U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

R. P. LAMONT, Secretary

STANDARDS YEARBOOK

1932

Compiled by

THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS

GEORGE K. BURGESS, Director

Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication No. 133

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1932

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price (cloth) $1
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

Department of Commerce,

Bureau or Standards,

Washington, October 27, 1931.

Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith for publication the sixth

issue of the. Standards Yearbook.

In this publication there is presented a picture of the standardization movement in various fields of industry conducted by certain

national and international agencies. The present volume contains

outlines of the standardization activities and accomplishments of not

only the Bureau of Standards and other agencies of the Federal

Government and the States, counties, and municipalities, but also

those of technical societies and trade associations.

Among the special features of the present yearbook is a series of

articles contributed by experts in the several fields of communication.

The articles are intended to give a panoramic view of the value of

research as an aid to standardization, together with brief summaries

of the accomplishments in the respective fields covered.

Special attention has been paid to the current standardization

programs of American standardizing agencies, their accomplishments to date, with special reference to the year just past, without

reproducing the information concerning their methods of appointing

standardizing committees, authority bestowed upon these committees,

and their functions and procedure, which can be found in previous

editions of the Standards Yearbook. An attempt has been made in

this issue to include in the outlines such methods as are employed

by these agencies for making their standards and specifications effec- tive throughout industry and to determine whether or not their

requirements are being complied with.

The Standards Yearbook is proving of much value to manufacturers, industrial experts, and engineers, as well as to purchasing agents,

both governmental and general.

Kespectfully,

George K. Burgess,

Director, Bureau of Standards.

Hon. R. P. Lamont,

Secretary of Commerce.

n
CONTENTS

Page

I. Standardization in communication—a symposium 1 Introduction 1 Standardization in aeronautical communications 2 Communications and weather service for airways 5 Research as a basis for standardization in the art of communication .. 7

Standardization in a national system of telephony 11 Standards in telegraphic communication 13 Communication with quasi-optical waves 15 Amateur radio communication 17 Performance standards to aid in buying radio sets 21

Progress and need of standardization in the radio field 22

Standardization of naval radio materiel 25

Standard radio-frequencies and their dissemination 26

Radio aids to navigation 29

The velocity of radio waves 31

Relation of standard time to international communication 33 Communication by racing pigeons 34 Some standard means of tribal communications 38

Television as a field for standardization 40

Standardization in the communication system of railways 41 The standardization of language 43 Standard means of communication for deaf mutes 46

Standardization in military communication 47 Standard control of the acoustics of auditoriums 49

Standardized signs and signals to promote highway safety 51

Standardization in the postal service 51 Standardized communication aids to marine navigation 56

Standardization of service areas of radio broadcasting stations.. 59

Standardization of aids to navigation maintained by the Bureau of Lighthouses 61

II. International standardizing agencies 63

International Conference on Weights and Measures 63

International Committee on Weights and Measures 63

International Bureau of Weights and Measures 64

International Astronomical Union 66

Proposed International Calendar—Progress in Simplification. _ 66

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 70

American Geophysical Union (American section, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics) 71

International Geodetic Activities 74

International Electrotechnical Commission 76

International Technical Consulting Committee on Radio Communication 79

Standardization at the Fourth Pan American Commercial

Conference 80

International Steam Table Conference 83

International Union of Chemistry 83

International Scientific Radio Union 83

Federation Aeronautique Internationale 84

The Pan American Sanitary Bureau ^ 86

International Commission on Illumination 87

International Congress of Radiology 89

International Air Navigation Agreements 89

International Standards Association . 91 in
IV CONTENTS

Page

III. National Standardizing Laboratories 93 Bureau of Standards 93

National Physical Laboratory 93

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt 99

Laboratoire National D'Essais M6caniques, Physiques,

Chimiques, et Machines 106

Laboratoire Central d'Jillectricite' 109 National Research Council (Canada) 109

Electrotechnical Laboratory 114 Tokyo Industrial Research Institute 116

IV. National Industrial standardizing bodies 118

Australia 119

Austria 121 Belgium 123 Canada 123 Czechoslovakia 124 Denmark 126 Finland 127 France 128

Germany 129 Great Britain 130 Hungary 131

Italy 132 Japan 132 Netherlands 133 Norway 133 Poland 136 Rumania 136

Sweden 137

Switzerland 137 Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (Russia) 138

United States of America 140

V. Federal standardizing agencies (U. S. A.) 141 Executive departments 141 Department of Agriculture 141 Bureau of Agricultural Economics 141 Bureau of Agricultural Engineering 142 Bureau of Chemistry and Soils 142 Bureau of Entomology 143 Bureau of Home Economics 143 Bureau of Plant Industry 143 Bureau of Public Roads 143 Food and drug administration 145

Forest service 146 Department of Commerce 147

Aeronautics Branch 147 Bureau of the Census 148 Bureau of Fisheries 149 Bureau of Lighthouses 150 Bureau of Mines 151 Bureau of Navigation 155 Bureau of Standards (See Sec. VI) 155 Coast and Geodetic Survey 155 Steamboat Inspection Service 156 Department of the Interior 156 Bureau of Reclamation 156 Freedmen's Hospital 157

Geological Survey 157

National Park Service 157

Office of Indian Affairs 158

St. Elizabeths Hospital 159 Department of Labor 159 Bureau of Labor Statistics 159

Children's Bureau 160 Women's Bureau 160
CONTENTS V

V. Federal standardizing agencies—Continued.

Executive departments—Continued. Pago

Navy Department 161 Bureau of Aeronautics 161 Bureau of Construction and Repair 162 Bureau of Engineering 164 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 165 Bureau of Navigation 166 Bureau of Ordnance 166 Bureau of Supplies and Accounts 168 Bureau of Yards and Docks 168

Office of the Secretary 168

United States Marine Corps 168

Post Office Department 169 Fourth Assistant Postmaster General 169

Second Assistant Postmaster General 170 Third Assistant Postmaster General 170 Treasury Department 170 Coast Guard 170

Office of Supervising Architect 170

Public Health Service 171 War Department 172 Independent establishments 175 Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Govern- ment 175 Comptroller General of the United States 176

Federal Board for Vocational Education 178

Federal Coordinating Service 179

Office of the Chief Coordinator 179

Federal Purchasing Board 179

Federal Specifications Board 180

Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board 183

Federal Traffic Board 184

Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments 184

Interdepartmental Board on Simplified Office Pro- cedure 184 Permanent Conference on Printing 185

Federal Trade Commission 186 Government Printing Office 187

Interstate Commerce Commission 188

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 189 National Screw Thread Commission 190 Pan American Union 190 Panama Canal 191

Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National

Capital 191 United States Bureau of Efficiency 191 United States Civil Service Commission 192

VI. Bureau of Standards 194

Relation to governmental agencies 194

Relation to science, commerce, and industry 194

Publications 194 Research and testing 195 Research 195

Testing 199 Commercial standards 200

Advisory committees 201

Other cooperative activities 205

Some activities and accomplishments 205

Practical application 205

Aeronautics 205

Automotive engineering 208

Building and housing and building construction 210

Cement and concrete 212

Certification and labeling 216

Chemicals 218
VI CONTENTS

VI. Bureau of Standards—Continued.

Relation to science, commerce, and industry—Continued.

Some activities and accomplishments—Continued. Pae« Clay and silicate products 219

Colorimetry and photometry 223

Commercial standards 224

Dental materials and methods 225

Electrical units and measurements 226

Fire resistance 227

Gas analysis and service 228

Glass and vitreous enamels 230

Heat and temperature measurements 232

Hydraulics _ 236

Identification of guns, bullets, and documents 237

Leather 237 Lens design 238

Lime and gypsum 238

Lubrication and liquid fuels 240

Mechanical appliances and engineering instruments.. 241 Metals .. 243

Metrology 249

Paper 249

Photography 251

Physical constants 251

Protective coatings 252

Radio... _ 253

Rubber 255

Safety standards _ . 255

Scales in railroad, industrial, and other services 256

Simplified practice , 258

Specifications 259

Spectroscopy and atomic structure, radium 260

Stone 261

Sugar.. 261

Textiles, dyes, cleaning, etc 263

Therapeutic accessories 265

Thermal expansion measurements 266

Time measuring and recording instruments 266

Waste products from the land 267

Weights and measures 268

VII. Municipal, county, and State purchasing agencies 272

Municipal purchasing and standardizing agencies 272

County purchasing agencies 273

State purchasing and standardizing agencies 275

Alphabetical list of State purchasing agencies 277

VIII. General standardizing agencies (U. S. A.) 281

American Standards Association . 281

American Marine Standards Committee. 284

American Society for Testing Materials 286

. Central Committee on Lumber Standards 291 IX.^ Standardizing activities of technical societies and trade associa- tions ___ 293

Standardizing agencies alphabetically arranged 293

X. Index 383
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

It STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION—A SYMPOSIUM

INTKODUCTION

Standardized communication promotes human progress. Everyone has unique needs to add to the catalogue of human desires.

Everyone has also unique means to meet such desires. Communication links the needs and the means. At the ends of every line of

communication are the sender and receiver—a general to his army, a newspaper to its readers, a radio broadcast to the world, or a chat

between two children. Contacting the two is the art of communication. Between them vast systems of sending and receiving assure accuracy, speed, convenience, adequacy, economy, and these systems

are fast becoming automatic. Progress in the means of communication, therefore, speeds up human progress, for such progress conditions the growth rate of its civilization.

Language is a standard convention of symbols, written, spoken, or performed by gesture (Indian sign language or deaf-mute manuals)

.

The art of printing is the multiplier and broadcaster of language in

ink patterns called alphabets. Literature is the capital, equipment,

and contents of such broadcasts. Written word is sent by rail, air

mail, pigeons, or by printing telegraphy by wire or by radio post.

Spoken word goes direct by wire or by radio across continents and

oceans. Code signals with conventional meanings are primitively

sent by drums, click of stones under water, beacon fires, smoke pulses,

flags, lights, devices without end.

Communication is a bridge between minds or between nature and

man. Waves of air or ether tell us all we know of the universe about

us. Incoming starlight reports events among the stars. Each atom

formed in interstellar space sends its quantum of cosmic ray reporting the fact. Star messages are deciphered through prism or grating,

reaching the eye or the camera, photocell, or other device after

traveling millions of years. We use ether waves wherever light or radio serves us, for the two

differ only in wave length. Pattern grooves on a disk become auto- matic transmitters. Photofilm becomes an automatic recorder and

reproducer of light and sound messages from any source. Pattern

light-point pulses of ever-varying size are the essential of television.

Communication as the bridge to and from the minds of men is thus built on air and ether waves. Air waves impinging on the ear meet tuned response mechanism. Such air waves are evoked by the

thud of the jungle drum, the clang of the gong, the strokes of the

cathedral carillon calling to prayer—by a thousand means of causing

bodies to vibrate.

l
2 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Standardization is essential because messages must reach millions

and be correctly interpreted, the words or signs being standardized

to the extent that they are intelligible at all. Telephones are standardized for transmission and reception. Standard highway stoplights broadcast warnings. But recent devices permit the car to turn

the red light to the cross traffic by photocell or mechanical leverage.

Eed is an automatic broadcast, continuously safeguarding the lives of

motorists at every crossroad.

The flow of information through countless channels of communication makes the whole world aware of events everywhere. Communication is making the world self-conscious. It quickens our

racial life and enriches it. All lines of communication are continually alert with the transmission of the news. Day and night

unceasing, the flow of the news ! The epic of progress

!

In unnumbered ways communication makes safe the travel of the

world, makes wiser its people, integrates its interests and concerns, develops a racial consciousness not unlike in principle the central nervous system of man which keeps him informed of every sensation

of the body. So, as transport carries the means of subsistence and

enterprise communication on a racial scale carries facts, ideas, ideals

from each to all and from all to each, a vast vehicle of mental and

spiritual life of the world.

In our own day communication has developed so that its messages

may travel automatically, continuously, with the speed of light, to the ends of the earth—with speech, signals, music, and movement,

to inform, entertain, educate, and to coordinate and unify the

thoughts and ideals of the human race, through standardized

systems perfected for the purposes they serve. STANDARDIZATION IN AERONAUTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

By Clakencb M. Young, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics

Airmen flying over any portion of the Federal airways system

which now covers a major portion of the Nation, constantly are receiving guidance and assistance from the communications system

of the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce.

Their courses are outlined accurately by the rotating beacon lights

and the beams of the radio range beacons. They are told by radio

signals from marker beacons when to adjust their radio sets to receive the next radio range beacon as they near the limits of the

beam they have been following. Weather information is furnished

periodically by the airways communications stations working in con- junction with the automatic telegraph typewriter circuits. Inter- mediate landing fields, lighted and marked for ready identification

from the air both day and night, are nearly always within a short

distance of the airmen.

The communications system of the Aeronautics Branch is so standardized that it matters not where airmen may be flying, they

always will receive the same type of information pertaining to air

navigation. Hence, by familiarizing themselves with the communications procedure in operation on any one section of the Federal

airways system, airmen hold the key to the methods employed by the
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 3

entire communications system of the Aeronautics Branch. That

which follows may serve to illustrate this statement

:

The airways beacon lights on the Federal airways rotate six

times a minute and thereby show six flashes in that period. The

beacon lights are located at standard intervals, 10 miles apart, and

are established in series of 10 in 100-mile sections. The number

of each beacon light on each 100-mile section is flashed in code by two

red course lights placed on the tower platform. As the result of

assistance rendered by the course lights, airmen need know only on which section they are flying to ascertain their approximate position

along the airway. The red course lights, which signify the absence

of landing facilities, are so installed that they point backward

and forward along the course. Thus, airmen know in which direction

they will find the next beacon light if the weather obscures it from

vision. For day operations, a concrete arrow at the base of each

beacon light tower points to the direction of the airway.

Beacon light towers at intermediate landing fields carry green

course lights instead of red. In addition to the beacon and course

lights, an intermediate field is identified at night by the presence of

boundary, approach and obstruction lights and an illuminated winddirection indicator. Standard boundary lights, installed at intervals

of approximately 300 feet around the perimeter, outline the field. Green lights, installed in the boundary system, indicate the best

approach to the landing area. Obstructions on or near the landing

area are marked in all cases by red lights at the height of the

obstructions to be cleared.

In daylight, an intermediate landing field is identified from the

air by a chrome-yellow circle at the intersections of the runway

center lines, with chrome-yellow panels 20 feet long and 2 feet wide

extending from the outside circle along the runway center lines to indicate the best landing directions. The boundaries of the field are marked by chrome-yellow sheet-metal cones 30 inches in diameter

and 24 inches in height, installed immediately below the boundary

lights and attached to the boundary light standards. These markings and lights are standard characteristics of all intermediate

landing fields established and maintained by the Aeronautics Branch

of the Department of Commerce.

The radio range beacons, although of two types—aural and vis- ual—are standardized in their methods of operation. Each type

provides directional guidance by sending out signals that mark a

course for 100 miles or more. These signals are received through

earphones (for the aural beacon) and through an indicator on the

instrument board for the visual type. One airway, at this writing,

is being equipped with the visual tvpe transmitters, thereby providing identical radiodirectional service of this particular type for

aircraft using this airway.

When an aircraft nears the limit of the range-beacon course, the

pilot is warned by signals from a radiomarker beacon so that he may

adjust his radio set to receive the signals from the beacon ahead.

The marker beacons are also equipped with radiotelephone trans- mission equipment.

Aeronautical weather information is gathered and transmitted in

accordance with uniform practices. The automatic telegraph-type-
4 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 writer circuits first collect the data from Weather Bureau stations

along the airways and at points about 200 miles left and right of the

route. This material, together with the conditions prevailing at the

automatic telegraph-typewriter station, is transmitted to the air- ways' radio-communications stations which assemble, edit, and then

broadcast it by radiotelephone to aircraft in flight along the airway.

The information broadcast includes the correct time, the condition

of the weather, degree of visibility, velocity of the wind, temperature, barometer reading, and other information of importance.

These broadcasts are made at regular intervals, in some cases hourly,

and in others on half and quarter-hour schedules.

The position reporting of aircraft in flight over the airways is also

conducted in accordance with uniform practices. When an airman

leaves an airport and if he requests the position-reporting service, a message goes out over the automatic telegraph-typewriter circuit

giving his name, license number of the plane, and point of departure

and destination. This message is automatically reproduced on re- ceiving machines at strategic points along the airway which note his

progress. As he passes over these stations, messages to that effect are sent to stations backward and forward along the course, so that the

approximate position of the plane may be known throughout the

flight.

The standardization of communication facilities on the airways,

however, is only one phase of these activities of the Aeronautics

Branch. There are also the air-navigation maps; the efforts in behalf of uniform field rules, signal systems, the certification of aero- nautical lights, and air marking.

The airway strip maps are prepared by the Aeronautics Branch in

accordance with standards recommended by the Board of Surveys

and Maps of the Federal Government. The strip maps deal with

the airways and show communities, highways, airports, streams,

railroads, high points, transmission lines, and other pertinent data

to aid the airmen in following those specific routes. Another type

of map, the sectional airway map, covers a much larger area, but

it includes the established airways and the same general type of

information as is presented on the strip map.

In an effort to bring about uniformity in airport field regulation

throughout the United States, the Aeronautics Branch has prepared

a set of suggested rules for adoption by airports and landing fields. These have been adopted by many airports.

Eealizing that there exists an urgent need for the development of

standard signal systems suitable for both day and night use, for

controlling air traffic on and in the vicinity of airports, and for

communicating special information to airmen, the Aeronautics

Branch is conducting special research work on this subject in con- nection with its studies on airport traffic control.

The primary object of this research is to assist in developing safe

and efficient methods of controlling air traffic at airports and to bring about uniformity in their application.

To further safety in air navigation, the department requires that

all aeronautical lights, other than those established and maintained

by the Federal Government, be certified by the Department of Commerce as true aids to air navigation. In order to serve as true aids,
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 5

such lights shall be long-range lights of suitable design, shall be

distinctly aeronautical in character, and shall have color characteristics conforming to the uniform standard used on the Federal air- ways. They also are required to be in reliable operation from

sunset to sunrise each night in the year, to mark an airport or landing field, a route leading to an airport or landing field, or a

point from which bearings may be taken leading to an airport or landing field, an outstanding landmark serving as an aid to air

navigation, or an area presenting a hazard to flying.

The Aeronautics Branch has also drawn up recommended standards to be followed in the marking of obstructions to air navigation. Provision also is made for marking hazardous flying areas and for the certification of high-explosive danger areas, the latter upon request by the owners of such areas. The Aeronautics Branch has been active in an effort to stimulate

the general use of a standard system of air marking by cities, towns,

and villages that will convey the necessary information to airmen

in the simplest and most effective manner. A recommended system

for general use in this country has been worked out as a result of

extensive studies and service tests made by a special committee to study the subject.

The branch recommends that such markings be placed on the

most outstanding buildings or structures when suitable roof space

is available, and should include the name of the city or locality, a meridian marker, and, if there is an airport in the vicinity, a combination of simple characters indicating the direction and distance

to the airport, its rating and whether facilities are available for

landplanes, seaplanes, or both. It also recommends a system for

the marking of highways to aid the pilot in identifying them, as they stand out very clearly from the air and serve as one of his best

landmarks.

Through the standardization of its communication facilities, the

Aeronautics Branch has been of much assistance to the development

of cross-country air travel. The system is being developed in ac- cordance with well-defined plans and is being extended as rapidly

as authorization and appropriations permit.

COMMUNICATIONS AND WEATHER SERVICE FOR AIRWAYS

By Chaeles F. Mabvin, Chief, Weather Bureau, United States Department

of Agriculture

Since the inauguration of an airways weather service in 1926,

the necessity for rapid transmission of airways weather reports,

forecasts, and warnings from center to center and from intermediate

points on the airways to the centers has become increasingly apparent. ^ Airplanes flying at speeds in excess of 100 miles an hour

are subject to extreme variations in weather conditions within such

a relatively short period that the weather reports received by the

pilot must necessarily be the latest possible before entering a given

area in order that these variations may be properly taken into account. In the early days of the service, practically all communication was by telegraph and telephone, reports being made at such times as
6 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 to just anticipate the departure of a plane along the airway. This

system is also used at present on a number of airways over which

traffic is light, consisting possibly of not more than four plane

movements a day. However, in practically all cases such as this

these reports are now supplemented by radio broadcasts of terminal

conditions, received by the pilot in the air so that in reality even that

type of service is greatly improved under modern conditions.

Realizing that a more rapid means of communication and one which was constantly available for use was necessary, the Department of Commerce, which is charged under the air commerce act to provide facilities for air navigation, other than meteorological

service, in 1928 installed a telephone-typewriter system between New

York and San Francisco on the transcontinental airway. The tele- phone-typewriter, commonly known as " teletype," i3 essentially

what its name implies; that is, it is a typewriting machine upon

which, whenever a key is struck at one station, the impulse is electri- cally transmitted to every other machine on the circuit and actuates the same key on those machines, thus reproducing at all other points

the identical message placed on the machine at the sending point. It

will readily be seen that such a system provides for the instantaneous

transmission of regular or special reports along an airway and permits the sending of any number necessary without additional cost, and thus peculiarly meets the needs of the airways service. The

first year's test proved the efficiency of the teletype system as an aid

to air navigation and it has now been extended to a large number

of airways over which traffic is relatively heavy.

Hand in hand with the growth of the teletype system there has

been established a large network of radio stations at principal ter- minals from which regular broadcasts of reports along designated

airways are made. These stations are also equipped to handle radiotelegraph traffic. In addition to being located on airways equipped

with teletype, they are also located at principal terminals along nonteletyped airways, and hourly reports exchanged and broadcast for

these airways.

Now that we have a general picture of the equipment used, let us

see exactly how it is used to provide needed weather information to the pilot of a transport plane operating, say, between New York

and Chicago. We will say that the plane is scheduled to leave New

York (Newark) at 9.30 a. m. About two hours before this time

officials of the Weather Bureau at its various stations throughout

the country, of which there are more than 200, have made observations of temperature, barometric pressure, cloudiness, precipitation,

etc., and telegraphed the data to the forecast centers. Some of these

reports are also received at the various stations themselves. At the

forecast center at Washington, D. C, the signals are placed on the

long-line teletype circuit between Boston and Washington, and, since

there is a machine at Newark, they are, of course, received there.

The Weather Bureau personnel stationed there then enter the data

upon a base map, drawing in the proper lines for equal barometric

pressure and temperature, and from this a general picture of the

weather over the entire country is obtained. State forecasts extending over a period of 36 hours and a route forecast for the airway to be flown and extending over a period of 12 hours are made up at
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 7

Washington and transmitted by teletype to Newark. At about the same time that the regular reports to the forecast centers were tele- graphed, certain selected stations from 100 to 200 miles on either

side of the airway also transmitted to Cleveland by means of tele- graph, teletype, or radio, airways weather reports giving general

conditions, ceiling, visibility, wind, temperature, dew point, and

barometric pressure. These were plotted on a special map at Cleveland and from this a special summary covering the area from New

York to Chicago and a forecast of expected conditions in this area

for the next four hours was prepared and transmitted by teletype to

all necessary points, including Newark.

When the pilot arrives at the airport he finds that all this information is available for his benefit at the Weather Bureau office. If

the weather appears at all unfavorable he may also discuss the general situation with the Weather Bureau official on duty.

In addition to the foregoing, the teletype has provided still further

information, in that at a stated minute each hour all stations between

Cleveland and New York (about 12) report the weather at that

time in sequence; that is, one station immediately follows the one

preceding in placing its report of weather conditions on the teletype,

the sequence starting at one end of the circuit. These reports, when

available in connection with the forecasts, map, and summary pre- viously mentioned, complete the picture of the weather, as it is locally influenced by general conditions, and provides the pilot with an accurate outline of conditions to be expected.

However, the service to him does not end here, but extends to the

flight itself, inasmuch as through his radio receiver he receives the

broadcasts of later sequences, or in case of a decided change in conditions, special reports, made by the radio station. He is thus provided with a means of checking the progress of conditions as he

has seen them shown on the maps and in the forecasts and has a

definite knowledge of conditions both ahead and behind at all times. It should be understood, of course, that the plan of service described extends, with slight variations due to topography, geographical location, etc., to practically all the heavily-traveled air- ways of the country and that all pilots flying the route may receive

this service.

The importance of rapid communication to this system can not

be overestimated. In fact, it can readily be realized that without

it, no such service would be possible, and it is not too much to say

that without this development the tremendous volume of air traffic now carried on would be very seriously hampered and very probably would not be practicable with any large degree of safety.

RESEARCH AS A BASIS FOR STANDARDIZATION IN THE ART OF

COMMUNICATION

Dr. Frank B. Jewett, President, Bell Telephone Laboratories (Inc.) While the above title covers communication broadly, the telephone

industry may be chosen as one of the several arts of communication

well representing the interdependence of research and standardization. The telephone itself, as has been stated many times, was born

in a research laboratory, and a continuing program of research has
8 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

been the foundation built upon in the development of the telephone

plant and in the expansion of the business. Following the invention

of the telephone, those who undertook to develop the new industry were men of vision and imagination who saw clearly that the conditions to be met in such a broad use of the new facility as they

foresaw were quite different from those underlying any previous

art or industry. From its earliest days the telephone industry has

shown on the one hand independence of precedent and on the other

hand a keen appreciation of standardization intelligently applied.

Care has been taken, therefore, in the telephone industry not to allow standardization to lead to stagnation, but rather to an orderly

mode of progress. New standards for old things are being continually evolved, as a result of laboratory research, but these new

standards are always tied in with the old. Standardization has from the beginning of the industry been

recognized as peculiarly a necessity in the telephone art. Telephone

plant installed anywhere throughout the country must operate or perform efficiently in connection with apparatus installed in any

other part of the country. The very intricacy of the switching

operations for the rapid connection of any two telephones in the

country and the complexity of the electrical transformation to trans- mit and reproduce speech clearly, resulting in a highly organized

and inherently complex system, lead to an effort to avoid the still greater intricacy and complexity which would result if it were not

for a high degree of standardization. It is no exaggeration to say

that the telephone service of to-day could not be given without this

standardization.

In addition to the fact that the inherent nature of the business

makes standardization so essential, by this process the best is made

available for all. This does not mean that in the telephone industry

there may not be a number of standards so chosen as to meet varying conditions and at the same time to furnish best over-all results. In addition to minimizing the complicated engineering and operating problems which would result from attempts to provide intercommunication between widely divergent systems and with widely

divergent apparatus, there are the following rather obvious advantages from standardization. Material costs are reduced when

under similar conditions in a large interconnected system all use

identical items, permitting manufacture in large quantities. Standardization, likewise, reduces the cost of carrying stocks of material by reducing the number of types required; reduces the cost of instruction of new employees, because there are fewer things

with which to get acquainted; simplifies plant accounting; and of

particular advantage in a public service, such as the telephone business, it renders large supplies of material and labor more readily

available in emergencies. Past standardization facilities the prompt

and economical introduction of new standard types of apparatus

and methods.

Standardization, without the knowledge accumulated from welldirected research, proceeds haltingly without any real assurance

that in seeking to choose the best medium the whole field of choice

has been considered and hidden pitfalls avoided. The telephone art involves the transmission of speech, hence the necessity of knowing
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 9

in definite terms the characteristics of speech sounds and corresponding speech currents. Having determined the characteristics of nor- mal speech, it is equally important to determine how serious becomes

any failure to transmit accurately those speech sounds from talker

to listener. This determination also includes the effects of noise

upon the circuit or in the room where the listener is located. This

leads from a study of speech itself one step further back to a study

of the mechanism of speech production and a study of the mechanism

of hearing. Research has been actively directed to these subjects,

particularly during the past 15 or so years, and the results obtained

furnish a more definite knowledge of the basic material, namely,

speech, with which the art deals. Having defined, in so far as is possible, in definite physical terms

the basic material with the transmission of which the art deals,

namely speech, the next concern involves making available to any

two persons who may wish to converse the most effective channel

for the conveyance; that is, transmission of their speech. To do

this requires the provision of an enormous quantity of physical apparatus, using the term " apparatus " broadly, and in the choice of

this apparatus economic considerations become a recognized factor of

great and in many cases controlling importance. Since, in general,

considering portions of the problem there are several different

methods of accomplishing a result, to choose the method which, weighing all the factors, is the best, presumes an accurate definition in

quantitative terms of all those factors. While one of those factors

is defined in economic terms, the other factors are largely defined in

physical terms which in the last analysis rest upon the results of

research.

As the primary concern in the telephone art is the conveying or transmitting of speech, for which the transmitting channel between

the two terminal instruments is by means of either wire or radio or

the two combined, it has seemed of prime importance that complete

physical or technical data should be derived covering all possible

methods of using such transmitting media. An enormous amount of

such quantitative data has been secured from laboratory and field tests covering, for example, loaded and nonloaded open-wire lines,

various types of cable construction loaded and nonloaded, and radio over a wide-frequency range. These investigations covered, in general, signaling frequencies, voice frequencies, and carrier frequencies.

The availability of these quantitative physical data, together with

economic data, has enabled the engineer to choose and standardize

the transmitting channels best fitted to meet conditions involved.

Likewise, in that phase of the art of telephony involving switching

or the process of providing a telephonic path from one person to another with whom he desires to converse, fundamental data, the

results of technical research, together with economic considerations

form the basis of the engineer's choice and standardization of the

methods to be employed under varying but definitely definable field conditions.

Having spoken of the broader research activities underlying the

telephone art, mention may be made of two more or less typical cases

selected from many under way.
10 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Magnetic materials, being of very great importance in the tele- phone art, have been for many years the subject of research. As one

result of this work the Bell Telephone Laboratories developed permalloy, a nickel-iron alloy having as compared with the more familiar magnetic materials very extraordinary magnetic properties. Applications of this new material in the communication art seemed very

possible, and further work has led to its use for the loading of submarine telegraph cables, its use in certain telephone apparatus, such

as relays, and particularly to its use in compressed powder form in

the cores of loading coils. The development and standardization of

this type of loading coil has resulted in large savings.

The telephone companies have always been large users of timber

for poles, cross arms, conduits, pins, and other items used in the

construction of the outside plant. At an early date experience

showed that poles, even when selected from species most resistant to fungus attack, such as cedar and chestnut, were, nevertheless, quite

vulnerable to decay at the ground line. Other species were available,

such as southern yellow pine, which would make desirable poles,

except for their tendency to decay rapidly, even in the section above

ground, unless some form of preservative was applied. Over 30

years ago investigations were begun by the Bell system covering the

technical and economic aspects involved in the use of poles treated

with preservatives to protect them against decay and insect attack.

