. This project is a part of the

broad program of the MBS in developing devices for the special

needs of the Government.

Tasks : (1) Investigate the feasibility and desirability of utilizing the heat-pump principle for maintaining required temperatures for food preservation during transportation in trucks

y

trailers j or cars, (2) Revise the Federal Specification on

electric refrigerators to include requirements on automatic

defrosting, door racks, low-temperature compartments, and

other special features. (3) Complete study of the basic requirements of an automatic defrosting system for refrigerating

units operating near 0° P, (Lj.) Complete portions of a study

of the air distribution in loaded and partially loaded refrigerated trailers. (5) Complete portions of a study of the

temperatures attained on the insulated doors of refrigerated

warehouses with particular attention to the gasketed areas

and latch areas as they affect the tendency for doors to

freeze shut, (6) Complete study of the effect of independent

speed variations of the compressor, condenser fan, and evaporator fan on the capacity of several plug-type refrigerating

units

.

1003-20-I|838 Air Filter Systems for Army Aircraft

Objective : To develop and construct models of air cleaners that

will be more effective than present devices in protecting

aircraft and helicopter engines from excessive wear in dusty

atmospheres. This Involves gathering existing information on

air-cleaning methods and a study of all known physical principles that may be used for removing dust from a moving air

stream.

Background : Aircraft, especially helicopters, necessarily

operate in dusty atmospheres much of the time, and available

evidence indicates that present air cleaners for combustion

air are inadequate to protect them from excessive wear. Reports of engine failure due to this cause in less than 100

hours are common. Experiments on this subject have been

sporadically conducted by various agencies of the United

States Government, as well as by the governments of other

nations. It is highly desirable that present Information

on the subject be gathered and correlated and that steps be

taken to assure application of the best physical principles

to the development of more effective air filters for aircraft

engines

.

-8 -
Tasks : (l) Obtain basic information from the Office of the Chief

of Transportation, Department of the Army, in regard to helicopter engine types, sizes, and operating schedules, and consult with personnel of interested services regarding helicopter

field operation^ (2) Investigate various dusts suitable for

testing air cleaners, with a view to adopting one or more for

the purposes of this project, (3) Develop a suitable test

method for examining the performance of air cleaners for

helicopters and auxiliary apparatus, (1|) Initiate a program

of laboratory tests of air cleaners considered feasible for

helicopter service, of currently available or prototype designs. (5) Study, as considered necessary, such factors in

the problem as abrasive wear of engines due to dust, new

methods of dust arrestance, use of precleaners, etc,, where

information in the literature is Insufficient for the purposes

of this project.

1003-20-Li.88l Insulation of Underground Pipe

Ob je ctive : To investigate properties of two materials proposed

for use as thermal insulation and protective coatings for

burled steam and hot-water pipe lines in military installations, Components of the materials will be identified, their

physical properties determined, and their performance observed under simulated service conditions.

Background : Central-heating plants often require extensive

underground piping systems for distribution of steam or hot

water to the areas of usage. Such piping systems are usually

Insulated to reduce heat losses and to prevent rapid corrosion

of the pipe as a result of chemical and electrolytic action.

Some of the characteristics desired for underground pipe insulation are low thermal conductivity, low moisture permeance,

high crushing strength, suitable expansion characteristics,

adequate stability under operating temperatures and belowfreezing temperatures, and long life. Several types of embedment and pipe Insulation have been used in addition to

various kinds of tunnel construction. As many of these

methods are expensive, a continued search for more effective

and more economical methods of insulating underground pipe is

essential

,

Tasks * (l) Make laboratory determinations of the thermal conductivity of the material in loose, sintered, and consolidated

conditions. (2) Observe characteristics of thermal Insulation

under simulated service conditions. (3^ Study effect of pipe

motion due to expansion and contraction action at an expansion loop.

- 9-
CEMENT, CONCRETE, AND MASONRY

0903“20“[j_1|28 Refractory Qualities of Concretes

Objectives : To investigate the thermal stability and other properties of refractory concretes prepared with each of three different types of hydraulic cement and a wide variety of aggregates, for the purpose of developing suitable material for use

as warm-up and power-check aprons for jet aircraft.

Background : The inventions of the jet plane, the ramjet, and the

rocket engine have brought with them the problem of suitable

materials of construction for warm-up and power-check aprons

for the aircraft and launching pits for rockets. The more

recent development of the afterburner for jet planes makes the

solution to the problem even more imperative. The intense

heat developed preceding takeoff or launching of planes or

ramjets may cause destruction of ordinary portla.nd cement

concrete, because of cracking, spalling, or deterioration in

strength. In addition to resistance to destruction by heat,

such Installations must have and maintain high strength and,

if concrete is used, the aggregates should preferably be

readily obtainable, both as to quantity and proximity to the

site of installation. The program for developing suitable

materials must therefore be broad enough to provide not only

for present needs but also for future developments because

the trend is toward ever-increasing higher temperatures of

use 0 Tasks : (l) Continuation of the design of refractory concretes

using Portland,, portland pozzolan, and high-alumina hydraulic

cements with a wide variety of dense or heavy aggregates, and

the fabrication of several types of specimens therefrom for

test purposes. (2) The measurement of certain physical

properties of the concretes such as length changes during

heating, thermal conductivity, Young's modulus, strength in

bending and compression, and abrasion. Certain of these

tests will be made both before and after heating at 2^0°,

500°, and 1000° C.

0906-20 -0910 Physical Structure and Bropertles of

Concrete and Concreting Materials

Ob jp ctives : To obtain a. better understanding of the submicroscoplc structural changes which occur as portland cement

hydrates, and to ultimately relate the structure of hydrated

cement and other constituents of concrete to the strength

and durability of concrete. To attempt to relate the durability of concrete with existing laboratory tests and with

those to be developed.

- 10 -’
Background : The durabi.lity of stone and concrete under exposure

to the action of freezing and thawing, wetting and drying,

salt action, etco, is of major concern to the construction

industry and those who employ such materials. The durability

is so closely related to the pore size, pore distribution,

and fine structure of the solids that information on the

latter is of prime Importance, The study of volume changes

accompanying exposures is expected to throw new light on the

disintegration process.

Tasks : (l) It has been shown that hydrated cement undergoes

structural changes after hydration has been stopped. It is

planned to study these changes using adsorption techniques

and to determine the conditions under which they occur, and

their importance in concrete, (2) To determine by adsorption

methods what part carbonation plays in modifying the struct

ture of hydrated cement, ( 3 ) To complete a cooperative study

with the NBS Organic and Fibrous Materials Division on the

compressibility behavior of hydrated cement and its components. (ii) To correlate the results of comprehensive

laboratory tests on some 120 Portland cements and concretes

made from them. To conduct tests on the concrete specimens

during outdoor exposure.

O 906 -IO-O923 Thermo-Ghemls try of Mineral Products

Ob

j

e c„t i ve,

i The determination of the heats of reaction and

heats of formation of various mineral products, such as the

individual constituents of portland, high alumina, and oxychloride cements, and other allied or analogous compounds.

Background ; The irnio dynamic data are scanty or lacking for most

of the substances occurring in mineral products or in related

systems of oxides. Such data are needed for understanding

the energy relations and for determining the stability of

the compounds controlling the behavior of mineral products.

Additional data are also desirable for a better understanding

of the heat evolved in the setting of cements in mass concrete . Tasks : (l) Publication of a paper on magnesium oxychlorides.

r^) Determination of the heat of reaction of Ca(0H)2

silica gel from various sources when both reactants are

(a) in solution, (b) in paste form., (3) Determination of

the heat of reaction between Ga(0H)2 and active alumina,

(II-) Design an all-platinum calorimeter vessel with low temperature lags, suitable for operation at room and elevated

temperatures, with test of design of reaction vessel fabricated in copper.

- 11 -
0906“10“094-3 Mechanism of the Hardeninp; of

Cementitious Materials

Objectives : To determine the nature of the chemical reactions,

and the composition and properties of the compounds formed,

during the setting and hardening of portland cement, portlandpozzolan cement, plaster, and other cementitious materials;

and to ascertain how these reactions and products are affected

by temperature and by the presence of alkalies or other substances . Background : The chemical reactions involved in the hydration

and se'tting of portland cement, portland-pozzolan cement,

gypsum plaster, and other cementitious materials are still

incompletely understood, A better knowledge of the mechanism

of the reactions and the effects of varying conditions may

result in Improved performance of such materials.

