NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

1^550

A STUDY OF SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

01? FIVE ROCK SAMPLES

by

Arthur Hockman, T. W. Rel chard and E. W. Krussell

Report to

Bureau of Ordnance

Department of the Navy

<NB^

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair Weeks, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Aetin, Director

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards is suggested in the following listin g

of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section is engaged in specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated hy its title. A brief

description of the activities, and of the resultant reports and pubhcations, appears on the inside

of the back cover of this report.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Tubes. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Process Technology. Engineering Electronics. Electronic

Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instnunents. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat and Power. Temperature Measurements. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics.

Engines and Lubrication. Engine Fuels.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid

State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment. AEC Radiation Instruments. Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mech&nics. Sotmd. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics.

Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Mineral Products. Porcelain and Pottery. Class. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Conditioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Digital Circuitry. Digital Systems.

Analogue Systems.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Propagation Services.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Frequency Utilization Research. Tropospheric Propagation

Research.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Standards. Microwave Standards. • Office of Basic Instrumentation • Office of Weights and Measures
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1001-20-4870 February 21, 19^6 4550

A STUDY OP SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

OF FIVE ROCK SAMPLES

by

Arthur Hockrtian, T. W. Re 1 chard and E. W. Krussell

To

Bureau of Ordnance

Department of the Navy

<NBS>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The publicallon

unless permissii 25.D.C. Such

cally prepared

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) on October 9, 2015.

or In part, Is prohibited

rStandards, Washington

I report has been specifir report for its own use.

Contents

Page

Abstract 1

1 . Introduction

2 . Description of Samples

3 . Physical Tests: Pirst Part

3.1 Flexural strength

3 . 1.1 Test specimens

3 . 1.2 Test procedure

3.1.3 Test results

3.2 Compressive strength

3.2.1 Test specimens

3.2.2 Test procedure

3.2.3 Test results

3.3 Shearing strength

3.3*1 Test specimens

3 . 3*2 Test procedure

3.3*3 Test results

3 *I|. Porosity

3.I1-.I Bulk density

3 .l4-*l.l Test specimens and procedures

3 *Ij-*l *2 Test results

3.4*2 True density

3 * 4 * 2.

Test specimens and procedures

3

'. 4 * 2.2 Test results

3.4*2 .

Porosity calculations

3.5 Toughness - or Impact resistance

3.5*1 Test specimens

3.5*2 Test procedure

3 * 5*3 Test results

3.6 Summary of test results (sections 3*1 to 3 * 5 ) 3.7 Modulus of elasticity - static method

3.7.1 Test specimens

3.7.2 Test procedure

3.7.3 Test results

4. Physical Tests; Second Part (Sonic Methods)

4.1 Test specimens

4.2 Test procedure

4.3 Velocity of sound, dynamic modulus of

elasticity, modulus of rigidity, and

Poisson’ s ratio

4.3*1 Velocity of sound

4 * 3*2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity

4 * 3 * 2 .! Longitudinal vibrations

4.

3.2.2

Flexural (transverse) vibrations

1

2

2

2

2

3

3

4

4

4

4

5

5

5

6

6

6

6

6

7

7

8

8

8

8

8

9

9

9

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

11
’ f /?. **

\

,t-'* ft' 'it 'i^': ;=e4'“ii i o Jta

/^'\i- ^ »

'- • C, V‘

'

^..' t»4^i'ra-.r. ' :‘-'fi

ry-’i 3't;.^# Sl . I > ''^.

ft

- £#-Ti.'C. . ; A\-r§.f J ,'i^ ts ^ ‘i«t>0 S

.

t

v’.jj^s-t^r' ’3 '•yp ieoT I-S4C' 'v ' ^

o»rxrJ>fr :^q is6T' ’S'vS . C ‘^

'

4 'J’i'^'ffi«"*j. J *: i'T t iS.'C/

V rr4'&i’J:V‘ • V E g<t trr sis»3Cf it. t

tt-a?:^.Sr X^.wSC ,,«

^•^Liki'^^-t**!!t^s^- tia®T .£ ,. .ry £.£.E\

^

V-

'^;; ii;r ar‘> ?11'^ T .4^ ;<?-

' vfj -t f;.|s rtriviUiT r- t^ 1 r„oX "r*’

* 4

- *

t

.

' ''

r.,

.

_ '^j.v'^' S .

'

. |! i ;.;•! ' ^

v;;fXri *:*r- :y>.KT ''^

^. ]»•;•• .••; '.•jjS /•.•5 '/

' '

'^ i, ,. n

u-i

:

t s.'i'i '‘--It -• ’ 't5 • •' iizensi^u(JT

*w;s ,r««T r.?.{, , C

-

''" '*:/as>'^ i'cjaT c *ci

.J.«, i .t ‘ D' t;>-, -I •; ^ ^5a:^ Xo

•'I*

; ‘t Oio at/X/JdboH

«' • .-.i 6t>#j 5r. v/'aw-’’- XtIST; ,LTr>t . het^Sr^ ,i!'i:mm

( f n s^ P

)

r

a

'4 Uy '>«C :adp®‘^ uol

aT?'.trni.o^qe -i v.sfe^l:];;;'* P7U]fciD!>r'*iq S

*lf g.. fiXf I ,^ ^)p v-'in *) I u I D.r; V

'

I ^ tv» ’•,'tib aO \{ -li# i

,*‘'bn, H-'

, V,

•» • f' f*l- I liH *a i 0»’>. , 1i'i7 It t Sf

,!>:? f ' 0;»r \ o -f> 0 .T®v I * c.

,

,l ., i •' -V<1''<‘ 't:-. 4t /j. oltt^'t%Q Sj.c . ti g tnt!i. ;.r 4. w 4 .S*>,’.|i ;

'

' 'W' L ,’4'*'j^vi^'i:-. . > )' r f.<u-.r^ ,. "'j 6i5

4 -^

C

i.
Contents (continued)

Page

4.3»3 Modulus of rigidity (modulus of 12

elasticity in shear)

4 . 3.4 Poisson's ratio 12

4.4 Test results 12

A STUDY OP SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

OP PIVE ROCK SAMPLES

by

Arthur Hockraan, T. W. Rei chard and E„ W. Krussell

Abstract

Physical tests were completed on five samples of

rock (four granites and one gabbro) submitted by

the Bureau of Ordnance. The first group of tests

included determinations of flexural strength, compressive strength, shearing strength, porosity,

toughness and modulus of elasticity by static

method. The second group of tests included determinations by sonic methods of velocity of sound,

modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity and

Poisson’s ratio.

All determinations except porosity were made both

parallel and perpendicular to the rift (or bedding)

directions of the rock samples. Some of test results

are given for three mutually perpendicular directions

of the samples.

1.

INTRODUCTION

At the request of the Bureau of Ordnance, Department of

the Navy, the National Bureau of Standards made a study of some

physical properties of five samples of rock (four granites and

one gabbro), submitted by the Bureau of Ordnance.

The following properties were Included in the first part

of the study:

1. Flexural strength.

2. Compressive strength.

3. Shearing strength.

4 . Toughness.

5 . Porosity.

6. Modulus of elasticity by the static

method.
I •

;r:^T,i<!r^€^A

r; ,1 '-V f't TtT<

«, f :ri %ffcfH; tey«^

‘

•V:.. .y,»>.3V-.g

' )e*f H •>'f/'P' .

: ^

tl*v’<;.;-',;-r.i &;»-£?' t» silkhmq •^^

:. -yvia Iv . «

''>j\o'’ '-

' 't-ii -'*' p- i5n:;!’'f'-ii3 I’.'boH^^. ': {^.^Toilev jifloilaitiji

to ftib«irt-. ‘r J..1

' -yj^JC^ 1r<? iirf.Qfbo^;

4

^* •. 'v:='

' '.’,<• .v4/ *r;&iLi5 IJS0'«'‘j”-.e‘ .;^i;>r.« C*>X^Ca'^<|

1/ v„i ’fl'>il4' 'C ,-®C fc?^:'^i^^:. ,,;'ii j ‘Iq f! no ti) ;:^

^ f *V-,, .. .

•^>:4.'^ M,- • ,i!3'i»TL*^ :>|ry->r.6' CXA

nr'S7i^

vSiJj’.q.ttas eic^

-1

,M -,1^r ‘to* pxi '• i'-' tfiU It ./A" ..

• .. ., c..r-,iv i--- »nU

1 c y

’ !•' $ b

».'»“'

i'^'.

” ‘ V ^ J 'J^^^ HdSO^mM

• v;«^

<

. yi' _6f>‘.yJ:^-ini •d-.tJ yaJtefoXio''i «d3 ,

f<(i'

'' '^3 ,.l

«y.) Ai^ri'i^ioO .fS 'W,

. *ii m. ^ ^ . v.;'lb«r'i5i

ii V »\yi f '>*

‘ <!w? V ^ Xi^ ^ ^ ^ ^ { jJl^ofi . c

'> • ' *u* . k<

ft
The second part of the study included the following determinations by dynamic method:

1. Velocity of sound.

2. Modulus of elasticity.

3 . Modulus of rigidity.