At that period of abundant timber supply small economies, if any,

could be expected from the use of pole preservatives, but, as time

went on, with the depletion of timber supply and the increase in its usage, there was foreseen, as has actually developed, an economic

demand for pole preservation which has fully justified the constantly increasing program of investigation. An early step undertaken was the collection of data as to the performance of southern

yellow-pine poles, full length pressure treated with creosote by processes then commercially available. Also, as the cedar and chestnut

supply began to show restrictions, further experiments, both in

field and laboratory, were conducted in the treatments of the butts

of these species with creosote by brush or open-tank methods, and

still later by the spray method.

It is obvious that there are many variations possible in the methods

which may be employed in treating pole timbers and in the preservatives used. It therefore became necessary to study the effect of

these variations and to try to determine those qualities in the finished

product that it would be most desirable to obtain. By applying

laboratory methods, it has been sometimes possible to accelerate the

tests so as to reach a decision on the value of a treatment long before

it could be determined in the operating plant. As might be expected,

many of the apparently promising treatments investigated have

proved worthless or unreliable. With research going hand in hand

with standardization, it is possible to avoid heavy losses that would

result from the wholesale use of untried materials in the plant.

Standardization, while gradually changing with our increasing

knowledge, has been so employed as to confine operating practice to the use of that which is currently known to be the best and more

accurately to define that best. By our present standardized treat- ment, cedar and chestnut poles have had from 15 to 20 years added to
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 11

their average physical life, and the southern yellow-pine pole, which

normally could not be expected to give more than a few years' service, can now be employed with assurance of an average physical

life well over 30 years. STANDARDIZATION IN A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF TELEPHONY

By H. S. Osborne, Transmission Engineer, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Possibly the most useful analysis of the standardization activities of the Bell system is to consider them as related to the principal

impelling motives which lead to standardization.

The first of these motives arises from the necessity of properly

coordinating the operation of a far-flung and intricate telephone

plant to facilitate the rendition of satisfactory service. An example

is given in the electrical requirements applied to circuits which are designed to form parts of long connections. Without standardization it would be entirely possible that, while each element of the

circuit was satisfactory from the standpoint of its own localized

service requirements, service over a combination of circuits would

be unsatisfactory or impossible. Another illustration is given by the

traffic operating practices; convenience to the customers and to the

operators both require that the methods employed in different parts

of the country be closely alike to avoid difficulties in handling calls. Coordination of service over a widely distributed plant as a motive

to standardization may vary in importance with the type of industry. The second impelling motive, however, is common to every

rapidly changing industry. This is simplification of practice to obtain increased flexibility.

Numerous instances might be cited of standardization which is principally for this purpose. The telephone plant must be capable

of adjustment to meet growth and other changes in conditions. In

meeting this requirement it is found economical to limit plant additions to a few standardized types of apparatus. For example, toll cable conductors are made up practically entirely of two gages,

and 95 per cent of the conductors for local distribution circuits are of three sizes. Not only is the range of conductor sizes limited, but,

furthermore, the electrical transmission systems formed by associating these conductors with loading, repeaters, carrier current sys- tems, and other apparatus are very limited in number. The same

process has been applied to the telephone-switching systems. There

are but five standard types of manual switchboard filling the needs

of both common battery and magneto service and two general types

of dial equipment. While the amounts of different items of switching equipment naturally vary between offices, a specific installation can be made up by an assembly of standard units of one of these

standard types.

Closely allied to the advantage arising from the flexibility which

results from simplified practice is the economy of mass production.

In so far as it is practicable to manufacture a smaller number of

different articles, the number of each article is increased with result- ing economies. In the case of relays, for example, it has been possible by careful design of parts to build up relay types capable of a

92462—32 2
12 STANDABDS YEABBOOK, 19 3 2 wide number of uses and which differ chiefly in the detail assembly

of standard piece parts. The large-scale production of identical

units has been one of the important factors which has made possible

large economies in the production of telephone equipment during the

past few years. A part of the standardizing work is directed toward satisfying

the severe technical requirements placed upon telephone apparatus.

An example of this is found in the standardization of raw materials.

Much of this work is carried out in cooperation with the American

Society for Testing Materials. Important recent standards include

the establishment of requirements for sheet brass, nickel silvers, and

bronze. Impact tests suitable for molded and sheet insulating materials have also been developed, and suitable tests for die castings,

including tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and impact strength,

have been worked out. Another motive for standardization that has been prominent in

the programs of many standardizing bodies, as well as in the work of

the Bell system, is that of safety. A great deal of attention has

been given to developing standard safety provisions for the outside

construction forces. In this work a very active part has been taken

by representatives of the employees themselves, who are in the last analysis directly responsible for the effective application of the safety

standards adopted. This work has resulted in standard safety codes

adopted by each of the operating companies.

A type of situation in which questions of safety are very important

has to do with cases of proximity between wire lines of telephone

companies and those of other wire-using utilities. Standards re- garding type and strength of construction have been established for

such cases in cooperation with other utilities involved, and many of

these standards are included in Part II of the National Electric

Safety Code.

Finally, an important motive in Bell system standardizing work

is to make the best immediately available to all. The recommended

types of apparatus, operating methods, and practices are the result

of the accumulated experience of the manufacturing and operating

departments and of the work of a large number of highly trained

people in the headquarters departments whose time is devoted

principally to devising improvements. These recommended standards are adopted not because they are labeled "standard," but by

virtue of the fact that they represent the results of adequate studies

of the best way to meet a type of situation. On the promulgation of

a new apparatus standard the manufacturing branch of the system

can, therefore, proceed at once with the preparations for manufacture and even, in many cases, to start manufacture of the new

product in advance of the receipt of orders. This can be done with

full assurance that the standardized product will be used and that

it will not be necessary to manufacture a large number of slight

variations of the same thing to meet the slightly varying operating

requirements or the whims of different purchasers. The process

leads to the immediate information of all concerned regarding the

new standard and to shortening the time required to make it generally available.

Another way in which standardization tends to make improvements quickly available to all is that it simplifies the process of
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 13

development itself. New apparatus or telephone systems must be

coordinated with existing plant. Standardization reduces the number of things with which this coordination is necessary and therefore

facilitates the development work.

There are, of course, other motives for the standardization work,

but it is believed that what has been said is enough to point out the

fundamental role which standardization plays in the operations of

the Bell system. A standard in the Bell system is a means to an

end rather than an end in itself. The purpose of standards is to

facilitate progress and in so far as they do this, that progress may

soon result in a new standard to replace the old. A standard is a

stepping-stone, a stable basis on which to operate while preparations

are made to advance to the next step up the hill of progress.

STANDARDS IN TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION

By C. E. Davies, General Commercial Engineer, Western Union Telegraph Co, In telegraph communication service, standardization of equipment

and operating practices has come, because of constant effort, to improve accuracy and increase speed. Reduction of expense has, of

course, followed as a natural consequence.

Within the past few years the average time required to handle

telegrams has been greatly reduced. This has been accomplished by

decreasing the standard time limits established for each operation

and by intense supervision of thoroughly trained employees, who

work with greatly improved apparatus. Improved standard forms

of transmission and routines for handling corrections have also been

responsible for faster speed of service.

Inspection of several modern telegraph offices would impress an

observer with the fact that the apparatus and general arrangement

in all offices is essentially uniform, and that the employees all follow

the same general procedure in the performance of their respective

tasks. This is the result of painstaking research to discover and

apply the simplest, most efficient methods of handling telegrams and

to provide equipment and office layouts that eliminate as many

unnecessary operations as possible.

One of the major factors in improving the speed of service has

been the rapid development and standardization of the printing

telegraph. Replacing the Morse method of telegraphy, it has not

only increased transmission speeds, but has considerably reduced the

uncertain human factor that is inherent in Morse operation. This

change has, moreover done much to place the business on a basis

where speed is subject to engineering development and has made it possible to look with confidence to still further improvements, which

will permit the maximum speed attainable by the highest type of

operators to be utilized. It is possible to determine the maximum speed attainable by operators at any given time, and while the standard thus set will un- doubtedly improve as time goes on, the rate of increase will be slower

and slower as perfection is approached. However, standards of

equipment and operating practices which now exist or will be de-
14 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 veloped in the near future will take care of the probable increase in

operating efficiency for years to come. This state of affairs, which

has only existed in recent years, has resulted from engineering re- search, which has met the economic need for apparatus and circuits

that work at higher speeds than were even dreamed of a few years

ago. Standards that were entirely satisfactory then are no longer

sufficient to meet to-day's requirements, and they have passed into

disuse as new standards are developed. The present goal in apparatus and line speeds is the removal of all mechanical and electrical

limitations to operators' productivity. Development of the ultimate

in operating personnel is now going forward under increased effort as it becomes apparent that the maximum of efficiency is a definitely

measureable quantity.

Another major factor in the advance of telegraphic communication has been the standardization of the printing telegraph as a means of speeding up the pick-up and delivery of messages to large

users at terminal cities. Supplementing messenger handling, it has,

in many cases, provided a means of exchanging messages between

customer and telegraph company much more quickly than would be

possible in any other way. This development necessitated standardization of equipment, both in customers' offices and in the tele- graph company's operating rooms. In the latter, concentration units

specially designed for the work have, by means of signal lights that

flash the instant a call is received, facilitated the prompt answering

of patrons who wish to send telegrams. Operators are able to con- nect their machines to any of a large number of circuits without

moving from their positions. The number of idle operators is indicated by lights, thus permitting better assignment of forces and

lowering costs. Intraoffice belt conveyors and pneumatic-tube carrier systems,

operating at almost double their former speeds, have been adopted as the standard methods of moving messages from circuits on which

they are received to those on which they are sent. High-speed tubes

are also standard for use to near-by branch telegraph offices where

conditions are such as to permit their installation.

Dissemination of market quotations over ticker circuits has been

speeded up by the development and standardization of high-speed

tickers that operate at 500 letters a minute, as compared to a maximum of 300 letters a minute on older types of equipment. The new

speed greatly reduces delays to market quotations during periods of

intense trading activity at the New York Stock Exchange.

There are, of course, hundreds of minor ways in which standardization has served the telegraph business with excellent results. Standards of illumination that increase efficiency, standard-unit

switchboards, universal repeaters, tables, signs, blanks, etc., are a few of the many examples that might be mentioned. Naturally,

rapid advances in the telegraph business have, up to now, caused

many standards to assume a status of semi-permanence. They have,

however, served their purpose, and as long as they continue to be

replaced by higher ones the country is assured of having the best

possible telegraphic service.
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 15

COMMUNICATION WITH QUASI OPTICAL WAVES

By Eduakd Kabplus, Engineer, General Radio Co. In recent years a new branch of radio communication has been

developed that has been spoken about rather frequently in public but

that has not been applied very much. It is communication with waves below 10 m, with quasi optical waves, or ultrashort waves as they are generally known.

The following paragraphs deal with characteristics of these waves and show how they can be produced and applied. It is pointed out

also how important standardization would be and how standardization only would prepare the field for their general use. The length of waves applied in radio communication up to now

varies between some several 10,000 and 10 m. It has been agreed on to measure these waves not in wave lengths but in frequencies.

Radio communication, therefore, uses the band between 104 and

3X107 cycles per second. Lower frequencies comprise the range of

audio frequencies and of the commercial alternating currents with

60 or 25 cycles per second. Higher frequencies include at first the

range about which we are going to speak in this article, then the

range of visible light and of ultra-violet and Eontgen radiation. In

this range of high frequencies again it is advantageous and in com- mon use to speak of wave lengths. The wave lengths of the visible

light, for instance, are between 0.4 and 0.8 /x (1 [x=l micron =0.001

millimeter), and the quasi optical range extends between 0.8 /x to 10 m. That vast range of more than 23 octaves, of course, is not subject

to uniform laws, but still there is something common to these waves

that justifies bringing them into one range. It is the fact that all these waves are radiated only in straight lines. The curvature of

the earth and mountain ranges are insurmountable obstacles to them,

and when the wave length is decreased even smaller objects in the

path of radiation can shut off communication. Below 1 m, for in- stance, it is not possible to communicate between different buildings

in a city, and in the range of heat and infra-red, radiation can be

interrupted by tiny screens of sheet metal or even cardboard.

Due to the straight-line radiation, fading never is observed in the

quasi optical range. Another important fact is the possibility to concentrate radiation with rather simple apparatus in one direction

and to eliminate radiation in every other one. It is remarkable, too,

that the noise level of these waves is very much less as compared

with other waves used in radio communication. Almost every speed

of modulation is possible, as the carrier frequency at all these waves

is extremely high. Very important, too, is the performance under

various atmospheric conditions, especially in fog.

To produce waves from 1 m up, regular vacuum tubes can be

used. Below 1 m, however, regular circuits can not be used; but

with an electron oscillator, consisting mainly of a vacuum tube,

continuous waves down to a few centimeters can be produced. Professor Barkhausen, in Germany, was the first to show that possibility. Below a few centimeters there seems to be no way to produce
16 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

continuous waves. From 1 mm up, spark, oscillators can be used,

and harmonics of these have been ascertained up to the limit of

the heat waves, let us say, 0.1 mm. The next following range of heat

and infra-red radiation down to the limit of visible light is best

produced in temperature radiators and in electrically excited gases. It is quite interesting to note that most of the light sources that

we are using produce much more infra-red and heat radiation than

visible light.

However, practical communication is possible with only a small

part of the quasi optical range because of atmospheric conditions.

Theory and practice show that waves between a few microns and a few centimeters are scattered and absorbed in the immediate vici- nity of the transmitter. For applications, therefore, two distinct

ranges are available, the range between 0.8 and 2/* and the range

between 5 cm and 10 m. The group of longer waves is practically

independent of humidity of air, fog, and rain, as is true for all the

other waves used in radio communication. The waves of the lower

range, however, are affected to some extent by humidity of air and

fog, but still they are much more capable of penetrating the atmosphere than waves in the range of visible light.

In both groups application is limited to communication between

near-by points, as radiation is limited by the more or less necessary

" optical path."

Of the commercial applications, the following should be mentioned: Communication between scattered points between which,

for one reason or another, a cable can not be established, as happens

sometimes at sea or in the mountains and where other frequencies

are not available for radio communication. Another application is broadcasting in large cities where again the regular broadcasting

transmitter can not be used due to the limited number of available

frequencies, and where all the difficulties arising in common wave

broadcasting should be avoided.

The most important application, however, is the problem of navigation in fog, both at sea and in the air. A very interesting solution for fog landing of airplanes has been shown by the Bureau of

Standards. Before that system or another similar one could be

applied on a large scale, however, it will be necessary to create a very extended organization. Other applications of quasi optical waves include signaling communication for military and police purposes. For increased concealment and better penetration in fog, waves between 0.8 and 2 fx have quite a few advantages as compared

with visible light.

In the range of broadcast and commercial radiocommunication,

maintenance of frequency is most important as far as the organization is concerned. Conditions are somewhat different in the quasi

optical range. The technique is not capable to-day of maintaining waves below 1 m with such a high degree of accuracy as is required

in commercial radiocommunication ; but that is not necessary as interference with other lines of communication is not likely to occur, due

to the limitation of distance and the effects of concentration that are

possible at quasi optical waves. Signals in the quasi optical range can be sent in the same way as light signals in different directions

from one point without regard to the frequency. It is characteristic
STANDAKDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 17

of the whole situation that, in general, no one would mention the wave length or the color of light used for communication.

Quasi optical waves, therefore, are a very good means of communication whenever a large number of transmitters have to operate

at the same time in a limited space. That is the case, for instance,

in a port in fog or on a landing field for airplanes. Experiments

have shown that reliable transmitters and receivers can be built,

and many laboratories are actively developing them.

But still the necessary organization is missing. There is no use, of course, in equipping a few boats with communication systems that

would penetrate fog. These boats could pick out each other, but they

could not detect a boat or a rock that has not been included in the

system. Likewise, there is no use in furnishing an airplane with

fog-landing apparatus when the pilot could only use it in his home

port, as it seems still more important for safety that he should be

able to use any other flying field or even emergency landing places.

Before introduction of fog-landing equipment can be thought of, a certain method and a certain apparatus should be standardized and

a law required that would enforce the use of this equipment on all boats and all airplanes and landing fields. AMATEUR RADIO COMMUNICATION

By C. A. Briggs, American Radio Relay League

The amateur radio operators are primarily interested in communication and in this connection they are concerned with a number of standards of international application, some of which relate to measurable quantities and some of which relate to practices.

The success and leadership of the American amateur has made him

dominant in the field, and the subject must be considered largely

from his activity in international amateur radio communication.

First, the amateur has been defined by the Federal Radio Commission as a person interested in radio technique solely with a personal aim and without pecuniary interest. In this class are in- cluded a large number of individuals ranging from persons of out- standing achievement or skill to persons just beginning to gain a knowledge of the subject.

In general, the ideas held in foreign countries respecting individual liberty of action has caused the position of the amateur radio

operator to be less favorable than it is in the United States. Many

European governments have only lately become reconciled to the

idea of licensing amateurs at all. Great Britain has licensed

amateurs, but is pretty strict with them, and the present United

States amateur progress would not have been possible under the

English regulation. Canadian amateurs, however, are not so re- stricted. France is quite liberal with its amateurs judging from

the number of French stations transmitting. The Belgian authorities have just recently revised their entire radio law, and in doing

so have provided for their amateurs. However, they do not license

their amateurs in all the bands provided for amateur use by the

1927 International Eadio Convention. Spain has extended to its amateurs full privileges under the Washington treaty according to the best recent information. Portugal licenses its amateurs with
18 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

fairly liberal privileges. Italy prohibits amateurs. The Eussian

authorities are very liberal with their amateurs, encouraging them

and there are many very fine Russian amateur stations. Most of

the Scandinavian countries are very fine in their attitude toward

amateur radio, and there are strong national societies with good

membership in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. There

is quite a bit of amateur interest in Poland. In Czechoslovakia

amateur progress is being held up pretty badly due to what has

now become a stalemate between two " national societies," each

claiming to represent Czechoslovakian radio. Probably the strongest European amateur society representing the largest and most

enthusiastic group of European amateurs is the German society,

the Deutscher Amateur Sende- und Empfangsdienst. German

amateurs are remarkably like our American amateurs in their age, general attitude toward the game, enthusiasm, etc. Switzerland

has now begun to license amateurs to communicate with other

European nations.

In general, European nations are disinclined to favor general

licensing in the 1,715 or 3,500 kilocycle bands; they prefer to keep

these frequencies for police, aircraft, etc. Outside of Europe, there is a tendency to be more liberal. South

Africa has an active group of amateurs with a strong national

society. The authorities are sympathetic and give the amateurs full support. New Zealand and Australia are both active and come much closer to our American ideas of amateurs than do any European group, with the possible exception of Germany, as already

noted. There is quite a bit of amateur interest in some countries in

South America, but this often means phone rather than code.

The standards of first interest to the amateur are standards of

frequency. Frequency has replaced wave length as a means of

designating just where in the radio spectrum a radio transmission

is located; that is, for instance, just where it will be found in

tuning a receiver. The frequency of a signal corresponds to the

number of complete electrical oscillations per second which characterize it. The number per second is very large. For instance, a frequency of 1,000,000 complete cycles per second is one of those

used for broadcasting and corresponds in ordinary conditions to a wave length of 300 meters in air. In order to reduce the number of figures required to express them,

radio-frequencies are generally given in kilocycles ; that is, in terms

of thousands of cycles per second. Thus, the frequency of 1,000,000

cycles per second is expressed as 1,000 kilocycles.

The bands of frequencies assigned to amateur stations in the

United States, and the approximate values of the wave lengths

in air, are

:

Kilocycles Meters

1,715- 2,000 3,500- 4,000 7,000- 7,300

14, 000- 14, 400

28, 000- 30, 000

56, 000- 60, 000

400, 000-401, 000

175 -150

87. 5-75

42. 8 - 41.

1

21. 4 - 20. 8

10. 71 - 9. 67

5. 35 - 5. 00

. 749- . 748
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 19

Of these, the following bands may be used for amateur radio

telephony, under suitable conditions

:

Kilocycles Meters

1, 715- 2, 000

3, 500- 3, 550

56, 000-60, 000

175 -150

87. 5 - 84. 46 5.35- 5.00 Amateurs use various means for spreading their relatively narrow band to occupy increased angles on the dials, and employ signals

of known frequencies in and out of their bands for standardizing

their equipment. Many amateurs maintain their transmitters on

definite frequencies so they may be used by others for calibrating

purposes.

In general, the amateurs construct battery-operated . weak tube

oscillators mounted in copper or aluminum boxes which serve as hetrodyne-frequency meters (wave meters) which are calibrated

and constitute a repository for standard frequencies. A phone con- nection in the plate supply enables such frequency meters to be used

for adjusting transmitters. The frequency-meter dial is set for the

frequency designated and the transmitter is adjusted to give a zero beat note as heard in the phones, the detecting action of the oscilla- tor being sufficient to produce the required effects in the headset.

For standardizing the frequency meter or for measuring incoming signals, the weak signal from the oscillating frequency meter is picked up in the amateur's receiving set and the dial ot the fre- quency meter is varied until it makes a zero beat note with the in- coming signal. The result is used for calibrating the frequency

meter or for measuring the incoming signal, according to the purpose

of the observation.

The most recent type of frequency meter consists of a special form

of oscillating-frequency meter known as a dynatron oscillator. This

employs a screen-grid tube in a special circuit in which a high degree

of constancy and reliability may be obtained.

By the exercise of ingenuity and the use of harmonics many

amateurs succeed in obtaining many calibrating points from a small

number of signals heard.

Of peculiar interest is the fact that a new and standardized form

of language has been evolved by the radio amateurs which permit

them to get communications through and completed which would

otherwise be impossible under the circumstances. It is based on

abbreviations which are very practical and present an interesting

example of a logical and well-founded practice arising out of ex- perience. It is world-wide, and, on account of the energy of the

American youth in developing radio, it is based on English. This

language is sufficiently comprehensive that young amateurs have

sometimes talked to each other without realizing that neither could

speak the other's language.

This air language is characterized by an abbreviated and apparently phonetic spelling of most of the words. However, the phonetic

aspect is produced by another guiding principle, unconsciously ap-
20 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

plied, which is to make everything as brief as possible. For instance,

w my " becomes " mi." This is because " mi " ( • •) can be made

in a shorter time than " my " (

. ) as jbhe " i" is shorter to make than the " y."

Time is very important. The amateur works with varying and

uncertain conditions, with transmitters of low power, and with

interference of all sorts often amounting to a bedlam. Frequently

contact is made and communication established only with great diffi- culty. The curious brief air language has a tremendous effect in

permitting intelligent contact to be made and messages to be

exchanged.

To illustrate the compact nature of this special language: One

amateur, W3NY, after being answered by a second station, W3CAB,

proceeds as follows:

" W3CAB de W3NY E ge om tnx fr call ur fb dc sigs qsa 4 E 5 in Balto hr 2 msg fr Wash qsh? qrk? qri? qsb? ar." In ordinary language this means:

" W3CAB being called by W3NY. I hear you, good evening, old man. Thank you for calling me. Your fine business direct current

signals are of good readability and quite strong here in Baltimore.

I have two messages for delivery in Washington (D. C). Will you

take them? What is my signal strength? What is the character

of my signal and what is my frequency ? Go ahead."

Here, 78 characters conveyed information which required about 284

characters to explain in simple plain English. Notice the polite

forms of " good evening " and " thank you. The only place where

amateurs sacrifice brevity is in politeness in opening or closing a

transmission, and curiously enough this is sometimes elaborated to the point where one amateur substantially thanks another amateur

for thanking him.

The international Q signals consisting of 3-letter groups beginning

with Q, having a special meaning and used in radio as a result

of international agreement, form a part of the amateur's vocabulary.

However, the amateur sometimes extends them to 4-letter groups to cover some special need.

The vocabulary for this air language used by the amateurs can be

found in its authentic compilation in the " Eadio Amateur's Handbook" issued by the American Eadio Eelay League, with headquarters at Hartford, Conn. The majority of radio amateurs are members of this organization.

The amateurs also make use of other quantities which are not

reduced to precise measurement and standardization, but are determined by judgment. These include readability and strength of signals and signal character. The readability or audibility is expressed

in a scale of from 1 to 5, established by agreement. These are:

(1) Hardly perceptible; (2) weak, readable now and then;

(3) fairly good, readable, but with difficulty; (4) good, readable;

and (5) very good, perfectly readable.

The strength of signals are expressed on a scale of from 1 to 9, in which 1 represents a signal which can just be heard, and 9 one

of the loudest signals possible. A signal may be loud, but conditions may make its readability poor.
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 21

The quality of signals are generally given according to their

sounds, as determined by the plate supply and type of oscillator

used in the transmitter and are expressed

:

RAC, rectified alternating-current signals.

DC, direct-current signals.

PDC, pure D. C. signals, specially good.

XRAC, crystal-control rectified alternating-current signal.

XDC, crystal-control direct-current signals.

Regular prearranged calling and listening times between definite

stations, called schedules, are established by amateurs and where

the respective Governments permit, messages are handled. In

America, particularly in the United States, the number of schedules established and messages handled are large. Generally, these

schedules are established by radio contact and often form parts of

communication nets which may cross the continent.

The amateurs of the various countries are generally members of

organizations which reflect their interest. The largest amateur or- ganization is The American Radio Relay League with headquarters

at West Hartford, Conn. This cooperates closely with the Inter- national Radio Relay League, which also has headquarters at West

Hartford, Conn., and grew out of the first-mentioned organization.

It is largely through these organizations that the amateurs must

defend themselves from adverse interests. The international character of amateur radio and its world-wide

uniformity has frequently enabled amateurs to pick up signals re- porting disasters in remote places and make contact with the operators, thereby expediting the sending of assistance. For instance, one

case was reported where weak emergency signals sent from an Asiatic island were received in the United States and caused immediate

action to aid the expedition.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS TO AID IN BUYING RADIO SETS

By Orestes H. Caldwell, editor of Electronics and Radio Retailing

For the past year the radio business has been in utter confusion

and the public has been mystified when it came to buy a radio set. Confronted with all kinds of conflicting claims and prices set up

by manufacturers and dealers, the general public has pretty nearly

lost all sense of the values involved in radiobroadcasting receivers,

with the result that " now no one knows what to pay for a good radio

set." Externally sets look much alike, and, without standards or ratings

of performance by which to be guided, the layman is likely to buy

a set far below the level of tone quality and sensitivity which he

would have otherwise demanded had he known how important these

two factors would be to his future enjoyment of his purchase. As a

result, homes throughout the land are full of poor, tinny-sounding

sets, the public's musical ear is being injured, and the radio industry can not understand why the level of price demand keeps continually

lowering.

The above conditions exist in spite of the fact that the standards

of broadcasting have been continually rising and the service of the

great stations has been steadily improving in point of tone value,
22 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 power, and field strength to override static and interference, both

man made and natural.

During the past few years the leading broadcasters have spent

millions to improve the quality of their transmitters; to enable the

sounds delivered to the microphone to go out on the air with the full range of frequencies, high and low, which insure naturalness and

reality. Only high-quality receivers will respond to this full range

of tones, shown in the accompanying diagram. The inadequate and

obsolete receivers can reproduce only a few octaves out of all the

musical riches which are in the night air, free to everyone for the mere picking up.

Until recently the radio industry did, to some degree, meet the

situation created by falling prices and wavering specifications by

" selling up." The time has now arrived, however, when the industry needs help from other directions if it would keep its business on a sound and profitable basis. The dealer particularly needs this

outside help because he is all but conquered by the following factors: (1) The public's "low price" complex, (2) its lack of confidence, (3) its inability to judge true tonal and other quality values,

(4) the dealer's own inability to demonstrate convincingly the rela- tionship of price to quality.

The time has arrived, therefore, for the industry to set up some

standards for the determination and presentation of comparative

values. It should not be hard to fix scales of tone fidelity, sensitivity, and selectivity on which each radio set could be rated with some

rough attempt at comparative valuation.

We must, in other words, set up a yardstick or set of standards by

which radio sets can be simply and clearly rated in terms of performance and tone quality. This would be analogous to the ways of

rating automobiles in performance or horsepower. In the early

days of the automobile industry, nothing of this kind was available,

and the public was not able to judge the real character or merit of

a car. Nowadays all this is standardized, to the benefit of the public,

the automobile manufacturer, and the automobile trade.

Such a plan of rating radios in terms of standards would stabilize

this overwrought business of radio by revealing clearly to each buyer

just what he is getting for the price he pays.

PROGRESS AND NEED OF STANDARDIZATION IN THE RADIO FIELD

By J. W. Horton, Chairman, Standardization Committee, Institute of Radio

Engineers

Standardization, in the field of radio engineering, is as old as the

Institute of Radio Engineers, for the first committee on standardization was appointed in 1912 " for the express purpose of studying

the terms and symbols used in the art, selecting and defining suit- able terms, and eliminating the remainder." The committeee on

standardization for 1912-13 had only six members, but as a result

of a number of meetings and informal discussions, presented the

" Preliminary Report of the Committee on Standardization " as a supplement to volume 1 of the Proceedings of the Institute of Radio

Engineers.
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STANDARDIZATION" IN COMMUNICATION 23

This " Preliminary Report of the Committee on Standardization " contained 13 pages of definitions of terms in which 136 terms were

defined, 4 pages of literal symbols in which 109 mathematical symbols

were given together with their recognized meaning, 2 pages of

graphical symbols containing the drawings of 32 symbols for use on

schematic wiring diagrams, and iy2 pages of tests and ratings of

transmitting equipment. The entire preliminary report, therefore,

consisted of 23 pages of radio standards intended primarily for

the engineer.

The work started by the six members of the committee on standardization in 1912 has been continued from year to year. The

I. R. E. has always maintained a committee on standardization and

has issued succeeding standards reports in 1915, 1922, 1926, 1928,

and 1931.

By 1930 the institute's committee on standardization had increased

from 6 to 46 members, and its work had become so involved and

specialized that it was found impracticable for one committee to assume the responsibility for the institute's standards reports. Accordingly, four technical committees were organized, each headed

by a specialist in his particular field, to prepare the detailed definitions and individual reports. Under the chairmanship of Dr. J. H.

Dellinger, the committee on standardization left to the technical

committees the work of organizing new material, and acted primarily in the capacity of supervising the activities of the technical committees, establishing policies, and coordinating and approving the

definitions, symbols, abbreviations, and other reports originated by

the technical committees.

As a result of 31 meetings of the committee on standardization

and its four technical committees, the institute published its " 1931

Report of the Committee on Standardization " in March, 1931.