Tasks : (l) To obtain further data on the formation of the llmealumlna-sillca hydrogarnet series in relation to steam-cured

cement products. (2l To study lightweight aggregate plasters

and pertinent chemical reactions of the aggregate. (3^ To

study the reactions between lime, silica, alumina, and water,

as related to pozzolanic activity.

0906-20-'lp[|.l5 Cement Reference Laboratory

Objectives - Standardization and calibration of equipment in

cement-testing laboratories throughout the United States.

Background : This project is jointly financed by the NBS , the

Bureau of Public Roads, the Office of the Chief of Engineers,

and by funds received through the ASTM. The project was

initiated to standardize cement-te sting procedures and equipment and to clarify specifications for p<i^rtland cement.

O 906 - 3 O-I4

. 4.33 Portland Cement Testing

Ob je ctive

s

: To make acceptance tests on portland cement as

requested by other Federal agencies and investigate and

inspect test methods and procedures.

Background : Acceptance tests of portland cement are normally

performed on samples obtained while the cement is being

transferred to storage silos or bins. The cement is held

in storage until the tests are complete and, upon acceptance,

is shipped as orders are received. It is not practicable

for the manufacturers to maintain separate stocks of tested

cement for each Federal agency and hence, the need for a

- 12 -
0906-30-l4-l|33 “ continued

single testing agency for Federal Government purchases.

The NBS has been rendering this service for over l\.0 years

and currently operates testing stations at San Francisco,

Seattle, Denver, Kansas City, Allentown, and Washington, D.C.

Inspection facilities are maintained at some 90 cement

plants while at others samples are submitted to the NBS by

the Inspector of Naval Material. During FYlO^l+j samples

representing some 13>000,000 barrels of portland cement

were tested. Development and comparative work on test

methods for cement are a proper adjunct to the testing program o Tasks : (l) Samples will be tested as submlttedo (2) Interlaboratory comparative tests will be made. (3) ^ variety

of representative cements will be used to fabricate concrete

specimens for long-time outdoor exposure as a means for

correlation of laboratory tests with effect of natural exposure o

0907-10-0911+ The, Chemistry of Portland Cement

Objectives ; To improve the usefulness, the dependability, the

quality, and the economy of cement in concrete and to contribute to the fundamental knowledge of the physical chemistry of cementitious materials.

Background : A considerable number of advances in the technology of cement production and in the art of designing

cement for special purposes have resulted from investigations which have been supported jointly by the Portland

Cement Association and the NBS for the past 30 years. At

the present time, investigations are in progress that are

making possible designed control of the molecular structures

by virtue of which cement functions as a bonding agent.

These studies include X-ray crystal structure, phase equilibria, differential thermal analysis, and electron microscopy. , Incidental discoveries are proving of value in the

entire field of physicochemical research. Such are precision temperature control, growth of perfect single crystals, high-temperature furnace centrifugation, and

mathematical contributions to increase the applicability

of phase-rule techniques.

Tasks : (1) The crystal structure of cement compounds is under

study in several laboratories in various countries. NBS

studies in this field were initiated four years ago and a part of this work, on the crystal structure of trlcalcium

alumlnate , is now nearing completion, (2) The gels of

13 -
0907-10-0911-1- “ continued

hydrated-cement compounds have been under study in the NBS

laboratory for over two years by means of electron microscopy.

The ultimate particles of calcium silicate hydrate have been

observed for the first time and this part of the investigation has been completed. The work will continue with a study

of other phases of the cement gel and of cement reaction

products c

1001-10-1000 Masonry and Reinforced Concrete

Objective : To secure basic data in the laboratory on properties

of masonry, concrete and reinforced concrete, natural building stone, brick, concrete masonry units, masonry mortars,

and lightweight concretes. These data will be used as a means for establishing satisfactory specification requirements for various service conditions and for effecting

economies in the use of critical materials.

Background : (a) In order to predict durability of brick and

stone under various conditions of weathering, there is a need for correlating various physical properties determined

in the laboratory with results of outdoor exposure tests.

Exposure tests of brick started on the NBS grounds in 1936,

of roofing slate in 1933> and of building stone in 19i|6j are

being continued in this connection as one phase of this

project, (b) Another large phase of the project is the work

on Masonry Research done in collaboration with the producers

of masonry cement. Such research is needed to provide information on the structural properties of masonry to indicate

how the various available materials can be used in the most

economical ways. (c) Continuation of a study of properties

of reinforced concrete is planned. In this study the distribution of stresses in beams, dimensional changes in concrete,

and efficiency of various types of high-strength reinforcement will be investigated. In order to conserve steel,

high-strength steel is being utilized as prestressed reinforcement, and studies are being made of methods for improving

design practices and how best to conserve steel during emergencies. It is also planned to continue collaborative work

with the Fellowship of the American Iron and Steel Institute.

This will Include research and development of theory needed

to formulate new design practices with respect to control of

the widths of cracks and resistance of concrete to shear.

Tasks : (1) Make periodic examinations of stone exposure-test

wall, study effects of 20-year exposure of roofing slate,

and analyze observations from long-term masonry exposure

tests. (2) Study of thermal and moisture characteristics
lOOl-lO-lOOO - continued

of marble, sandstone, and limestone over natural temperature

range. (3) Collaborate with Masonry Research Fellowship by

conducting a survey of portland masonry cement and by performing tests of masonry assemblages. (4^ Collaborate with AISI

in performing tests and analyzing data on shear strength of

reinforced concrete and formation of tensile cracks in beams

and slabs.

IOOI-IO-48 II Precast Thin-Shell Concrete. Structures

Ob .lectlve : To evaluate and develop prototype design of thin-shell

precast and prestressed concrete elements and buildlngSo This

will include the determination of strength, elastic stability,

adequacy of joint watertightness, and resistance to fire, of

precast thln-shell ribbed concrete panels and hollow-section

framing members, with and without prestressed reinforcement.

Background : Precast thin-shell ribbed panels and hollow-se ction

framing members are a relatively new type of construction,

particularly those containing prestressed reinforcement.

Technical data are urgently needed on design aspects such as

the cross-sections of the members, orientation and amount of

reinforcement, and losses in prestress resulting from plastic

flow. Buildings making use of structural members of this

type are being planned at present by the Bureau of Yards and

Docks, Department of the Navy.

Tasks ‘ This study is of a continuing nature in which the designs

of structural members evolve as the evaluation tests proceed.

The following tasks are included: (l) Assemble several

panels into a single unit and determine adequacy of prestressing in securing watertight joints. (2) Determine effect of

fire on strength of panels with and without prestress. (3)

Evaluate the strength and rigidity of prestressed and nonprestressed thin-shell panels subjected to sustained loads.

(4) Evaluate the strength and rigidity of a thin-shell panel

prestressed transversely with welded wire fabric and longitudinally with the conventional prestressing rods, (4)

Evaluate properties of autoclaved thin-shell cell-like

blocks with emphasis on their possible use in prestressed

slab and beam assemblies.

IOOI-IO -4812 Shrinkage Stresses in Masonry

Ob jectlve : To determine by means of tests of small-scale models

and by approximate theoretical analysis the direction and

relative intensities of stresses in masonry walls of various

sizes which are restrained from shortening at the foundation

level while undergoing drying shrinkage or thermal contraction.

14-
Background : Both the results of tests conducted in laboratories

and the results of extensive experience with structures indicate that the drying shrinkage -of walls of- concrete masonry

and of monolithic concrete- is 'responsible for much of the

cracking observed. Despite widespread Interest in craclcing

resulting from drying shrinkage, the literature contains no

method by which design engineers may estimate the minimum

spacing of control joints and the least amount, the location,

and the form of reinforcement that would be most effective

in minimizing objectionable cracking under various conditions.

Tasks : (1) Test several plaster models of masonry walls attached

to rigid foundations varying between wide limits the ratio of

wall length to height. (2) Continue the computational work

determining the effect of length on the direction and relative

magnitude of shrinkage stresses in walls attached to rigid

foundations. (3) Compare the theoretical and observed values

of shrinkage stresses in masonry walls and prepare a report

on the findings.