4 . Poisson’s ratio.

This report presents in detail the data obtained from these

tests and also Includes brief descriptions of the test methods.

2. DESCRIPTION OP SAMPLES

Pour samples of granite and one sample of gabbro varying

in size from l5 in. to I 8 in. cubes were received from the Naval

Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia.

The first step in the preparation of the test specimens was

to identify the rift direction—/in each sample. This was done by

careful visual examination of the various surfaces of each sample.

The plane parallel to the rift direction was designated as

plane ”c” for each sample. One of the planes perpendicular to

"c" was designated as plane "a". The plane perpendicular to both

”c" and "a" was designated as plane ”b". Plgure 1 shows the location of rift direction and planes for each sample. Test specimens that were cut from any one sample and plane were numbered

consecutively. The designations of the samples in this report

are those used by the sponsor.

3 . PHYSICAL TESTS: FIRST PART

3.1 Flexural strength

3 . 1.1 Test specimens

The test specimens were 4~ 8- by 2 l/4 in. and resembled

a common building brick in shape and size. By means of a 22-in.

diameter diamond- rimmed cutting wheel, three bricks were cut out

of each of planes ”a”, ”b", and ”c", making a total of nine

specimens tested for each sample. As shown in figure 2, the two

Rift is defined as the microscopic foliation along Wilch the

rock splits more easily than in any other direction.

2 .
b

' V ' i ^ *6'ti’Oj&'fl=B!' '^{f^ r'lr

Ter .I 'V

"'’

,1,^ m’L^h^sh\ .vS

./-^T

, .^rm

' •''' 'V!*. frri^^'I'o’lfifl ocXd bjTB7;?^if3i

. oriCJu'v: 7% "'®' " r.:.vvi-^'t^:3 'Ff <i, ^0| 'll

. 'u i''Tr. Xf-taQ ,bj?.u'6nB;

'r'

'^' ;r'"- i*v^’ rrt m-d’ti : - '’*' ^•-- •

•"

;;

' ; .-c^irxiPtfts. .{ij>ap a r;^ii..ff r.

;

‘

• *' ' b^'*j ’lo l3»*csXv.

r>

*'•:? '

r.-.t 'v' i:*

' ^r '

< .• f

t’." Jf-'fi ?4w !io Mt'*>^vI;6 ,p f-fl# „<S|' l’elS#»»«« rieiikjk! sifT-^

wi J it. K»a? 4o.ae -lol -«!)«'

s' '

« {!bW bfifi< £ 's>tf'-pri'’;i[' __ ^

p.-;»'f?'^ i.q-' 'b.t rx- .4)^ lo

srx>3£q’ iHi'i .^.. ^ro xi^ri BUairr'*'

..... •T-f^^'X'Txipeeub#!,..

A^r 0C‘i^i? .

. v( iij- ^(X,. |2 ft sxr '06 p4iJ' ',

. , dC'pT ivXv'C, ,.

'

1 *!*l l % ytf -B ,):(J •;< «r>!M.( sr,5,^j,,_jqa gs^.t

b ' -'••i’y

'5'^

, r^^a^ ppiU salbXXi^tf

,y £.©,ffiEjb • iyracit-b'rfoirtBlb

.rT,.vi',;^ vtnije4j*^ , ^'rr^-

.

«',-r«

^ 'to

4 ^.if ('iwoj^t- B'»s ,sQ. 'text beSs-ocl. eiTQmi.9i

’'»-‘*44^_—• >i-»^ ..^|.. T> .H^.,

' " ^^‘V3 efii, ^4* ^feislleb' e f

'

'•* ' "’ tdn i>to^ ft'jlX-crsr

I K i
bricks cut from plane "a" have the rift in a perpendicular direction (on edge) and one brick in a parallel direction with respect to the direction of loading in the flexure test. Of the

three bricks cut from plane "b”, two have the rift in the parallel direction and one in the perpendicular direction (on edge)

with respect to the direction of loading in the flexure test.

The three bricks cut from the "c” plane have the rift in perpendicular direction with respect to the direction of loading in

the test. Following the cutting operation, the bricks were

ground with No. 80 silicon carbide on a motor driven cast iron

lap until all sides of each specimen were flat and opposite

sides parallel.

3.1.2 Test procedure

After the’ specimens were dried for 2lj. hr at lO^^^C ± 2

^ and cooled to roomXtempe nature , they were tested in a BaldwinSouthwark 60 , 000—Ib^hydraulic testing machine. The specimen

was laid flatwise on supporting knife edges spaced 7 in. apart

and equidistant from the loading knife edge with all three knife

edges parallel. (Figures 2b and 3). The load was applied at

approximately 1000 lb per min until failure occurred.

A detailed description of the test method is given in ASTM

Standards, 1955> 099-52, Modulus of Rupture of Natural Building

Stone, page 1126.

3.1.3 Test results

The modulus of rupture of each specimen was calculated as

follows

R =

3 WL

2 bd'

whe re

/}jr.'

' ^

R = modulus of rupture ^ W = breaking load lb

L = length of span i^in.

b = width of specimen, 3?«L.ln.

d = thickness of specimen in.

Table 1 gives the flexural strengths for all five samples,

each tested in three mutually perpendicular directions of the

ro ck

3 .
r

’•? ‘-li

.'•«'? 'le'J’l^'fii’cr.. &• r».t .(''>3t:©=:,ao:)' o 3if?t i:5l^ g;itb-?oX ’ ai3.:t.c.tl-

, ..'-Wl . i. - f

'

i

’* i*’'* I i' .•Y i:- / t:r^ i J\

>* ’ ' . j

‘ -.'<•

_. f

_. . .4 r ' l. «HJ

i •

, -. Oi /' ,i rn ,

0 i

•' ' 1 ••. | l .

-

'«i . .. i

‘ . 'tC.-: h

t.;:

.<4

. *

'..

' c : «'- - r/'

.

' r. . :c^' • •,..' l V

"..rat .=r. '*!; >"%b^ f-

‘ .r!,’.

d‘.\ '..'j. .J f

f' "Vi-. i .^'SC^r

1 .., •

I'l. '•'> qirf!

'

\

q %''otT ,,.i »C,’ , ,,.

. / ^ X v«"T aa n af> ie * . m

“ Jfc i •.m-‘3 . ChI 0 « 08 , sJ’iM/iiifei i,oS.

.4, ,, rii aiJW :'

^7..0'.f ir GOCl ^rsitaml’&C'Cqqa

' *-rl q>l •'»:.’& bdxlft jaS, A , ,f .-‘^"^p

-

. Asi£ \ w^.cJ;-S; /I . r ...

i

•He'- ; '/ 'Q, .''oiit TO w-'t;*-.* n.Afi to Rt/Io'&cin adT

• --• •MM* a^c

'fed

'• n

-j"vv. fil,') 1

'> ri.; 4 i;T>p»n * ^

.j.\] <.; .. I 3 m

^ r .3 U

.' ;. f- , It' lidbiw = d

.' i j#?* ./ /:• t6 ''(Trf.o-lrli b

' ^ • ...'.<^r(?,q-H f'f'.K JL‘Ti*t efut TI 55

1 M ;

. •> '•(••«*».. .*>j %.| i/jju.f w.a'ixil i.ti

dISA 4m.
3.2

Compressive strength

3.2.1 Test specimens

The test specimens consisted of cylinders 2 in. in diameter

and approximately 2 l/4 in. high. Using a diamond core drill,

five cores were cut out of each of planes ’’a”, ”b" and ”c"

making a total of l4 specimens tested for each sample. For con=

venience in preparation the test specimens were cored from the

halves of bricks remaining after the flexure tests. As shown

in figure 4^, the cores cut from planes ”a” and "b" have the

rift in the parallel direction with respect to the direction of

the compressive load.

The ends of the test specimens were ground and polished

until they were flat, parallel to each other, and perpendicular

to the long dimension of the core.

3.2.2

Test procedure

After the specimens were dried in an oven at 105°C ± 2^

for 24 hr and cooled to room temperature, they were tested on

a Tinlus Olsen 200,000 lb capacity four screw mechanical

machine. A specially designed spherically seated bearing block

for use with a 2-in. specimen supported the specimen under test.

Disks of hardened polished steel, 2 l/2 in. in diameter and

1/2 in. thick were placed between the ends of the specimen and

the bearing plates. The load was applied at a rate of 100 lb

per sq in. per sec until failure occurred. (Figures 4^’? 5 ).

A detailed description of this method is given in ASTM

Standards, 1954» 0170-50, Compressive Strength of Natural Building Stone, page 1123.

3 .

2.3

Test results

The compressive strength of each specimen was calculated

as follows;

C = W

A

whe re

C = compressive strength of the specimen;? • W = tcrte4.Aload in—1

-b on the specimen

A = calculated area of bearing surface sq in.

4.
t

' •;/•. I* ¥%tj^>} '

c-n't w.cfj# , *«ii 'ntt’

•' • ';•' v^/ it« ii^iwT'd.

,i /

;

'' ! n itjc;'

.'’»- • J 11 '?•,*.*.