In contrast with the original preliminary report, this report con- tained 334 definitions of radio terms under 9 principal headings, 13

pages of mathematical and graphical symbols, a 22-page report on

" Tentative Suggested Methods of Testing and Rating Radio Transmitters and Antennas," a 23-page report on " Standard Methods of

Testing Broadcast Radio Receivers," a 33-page report on " Standard Methods of Testing Vacuum Tubes," a 15-page report on " Performance Indexes and Tests of Electro-Acoustic Devices," and 2

pages of safety standards regarding the " Provisions for Safety of

Operating Personnel in Relation to Radio Transmitting Equipment."

During the early part of 1931 the committee on standardization was reorganized and an additional technical committee was appointed. At the present time these five technical committees are engaged in a revision of the 1931 report and are adding a considerable amount of new material. It is anticipated that the next re- port of the committee on standardization can be made available

during the early part of 1933.

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association has also been

actively interested in standardization in the radio field and has published a reference work of practical information concerning the

manufacture, test, and performance of radio products. Whereas

the I. R. E. standardization reports are of interest primarily to
24 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

engineers, the N. E. M. A. report is very largely concerned with

standards and specifications which are of primary interest to the

manufacturer of radio equipment.

Realizing that standardization by manufacturing groups has

greatly benefited industry, the Radio Manufacturers Association has

been active in standardization matters since its inception. In setting

up its own standards, the Eadio Manufacturers Association recognized the work done by the N. E. M. A. and has adopted a number

of N. E. M. A. standards as its own. The R. M. A. standards cover such items as markings, ratings, limits, and tolerances of radio

products, testing methods, and instructions, and certain definitions

applying to radio receivers.^

There are now two organizations actively engaged in radio standardization work. The standardization activities of both the Insti- tute of Radio Engineers and the Radio Manufacturers Association

naturally overlap somewhat, although in general the I. R. E. is con- cerned with engineering standards, whereas the R. M. A. deals with

manufacturing problems. Duplication of effort in radio standardization matters is avoided by complete cooperation between the standardizing committees of the Institute of Radio Engineers and the

Radio Manufacturers Association.

Together with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the

institute has been joint sponsor of the sectional committee on radio

of the American Standards Association, and became a member body

of the American Standards Association in October, 1930. At the

present time the sectional committee on radio has prepared a 44-page

report, covering definitions, dimensions of vacuum-tube bases and

sockets, test methods, and manufacturing standards, most of which

have been taken from the I. R. E. and R. M. A. standards reports.

It is anticipated that this report may be presented to the American

Standards Association for adoption as American Standards before

the end of the year (1931).

Although considerable progress has already been made in setting

up standards not only for the engineer, but for the manufacturer

as well, the need for standardization in the radio industry is one

of increasing importance. Electrical interference, both natural and

man-made, is still a source of considerable annoyance and expense.

Fortunately, it is possible to reduce greatly the amount of man- made interference by the proper design, not only of the broadcast

receiver, but of such pieces of electrical equipment as motors, violetray equipment, vacuum cleaners, heating pads, elevators, and the

like which are the cause of most '"manufactured " electrical

interference.

Television, which we have been told for so long is " just around

the corner " will present standardization problems of its own when

this method of communication finally emerges from the laboratory,

but it is not too soon to give serious thought to the problems which

television will occasion. The television receiver will be a much more

complicated piece of equipment than the ordinary broadcast receiver,

and unless efforts are made through standardization to provide for some unified system of scanning, it is not only possible, but highly

probable, that a receiver designed to pick up a picture made up of,

let us say, 3,600 elements per frame with 20 frames per second, will
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 25

not be able to reproduce pictures of 4,000 elements per frame with

24 frames per second. Standardization is thus essential to insure

that a single television receiver will be designed to receive all pictures

broadcast just as the modern broadcast receiver can pick up any

broadcast program by merely turning the tuning control knob.

In the field of comparatively new developments, the phototube is one of the objects requiring standardization in the near future if maximum benefit is to be derived from this important electrical

tool. At the present time phototubes are being manufactured in all sizes, shapes, and characteristics. The result of this lack of standardization is that commercial applications are difficult to make and

one can not be sure that a tube purchased for replacement purposes

will operate in the same manner as the unit it replaces. Standard

methods of measuring and rating phototubes, as well as setting up

specifications and characteristics which are recognized as standard

will assist in making the most out of commercial applications, will

increase the number of commercial applications, and will reduce

to a minimum the number of types of tubes which will be necessary. Standard tests have already been originated by the Institute of

Radio Engineers for the measurement of characteristics of broadcast

receivers, but the importance of the frequencies above the broadcast

band makes the adoption of test methods of high-frequency re- ceivers a necessity. Related to this problem is one dealing with the

proper design of high-frequency signal generators.

Standard methods for measuring frequency, for making accurate and rapid surveys of field intensity, and for mounting and operating

quartz crystal resonators are other problems which require standardization in the near future. The Institute of Radio Engineers realizes

that the need for standardization in the radio field is more acute than it has ever been before, and is already attacking some of the

problems mentioned above.

STANDARDIZATION OF NAVAL RADIO MATERIEL

By Rear Admiral Samuel M. Robinson, Chief, Bureau of Engineering,

United States Navy

% Standardization is the lifeblood of the material end of the naval

radio communication system. In fact, it is considered of such importance as, in general, to be secondary only to the item of operating

efficiency and reliability of equipment and is often given precedence

over these factors. This arises from the fact that the naval communication system must function reliably 24 hours a day under conditions of long periods of absence and great distances from a source

of supply and subjected to rigors far greater than any met with in

normal commercial practice.

Because of the conditions under which naval radio equipment must

function and to which it is subjected, among them the extreme

temperatures, excessive humidity, and extreme vibration and shock,

the percentage of failures of many component parts is inherently

rather high. This occurs in spite of every effort to incorporate in

all component units of naval radio apparatus as high factors of

safety as are compatible with the space and weight limitations im-
26 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 posed, and the most rigorous requirements in all specifications under

which radio apparatus and its component parts are purchased.

In order that the very minimum number of replacement parts

need be carried in stock, the Bureau of Engineering of the Navy

Department has been most insistent that, in so far as the progress

of the art permits, only component parts previously standardized by

the Navy be employed in its equipment.

The policy of standardization is also necessary from a naval point

of view for two important reasons—one military and the other

commercial. From a military point of view, the best interests of

national defense demand that, wherever practicable, all consumable

items should be obtainable from as many sources of supply as

possible. This obviously predicates the necessity that the outputs of

such sources of supply shall be standardized to a point of electrical

and mechanical interchangeability. From a commercial point of

view, it is desirable and, in a sense, necessary that as many manufacturers as possible be encouraged to bid on proposals for such

consumable supplies. This is not only a legal requirement, but

tends toward the encouragement of commercial enterprise which, in

turn, builds up additional sources of supply, thus aiding in the

military effectiveness stated above.

Concrete evidence of what has been accomplished in the interests

of standardization by the radio division of the Bureau of Engineering, will be found in consideration of some of the smaller but very

important items connected with the manufacture and maintenance of

radio equipment. As an example, a few years ago, the products of

different manufacturers of vitreous enameled resistors differed in

mechanical dimensions, electrical ratings, ferrule sizes, etc. At the

present time, it is possible to obtain from not less than six manufacturers of vitreous enameled resistors, units entirely similar elec- trically and mechanically, and hence entirely interchangeable in the

apparatus in which they are used. Vacuum tubes have similarly

become standardized, due in a great part to the Navy's insistence

that all tubes of similar types obtained on its specifications be entirely interchangeable and function with equal efficiency in any of

its equipments. Radio insulators have likewise been standardized

to the" point where a high percentage of the Navy standard insulators

may be obtained from many manufacturers working in three or more different materials, but all meeting the requirements and specifications of the Navy.

The list of the Navy's achievements in the field of radio standardization is so formidable that the above examples represent but

a small part of it. As the art develops, so do the possibilities of

standardization, and it is evident, from the necessity for such action

as just outlined, that no effort should be spared in arriving as near

the goal as possible.

STANDARD RADIO-FREQUENCIES AND THEIR DISSEMINATION

By J. H. Dellingee, Chief, Radio Section, Bureau of Standards

The fundamental standard in radio communication is that of fre- quency. In order that the maximum number of radio messages or programs may be transmitted simultaneously, it is necessary that
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 27

the frequencies of the radio waves which carry them be maintained

very accurately. If the frequency varies, the message or program

will interfere with others carried on adjacent frequencies. Therefore, the maintaining of frequency accurately is a basic requirement

of all radio operation.

This requirement makes it necessary that means be provided to insure that all stations operate accurately on the same frequency.

Fortunately the standard of frequency has the unique property that

it can be made widely available by means of radio transmission.

Radio waves, of which the frequency is carefully controlled and

accurately known, furnish a standard of frequency which is simultaneously available everywhere that the waves can be received.

To meet this need, the Bureau of Standards has provided a standard frequency service regularly since 1923. It has transmitted

special waves from its own station, on announced frequencies which

have been carefully measured in terms of the national primary

standard of frequency maintained by the bureau. The transmissions

are at scheduled times announced and published in advance. Their

accuracy has at all times been more than adequate for the needs of

radio service. These needs have become more and more rigorous,

and the accuracy of the bureau's standards and of the transmissions

has progressively increased. The accuracy has now become so good

that the standard frequency transmissions serve adequately every

purpose of time-rate standards as well as frequency standards. The

technique of the transmissions has also improved ; the waves actually

transmitted are held constant to the same accuracy as that of the

primary standard itself, upon which the transmissions are based.

The accuracy is better than 1 part in 5,000,000. It is the aim of the bureau to make these transmissions with adequate power and on suitable frequencies to provide reliable frequency

standards and time-rate standards everywhere in the United States. The nature of radio-wave transmission is such that when this is achieved, a fair service of the same kind will be rendered throughout

a large part of the world ; and it may be possible eventually to make

the service actually reliable and available throughout the whole

world. During the present year the transmissions are made ever}^

Tuesday for two hours in the afternoon and two hours in the

evening. Arrangements have been made to extend this so as to provide the same service every day instead of only one day a week.

It is expected that this extended service will be on the air within the

next year. The program contemplates eventually making the service

continuous all day every day. If this goal is achieved a frequency

and time-rate service will then be available at all times and places.

A few details of the transmissions may be of interest. At the

present time they are carried on with a transmitter of 1-kilowatt

power. In the new transmitter, about to be installed, this will be

increased to 20 kilowatts, which should be adequate. The principal

transmissions are on a frequency of 5,000 kilocycles per second.

They have been received and utilized satisfactorily practically everywhere in the United States, including the west coast and Alaska.

The frequency mentioned is a satisfactory one for night use. It is expected to use 15,000 as well as 5,000 kilocycles for the daytime

92462—32 3
28 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

transmissions. Some transmissions are also made on a variety of

other frequencies, but the 5,000 and 15,000 kilocycle transmissions

are expected to furnish the principal service. Other frequencies,

such as 10,000 and 20,000, may be used if found necessary to cover

greater distances reliably. Besides the carrier frequencies mentioned, it is expected to have the transmitted waves carry one or more modulation frequencies. The frequencies tentatively in view

are 5,000 cycles per second and 60 cycles per second. The former

will have a variety of uses for radio and physical purposes. The

use of a 60-cycle modulation is discussed further below.

The applications of this service are many. It has been used in

the past principally for the calibration of standards of radiofrequency used by radio laboratories, manufacturers, and transmitting

stations. This serves a most useful purpose in putting the radio sta- tions of the country more and more on a single frequency basis,

and thus contributing to the minimization of radio-station interfer- ence. It is expected that the service will be used more and more

for direct control of the frequency of radio transmitting stations.

Stations can receive the waves and operate amplifying and fre- quency-changing apparatus so as to directly control the frequencies

of the waves which they in turn emit. As this application develops, one of the most fruitful results is expected to be the synchronization

of broadcasting stations. When two or more broadcasting stations

operate on a frequency which is accurately the same instead of only

approximately so, heterodyne interference is eliminated and the

service area of such stations is greatly increased. Such synchronizing is carried on to a very limited extent at the present time by means of a synchronizing frequency carried by wire line, which is a very expensive process. Another purpose served by the transmissions is the furnishing

of a convenient means of intercomparison of the principal frequency

standards and clocks of the world. The fact that these transmissions

give a standard which is available from instant to instant instead of

available only by integrating processes over long intervals (as in

the case of time signals) makes them advantageous for this purpose. If it is found useful, a special signal can be put on the standard frequency transmission at prearranged times to indicate a specific summation of a number of cycles, thus facilitating the use of

the transmissions as time-duration signals. Persons engaged in

hysical measurements, geodetic, seismological, and similar work can, y the use of simple receiving equipment, receive the signals and

utilize them by means of chronographs, etc., for whatever timerate or time-duration purposes they desire.

Mention has been made of the plan to have the transmitted waves

carry certain modulation frequencies. One of the possible applications is the synchronization of television apparatus. An audiofrequency of a suitable value for this purpose could be included as a modulation frequency. The operators of television systems could

receive the waves and utilize this modulation frequency for the synchronization of rotating apparatus both at the transmitter and the

receivers for visual broadcasting. No definite plan has been worked

out on this, and it remains to be seen whether this would be a useful

field of application. Another field of synchronization which can be
STANDAKDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 29

served by these transmissions is that of the electric-power stations.

The interconnection of 60-cycle power plants throughout the country

would be facilitated by a universally available 60-cycle frequency

which would give a means of control whereby different generating

insure that electric clocks operated by the power systems would

keep accurate time.

The transmission of standard frequencies has been developed to some extent in Europe. Such transmissions are made once a month

from the Eiffel Tower station in France, and from the National

Physical Laboratory in England.

By J. H. Dellingek, Chief, Radio Section, Bureau of Standards

Eadio is responsible for great advances in the safety and accuracy

of navigation. The navigational uses of radio have a history of

about 20 years on the sea, and about 10 years in the air, and are of

rapidly spreading importance at the present time.

Radio aids navigation in two principal ways, as a means of communication and as an instrumentality of navigation on course finding. Radio provides the only means of communication to ships or

aircraft at a distance, and has destroyed the isolation of ocean

voyages. As an instrumentality of navigation, radio serves to provide either (a) a homing means; that is, means to reach a desired

point; (b) a means of navigating a desired course; or (c) a means

of determining position. Radio functions regardless of fog,

tempest, or distance, and thus provides unique services which are bound to be of increasing value to navigation. It supplements

rather than displaces other navigational aids, such as the compass,

sextant, and sonic depth finder.

The differing requirements of marine and aerial transportation

have led to different kinds of uses of radio. In the marine service,

radio communication is mainly telegraphic, although telephony has

been added recently on the larger vessels. In aviation, radio communication is mainly telephonic. In the uses of radio as a navigational instrumentality, the principal marine system utilizes radio

direction finders aboard the vessels to determine the line of direction

of radio signals from a known source, while the system used in

aviation in the United States employs directive radiobeacons which

mark out the directions of the airways and are received with nondirectional receiving apparatus on the aircraft. Another navigational system employing direction finders on land to determine

the line of direction of radio signals from the moving vessel has

been used in marine navigation and is the method used in aerial

navigation in Europe.

The Bureau of Standards has been active in the development of

the various radio aids to navigation. The system of aids to marine

navigation is now standardized throughout the world. There is a

great deal of activity at the present time in developing and extending the use of radio in connection with air navigation. In the

United States the research phases of this work are carried on by

plants could The same service would

EADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION
30 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

the Bureau of Standards for the Aeronautics Branch, Department

of Commerce.

The system of radio aids to navigation on the airways of the

United States has the advantage that it imposes the minimum re- quirements on the airplane operator. There are many other possible

systems, but they require more specialized equipment aboard the

airplane or require more attention or some manipulation in use. The directive radiobeacon system enables a pilot to continue along

the regularly traveled airway when no landmarks, sky or lights are

visible. It largely removes the chief limitation on reliability of

scheduled flights, viz, delays due to fog. This system tells the

pilot as soon as he veers from his course, indicates on which side

he is off, shows him the way back, and informs him when he arrives

at his destination.

To use the radio aids provided by the Government, an airplane

need be equipped only with simple radio receiving apparatus. Transmitting stations for radiotelephony are located on the ground, usually at airports about 200 miles apart. At these airports are located

also the directive radiobeacon transmitting stations. The radiotelephone stations send out messages regarding weather, landing conditions, etc., while the beacon stations send out directed signals of

a special type for the sole purpose of making out the line of the

airway. A single receiving set aboard any airplanes receives both

classes of service. Thus, any number of airplanes may be served

simultaneously. This is one advantage of the system over the

European system which can serve only one airplane at a time. Another advantage is that the airplane is required to carry only a receiving set, whereas in the European system the airplanes must

be equipped for transmission as well as reception.

A number of air transport lines in the United States do provide

transmitting apparatus aboard their airplanes, and carry on 2-way

communication with ground stations owned and operated by them.

This system supplements the Government system which gives service to all airplanes whether or not they carry transmitting apparatus.

There are now on the airways of the United States 88 directive

radiobeacon stations, and 62 radiotelephone stations broadcasting

weather and other information to airplanes in flight, all maintained

by the Government, and operating on low frequencies. There are, in addition, 107 radiotelephone stations operating on high frequencies, maintained by the air transport companies for 2-way communication with airplanes in flight.

The use of radio as a navigational means has still further possibilities. Collisions between airplanes in fog are a real hazard;

experiments on a radio warning system to obviate this danger are in progress. Another use of radio in navigation, which is advancing

even more rapidly to the stage of practical use, is the aiding of

airplanes to land under conditions of low or zero visibility. The

radiobeacon system is adequate to guide airplanes along the air- ways, but no means have hitherto been provided to insure a safe

landing in heavy fog. Radio has been applied to this problem with

marked success, giving the pilot full information, during the movements of landing, of his position laterally, longitudinally, and vertically. When this method for blind landing is in operation on a
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 31

routine basis, the aviator will be indebted to a radio for a comprehensive system of navigational aids. THE VELOCITY OF RADIO WAVES

By N. Ebnest Doesey (Principal Scientist, Bureau of Standards)

That the velocity of radio waves is believed to be the same as that of light is well known, but the basis on which this belief rests

is not so generally known. Few realize that, as yet, it is impossible

for us to measure directly the velocity of radio waves with anything

like the precision with which we can measure the velocity of light.

How, then, is the equality established?

Before that question can be satisfactorily answered, it is neces- sary to recall certain, apparently irrelevant, facts pertaining to the

subject of units, those basic amounts in terms of which others are measured. If the distance between two points is 1 yard, it is also

36 inches. The same distance is here expressed by either of two

different numbers (1 and 36), the difference arising from the fact

that they refer to different units of length (the yard and the inch), one unit being 36 times as long as the other.

As the yard and the inch are both used for measuring lengths, so, in association with each system of mechanical units, two different

units are used in measuring the size of an electric charge. One,

called the electrostatic unit, is based upon the force of repulsion

between two equal charges when placed in a vacuum and at a certain

distance apart. The other, called the electromagnetic unit, is based

upon the amount of charge that must be transported per second by

an electric current in order that the current shall produce a certain

magnetic field. In the system of units that is based upon the centimeter, the gram, and the second, these two units differ greatly in

size, one electromagnetic unit being nearly 30,000,000,000 times as great as one electrostatic unit.

Now, in 1864, before radio waves had ever been observed, J. Clerk

Maxwell, the great British physicist, demonstrated that the existence

of certain well-established phenomena of other kinds required the

existence of such waves, and that, in a region of zero electrical conductivity in which certain electromagnetic properties (dielectric constant and magnetic permeability) are independent of the fre- quency 1 of the waves, such waves must travel with a velocity that

is numerically equal to the ratio of the electromagnetic unit of

charge to the electrostatic unit, which ratio we may, for brevity,

designate as the ratio of the units. That ratio can be measured in

the laboratory, and even to-day such measurements afford the only

precise basis for an estimation of the velocity of radio waves. In 1864, the sole available determination of the ratio of the units

gave the value 3.11 1010 cm 2 per second, while the measurements of

the velocity of light ranged from 2.98 to 3.15 1010 cm per second,

the lowest being considered the best. The value for the ratio refers

to frequencies far below those of radio waves, which, in turn, are

1 The number of wave crests per second that pass a given point.

2 1010 cm= 10,000,000,000 cm, 108 cm = 1,000,000 cm. Hence, 3.11 1010 cm per sec- ond =31,100,000,000 cm per second.
32 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

far below those of light. On the basis of the similarity of these

values, Maxwell announced his famous electromagnetic theory of

light, which states that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon,

that the only essential difference between light, radio waves, and

other electromagnetic waves is one of frequency. In doing this, he

inferred that throughout the enormous gamut of frequencies extending from the frequency corresponding to the determination of the

ratio of the units (less than one wave per second) to the highest

frequency of visible light (750 millions of millions of waves per

second) the velocity in a vacuum remains unchanged. If this inference is correct, the ratio of the units should be exactly equal,

numerically, to the velocity of light. Whence arises the great importance that has been attached to the determination of these two

quantities. Every increase in precision has brought them nearer

together; and every pertinent discovery since Maxwell's day has

strengthened our belief that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon.

The most accurate existing determination of the ratio of the units was made at this bureau 25 years ago, at a frequency of about 500 waves per second. It involved the value of a certain resistance,

which was afterwards determined at the National Physical Laboratory, London, in terms of a velocity. A combination of these determinations gives for the ratio of the units the value 2.9979 1010 cm per second, which is believed to be correct within about a unit in

the last place, although in the original paper the uncertainty was

said to be " not more than 1 in 10,000 " ; that is, not more than 3

units in the last place.

The most accurate determinations of the velocity of light are those of the late Prof. A. A. Michelson. Those made in 1926 give

the value 2.99796 1010 per second, with a probable error of 4 in

the last place. Preliminary notices indicate that more recent, and

as yet unpublished, observations will yield essentially the same result. These two values, both referring to vacuum, differ by less than the

uncertainty in the less accurate, which is itself 1,000 times as ac- curate as the values available to Maxwell. This essential agreement

of the values found at the two ends of this enormous gamut of

frequencies makes it highly probable, though not absolutely certain,

that the same velocity applies throughout that gamut, and probably

well beyond it. Our belief that radio waves in a vacuum travel with the speed

of light rests on this probability, which conflicts with nothing that

we know, and which is strengthened by the fact that such other information as we have bearing upon the subject uniformly indicates

that the actual velocity of radio waves must lie close to that value.

This velocity, 2,99796 1010 cm per second, is equal to 186,285

miles per second, surpassing every other known velocity. If the waves could be confined to a circular path, they would circle the

earth 7.5 times in a second; they can travel from the earth to the

moon and back again in a little over 2.5 seconds, and to the sun

in 500 seconds (about 8.3 minutes). That the direct measurement

of such an exceedingly high velocity involves many difficulties is obvious, and that in the case of radio waves we are still unable to make it with precision is not surprising. Some day, it will be done.
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 33

RELATION OF STANDARD TIME TO INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION

By R. E. Gould, Chief, Time Section, Bureau of Standards

Since the earth makes a complete rotation of 360° in a day of 24

hours, each interval of 15° longitude on the earth's surface corre- sponds to a time difference of 1 hour. For example, when it is 12

o'clock noon at any given point on the earth's surface it is 12 o'clock

at all points on the meridian passing through that point, 11 o'clock

a. m. at all points on the meridian 15° west of that point, and 1

o'clock p. m. at all points on the meridian 15° east of that point.

While theoretically each 15° interval represents a time difference of

1 hour, in actual practice the time-zone boundary lines are somewhat

irregular, and their actual location is seldom in exact agreement with

their theoretical position. In the United States the location of time- zone boundaries is under the jurisdiction of the Interstate Commerce

Commission, and in fixing these boundaries consideration is given to such factors as topography, local desires, and location of railroad

terminals.

Before the days of railroad trains, automobiles, airplanes, tele- graph, telephone, and radio, when people either stayed at home or moved from place to place at relatively slow speeds and there were

no means of quick communication, it was customary for each com- munity to use local mean time. There was little occasion for concern

as to the exact time in other distant localities. The development of world commerce and means of quick communication and transportation brought about a need for a world standard of time, and in 1884 a convention was called in Washington to consider the subject. As a result of this meeting, the meridian

passing through the Observatory at Greenwich, England, was chosen

as the prime meridian from which world standard time should be

reckoned. With this meridian as a starting point the world was

divided into 24 zones of approximately 15° in width, the time in

each differing from the next zone by one hour. In the United States

proper there are four of these time zones, based on the seventy-fifth,

ninetieth, one hundred and fifth, and one hundred and twentieth

meridians, the time in the various zones being slower than Greenwich

time by 5, 6, 7, and 8 hours, respectively.

The adoption of standard time zones, each having definite boundaries within which all points are abritrarily given the same time,

makes it possible to follow a definite rule for changing time when

passing from one time zone into an adjacent zone. In traveling from

east to west the traveler sets his watch back one hour on passing a

time-zone boundary line, since the time in the zone he has just

entered is an hour earlier than in the zone he has left. Similarly,

in traveling from west to east the traveler sets his watch ahead an

hour on passing from one time zone into the adjacent zone, the time

being one hour later in the zone he enters than in the one he leaves.

^ From the foregoing it is apparent that if the traveler should continue entirely around the earth, changing his watch hour by hour

as his journey progressed, he would have gained or lost a full 24

hours by the time he returned to his starting point, and his time

reckoning would be a full day in error.
34 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 In order to avoid all uncertainty as to the date at any point on

the earth's surface and to establish the position at which the traveler

should make his correction of a day, it was agreed internationally

and has become universal practice to make the change at the one hundred and eightieth meridian. This is known as the international

date line. On passing this line from east to west the traveler repeats one day, and on passing it from west to east he omits a day; that

is, he sets his calendar back a day, or ahead a day, in the same way

that he has set his watch on crossing a time-zone boundary line. Navigators, to a very large extent, travel on Greenwich time and

so overcome the necessity of changing their timepieces every time

they pass from one time zone to the next. To assist in maintaining correct time, several of the principal

nations transmit daily time signals checked by comparison with the

motion of the heavenly bodies. The type of signals varies somewhat,

but the purpose is the same in all cases, to furnish a standard for

world communication and commerce. With this system of international time in operation, communication between nations and the correlation of dates has been greatly

improved from that of a few generations ago.

Let us consider some examples of the use of international standard time. An aviator leaves England, 0°, at 5 a. m. and arrives in New York, 75° W.,

at 11 a. m. the next day. What was his actual time of flight? Apparently it was 1 day and 6 hours ; but, since New York is 5 hours slower than the time

in England, we add 5 hours to the apparent time and find that he actually took

1 day 11 hours to make the trip. A ship leaves New York, 75° W., on Monday at 7 p. m. and arrives in Liverpool, 0°, on Saturday at 6 p. m. Apparently the time for the trip was just

1 hour short of 5 days, but when we consider the difference in time we find that the trip was made in 4 days 18 hours, actual time. Some of the practical advantages of our international time system are readily

appreciated, and these advantages will almost certainly be greatly increased as means of international travel and communication are still further developed.

COMMUNICATION BY RACING PIGEONS

By W. F. Dismeb, Washington,, D. C. Perhaps the first mention made of any means of communication

is that recorded in Genesis 8 : 8, which cites that Noah successfully

used the dove as the subject of his errand. It was, therefore, no

surprise that we were asked to contribute something on the subject

of communications as rendered by the racing pigeon—worthy suc- cessor to the bird before mentioned.

We frequently meet people who consider it marvelous that all that

is necessary is to tie a message around a pigeon's neck (the worst

possible part of its anatomy for the purpose) , whisper into its ear, and forthwith it will deliver the message intrusted to its care, per- mitting itself to be caught and petted.

But while the racing pigeon can not do miraculous things, it still remains in a class absolutely by itself in one respect—a message

intrusted to its care remains a secret between sender and receiver

when delivered on the day of release. No other means of communication can make a similar claim. Whatever its method of delivery,

there is some way of intercepting it.
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 35

The pigeon hobby is perhaps as old as any pastime. The use of

pigeons as messengers is first recorded 6,000 years ago, when, as history tells us, they were used by the Chinese. In the twelfth

century, Caliphate, the Sultan, kept in touch with every city in his

empire by the use of pigeons, and it is history that had his successor taken even a casual interest in the winged messengers the empire

would not have fallen. Rumors have it that the Rothschild fortune was built up by the news which racing pigeons brought the house

of the arrival of rich caravans, days in advance of their competitors.

During the siege of Paris in 1870 the only communication the

Parisians had with the outside world was by employing racing

pigeons. Communications were established by taking pigeons out

of Paris at night by balloon and then dispatching them with messages. Fifty balloons, taking 350 pigeons, of which 60 made good

their returns between September 30 and January 27, in spite of a vigorous winter and the watchful eyes of the Germans, is recorded.

Comparing this record with those made by the American pigeon

during the World War indicates the wonderful development and

improvement in less than half a century. In the latter conflict we

must bear in mind that special attention was directed to the pigeons

to prevent their functioning, yet the records prove that 97 per cent

of the messages intrusted to their care were safely delivered in

wonderful time.

What relief the pigeons brought to Ladysmith and Mafeking is history; in Morocco, telegraph and telephone were found untrust- worthy and impossible for the moving columns of the army.

Many years ago pigeons were extensively used in Alpine climbing. Three stations at varied altitudes, each with a complement

of pigeons, received reports of accidents, avalanches, fogs, and other

troubles incident to Alpine climbing.

During the Balkan War we read: "Airplanes have been used by

the belligerents to facilitate rapid movements and secure information of the whereabouts, disposition, and strength of the enemy

with only varying degrees of success." But suppose their success had been unqualified and complete. It seems as though the aviator,

in order to carry out his work effectively and expediently, should

keep in continuous connection with headquarters. By the use of

racing pigeons this could have been greatly facilitated and

simplified. It was, however, in the World War that the pigeon won for itself a lasting and undying fame. With the telegraph and telephone cut and wireless rendered unserviceable in the presence of enemy counterwaves, news of the invasion was sent from village to village in

Belgium by racing pigeons, and if owners were shot dead it was

not because they kept pigeons but because they sent and could continue to send out information in a way that could not be stopped.