1001-l4.0-Ii8l3 Control of Leakage Through Cast-Stone

Panel Facings

Objective : To determine method of controlling the leakage of

' wind-driven rain through the walls of Building No. 1 and

certain other buildings at the National Naval Medical Center,

Bethesda, Md

.

Background

:

Thermal and moisture length changes in exposed

aggregate cast-concrete panels used as facing in the National

Naval Medical Center have resulted in leakage of wind-driven

rain through the joints between panels. In an effort to find

a remedy for this problem, the Bureau of Yards and Docks,

Department of the Navy, requested the NBS to undertake a study of the movement of the joints and to determine means of

controlling the leakage through the joints in this structure.

This problem is encountered in monumental buildings faced with

large cast-stone panels.

Tasks : (1) Make preliminary measurements of joint movement of

Building No. 1 of National Naval Medical Center. (2) Make

preliminary measurements of thermal and moisture length changes

in prisms cut from cast-stone panels representative of those

in Building No. 1. ( 3 ) Make laboratory examination of joint

fillers and joint-sealing methods with the view of formulating

specifications for remedying the leakage of wind-driven rain

through cast-stone panels, (I],) Prepare report on significant

findings.

-16
CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS

O2OI-3O-O208 Specifications for Lamps, Colors

Electrical Supplies

Objectives : Formulation of Federal Specifications for lamps,

colors, and electrical supplies, and cooperation with ASA

and lES in allied fields in order to attain coordination,

particular stress being placed upon the development of

improved qualification tests for lamps, on insuring interchangeability of lamps, and on the assignment of uniform

designations to lamps.

Background : Closely related to the acceptance and qualificationinspection and testing of lamps for the Government which

have been conducted by the NBS for many years, applicable

Federal Specifications are developed and kept current under

this project. Closely allied with these specifications are

Federal Specifications for aeronautical colors and electrical supplies, also developed under this project. Cooperation given ASA in the development of American Standards

for these products promotes uniformity between Federal

Specifications and ASA Standards,,

Tasks : ( 1 ) The development of a Federal Specification for

projection lamps. ( 2 ) The formulation of 1958 Supplements

to the incandescent lamp specifications. (3) The revision

of the fluorescent lamp specification. (I4.) The development

of a specification for fluorescent lamp ballasts with

special attention to the specification of the requirements

for reference ballasts, ( 5 ) Modifications of current

specifications will be considered and made as required.

-17-
0^01-30=0501 Preparation and Revision of Federal and

Other Specifications for Faints y Varnishes,

Lacquers j and Ingredient Materials

Ob.iectlves : To prepare, revise, and amend when necessary. Federal

Specifications for (a) paints, enamels, varnishes, lacquers,

putties, and similar coating and filling materials; and

(b) ingredient raw materials including pigments, oils, resins,

driers, thinners, plasticizers, and solvents. Also, to participate in the specification work of ASTM Committee D-1 and

of the ISO Committee on Shellac, and to assist Government

agencies in the development of departmental specifications

for special products.

Background : The competitive bidding system under which most

Government paint purchases are made depends for its success

on the availability of specifications that provide accurate

and adequate descriptions of the products purchased. Government procurement agencies, notably the General Services

Adminls tration, have long depended on the NBS to assist them

in the technical aspects of specification writing.

Tasks ; (1) Preparation of Federal Specifications for brushing

lacquer and alkyd flat wall paint. (2) Review of proposed

specifications prepared by other agencies, ( 3 ) Participation

in drafting of product specifications by ASTM and ISO.

Phthalocyanlne blue and shellac are included in current

projects of these organizations.

0705- 30-0719 Preparation of Specifications, and Standards

for Organic and Fibrous Materials

Objectives : To provide specifications and standards for organic

and fibrous materials and to establish and maintain standard

sample s

.

Background : One of the functions of the NBS is to cooperate with

Government agencies such as General Services Administration,

Federal Supply Board, Department of the Army, Department of

the Navy, Department of the Air Force, Post Office Department,

etCo, and with non-governmental agencies and technical organizations such as ASTM, TAPPI, AATCC, ALGA, ISO, in the preparation of specifications, test methods, and standards for organic

and fibrous materials. The specifications are used by both

Government agencies and industrial organizations in the procurement of such materials. This activity is conducted in

large part through leadership and membership on committees.

The NBS has accepted the responsibility for preparing and

keeping up to date the Federal Specifications covering test

- 18 -
0705 - 30-0719 “ continued

methods for rubbers textiles, paper, leather, plastics,

and adhesives, and for certain materials and products in

these fields. Standard samples of rubber-compounding

ingredients are maintained to assist the Government and

Industry plants in controlling the uniformity of the

synthetic rubber that they manufacture.

Tasks : (l) Prepare test-method specifications for paper products, nontextile floor coverings, and brushes and brooms,

(2) Keep up to date test-method specifications for rubber,

leather, textiles, f}lastics, and adhesives. ( 3 ) Replace

depleted standard samples for rubber-compounding ingredients.

(4) To prepare approximately 100 commodity specifications

for rubber, leather, paper, plastic, textiles, brushes, and

nontextile floor coverings. (5) Participate in committee

activities of ISO, ASA, ASTM, TAPPI, AATGC , ALGA, and other

organizations concerned with standardization.

1005“4G“1922 Construction Codes and Safety Standards

Ob ,ie ctive : Utilization of NBS laboratory results and specialized knowledge in connection with recommendations for safe

building construction, safety of building equipment, industrial safety, and home safety.

Background : Government officials, construction and safety

engineers, and the general public look to the NBS for technical information to be used in regulations and manuals

designed to prevent injuries and loss of life. As a consequence of presenting data to various standardizing bodies,

results of NBS work find wide application in State and local

codes and in national safety standards. Among the organizations concerned are the American Standards Association,

American Society for Testing Materials, National Safety

Council, National Fire Protection Association, Federal

Safety Council, and Federal Fire Council.

Tasks • Activities* are of a continuing nature, requiring ( 1 ) development prf new safety standards, ( 2 ) periodical revision

of existing safety standards, ( 3 ) determination of factors

affecting personal safety, ( 4 ) technical research on safe

use of materials and assemblies in buildings, building

equipment, industrial processes, and the home, and ( 5 ) assistance to government officials and the general public

in problems of good construction practice.

- 19 -
FIRE DETECTION AND PREVENTION

1002-10-1029 Fire-Hazard Studies

Ob.iective : To investigate methods of preventing and reducing

losses resulting from accidental fires. This involves the

determination of the fire -resistive properties of various

types of materials and construction and investigations of

(a) the self -Ignition characteristics and ignition temperature of materials; (b) the stimuli and sensing devices which

may be used for fire detection; (c) the mechanism of fire

spread; and (d) the methods of fire extinguishment.

Background t There is a constant need for up-to-date information on the f ire -resistive properties of new buildingconstruction materials and of fabricated assemblies,

particularly those designe d t o reduce weight and cost as

far as possible, A better knowledge of the basic mechanism

of fire spread in full-scale structural members and of the

mechanism of extinguishment by available agents is essential

for effective detection and control of fires.

Tasks ‘ (1) Make modifications in radiant-panel flame-spread

test method as appear necessary on the basis of theoretical

interpretation of the radiant-energy measurements at the

specimen face. Study behavior of materials with modified

apparatus and correlate results with energy measurements

and behavior during use of other test methods. (2) Fill in

missing experimental data in the^fetudy of self-heating

properties of liquids. Prepare a paper presenting results

of theoretical analysis and of experiments. (3) Investigate

relative merit of various fabric flammability test methods

and prepare report.

IOO2 - 3 O-I4- 82I4

. Evaluation of Marine Uae Materials

Objective : To obtain data on the constructional features and

evaluate operating behavior of equipment and materials requiring U.S. Coast Guard approval for marine use.

Background : The NBS has for several years made numerous tests

for the U.So Coast Guard and has provided technical data to

permit action to be taken on materials and equipment submitted for approval for marine use.

Tasks : Completion of tests and examinations of equipment and

materials as required by U.S. Coast Guard. Typical work

includes type tests of fire extinguishers submitted for U.S.

Coast Guard approval and a program for evaluation of various

methods for test of flame-spread hazards of materials.