, -J

' I,;-, '-.ft,

, *f,

:, ,j ij3..'J, 'If j-ve,. •<

- 'pl^-r^A^Vv ' 'I 'X^\'b4'i Qi'V J''|[tQ *ttf' lAS'Voi'

*t' ^-)i?ci.:.r Xl. C^OQkOaS mttX^'SirXcfX’f a

r{qc »^-'_n:^'if :v>£):(S[,tyt;s 4£r\^A V:/* ' ;?! i'‘>

'

’ ' r

^ 'firU' '.v*iv'' ; vr,

. ,. 0 f '^' g

r. i 1

' ( >.

' I - r?>r;,6 ‘.Tcv ilr^l^if, /rti ^\4l

i'''

'! «t

' .-W'

k;4.w ;5«o-‘.

-Myi^ ? *1 .;• -. ,,

- “^1 i i.i*i ' .rtl pe’ *ti^

' IK • ''.f i' t:

‘ '’-•• 'S . i.' /rvr; i't '

•1 ' . ' 'i. '.

«i?.:

V ’.'tk'J'

i T,? ‘) ' t fir^^tincprtoct feciT .

>. t i n ;

I 'U1 1 Tjlfl

’ ^h'*-' > /

' • ijj i >^»>-i;' jt . W

»•< lir U'yr,-. V j A
Table 2 gives the compressive strengths for all five samples each tested in three directions of the rock.

3.3 Shearing strength

3 . 3.1 Test specimens

The specimens were rectangular slabs 1|- by 6- by 1-ln.

Three specimens were cut out of each of planes "a", "b” and

”c" making a total of nine specimens tested for each sample.

As shown in figure 6 a, the six specimens cut from planes ”a"

and "b” have the rift in a parallel direction with respect to

the direction of the load, while the specimens cut from plane

”c" have the rift in a perpendicular direction. The faces of

the specimens were ground with No. 80 silicon carbide on a cast iron lap until they were flat and parallel.

3.3»2 Test procedure

After the specimens were dried in an oven at 10^°C ± 2

^ for 2l|. hr and cooled to room temperature, they were tested in

a Baldwin Southwark 60,000 lb capacity hydraulic machine, with

the aid of a special shear punching device (figures 6 , 7 ).

This device consists essentially of a base plate carrying two

vertical guide rods and a 2 -in. diameter plunger provided with

a spherically seated bearing block at the bottom and a loading

table at the top. A heavy coll spring supports the loading

table and plunger at a convenient distance above the base plate

while the specimen is placed in position. In making the tests,

the load necessary to compress the spring until the plunger

makes contact with the specimen is determined and subtracted

from the load required to punch out a 2 -ln. disk.

3 . 3.3 Test results

The shearing strength of each specimen was computed by

the formula:

P

S = 2TTt

where P is the total load minus the load required to compress

the spring, and t is the thickness of the specimen.

Table 3 gives the shearing strength for all five samples

each tested in three directions of the rock.

5.
'/•./V . -*v^s:^40*tQi»io:j> e-iS) _ism '» S

i v .:.> }

"t jttl: ^02© ' 5.<^lq,;,

7 ^

47, p

/ ‘,? f

'f’3'

V i 'a.-.ij-, .-

1

.•'

.I ' •.•. Tr 'v;tk> ^

I'.hfht *ifv a

"

j • A-'"k ij^aL . ®»*xi.'5i>^. . ftf ;iu&5 cA

> 'ij. v>‘4;t^>.V^ 'i,^ :»'X4s *’4^ ‘fo.i'SiS ;}

• U?« , /..»i*J . '31;? Ilo ^

*- dvat^ /'’o;' ••2|

.- J.i f.v

' •>’- -

' • .^•.-. ".« j.Sk!ifU}‘ .qi~: ,a0%l

;<.' > f ’

' ^

f 7. • > » i.-f -T s'?'XA’

'••V t?f»j«j,o'.' C‘ifB ".j'i 4/3 !Sf’‘5; ' ' ) ’U:‘

'. a

•‘r-i^ii >:: •.wifi*,? ''iiiofsry a 'to istfe d^*"^

41 . V n

/ •

’'-4 e.feXga'i

aq:

-: • A .-4 6 '. j : 1 1 v''3 , . 4d-iti ®V

•-jii *t"» ^'".i ^r.*; '.''''.' i' /> .:'..it ‘*r(t dr, ,\'i - ^ ^•-i:,V-••t.:^ V :t,-;

•'J fti.r}*

’

rt, ^

' ?-*» ^ . ? ,v fcii,, .j,i

'

• ^ v-.T' ...', .jd 9 fiaoX

- * : -*• .'.•v.xs;' •'-kM.t ('Xtw ;o^?itcj^> , |,.-Jir- , 'I - 1-, r, oJ[

. . -„T^’ ,.

ifr

j'!-: “^11 1'

5=- e

A n}7j t

I

V ..v;,.;r ''•. r ; ^vi c'.'l o4d iij.r.

• 4f ’ fiX i Ltatf 7>,tr

t*.» T.i; 'f?J 3-9ryl;^ f;

... ,

. /•«:* '"» I <1 1 «.» ( .•»•; 0 fl ' I u.^ life *»4**1 id ' rx)
3.4 Porosity

In order to determine porosity it was first necessary to

determine the bulk density and true density values.

3 . 4*1 Bulk density

3 . 4*1*1 Test specimens and procedure

Five cylindrical specimens of the same size as those used

for the compression test and selected from different sections of

the rock so as to represent the sample, were tested for bulk

density. After drying for 24 hr at 104^C ± 2°, and cooled to

room temperature in a desiccator the specimens were first

weighed in air to the nearest 0.01 gm and after soaking in distilled water for 4^ hr, were weighed suspended in water.

3 . 4*1*2 Test results

The bulk density values were computed by the formula;

A

Bulk density = B - C

where

A = weight of the oven dried specimen

B = weight of the soaked and surface- dried

specimen in air, and

C = weight of the soaked specimen in water

Bulk density results are given in table 4*

3 . 4*2 True density

3 . 4 * 2 .! Test specimens and procedure

True density determinations were made on 55 grn samples

by determining the volumes with Le Chatelier flasks. First,

about 400 gm of fragments for each sample of rock were

selected from specimens used in the shear strength test. These

pieces were ground in an iron mortar until all of the samples

passed a No. 100 sieve. The powdered material was then dried

in a large shallow tray for 24 hr at 105 °C ± 2^ and after being

6 ,
/ .) •4^ . C

vj ii.n-'if i J'f'' ‘sliLud dffi < --

V<*- *“»•. ' .V f., ,' * •' -I’.* <.

nfci?- *‘4t:8 ! .''. 6**‘''-

-'!W1 'ii?? iV €^4^' .

fc!rN'*-d -i'civj ^»- I

t . ..».• » ;. /. , » . rv-'.v : :.q:I . «•« wft JI .,( . ,, "

-1, . ,’''iE4 '>-' i."v i:,f>5-*lA ' .^iif.'|saeo,v

A _ iL. 7 ^ ^ a . iX M ^'ZMf I ‘’^

I -.^i, .. 7 'f(i- ^/ ‘ ID :; nJ .beiiai^ J

S ‘I .xl b^i-y'S •:••>»,*. 64 T-o'i -Te;;< it.-/ . fe«>i

xfbr'" '<?T- r . !‘ |i;’t

m

\

• 'vi" ? ^i>J u

IP' ,'i^)

1^4 jflircf

'

.’, w5

^.

i: * '^*^1^' *> D 8

t. i ,3“,'

...'TVJt^. lO' j.r-’^ t'*®’W

rj^

•-1.4 ^'' '••' 'I t '

j • .Itr:- :4i{?,Xow « j „',

'

..,1 *->'.'u- *>,i; n.«»»tj e3'.iVe«i

Ml

»; « Sfin'^ ‘i>.!‘'.‘C

' * j

... «| H fonq? \ ! ' / ,:. 1 41*!? I . 5a » ti » E . M

‘:*if

,,

:'• I., ,''C, ^,j

' •<

.> ! ' ;w.,^q: rt,v, *!'•', 'iQ <03{ O0-3,.:,_

,«. Ijj, ^.•.•'

3

*

- fcT,r' ,^e<T WOll

z, i/> ill ©1^ a?

J‘

M { ;.«u>,

_

)•“

'*.

' r. 'OOX” oK ,.j^; &#:

.; '»•: . .. . .tf,

I I

' t' /. ..

<t¥Jj
cooled In a desiccator was stored in sealed glass jars until

tested.

Although many precautions are necessary to maintain the

accuracy and precision of this test, briefly, the method consists of taking an initial reading of a volume of kerosene in

the Le Chatelier flask, adding the 55»00 ^ of sample, followed

by a final volume reading of the liquid, (figure 8 ) , Each test

was made over a 2i| hr period at constant temperature, the latter

never varying more than 0.1 C between the first and last volume

readings

3.1+.2.2 Test results

The difference between the first and final readings taken

on the Le Chatelier flask, represents the volume of liquid displaced by the weight of sample used in the test. The true

density is calculated as follows:

weight of sample in gm

displaced volume in mJ0

Table L|. gives the true density values for the five samples

of rock. Three determinations were made for each sample.