How much of the heroic defense of Belgium was made possible by

the prompt and efficient transmission of information borne by

pigeons probably will never be known with exactness. Wires may be cut, wireless destroyed, but nothing yet made can

recall a pigeon once flown with news of his country's invasion and

peril.
36 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Every schoolboy nowadays knows the story of " Cher Ami." The

achievement of that wonderful pigeon is kept ever alive as she stands

in the war collection at the National Museum with a brass plaque

telling of her wonderful deed. When all other means of communication had failed, when the enemy were so close to the Lost Battalion

that their voices were audible, a message was intrusted as a last resort to the care of " Cher Ami." Through hell-fire she sped with

the speed of a bullet ; and although she lost a leg and an eye and was

otherwise torn by shot, she safely delivered the message which notified headquarters of the peril of General Whittlesey, for the globule

containing the message was intact. At a base hospital General

Pershing came to see the bird, and he ordered that the highest medical skill be provided to save her life. She came back to this country

after the war but died less than three months later. In peace time there are fields where the use of pigeons for communication purposes is indispensable. Perhaps none is more apparent than during the season when forest fires are prevalent. Many

of these are discovered miles away from telegraph or wireless sta- tions, and valuable time is lost in communicating the discovery.

Were pigeons available news of the fire could be sent speedily.

During the winter at Yellowstone Park the monotony of many a lonesome hour, day, and week could be broken by the use of pigeons.

When the guards are shut in, so to speak, for the winter and have no outside communication excepting, perhaps, what might be received

by radio, but not delivered, these men could nevertheless get some

pleasure in hearing from one another once in a while by pigeons.

Or, let us take the case of the diphtheria epidemic up in the far

north some years ago, when a real man with his faithful dog team

just was able to bring the antitoxin in the nick of time. Certainly an isolated case and perhaps never to be repeated, but there is no

denying the fact that a few trained pigeons would have performed

within a few hours what it took many days to accomplish.

So we may go on reciting cases where pigeons could be used for

communications in a manner not possible by any other means. No

wonder, then, that Uncle Sam retains a few, if only a skeleton crew

at that, for use in emergency and is keeping a few well-trained men

who could be called upon at any time.

Like a good race horse, a good racing pigeon may be of any color. The foundation of the American racing pigeon came from Belgium

about 60 years ago, but England has been the largest contributor to the importation during the present century. The only strains we

care to mention are from a few of those who have gone to their

reward. Hansene and Gits and Barker, of Belgium, the latter an Englishman who emigrated to Belgium ; Logan, Wones, and Osman

are outstanding strains of England.

However, the American racing pigeon, the result of the " boiling

pot " proved in the World War that he has no equal. It has been

pointed out that the American pigeons are not compelled to face a body of water like the English Channel or the mountains which some of the Belgian pigeons encounter. Nevertheless, when put to the test in the great conflict, none surpassed the American pigeon in

either speed or reliability.
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 37

Every record is held by the American pigeon, be it for speed or

distance. Our returns on the day of liberation from the 500 and 600

mile races surpass those of other countries. We will cite only one

record—that of long distance. The longest distance ever flown was

that by a bird of our friend, Lieut. E. S. Peterson, of San Antonio,

the gentleman who was in charge of the Navy pigeons " over there."

A pigeon released in competitive flight up in Maine was timed home

by Lieutenant Peterson in San Antonio, Tex.—a distance well over

2,000 miles.

After six months' separation the veteran pigeon fanciers pair their

birds in the early spring, and, having in mind that " like is likely to beget like," they usually mate their best birds together. About 20

days after the first of the two eggs is laid the youngster is hatched

and in another week or 10 days receives its identification mark in the

form of an aluminum ring, bearing initial, year of hatch, and numbers. As the young bird's leg becomes larger this ring can not be

removed or another put on. During the incubation one finds, as a general rule, that the male bird will be covering the eggs between

10 a. m. and 4 p. m., the female performing her duties during the

other hours of the day. However, after the youngsters become 10

or 12 days old the male bird does most of the feeding to make up, as

it were, for his seeming laziness during the incubation.

At the age of 4 or 5 weeks the young follow their parents out of

the loft and soon are on the wing. Many a youngster has been given

his first lesson in homing before he is 6 weeks old ; but as the clubs

usually provide a schedule in the spring for the older birds and one

in the fall for those hatched that year, we find most of the pigeons

to be 3 or 4 months old before being placed in training. Perhaps

its first lesson is always to return immediately to the loft after exercising, it being tempted to do so by the meal which awaits it. The

cardinal difference, it might be said, between a racing pigeon and

all other kinds of pigeons is that the racing pigeon will never alight on any home excepting that of its owner or in its own loft. Moreover, even when given the run of the loft, it will usually be found

inside of the loft. The actual training consists of liberations away from the home of

first 1, then 3, 5, 10, 20, 35, and 50 miles before being ready for the

first race. Brought to headquarters, each pigeon is marked with a

secret rubber ring, which is recorded opposite the pigeon's aluminum

ring number, whereupon each member receives his sealed clock.

Each loft is measured from liberating points by a surveyor, the dis- tance being figured to the thousandth of a mile, or approximately

50 feet.

m On the morning of liberation the members are acquainted with the

time of the start and the weather conditions ; and the veteran flyer,

taking into consideration these conditions, is usually able to judge

the probable time of first arrival within 15 or 30 minutes. When

he sees his bird in the air, he uses every enticement to get the bird

into the loft to enable him to get the racing ring to place in the

clock. While some birds " trap " very quickly, others do not do so

well; and any noise is likely to frighten them, with the result that

valuable time is lost.
38 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 The same evening, the clocks are brought to headquarters, where

first the times are noted from the clocks' printed slips, then the

racing ring checked, the times adjusted (for some clocks will run

fast while others will run slow), and finally the average speed in

yards per minute figured, as this is the best unit in determining

winners.

Any and all birds are eligible for the old bird races—color, age, weight, or previous experience proving no bar, but only birds bearing rings with the year of hatch are eligible for the young bird

races. Diplomas are presented the winning birds ; diplomas are also

awarded the best combined average for each season. Two national organizations regulate the welfare of the sport in

America: The American Kacing Pigeon Union and the International Federation of Homing Pigeon Fanciers. At their annual

conventions there is, perhaps, a larger attendance in proportion to the membership than any convention of whatever nature. These annual gatherings are not for legislative purposes but,

rather, for a rekindling of old friendships and the creating of new

ones. Of course, business meetings are held and various phases of

the sport discussed, but all voting is done by referendum. Twenty

years ago one of these organizations inaugurated the attendance of

ladies at their banquets, perhaps one of the first conventions to do so, and at present we find that at least 25 per cent present are of the

fair sex. At least a thousand members and their friends attended the

twenty-first anniversary of the American Kacing Pigeon Union at its reunion at the Commodore Perry Hotel at Toledo, Ohio, in October,

and a like number celebrated the fiftieth annual meeting of the

International Federation, which was held at Brooklyn, N. Y., in

November.

Pigeon racing is an ideal all-the-year sport. It is found as interesting to the boy as to his grandfather. No sport can compare with

it, democratically speaking. And, as for fraternalism, nothing

makes brothers of one another so quickly as this wonderful hobby.

Communications will continue to be carried on on a larger scale

by every agency other than the racing pigeon, but always bear in

mind that if you want a secret communication—that sent and delivered by racing pigeon is the only absolutely secret one. SOME STANDARD MEANS OF TRIBAL COMMUNICATIONS

By Dr. Walter Hough, Head Curator of Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution Standardization in primitive arts shows only rudimentary beginnings with the inception of material culture. The expressions are mostly in terms of the nearest standards found in parts of the human

body, as the arms and digits, which developed extensively before the

scientific advance.

Means of communication depending on the eye and ear are ref- erable to another field not connected with metrics. Language and

gesture, growing up together as we believe, represent an early agreement or standardization of meaning. These would be used for communication over not very great distance; thus, language, near by;

gesture, medium distance ; and signals, for distance.
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 39

Sign language, which was a familiar feature of Indian communication, had developed at the coming of the white man into a general

system intelligible over a large part of the United States west of the

Mississippi. The signs represented form and motion, conveying to the mind a picture; that is, signs were ideographs, an extension of

picture writing. Necessarily, the speakers must have light in order

to communicate, so that aside from artificial light sign language was

a day language.

Much more effective was signaling which could be carried on at any time. The familiar visual signals with fire and smoke form a

picturesque phase of primitive life. The night fire and day smoke

served to convey simple messages to a far distance. By puffs of

smoke separated by manipulation of fuel and a blanket or by number

of fires the Indians signaled. At night by moving a blanket before

a fire some information was conveyed. The code was simple and

previously agreed upon among friends. Sometimes fire arrows were

shot up at night and by their direction or curves to right or left conveyed a message. There are many references in ancient writings

to these methods of signaling.

Wigwagging a blanket was a customary method of signaling by the

Indians. Riding a pony in a circle or other figure was also a com- mon device.

Even whistling signals were sent by some Indian tribes. Travelers

record that they could be heard over incredible distances.

Sound signals were of proved usefulness among primitive peoples.

The agents employed were drums and wooden gongs, the latter sometimes huge excavated logs of hardwood producing a massive

sound penetrating to a long distance.

In the Congo, Herbert Ward ordered the drum beaten to call a boat from the other shore of a wide African river. In answer he saw

a boat put out. In order to test the system he directed the beaters

to announce that the boat was too small and to send a larger one. To

his surprise he saw this done.

Erroneously, travelers thought that a code was employed in drum

signals, but it is now found that a " drum language " was invented

for the purpose. In the Cameroons, for instance, the language is well known, and sometimes the natives carry on a conversation by

beating the language on the chest while the explorer is quite igno- rant that something is being put over. Another and most curious drum signaling is used by some tribes

in South America. A diaphragm stretched on a wooden shell is sunk in the ground and a similar installation made in another vil- lage. Beating on one diaphragm causes particles of wood or leaves

to dance on the diaphragm of the other, thus carrying the signals

desired.

There is a widespread use of the drum in war, coming down from

ancient times. First and last, bodies of soldiers have received orders

by drum and whole populations roused to the threat of war. In general, the information sent out by means of signals was

conveyed through an agreed code which became the standard. Short

cuts to language communuication gave rise to jargons such as pidgin

English, Chinook jargon, and many others representing agreed simplifications which suggest the process by which a universal language may arise.
40 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 TELEVISION AS A FIELD FOR STANDARDIZATION

By C. Francis Jenkins, Washington, D. C. It will come as a surprise to many that television needs but little standardization, as compared with motion pictures, for example.

In motion-picture theater entertainment all the theaters of the

United States, and many of those elsewhere, are equipped with a choice of but three makes of picture projectors. But these are served with film made in many cameras by cameramen all over the

world.

To insure the widest usefulness, obviously it was necessary that

the common integral of the system, that is, the film, should be

standardized, namely, as to width of film; size of picture frame;

location of frame line; direction of picture-frame sequence; picture

frames per second; and perforation of film (in shape, size, separation, location, and number per picture frame)

.

There were many other standards adopted for convenience and

interchangeability, but none but film standards were absolutely

necessary. Nor was time an element of consideration, for the film

could be shown a day, a week, or a year after it was taken.

In television, however, time is the essence for the person or scene can be reproduced only simultaneously with its broadcast, the station

being comparable to the camera in motion pictures.

At present there are only a relatively few radiovision broadcasters,

and each follows his own inclination as to the elements which go to make up the treatment of his picture frame (scanned area). Some

use as low as 24 lines per frame, some as high as 100 lines. More television broadcasting is done (at the present time) on

60 lines per frame ; 60 picture elements per line ; and 20 frames per

second than any other. The scanning is done from left to right

and from top to bottom in successive lines, as one reads the page of

a book.

The present method of television, as is now rather well known,

consists of an analysis at the broadcast station, and a simultaneous

synthesis at all receivers, of the person or scene, in successive elementary picture areas delivered over a single radio channel.

The resultant assembly of the elementary picture areas reminds

one of the dots in a halftone printing block—coarse screen for

newspaper work, fine screen for book printing—with its different

sizes of dots, and which, assembled in groups of like sizes, make up

the blacks and whites and halftones of the picture.

One can imagine these thousands of dots transmitted and received one by one in orderly succession over a radio channel. It will also

be understood that the finer quality of picture, with its greater

number of dots, or elementary areas, all sent in a small fraction of a second, one-twentieth for example, the higher is the frequency

involved, and, therefore, the wider the radio band (in kilocycles),

and that only. Therefore, standardization of picture frame, as already explamed? is all that is absolutely necessary. It is quite obvious that if television reception is to be enjoyed

by everyone from all radiovision stations, then all stations must

adopt a standard of analysis of the object or scene broadcast.

Otherwise each household would have to buy a receiver for each
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 41

broadcast station, or limit its reception to the offerings of a single

station. The sooner such standardization is accepted and practiced

by all interests involved the sooner a large and enthusiastic audience

will be nightly receiving television entertainment.

STANDARDIZATION IN THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF RAILWAYS

By W. P. Borland, Director, Bureau of Safety, Interstate Commerce Commission

Various methods are in use for the communication of information

between those responsible for the safe operation of railway trains

in the United States. The two methods most commonly used consist of the display of fixed or movable signals of some sort, or the

sounding of some form of audible signal, indicating the nature of

the information which is to be imparted. The usual form of trans- mitting information from one place to another is by means of the

telephone or telegraph.

Fixed Signals.—Fixed signals are signals located at a definite location, indicating conditions affecting the movement of a train. They

may be of different types for different purposes, but their indications

have been largely standardized through the cooperation of the or- ganizations of the various railroads, and their meaning is uniformly

the same throughout the country.

Block signals are one of the important means of conveying information to enginemen for the operation of trains. Several types are

in common use to-day. One of these types is the semaphore signal

which consists of a semaphore blade mounted on a signal mast and

operated either by hand or by some motor-driven device. This signal displays its indication by the position of the blade by day, and, in

addition, by colored lights at night. Some years ago the blade was commonly operated in the lower quadrants, but upper-quadrant signals have come into general use within the last 15 years and are gradually replacing the lower quadrant signals. The fundamental

positions of the upper quadrant signals are horizontal for stop,

diagonal (45°) for caution, and vertical (90°) for proceed. The

usual colors displayed by night are red, yellow, and green for stop,

approach, and proceed, respectively. Various combinations of positions of two or more blades and colors of lights are used for displaying aspects governing movements of a restricted character.

With the advent of higher speeds and heavier equipment it has

been found that with the usual spacing of signals on the roadway

the information given by the signal to the engineman was not al- ways given at a point which would permit the train to be stopped

before reaching the stop signal. This gave rise to a fourth indication known as approach medium (diagonal over vertical) which is used in connection with the three indications previously described.

These 4-indication signal systems are used quite extensively on

railroads where the speed and traffic density require the extra indication. On roads of lesser density 3-position signal systems are generally used.

m Another type of block signal in extensive use is the color-light

signal which has come into general use throughout the country, one advantage being the absence of moving parts. Light signals
42 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 have been used for many years in tunnels and subways, and following the development of special lenses and lamps their use has been

extended so that now they are extensively used in the open country.

The same color indication scheme is used as with the semaphore

signals, the lamps, reflectors, lenses, and hoods being specially designed so as to permit the indications to be discerned as well by

day as by night.

A third type known as the position-light signal is coming into use in some portions of the country. It consists of a row or beam

of amber-colored lights indicating by position, similar to the sema- phore signal, the condition of the block. This signal was designed

to prevent the possibility of enginemen mistaking the color indication due to color blindness. The indications, in general, are the same as with semaphore! signals. A limited amount of color-position light signals are in use with colored lights in the various

positions.

In general, with all types of signals except the position-light type,

red, yellow, and green are used for stop, approach, and proceed,

respectively, corresponding with the horizontal, diagonal, and vertical positions of the blade in semaphore signals.

Other types of fixed signals in common use on railways consist of

(a) crossing signs at highway crossings, marking the location of

crossings; (b) crossing signals, indicating to highway travelers the

approach of trains, such as bells, flashing lights, wigwags, and gates,

the aspects of which are standardized ; (<?) clearance signs at points

where the clearance between moving trains and structures is limited,

for the safety of employees; (d) speed restriction signs indicating to the enginemen speed restrictions in effect at various points; (e)

yard-limit signs indicating to operating crews the extent of a yard

;

(/) stop signs at noninterlocked railroad grade crossings; and various other signs imparting information as to the operation of the

railroad or for the protection of the public.

Movable Signals.—Principal among the various movable signals

used on the railroads are flags and lamps.

Flags of different colors are used by day and lamps by night to indicate various conditions.

Green flags are used by switchmen in signaling enginemen rela- tive to the movement of trains over hand-operated switches. They

are also used on locomotives to indicate a following section, or on

the roadway as resume-speed signals.

Yellow flags are used under some conditions as rear-end markers

of a train, slow-speed signals over sections of track, or at other points

where caution is to be observed in the operation of a train.

Bed flags are used for flagging approaching trains or under any

conditions which involve danger in the movement of trains ; also as markers on the rear end for trains on main tracks ; and stop signals

at block stations for the delivery of train orders.

White flags are generally used on extra trains to indicate their

classification. Blue flags are used in and around yards to indicate men working

on cars and to provide for their safety while so engaged.

Lamps of similar color are used by night in lieu of flags by day

and have the same meaning.
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 43

Train Orders.—Two standard forms of written train orders are in

general use for the purpose of transmitting information governing

the movement, meeting, and passing of trains. One of these forms

(form 19) does not require the signature of train crews; and is generally used when an order does not restrict the rights of the

train receiving it; when the rights of trains as conferred by timetable or class are restricted, form 31 is used, and this requires the

train crew to sign for its delivery. Train orders are written in

multiple, and in order that everybody concerned may have the same

information and interpretation, standardized forms of wording,

forms A to S are in common use. The matter contained in these

forms is short, concise, and clear as to how the movement is to be

executed.

Clearance cards of two forms, Form A and Form B, usually

accompany the train orders, and indicate their numbers and reason

for their issuance, thus insuring that all copies are delivered. Like

the train orders, their wording is standard and they are universally

used throughout the country.

Whistle Signal.—Engine whistle signals of standardized code are employed for indicating to employees, other trains, or the public

certain conditions arising in connection with the operation of trains.

They are used either with the train standing or running, and their

meanings under these conditions are in accordance with codes printed

in the rule book of each railroad company.

Communicating signals are employed for communication between

the train crews and engine crews, each having a separate meaning

as to the operation of the train, brakes, station stops, emergency stop,

meeting points, and other similar conditions. Like the enginewhistle signals, these are standardized on all railroads.

Telephone and Telegraph.—These devices have been in general use

for many years for the transmission of train orders for train dis- patching, transmitting messages and orders, and other information.

The telephone has to a considerable extent supplanted the telegraph

for transmission of train orders, more than 60 per cent of the orders

now being transmitted by telephone.

THE STANDARDIZATION OF LANGUAGE

By Thomas A. Knott, the General Editor of the Herriam Weoster Dictionaries Language, consisting of words of various functions, usually in- terconnected and arranged in a purposive order in sentences, and

uttered with an intonation that directs them to their purpose, has

apparently, from the most primitive stage of human society, been a highly conventionalized instrument for the conveying of emotions,

thoughts, information, commands, and questions. Its very function has required conventionalization, for the conveying of a thought

or a command from one consciousness to another demands that the

word or sentence should possess the same (or nearly the same) meaning for the hearer that was intended by the speaker.

There is, however, an almost incredible distance between the

merely conventionalized speech of a tiny, isolated, illiterate clan

of hunters or nomads or crop raisers and such a standardized international language as Latin or Arabic in their day or English or 92462—32 4
44 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

Spanish to-day. This distance has been bridged by certain steps

that may be outlined (not always in a strictly chronological order)

as follows: (1) The growth of moral conduct, resulting in security

for life and property; (2) the development of industry, business,

and commerce; (3) the creation and distribution of wealth; (4)

the more general attainment of leisure; (5) the spread of education,

resulting in the social freeing of potentially brilliant leaders; (6)

the development of literature and the arts; (7) the study and application of science; and (8) the development of communications,

especially the development or creation of the road, the ship, the

railway, the printing press, the telegraph, and the radio. Most

of these steps, however, are merely prerequisites. The really essential factors are education, literature, the printing press, and easy

transportation.

Easy transportation, with the resultant constant moving about and

general intermixture of nearly the whole population, is the basic reason for the general uniformity of pronunciation throughout the

United States and Canada, so that it has even been said (in spite of some slight peculiarities in the Northeast and Southeast) that there

are no dialects in this country. During the period when our population has been growing from 3,000,000 to 120,000,000—a century and

a half-—there has been hardly a child who grew up without changing

many or most of his playmates, either through moving himself into a new neighborhood or State (often more than once) or through

the moving of his friends. Since most individuals form their pronunciation habits before they are 15 years of age, through imitation

of their associates, this generalization of personal contact has caused

a great leveling out of local speech peculiarities.

Another factor of the greatest importance has been the public

school with its accompanying agents of instruction—the teacher and

the textbook. It is impossible to overestimate the influence of such

books as McGuffie's readers on the common vocabularies and ideas

of the pupils, or of Noah Webster's blue-backed spelling book on

their spelling, or of the school dictionary on their understanding of

meanings and on their common pronunciation during the formative

period of our national life. A third contributing factor has been the low-priced newspaper and

magazine, both of them for the most part using language of a high

type and dispensing floods of information of great value in increasing our common stock of words and information. As a result

chiefly of the influence of these factors, the standardization of the

language of the United States and Canada during the last three

centuries has been one of the most astounding phenomena in all the

history of language. One hundred and thirty million descendants

of Britons, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, Spanish, Scandinavians,

Russians, Italians, Poles, Finns, Lithuanians, Greeks, Syrians, and

American Indians are to-day reading, and to a reasonable extent speaking and writing, the language of Thackeray, Dickens, and Hawthorne. Contrast this with what happened within a few centuries

(possibly only five) to the various branches of the Indo-European

speech when it was carried by migrating little tribes, of a few thousand persons each, from eastern Europe to India, Greece, Italy, and

Scandinavia, to become such mutually unintelligible languages as
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 45

Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, and Gothic. The explanation is obvious.

The groups of Indo-European migrants lived isolated from one

another and without the conservative influence of a written (or

printed) literature.

So much for the language as unconsciously acquired. But when

it comes to the realms entered in the higher schools and the professions, the situation is strikingly different. Here we meet subjects

and sciences like mathematics, chemistry, psychology, and botany, more than a score of them, each one with a highly conventionalized

or deliberately standardized vocabulary of its own, achieved as a

result of centuries or decades of careful, exact thinking, and efforts at the most precise expression. The younger and less explored the

field of a science, it is true, the more likely its terms are to change

their meanings. Sine, hydrogen, obovate, however, are settled,

whatever may result from our latest explorations into parallel lines,

atoms, behavior, or cells. Nor can too much credit for standardization on a high level be

given to the deliberate, conscious labors of the continuous stream

of professional writers, from Chaucer to the latest bud of a novelist.

From generation to generation they have learned the methods and

achievements of their predecessors, and each generation has added

its contribution to the style and technique of both poetry and prose. The effect of their work is cumulative. We still read Shakespeare,

the King James Bible, Addison, Swift, and Fielding, and model our language on theirs in both speaking and writing. This is one re- sult of the miracle of the printing press, with its low-priced product. Five hundred years ago, in the day of the hand-written manuscript, a 300-page book cost the equivalent of $750.

To-day, in the industries and sciences, especially in some where

the terminology has been especially chaotic, we are witnessing a new

kind of deliberate effort to secure standardization. Paint, textile,

and dye manufacturers are groping their way toward agreement on

the meanings of names of colors, although not officially. The Anatomical Society has adopted nearly 5,000 terms (all in Latin), cov- ering practically every term used in human anatomy. The Inter- national Botanical Congress has adopted an International Code of

Botanical Nomenclature (devoted to scientific names only). The

National (American) Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has

adopted nearly 500 official terms and definitions. The International

Research Council and the National Academy of Sciences have published the International Critical Tables for Numerical Data, Physics,

Chemistry, and Technology. The Society of American Foresters

has published Forest Terminology, with more than 1,800 definitions

;

and committees on nomenclature are active in many other

associations.

What has been said above, however, about the changing meaning

of such terms as atom and cell should warn us against too much

confidence in the possibilities of achieving absolute or permanent

standardization. Highly valuable as most of the work of standardizing terms has been and will be, we must remember that our

scientific vocabulary can be fixed with complete finality only when

our sciences no longer have anything in their fields to be investigated

or discovered. The same observation may be made on all the other
46 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 phases of our practical and intellectual life. The meanings of many

words, such as matter and heat, were thoroughly understood 25

years ago, and to-day nobody understands them. When some of us were boys there were no airplanes; there was only Darius Green

and his flying machine. There were no radios or automobiles or garages. Not long since I overheard a 10-year-old boy in an oldr

fashioned New England village, especially preserved near Springfield, Mass., say to his father, " What is a blacksmith shop for ? " Our civilization and our language are changing.

STANDARD MEANS OF COMMUNICATION FOR DEAF MUTES

By Josephine B. Timberlake, Superintendent, The Volta Bureau,

Washington, D. C. The means of communication in use among the deaf depends to a considerable extent upon whether their educators permit them to remain mutes. Earlier generations, in the belief that speech was

impossible for them, taught them to transmit ideas in signs, and

thus developed a sort of language, crude and incomplete, but very

useful among the few who understood it. This sign language does

not follow the order of words of any spoken language, but is rather a series of pictures, usually supplemented by words spelled on the

fingers. At one time all schools for the deaf in this country taught

it, but now it has been discarded as a means of instruction, and

many schools prohibit its use entirely, for the reason that the use of a language of gestures tends, like the use of slang, to restriction

of the vocabulary and to inability to express ideas with discrimination. It is still widely used for conversation, however, especially

among the older deaf persons, and before audiences so large as to render lip reading difficult or impossible.

By the use of finger spelling, words in any language may be communicated. In this country, and for the most part in Canada, the

one-hand alphabet is that most commonly used, but in Europe a two-hand alphabet is preferred. Either is readily learned, and

practice enables the user to attain considerable speed, not greatly

inferior to the speed of average speech. In many schools for the

deaf a few classes, made up of children who have not progressed

satisfactorily in the use of speech and lip reading, are taught by

means of finger spelling. These children, of course, remain mute

all their lives. The oral method, which uses speech and lip reading as the means

of communication, is the leading method employed for the deaf

by modern educators. Many schools depend upon it entirely, and

all but two or three give it classroom preference. Modern opinion

holds, therefore, that the standard means of communication for a deaf person is the language of the country in which he lives. If he

has been well taught from an early age, he can probably speak it intelligibly, and can understand those about him by reading their

lips. Or, if he fails in these, he can communicate readily with the

help of pencil and paper. Contacts, not only with his relatives

and friends, but also with employers and fellow workmen, are thus

much easier for him. He is not restricted to the companionship of

those who have learned a manual alphabet or the sign language.
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 47

The best lip reader in the world, however, can not understand a speaker who mumbles, or speaks with a rigid jaw, or distorts the

motions of his lips. The best way of completely standardizing his means of communication, therefore, is to promote a standard of

elear, pleasant, intelligible speech throughout our population.

STANDARDIZATION IN MILITARY COMMUNICATION

By Capt. Fred G. Borden, Signal Corps, United States Army

Probably in no form of human activity is standardization more

essential than for militar}^ organizations. Wars usually occur suddenly and without warning. After war is declared there is no opportunity to arrive at logical decisions as to training, equipment, and

similar matters. These must be decided in times of peace when time

is not so vital and when opportunities permit.

The Signal Corps is charged with the purchase, storage, and issue

of all items of signal equipment for the Army which are of a commercial type, and is also charged with the development, purchase,

and issue of noncommercial types of communication equipment not

only for its own use but for the use of all other arms and services.

Perhaps an example of the methods followed in perfecting a new

type of communication equipment might be of interest. We will as- sume that it becomes apparent that a motor vehicle capable of laying

and recovering field wire has become necessary. This vehicle will be

used not only by the Signal Corps, but by the Infantry, Field Artillery, Cavalry, Coast Artillery, and, perhaps, other arms. A study is made in the office of the Chief Signal Officer to determine the neces- sary characteristics of a vehicle which will most nearly fulfill all of the requirements of the various using arms. A tentative set of

military characteristics is compiled and copies forwarded to the

chiefs of the using arms for their comments and recommendations.

The chiefs of the arms usually submit this tentative list of military

characteristics to their respective service board composed of officers of

long experience, and the duty of each board is to examine the

characteristics of the vehicle from the standpoint of its use by their

particular arm and to forward the board's recommendation to its chief of arm who furnishes a copy to the Chief Signal Officer. After

all of these recommendations have been received they are coordinated

and the military characteristics of the vehicle are revised to include

such changes as seem practicable and necessary. Vehicles of the re- vised type are then obtained and sent to the various using arms to permit extended service tests in the field. The results of these service tests are included in reports which reach the Chief Signal Officer

through the chiefs of the respective arms, together with their recommendations. Very possibly some minor changes are recommended

and these are again coordinated by the Chief Signal Officer and additional vehicles obtained including, as far as practicable, the recom- mended changes. Frequently these are again given a thorough field test to insure that they will reasonably fulfill the military require- ments. Detailed specifications are then prepared and submitted to the War Department for final approval and for the adoption of the

vehicle as a standard type. The vehicles are then purchased in quantity, within limits of funds available, and issued to the using arms.
48 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

While the procedure described might be considered as requiring too many steps, yet the necessity for providing an article which we may

be confident will perform its necessary function during the various

phases of combat will not permit of any considerable curtailment.

Standardization is essential not only to insure the suitability of

the particular piece of apparatus but from other standpoints as

well. For example, wire communication in combat units is usually

furnished by means of twisted-pair insulated wire laid on the groundr since this is the only type of construction that time will permit.

Wire used for this purpose must have certain characteristics which

are not necessary for wire used for commercial purposes. For example, the wire must lay flat on the ground to permit foot troops and

vehicles to pass over it easily. Furthermore, the wire must have

sufficient tensile strength to permit its being laid from a rapidly

moving animal-drawn or motor vehicle without the probability of

its breaking under a sudden strain. In order to fulfill these requirements the conductors must be composed of strands of fine wire of

a special type of steel. A study which has been made1 indicates that

there are not enough stranding machines in the entire country to furnish the amount necessary for our needs in the case of an emergency. Under these circumstances another type of wire which is used commercially and which can be readily obtained must be

adopted as a substitute standard, in spite of the fact that it does

not entirely fulfill the above requirements. This commercial wire

is used to supplement the supply of standard wire.

There are two entirely different methods which might be followed

in developing a standard type of communication equipment: The

first is to base the standard on performance specifications ; the second,

by definitely designating the exact size, weight, and other characteristics of each individual part, on detailed construction specifications. As an illustration let us consider a radio set. By completely

designating the size and weight of the set, its required range, the

frequency on which it will operate, the type of signals which it will

emit, etc., it is possible to obtain, under performance specifications? sets with identical performance characteristics. Such sets can communicate with each other and to this extent might be considered as standard. In practice, however, the) results are unsatisfactory, since

by law the Signal Corps is obliged to buy equipment from the lowest

responsible bidder. Performance specifications might be satisfactory if only one order were ever contemplated, for in that case all sets would be identical in all component parts. Should, however^ an additional quantity of a similar equipment later become neces- sary it might be found that a different concern is the lowest bidder

and, therefore, receive the contract. His product would meet all performance requirements, but the component parts would not be

interchangeable with the components of the sets originally purchased.