-2G-
1002"20“Lt.825 Motorboat Fire Extinguishers

Ob .lectlve : To Improve test methods for evaluation of motorboat

fire extinguishers and to use improved test methods for study

of performance of currently approved types*

Background : The methods used for evaluation of motorboat fire

extinguisher performance must provide a valid basis for

comparison of relative effectiveness of different types of

extinguishers when used on actual motorboat fires. A systematic study is needed of the effect of design of the

standard fire used for testing these extinguishers on the

effectiveness of the various types of extinguishers.

Tasks : (l) Visit various commercial and research laboratories

to obtain best current information on subject. (2) Study

design of fire types originally used by U.S. Coast Guard

during preliminary work they did on this project.

( 3 ) Continue program initiated in 1954 with the objective

of concluding study. (4) Test various approved extinguishers on standard fires. ( 5 ) Prepare report on results of

investigations

Ob jective : To investigate the mechanism of fire extinguishment by dry chemicals.

Background : The mechanism by which dry chemicals are effective in extinguishment of fires is not properly understood.

Because of this the NBS has initiated some research on this

process in cooperation with the UoS. Coast Guard. It is

believed that the information derived will be useful not

only for suggesting improved fire extinguishing materials

but also will assist in proper evaluation of extinguishers

for marine and other .uses. Task : Development of a flow metering and mixing device for

application of the powder to standard fires.

- 21 -
PLUMBING

0603-20-3586 Hydraulics of Short Pipes

Ob ,i e c t i ve sTo investigate the effect of inlet design on

the capacity of pipe culverts.

Background : Laboratory tests and field observations have

both shown that the conventional square-edged-pipe

culvert installation does not, under most conditions,

flow full when the inlet is submerged. Under these

conditions, the flow contraction at the inlet causes

the culvert to flow only partially filled, with consequent low hydraulic efficiency. The purpose of this

Investigation is to determine means of causing the

culvert to flow full with a minimum degree of submergence and with consequent decrease in required

diameter and cost of culvert.

Tasks ’ ( 1 ) Make control tests to determine hydraulic

characteristics of square-edged culverts flowing full.

( 2 ) Develop tests to determine best means of causing

culvert to flow full with minimum submergence,

(3) Design a recommended standard culvert inlet

based on experimentation in 2 . (I4.) Make tests of

standard inlet design. Determine hydraulic characteristics of standard inlet. (5) Write report.

- 22 -
080[|“10-08l5 Mechanism of Coprosion Processes

Ob je ctive

: To determine the nature, mechanism and rates of the

corrosion of metals by different processes in various corrosive

media and environments.

Background : Corrosion, or the destruction of a metal by its environment is an extremely expensive phenomenon, the costs for

the United States alone being estimated at ^ to 7 billions

of dollars annually. It is a complex process which may be

of one or more types no one of which is completely understood.

For several years the fundamental nature of three of these

types has been studied at the NBS with a view to developing

satisfactory working theories and the ultimate development

of mitigation processes. Stress corrosion is baffling in its

inception and progression in that it proceeds along grain

boundaries in certain metals and deliberately avoids them in

others. Pitting corrosion, a localized type of attack, is

studied by means of large single crystals of metals to determine the relationship of corrosion to the optical, mechanical

and electrical properties of the crystal. Galvanic corrosion

is that which may be caused by current flow between unlike

metals in a suitable electrolyte or between two areas on a metallic surface where differences in potential exist because

of segregation, nonmetallic Inclusions, corrosion products,

etc. Fundamental studies of potential distribution and local

current flow as affected by some of the above variables are

under way and significant progress has been made.

Tasks ; (A) Stress corrosion: (l) Complete study of beta brass.

( 2 ) Continue studies of the corrosion of low carbon killed

steels by molten and gaseous zinc emphasizing the effect of

crystal orientation. ( 3 ) Study the stress corrosion of low

carbon killed steels in alkalies and salts and to study

magnesium alloy AZ6l, (b') Pitting corrosion: (1) To continue the preparation of large single crystals of metals.

( 2 ) To continue the study of the corrosion of aluminum and

to start the study of corrosion of magnesium, tin and silver.

(C) Galvanic corrosion: (l) To continue the study of the

effect of alloy composition and heat treatments upon the

potential and current characteristics particularly of steels

of various carbon content and to measure local currents and

potentials on metallic surfaces and their effects in initiating and extending corrosion.

-2 a-
PROPERTIES OP MATERIALS

020l_i.-I0-0221 Thermal Expansion - "" "

Ob .iective

s

: Determinations of dimensional changes of elements,

alloys, and other solid materials, of coefficients of thermal

expansion, and of the temperatures and magnitudes of dimensional changes during transf oimiationsy for science and industry. Derivations of relationships between thermal expansion and other properties of materials. Compilation of

references to the literature on thermal expansion apparatus

and thermal expansion of materials.

Background : The problems in which thermal expansion of materials must be recognized are as varied as our industries.

In the design and construction of devices, provisions for

changes in dimensions of parts Incident to temperature

changes must be made for satisfactory servicer Data on

thermal expansion of rare elements are necessary to supply

a demand for fundamental data. Knowledge of the properties

of the elements is necessary in order to understand the

properties of alloys and compounds.

Tasks : (l) Preparation of manuscript for Circular giving an

annotated bibliography of publications on thermal expansion

of solids by members of the MBS o (2) Investigation of and

preparation of manuscript on thermal expansion and transformations of polytetrafluoroe thylene . ( 3 ) Investigation

of and preparation of manuscript on thermal expansion of

some rare metals. (I4.) Continue compilation of references.

O 302-IO-O 303 Heat Measurements

Objectives : (a) To investigate the need and satisfy the

demand for improved standard substances to be used in calorimetric work in the range 12° to 1200° K. This includes

measurements of heat capacities of solids, liquids, and

gases, heats of transitions, and heats of reactions such

as in combustiont. (b) To determine the thermal properties

of selected pure substances which are of fundamental importance to thermodynamics and related fields. Also, to

determine the purity of certain materials, using calorimetric measurements. (c) To develop suitable standards

for thermal conductivity of gases in the range up to 500° C

and 100' atmospheres pressure.

Background : The need for more and Improved standard substances for heat measurements is widely recognized. The

NBS is participating in the program for standard substances

proposed by the Fourth Conference on Calorimetry (U.S.),

-24-
O302-IO-O303 " continued

In addition to this program, which is concerned mostly with

heat-capacity standards, the field of microcalorimetry is

rapidly expanding, resulting in the need for standards for

accurately measuring small heats, such as heats of reaction.

Accurate calorimetric measurements on solids, liquids,

and gases are essential to the evaluation of the thermodynamic functions enthalpy, entropy,- and free energy. The

calorimetric laboratories in the Thermodynamics Section are

able to measure with the highest accuracy all of the following: (a) heat capacity of solids and liquids over the

temperature range 12 ° to 1200 ° K, (b) heat capacity of gases

at moderate temperatures and pressures, and (c) heats of

combustion and solution. The calorimetric measurements have

added significance in that they permit a check on the interpretation of molecular spectra and structure which is used

to extrapolate thermodynamic functions to very high temperatures where it is Impossible to make accurate experimental

determinations

Very closely related experimentally to the calorimetric

measurements are the measurements on thermal conductivities

of gases. Need for accurate conductivity data arises not

only because of need for standards but also because the data

are essential in checking present theories of thermal conduction of gases.

0702-10-0731 Research on Properties o,f Textiles

Ob jectives : To provide basic information on the properties of

textile materials; in particular, on the mechanisms Involved

in the deterioration of textiles in corrosive atmospheres

and at elevated temperatures.

Background : (a) Previous work at NBS Indicates that the boundaries on fibrous materials between dry areas and areas wet

with liquids constitute regions of enhanced chemical reactivity. With some fiber-liquid systems, the fibrous material

undergoes chemical changes at these boundary regions; with

others, the liquid undergoes change. As wet-dry regions occur

frequently on textiles during processing and use, a more complete understanding of this ’’interface” phenomenon is of

practical as well as of theoretical importance. (b) Although

loss of strength and color changes in textiles are often

a ttributed to atmospheric contaminants such as dlnitrogen

tetroxlde and sulfur dioxide, the chemical and physical effects

of exposure to low concentrations of these gases in air of

controlled humidity and temperature have not been thoroughly

investigated. The results of such an investigation should

serve as a basis for selecting textiles for specific uses and

possibly for developing protective treatments for textiles.