3. 4*2.

Porosity calculations

Porosity values (table 4) were computed from the bulk

density and true density values by the formula:

p ^ Da -

Dfa (100)

D

a

where and D-j^ are respectively the true density and bulk

density. This method gives the total pore space regardless of

whether the pores are open or closed.

Complete descriptions of bulk density, true density, and

porosity tests are given in ASTM Book of Standards, 1954»

part 3 , page 1120.

True

density

7 .
, -fyUP

i'}%

•^^> isl'- ‘t-fi-tx>i^ri- sV.$ eft" Sj^Xbop. .

‘ -V.

' mi -.t/

i

f**" HP.'>/.>. •

. 6't s r;rc i :£rtis^ 'cfjiJtrihfo-iA. .

lo ' 'i<v. 'V' r>''

»3 :«ki0

:''’

‘ '•-'' ^"

*";,v 'gLiiSi--,.-

' ' ' *J?’‘-VMt',, ,

' '*‘ ii'd" 4‘£. ,C T^vq ©biJrm',, '8'3^;V

• '^' t'’

'

• » i’,0 * -^v:

#' --I

sC'-

I

^ !>-

>'l'

I

. ,. ’i I ' : iJ^^ r, a 'M -V. .1%% fb.;,'

’ * •'

^ c iii-: >>•'• 1^ • •k’idf itp

! ’-S^, ;

•; '»iSifa 5^ ©iid

'. ’-• a :? >p f u», Xao ef-:

•T* V;i».f \ -n: ,.•>'

^ ti I,' &

,V i ^Vi

»r -» .*4

: . *b t^tija&Hvi

,/, 4

’ >: \ .

' I -uri

i:,g';O A^ •”

. -jX ^^£T;i |( eit/Rf v <»'' •: pjan'rf’T v>^bo't ViK

'*•' vPft. IP.y'f'*

* ' ,

’t , .,,

,

V' ,X*'" 1 f'f^;. ; .'•('“W (

(' ' “ i .1 -).j ) s-yjjFf^/ Icii^eO'XO’!.

. :J :

'

' t'?-? // <:‘f)i;r;jS7 ‘jxT'iS

'* " , i a

^ Sf n

'..S'-iauJC

V,

' ''1 ' '-?•' VI'’

. i1:*H- %1‘c '*•.• ,-»?r ud bOB

,*f;pr dI' ‘in,' i.P® /O Of^lOCl

f I

I 'I .M i * “ * •‘*^'l:i M* r^v7,f .y^y> ^

m

^ j-
3.5 Toughness - or Impact resistance

3 . 5.1 Test specimens

The specimens were cylinders, 1-ln. in diameter and 1-ln,

high. Nine specimens were cored out of each of planes ’*a”,

"b”, and ”c”, making a total of 2? specimens for each rock

sample. The I 8 specimens cut from planes ”a” and ”b” have

the rift parallel with respect to the direction of the impact

load, while the specimens cut from plane ’*c” have the rift

perpendicular with respect to the direction of the load. The

ends of the specimens were ground with a No , 80 silicon carbide

on a cast iron lap until they were flat and parallel.

3 . 5.2 Test procedure

After the specimens were dried in an oven at 105°C ± 2^

for 2l| hr and cooled to room temperature they were tested on

a Page impact apparatus (figures 6a, 9). Tn this apparatus

the specimen is mounted on a heavy cast iron base. A steel

plunger with the lower end rounded rests on the specimen, and

a 2 kg weight is dropped on the plunger by a motor driven

sprocket chain. The height of the first drop is 1 cm and

each succeeding drop is increased by 1 cm. Since the force

of the impact is concentrated on the center of the specimen

by hemispherical contact of the plunger, the specimen usually

breaks in three or four approximately equal segments.

3 .

5.3

Test results

Table 5 gives the toughness values for all five samples

tested in three directions of the rock. The values indicate

the maximum height in cm of the 2 kg plunger just before the

specimen falls.

This test is described in ASTM Standards, 1955? Part 3?

p. 1239 . 3.6 Summary of test results

(sections 3.1 to 3.5)

Table 7 gives a summary of the average values obtained

for all samples, for flexural, compressive and shearing

strengths, bulk density, true density, porosity, and tough8 .
f

V, ^ ,. ‘

K ." ’VI •

L.v-

'•

ji[.V

(.; 4 rj|t>.!' ' yh •• ' ,.^J|

iv !. f

* f .'• '•• ' i

‘

• 9

* -' '^v.q*.

H

i Xe

£

r,:* 'r '* ir,^jfxT..k? :«:’•

I . ro /ix''

r^. •*

-!!#? -^*^.

t, '.. %bX s. ^/iTsm ;^|

!»\]^

^.-' ?/:(?£;• oo*ir Of*' :f 4/’’.

;r>.

•1,

I'ii L’g'X'it Brr.^m£ > sqf. 'I '

I '.n jorta

- V* :-i .. I > ,£! i q: "^iV ’’ ,b/

^'-' ‘•'TvOJ I - •' s

•:^ 6 .

:

* fi* t.nv.\ h;\'.r rf 3 j^* ^esgajtrMa^’

'•.; ,= -»••' -T ; '"••(f-Tfe' B t irfgls?#"'

J

9

/> S Afflgf

I ;- ’iv

^

,.;* *r<:>fP^'if. . ^nisrfo ‘ if!;>5ion'r‘qe^^^

'V.iJ.:. .. .'<-v '^:£ ;•' «•. to} jj I qortt

'•' 4»«h'.v .vfa

' •:'-:if.>irrj-(Wi(3'*y9p el ':#o'B,qi»:fl

caF*

I' V'. ‘-'i ''•;q pl' ' •; -»-3

'

't i: V.M<>^ c^tiXfT ?.j» 5 - fcevi;-,

’• 5, ,hr ;}vi(i,.)ri' r^/r V :{?\i o* .uri •V''v >

> ''nv ! i;..^ 0'itjt?

'Wei

. ?i n - T-

'^’J.V3''^ 3 v "n i-','ftnta*'''^ 3.^

-'- *j \ *

’->11 . % ru» » r; n*> » - >, * .jJri|'*a!U" '•^3*1 ’H

.
3.7 Modulus of elasticity - static method

3 . 7.1 Test specimens

The test specimens consisted of one compressive test specimen from each sample (Sec. 3.2.1). The rift direction in all

five specimens was parallel to the direction of the applied

load. Bonded wire rosette strain gages were cemented on opposite sides of each specimen with an epoxy resin cement. The

specimens were placed in a 60°C oven for about 12 hr after

the cement had cured for about 8 hr at room temperature. The

specimens were allowed to reach an equilibrium temperature in

the testing laboratory before the test was started.

3 . 7.2 Test procedure

The test specimens were loaded as described in Sec. 3.2,2

except that the loading rate was about 75 lb per sq in. per

sec while strain measurements were being made. (Figure 10).

Opposite gages were connected in series so that all readings gave average values of the strain at 180^^ points on the

specimen.

Measurements were made of the vertical and the circumferential strains in order to compute static values of Poisson’s

ratio

3 .

7.3

Test results

All strain values were corrected for the effect of the

interaction between the elements of the rosette gages by using

an auxiliary factor provided by the manufacturer. Poisson’s

ratio was computed from the ratio of circumferential to the

vertical strains. The modulus of elasticity was determined

from the slopes of the tangents to the stress- strain curves.

Test results are plotted as stress- strain curves (figure

11 ).

Since the values of the modulus of elasticity Increase as

the stress increases two values of each are given in the table

of results (table 7). The first value of the modulus of

elasticity given is the minimum value of each as estimated

from the slope of the initial tangent. The second value given

is for the tangent drawn at a polnb corresponding to two thirds

the maximum stress.

9 .
MW

>h' \

:'4'"

.» ,

' ^. r' ( V*} X.

1 - i I. !:^y

'}. 1 •' 4 ’ 1' X

, ..j f4

^

' A

i'gnpT’aa ' .iiO'ti

' . ^ ii

.

' ^i' rzB^' - • 1Jij^ i;<«>« 6,

•

^ -sH'" ' ‘I

• .^ -rjvir-'' >*-^-"' V;T * cfnsi^^

L.--^-* . r,iil^4 : , X vp'fe

• ••* i

':: fv«d irtt> >r •»&•;•>«; I»>S‘p ,

' , /:oq d:,! ^1 -..-u :rl

••t c.

; iV-^JX-XQ^ ill- ':v’^|feOQ<j0 'f '4.^

.c:0ni^oeql|j;<

'‘_'f- i < B .tfJtli‘-'t W asuu.v.v 30 }iSK(ByB a

' ‘ b»n .• "' I J "I a \p S''M t'C o&rjiiT 6.7i>w B{f

•,j -,-. ^ ! nii /jo fc- •“.<:> fil lal.^tn®

-

’ ' .OllSIvS'

''

o-'i'r i'^'i" jfiB'T ,V,r

,i-.T’ii..oi sift 1 o e.i

I _. rvtp>r}j'(_i.r, «r/:> -;^r; bel3 l:v-vi^,q. ^'ocroB^. ^u'IXix;^ii ,'i^v

; u ^ ' '.;- ivliaq ^>9^0^00' gaw

i ^ 1 XtiB f %0- et/rx^L-'vw . .e-ftXB’XXa

t*‘r r;«t-'-TT»qlft Pifi'. D.| r,''J't'rfe?.‘,rr-er;i' <?i;{ii "io •If^Q'ClS prfX TO

i ' ; I^IL,

f'.'