A single set of instructions for the operation and maintenance of

the two differently constructed sets would be impracticable and the

time required to train personnel for such operation and maintenance

would be greatly increased. On the other hand, provided complete

detailed construction specifications, including drawings of each component part, are furnished to bidders the product of one factory will

be identical with that of another, and any component part of any set may be substituted for a defective part of any other set of the same
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 49

type. Also the problem of training is greatly simplified. The preparation of detailed construction specifications for such a complicated

piece of apparatus as a transmitting and receiving radio set requires

many weeks or even months of effort by highly qualified technical

experts, and the time required to complete the development of such a

set is necessarily considerably increased, but by this latter method

only can the Signal Corps be assured that its communication equipment for war will be standard in every sense of the word.

During peace times the Signal Corps is responsible for the operation of post telephone systems, radio stations in the Army and

corps nets, and similar peace-time activities. As regards wire communication, the policy is to follow the best commercial practices.

These practices are standard throughout the United States and have

been evolved after many years of research and actual functioning.

Standards, as adopted for use in connection with the installation and

maintenance of peace-time radio sets, have been worked out partly

by following the latest commercial developments and partly by experience gained by the Signal Corps in the actual operation of extensive radio nets. The above discussion refers to materiel only, but in the Army it is necessary that standardization be effected for personnel as well. The

large number of men involved, the necessity for immediate action,

and the requirement that a military organization act as a unit necessitates standardization of the men who compose the organization.

This is usually termed " discipline," but, since the object of discipline

is largely to insure that different men will react to similar orders in

a similar manner, the effect is standardization pure and simple.

From a communication standpoint radio operators are standardized

as regards speed and the use of certain specified code signals. Telephone operators are taught a standard method of operation for the

various switchboards. It is undoubtedly true that standardization of

personnel is more nearly universal throughout a military organization than in any civilian activity.

STANDARD CONTROL OF THE ACOUSTICS OF AUDITORIUMS

By Paul R. Heyl, Chief, Sound Section, Bureau of Standards

The scientific study of architectural acoustics is of comparatively

recent origin. In 1895 Harvard University had just completed the

Fogg Art Museum, containing an auditorium which proved almost

unusable. Prof. W. C. Sabine, of the Harvard faculty, spent two

years in an investigation of the questions involved, in the course of

which experiments were made in a number of existing satisfactory

auditoriums. As a result certain fundamental but unrecognized

principles became clear, which later enabled Professor Sabine to predetermine the acoustic design of the new Boston Symphony Hall.

These investigations by Sabine were the pioneer scientific work in

the subject. So completely and carefully were they carried out that

subsequent workers have done but little in the way of extending the

theoretical foundations of the subject, but have for the most part
50 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 merely enlarged our knowledge of the acoustic properties of the vari- ous materials commonly used in building construction.

The most common defect in auditoriums is excessive reverberation.

A sound produced in a room is reflected back and forth from walls,

floor, and ceiling, a portion of the energy being absorbed at each

reflection until the intensity is so reduced that the sound becomes

inaudible.

Owing to the high speed of sound (about 1,100 feet per second)

there will be many such reflections per second in a room of ordinary

size, and the greater the dimensions of the room the more prolonged

will be the reverberation.

If the reverberation is unduly prolonged, one syllable or note of

music will blend with perhaps half a dozen that follow it, interfering with proper hearing. The reverberation time must be kept

down to a minimum. It is not advisable to do away with reverberation altogether, as this makes a room oppressively " dead." Our

established auditory tastes and habits require a small amount of

reverberation for an acceptable effect. This amount is found to increase with the size of the auditorium.

Reverberation may be kept down by covering the ceiling or walls

of the room with some material which is more absorbent of sound

than ordinary plaster. It is not generally realized that ordinary

plaster is a better reflector of sound than a silvered mirror is of

light. It is a good mirror that will reflect 95 per cent of the light

that falls on it,, while a plastered wall may reflect 98 per cent of the

sound incident upon it. With such a low absorbing power a sound wave must be reflected back and forth a great many times before it becomes inaudible.

Sound-absorbing materials must be porous enough to blow

through. When the compressed air of a sound wave meets such a substance the air is forced into the pores, where by friction its motion is converted into heat.

The earliest sound absorbents used were fibrous materials of a vegetable or animal origin, such as hair felt. At the present time

rock wool, a fibrous material made from blast-furnace slag, forms

the basis for several types of material. Acoustic plasters and artifi- cial stone are also on the market.

The acoustic laboratory of the Bureau of Standards is continually

called upon to make measurements of sound-absorption materials,

and its results are available for the public Letter Circular No. 308,

which may be had free on application.

It should be emphasized that good acoustic qualities of an auditorium can be secured at the time of building, and that it should not

be necessary to go to the extra expense of correcting reverberation

after a building is completed, except in the case of an old structure. The principles of architectural acoustics are not difficult and are explained in Bureau of Standards Circular No. 396, entitled " Architectural Acoustics," which may be obtained of the Superintendent

of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, at the price of 5 cents (stamps not accepted).
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 51

STANDARDIZED SIGNS AND SIGNALS TO PROMOTE HIGHWAY SAFETY

By M. G. Lloyd, Chief, Safety Section, Bureau of Standards

Much of the traffic in the streets of any city is not local but

interurban, interstate, or possibly of still more distant origin. If

vehicle operators are to be expected to comport themselves in con- form^ with local regulations and practices, those regulations and

customs should be substantially uniform in all municipalities.

Modern control and regulation of street traffic, to be efficient, in- volves the use of such mechanical helps as traffic signals, signs, and

pavement markings. The use of such devices has been developing

rapidly in recent years. City traffic has become so complicated and

restrictions have become so numerous that it is necessary for drivers

of vehicles to receive an almost continuous series of instructions not

to violate regulations and thus interfere with the use of the streets by others.

The necessity of controlling traffic at intersections was first met

by stationing a traffic officer to personally direct the movements of

vehicles. To perform this function more easily he was provided

with mechanical semaphore signals operated manually to stop traffic alternately upon the two intersecting thoroughfares. For use after

nightfall, such apparatus was provided with lanterns of some type,

the color of the light carrying the intended message. The desirability of coordinating form, color, number, and lettering in giving

signals to an indiscriminate succession of drivers, who may include

the illiterate, the deaf, and the color blind, is obvious.

STANDARDIZATION IN THE POSTAL SERVICE

BUREAU OF THE FIRST ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

Post Office Service.—For the past two years the department has

endeavored to standardize, in so far as practicable, all post office methods and system and the various postal services rendered the

public. Particular attention was given the carrier delivery and

collection services at the 55 largest post offices where surveys were

conducted.

Prior to these surveys the number of collections from mail boxes

located in the business and residential areas and the frequency

of delivery of mail by carrier in the large cities was not uniform.

As a result of the surveys both the collection and delivery services

have been standardized, careful investigation having shown that

four deliveries by carrier in the business districts of the large cities,

three in the semibusiness districts, and two in the residential districts were ample to meet the needs of the patrons of the service. In

the offices at which surveys were made, carriers were scheduled to return to the post office, bringing with them all mail collected from

boxes located in their delivery districts in time to permit the delivery

of mail so collected on the afternoon of the same day. This re- arrangement of schedules resulted in effecting deliveries in the

afternoon throughout the entire postal areas of the large cities of

mail collected in any locality of the city in the morning.

For mail-collection purposes the various cities were separated

into what might be termed " collection zones." The first zone embraces the business district, where necessity exists for frequent col-
52 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 lections. However, most of these collections are made by foot carriers in connection with their regular deliveries. But where the

volume of mail collected is too great for the carrier to bring personally to the post office, such mail is deposited in large collection

boxes, located in convenient places, to be collected by vehicles making frequent trips to the post office. Special collections have been provided to take care of mail

originating in the factory and outlying business sections between

4.30 and 6 p. m.

In the residential sections of the large cities, unless unusual conditions exist, three collections from boxes are regarded as sufficient,

the first two (morning and afternoon) by the delivery carriers, and

the third, a clean-up collection, by mounted collectors, between the

hours of 8 and 9.30 p. m. Of course, if all the important mail trains

leave a city earlier in the evening, this last collection is made at an earlier hour, and where it is demonstrated that there is an urgent

need for an additional late night collection or an early morning col- lection, necessary authorization is given.

While, as stated above, surveys were only made at the 55 largest

post offices, nevertheless, the methods found to be advantageous at such offices are being applied with satisfactory results at all post

offices in so far as practicable.

Rural Delivery Service.—The first rural delivery service was established effective October 1, 1896, and in the years immediately fol- lowing that date its growth was rapid. A very large proportion

of the routes were arranged before roads were generally improved

and when horse-drawn conveyances were the usual means of travel or transportation on the highways.

By reason of the conditions existing in the earlier period of the

rural delivery service many routes of short length were established

and even on such routes the carriers were required to expend 8 or

10 hours a day in serving them. Since the advent of hard-surfaced

roads and the general use of motor vehicles by the rural carriers an unsatisfactory condition from an administrative viewpoint has

existed in that the carriers have been employed not to exceed 2y2 to 4 hours a day.

To meet this situation, the department adopted the policy, effective

October 1, 1925, of making consolidations of rural routes as vacancies

in the rural carrier force occur. From the date of the adoption of

the policy to the present nearly 3,800 of these consolidations have

been made, with the result that not only has the cost of operation

been materially reduced but the hours of work required of the

carriers made more nearly equal to those of other employees in

the Postal Service. These consolidated routes are from 40 to 80 miles

in length, there being more than 2,700 that are more than 50 miles

long, and the service on them is performed with regularity, the

facilities afforded the patrons not being injuriously affected by the

lengthening of the routes. BUREAU OF THE SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

Air Mail Service.—The development of mail transportation has

followed closely the advances in methods of available transportation,

and successively there has been established service on foot by man,
STANDAKDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 53

on horseback, by horse-drawn vehicles, boat, railroad, automobile,

and airplane ; speed in transportation coupled with safety and security being the object in view. The latest development, that of air- plane transportation, was inaugurated only after the most careful

experiments were conducted and concentrated effort made to demonstrate its practicability. The present air mail service, the actual

operation of which is by private interests under contractual relation

with the Government, presents a means for rapid transportation

that commends itself to the public and is rapidly being recognized

as a necessary form of transportation of mails by the progressive

business interests of the nation. The proportion of loss being a fraction of 1 per cent gives it a position among the methods of safe and

secure transportation, which is well worthy of patronage.

The efficiency of the service, aside from temporary interruptions,

that may occur on account of bad weather conditions, depend upon

the arrangement of the schedules and it necessarily follows that the

department alone is in position to coordinate the operation of the

various routes to accomplish that purpose. In doing so it takes into

consideration the peak loads at terminals on the transcontinental

routes and adjusts the so-called feeder routes to make the most advantageous connections. At times, on account of lack of lighted airways

at some points, it has not been practicable to arrange a schedule

which would permit of a late evening departure and connection

would then be made with a daylight flight which would provide a

service somewhat less convenient, but would expedite the delivery of

the mail. The operating company is consulted as to available equipment when flights involving night flying are contemplated, but the

department arranges the schedule time, which is dependent upon the

exigencies of the service, and the rates of flight vary from 90 to 140

miles per hour, with an average of approximately 106 miles per

hour, the variance being due to flying conditions, terrain, and equipment required. The frequency of service naturally is determined by

the quantity of mail offered and is adjusted to the time of day when

the volume warrants the additional service.

The frequency varies from one round trip a day over the whole

route to four times a day, and where a connecting route has less frequent service the departing plane thereon is scheduled at such

time as may be necessary to receive all the mail that can be advantageously dispatched. For instance, between New York and

Chicago, planes are scheduled to depart from the New York terminal

at 9.15 a. m., 12.15 p. m., 9.20 p. in., and 10.15 p. m., and to arrive

at the Chicago terminal at 3.47 p. m., 7.02 p. m., 4.17 a. m. and

5.12 a. m., respectively. On the connecting transcontinental route

to San Francisco and the west coast, the planes are scheduled to depart from the Chicago terminal at 4.30 p. m., 12 p. m., and 8.45

a. m. The westbound mail from the 9.20 p. m. and 10.15 p. m. planes

from New York due in Chicago at 4.17 a. m. and 5.12 a. m., respectively, is continued toward destination on the 8.45 a. m. plane

from Chicago.

During the inception of contract air mail service, with two exceptions, the compensation to the contractors was computed on a basis

of air mail postage involved. That method of payment was early

determined to be too cumbersome for a growing service and legisla-
54 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

tion was requested and obtained to provide payment on a poundage

basis. Advertisements thereafter were issued for proposals on that

basis and resulted in a variation in rates that determined its unsuitability as a standard for payment and resulted in the enactment

of the present legislation which provided payment at rates per mile

instead of rates per pound, and authorized the Postmaster General

to issue route certificates, at rates to be fixed by him from time to

time, at least annually, to the contractors at that time.

The present legislation, involving the setting up of new rates and

periodic adjustment thereof, required a knowledge of the costs of

operation. To establish a basis of payment, conferences were held

with the various contractors and data obtained from them which was thoroughly investigated by the department, and a formula was

adopted on May 1, 1930, beginning with 12.5 cubic feet of space and

200-pound weight units at 55 cents per mile with allowances of

variables of 2 cents for terrain, 2% cents for fog, 6 cents for radio

and iy2 cents for two to five passengers. The formula also provided

for units up to 125 cubic feet with a weight unit of 2,000 pounds and

for passengers up to 30 and over and for operation of multimotor

planes.

A development of the determining of the rates mentioned was

the establisment of a uniform system of accounts for carriers by

air which is prescribed by the Post Office Department for all air

mail carriers, and the keeping and maintaining of which has been

enthusiastically followed by them. As a result of its establishment

a reduction has been made of approximately 5% cents per mile,

and such further adjustments will be made as the accounts of the

carriers may warrant.

Cost Ascertainment.—The cost ascertainment system of the Post

Office Department has fori its foundation the establishment of

standards from which there may be computed, in connection with

each of the classes of mail matter and each of the special services,

the revenues, the direct and apportioned expenditures, and the re- sulting gain or loss, not taking into account, with respect to ex- penditures, relative priority, degrees of preferment, and value of

the service rendered.

Such standards are established from 7-day tests conducted at intervals of approximately three months.

In recognition of the varying conditions at the particularly large

post offices, each of the 15 largest post offices is treated as a separate

unit.

First-class post offices, other than the 15 largest, are divided in

the cost ascertainment into five units, according to annual receipts.

Second class, third class, and fourth class post offices are each

treated as separate units. From each of these eight units there are designated annually such number of post offices as may be deemed

sufficient to produce data fairly representative for all post offices in that unit.

The post offices designated as cost ascertainment offices produce

approximately 50 per cent of the gross revenue of the Postal

Service.

Separate standards are established for each of these 23 units,

which are in turn applied, in the form of ratios, to the audited
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 55

revenues for the year by sources, and to the operating expenditures

for the year by appropriations, for each unit.

Similarly, tests are conducted in the Railway Mail Service during each of the four T-day statistical periods for the purpose of

establishing standard ratios to be used as bases for the allocation

of the operating expenditures from the several appropriations of

funds for the conduct of that service.

Such tests are regularly conducted in a definite and uniform

proportion of all the railway post office lines of each grade in

each of the 15 divisions of the Railway Mail Service, in 12 of the

larger terminal railway post offices, and in a representative number

of the smaller terminal railway post offices. During the course of these statistical periods data are collected

in each of the several units of the post office and Railway Mail

Service from which there may be computed in connection with each

class of mail the number of pieces, the weight, the volume in terms

of cubic feet, and the average haul. Such data are gathered not

only for statistical purposes, but also for use, either singly or in

combination, in the allocation of certain expenditures.

Statutory changes in classification of mail matter and postal rates,

in postal salaries, and in other scales of expenditures, coupled with

changes in methods of advertising and merchandising by patrons

of the Postal Service, make necessary, from the standpoint of

accounting, the establishment of new standard ratios each fiscal year. Motor Vehicle Service.—Standardization in the motor vehicle service has developed along the following lines: (a) Standard Federal

specifications for materials are adopted as fast as promulgated;

(h) standard instructions are now in use for servicing and lubricating trucks ; and (c) method of assembling and disassembling trucks

and in overhauling, including machinery required incident to work

of this nature, has been standardized so that the same methods are followed generally throughout the country.

While automobile chassis are purchased under standard specifications, it has not been possible for the department to standardize on motor vehicles, except as to capacity. As, for example, it may

be stated that substantially the same specifications have been used

under the last three advertisements for the 1,800-pound gross-load

carrying capacity chassis. Under these specifications, however,

awards have been made to three different automobile manufacturers on the last three advertisements, so that there is little or no possibility of standardizing under these conditions.

Post Office Scales.—The Post Office Department has standardized on

the following capacities of scales: 9-ounce beam scales (for weighing

letter mail) ; 4-pound beam scales (for weighing first-class matter

in excess of 9 ounces) ; 70-pound automatic indicating scales (for

weighing parcel post in offices of the first and second classes) ; 100-

pound beam scales (for weighing parcel post in offices of the third

and fourth classes) ; 500-pound platform scales (for weighing sack

and bulk matter) ; 2,000-pound platform scales (for weighing sack

and bulk matter) ; and 10,000-pound built-in platform scales (for

weighing hand truck loads of mail)

.

With a view to eliminating doubt by clerks in post offices accepting

mail as to whether additional postage should be paid, the 9-ounce
56 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 and 4-pound scales are now being purchased with an indicator and

trig loop which readily shows when the beam is above horizontal

and additional postage should be paid. Because of the many

advantages of the indicator and trig loop in these capacities of scales

they have been standardized as better meeting the needs of the

department than the old style scales. With a view to procuring better scales and standardizing on the

method of determining when the pivots and contacting parts are of the proper hardness the Bureau of Standards was consulted, and

as a result thereof there has been incorporated in the specifications a clause to the effect that all pivots must show a Rockwell hardness

number of not less than 60 on the " C " scale and all contacting parts

must be as hard as the pivots. Prior to the standardizing on the

hardness of these parts there was no satisfactory method of determining when they were of the proper hardness and whether the

Additional information concerning recent developments in the

standardization of commodities by the Post Office Department is given in Chapter V, p. 141. STANDARDIZED COMMUNICATION AIDS TO MARINE NAVIGATION

By T. V. O'Connor, Chairman United States Shipping Board

Communication aids to navigation involve a source, or sending

station, and a receiving station. In marine navigation the ship is the

receiving station. In some cases the sending station is also on a ship.

This article considers principally the ship and the means of communicating information and receiving it on the ship, as an aid to her

safe navigation.

Before the coming of radiotelegraphy the available means of communication between ships at sea, and to or from the shore, could span

but a short distance. They are all based on sight or on sound and

are inefficient at best. Under some conditions of frequent occurrence they are uncertain, unreliable, or they fail altogether. Radio communication, and the systems of position-finding combined with radio, are the greatest known aids to marine navigation and to increased

safety at sea. This is worth remembering when a broadcast program

is cut off in order to render service to a ship at sea in distress and

for the saving of the ship and human life. Radio communication

for this purpose, and for communication with and between vessels at

sea, was developed and was in regular use before the days of broadcasts. There is no known substitute that can render the same service

to ships.

Visual communication systems that may be used and are used at times as aids to marine navigation include flag signals, semaphore

signals, shape distant signals, and flash signals.

Flag signals have, no doubt, been used since very early times. A

number of sets of flags and corresponding code books for communication with ships were devised and issued privately during the first half of the nineteenth century. Some of these were used generally

by the ships of different nations. These flags and codes were superseded by an improved code issued by the British Board of Trade in

1857, which in turn was replaced by the International Signal Code
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 57

adopted by the conference in Washington in 1889. That code was

not completed and issued until about 1897.

The last revision of the international signal flags and code was made by the International Radio Conference, held in Washington in

1927. It is not expected that its code can be issued and brought into use before 1934. This revision is a great advance in that it provides for 40 signal flags, for a greatly increased number of signals,

for code books in 7 languages that are being worked out to be truly

international, and for standard forms of messages and call letters generally in conformity with the rules for radio communication.

This last revision will abolish distant signals made with shapes

instead of flags, also fixed semaphore signals, as no longer necessary

with radio communication available. Semaphore signals with small

flags in the hands of the signal man are retained for communication

over short distances. The international Morse code is used.

Flash signals are made, day or night, with a beam of light.

Signal lamps serve for short distances ; signal searchlights for longer

distances. The international Morse code is used for these signals.

Another class of visual aids to navigation is lighthouses, lightships, beacons, and buoys. While no message is transmitted, the mere sighting of one of these objects and its identification on the

chart, provide a fixed point that may be used to plot or to judge the

position of the ship. Lighthouses and lightships, also many bea- cons and buoys, are lighted at night. Thus they are useful whenever the visibility is good enough for them to be seen. The marking

and the character of the lights are arranged for identification.

Sound signals include whistles, sirens, foghorns, bells, gongs, oscil- lators, and other apparatus for producing sound. Lighthouses and

lightships are fitted to sound definite sound-in-air fog signals.

Some lightships, in addition, give fog signals on submarine bells or

oscillators for producing under water sound signals.

Submarine or under water sound signals are sound vibrations produced under water by bells or by an oscillator. The latter has a much greater range than the bell, and both have greater ranges and

greater reliability than sound-in-air signals. The receiving apparatus now installed on the vessel requires trials on different headings

to determine the bearing of a submarine signal when heard.

Radio aids to navigation include, in addition to the information

furnished by messages, other services such as radio compasses, radiobeacons, and synchronized radio and submarine signals. A synchronized radio and sound-in-air signal has also been developed.

Radio-compass stations are direction-finder stations permanently

established on shore, either singly or connected in groups of two or more. Standard procedure is established for a vessel to ask by radio

for bearings and to receive from the control compass station her

bearing from each of the stations able to observe.

Radiobeacons are stations on shore, or on lightships, that broadcast signals. The ship determines her position by taking the bearing of two or more radiobeacons by means of a direction finder;

that is to say, a radio compass installed on the vessel. The position

may be found from two bearings on the same beacon and the course and distance run between bearings, the same as from visual bearings

for lighthouse or other object in a known position.
58 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 The synchronized radio and under water sound signal enables the

distance of the vessel, from the known position of the oscillator

producing the submarine signal, to be determined at the same time

and with the same radio signal that is used to determine the bearing

of the radiobeacon by means of the direction finder. This gives at once the position of the ship within the accuracy of the apparatus.

There is another modern aid to navigation that, while not depending on communication from without the ship, is so important in

itself, and in conjunction with the visual aids and the radio aids,

that its mention should not be omitted. It is the fathometer, an

apparatus for echo depth finding. This instrument measures the

depth of the water under the vessel and thus gives the sounding to compare with the soundings on the chart and, in conjunction with

the other methods, shows the ship's position. Its usefulness is increased by the readiness with which it can be used, even to show the

depth continuously and without reducing speed to take soundings.

Distress signals, as used by all classes of vessels, may utilize the means of communication already described or may be peculiar to the purpose. Thus flames, as from a burning tar barrel on deck, a gun fired at frequent intervals, a rapidly flashing light, rockets, or Roman candles are all used as distress signals, and are universally

understood to mean that the vessel requires immediate assistance.

An interesting form of distress signal, recently placed on the market,

is particularly valuable on power boats and small yachts, many 01

which have their decks but a few feet above the water and are not

equipped with radio sending apparatus. This consists of a pistol

which fires a brilliant flare attached to a small parachute. By shooting vertically upward the flare is suspended at a great height above

the boat and lasts for a minute or more. The chance that such a

flare will be seen on shore, even at a distance of several miles, is much greater, of course, than if it was burned on the deck of the

boat.

Standardization of the apparatus used in connection with communication aids to marine navigation has not been attempted, and

is not now advisable. General requirements as to characteristics

affecting the service that the apparatus gives are enforced by most

maritime countries. Many of the newer aids are still being developed and improved. The demand for efficient service, together

with the interchange of information between countries, has kept the

apparatus and the character of service sufficiently uniform.

International standards have been adopted for many of the communication aids and for messages concerning navigation. As al- ready indicated, visual signals and codes were adopted by the International Marine Conference, held at Washington in 1889, and

were further perfected by the International Radiotelegraph Convention in 1927. The former dealt also with the rules to prevent collisions, including lights to be carried by vessels under way and at anchor, fog signals, sound signals for vessels in sight of one another, and distress signals. The International Convention on Safety

of Life at Sea, London, 1929, recommended some additions that have

not yet come into effect. Great progress has been made in adopting international standards

for radio messages. At first, when but few vessels had radio instal-
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 59

lations and when there were but a few shore stations, no regulation was needed. As illustrations multiplied, various operators, finding some regulations and standards necessary, devised and adopted

them voluntarily. International wireless telegraphic conferences were held in Berlin in 1903 and in 1906. The third conference,

the International Radiotelegraphic Conference, held in London in

1912, and the Safety of Life at Sea International Conference, held

in London 1913-14, adopted many standards that did come into

effect internationally, or are embodied in national legislation.

Some others were adopted without legislation. These standards were further considered by the International Radiotelegraphic Conference, held in Washington in 1927, and the second Safety of Life

at Sea Conference, London, 1929. This has resulted in standards

for time signals, danger signals, including reports of ice, derelicts,

and tropical storms, also standards for meteorological messages, in- cluding the collection and dissemination of weather information and

storm warnings, and for the safety signal and the alarm distress

and urgency signal. The Washington convention also deals with

radio-compass stations and with radiobeacon service.

The many conditions under which ships must be navigated in

various seas and seasons, and especially in a fog or with low visibility, introduce an element of uncertainty in all methods known

and used for position-finding at sea. Some methods are better under

one set of conditions, and others are better under different conditions.

Safety requires that the position, by whatever method obtained, be

checked preferably by another method. Experience in the use and

comparison of results with the different systems alone can tell which

combinations are the better. Hence, the present necessity to take

advantage of and to gain experience with every system that is an aid

to navigation.

Evidently the codes and rules, the standards for messages, calls,

reports and warnings, also the uniform time for their transmission,

have been the means that have made such international communication practicable.

STANDARDIZATION OP SERVICE AREAS OF RADIO BROADCASTING STATIONS

By C. M. Jansky, Jr., Washington, D. C. In no field of radio communication is there greater need for the

adoption of uniform standards of service and uniform methods of

measurement than in the definition and determination of the cover- age obtained by radio broadcasting stations. The inherent complexity of the phenomena of radio transmission and the wide differ- ences of opinion which exist among radio listeners with respect to what constitutes service are largely responsible for the difficulties which to date have stood in the way of standardization in this

field. A complete radio-communication system may be considered as composed of three parts—(1) The transmitting station proper, (2)

the transmission medium, and (3) the receiving installation. Knowledge concerning the design of radio transmitting and receiving

apparatus has progressed immeasurably beyond the knowledge of

the transmission medium or the ability to control it. Consequently,

92462—32 5
60 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 consideration of the problems of standardization are immeasurably

simplified if attention is confined to conditions as they exist at the

receiving location without attempting to express any relationship

between conditions at the transmitter and conditions which may be

expected at the receiving location. In fact, the vagaries of radio

transmission are such that generalized attempts to express coverage

and service areas in terms of power and frequency are bound to result

in specific cases deviating to such an extent from each other as to render the result highly inaccurate.

The operation of a radio broadcasting transmitter produces at any receiving location a radio-frequency field the intensity of which

may be measured. There are present at any particular receiving

location, in addition to the field from the desired broadcasting sta- tion, other electrical fields capable of producing noises and disturb- ances in the receiver. Some of these may be referred to as atmospherics (static). Others produced by man-operated electrical machinery are sometimes referred to as inductive interference. There

may also be produced at the receiving location electric intensities

from radio stations other than the one the listener desires to hear.

The presence of these may be referred to as radio interference.

(Some years ago some interference due to the operation of regenerative receiving sets was of importance, but this factor may be

neglected now.)

It is not absolute value of electric intensity from the desired

broadcasting station which is of importance, but the ratio of this

intensity to the other disturbances present at the receiving location.

This is due to the fact that the sensitivity of modern receiving sets has been carried to a point where weakness of signal is not in itself an important factor in limiting its usefulness.

If attention is confined to the area immediately surrounding a broadcasting station, there will, in general, be a decrease in the intensity at the receiving location as the receiving location is moved

in a line directly away from the transmitter location. (This does

not mean that the rate of falling off will be the same in all directions.) Out to a certain point this falling off of intensity has no

effect upon reception except to require different adjustments of the

volume control on the receiving set. However, a point will finally

be reached at which reception from the desired station is marred

by the presence of interfering disturbances from static, inductive

interference, or radio interference.

If nighttime conditions are under consideration a fourth factor,

fading, may serve to mar reception. As the receiving location is moved to points where the electric intensity from the desired station

becomes lower and lower reception conditions become worse and

worse until finally there is no possibility of enjoyment of the

program.

There have been numerous grades of broadcast service defined

and numerous standards set up for these grades. Also, different

engineers have applied different names to these grades. However,

there is now a distinct tendency to limit the grades of service to two

and to define these as " primary " and " secondary." Since nighttime

conditions are sometimes radically different from those in the daytime, it is also becoming common practice to differentiate between
STANDARDIZATION IN COMMUNICATION 61

night and day conditions. Thus it is common to speak of the "primary nighttime coverage area " and the " primary daytime coverage

area " of a station.

Variations in interference conditions and the standards of service

imposed by listeners preclude absolutely accurate word definitions

of even primary and secondary coverage. However, the following

description will serve to show the basis for determining the division

line between the two. The primary coverage area of a station is that area throughout

which the station can be received without objectionable interference

from static, electrical interfering noises, or interference from other

radio broadcasting stations, practically all of the time the station is in operation. Primary daytime coverage refers to daytime conditions, while primary nighttime coverage refers to nighttime

conditions.

In an area where several stations deliver primary-grade service

there will be no tendency for the listener to select the station giving

the strongest signal since, for all practical purposes, all signals will

be equally satisfactory providing they exceed the minimum value

necessary for primary-grade service. Bather, if several primarygrade services are available, the listener's choice will be based entirely on program appeal. The standards for primay coverage are

necessarily high and should be considered as such.