(c) The thermal degradation of textiles results in considerable
0702-10-0731 - continued

economic losses annually. Improved procedures are needed for

following the degradation of textiles under controlled

conditions in order to establish the mechanism of the reaction.

Tasks : (l) Study -the effect of radiant energy and oxygen on the

interface reactions in the quartz f iber--toluene and cellulosewater systems. Attempt to identify the products and determine

the mechanism of the reactions. (2) Follow the change in

strength exhibited by cotton, rayon, silk, wool, and the synthetic fibers on exposure for varying periods of time to air

of specified temperature, humidity, and dinitrogen tetroxide

or sulfur dioxide content. By means of fluidity measurements

and functional group analysis, determine the nature of the

chemical changes produced in cellulose fibers by these exposures. (3) Design and construct equipment for exposing

cotton and rayon textiles to air having 0 to 100^ R.H. and

temperatures in the range of 1)4

. 0 ° to 200° C that will permit

following the degradation produced in cellulose by these exposure s

.

0707 - 10-0733 Research on Properties of Plastics

Objectives : To provide basic information on the properties of

plastics; in particular, the effect of atomic bombardment on

physical and chemical properties of plastic films and the

mechanism of crazing of plastics.

Background : (a) Studies of atomic irradiation of some specific

plastics during the last year have shown that the physical and

chemical properties of the plastics change as a result of such

exposure. physical and chemical data on numerous plastic films

were obtained on this project during fiscal years 1953 and 195)4-

These same films will be pile irradiated and changes in their

physical and chemical properties will be studied. Such work

is of practical importance in connection with utilization of

plastic films by military, civil defense, and other government agencies. (b) Crazing of transparent plastics is a serious problem in use of these materials as aircraft glazing

and in other commercial applications. More information on

this phenomenon is needed in order to reduce or eliminate

crazing in polymers. Recent studies conducted at NBS using

the multiple -beam interferometer showed that crazing involves

surface dislocations and flow. Further Information can be

obtained by examining crazed surfaces and fracture surfaces

with the electron microscope.

Tasks : (l) Determine the physical and chemical changes occurring

in various plastic films representing various chemical structures as a result of atomic pile bombardment. (2) Study the

phenomenon of crazing of plastics using the electron microscope as an analytical tool.

-26-
0707-10-3862 Adhesion of Resins to Olass Fibers

Objectives : To evaluate the basic factors involved in obtaining

high-bond strengths between synthetic resins and glass fibers

Background : Glass-fiber-reinforced plastics have many Important

military useso The present method for evaluating new glass

fibers, fiber treatments, and resins intended for use in the

construction of reinforced plastics is by the empirical

process of making reinforced panels and testing. This is a time-consuming and costly method and provides no fundamental

data as a guide for development work. Therefore, the Bureau

of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy, is initiating this

work to provide the fundamental data necessary to predict

the properties of glass-fiber laminates on a more scientific

basis and hence to serve as a basis for the selection of

suitable materials and treatments to produce reinforced

plastics of high strength and durabllltyo The degree of

adhesion of the synthetic resins used as bonding agents to

the glass fibers used as the high-strength reinforcing

medium is a vital factor in obtaining optimum performance

characteristics in the reinforced plastic. The role of

various finishes or surface treatments applied to the glass

fiber in promoting this adhesion under both dry and wet

conditions needs to be Investigated,

Tasks : ( 1 ) Study the comparative degree of adhesion between

glass fibers with various treatments and several types of

resins using a microscopic technique to observe the wetting

of the fiber with the liquid resin. ( 2 ) Determine the

strength properties of the glass fibers and the resins.

(3) Det ermine the properties of rods made with these fibers

and resins, including flexural and compressive strengths and

modulus, water absorption, effects of repeated loading and

unloading, voids, and density. (I4.) Relate the degree of

adhesion and the properties of the components to the properties of the reinforced plastic rods.

08 01 - 10 -0802 Properties, of Metals at High Temperatures

Objectives : To determine the influence of stress, strain rate,

temperature, and thermal and mechanical history on the characteristics and mechanism of creep and the failure of metals

at elevated temperatures.

Background ; Numerous formulae have been proposed to predict the

time -temperature relationship in single and polycrystalline

metals but none is entirely satisfactory. Additional studies

under carefully controlled conditions, are essential before

a theory completely acceptable can be established. A fundamental knowledge of the mechanism of deformation, including
0801-10“0802 - continued

the physical and metallurgical changes occurring during deformation at different temperatures is essential for the most

economical utilization of the present metals and alloys and

for the development of new materials for the defense agencies

and industrial applications. This is a part of a comprehensive

program to study the mechanism of creep of high-purity polycrystalline copper^ nickel, and alloys of nickel and copper

and to evaluate the creep behavior of the metals in comparison

to the alloys.

Tasks ; (l) Complete creep tests on high-purity Ni-30^ Cu

alloy and prepare paper summarizing these results. (2) Complete short-time high-temperature tests on Ni-70^ Cu alloy.

( 3 ) Make creep tests on 30^ Nl-70^ Cu alloy.

0901-10-091-1-2 Improvement of Ceramic Olazes

Objectives : To study the solid-liquid phase reactions in glazes,

and at the glaze-body Interface, for the purpose of improving

resistance to chemical and mechanical attack in service.

Background : The increasing use of mechanical washing machines

for tableware in the mess-halls operated by the G-overnment, as

well as in public restaurants, is bringing about an acceleration to surface abrasion and a material shortening of service

life. It is believed that a fundamental study of the reactions taking place in a glaze, and at the glaze-body interface, will disclose information which can be used to improve

the service life by greatly decreasing or eliminating the

so-called "bubble structure" and by producing a surface more

resistant to chemical and mechanical abrasion.

Tasks : Suitable specimens representative of tableware will be

coated with glaze formulations and the reactions taking place

during the maturing will be studied in detail, principally by

petrographic means. Starting with conventional formulations,

the effects of method of preparation, kiln atmosphere, and

rates of heating will be observed with regard to physical

structure of the glaze and surface "hardness", the latter to

be determined by diamond indenter and chemical tests.

-28-
0903“20=0903 Development of

Methods lor

Evaluation Criteria and

"Materials

O bjectives ; The investigation of the physical properties of

refractory materials for the purpose of obtaining data which

will be useful in revising existing standards, including

Federal Specifications, or for forming the basis for the

technical requirements of new specifications.

Background ; Castable refractory is a comparatively recent

addition to this group of commodities. Its importance to

industry is continuously increasing because of the shortage

of men capable of laying firebrick. The variety of high-=

temperature installations in which this refractory is used

is constantly increasing. The properties of castables are

therefore being investigated for the purpose of establishing technical requirements for a new Federal Specification

and to publish information on compositions and properties

as an aid to small business.

Tasks: (1) Firebrick: Inactive. (2) Fire-clay plastic

refractories: Accumulat'^^ results of tests t'^ be written

into manuscript form. Change of length of proprietary

brands to be studied during heating from 20® to 1500®C.

This work is dependent on the progress made on 3* (3)

Castable refractories: Calibration of furnace and equipment and the measurement of length changes from 20® to

1350®C. Also the measurement of strength and elastic

properties at elevated temperatures.

0907-10-0917 Effect of Heat on Inorganic Hydrates

Objectives : To study the causes of the formation of intermediate amorphous phases after the dehydration of certain

inorganic hydrates such as silicates or phosphates. To

find the factors which inhibit or promote the formation

of these amorphous conditions.

Background ; The amorphous material formed immediately after

dehydration by heating of such compounds as many clays,

silicates, and phosphates is extremely active chemically.

The factors which promote the formation of this amorphous

material are not known. The theory has been advanced

that if, because of solid solution, the final product

after dehydration is composed of more than one compound,

this formation of amorphous material as an intermediate

- 29 -
O907-IO-O917 “ continued

step will be promoted, and conversely that if the end

product is a single compound, crystallization will be

promoted. Because of the high-surface and high-chemical

activity these in-between states are of potential chemical interest and the various factors promoting or hindering their formation should be known.