1

; i. X

I < .

,

')a je^X" ©^’T .(V cJIuftOT ^

cl

* - • - - - . - . cl* ,? "!;,) itiml.ilrn ‘Wtit \;dXo.fjq^

' ^ iriJtu.; a i»j* na'iuixBBT'e

^ » ' jfc" jj
1|. PHYSICAL TESTS: SECOND PART

(Sonic Methods)

4.1 Test specimens

The test specimens used in the sonic measurements were the

flexural specimens described in Section 3 . 1 * 1 .

4.2 Test procedure

The procedures followed were essentially those as outlined in ASTM C 215-^5T; Tentative method of test for fundamental

transverse, longitudinal, and torsional frequencies of concrete

specimens. Figure 12 is a photograph showing the equipment

with a test specimen in position for the determination of a flexural (transverse ) resonant frequency.

4.3

Velocity of sound, dynamic modulus of elasticity,

modulus of rigidity, and Poisson’s ratio,

4.3.1 Velocity of sound

The velocity of sound through the specimens was computed

using the relation:

V = 2nSi

where n = fundamental longitudinal frequency

Ji = length of the specimen

Since Rayleigh’s correction for these specimens was only about

0.5 percent, no corrections were made for shape.

4.3.2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity

4. 3.2.1 Longitudinal vibrations

Dynamic modulus of elasticity (Fp) was computed using the

relation:

Ed = V^yO

where V = velocity of sound from Sect. 4 * 3.1

p = welght/ln. ^/g ^ g = 386 in./sec^

10 .
I

• 4>

: *

f\/irr €fd^ uti .'|j|!!?t<^ '7.

.*"’?' -nt *?q-i> .l8’(i^ e^'v

' S

..>1 ^

11 ‘f^ . ji >

1-^1 **’M L.^w/. ftXfl.*"'.. ?<

• V,

:;.^ ‘KTfcA at t>^ri^t ;"j

i

*-.--.; * ,.»-.vv ’V3 .* •'(.P .•; i ;»)flf;^fej: r*;- ? .. <»•«%<.

'

•'i • .,5j :<| vr

'- • { '»•' '

‘

.: j^ •: .?: ':?'£ '.;

'

:’ •_/•=»•.•. # b "f‘.* an*- ,1 J

' fft'OM * i

-‘;. is rf^' Sv-.

,

'•,- . j vvi^p- . n >> n.c- « ^ ;t ) X »*t jLfx o'/.T: ' .'

\; "i ! • L

' 'icvii. . ,,«>M F«'.'>< L.^tr/ I.T,

'*

I

'

' o 1 vr.i I 1^ I'l ly: '•!

"I: {, d (Tiv kC-' i- i >3 - ' ''f .1?

Xsatrxo'Xl .'

'- ;

• ; A' V

• .”,

'' 'MB ^yj' ft- r;

o, V. t j .3 ai, g* V £ .'^i

‘i

’ f: = ci" I fi’- ti-’- , I

' i

''

rj;uin ‘-o :.x

.AX'^V’n* .V *». v:^ 1&oJ*sy qcHV:

’ < 1' ©il:#

•InX ^

^

•p %a -

' - «

rt'.oe ‘ •Toj'-‘Tj <^ 3 ao *' ' in' , df4ieo1 «iq

y .-Uial .- ’*.r ‘ i.!);J vl'-CV ».C

.

' > / V f'r i: 1; * ! ; I £ , iS

• ' .

'.^'® i

''

ru-' i’1%. ((2'TT \;‘il3 £;^!" ‘)I« !'^ 5c/^‘yfeojr olir^uz^'

<\ f " C3^,

'.I 'j*(ni'5V'j; *: ' ,'^i tyc-I A* V’-

j t^ i

’ r ~ i

> C*# •^'' Oy

--'^

-i

• '* --'1

0- t:
4 . 3 - 2.2 Flexural (transverse) vibrations

Dynamic modulus of elasticity was computed using the relation ;

CWn^

weight of specimen

shape factor which is also a function of

Poisson’ s ratio

fundamental flexural frequency

The factor C was determined from the relation:

C = .00245 , sec^ per In.^

b t 3

L = length of specimen in in.

t,b = dimensions of cross-section of specimen in

in. , t being in the direction in which it is

being driven.

T = values as obtained by interpolation from a table given by Gerald Pickett in his paper

’’Equations for Computing Elastic Constants

from Flexural and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Vibration of Prisms and Cylinders,

Proc. ASTM, Vol. 45 » page 846.

E

D

where W

C

n

Since the value of C depends on the value of Poisson’s

ratio and since there is some question regarding the correct

value of Poisson’s ratio for these samples, the values obtained

for Eq by flexural vibrations cannot be considered as precise

as the values obtained from the longitudinal vibrations.

Two values of flexural Ej^ were obtained for each specimen

by vibrating the specimens in two directions.

11 ,
j* ' ( ^ife>v5 rtAHy }. , S ,t..- 'li

«mli/2>0i9 o ^ men-v^I ,

..i

^nV.q i3

. 1

0 ' '

. '*1

'.^T! W 0*iioriH-Ts

t

>' - w^

.7 7

.-:

k .

‘

:f’" -f-t:.'- „

•

' '

C- - -. c. j j ,

'V

*' -

1‘

:.,? 'cf

.i fi tjrl u-'' "’^09 O'

9- To'‘iJ[^'’|/* 0 l. :s J

'< f'»‘

i ::>3 c

''""

v-*‘T

'- iiol '.'f !;> e 5Ji s

' (.y . : *;.n I'fc i

’! *' t

':’’ I !

t, T. J. t ifi: ’, ./ti

:.m

r >S

"

i "' Crig.: jt >; r .5

s^';i T

:> ,u-. . '.‘ a -/) h- >• rfi ',

'"i ;i-jjaj»02.T)S Cm<ylv*.o'T ona

• »•- V- . i , w^. HV‘6'” :". ' "Ht'j 'noJ 1hr tV "i *. * ‘'>r)p'

I L

'-r ej?v fio 'j-O' t'WXisv 0

^

*1 **': i **!<*•. ‘•>'..7 .--il ; , -V -J .H-At fe^roeaio? to

. jii'- 'T'‘- [ jurri £:Vxtt^3!Xt tO

• K? >•.-. ••rife .Chv;# (il I9iit

r

,, .(iii

.^ii^
4.3.3

Modulus of rigidity

(Modulus of elasticity in shear)

Dynamic modulus of rigidity G- was computed using the

relation

G = B Wn2^

where

B = shape factor value computed from relations

developed by Pickett in his paper mentioned

in Section 4.3.2.

fundamental torsional frequency

W = weight of specimen

4 .

3.4

Poisson’s ratio

Poisson’s ratlo>^t<r was computed from the dynamic moduli

of elasticity and rigidity using the relation:

E

D

2 G

1

Negative values of Poisson’s ratio were obtained for all

specimens in which the rift was perpendicular to the specimen

length with the exception of the G-1 sample which showed positive values for all specimens.

4.4

Test results

Table 8 gives the test values for velocity of sound, dynamic

modulus of elasticity, modulus of rigidity, and Poisson’s ratio

for all specimens tested. Table 9 gives the average values for

the same properties for the five samples of rock.

12 .
! r

I •

u r ?j I

t ^

. ,

. tj

>d:,

fl*5' 'tr.a' 'Js^/ )

' [}j ‘

I «• •S wn

,c* 9>^ -i) V * fi.fc-.Uj'&s/p! qf,|ifjnff^<t.

•*

.

'Tr

Pj' >f'«j-x;;rc ti,ix£j?rv *x65*p4!»l ** d

' ^

'

^>Cp: ..'J

^*<-.' I:;:- C..«‘

;^Jt/.'- '?7i .!|P

«'<^0fldO5 nr? To P,«^.>A^t9K'

, .*- Ft * ‘|l> ^ ' ^ ><•* lli , •

~iiix -Va

” L L' 1 2^ 1^',',,-.

«

J.

‘- ' .....^-^f,' -- , ^ >K--. ,

' os"^; '

•^,mr .••j.3'»T> 'J f:;X^ lo .t'Sif.4!/^v ,is»v

r»' »r>,w v,i.\;t iflt .en«»n.to,©Cji&

' -f-' ••/;} ac'j-c^4'f.\x^ eilj ffd iw ^ W - ^ ' , m. 4'S_"

. n » r« *^0-l eftjS/iaV

1

1.

': /-t .! v*<.«T ,j^ , f^

-iw-iv:^

..'•ic'if;, T'i'T . ;,i \'55'(.ijp, 6

t f rt-^l' t^i'r ifc ^Yil'oTiwealiJ To

v.+a SBv'nj, ^S/-
Table 1. Flexural strength.