Secondary coverage is that coverage obtained by a station which

does not meet the high standards set forth for primary coverage. In

secondary coverage areas there may be times when static, interfer- ence, or fading prevent the fullest enjoyment of programs.

In conclusion, further progress in the standardization of broadcasting station service areas will rest upon recognition of the fol- lowing fundamental considerations: (1) Coverage must be determined by a consideration of conditions at receiving locations

throughout the area served. (2) Coverage can only be determined

by an engineering study of field intensities and conditions at the

receiving location. It can not be based upon listener opinion if the

results are to possess sufficient accuracy to be of value for comparative purposes. (3) Throughout the highest-grade coverage area (primary) value of service will, in general, be independent of the

field strength produced by the station. (4) The differences between

night and day time conditions are usually so great that both primary and secondary coverage should be subdivided to show separately night and day conditions. (5) Secondary night time coverage can not be shown on an area basis, and any attempts to show even

secondary day coverage on an area basis must be made with extreme

caution.

STANDARDIZATION OF AIDS TO NAVIGATION MAINTAINED BY THE BUREAU

OF LIGHTHOUSES

The principal work of standardization encountered in the Lighthouse Service is the maintenance of a uniform system of buoyage

upon all the coasts of the United States. Entering port, the navigator knows that the black buoys with odd numbers should be kept on his left hand and the red buoys with even numbers on his right,

and that all ports and channels under United States jurisdiction
62 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 are marked in the same manner. This standard for the coloring of

buoys, to indicate the right and left hand sides of channels, established by act of Congress in 1850, has proved of great value to shipping. Additions to the buoyage system as they become necessary

are made to conform to the same system. With the introduction of

lighted buoys there arose the question of the color of the lights. The

lighting of buoys is not so fully standardized; but red lights are used only on the right sides of channels, entering, and green lights

only on the left sides, with white lights on either side. In the rapid development of the radiobeacon which has taken

place during the past 10 years, considerable standardization has

been attained. Originally developed as an aid to navigation during

periods of fog, and, therefore, to be operated only at irregular in- tervals, the radiobeacon soon proved to be of value in clear weather

as well ; and they are now generally operated on an hourly schedule

in clear weather, as well as during fog.

Particular care has also been taken to devise a system of radiobeacon signals which would distinguish each radiobeacon from

others near by and still preserve a uniformity throughout the sys- tem which would differentiate this type of signal from all other

radio transmissions. This has been accomplished by using a single

Morse character for each station and repeating this signal so long

as the station is broadcasting. Hearing the repetition of a Morse

code letter, the navigator knows that he is listening to a United

States radiobeacon, and by identifying the particular signal he is informed of the exact station which is sending. This simplification

of signals and hourly operation has aided in creating confidence in

the radiobeacon system as a whole.

While the primary need of most aids to navigation is a means

of distinguishing one signal from another, much standardization

of equipment has still been possible. Standard types of buoys have

been developed—illuminating apparatus is now purchased or manufactured in a comparatively small number of types and sizes. Lanterns and lenses, particularly the smaller sizes, have been well standardized at a considerable reduction in cost and many other items

entering into the maintenance of lights and buoys so designed that

they are applicable to conditions in all parts of the country.

As the United States Lighthouse Service has operating bases

scattered along the entire coast line of the country and upon the

Great Lakes, there is of necessity much purchasing of supplies and

materials locally; but the tendency has been toward the preparation of standard specifications and for the purchasing, whenever

practicable, to be done through a central depot. The service also

maintains a few shops for the manufacture of certain special items.

Standardization has simplified the work of ordering items so manufactured and eliminated the need for special drawings and

specifications. It has also effected great savings in both time and

expense in the many emergency replacements which must be made

because of storm and similar damage.

The bureau is represented on several committees of the Federal

Specifications Board, and a representative of the bureau is serving on the executive committee of the board as a Commerce Department

representative.
II. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

The fundamental international standardization bodies comprise

the purely governmental agencies, such as the International Conference on Weights and Measures, the International Committee on Weights and Measures, and the International Bureau of Weights and

Measures. All of these were established by the Metric Convention

signed in Paris, May 20, 1875, to which 32 nations of the world

are now parties, as follows

:

Argentina.

Austria. Belgium.

Brazil. Bulgaria.

Canada.

Chile. Czechoslovakia. Denmark.

Finland. France.

Germany.

Great Britain. Hungary.

Ireland.

Italy. Japan.

Mexico.

Netherlands. Norway.

Peru. Poland.

Portgual.

Rumania.

Serbia. Siam.

Spain.

Sweden.

Switzerland. Union of Socialist Soviet Republics.

United States of America.

Uruguay.

At the beginning of the year the adherence of Netherlands to the Convention of the Meter was registered.

The conference is held at least once in six years, and the signatory

countries send official delegates. The next meeting is planned for

1933 at the bureau headquarters. The conference decides all questions of fundamental policy affecting the units and standards of

the metric system and the procedure by which they are maintained.

The committee administers the active affairs of the International

Bureau of Weights and Measures, located on neutral territory in

the Pare du St. Cloud, near Paris, France.

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

At the meeting of the committee held beginning April 10, 1931,

D. Isaachsen, secretary of the committee, read a report on some of

the activities of the bureau. (See International Bureau of Weights

and Measures, p. 64.)

The conclusions of the Advisory Committee on Electricity of June,

1930 (see Standards Yearbook, 1931, p. 35), relating to standards

of light and electrical units and standards were examined, and the

decisions involved were considered.

The equipment of some of the national bureaus required determinations of standards of length and mass, among them standards of

platinum-iridium for the Institute of Weights and Measures at Prague; others of gold, crystal quartz, or nickel-chromium (baros).

63
64 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Volume XVIII of the Travaux et Memoires was distributed in

January, 1930. It contains the following memoirs

:

Nouvelles etudes Thermometriques, par. Ch.-^d. Guillaume.

La temperature d'6bullition de l'eau, par Ch. Volet. Applications pratiques des interferences lumineuses a l'etudes des calibres

industriels et autres longueurs a bouts, par. A. Perard. By virtue of the authority which the Seventh General Conference has accorded, the international committee set the figure

of the budget at 150,000 gold francs, divided among the nations

adhering to the Convention of the Meter during the year 1931.

The Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers no longer possesses any

standard kilogram which may be disposed of, so that on request from

Czechoslovakia a national prototype kilogram will be constructed

by Comptoir Lyon-Allemand in Paris. This standard will bear

the number " 41."

INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

(Paris, France) (From a Memorandum Received from the Director) The new quarters for the section of electricity are nearing completion. Arrangements are now being made for heating the old building, together with the new one. Until now the laboratory rooms of

the international bureau have been heated in too uncertain a manner ; beginning this winter they will be heated in a rational manner. The instruments for the new laboratories have been ordered and sev- eral sent for test at the Laboratoire Central d'Electricite, whence

they will go to the international bureau as soon as the rooms are arranged.

In the past few months the bureau has again devoted considerable

time and effort to the determination of the expansion of the platinum-iridium meter prototypes; the work may now be considered

completed.

To measure lengths in determininations of coefficient of thermal ex- pansion, two procedures have been employed in succession. The

one consists in expressing the differences of length in terms of the

pitch of the micrometer screw; the other introduces the divisions

of a scale, which carries at each extremity a centimeter divided into

64 parts. The interval between two successive lines corresponds,

within about a micron, to the lengthening of the platinum-iridium

meters, with a change of temperature of 18° C. Reference is then

made, in the successive measurements, to different lines of the scale,

not introducing the micrometer except for the small differences

which are of the order of a micron. The auxiliary scale itself was

studied independently; the centimeter was compared with many

centimeter standards, and the position was determined for each line

by two successive calibrations, first of the eighths of a centimeter

and then of the eighths of these intervals. The results obtained by

the new procedure are practically identical with those which were

obtained by the micrometer.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 65

The conclusions drawn from these activities are: The expansion

of the Johnson-Matthey melt from which the international meter was made is given by the formula

a= (8.62104-0.001 80 0)0X1O"6 The expansion of the melt from which were drawn the standard

bars and Ta is expressed, respectively, by

:

a= (8.6220 + 0.001 80 0)0X1O-6 and

a= (8.6131 + 0.001 80 0)0 XlO-6 Finally, the great melt of the Conservatoire National des Arts

et Metiers, called the alloy of 1874, is given by

:

a= (8.6014+0.001 80 0)0X1O-6 To determine the form of the equation, use was also made of numerous measurements made by means of the Fizeau apparatus,

which, in an interval of 100° C, gives, other things being equal, the

second coefficient with an accuracy proportional to the square of

the temperature interval; that is to say, to (100/36) 2 =7.7. Advantage was taken of the fact that the expansion of the platinum bars is now well known in order to compare by the relative

method the principal standards of the bureau, some of which are of

invar, others of nickel steel (42 per cent). At the same time a recal- culation was made of the lengths of the different bars which have

been sent to the bureau for the first of the periodic comparisons.

For the comparison with the bars of the bureau, the results are immediately given at 0° when the expansions are equal; there is a small correction when the comparisons have been made with T3 , the

laboratory standards used by the international bureau. Prototype

meters from Belgium, Finland, and the United States are now at the

bureau and will be compared as soon as it can be done ; that is to say, when the workmen engaged in installing the heating system leave

the laboratories. Then all of the primary series of national prototype meters will have been returned to the bureau, with the exception

of those of Bavaria, of Portugal, and of Union of Socialist Soviet

Kepublics, which have not been compared since 1889.

With reference to quartz standards of length, the quartz block

which Dr. Samuel W. Stratton presented to the international bureau

is now being worked on. It has been possible to find in this block

three decimeters which have no flaw. These will be promptly completed by the constructor and then tested and calibrated. We are waiting for standards of fused quartz which we hope to receive from

the Bureau of Standards.

The standards of the 24 m base, concerning which there was a question in my last correspondence, have been studied and rolled

upon a drum, then carried to Teddington, where they are at the

present time. It is expected that the present tests will give a comparison of the two bases without the possibility of there being a doubt as to the results. Two memoirs have already been printed: Ch.-lSd. Guillaume,

La dilatabilite des Metres prototypes en platineiridie, et A. Perard,

Note sur la determination d'etalons millimetriques et centimetriques en longueurs d'onde lumineuses.
66

The second memoir treats of a question which was raised by M.

Benoit, but which he left with a publication all too short in the

Journal de Physique. His manuscript has been returned to the

bureau, and full details have now been published. The method

which he employed for determining the corrections to the lengths

of the intervals of the scales is based on the measurements which M.

Michelson executed in 1892 at the bureau; -the scales studied by

M. Benoit give, for the first time, the true value of millimeters without the necessity of the usual extended series of micrometer microscope measurements. These bars have been very useful, for example,

in determining the value of one turn of the drum of micrometer

microscopes.

As to the standard temperature for end standards of length, the

international bureau has assembled all the recommendations on this

subject. These agree that industrial standards should be defined

at 20° C. as proposed by the Bureau of Standards. The last ProcesVerbaux of the meetings of the international committee contains the

acceptance by Great Britain of this definition of industrial standards

of length.

INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION

The draft of the proposed new statutes and details of amendments

from adhering organizations have been circulated to all adhering

organizations. The dates for the next ordinary meeting of the General Assembly at Cambridge, Mass., have been provisionally fixed

for the week of September 2 to 9, 1932.

PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CALENDAR—PROGRESS IN SIMPLIFICATION

Furnished by Dr. C. F. Marvin, Vice Chairman, National Committee on Calendar Simplification for the United States Eeaders who seek information not found in this progress state- ment are referred to other articles in the Standards Yearbooks for

1929, 1930, and 1931, especially the latter, which gives a brief

outline of the movement up to near , the close of 1931. Some

informative matter, if not out of print, may be obtained from

George Eastman, chairman, National Committee on Calendar Simplification for the United States, Kochester, N. Y.

It will be remembered that so-called national committees have

been formed, upon the request of the League of Nations, in nearly

all of the principal nations.

A few extreme religious leaders, when speaking recently before

the League of Nations in vigorous opposition to the use of supplementary days bearing nonweek-day names, leveled severe criticism

against the United States national committee on the ground that

it calls itself the national committee, when it is only an organization of citizens of the United States, with a few Government

officials having no authority to speak for the Nation or the

Government.

Such criticisms are most unfair and unjust, because all the reports

of the committee specifically state just how the committee was

organized at the league's request, and no claim is made anywhere

that it speaks, or is empowered to speak, for the Federal Govern-
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 67

ment. The league's correspondence with the United States on this

question has been fully published, and no Federal objection was

found to the organization of the committee as a private initiative or to the acceptance of membership thereon by Government officials as private persons. No representations or implications have been

made by the committee that its work has been officially indorsed

by the Government. It is, however, the only " national committee " for the United States, and its reports have been received by the

Department of State and transmitted to the League of Nations.

Without exception, it is believed, the national committees of

all the other nations are similarly organized and empowered. The

uniform name " national committees " is a natural outcome of the

request from the league that such committees be formed by the

various administrations. Furthermore, the whole purpose of these

committees has been to examine into the faults and defects of the

present calendar; to study the possible or practicable plans for

simplification; to inform a representative portion of the public

as fully and impartially as possible concerning the pros and cons of proposed changes; to ascertain as fairly and fully as possible

the general opinions prevalent; and, finally, to submit this information to the State Department. Only by these means has it been

possible for the United States (and other nations) to comply with

the request of the secretary general of the League of Nations

to forward to him any useful information on this subject which it (the United States) may possess. This clarifying statement will enable readers to fully understand

the organization, status, and authority of the national committee

for the United States. A number of significant incidents have marked progress of the

calendar movement for the year 1931. A recent report by the

League of Nations lists national committees for the following

nations

:

Argentina. Finland. Peru. Belgium. France. Poland.

Bolivia. Germany. Portugal.

Brazil. Great Britain. Salvador.

Chile. Guatemala. Spain. Costa Rica. Italy. Sweden.

Cuba. Latvia. Switzerland.

Czechoslovakia. Netherlands. United States. Ecuador. Nicaragua. Yugoslavia.

Estonia. Panama.

With very few, perhaps no, exceptions the question of simplification of the calendar is more generally and better understood within

the United States than in any other nation. The national committee for Great Britain was formed very late in 1931, and little or no organized effort was made by it to awaken a fully informed

public interest therein or ascertain the trend of thought thereon.

Germany had a strong committee, and the information seems to favor the 13-month fixed calendar. Italy seems to be opposed to any change. The opinion is very nearly unanimous that a general

public demand exists for the fixing or stabilization of Easter. In

Great Britain the celebration of Easter on as nearly a fixed date as
68 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

possible, about the second Sunday in April, is a change favored by- all; and Parliament has already enacted the necessary law, operative when Christian churches elsewhere are ready to make such a change.

Even the most enthusiastic advocate of simplification must recognize that general world opinion or interest reaching down into the

whole population is very little aroused. To a certain extent it may

be fairly said that more or less apathy among a vast body of the

human population may not unfairly be construed as a general

ages the great changes of calendars were always made by some great

world authority, an imperial edict, or a pontificial decree, we note

the contrast that for the movement to-day there is a total absence

of any competent and adequate world authority, and if the real

benefits of simplification are to be secured it is necessary to awaken

a wide demand for changes from a representative body of intelli- gent and fully informed humanity. This is obviously a difficult and

time-consuming process. It is believed, however, progress has been

marked and significant since the question was taken up by the

League of Nations in 1923.

Opposition.—It is important that a proper appraisal be made of opposition. Probably all changes of the calendar in the past,

especially the introduction of the Gregorian calendar, aroused

deep-seated and violent opposition, which persisted for centuries.

Nevertheless, it is difficult to find any one to-day who does not

recognize that every change of the calendar made in the past set up

a new structure that was definitely better than the old, even though

the new form was itself still defective. It is impossible to hope to change and make better the present calendar without more or less strong opposition ; but it is certain that if changed wisely, not sentimentally, posterity will benefit by and approve those changes which

a few may now vigorously oppose.

Supplementary Keport.—In anticipation of the conferences on matters of the calendar scheduled to occur in 1931, the national committee for the United States collected additional information not

included in its original report of August 14, 1929, and submitted the same as a supplementary report to the Department of State, indicating in its letter of transmittal as of May 9, 1931, the belief that

the department was justified in transmitting the report in further

compliance with the request from the secretary general of the League

of Nations for information from the United States on the question

of the simplification of the calendar.

The topics discussed in this report are

:

I. Growth of general interest.

II. Use of 13-period calendars.

III. Keligious opinion. IV. Leap year rule and date of the equinox.

Lack of space here prevents mention of much important information contained in this report.

Preparatory Committee and Fourth General Conference.—The agency

of the League of Nations which has handled the question of the

calendar is known as the Advisory and Technical Committee on Commur ications and Transit, briefly " the transit committee." At

absence contemplate that in past
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 69

the request of this committee the Council of the League of Nations

placed the following item upon the agenda of the Fourth General

Conference

:

Examination of the expediency from an economic and social

standpoint (a) of fixing the movable feasts and (&) of simplifying

the Gregorian calendar.

To assist the general conference in its work, the transit committee

extended invitations to officials representing national committees

or individuals interested in calendar reform in some 15 different

nations to attend a preparatory conference. This conference sat at Geneva from June 8 to June 13, 1931, under the chairmanship of

M. Djouritchitch, former director general of the Yugoslav State

railways and a member of the transit committee. The writer was

a member of this preparatory committee, representing the national

committee for the United States. The full report has been issued by the League of Nations as a document entitled " Fourth General Conference on Communications

and Transit, Preparatory Documents, volume 1, Calendar Reform.

No. 4, C. G. C. T. 1, Geneva, June 17, 1931."

The report contains a concise view of the work of national committees which have reported thus far, and, recognizing that even

yet public opinion is still very far from being fully informed, a

resolution was passed expressing the hope that the respective

national committees would take steps as soon as possible for the better

enlightenment of public opinion to the questions relating to the

reform of the calendar, which the general conference would have to consider in October.

The chief objective of this preparatory conference was to collect and

pass on to the general conference, without expression of any definitive views on its own part, the whole state of the question (a) of

fixing the movable feasts and (b) simplifying the Gregorian calendar as brought out by the reports from the nations represented unofficially by the members present.

In the fourth section of the report a procedure for the Fourth

General Conference is briefly suggested. The essence of these proposals can not be more succinctly stated than by quoting from the

report, as follows

:

The preparatory committee would suggest to the conference sitting in committee that the question of the economic and social aspects of the stabiliza- tion of Easter and the question of the economic and social aspects of the

general reform of the calendar should be examined separatively and consecutively. As regards the general reform of the calendar, it might perhaps be

advisable to discuss the following points separately and in turn: (1) The

drawbacks of the present calendar; (2) the principle of the establishment

of a perpetual calendar and the respective merits of the perpetual calendar and of the calendar simply involving the equalization of the quarters, without

the introduction of "supplementary" days; and (3) the respective advantages

and inconveniences of the two definite plans for a perpetual calendar ; that is, a year of 13 months and a year of 12 months.

In the preparatory committee's opinion it would also be advantageous for the conference, during its discussions, to distinguish between two groups of

questions, namely, those relating to the desirability of the reform of the

calendar, either in general or according to some particular plan, and those

questions concerning the possibility of the immediate introduction of the reform. The date finally set for the Fourth General Conference is October

12, at Geneva, and the President has deemed it advisable to accept
70 STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 the invitation of the League of Nations to send a representative,

and the writer has been designated to attend the conference for the

purpose of participating in the consideration of matters relating

to the calendar. He will collaborate with the Hon. M. Prentiss B.

Gilbert, United States consul at Geneva, who will follow the interest

of the United States concerning other matters on the agenda of

the conference.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS

Furnished by J. A. Fleming, General Secretary of the American Geophysical Union, 5241 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, D. 0. General.—Previous reports of various activities pertaining to standards,, standard instruments, and nomenclature by the International

Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in geodetic and geophysical

fields are given on pages 20 to 24, 36 to 40, 22 to 25, and 54 to 60

of the Standards Yearbook for 1928, 1929, 1930, and 1931,

respectively.

Publications relating to the transactions, including scientific papers and reports, for the various assemblies of the Union and its associations may be procured through the general secretary of the

union (Brigadier H. St. J. L. Winterbotham, Ordnance Survey,

Southampton, England) or through the secretaries of the seven

associations among which the activities of the union are divided.

These are: Geodesy, General G. Perrier, 78 rue d'Anjou, Paris (8e ), France; seismology, Prof. E. Rothe, 38 boulevard d'Anvers, Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin), France; meteorology, Capt, Ph. Wehrle, 176

rue de l'Universite, Paris (7e ), France; terrestrial magnetism and

electricity, Dr. Ch. Maurain, 191 rue Saint-Jacques, Paris (5e ), France; oceanography, Prof. Rolf Witting, Konstantinsgatan 8, Helsingfors, Finland; volcanology, Prof. A. Malladra, R. Osservatorio Vesuviano, Resina (Napoli), Italy; and hydrology, M.

Dienert, 6 rue de la Seine, Paris (6) , France.

The fifth general assembly of the international union is planned

for Lisbon, Portugal, about October, 1933.

Publications.—Publications covering the transactions at the Stockholm meeting of August, 1930, issued since the account given in

the Standards Yearbook for 1931 are noted below.

Union Geodesique et Geophysique Internationale, Quatrieme

Assemblee Generate, reunie a Stockholm, 15-23 Aout, 1930. Toulouse, Imprimerie et Librairie Edouard Privat, 1931 (99), cm P.

This volume, besides giving in detail the actions taken at the Stockholm assembly, lists also the names of the countries affiliated with

the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, together with

lists of the adhering organizations, the delegates and guests at the

international assembly, and the officers of the international union

and its associations, followed by a list of the officers of the national

committees.

Section de Seismologie, Comptes Rendus des seances de la Quatrieme Conference, reunie a Stockholm du 14 au 23 Aout, 1930,

Union Geodesique et Geophysique Internationale. Rediges par le Secretaire E. Rothe. Toulouse, Imprimerie et Librarie fidouard
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 71

Privat, 1931 (329 with pis.), 26 cm P. Following the lists of offi- cers, these transactions of the Association of Seismology give the

detailed progress reports, committee reports, and scientific papers

presented, and the actions taken at the joint meetings held with the

associations of Geodesy and of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity and with the Association of Volcanology.1 Section de Magnetisme et Electricite Terrestre, Comptes Rendus

de PAssemblee de Stockholm, 15-23 Aout, 1930, Union Geodesique

et Geophysique Internationale (Bulletin No. 8), publies par les soms

de Ch. Maurain, Secretaire de la Section et Directeur du Bureau

Central. Paris, Les Presses Universitaires de France, 1931 (479

with pis.), 26 cm P. This volume of 479 pages includes in complete

detail the transactions of the meetings held at Stockholm, progress

reports, committee reports, and scientific papers presented, many

of which, as indicated in the Standards Yearbook for 1931, involved

important actions relating to international standards. Matters not

referred to in the last yearbook which are of interest in this con- nection and which are published in the volume include the report

of the special committee on standard terminology and symbols.

Two bulletins relating to the Stockholm meetings of the associations of Oceanography and of Scientific Hydrology were also published as follows

:

Section d'Oceanographie, Reunion pleniere de la Section (Stockholm, AOut,

1930), Union Geod6sique et Geophysique Internationale, Bulletin No. 14. Venezia, Carlo Ferrari, 1930 (50), 28 cm P. Section d'Hydrologie Scientifique, Reunion plSniere de la Section (Stockholm, AOut, 1930), Union Geodesique et Geophysique Internationale, Bulletin No. 18. Venezia, Carlo Ferrari, 1930 (32), 30 cm P. These give the minutes of the Stockholm meetings of the two

associations, together with the reports of the various committees,

reference to which were made in the Standards Yearbook for 1931.

Section de Geodesie, Travaux de la Section de Geodesie de l'Union

Geodesique et Geophysique Internationale. Tome 7, rapports

nationaux sur les travaux executes dans les different pays etablis a

l'occasion de la Quatrieme Assemblee Generale, Stockholm, 11-23

Aout, 1930. Paris, Au Secretariat de la Section, 1930 (contains

individual reports of adhering countries), 29 cm P. In this volume

are bound the reprints of the national progress reports of the

different countries submitted at the Stockholm meetings of the

association. Thus far the volume giving the complete transactions

of the Stockholm meetings of the Association of Geodesy has not

been published. This statement applies also as regards the trans- actions for the meetings of the associations of meteorology and

volcanology.

AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Furnished by J. A. Fleming, General Secretary of the American Geophysical Union, 5241 Broad Branch Road Northwest, Washington, D. C. The twelfth annual meeting of the American Section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, namely, the American Geophysical Union, was held in Washington, April 30 and May

1 All of these matters were briefly abstracted in the report printed in the 1931 Standards

Yearbook.
72 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

1. 1931. The transactions of the general meeting of the union and

of the meetings of its seven sections were published in June, 1931,

by the National Research Council in a volume of 229 pages under

the title " Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Twelfth

Annual Meeting, April 30 and May 1, 1931, Washington, D. C."

The following paragraphs abstract briefly those activities at the

twelfth annual meeting of the union pertaining to standards and

standard instruments.

General Meeting of the Union.—Among the five resolutions unanimously approved there were three bearing on gravity at sea, international cooperation in the study of tidal waves, and comparisons

of new types of seismological instruments, which are of interest from

the viewpoint of standards. These three resolutions are as follows

:

1, Resolution on gravity at sea proposed by the sections of geodesy and volcanology

Whereas the United States Navy Department, in cooperation with the Car- negie Institution of Washington, conducted a gravity campaign in 1928, during

which observations were made under the direction of Dr. F. A. Vening-Meinesz,

member of the Dutch Geodetic Commission, at many points in the Caribbean

Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean to the northward of Porto

Rico, thus adding materially to the knowledge of the crust of the earth in the

regions covered, and furnishing data for the figure of the earth; and

Whereas much additional information about gravity at sea should be made:

Therefore be it Resolved, That the American Geophysical Union of the National Research

Council recommends to the Navy Department that it give thought to the question of continuing its work on gravity at sea and of securing the necessary soundings to supplement such work, especially in the waters of the West Indies including the Caribbean Sea : And be it further

Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Secretary of the United States Navy.

2. Resolution on international cooperation in the study of tidal waves proposed by the

sections of seismology and oceanography

Whereas a communication has been received through the Department of State and the National Research Council from M. Hubert, secretary of the Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics for the Study of Tidal Waves, suggesting and inviting participation of the United

States in studying tidal waves and various phenomena associated with them

:

Therefore be it Resolved, That the American Geophysical Union indorses the plan of the commission and recommends the participation by organizations and individuals

of the United States who may be concerned, and in order that a suitable plan for such participation may be developed, the chairman of the sections of seismology

and oceanography are authorized to appoint two members from each section as a joint committee : And be it further Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the secretary of the Commission of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics for the Study

of Tidal Waves.

3. Resolution on comparisons of new types of seismological instruments developed in the United States with various types developed in Europe proposed by the section of seismology

Whereas the director of the Central Seismological Bureau of Strasbourg,

France, has indicated the great desirability of direct comparisons of new

types of seismological instruments developed in the United States with various

types developed in Europe, and has offered the facilities of the central bureau

for this purpose, preferably with the cooperation of an American seismologist: Therefore be it Resolved, That the American Geophysical Union indorses this plan: And

be it further

Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the Director of the Central

Seismological Bureau of Strasbourg.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 73

The committee appointed to undertake the realization of the

resolution on international cooperation in the study of tidal waves

consists of H. F. Keid (chairman) , Perry Byerly, N. H. Heck, and

H. A. Manner.

The general scientific session of the union was devoted to a symposium on time signals sponsored by the sections of geodesy

and seismology. The papers presented emphasized the great need

of improved time service and the requirements of such service in

electrical and physical measurements, in geodetic work, in seismological work, and in the establishment of world time, with several

communications bearing on the standard-frequency transmitters and

the accuracy of the primary frequency standards of the Bureau of

Standards. Two informal communications made particular refer- ence to the time service requirements of the National Broadcasting

Co. and of the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., and Bell

Telephone Laboratories.

At the meetings of the seven sections of the union which pre- ceded the general meeting there were many communications pre- sented relating to standards and determinations of standards.

Section of Geodesy.—Seven papers presented were devoted largely

to progress reports on absolute determination of gravity, Mexican

gravity stations, gravity work presented at the Stockholm meeting

of the international union, on graduation and calibration of precision circles, on the astronomical establishment of points on an unsurveyed boundary in Canada, and on geodetic work during

the past year in the United States. Section of Seismology.—Following the consideration of proposals

for the international intercomparison of recently developed types

of instruments and study of seismic sea waves, papers and informal

communications were presented, including a paper on the origin

of earthquake waves, progress reports on the development of instruments, the use of precise triangulation and levels in California

in seismological investigations, the registration of time signals, and

velocity of explosion generated longitudinal waves in nepheline

syenite. The secretary reported that following the resolution

adopted at the eleventh annual meeting a grant had been provided

by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, through its Advisory

Committee in Seismology, to establish a seismological observatory

at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory in Peru.

Section of Meteorology.—Following five papers concerned chiefly

with the International Polar Year proposed for 1932-33, the re- mainder of the program was devoted to considerations of the proposed International Cloud Atlas, atmospheric turbidity, measure- ments of color of the sea and the sky, and cyclical variations in

precipitation, run-off, and lake levels, and their relation to long

range forecasting.

Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity.—The following

papers were published : Progress reports on the year's investigations

and projects in the United States, a report on the proceedings of the

International Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity at the Stockholm assembly, four papers bearing on extraterrestrial

considerations in the fields of the section, and four papers bearing on polar research. A significant feature of the first group was the
74 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 cooperation of a large number of governmental, college, and commercial organizations in the United States and Canada which submitted 21 progress reports. The desirability of further magnetic

and electric work in the polar regions of the earth, and especially

during the proposed International Polar Year of 1932-33, was indicated in the papers of the last group.

Section of Oceanography.—This session was devoted almost wholly

to progress reports of nine governmental bureaus and private re- search organizations engaged in oceanograpic work, showing the

widespread interest and rapidly increasing development. Besides

these reports there were two papers telling of progress in Gulf

Stream temperature investigations and of the results obtained by

duplicate measures of specific gravity of sea water by the Knudsen

and Plummet methods.

Section of Volcanology.—Following a paper on the solubility of water

in granite magmas, reports were presented to the section of volcanology on Merapi and its eruptions, volcanoes of Katmai district in

1930, the Tertiary volcano at Cripple Creek, Colo., and the Valles

Mountain volcanic center of New Mexico.