Tasks ; A hydrated compound which exists over a wide range of

compositions could be used to study the effect of single

or multiple end products on the rapidity of crystallization

after dehydration by heat. The amphiboles and the hydrogarnets are two such series. These compounds would be made

artificially over a range of composition, and heat treated

in differential thermal analysis equipment, and the products at various times would be studied by X-ray diffraction.

The effect of range of composition and other factors on the

formation of intermediate amorphous material would be

determined.

100C“30-4801 Properties of Building Materials

Q b.jective : To obtain data on the properties of builf^^'ng materials, equipment, and structural assemblies and their probable service performance, to assess their value for use in

military structures.

B ackground ; The NBS has, for some time, provided the office

of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, with

technical data necessary to permit it to solve technical

problems relating to the design and construction of buildings. One important phase of this service has been advisory services on use of materials, construction methods, and

building failures. Another phase of importance has been the

testing and evaluation of .materials and structures such as

stone, brick, flashing materials, door locks, beams, etc.,

proposed for use in the installations. The major portion of

the testing is done in the Building Technology Division; a considerable amount, however, is accomplished in laboratories of other divisions of NBS.

Tasks ; As requested by OCE. Typical work includes assistance

in the revision of the OCE concrete-masonry design requirements, measuring drying shrinkage of concrete-masonry units,

testing door locks, etc.

- 30 -
SURFACE FINISHES AND COVERINGS

0201=-20-0203 ime try

Objectives ; To develop and maintain spectrophotometric stand=

ards; and to study improvements in spectrophotometric instruments and techniques, particularly for the standardization and specification of color and the determination of

the permanence of standard samples of ceramics, glasses,

pigments, paints, papers, plastics, textiles, and other

materials of special interest in colorimetry.

Background ; Spectrophotometry is the fundamental basis for

the analysis, standardization, and specification of color.

It is also a research and analytical tool in physics, chemistry, engineering, and technology. The color of a standard

is always of questionable permanence, and spectrophotometric

information concerning the change of color of these standards

is required in art, industry, and science.

Tasks ; (1) Spectrophotometric and colorimetric permanence study

of white chemical materials suitable for reflectance standards for spectrophotometry and colorimetry and of NBS

standard samples of paint pigments, artists' oil paints,

standard light-sensitive papers, and other materials subject to natural and accelerated weathering, including the

effects of radioactive irradiation on humans and on building

materials. (2) Specification of special sets of material

color standards such as highway-marking colors, railroad

signal target enamels and glasses, safety color code for

marking physical hazards, radiation hazard warnings, and

other colors relating to safety. (3) Spectrophotometric

study of optical glasses, species of foliage, eggs, skin,

teeth, blood, hair, crops, sand, and other materials, including glass and solution standards of spectral transmission.

0201-20-0205 Photometry and Illumination

Object ives ; To maintain the national photometric units of

luminous intensity ( candle power ) and luminous flux; to

develop and maintain standards of illumination and photometric brightness; to participate in national and international comparisons of photometric standards; to study the

luminosity factors of the human eye by means of which the

candlepowers of lights of different colors are evaluated.

- 31 -
0201”20“0205 = continued

Background ; The maintenance of the national units for photometric values for lights of all colors is one of the basic

functions of the NBS. Lamp companies and other commercial

laboratories, universities, and government agencies depend

upon the photometric standards calibrated against the national

standards. National and international comparisons insure the

uniformity of photometric values both in this country and in

other nations.

Tasks ; (1) Calibrate lamps for international intercomparison

of photometric units. (2) Conduct national intercomparisons

of lamp standard*^. (3) Maintain and intercompare master lamp

standards, check on calibrations of photometric equipment,

develop new devices or procedures, (4) Study the problems

encountered in low-luminance photometry.

0201-30-0207 Standards of Light and Color

Objectives ; The calibration and issuance of lamp standards of

candlepower, luminous flux, and color temperature; spectrophotometric standards; standards of color, transmittance,

reflectance, opacity, gloss, and luminance.

Background : Standards of light and color are in continuing demand by government and industry for the calibration of instruments or working standards, or for the testing of materials

for compliance with specifications.

0501-30-3240 Analysis and Testing of Paint. Varnish . Lacquer, and Related Materials

Objectives; To test and analyze paints, varnishes, lacquers,

enamels, and ingredient raw materials for compliance with

specifications. Also, to examine and evaluate organic coating materials for which no specifications exist; and to conduct special tests and investigations for regulatory agencies.

Background ; The testing of the delivered product to determine

compliance with established requirements is the final essential step in a specification procurement program. Most

government paint purchases are made in such a manner. Tests

are required also to provide legal evidence for government

agencies that have regulatory functions and for other special

purposes

.

- 32 -
O^Od-20-0526 Per meabil ity and Protective Value

01' blecrr^iated Coatirn^s

Objec-tives ; To develop and evaluate methods of measuring porosity

in electroplated coatings. To determine the cause and effect

of porosity in electroplated coatings.

Background : The protective value and life of plated coatings are

widely considered to be related to the porosity of the coatings. At the present time, the relation has not been satisfactorily determined due to the lack of a suitable method of

measuring the porosity. Also, the causes of porosity are not

fully understood. This project is conducted by KBS in association with the American Electroplaters' Society to provide ' f ijindamental information which may lead to significant changes

in industrial electroplating processes and specifications.

Tasks ; (1) To further develop and evaluate radiographic methods

of detecting pores in electroplated coatings. (2) To compare

the radiographic method with other existing tests to determine the relative advantages and the limitations of this

me thod

0904-20-0908 Development of Evaluation Criteria

for Porcelain Enamels

Objectives : To develop laboratory test procedures by which

important properties of porcelain enamels and enameled items

may be evaluated; to evaluate test methods by comparison of

laboratory results with performance data, providing a basis

for selection of test procedures giving the most reliable criteria of performance in service, including the rapidly growing

field of architectural enamels as well as home fixtures and

advertising signs.

Background : Work on the development of standard tests for porcelain enamels has continued at NBS since 1934. Industry has

cooperated through the research associateship maintained by

the Porcelain Enamel Institute. Tests developed have been

adopted as standards by the PEI and the ASTM. Approximately

12 tests have been developed, but tests are needed to evaluate

several properties for which satisfactory test methods are not

available. Several of the previously developed test methods

are in need of revision to keep up with recent advances in

industry.

33
0904-20-0908 - continued

T asks ; (1) Make preliminary studies of the mechanism of attack

on porcelain enamels by aqueous solutions, using radioactive

tracers. (2) Make field inspections of weathering specimens

at Atlantic City, N. J., Lakeland, Fla., and St. Louis, Mo.,

after 15 years of exposure. (3) Prepare revision of PEI

standard test for abrasion resistance of porcelain enamels.

(4) Study the stress distribution in the enamel-metal system

as affected by heating and cooling and thermal gradients,

with a view to developing a test for thermal-shock resistance.

(5) Continue laboratory tests, analyze data, and prepare draft

of manuscript describing types of attack observed during 5

years of service of household kitchen appliances and the

correlation between field results and laboratory test data.

Some of the coatings which were developed earlier in this

same project are now being used for the protection of aircraft engine parts.

0904-10 -4412 Protective Mechanisms of Ceramic Coatings

Objectives ; To investigate ceramic coating; in particular, to

obtain a fundamental insight into such mechanisms as the

diffusion of ions through the coating layer, the behavior

of coatings with respect to temperature gradients, and the

factors responsible for bond development.

Background ; The e-oal of the adherence work is to evolve a theory that will apply to all ceramic-metal bonding or, if

necessary, to evolve different theories for different types

of bonding. Nine-phase reports have been prepared and six

of them have been published since this work on adherence was

initiated and all of these have been helpful to some degree

in arriving at a better understanding of the bonding phenomena. Emphasis will be placed during the coming year on

preparing the groundwork for a summary report on the mechanism of adherence. In the meantime, increased attention

will be given to fundamental studies of the mechanism of

the protective functions of coatings. A better knowledge

of this mechanism should lead either directly or indirectly

to the improvement of current types of ceramic and cermet

coatings

.
1004-10-1017 Pr operties of Roofing, Waterproofing

Flooring, and Coating; Materials

O bjective : To determine the properties of floor, roof, and wall

covering materials and to formulate specifications and test

methods applicable thereto.