Designation

of sample

“Fl-e-xur-aT strength

Parallel to bed ’Perpendicular to bed

p SI

Sample No. 1-1

3 specimens cut from:

psi

1

T

t Plane a t

T 1,400 1

t

2,100-”-

1,900-”-

!

1

t

t

1 Plane b

t

1

\

O

O

1

— 1

1

—

1

\

t

2,500-;;-

!

t

t

T

1

T

t

Plane c

I

t

T

t

t

t

t

1

2,500

2,500

2,500

t

!

t

1

! Sample No. 1-2

f

f

t

I

1

I ’3

t specimens cut from: ’

!

t

t

!

!

t

I

t

Plane a

t

f

t

1,300 t

t

T

2,500-;:-

2,400-::-

t

t

t

1

t

1

Plane b t

t

t

1,400

1,500

t

t

t

2 , 500-”- t

t

t

t

t Plane c

t

t

T

— — t

1

t

2,000

2,000

2,000

1

t

t

t.Sample No. 2-1

t

t

I

t

?

f

t,3 specimens cut

t from: ,

t

t

f

t

T

1

1

Plane a

t

t

t 1,200

t

I

t

2,000-”-

1,900-”-

\

T

t

t

t

1

Plane b

t

\

t 1,100

1,100

t

t

1

1 , 900-”-

1

!

\

t

I

t

1

Plane c

I

t

\

I

t

!

t

t

000 000

["-lALn

*s

I

— 1

(

— 1

!

—

t

1

T

t
[

3 »'

if

P
Table 1. Flexural strength (continued)

’ Designation

’ of sample

t

t Flexural strength

t

t Parellel to bed

t

, Perpendicular to bed 1

T

t psi ’ psi

?

! Sample No. 2-2 f 1

t 3 specimens cut

1 from:

t

!

f

1 Plane a t

I 1,400

1,100

1 2 , 300-::-

t

1

t Plane b T

t 1,000 » 2,000-::-

t 1,900-::-

t Plane c T

1

T

t 1,900

t 1,600

« 2,000

t Sample G-1

3 specimens cut

1

T

t from: ,

t

t

!

t Plane a

1

t

t 4,400 I 4,000-::-

, 4,100-"-

Plane b

!

t CO0

0

0

0

0 1 4,200-“-

t Plane c

!

!

t

t

Tt

1 3,900

, 3,800

, 4,000

t

t

“Perpendicular to bed on edge; (see figure 2).
'

«

H

J,r

?T 't

I5»

^ ^S^crd*3tfB- Iff'ii/£i^'I'^ .. i t>j:tf<aT ;'.\

't t r r

I*

r:

I »

ralctei?:g.|:e©G

: :i24^C'‘-“

' H'lSij'il iifi) HMCjenfjtsyafire'®! t

' » 1 ^ • '
Table 2 . Compressive strength.

!

f

t

t psi T

t psi t

? psi t

t ’No.

T 1-1 ’

J

t

?

I

i

t

1 '15

t

f

specimens

t

30,700 ’ 30,300 ’ 29,800 ’ 30,700 ’ 32,900 ’

30.400 ’ 28.400 ' 34,800

30,400

31,500

t

t

t 26.500 ’ 27.500 ’ 31.500 '

t

t

1

T 34.900

28.900

!

t

t

t

t

t Avg,

1 30,900 ’t

— Ml

^ 28,900 '

! 32,100

t

f

!

Designation of

sample

, Compressive strength , Specimens cut from: ’

’ plane "a"

’tested parallel

to bed

’ plane '*b’’ * plane "c" ’

’ tested parallel ’ tested perpendl-’

’ to bed ’ cular to bed ’

1 ? I

No. 1-2

l 5 specimens

Avg.

28.900

28.600

32,800

33.600

33.900

31,600

33,400

25.000

36.000

30.000

36,700

32,200

30,700

40,300

34,100

28.800

30,000

32.800

No. 2-1

15 specimens

Avg,

24,800

25,000

26,100

24,500

25,900

25,300

25.800

23.900

24.800

24.900

24,700

24,800

25,000

25,000

22,800

23,600

25,200

24,300
• ' ’’V

''n.%, §X'ditf 1

A,

: »'

. .j;

... V

'- •.. ' I.

\J

nc"

i IC/;

,

: ' .'

V’ I'.i- ^ .^^ f

'? ut

r;\:r 6f

•I ‘Px

")*

M..

i I* ‘ ,

*

<i'd

»' :V1

' '"'

,on::,;:

'?>

, 0^1,* a?

t ’Jt

siD'jp.

yi« I

'^l—1' 'n I

» 0^3^c^.,l£

1 8^ « 0 vi^ ;' 5

, •ir**ip»- -*/*< . »I>«|»T«» -

008 . 4-:;

O'OX . 8^

OOC-'.^S

- ifM -

‘ <T.?

POi ,?5
Table 2. Compressive strength (continued).

Designation of

sample

plane ’*a"

tested parallel

to bed

p si

Compressive strength

^ Specimens cut from: t

’ plane ”b^’ ' plane ’*c” ’

' tested parallel ’tested perpend!-’

' to bed ’ cular to bed '

!

» »

, psl s psl ,

No. 2-2

t t

t t t

li| specimens ,

Avg.

27,600

22,500

25,100

26,600

26,600

25,700

26,600

25,i|00

25,000

28,000

25,300

26,100

28,600

29,600

25,800

24 ,Il.OO

27,100

t t t

I * t

t t t f No . G- 1 j j I t 15 specimens 53.500

54,100

52.500

51,800

52,500

49,200

48,700

52,600

55,400

51,800

49,300

52,000

44,700

54,600

55,400

Avg. 52,900 51,500 ! 51,200

J t

I

Table 3. Shearing strength.

Designation of

s amp 1

Shearing strength

plane "a”

Specimens cut from:

plane » plane ”c"

tested parallel ' tested parallel* tested perpendito bed * to bed * cular to bed

No. 1-1

f 9 specimens

Avg.

p SI

4,700

6,000

5,600

5,400

P SI

5,000

6,100

4,900

5,300

psi

6,400

5,400

6,000

5,900

No. 1-2

9 specimens

Avg.

5,700

5,400

5,900

5,700

6,800

7,200

6,700

6,900

7,900

7,900

6,400

7,400

No. 2-1

9 specimens

Avg.

5,800

6,100

4,800

5,600

5,200

5,000

5,100

5,100

5,600

6 , 600

6,800

6,300

No. 2-2

9 specimens

Avg.

3,000

2,900

3,000

3,000

2,800

2,800

3,100

2,900

2,800

3,000

4,300

3,400

No. 0-1

9 specimens

Avg.

7,200

9,600

7,500

8,100

8,700

8,300

9,300

8,800

8,900

8,000

8,600

8,500

Table Bulk density, true density and porosity.

t T f Designa- ’ tlon of ' sample ’

Bulk

density

' True

^ density

t

, Porosity

!

I t I percent

1

—

1

(

—o • 2.618

2.61?

2.618

2.617

2.616

» 2.652

1 2 . 656

» 2.653

1

t

1

t

f

t 1.39

1

t Avg. t 2.61? 1 2.654

I

I

C\) 1

— 1

o • 2.603

2.605

2.603

2.603

2.605

1 2.635

2.634

, 2.635

f

t

t l.lS

I Avg. , 2.604 I 2; 635

I

I — I. I

t No. 2-1 J

t

t

t

!

2.628

2.629

2.628

2.623

2. 626

; 2.654

2.648

, 2.652

!

*

T

t 0.91

t

f Avg . »

t 2.627 » 2.651

t

t

(

t No. 2-2 ,

t

T

t

1

2.631

2.632

2.626

2.629

2.627

I 2,648

t 2.648

t 2.648

t

t

f

! 0.72

t

1

f Avg. '

t 2.629

I - .1 n. . ,

' 2,648

t

t

!

? No. G-1 I

t

I

!

t

3.030

3.036

3.033

3.032

3.032

! 3.042

, 3.044

, 3.042

T

f

{

?

! 0.33

t

t Avg.

1 3.033 ' 3.043

!

f
f 1 -'*

i < >

»

' ’'X 'i>* ' '^

' " ' isi

' '

r

-

i f?o.c

,t.

^ ko'-f.

, vii'i.^: f f.£o,e,

k III 5C0.C

r t

-

- (d!

i.

KKt^"

M-
Table 5. Toughness (Impact Hardness).

Designation of

sample

Toughness

plane "a"

Specimens cut from:

plane plane ”c”

tested parallel 'tested parallel ’ tested perpend!-

to bed ’ to bed ’ cular to bed

Height of drop at failure (cm)

No

t

—

1

11— 12, 10, 10

t

» 11, 12,

« 9 » 11, 11, 13

27 spe cimens 7, 12, 8 ' 11, 11, 11 » 11, 13, 14

10, 11, 10 ’ 10,

T 11, 11 »

T 11, 10, 11

Avg. 10 f 11 1

t 12

No 1 C\J 11— • 10, 10, 9

t

t 11, 11,

t 9 » 13, 11, 13

27 specimens 10, 10, 12 f 10, 10, 9 t 11, 12, 11

12, 11, 10 ' 11,

1 14, 13 '1 12, 13, 13

Avg. 10 t

V 11 !t 12

No. 2-1

27 specimens

Avg.