Section of Hydrology.—This was the first annual meeting of the

section of hydrology, organized in November, 1930. Following a

brief account by the chairman on the organization, activities, and

plans of the section, 12 papers were presented upon various scientific aspects of hydrology. Robert E. Horton's paper on " The Field,

Scope, and Status of the Science of Hydrology " developed excellently the scientific possibilities of the section's field. Other papers

of the program emphasized the absorption of precipitation and its penetration, glacier measurements, organization and work of vari- ous governmental hydraulic stations and laboratories, the need for

closer cooperation among students of stream work, studies in evaporation, relation of ground-water hydrology and Pleistocene geology

of the Platte River Valley and adjacent areas, significant studies in

hydrology on the Pacific Coast, and reports on investigations in

progress in hydrologic laboratories.

INTERNATIONAL GEODETIC ACTIVITIES

Furnished by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey

In August and September, 1930, a meeting of the International

Geodetic and Geophysical Union was held in Stockholm, Sweden.

At this meeting of the union, the designation of each of its seven branches was changed from section to association. A fine spirit of

cooperation was shown, as is indicated by the pledges of each of a number of groups of countries to carry on cooperative geodetic

work that extends beyond the boundaries of a single country.

Opinions were expressed regarding the execution and completion

of certain great arcs of first-order triangulation. One arc will

extend across Europe and into Asia. Another arc will extend from

the Arctic Ocean southward to the Mediterranean Sea, across that

body of water and throughout the length of Africa. The completion of these two great arcs will make it possible to determine more

accurately the figure of the earth, and also the deviation of the geoid

or sea-level surface from the spheroid or mathematical surface.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 75

The opinion was voiced at Stockholm that the adhering countries

should carry on gravity-at-sea observations as soon and as rapidly

as practicable. As is well known, Dr. F. A. Vening-Meinesz, of

Holland, designed an apparatus with which he has successfully

carried on gravity observations at sea on submarines. Such work

has been done by the navies of Holland and the United States, and

at present writing by a submarine of the Italian Navy.

There has been cooperation in geodetic work in North America.

Engineers of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and

of the Department of Geographical and Climatological Research of

Mexico, worked together in making a connection in the vicinity of

El Paso, Tex., and Juarez, Mexico, between the triangulation sys- tems of the United States and Mexico. This work was successfully

completed last winter.

The Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and

the Director of the Geodetic Survey of Canada reached an agreement regarding the application of the results of the adjustment

of the combined level nets of the two countries. By means of such an adjustment, the most probable values for the elevations of the

leveling bench marks along the international boundary were

obtained.

The Director of the Geodetic Survey of Canada did not feel

justified at the present time in changing the elevations of his level net to conform to those resulting from the adjustment of the continental net. The Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic

Survey proposed that the United States should adopt the elevations

of the junction points of the network of lines in the United States,

including the elevations resulting from the adjustment of the bench

marks that lie along the international boundary, which was indorsed

by the Director of the Geodetic Survey of Canada. While the

present level nets of the two countries show slightly different elevations for the junction bench marks at the boundary, the exact difference between these two sets of elevations is known and can be

applied by any one who is carrying on engineering or other operations on both sides of the boundary.

From this continental level net adjustment it was found that the

mean sea-level surface along the Pacific Ocean is somewhat higher

than that of the Atlantic Coast of North America. The average

difference is approximately 2 feet. It was also found that mean

sea level slopes upward to the north on both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts. This upward slope is approximately 1 foot between

Florida and the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the Atlantic,

and also about 1 foot between San Diego, Calif., and the coast of

British Columbia, on the Pacific. It is very desirable to have the national gravity base stations of

the world all connected into a single system. The fundamental

gravity base station is now Potsdam, Germany. A connection was made some 30 years ago between Washington, D. C, and Potsdam,

and recently the Director of the Bureau of Standards requested the

Director of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to make

another connection between the two.

92462—32 6
76 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 A. H. Miller, of the Dominion Observatory, Ottawa, Canada,

made a connection between Ottawa and Potsdam and certain other

European gravity base stations. He also connected the gravity base

stations of Ottawa and Washington. Doctor Meinesz, of Holland,

in 1928, made a connection between the European gravity net and

Washington. Both he and Miller found that their values for Washington were higher than the one now in use. It is thus seen that some doubt exists as to the exact value at Washington, and the

proposed new connection will be of much value.

Gen. Georges Perrier, secretary of the International Geodetic

Association, Paris, France, continues to edit and issue the Bulletin

Geodesique, the official journal of the association. During the

past two or three years he has been preparing a bibliography of the

current geodetic literature of the world, which should prove of

great interest and value.

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

Central Office of the International Electrotechnical Commission, 28 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S. W. 1, England

Furnished by Clayton H. Sharp, president, United States national committee of the Inter- national Electrotechnical Commission The International Electrotechnical Commission was organized in

1906, an outgrowth of a resolution adopted by the International

Electrical Congress of St. Louis, in 1904, to the effect that steps

should be taken to secure the cooperation of the technical societies of

the world by the appointment of a representative commission to consider the question of standardization of nomenclature and rating

of electrical apparatus and machinery.

The term of president of the International Electrotechnical Commission is concluded at each plenary meeting which normally will

be held every four years. Dr. A. F. Enstrom was elected president

at the meeting in the Scandinavian countries held in the summer of

1930. The next plenary meeting, which will be the eighth, will be

held in Czechoslovakia in 1934.

The work of the commission is at present carried on by advisory

committees on the following subjects : Nomenclature, rating of elec- trical machinery, symbols, hydraulic turbines, steam turbines, rat- ing of rivers, internal-combustion engines, lamp caps and sockets,

aluminum, voltages, electric traction equipment, insulating oils, rules

and regulations for overhead lines, radiocommunication, electrical

measuring instruments, shellac, terminal markings, and rating of

switches and circuit breakers.

Of the subjects under consideration by the International Electrotechnical Commission five are in charge of the United States national

committee, to which are intrusted the duties of the secretariat as fol- lows : Nomenclature (which by a vote of the committee of action in- cludes electric and magnetic magnitudes and units, and also letter symbols for scientific and engineering quantities), steam turbines,

hydraulic turbines, internal-combustion engines, and rating of rivers. The United States national committee approved on July 23, 1931, a consolidation with the Electrical Standards Committee. This

committee will serve as a central agency in furthering the standardization work of the electrical industry in the United States under

the procedure of the American Standards Association. The United
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 77

States national committee will be identical with the Electrical Standards Committee except for the addition of certain members especially

identified with the work of the International Electrotechnical Commission. The established continuity of contact with the International Electrotechnical Commission will be preserved through the

United States national committee.

The following is a brief summary of current standardization

projects

:

Nomenclature.—This subject is dealt with by advisory committee

No. 1, which is subdivided into three sections as follows

:

A. International electrotechnical vocabulary.—A comprehensive vocabulary

of technical definitions in French and English is under preparation. Parts

dealing with fundamental and general definitions, also telegraphy, telephony,

and signaling, are practically completed. The former group contains, among

others, definitions of fundamental importance, such as relate to the consti- tution and properties of matter, electricity and magnetism, electrochemistry,

and units and systems of measurement.

B. Electrical and magnetic magnetitudes and units.—The following names

for cgs units were adopted at the Oslo meeting in 1930: Magnetic flux, maxwell ; flux density, gauss, magnetic field intensity, oersted ; magnetomotive

force, gilbert.

A meeting was held on September 17, 1931 in London and the above actions taken at the Oslo meeting were confirmed. Furthermore, action was initiated looking to cooperation with the International Union of Pure and Applied

Physics on matters in which physics and electrotechnics meet.

C. Letter symbols and signs for physical, mathematical, and engineering

purposes.—This section, which was instituted at the Oslo meeting, will carry on a revision of publication 27 as regards matters within its scope. Electrical Machinery.—A revised edition of the Eules for Electrical Machinery, Publication 34, was agreed upon at the Oslo meeting

(1930) and has been ratified by all the national committees. This

edition supersedes the edition of 1920 and represents many years

of arduous work in an attempt to bring about agreement. Important concessions, particularly with regard to temperature rise limits, were made by a number of the national committees, making the

present publication possible.

The efforts of advisory committee No. 2 are now directed to unfinished work and new proposals which will lead to future

revisions.

Symbols.—Additional symbols relating to telephones and telegraph,

electric traction, relays, and other automatic devices, supplementing

publication 35 are under preparation by advisory committee No. 3. Steam Turbines.—Agreement was reached at the Oslo meeting to:

Publication No. 45, Steam Turbines, Part I, Specification. Publication No. 46, Steam Turbines, Part II, Rules for Acceptance Tests. The secretariat, which resides in the United States national committee is working on an appendix to Part II which will contain

informative data relating to instruments and measurements.

Edison Screw Lamp Bases and Sockets.—Certain standards for Edison

screw lamp bases and sockets based chiefly on European practice were adopted at the Scandinavian meeting in 1930. At a meeting of

advisory committee No. 6 held in September, 1931, in Cambridge,

England, the American standards for the Edison base and socket

shells were also recommended as an International Electrotechnical

Commission standard.
78 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 Aluminum.—Agreement to a standard of resistivity is prevented

at the present time because of differences in the commercial products

in America and Europe. Eesults of measurements of density, resistivity, and temperature coefficient on a considerable number of

representative samples, both of hard drawn and annealed aluminum

wire, have been prepared and submitted to the International Electrotechnical Commission through the United States national committee.

Standard Voltages and High Voltage Insulators.—It was decided at the Stockholm meeting to provisionally adopt 400 kv in addition to the standard voltages included in publication 38. As regards insulators, agreement has been reached relative to the duration and

methods of applying the test voltage, the position of the insulator

during tests, and the angle of incidence, intensity, and resistivity

of the water spray. Other points remain to be settled. Electric Traction Equipment.—A standard for traction motors is about to be completed and proposals for other apparatus used in

traction systems, including mercury arc rectifiers, are under consideration. A meeting of advisory committee No. 9 covering this

subject is to be held in Brussels on October 26 and 27, 1931, at which

the work will be continued.

Insulating Oils.—Certain principles for making tests have been

agreed upon which will be formulated into a code. Comparative

tests will be carried out by the various national committees, mainly

with the object of determining the accuracy with which results may

be obtained by the various laboratories. Methods of sampling proposed by the United States national committee have been accepted*

It has been agreed that for international purposes viscosity will

be expressed in kinematic centipoises. It is further proposed that

official viscosity conversion tables and a standard reference temperature be established.

Rules and Regulations for Overhead Lines.—The work of advisory

committee No. 11 has consisted largely in a study of existing national rules and the formulation of underlying principles for a program of work.

Radiocommunication.—Agreement has been reached on certain dimensions of tubes and bases and other requirements for bases. Other

subjects being given consideration are standard directions of rota- tion for switches and other controls; safety regulations; nonradio

electrical interference with radio reception; letter symbols for the

amplification, slope, and internal resistance; and acceptance specifications for radio tubes, both receiving and power.

Measuring Instruments.—Standards for two classes each of a. c

watt-hour meters and instrument transformers were completed at the Stockholm meeting and are now in printed form.

Rating of Rivers.—Bases for computing and units for expressing

water-power resources for statistical use and for the purpose of

making comparisons between different rivers, river basins, regions,,

and countries have been approved.

Shellac.—The scope of advisory committee No. 15 has been enlarged

to include lac and synthetic resins for insulating purposes. Various

research proposals and tests, including tests to determine resin and

ash content, are being considered.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 79

Terminal Markings.—Agreement on a system of marking is held up

on account of three radically different schemes in use in different

countries. Enlargement of the scope of advisory committee No.

16 to include a definition of the direction of rotation, indications of

transformer diagrams and colors for polarity of batteries and for

conductors is contemplated.

Oil Switches and Circuit Breakers.—Definitions or rules for the fol- lowing items have been agreed upon : Operating duty, standard series

of interrupting operations, standard series of circuit making tests, recovery voltage, making and breaking current for determining

the performance of circuit breakers, short-time current, power factor,

breaking power, and breaking capacity.

Internal-Combustion Engines.—A draft of (1) specifications, and

(2) rules for acceptance tests is being given active consideration by

the advisory committee. The proposed scope includes the following

types: (a) Gas engines, (b) carburetor-type engines, (c) Diesel-type

engines, and (d) surface-ignition type engines.

New Undertakings.—A proposal to undertake the standardization

of storage batteries is being considered.

International Electrotechnical Commission standards which are available in printed form are

:

International Symbols: Part 1, Letter Symbols, Publication 27, December,

1920. Part 2, Graphical Symbols for Heavy Current Systems, Publication

35, 1930. International Standard for Resistance of Copper, Publication 28, March, 1925. Rules for Electrical Machinery, Publication 34, 1930. Standard Dimensions of Bayonet Lamp Sockets and Caps, Publication

37, 1927. Standard Voltages, Publication 38, 1927. International Rules for Traction Motors, Publication 39, 1927. Publication on the Testing of Hydraulic Turbines, Publication 41, 1928. Recommendations for Alternating-Current Watt-Hour Meters, Publication

43, 1931. Recommendations for Instrument Transformers, Publication 44, 1931. INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONSULTING COMMITTEE ON HADIO

COMMUNICATION

This committee was organized by the International Radio Conference held in Washington in 1927. It was provided that the committee should be formed, for each meeting, of experts representing

Governments and radio-operating companies. Its function is to advise the radio administrations of the world on technical radio

questions which are submitted to it. The committee held its second meeting at Copenhagen, Denmark,

May 27 to June 8, 1931. The results of this meeting are embodied

in 21 recommendations, the topics of which are

Time limit for submitting questions for meetings of the Consulting Committee

for International Radio.

Sending of proposals and new questions, by May 1, 1932. Time limit and procedure for submitting proposals for meetings of the Consulting Committee for International Radio.

Publications of the opinions of the Consulting Committee for International Radio for the Madrid conference. Organization of commercial radiotelephony between mobile stations and the land network.

Coordination of fixed station radiotelephony with wire telephony.

Extension of radiotelephone connection under unfavorable conditions.
80 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Frequency list to be published by international bureau.

Precision of expression of frequency and wave length.

Separate call signal for each frequency in fixed service. Definition of power of a transmitter. Station frequency tolerances. Methods of comparing national frequency standards. Accuracy of station frequency meters. Reduction of interference in the bands of frequencies shared by fixed and

mobile service. Constancy of station frequency.

Limitation of nonessential emissions. Side-band suppression.

Limitation of harmonics.

Limitation of overmodulation.

Limitation of spacing waves in arc transmitters. The committee also formulated 14 new questions for study by the

Governments of the world, on subjects related to the foregoing.

These will be considered at the next meeting, which is to be held

in Lisbon, Portugal, some time subsequent to 1932.

STANDARDIZATION AT THE FOURTH PAN AMERICAN COMMERCIAL

CONFERENCE

Furnished by L. S. Rowe, Director General, Pan American Union

Inter-American trade problems covering a wide range of subjects were discussed, and a number of important resolutions and recom- mendations were adopted at the Fourth Pan American Commercial

Conference in session at the Pan American Union, Washington,

D. C, from October 5 to 13. Delegates representing every Government of the American Republics and numerous chambers of commerce and trade groups from the various countries were in attendance. Addresses by the President of the United States, the Vice

President, and other prominent officials, as well as by leaders in the

business, economic, and financial world of the Americas, made the

conference unusually important.

President Hoover, after stating that the theory of the United

States is that " commercial enterprise, except as rare emergency

action, is essentially a private undertaking," went on to say that

" the larger significance of your meeting is attested by the fact that

at stated intervals the accredited representatives of the Governments and of the commercial organizations of this continent come

together with a view to interchange of experience and fostering

that mutual confidence without which the development of international commerce is impossible."

Uniformity of specifications and standardization of commodities

in inter-American trade have for years been receiving serious study,

and special conferences have been called for discussion and solution

of the problems involved.

The Fifth International Conference of American States, which

met at Santiago, Chile, in 1923, realizing the importance and advantages of commodity standardization among the several republics,

recommended the calling of a conference on the subject and the First

Pan American Conference on the Uniformity of Specifications

convened at Lima, Peru, in January 1925.

The outstanding recommendation of this conference was that

which requested the Inter-American High Commission to draft an
INTERNATIONAL. STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 81

inter-American convention for the establishment of uniform specifications and common nomenclatures in the American Republics in

which the signatory countries should (1) agree to provide for the

continuous study and establishment of inter-American standards,

(2) agree to establish organizations for this purpose, and (3) oblige

such organizations to adopt certain general uniform principles and

practices.

In accordance with a resolution of the First Pan American Conference on Uniformity of Specifications, a second conference was

held in Washington during May, 1927. This meeting discussed practical problems in the cocoa, coffee, fruit, hide, oleaginous seeds and

wool industries, and initiated plans for a standardization program

to be effected in all the American Republics. Among the resolutions

approved by the conference were the following : (1) That the various

Governments approve, at as early a date as possible, the project of

convention formulated by the Inter-American High Commission;

(2) that the Inter-American High Commission ascertain the condition in which exported Latin American products are most acceptable and carry on an educational campaign for the adoption in ex- porting of the manner of classification and packing indicated in

order to obtain in the principal buying country the most advantageous conditions; (3) that a uniform nomenclature be adopted

for identical products; (4) that a permanent committee be created

composed of members of the Latin American missions at Washington; (5) that the system of classifying wool used in England and

the United States be adopted in Latin American countries; (6) that

a bulletin be established to further uniformity of specifications ; and

(7) that exporters in the United States adopt gradually the decimal

metric system in exporting to Latin America.

The Sixth International Conference of American States recom- mended that

the Inter-American High Commission shall at an early date address the organizations of importers and consumers of the United States who import Latin

American products, with a view to obtaining all manner of data concerning

the form in which the products at present exported in greatest quantities from

each Latin American country to the United States is most acceptable, including

full details relative to packing.

The executive council of the Inter-American High Commission shall furnish

all such data to its sections in each country, requesting them to convey the same to the producers and exporters, through their organizations, with a view

to the fulfillment of the recommendations they contain as far as possible at

present, and the study of reforms necessary to standardize specifications,

taking into account the conditions of the product in each place.

The creation is recommended of a Pan American Commission, to be formed

of representatives of the organizations of consumers and exporters of the United States and of the organizations of producers and exporters of each

Latin American country, and which will take up the study, at periodical meetings, of the best means of standardizing the specifications of each product,

endeavoring to adopt therefor the metric decimal system, a uniform name

in Spanish for the products of identic specifications, and to have the equivalent

of such name in other languages used for the designation of the same product

only.

The dates and places of meetings shall be fixed by the governing board of

the Pan American Union, and the preliminary work of that commission shall be carried on by the governing board in cooperation with the Inter-American

High Commission; and that adequate educational and propaganda work be

carried on by the Governments, members of the Pan American Union, in collaboration with the sections of the Inter-American High Commission.
82 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 At the Fourth Pan American Commercial Conference, which held

its sessions from October 5 to 13, the subject of standardization of

commodities as an aid to commerce and the protection of producer

and consumer occupied a most important part in the discussions

which took place.

In opening the discussions on standardization, which were held

in group 1 of the conference, the chairman of this group, J. Silva

Herzog, who was also chairman of the Mexican delegation to the

conference, called upon H. J. Besley,1 Chief of the Grains Division,

United States Department of Agriculture, to explain the methods

employed in the United States in the classification of grains. J. A.

Jauregui, delegate of the Museo Social Argentina, then spoke on the

obstacles in the grade grain trade due to the irregularities which

exist in grain standards, and offered a resolution to the effect that

the Argentine Eepublic be advised of a method to be followed in

the standardization of grains, inasmuch as the inter-American grain

trade has become a very large one. The work which has been done in the United States to protect the

consumer, and at the same time to encourage industry and agriculture, was explained by Dr. A. S. McAllister, Assistant Director, Bureau

of Standards, of the United States Department of Commerce.

Chile has taken a great interest in the subject of standardization

of commodities, declared Ricardo Heatley, delegate from Chile, who

pointed out that his country had formulated many regulations with

respect to this subject.

C. V. Whalin,2 Chief of the Livestock, Meats, and Wool Division of the United States Department of Agriculture, spoke on the

standardization of cattle, meat, and wool products in the United

States. He was followed by Wells A. Sherman, chief of the Fruits

and Vegetables Division of the same department, who gave a resume

of the methods employed in standardization of fruits and vegetables.

Robert F. Martin,3 of the United States Department of Commerce,

supported the opinions expressed during the conference regarding

the need of establishing fixed standards favorable to both producer

and consumer. He referred specifically to the success achieved by

the Haitian Government in the improvement of coffee from that

country, the price of which increased from 3 to 40 per cent during

the years in which the experiment of grading coffee has been in

process. Following these discussions, the chairman of group 1 appointed a committee to draw up a resolution on the subject under discussion.

After careful study, this committee presented the following resolution, which was approved by group 1 and transmitted to the confer- ence in plenary session, where it was unanimously approved

:

The Fourth Pan American Commercial Conference resolves

:

1. To recommend to the Governments of the American Continent that they

make known the specifications, composition, and analysis of their agricultural

and mineral products, which enter into their export trade.

2. To recommend to the American Governments that they subscribe to the draft convention formulated by the Inter-American High Commission for the

1 See " Grain Grading," by H. J. Besley, Commercial Standards Monthly, October, 1931.

2 See " Standardizing Grades for Livestock and Meats," by C. V. Whalin, November,

1931, issue of Commercial Standards Monthly.

3 See " Standardization of Export Products in Haiti," by Robert F. Martin, in Commercial

Standards Monthly, December, 1930.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 83

establishment of uniform specifications and common nomenclature in the

countries of this Continent.

3. To reiterate to the Inter-American High Commission compliance with the

resolution on standardization adopted at the Sixth International Conference of American States, held at Habana in January and February, 1928. INTERNATIONAL STEAM-TABLE CONFERENCE

At the second international steam-table conference held in Berlin

June 23 to 27, 1930, the skeleton table adopted in 1929 at London

was revised and extended in the light of new experimental data and

study. The values of heat content of saturated water and steam

measured by the bureau in the range of pressure up to 800 pounds

per square inch were adopted as definitive values.

The work of these conferences makes it possible to bring by successive steps the steam tables used in different countries closer to a common standard, the adoption of which is the ultimate object.

The conferences aid in bringing out the regions of disagreement of

values, thus showing where experimental work is of most importance. INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CHEMISTRY

The tenth conference of the union was held at Liege, Belgium, in

September, 1930. Its principal standardizing activities consisted in a reorganization of its committees as follows:

1. The council of the union adopted certain regulations regarding

the personnel and methods of work of all its committees.

2. The former committee on chemical elements was discharged and

replaced by three committees, as follows: (a) International atomic

weight committee, charged with the publication of an annual table

of atomic weights; (b) international committee on atoms, charged

with the quadrennial publication of quantitative data concerning

isotopes, atomic structure, and individual atoms in general; and (c)

international committee on the constants of radioactivity, to serve

as a liaison committee between the union and the " radium standard

committee."

It was voted to suppress the present national tables of atomic

weights as soon as the first report of the new international committee is published.

3. The committee on the international bureau of physicochemical

standards was continued.

4. A new committee, the international committee on thermochemical data, was organized as a permanent international committee.

5. The international committee on annual tables of constants was

continued, as were also the committees dealing with the nomenclature of organic, inorganic, and biological chemistry.

The union also voted to hold the Ninth International Congress

of Pure and Applied Chemistry at Madrid, Spain, in April, 1932.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RADIO UNION

A general assembly of the International Scientific Radio Union was

held at Copenhagen, Denmark, May 27 to June 6, 1931, the last previous meeting having been held at Brussels, Belgium, in 1928. The
84 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Copenhagen meeting was simultaneous with the meeting in Copenhagen of the International Technical Consulting Committee on

Radiocommunication.

The union has national sections in the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan,

Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Union of South Africa, Switzerland, and the United States, most of which were represented at the Copenhagen meeting. The union has a permanent

general secretary, whose office is in Brussels.

The Copenhagen meeting consisted principally of meetings of

subordinate bodies called commissions. These commissions reviewed

the status of radio science in their respective fields, which are

:

I. Radio measurements. IV. Cooperation.

II. Wave propagation. V. Radiophysics.

III. Atmospherics.

Through the activities of these commissions, which are composed

of specialists from all nations interested, cooperation is promoted on scientific radio projects. These include such matters as the study

of radio-transmission distances, the nature and prevalence of atmospheric disturbances, the accurate measurement of frequency and field intensity, and the study of high-frequency current and radiation

phenomena. The union also promotes the dissemination of bulletins

giving current data on height of the Kennelly-Heaviside layer, ter- restrial magnetism, solar radiation, sunspots, etc. The union adopted plans for radio observations during the forthcoming polar year. These include measurements of the height and

ionization of the Kennelly-Heaviside layer, the intensity and counts

of atmospherics, and the radio-signal intensity at low and high

frequencies.

FEDERATION AERONAUTIQTTE INTERNATIONALE

The Federation Aeronautique Internationale (35 Eue Francoisl

er

, Paris, France) is an international union of national aeronautic

clubs which has for one of its primary purposes the regulation of

aeronautic contests so that records may be recognized internationally.

The permanent secretary is Paul Tissandier. It has now affiliated with it the national aeronautic clubs of about 30 different countries.

The National Aeronautic Association, Dupont Circle, Washington,

D. C, is its representative in the United States. The supervision of record trials is under the contest committee

of the latter organization, of which Orville Wright is chairman and

George W. Lewis, vice chairman.

Records pertaining to free balloons, airships, landplanes, sea- planes, gliders, kites, parachutes, and helicopters are recognized. For

each of these aircraft, where inherently possible, records may be

made for distance or endurance, distance in a closed circuit, distance in a straight line, altitude, and speed. These are divided into

various categories. Thus eight categories are recognized for free

balloons, depending on the displacement, and airplane records are divided into categories depending on the weight of the airplane

and the loads carried.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 85

In order that records may be internationally recognized, the aero- nautic meet or trial must be sanctioned by the national club and

conducted in accord with regulations. One of the conditions is that

the pilot must have an Federation Aeronautique Internationale

license. It will be necessary to describe only the technique involved in

determining records for the highest altitude and the highest speed,

since that for most other records is, with proper modifications,

embraced in these two. In an altitude trial the regulations in substance provide that the

altitude shall be determined by the lowest pressure attained in flight.

This pressure is to be measured by a sealed barograph carried in the

airplane. This instrument must be prepared and installed by an

official observer appointed by the national aeronautic club, hereafter

designated as the National Aeronautic Association. It is required

that the stylus of the instrument shall trace on a smoked chart,

preferably of aluminum. After the flight the barograph must be

tested at an official laboratory designated by the national club, which

in this country is the Bureau of Standards. The regulations provide that the instrument shall be tested while at a temperature of

15° C. in a closed chamber, the pressure of which is varied so that

the barograph pen retraces as nearly as possible the trace made in

flight. The lowest pressure indicated is measured with a mercurial

barometer. This lowest pressure is then converted into altitude by

use of the Federation Aeronautique Internationale standard atmosphere. The latter atmosphere should not be confused with the

United States standard atmosphere, as they differ quite substantially. A record is made when the previous altitude record is exceeded by 200 meters. The above procedure is modified somewhat at the Bureau of Standards in the interest of greater accuracy. The temperature of the in- strument is controlled, as well as the pressure, so that the instrument

temperature at the time the lowest pressure is reached in the closed

container is the same as that in flight. This temperature is measured

by a thermograph attached to the barograph base.

The length of the standard course for determining highest speed

is 3 kilometers both for landplanes and seaplanes. The regulations

provide in detail for the measurement of the course and the construction of the markers. This course must be flown four times, two

times in each direction. The mean of these four speeds constitutes

the speed. The regulations provide that the interval of time must

be measured with a certified chronometer ; that it must be recorded

;

and that the plane must be photographed, together with the sighting

lines, at the time the observers operate the chronograph. Further,

the altitude of the airplane must not exceed 50 m while flying over

the course, which fact must be verified both by observers and by a barograph carried in the airplane.

In races and endurance flights the timers must use stop watches

or timepieces which have been tested by an official laboratory.

Time-pieces of the first class must pass a 50-day test roughly equivalent to the class A test described in Bureau of Standards Circular

No. 392 and timepieces of the second class, a 34-day test roughly

equivalent to class B test. A class A timepiece must be used to
86 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

secure recognition of records involving measurements of time less than 12 hours.

Provision is also made for the certification of weights used in

flights made carrying a pay load.

THE PAN AMERICAN SANITARY BUREAU

Furnished by Dr. B. J. Lloyd, Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Washington, D. 0. The Pan American Sanitary Bureau is an independant international body charged with the duty of aiding in the protection of the

public health of all the American Republics, particularly with re- gard to the prevention of the spread of communicable diseases in

international commerce. It was created in 1902 by the First Inter- national Sanitary Conference of the American Republics, under

authority of resolutions adopted by the Second (general) International Conference of American States, with offices in the building of

the Pan American Union, Washington, D. C.

The present officers are: Honorary director, Dr. Carlos Enrique

Paz Soldan, professor of hygiene, faculty of medicine, Lima, Peru;

director, Dr. Hugh S. Cumming, Surgeon General, United States

Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. ; assistant to the director,

Dr. Bolivar J. Lloyd, medical director, United States Public Health

Service, Washington, D. C. ; secretary, Dr. Sebastian Lorente, ex- director of public health, Lima, Peru ; members—Dr. Joao Pedro de

Albuquerque, National Department of Public Health of Brazil, Rio

de Janeiro, Brazil ; Dr. Solon Nunez F., secretary of Public Health

and Social Welfare of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica ; Dr. Ramon

Baez Soler, Under Secretary of State for Health and Public Welfare,

Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; Dr. Justo F. Gonzalez, professor of hygiene, faculty of medicine, Montevideo, Uruguay ; traveling representative, Dr. John D. Long, United States Public Health

Service.

The Pan American Sanitary Bureau has broad general powers,

and, while more directly concerned with questions of an international character, it may undertake cooperative studies and sanitary

work in any of the affiliated countries when this is desired by the

authorities of the country in whose territory such studies or activities are to be carried out. The fact should be emphasized that the

bureau does not exist for the purpose of standardizing health activities throughout the American Republics, though it has been found

that in actual practice much of what it accomplishes does result in

producing uniformity of action and standardization of procedures.

It should also be noted that most of the bureau's activities are constant; that is, continuous in character, thus making it necessary to report progress rather than completion when describing its accomplishments.

During the past year progress has been made along the following

lines : (1) The adoption of more rational, more satisfactory, and more

nearly uniform methods in administering international quarantine

measures, particularly with regard to the regulation of aerial

navigation.
INTERNATIONAL, STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 87

(2) Improvement in the reporting of communicable diseases

throughout the American Republics ; by improved methods of tabulation and distribution, including publication of data in the Pan

American Sanitary Bulletin, it is believed that health officers are

better informed with regard to health conditions generally, and

there is constant progress toward uniformity and standardization in

this activity.