Background : (a) The principal roofing materials used in this

country contain asphalt. Since the deterioration of such

roofing materials is closely associated with the degradation

of the asphalts, the work on roofing materials, at present,

consists primarily of fundamental studies of the degradation

of asphalts and of methods of retarding this process. The

work on this subject at the NBS since 1946 has been carried on

in collaboration with the Asphalt Roofing Industry Bureau.

(b) The compositions and constructions of floorings have undergone appreciable change in the past several years, notably

through the introduction of vinyl plastic floor coverings.

Comparable and up-to-date information on different types of

materials and their Installation is of direct and economic

interest to architects, builders, and consumers in selecting

a flooring material to meet a particular need. The NBS is

repeatedly asked for such information by other agencies of

the government and the public in general. (c) Modern practice

of tight construction and the increased use of insulation and

air conditioning have emphasized the importance of moisture

control in structures. Water-vapor barriers are one means of

exercising such control. Such work is proposed as another

large phase of the project. Requests from other agencies of

the government for information on the water-vapor permeance

of structural elements and of coating materials necessitate

basic work by the NBS in this field.

Tasks : (A) Roofing Materials; (1) Follow, in asphalts of widely

different characterists, the chemical changes that take place

on weathering and seek the reasons for the differences in

behavior. (2) Develop further methods for functional group

analyses. (3) Prepare reports on the procedures developed

and the results obtained during fiscal year 1954. (B) Flooring Materials: (1) Determine the resistance of flooring materials to abrasion and cleaning materials. (2) Study the

antislip characteristics of floor surfaces and protective

coatings. (3) Develop methods for evaluating the relative

performance of flooring materials. (C) Coating Materials;

(1) Prepare and publish a report on completed work.

1C04- 40-4843 Preparation of.. Roofing Manual

' I Objective ; Preparation of a roof -maintenance Manual.

“ 35=
Background ; Field studies of roofing problems at Army and Navy

stations have indicated the great need for a roof -maintenance

manual and for the savings that a manual of this type would

accomplish. Field studies, completed within the United

States, will be extended to overseas areas at the request of

the Department of the Navy.

Tasks ; (1) Conduct field studies of the behavior of roofing

materials in the following overseas areas; South Pacific,

Caribbean, Alaska (2) Complete preparation of roofing manual.

1004-40-4844 Stapler Method of Applying Asphalt Shingles

Objective

;

To evaluate the stapler method of applying asphalt

shingles

.

Background ; The Federal Housing Administration has requested

this evaluation because of the receipt of numerous representations that the stapler method of applying asphalt shingles

reduces roof costs appreciably and at the same time provides

a durable watertight roof.

Tasks; (1) Conduct field studies of roofs with asphalt shingles

applied by the stapler method, in areas representing various

climatic conditions, with particular attention to ; (a) Behavior of stapled shingles in areas where wind damage to

asphalt shingles is known to occur, (b) Resistance of staples

to rusting in service, (c) Retention of holding power of

staples, (d) Positioning of staples (randomness). (2) Make

laboratory determinations necessary to establish; (a) Relative resistance to tear of asphalt shingles applied by mailing and by stapling method with staples placed horizontally,

vertically, and at an angle of to the bas^^* line the

('h') Practicability oi stapling method for applying

asphalt shingles to 5/lb-in. plywood decks.
TESTING OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

0201-30=2320 Qualification Inspection and Testing

of Lamps for the Government

Ob.iectlves; To conduct qualification tests of manufacturers

currently supplying incandescent, fluorescent, and photo=

graphic flash lamps to government by inspecting and lifetesting the lamps supplied in order to determine compliance

with applicable Federal Specif ications 5 alsr» to conduct

qualification tests of prospective bidders not currently

supplying lamps to the government

Background ; Contracts to supply lamps to the government are

awarded only to suppliers who have passed qualification

tests conducted at the NBS in accordance with the applicable

specif icationSo

Tasks ; (1) The qualification testing of all groups of all

brands of lamps supplied to the government for which qualification requirements are specified. (2) The qualification

tests of lamps manufactured by prospective bidders as requested by GSA. (3) Development of improved methods for the

photometry and colorimetry of fluorescent lamps. (4) Development of methods for testing projection lamps.

0502-30-3241

and Miscellaneous Materials

Ob.iectlves ; Testing detergents, waxes, and miscellaneous matriais "for conformance to Federal and other specifications;

identification, analysis, and evaluation of a wide variety

of miscellaneous products that are not covered by any specifications. Development of new specifications and test methods for detergents and miscellaneous materials, and revision

of the Federal Specification for Methods of Sampling and

Testing Soaps and Soap-Products (Including Synthetic Detergents), Technical services of analytical, investigative,

and advisory nature pertinent to regulatory or judicial

functions of governmental agencies.

Background ; The services outlined are required by other government agencies for procurement of materials and in carrying

out their assigned functions.

- 37-
0502-30“32*+1-p continued

Tasks ; (1) Continuation of testing detergents, waxes, and

related materials. (2) Study, improvement, and development

of methods for the analysis of detergents, vaxes, and related

material. Continuation of the revision of the Federal Specification. (3) Continuation of the identification, analysis,

and evaluation of miscellaneous materials. (4) Improvements

in methods and techniques for the analysis and evaluation of

miscellaneous materials will be developed as opportunity permits.

0702-20-0709 Development of Methods for Testing Textiles

Qb.jectives; To provide methods for evaluating the properties of

textile fibers, yarns, fabrics, and related products of importance to the government and other users.

Background ; A continuing effort is necessary to keep textile

testing methods abreast of the needs of the government and

the public because of the novel properties of the products

being developed, in particular the synthetic-fiber textiles.

Rating of color-fastness to light continues to be a major

problem; and use of the NBS light-sensitive paper standards

is growing and extending to fields other than textiles.

Methods for the quantitative analysis of textiles containing

the newer fibers are required for checking deliveries of

mixed-fiber textiles to the government and checking the

accuracy of labels for the Federal Trade Commission. Recent

developments in spectrophotometric techniques suggest that

spectrophotometric measurements may serve as a basis for these

analyses

.

Tasks ; (1) Colorfastness to light; Install new master lamp,

calibrate it, and produce standard faded strips for distribution by the Standard Sample Service. (2) Analytical methods

for mixed-fiber textiles; Investigate the use of infraredabsorption measurements on pellets composed of potassium

bromide and ground fibers and on pyrolyzates of fibers in

the quantitative analysis of mixed-fiber textiles. (3) Development of new or improved methods as needed in connection

with Federal Specifications.

1000-30-4800 T esting Building Materials

Objectives ; To perform miscellaneous tests on building materials,

equipment, or structures, as requested by Federal agencies.

- 38 -
1000=30“4800 “ continued

Background : This is a continuing project in which the NBS conducts

miscellaneous testing of building materials and equipment, in=

eluding items purchased for use of government departments and

independent establishments.

Tasks : Items tested in sufficient numbers to permit the estab=

Tishment of standard fee schedules are as follows: 1011,

Brick'i 1012, Masonry Units; 1013, Pipe of Clay, Asbestos Cement,

and Concrete; 1014, Prefabricated Concrete Slabs; 1015,

Asbestos°Cement Products; 1016, Waterproofing for Masonry Walls;

1017, Building Stone; 1018, Calking Compounds; 1019, Roofing

Slate; 1021, Fire Resistance; 1022, Fire Extinguishers; 1031,

Thermal Conductivity; 1032, Air Filters; 104l, Road Materials;

1042, Bituminous Construction Materials; 1051, Elevators.

These, as well as other tests requested by government agencies,

will be conducted.
MISCELLANEOUS

0204=30“2312 Calibration of Surveying Instruments ^

_ Objectives ; To calibrate base=line tapes, steel tapes, leveling

rods, and other basic equipment used in geodetic surveys in

Central and South America,

Background ; The Inter “American Geodetic Survey (lAGS) is

supervising basic surveys (giving the framework for maps) of

the Western Hemisphere that are not under the jurisdiction

of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey or the Geodetic Survey

of Canada. Specifications for the equipment require calibra=

tions similar to those made at the NBS for the equipment of

the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.