7, 7,

8 , 6 , 4, 7,

7

8

8

7

7, 7, 7

7, 6, 7

6, 7, 7

7

9, 9, 9

9, 10, 8

10, 9, 10

9

No. 2-2

27 specimens

Avg.

5 , 5 , 6 , 6 , 4 , 6 ,7

3

6

5

8 , 6 , 6

7, 6, 7

6, 5, 7

7, 8, 8

9, 10, 9

8, 9, 8

8

20, 24,- 25

24, 21,, 23

23, 22,, 22

23

No. G-1

27 specimens

Avg.

24, 21,

26, 28,

20, 24,

24

23

24

24

24, 21, 24

25, 26, 23

24, 21, 27

24
".JL.

'f ',' •»>;

r, n

9:I<T=fTfle

'”' *'•V :'' '•

- r.!'/

': V' .fe/dP; .^, .- - »^5:£52

6? \s:-L -t a ^ .

' X

f , Xi'

XX ,tL

'U

Si

^ \u: .T ;*

01. ;ix ,o.r’'

1

w,S r

..I-X ToC-'

, *nif('«fo9qife.

- , •

«

' <

, J f ,

*' .1

.4 4 ?>' .ox .ox

.ii 1 f < ax .-^, 0X j sr .,ox ,ox

.a • 1 & ,l£' 1 f r

- 1

• (xt

f

'' I-:! I

a , a .4

i *"

. S S » 5 »5 » V a ,? »

4 ' ^ .

.', , 0; V, ' ,T ( c *a ,,a t

1 1 » . d ,4 *

t 1 1 »

( < i 3; 1 r V ,.. f, V t

, 4

''

, 0£

^ s . i;s' . 4$ !

( * -V '^t .

. I

t ’•

4

*' 4'S . es

1

t

" XS il5

,5S' ,a?

fl 4^^ ^ 4 - m i , ( •i»

'I it I*

p >

.: 1

>4
Table 6. Summary of test results (average values).

Property Direction

of test

Sample No. —» r 1-1 1-2 2-1 2-2 G-1

Flexural ’parallel to bed

strength 'perpendicular to

psi t " to bed on

’ 1,400’

bed * 2,500’

edge' 2,200’

1,400’

2,000’

2 , 500 ’

1,100

1,600

1,900

1 , 200 ’

' 1,800’

’ 2 , 100 ’

4,100 ’ 3,900 ' 4,100 ’

Compressive

strength

psi

, parallel to bed

’perpendicular to

'29,900;

bed ’32,100’

t t

31,900,

32 , 800 ’ 25,00024,300

t t l25,900|

’ 27 , 100 ’

I t

52.200 , 51.200 ’

-r -r -r -r Shearing

strength

psi

, parallel to bed

iperpendicular to

t’ 5,400,’

bed , 5,900t

6,300,

7,400,

5,400

6,300

3,000’,

, 3,400,

8,400 , 8,500 ,

, , , , Bulk

density

, 2 . 617 , 2.604, 2.627 , 2 . 629 , 3.033

True

’ density

' 2.654'

, , 2.635' 2,651,

' 2 . 648 '

t , 3.011.3

Porosity ; 1.39 ; 1.18 ! 0.91 t I 0.72 I 0.33

Toughness ^ o r imp act , hardness to ted

(height of’ to drop at ’ failure) ’ bed

{ T

5 f

f T

’ 10 ’

I „ „ » 12 ,

10

12

24

23

Table 7 . Static stress- strain determinations,

Sample

No.

t

t

t Minimum value

(estimated from

initial tangent)

10 ° psi y

’ Values

2/3 maximum

at

stress

1

!

1

»

t

; eV

1 108 psi

' Poisson’

’ ratio

1

Maximum

3' stress

!

1 psi

1-1

1

I

t 3.8

t

’ 8.7

T

T

t

! + .20

t

’ 30,700

I 1-2 f

f 4.2 ’ 9.4

t

T

t + .17 ’ 29,000

t 2-1 ?

t 3.5 ' 9.4

I

I

t

t

t

+ .25 ' 26,800

f 2-2 1

T 3.4 » 8.5

t + . 21+

' 22,500

t G-1 t

t 9.4 ' 15.1

t

1

t + .22 ' 51,800t

\/ E = Modulus of elasticity

Table

8

.

Physical

tests

-

sonic

methods

(all

specimens).

m

d

o o

m .H

K) “H CCi O

P-i

vOO'C^HOHO^O^rH

rHCV)C\JC\JC\)-h-C\lC\)ro vD rHI>-mi>-O^COOI>-

vD (\j 1-0 1—1

1—I I—I c\j I—

I

ml-f\0 rH ln\ _d- C\J sO vD <^CV)rHiHrHHC\JOO

I I I I I

vD ’H

cp o m \ I—I ft o-|

H iHOiHO^vOmO-^

i-OvOsOvni-rM>-o^o o^

CO (Xj-cfoco oj ft o o

sO vD l-OvD -ztl-O 0 0^ 0^ ^ cO-^CM-::MOO [ft COo- O^CO [>-l-P\l-OCO CO CO

I—I I—I I—I I—I I—I I—

I

C\J I—ll—ll—ll—ll—ll—ll—ll—ll—

I

I—I I—I I—I I—I I—I I—I I—

I

w

CD

fciO CtfvD Q O

CD ft >

cC

•Hm \ft 'o

cOvO _zj--h-l-AlAvO loco

lOft ft lO loco O ft o

CO ft ^ C^lOvC C\jCO lo

OJ CM OJ ft -Jirtlh-lOlO-cjI>- rOvD sD cOvO CM MD o- sOCO coOnOvDvO COCO

CM -h-ft^CM CM -h-lOlOlO lOlOCMlOCM CM. cOCM CM ftJ-cO CO

-P

05 sO ft

ft O ra \

H ft ft ft lOl

ft CO CO _zj-10 CO CO CM ft vD CM CM-lOlOO CO O CO

lOMD CO CO ft cOvD O -ct CM ft ft O-h-OtCMlOcolOOOcocoCMftCMCO

O-COlOftvD O-vD COCO

CM -h--h-CM CM lOftflO-h lOlOCMlOCM CM. CO CM CM -d-co CO

m

d

o5 O

^I5 -P

lx! o5

CD !h

I 1 rb

ft ft>

CD

ft] bftO *H

ft TO O CO ft CD ft ft

-ij-lOOftMOlOCOlO-CO OOOIOCOCOCMCOO ft ftMO CM CO ft Iftco lo- lOOOMDsDO-ftftft COCO cooo -h--h-10 -olio lOMD CM ftxO O-vO O CO

CM -ot-rlCM CM PllOlOlO -CM ftj-CM CM . -COCM CM -olPd'CO md I O 05 ft P

-P ft O ft

CD >

PhH ft

ftd

CCS

COd ft O ft

•H

OS CO d d

ft o

ft ft

ft

-P o5 •H Ph bOft

d ft o >

ft

p O ft Ph

vO •H

ft O CO ft ft fto

0

-ft- m

ft o\I—I • ft •H

-ft-vD co_ft-10 CM O lOPl _ft-vD(0> lO-ft ft 0-10 0 xD lO cO cO CM -ft- O- CO O

-ft ft ft -ft-ft O O CM ft lO lO CM lO 101010- 10-10 10- CO cO OlOlOlOcO CO

CO

CM -ft-ftCM CM lOlOlOlO lOlOCMlOCM CM. CM CM CM -ftco CO

Ift-ftvDCO O CM O O O CM lO- O- COCO CO COlO O co CM lO lO CM ft-ft) lO- lO-

• •••••••• ••••••«••

CO O CO CO O CO coft) lo ftftCMlOft)ftD cocoo COCMCMCOftftftllOft

CO CO CM CO O ftftftft ftft CO ft CO CO coco CO coft CO O O O co CM CM

I—ll—I I—ll—ll—li—ll—I I—ll—I I—I I—ll—ll—1 I—ll—ll—ll—ll—ll—ll—ll—ll—

I

ro

ft I ft O 05 ft •H Ph o5 -P ft O -H 0 >

Ph •H (ft P O

CD

ft ft O ft

•H ft

ft Ph 0

ft o 05 ft Ph ft Oft p

o5ta5o5ftftftooo 'Mcdctiftftftooo o5o5a5ftftftooo

I •HO ft 0 0

p e m

ft CM cOftJ-lOft lO-CO CO I—I CM cO-ft-lOvO O-CO CO ft CM cOftHOxD lO-CO CO

0

I 1 P

m

CM

I

I—

I

I CM

Table

8.

Physical

tests

-

sonic

methods

(all

specimens).

(continued)

m

o o m .H

CO -p •H CC) O in Ph

O p1 cM>- 0-OO^vDC\]

I—I I—I -cj" I—I (\J O rHrHiHC\JrHiHC\JC\JC\J

C5 HD •H O CO

1

1 ft

©

faO cd vO "H

1 P o CO © fH ft >

cd

I—I PTC I—I I—I I—I T-TN I—I O

ou>ovcosOvocoo(m

QOT-Aoono-oJCXJO^O

I—I C\J CO C\J I—I I—I I—I O

I—I I—I I—I I—I I—I rH I—I ej rH T-rM_0\_^'LP\Lr\U\UAnA'Lr\

lAvD [^rO-ctOvO l>-C\J

pj-vopd-f^i^-oo-cxj o

_::j-0^<\IOOOO^vOO^

(\J rOH-:::hr— nM^-sO o

ro OJIAlA-d-CXJPd-PfLA C\J(\JrHrOrHH(\|C\JOJ

rHi—li—li—li—li—li—li—li—

I

m H j;::

CCJ O

U *H

-p

CCJ u

>

CD

pL, 4J

p!H CCvO *H\ o CO ml

mOvDO^O'OrHHCO

-cj- o-m m ovo rH

iH moj mo- Hti>- vo CO r-vo m

'p H ft ro c\jmm-:ic\j. C\jC\JHrOHrHC\J(\J<\l

<ptiCkO *H

Td O CO

<D iH ft

rCO O O PiHD O m (>- sO CO Pimm o 00 m o

mmoo mo o-vo cm m rH CM rH COcO HD CO O

m CMmmptmpiPim CMCMHcOrHiHCMCMm

I—li—li—li—If—If—IrHrHf—

I

I n

c

aj

as CO d Pi •H O

TO .H

-P

-P Cd •HbO^

C *H O >

Pi

tod

O CCl •H

•H rO O .H CO ® > sn -P oft

•H ft *H *H O O -P fn

S.0 *H

ft o to ft rH ft o

©

Pi ra ft o\ !> rH • H

O' OHD HD mco IftCO CM

CM pIpICM IftHDOO H o

m CM mmpicM pipim (MCMOmftrHCMCMCM

rHi—If—If—If—If—If—If—If—

I

HD vO CO CM O Pi P-CO 1>- Plr^O CM mo CM O HD m ooHDomoocM H oplpimopimpi

fH rHfHfHfHrHfHf—li—

I

COCMl-lftCMrHCMfHm O O f—I O O f—If—If—

I

CMCMrHCMCMCMCMCMCM

COC I T)

O CO •H Ph -p ft O .H © >

•H ft « O -p

cO

COPi -p O ft

'H «H

p, ©

-P, s q O cO

;:5 fH Oft ft

CO COcOftftftOOO COcOcOftftftOOO

I •Ha ^

© ©

ft a

CO

rH CM mpimHD IftCO CJ' H CM mplmHD IftCO o

©

f—

I

ft

* E O

I ^ m

CM ct

ao

p

ft

ftft -p ft H

m) •H C bO

cd •H • P CO • Pi ^ ft O -p ft O -H K

ft -P ©

CO cd -p fn ^ fH Cd ft rH ft © f—

1

ft li -H © pi ft > CO o

ft O — •H f—

1

O a ft ft ©

cd C5 Pi f—

1

© © Pi © f—

1

bO •H O ft ft cd cd a ft fU ft fH P 3 © cd © cd © G fH ft ft > i>i o Q

p ft ft

1 •

II II a

1 I o

C5

fn ft H

a © a ft o bO o cd p ft fn f—

1

ft © ft ft

• ft c ft Pi ft ft © ft © a ft • •H > •H >

-P CO O H O H

o •H Pi •H ^ •H fn CO O o ft ft ft ft

•H »H CO ©

ft -P -P cd C Cd c

o CO Cd H © f—1 ©

Cd fn © ft © rd ft f—1 ft J2 13 -p © H ft ft •H > o © o w

o ft Pi c

o O H CO o © o H Cd 0 H d H

© w s H ft H ft > pS H li Cd d as H ft ft fn ft P-f

f—

1

pi O ft O ft

Cd ft -p a -H a ft d O H > >

• »H a bo O o

fH ft H f—

1

•H f—

1

o o a as a cd © -P •H 1—

1

Cd fn cd fH

fn *H a d p,• d d

• pS bO cd g ft R © ft R ©

bO C PI o P 0) © p © ©

•H O ft p 1—

1

•H f—

1

•H ft ft p ft II ft II ft 12 © II II © ft E

CO >

Table 9. Summary of sonic test results (average values).

Sample

No.

I

' Directions

’ of specimen

'length and rift

t

1 I

! r

' V ’

1 10^ in . /se c

1

t

t 10^ psi’

t

t

1 0 , psi'

!

Pols son ’ s ratio

1-1

I

, perpendicular I 99.8 2.54 1 1.57 1 -.19

1-1

1 parallel 139.^ 4. 76' 1.81

'

t + .31

1-2

1

, perpendicular ! 95.5 1 2.39 1 1.51 - .21

1-2

r

, parallel CO vO CO 11— 4.86 , 1.78 1 CO + CO

2-1

* perpendi cular

I 101;. 0 1 2.78 ] 1.60 1 -.13

2-1 parallel

! 133.5 1 4.38 ; 1.84 ; +".18

2-2 perpendicular I 107.2 1 3.00 ; 1.69 I - .11

2-2 parallel : 141.5 ; 4.93 ; 1.86 1 + .33

G-1 perpendicular ; 200.4 ; 11.47 ; 5.06

' + .13

G-1 parallel I 212.0 1 12.75 5.22 + .22

V = Longitudinal velocity of sound.

E^= Dynamic modulus of elasticity.

G = Modulus of rigidity.

RIFT DIRECTION

PLANE a

FIGURE I. DIAGRAM SHOWING LOCATION OF RIFT AND

DESIGNATION OF PLANES FOR EACH SAMPLE

OF ROCK TESTED.

RIFT

PERPENDICULAR PARALLEL

TO BEDDING TO BEDDING

PERPENDICULAR

TO BEDDING

(ON EDGE)

FIGURE 2(a) DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW FLEXURE TEST SPECIMENS

WERE CUT FROM PLANES a,b AND C, AND THEIR

RELATIONSHIP TO RIFT DIRECTION OF SAMPLE.

(b) THE RELATIONSHIP OF RIFT DIRECTION TO

DIRECTION OF LOADING IN FLEXURE TEST.

Pig, 3 » Device for measuring flexural strength showing brick

shaped specimen in position for test.

LOAD LOAD

i I

r -\ nm

! 1 1 TESTED

PARALLEL

1 TO RIFT — 1 1 1 . (OR BEDDING)

TESTED

PERPENDICULAR

TO RIFT

FIGURE 4(a) DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW COMPRESSIVE TEST

SPECIMENS WERE CUT FROM THE SPECIMENS

USED IN THE FLEXURE TEST.

(b) THE RELATIONSHIP OF RIFT DIRECTION TO

DIRECTION OF LOADING IN COMPRESSION TEST.

Compression test, showing cylindrical specimen

between 2 l/2 in. hardened steel bearing plates

and specially designed spherically seated bearing

block supporting the assembly.

LOAD

PARALLEL

TO RIFT

(OR BEDDING)

/ ! LOAD

TO RIFT

FIGURE 6 (a) DIAGRAM SHOWING HOW SHEARING AND IMPACT TEST

SPECIMENS WERE CUT FROM PLANES a,b AND C, AND

THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO RIFT DIRECTION OF SAMPLE.

(b) RELATIONSHIP OF RIFT DIRECTION TO DIRECTION OF

LOADING IN SHEARING TEST.

^p

'^11 ' I

;,h" * 1

[^*^ 1 a

•H

(De

•HO®

pHm

-p

•H

:s®o

•H>®

bOP

•H-P

CO • ® -P

4J) CO P Pi ® <+H

bD P P O

•H P

,PO «H P tn P O

fP pH

(P

bD

•H

[in
r

/ r

c c

~

k.

* V.

I

>•5
1 Pig. 8. True density determination showing operator filling

a Le Chatelier flask with powdered sample under test.

Pig. 9. Page impact toughness tester with cylindrical specimen

in position for test.

T3

rO ai

-P (D •H bO O 05 •H bO

-Pm a

o5 *H

I—I oJ ©

-p <p W

O

©

m Ih ^ 'd

I—I >2 ^ 'T5 O ©

<P O

o ^

a bo o 5:3 •H *H P IS

cd o

C • •H CO m

© Ti

-P O

© ^ O

t;5 -P o

© ©

^ ^ o

<P o C

•H •H

-P -P o5 w cd © -P

E-H © w O

I—

I

bb

•H

\

Io

<

cr

C/)

ISd c 01 ‘SS3H1S

FIGURE

II.

COMPRESSIVE

TEST,

STRESS

-

STR A

IN

CURVES
>x
1

Pig.

12.

Equipment

used

in

determination

of

dynamic

elastic

properties

by

sonic

resonance

method.

THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include tbe development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by tbe listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: The Applied Mathematics

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Reports, and Miscellaneous

Publications.

Information on tbe Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460, Publications of

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($0.75), available from tbe Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington 25, D. C.
NBS