0506“4c=3251 Consulting Services for Government Agencies

Objectives ; To provide consulting services in the field of electrodeposition to other government agencies. This is to

include experimental work as required.

Background ; Other government agencies, such as the Bureau of

Engraving and Printing, frequently require assistance with

electroplating problems. It may be necessary, for example,

to determine if a plated coating with certain characteristics

will be suitable for a particular purpose, or whether some

modification of a plating process would be advantageous.

Tasks ; Tasks will be completed as requested by sponsors.

0604“20“06i4 Development of Techniques for Static and

Dynamic-Load Measurements

Objectives ; Development of elastic load-measuring devices for

calibrating testing machines, and development of methods for

evaluation and comparison of hardness-testing machines.

Background ; With the greatly increased amount of testing, research, and development work involving mechanical testing

in both governmental and commercial laboratories, there is

a continued need for the development of accurate, portable,

elastic calibration devices. There is need for the development of less time-consuming methods for the calibration of

devices having capacities exceeding the capacities of the

„i+0-
06o4-20=-06i4 ” continued

largest dead-weight testing machine (111,000 lb.). There is

also need for the development of devices suitable for calibra

tion work for loads less than 200 lb. Such devices would be

very useful in investigating the performance of hardness^

testing equipment and of machines now in wide use in testing

textiles, plastics, and other organic and fibrous materials.

Tasks; (1) Extend the range of static=load calibration equipment above 500,000 lb. and below 200 lb. (2) Investigate

factors in the field of hardness and micro-hardness tests

bearing on the accuracy and reproducibility of the results.

(3) Study improved methods for measuring the output of

elastic-load calibrating devices using wire strain gages.

0604-30°06i6 Calibration of Mechanical Testing

Machines and Apparatus

O b.je ct ives ; Calibration of mechanical testing machines, dynamometers, load cells, and force, strain, displacement,

velocity, and acceleration measuring equipment, development

of test equipment and methods; assistance in the formulation

of specifications.

Background ; The NBS provides the only service available for

the accurate calibration of elastic devices used for calibrat

ing testing machines. Some 600 devices per year, ranging in

capacity from a few hundred pounds to several million pounds,

are calibrated for government agencies and commercial laboratories. The accuracies of the testing machines used by

the government and by producers and consumers are dependent

on periodic calibrations made with devices calibrated at NBS.

Calibration cells used by manufacturers of aircraft-weighing

devices and load cells for measuring the thrust of jet engine

and for weighing the contents of bins and hoppers are

calibrated in the NBS dead-weight machines. Calibrations of

strain and displacement measuring equipment are performed

for other government agencies. Assistance is given in reviewing the requirements for mechanical tests included in

specifications.

Tasks ; (1) Calibrate elastic calibration devices and calibration cells by dead weights or other calibrated devices.

(2) Determine the absolute value of electrical input to

output ratio as a function of load for basic laboratory stand

ards used to control production of industrial load- v^eighing

equipment. (3) Calibrate strain and displacement measuring

^ equipment. (4) Assist in the formulation of specifications
06o4==30”06i6 = continued

for mechanical tests of materials and devices, (5) Calibrate

displacement, velocity, and acceleration pickups.

06o4=> 10=3 516 Engineering Structures

Ob.iectives ; To determine the stress distribution and strength

of structural connections at bulkhead intersections in welded

ships.

Background: The large number of structural failures in welded

merchant ships during World War II led the Ship Structure

Committee to initiate long=range studies of the design and

methods of construction of welded ships. A part of this

investigation was to be concerned with design details of

structural discontinuities. At the request of the Bureau of

Ships, Department of the Navy, a program of tests on design

details of bulkhead intersections and interrupted longitudi=

nals for welded tankers was undertaken at NBS in 19^8.

Tasks : Preparation of a paper on measurements of elastic stress

distribution at room temperature, plastic strain distribution

at 0®F and energy to fracture on nineteen welded bulkhead

intersection specimens representing structural details in

welded tankers.

0604= 30 =35^7 Survey of High°Temperature Strain Measuring

Devices

Ob.iectives: To make available in the form of a critical survey

compreTiensive information on the current status of development

of high=temperature strain gages and calibration methods, and

an evaluation of their theoretical and practical limitations

useful in the planning and conduct of research and development

on such devices and methods, and useful for provision of general

guidance in Instrumentation problems concerned with hightemperature strain gages.

1000=40=1099 Consultative and Advisory Services

Ob.lective : To provide miscellaneous consultative and advisory

services as required in technical fields under the cognizance

of the Building Technology Division.

=42 =
1000“40-1099 ° continued

Background ; The Federal Government has a large interest in builds

ing technology, looking toward lowering costs and improving

construction of buildings. Inquiries are received from many

Federal agencies on subjects such as fire resistance, strength

of materials and structures, heating, air conditioning, floor

and roof coverings, plastering, masonry and safety and building

codes. These inquiries may be in the form of visits, letters,

or telephone calls. They may require detailed consideration

involving field trips or laboratory tests. Private citizens

and industrial organizations also call on NBS for the solution

to a variety of problems.

1000=40=4802 F ederal Construction Counci l

Objective

To provide a mechanism for establishing a Federal

Construction Council, an organization for the exchange of

technical information between the various Federal construction

agencies and for general improvement of construction technology

in Government buildings and structures.

Background ; In Fiscal Year 1952, the Building Research Advisory

Board of the National Research Council, under the National

Academy of Sciences, operated a mechanism for assisting Federal

agencies in the solution of their technical problems in con=

struction engineering and building technology by exchanging

technical information and collaborating on building research.

These activities were carried out under contract between the

National Academy of Sciences and the Office of Defense Mobiliz=

ation, but in FY 1953 the latter office was unable to continue

the operation. Late in FY 1953 d it was determined that con=

tinuation of the activity could be achieved only by securing

funds from agencies concerned with construction, and the NBS

was requested to continue the operation using funds trans=

f erred to the Bureau by the participating agencies, A contract

between NBS and the National Academy of Sciences was negotiated

thereupon in which the Chief of the Building Technology Division

of NBS was designated as the ‘^Agency Representative** charged

with responsibility for directing the conduct of the subject

work.

1000=20=4804 Miscellaneous Investigations

Objective ; To provide for other agencies short=duration engineering investigations in the field of building technology.

43
1000-20=4804 = continued

Background : This project is designed to include a number of

smaller short^duration investigations which are too small

to warrant the establishment of separate projects. Most of

these will be engineering investigations involving studies

of new structural procedures, heating systems, air-conditioning techniques, fire-protection systems, problems in flooring, building-code problems, and other studies of similar

nature. Acceptance testing is not included ’under this

project.

3300-30=7510 High-G Accelerometer Calibration

Objective ; To develop methods for the routine calibration of

accelerometers at accelerations in the range of 100 to

100,000g with accuracy comparable to that now attained in

lower ranges.

Background : The increasing application of accelerometers to

measurement problems concerned with shock and vibration,

particularly that due to explosions, has resulted in an

increasing need for methods for calibrating accelerometers

in the range of acceleration values up to 100,000 g or

higher. The accuracy of these calibrations should be of

the same order as the accuracy now attainable in lower

ranges. Present methods are generally limited to the use

of specialized equipment, such as a method in which the

accelerometer being calibrated is subjected to a shock resulting from impact of a projectile fired under controlled

conditions, and by indirect methods, such as those involving

the use of strain gages to determine deflection of a heavy

vibrating beam. In the present project, it is planned to

explore new methods of attaining high-g calibrations as

well as to investigate possible improvement of present

methods.

Tasks : (1) Investigate new methods of high-g calibrations,

including the use of airgun and inclined trough to obtain

calibrations at accelerations up to 100,000 g or more and

pulse widths down to 20 microseconds or less. (2) Develop

accelerometer with reliable characterist-los up to 100,000 g

or more, and a resonant frequency above 150 Kc. (3) Investigate steady-state high-g calibration methods, including

transversely and longitudinally resonating bars, and various

excitation schemes. (4) Prepare NBS technical reports on

these tasks.

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THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testings evaluation^ Calibration services^ ahfl various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Eiierg)

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project

or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications oi the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($0.75), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington 25, D. C.