(3) The importance of securing safe water supplies, safe milk, and

adequate sewage disposal and standard methods for accomplishing

these objectives are constantly being brought to the attention of all health authorities through the medium of the Pan American Sanitary Bulletin.

(4) Interest has been aroused in the use of a standard nomenclature of diseases.

(5) Cooperative work in combating bubonic plague has been

carried on in the Republics of Peru and Ecuador.

(6) Improvement has been noted in the sanitary condition of sea- ports, a number of which have been classed as clean ports, of class A,

that were formerly infected with quarantinable disease.

INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION

The International Commission on Illumination consists of national

committees in 15 countries. It maintains a central office at the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain; the general secretary

is W. S. Stiles. The secretary of the United States national committee is G. H. Stickney, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio.

Sessions of the commission are regularly held at intervals of three

years. The eighth session took place at Cambridge, England, September 13 to 19, 1931. It was preceded by an International Illumination Congress, with meetings held successively in five different cities. At these meetings more than 100 papers on the theory and practice

of illumination were presented, the commission sessions including

meetings of 18 technical committees dealing with the following subjects: (1) Vocabulary, (2) definitions and symbols, (3) automobile

headlights, (4) factory and school lighting, (5) heterochromatic

photometry, (6) street lighting, (7) signal glasses, (8) diffusing materials, (9) photometric test plates, (10) photometric precision, (11)

light flux distribution, (12) daylight illumination, (13) cinema lighting, (14) fundamental research on glare, (15) colorimetry, (16) applied lighting practice, (17) aviation lighting, and (18) lighting

education.

The general purpose of these meetings is to exchange information

and, when practicable to do so, to promote uniformity of practice

among the different countries taking part. Among the decisions

reached at this session those of greater general interest are as follows

:

In pursuance of its work on vocabularies of illumination the commission will attempt to issue a dictionary of equivalent terms in

English, French, and German, with definitions in French; as a symbol for refractive index the use of n is recommended; in all

official publications of the commission photometric quantities will be

given in a system based upon the centimeter-gram-second units, and

in publications using any other units it is recommended that equivalents in such a system be added; automobile headlights should be
88 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 capable of giving two forms of beam, (1) a driving beam and (2) a passing beam for use when meeting other vehicles, and an attempt was made to agree upon very general requirements for such beams;

the commission repeats its former recommendation of minimum

values of illumination permissible for various kinds of work and

has now supplemented these by a list of higher values considered

desirable both for the welfare of workers and for economical conduct

of work; in colored signals for control of traffic it is recommended

that red signals be placed at left or top, amber (when used) in the

center, and green at right or bottom; a method of specifying the

fundamental optical properties of diffusing glasses is suggested on the

basis of technical papers presented at the congress; a very complete

set of factors prescribing the visual characteristics of a " standard

observer " for color measurements is established ; as standard illuminants for colorimetry of materials, three sources are recommended,

namely, (1) a gas-filled lamp operated at a color temperature of

2,848° K., (2) the same lamp with a Davis-Gibson filter as described

in B. S. Misc. Paper No. 114 for converting the effective color temperature to 4,800° K., and (3) a similar combination with the filter designed to give an effective color temperature of 6,500° K.

With reference to aviation lighting, a list of equivalent terms in

English, French, and German was accepted, and a considerable

number of general principles were agreed upon to govern the establishment of beacons, the use of navigation lights, and the development of landing lights. In particular, it was agreed that eventually

red shall be reserved exclusively for obstruction lights and shall not

be used to mark the boundaries of landing fields as it has been used

in Germany.

Some progress was also made toward the establishment of a uniform

type of screw thread for lamp bases and sockets. Carrying forward

a project initiated by the International Electrotechnical Commission,

representatives meeting at Cambridge agreed to recognize three

slightly different types of medium screw shells: (1) The long-established American thread; (2) a European standard thread somewhat

deeper and longer; and (3) a new ideal standard approximately combining the European depth with the American length which it was

hoped would eventually find general acceptance.

The commission decided to take up the study of radiations outside

the visible spectrum (infra-red and ultra-violet) in so far as these are emitted by modern sources of light and are of interest to the illuminating engineer. The management of this study was assigned to the Dutch national committee. Other new subjects and the committees to which they are assigned are as follows: Effects of glare

in street lighting, Great Britain; photometry of gas-discharge tube

lights, Hungary; application of photo-electric cells in photometry,

France; architectural aspects of illumination, France; production

of artificial daylight, Sweden ; effects of shadows in illumination, Germany; lighting of mines, Great Britain; organization of advisory

service on lighting, Switzerland; effects of variation in voltage of

lighting circuits, Italy.

A special committee was appointed to deal with the problem of

photometric units and standards in collaboration with the International Committee of Weights and Measures. This special committee
INTERNATIONAL* STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 89

includes representatives of France, Germany, Great Britain, the

United States, Holland, and Japan. As an immediate step toward

removing the present discrepancies between ratings of incandescent

lamps in different countries, the national laboratories of the first four

countries mentioned announced an agreement on a method for comparing tungsten standard lamps with the basic carbon-filament

standards. This method is the use of color-matching filters for

which the integral transmission is calculated from spectral trans- missions by means of the visibility (luminosity) factors previously

accepted by the commission. (See B. S. Sci. Paper No. 475; pp.

131-191, vol. 19, of collected Sci. Papers.)

The next plenary session of the commission was set for Berlin,

Germany, in 1934.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON RADIOLOGY

The International Congress of Radiology, organized in 1925, meets

every three years for the purpose of discussing general problems in

Radiology. The past and future meetings are as follows: London,

1925 ; Stockholm, 1928 ; Paris, 1931 ; and Zurich, 1934.

There are two permanent commissions of these congresses dealing

with the problems of standardization. The International X-Ray

Units Commission deals particularly with methods of standardizing

X-ray intensities and qualities, nomenclature, definitions, and methods of application. The International X-Ray and Radium Protection Commission has compiled a set of recommendations providing

greater safety from harmful radiations and more healthful working

conditions for full-time X-ray and radium workers.

The Bureau of Standards is represented on both of these commissions. At the Paris meeting, agreement was reached on standard

methods for measuring X-ray intensities and qualities. The methods of measuring these quantities in the United States in the past

few years conform to the latest agreements. The protection commission adopted recommendations largely from England and the

United States, dealing with the use of X-ray film, high-voltage protection, and anaesthetic-room protection. Action on the adoption of an international X-ray standard was deferred until the 1934 meeting.

INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION AGREEMENTS

Italy and United States.—An air navigation arrangement has been

entered into between the United States and Italy, effective on and

after October 31, 1931, a summary of which is given below.

t Civil aircraft (which excludes military, naval, customs, and police

aircraft) of the United States may enter Italian territory upon

strict compliance with the following conditions

:

1. The aircraft is registered and passed as airworthy by the

United States Department of Commerce and bears the allotted registration markings preceded by the letter " N," in accordance with

the air commerce regulations of that department.

2. The journey log is carried by all aircraft and the aircraft log

and the engine log by all aircraft assigned to public transportation

of passengers and cargo.
90 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

3. The certificates of registration and airworthiness are carried

in the aircraft.

4. The pilot is licensed in accordance with the regulations of the

Department of Commerce and must carry the license.

5. No photographic apparatus is installed in the aircraft unless

the Italian authorities give permission for the entrance of such

apparatus.

6. No photographs are taken from the aircraft without specific

authorization of Italian authorities.

7. The laws, rules, and regulations in effect in Italian territorygoverning the operation of civil aircraft must be observed.

Provisions similar to those briefly summarized govern the entrance

of Italian civil aircraft into United States territory.

Other provisions of the arrangement relate to the licensing of

pilots of American nationality by Italy and vice versa and the rights

and privileges of pilots so licensed, the conditions under which air- transport lines of either country may be given permission by the

other country to operate in its territory, and the acceptance by each

country of certificates of airworthiness issued by the other country

for aircraft and accessories exported therefrom as merchandise.

The United States is a party to other air-navigation agreements as follows

:

United States, Panama Canal Zone, and Colombia.—By an exchange

of notes identical in terms between the Secretary of State and the

Minister of Colombia on February 23, 1929, an arrangement was

entered into between the United States and Colombia governing

facilities for commercial aircraft in the United States, the Panama

Canal Zone, and Colombia.

United States and Dominion of Canada.—By an exchange of notes between the Secretary of State and the charge d'affaires ad interim

of the Dominion of Canada, dated August 29, 1929, and October 22,

1929, respectively, the United States and Canada entered into an air

navigation arrangement providing for the admission of civil air- craft, the issuance of pilot licenses, and the acceptance of certificates

of airworthiness for aircraft imported as merchandise.

United States of America and Other American Republics.—A multilateral convention on commercial aviation was adopted by the dele- gates to the Sixth International Conference of American States at Habana on February 20, 1928. The convention was approved by

the Senate of the United States on February 20, 1931. The President's instrument of ratification, dated March 6, 1931, of this con- vention was deposited with the government of Cuba on July 17,

1931, in conformity with Article XXXIII of the convention, and the

convention was proclaimed by the President of the United States on

July 27, 1931. Pursuant to the terms of Article XXXIV of the

convention, the convention came into force as between the United

States and Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Guatemala, the countries

which had previously deposited their ratifications, 40 days from the

date of the deposit of the United States' ratification, namely, on August 26, 1931.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 91

INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ASSOCIATION

From Report of General Secretary, Mr. Huber-Ruf The International Standards Association is an international federation of national standardizing associations. Its objects may be

summarized as follows:

To interchange information on the standardization work and activities in the different countries.

To develop general guiding principles for the assistance of the

national standardizing bodies.

To promote uniformity among the standards of the various

national bodies.

To cooperate with any international body engaged in

standardization.

Member Bodies.—The standardization associations of the following

countries are member bodies of the International Standards

Association

:

Austria. Germany. Poland. Belgium. Holland. Rumania.

Czechoslovakia. Hungary. Russia. Denmark. Italy. Sweden.

Finland. Japan. Switzerland. France. Norway. United States. Technical Committees of the International Standards Association.—To

promote uniformity among the standards of the various countries,

the following technical committees were formed

:

ISA 1. Inch system.

la. Screw threads.

16. Bolts and nuts.

lc. Width across flats for the inch and metric systems.

2. Metric system.

2a. Screw threads.

26. Bolts and nuts.

3. Limits and fits. 4. Ball bearings.

5a. Pipes.

56. Fittings.

6. Paper sizes.

7. Rivets.

8. Shipbuilding.

8a. Ocean navigation.

86. Inland navigation.

9a. Classification.

96. Lists of standards.

9c. Progress reports.

9d. Conversion tables, quantities,

symbols, units.

ISA 10. Drawings.

11. Test pressures for the accept- ance of new stationary steam boilers.

12. Soil pipe.

13. Shaft height of machines.

14. Shaft ends.

15. Couplings.

16. Keys.

17. Steel and iron.

18. Commercial zinc.

19. Standard diameter series.

20. Aeronautics.

21. Regulations for sprinklers.

22. Automobile parts.

23. Agricultural machines.

24. Sieves.

The following new technical committees have been formed in 1930

:

ISA 28. Nomenclature and testing of petroleum products

29. Drills and other tools. ISA 25. Cast iron and cast steel

26. Metals, bronze, brass.

27. Coal. The following meetings were held in 1930

January, at the Hague.

March, in Geneva (11 countries).

April, in Stockholm.

April, in Milan.

92462—32 7

May, in Paris (18 countries).

September, in Vienna (12 countries).

November, in Prague.
92 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 At these meetings marked decided progress was made toward

unified specifications in certain lines. The secretaries of the national standardizing bodies of the various

countries discussed at the meetings a number of very interesting

questions such as : Steps for improving the methods of carrying out

the national standardization work, and also the work of the technical

committees of the International Standards Association; steps for

facilitating the adoption of standards in practice and propaganda

for standardization by means of publications, papers, exhibitions, etc.
III. NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES

(Governmental)

BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(Washington, D. C, United States of America)

(See Chapter VI)

The primary function of the Bureau of Standards includes the

development, construction, custody, and maintenance of reference

and working standards, and their intercomparison, improvement

and application in science engineering, industry, and commerce. Most of the bureau's work is accomplished through voluntary

cooperation of the Federal, State, and municipal governments;

scientific and professional societies; trade associations; and other

organizations concerned with the bureau's research results. The

extent of this cooperative society is shown by the fact that with

approximately 300 scientific, technical, and industrial organizations

at the close of the fiscal year there were also 95 research associates,

representing 45 industries and associations, at work in the bureau on research problems of interest to the industries concerned.

NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY

(Teddington, England)

Investigational work has been carried out for Government departments, boards, and committees of the department. The general

program of more fundamental research and the maintenance of

standards has continued under the supervision of the executive committee of the laboratory and its subcommittees. International co- operation on standards has been maintained. A full account of the

activities of the laboratory will be found in the annual report of the

laboratory for the year 1930 covering prrysics, electricity, metrology,

engineering, metallurgy, aerod3mamics, and the William Froude

Laboratory. The laboratory has also issued a further volume of

" Collected Researches " relating to electricity and wireless. The

more interesting activities of the laboratory during the year 1930-31

are summarized in the following sections.

International Standards.—The program of work on international

standards has been continued in the several departments of the

laboratory concerned. The equipment for the measurement of the

unit of length, the meter, in terms of the wave length of the red

cadmium line is now complete, and preliminary observations have

been started. The main difficulty of maintaining the temperature of

the standard bar and of the inclosure constant to the high degree of

accuracy necessary has now been successfully overcome. In connection with the international scale of temperature, an extensive inter-
94 STANDARDS YEAEBOOK, 1932

comparison of temperature-measuring instruments is proceeding'.

Platinum-resistance thermometers, thermocouples, and optical-pyrometer lamps conforming to the international specification are being

supplied and standardized by the national laboratories at Berlin,

Washington, and Teddington. In addition, the low-temperature

laboratories at Leiden are cooperating in measurements on resistance

thermometers. The ampere balance has been reconditioned, as also

has the Lorenz apparatus. The alternating-current method for determining the ohm has given a preliminary value of 1 international

ohm=1.00055 cgs ohms. Intercomparisons of candlepower standards

between the three national laboratories have also been made.

National Radium.—As requested by the National Radium Trust and

the National Eadium Commission, the laboratory has undertaken to

test and distribute radium purchased by the trust. This involves

routine gamma-ray testing, provision of facilities for the safe stor- age of the radium while in the possession of the laboratory, and the

maintenance of full records showing the disposition of the material.

Hew Buildings.—Progress in erecting the central portion of the

Physics Building made it possible to occupy it in February, 1931.

The work transferred to this building comprises all the heat work

formerly carried out in Bushy House and the acoustical work previously located in Victoria House, together with one or two items of

X-ray work from Elm Lodge. The installation of the compressed

air tunnel for aerodynamic research has also reached an advanced

stage. A start was made early in 1931 with the erection of the

new tank.

Physics Department.—Progress has been made on the thermal conductivity of single crystals of bismuth in a magnetic field. The use of a " bar " method has enabled a more compact apparatus to be

constructed, so that field strengths as high as 23,000 gauss are obtained by reducing the air gap of the magnet. An improved method

for producing single crystals of bismuth has been adopted. The

temperature coefficients of thermal conductivity of single crystals of

bismuth have been determined for heat flows perpendicular and parallel to the trigonal axis. The thermal and electrical conductivities

of alloys up to temperatures of 800° or 900° C. are being investigated. Results are available for two varieties of stainless steel. In the work on the stationary wave method of determining the

ratio of the specific heats of gases, preliminary difficulties were over- come by using flexural instead of compression vibrations of the

quartz crystal used as a source of sound. Satisfactory results were

obtained for air and hydrogen up to 500° C. The work is being ex- tended to high temperatures. Experimental work has been completed on the comparison of the wet and dry bulb hygrometers with

the gravimetric and dew-point instrument for temperatures up to 100° C, and tables of moisture content in saturated air are being

computed. The work program for the engineering committee of the

Food Investigation Board includes heat transfer from a stream of

air to cooled pipes, the drying power of air under various conditions,

and a further study of methods of measuring humidity. For the

atmospheric pollution research committee, the laboratory is measuring the free moisture in fogs. This work is now facilitated by new

equipment for producing artificial fogs. Investigations for the Brit-
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 95

ish Electrical and Allied Industries Kesearch Association include

measurements of moisture movement in soil under the action of an

applied temperature gradient and a further study of the thermal

resistivity of the ground by the buried sphere method.

The radiology division has made measurements of X-ray intensity

in r units, and on the scattering of X rays, a special X-ray tube having been designed and constructed for the purpose, so that it is now

possible to study radiation scattered at angles up to 150° C. The energetics of X-ray production experiments are being studied for evidence as to the depth below the surface of the target at which X rays

originate. Oscillograph records were taken of the behavior of vari- ous types of X-ray tubes under different conditions of excitation.

The absorption correction for gamma rays of platinum and Monel

metal was measured for the range of wall thicknesses employed in

the metal needles, tubes, and applicators used in radium treatment. The application of X-ray crystal analysis methods to industrial

problems has been studied, the problems covering transformer steels,

tungsten-steel residues, grain size in steels, rolled aluminium, drawn

wires, paint materials, etc. The sound division has studied the transmission of sound by partitions, a beat-tone oscillator and coil-driven loud-speaker enabling

a wider range of frequency to be used in the tests. The stationary- wave method of measuring absorption coefficients continues to be

used for small samples of material, and a paper on the theory of the

method has been published. Progress was made in measuring absorption coefficients by the reverberation method and instrumental methods are now used to measure reverberation time. A phonic chronoscope is started the instant the source of sound is switched off and

is then stopped by a relay operated by the microphone amplifier

when the reverberant sound has decayed to a predetermined intensity.

The experiment is repeated for a different degree of amplification

and the difference of the observed periods gives the time of decay

of the sound energy by an amount depending upon the ratio of the

amplification employed. Methods are being developed for sound

measurement, for measuring absolute sound intensity, and for measuring the frequency response characteristics of gramophone " pickups." Work has been continued on the acoustical features of buildings and a paper prepared on " Building Acoustics in Relation to Talking Pictures."

The optics division has investigated optical systems, particularly

in connection with Abbe's sine law and its extension to a wide field and large lens aperture. Color measurement and standardization

has been continued. A number of ultra-violet absorption tests have

been carried out. Improvements have been made in the instrument

employed in wave-length determinations in the infra-red. The work

on standards of total radiation has been widened by taking

over the calibration of radiometers formerly carried out by

the late Professor Callendar. This involved the establishment of

the unit of radiation and the development of suitable methods of

calibrating different types of radiometer in terms of the unit. For

the atmospheric pollution research committee an instrument has been

designed and constructed to record the approximate variation of

energy distribution in daylight. Work has also been done on the
96 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

energy distribution in the ultra-violet region of the spectrum of

daylight.

Electricity Department.—In the electrical standards and measure- ments division steady progress has been made with the program of

work in hand. Measurements of the effective self-inductance and

resistance of telephone loading coils have been extended up to a frequency of 10,000 cycles per second. For the volume leakage cor- rection in measuring surface resistivity measurements of insulating

materials, an experimental method has been devised. A method was

found of compensating for the frequency error of alternating-current

milliammeters incorporating copper oxide rectifiers. The magnetic

properties of a full range of iron-chromium alloys were studied.

Investigations on the power losses in dielectrics and on dielectric

measurements at high frequencies were carried out for the Electrical

Research Association.

The electro-technics division continued to develop alternatingcurrent measuring methods. Special attention was given the accurate

calibration of current transformers having cores of nickel-iron alloys

with small phase interval between the primary and secondary circuits. The change of temperature coefficient of resistance of copper-nickel

wire on drawing and the correlation with structure as revealed by

X-ray analysis were studied. The series of alternating-current

4-terminal resistance standards was extended and calibrated. The

shielded resistor for 40 kilovolts has been completed, and has been

put into use for voltage transformer tests. The measurement of high

alternating voltages by the rectification of condenser current and by

means of a condenser divider has been continued, and a paper was

published. A study has been started of the depreciation of the sur- face insulating properties of insulators by contamination with smoke

and fog. Investigations are in hand for the Electrical Research Association on the dielectric losses in cables at high voltages and on the

heating of 3-phase transmission systems involving the use of three

cables. The photometry division has improved the equipment for photoelectric photometry, adding facility and accuracy. In heterochromatic photometry a method was developed to check the calibration of

the standard lamp. Transmission factors for colored glasses and

lenses were measured. Work was conducted on the use as a standard

of light of a black-body radiator maintained at the freezing point of

platinum. Improvements were made in the apparatus for measuring

the brightness of radioactive luminous compounds.

Metrology Department.—In the metrology department the mainte- nance of line standards has continued. Four surveying wires from

the International Bureau of Weights and Measures were compared

with the laboratory standards and the discrepancy of 2% parts in

1,000,000 found in 1928 still persists. Good progress was made in

standardizing steel end gages in terms of the wave length of light.

Temperature control of the standards was studied and modified in

the mounting of the apparatus, overcoming uneven temperature distribution caused by heat loss through the concrete supporting pier.

In connection with gage testing, certain cohesion phenomena were

studied and an atomic theory of elastic hysteresis published. Confirming earlier work further experiments on the cohesion of quartz
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 97

fibers were carried out. A new shadow protractor for measuring

screw threads was designed and constructed. A method has been

devised for the rapid testing of surface plates to an accuracy of

0.0001 inch. The stability of hardened steel gages has also received

attention. The primary standard barometer is completed and sources of error of the optical system examined theoretically and experimenby the Blythswood ruling engine. The performance of the Shortt

clock has been particularly satisfactory. Progress was made in constructing the vibration clock and auxiliary equipment. A new form

of reversible pendulum for an absolute determination of gravity is being made, and the correction due to the elasticity of the pendulum

is being investigated mathematically. Research on pivots and jewels was continued, and new equipment permits more expeditious wear

tests. In testing volumetric glassware and hydrometers and the production of specifications for this class of instruments, aid was given

to the Empire Marketing Board, the Society of Public Analysts, the

Standardization of Tar Products Tests Committee, and other bodies.

Engineering Department.—In the engineering department the general research on fluid motion has been continued. The flow of water

in steady motion past flat circular plates normal to the direction of

motion has been the subject of a communication to the Royal Society,

and progress was made in a study of the wave length and velocity of

travel of waves set up on the surface of water by wind blowing

over it. Static tests on gear teeth have been made, including measurements

of the deflection of a tooth under various loads. In a research on

hardness and abrasion tests a hardness test was developed for thin

coatings of metal, such as electrolytically deposited chromium. A

diamond scratch test in which the width of a V scratch is measured yielded promising results. Work on the stress distribution in

reinforced concrete columns was continued. Other work dealt with

the characteristics of boundary lubrication of surfaces under rela- tive reciprocating motion, the mechanical properties of spring

steel, and endurance tests on laminated springs and spring leaves,

the mechanical properties of materials at high temperatures, the

fundamental research into the phenomena of creep, the fatigue phe- nomena exhibited by single metallic crystals, causes of failure of

lifting gear, wind pressures on roof and bridge structures, etc., concrete for roads, skidding with a motor cycle and side car for which

further special braking equipment was designed, skidding tests with

a small model 4-wheeled vehicle, and a research on wheel size and

impact. For the latter a special accelerometer was constructed and

subjected to a complete trial. Other work included tests on whitemetal bearings, bending tests on insulator stator bars, observations on the stability of buildings of the Tower of London and on the

vibration of the buildings of New Scotland Yard, and tests on vibration insulating materials.

Aerodynamics Department.—In the aerodynamics department the

equipment has been in continuous use throughout the year. The

general researches on fluid flow were continued. In the theory of

flow in the boundary layer approximate solutions have been found

for the boundary layer equations which can be applied to 2-dimentally. gratings were made
98 STANDARDS YEARBOOK. 19 3 2 sional flow past bodies of any shape. An investigation has been

undertaken to determine the intensity of friction on the surface of a large metal airfoil by measuring the velocity of the fluid close to the surface of the body. The drag of a circular cylinder of large

diameter was measured in the duplex tunnel for high values of

Reynold's number. Turbulence in wind tunnels by the hot-wire

method was also studied. Further progress has been made with

the study of air-flow problems by photographic methods. A new

method makes use of the thin bands of hot air produced by fine wires electrically heated. Tests on complete models of multiengined

machines have been made in the duplex tunnel. In these cases the

tests are made with air propellers running. The study of airplane

spinning was continued. In connection with air-screw research pres- sure and force measurements were made on a short streamline body in

combination with a 4-bladed screw. Further work on airship models was carried out for the Airship Guarantee Co. (Ltd.), and for the

Royal Airship Works at Cardington. Work on a model of R101 was

carried out by request of the Court of Inquiry into the R101 disaster.

Considerable attention was given to the flutter of airplane tails both

from experimental and theoretical aspects. Experimental work was

also carried out on air-propeller flutter. Among the new instruments developed is a micromanometer having a sensitivity more than

ten times that of the ordinary Chattock gage. This new gage is adapted to measurements of velocity heads for air speeds from 20

feet per second downwards.

Metallurgy Department.—Metallurgy research on the physical struc- ture of metals and alloys was continued. A study by X-ray spec- trometer of certain intermetallic compounds of the copper-aluminium

system showed at least two lattice structures, the existence of which

had not hitherto been detected. These lie in the region between 20

and 30 per cent by weight of aluminium. X-ray methods have been

applied to the study of a series of high purity iron-chromium alloys,

of transformations in beryllium and of alloys of silver and mercury.

In connection with the study of the nature of intermetallic com- pounds and of solid solutions and of their interrelationship the work

on gold-copper alloys has been continued. For investigating elastic constants of brittle alloys a method using the velocity of sound in

the specimen is receiving attention. Single crystals of various metals were prepared—aluminium, bismuth, antimony, and zinc. It was

thought that it might be possible to obtain ductile crystals of antimony and bismuth by the use of very pure materials, especially if absorbed gases were absent, but in both cases only brittle crystals

could be obtained. Further work has been done on the preparation

of iron of high purity for the investigation of alloys including the

iron-carbon system. The surface tension of mercury was studied

between 0° and —37° C, while alloys of tin and lead were investigated between 500° and 240° C. The provisions of special refractories for use in the various researches was continued. The production

of nonsilicious materials which will withstand high temperatures

without reduction by hydrogen is of particular importance. Successful tubes of fusion glazed alumina were produced. Other researches

dealt with light alloys ; effects of surface conditions on the behavior

of steel under fatigue; minor metals research, including beryllium,
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES

cadmium, and titantium; causes of failure in lifting gear; alloys

for use at high temperatures; alloys of iron research; impurities

in copper, dental alloys, and amalgams.

William Fronde laboratory.—The demand decreased from firms for

test work in the Alfred Yarrow tank, and opportunity was used to advance the program of research. Four ship designs have been improved by 25 per cent or more, five others by 9 per cent or more and

of the remainder eight vessels have been improved between 5 and 3

per cent. Work on the influence of waves on the resistance, propulsion, and pitching of ships was extended to the action of the propeller

in rough water in order that a complete account of the power re- quired to drive the vessel could be produced. Experiments have

been made on the wind resistance of ships, by towing a model of the

hull and superstructure upside down through water, the immersed

portion corresponding to the above-water portion of the ship. The

tests showed that if the form comes within the limits tested, so that

the " equivalent " transverse area can be estimated, the value of the

resistance and its line of action can be calculated for a wind of any

intensity or direction. A comparison of the water results with direct

air effects was made by floating one of the models in a tank on a tower at the height of 60 feet above the ground and there measuring

the resistance in winds of 25 to 30 miles an hour. The mean results

agreed within a small percentage. Model research work on the maneuvering of ships, covering the use and design of unbalanced rudders on single and twin screw ships, was completed during the year. Progress is being made with the screw-propeller research. In the

wake and friction research a comparison between the frictional belt

of the ship Ashworth and its model was completed, and a start has

been made on determining the frictional wake belt in the after body

of a ship. Interesting comparisons were made during the year between model and actual ship data for two cross-channel types of

vessel. Publication has been made of the experiments on the resist- ance and form of towed barges. The calculation and experimental

measurement of the wave resistance of two unsymmetrical models was completed and published.

PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE REICHSANSTALT

(Berlin, Germany)

During the year ending June 30, 1931, there were tested 256 radioactive preparations for medicinal use, as well as weak radioactive

materials, such as ores, emanators, and the like. The emanation

standards (standard radium solutions) were continually checked and

55 calibrated standard radium solutions were distributed.

Researches on the shattering of the atom were carried out on boron.

In bombarding several light elements with alpha rays a very hard

gamma radiation of extremely low intensity was found, which obviously arises from the impacted nucleus, in part in connection with

its disintegration. A characteristic gamma radiation of polonium

hitherto unknown was found. In a northern expedition undertaken

with the financial support of the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen

Wissenschaft and the Hamburg American Line, it developed that
100 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

the ultra radiation between Hamburg (51° north latitude) and the

ice limit (81° north latitude) has the same intensity to within 5

per cent. Mechanics and Sound.—The principal work of the laboratory for

precision mechanics dealt with the further development of the testing

equipment for taper threads. A method was worked out for testing

taper internal threads up to 6 inches in diameter, which depends

upon the casting process with the application of copper amalgam.

The thread was reproduced well by the casting so that the determination of the half-angle of the thread relative to the perpendicular

to the axis offered no difficulty ; likewise, the pitch and taper can be

measured with the required accuracy.

Following the methods of the Bureau of Standards in Washington accurately ground cylinders with angle points of 60°,

60° ± 4', 8', 12', 16', 20', 30', and 40' were produced to complete the

available equipment. The angle measurement is obtained by an optical matching with an accuracy of =fc 3', wherein the measuring cylinder is laid in an accurately ground V block, and the angle point is introduced into the thread.

The method for rapid determination of the pitch, likewise taken

over from the Bureau of Standards, was altered in that a Goerz

indicator, made especially for the purpose, was applied in the place

of a dial indicator, and the readings of which depend on the deflection

of an elastic spring.

Cyrogenic Laboratory.—The helium supply was increased by the

separation of the neon-helium mixture furnished by the Linde Co.

The separating equipment was improved, so that in one day a cubic

meter of neon-helium mixture can be easily separated. The investigations on supraconductivity were extended, especially complete

series of alloys being investigated.

Investigations were carried out on the transmission of slow elec- trons through tin foil above and below the critical point.

Furthermore, the dependence of contact potential on temperature,

the contact resistance between very pure nonsupraconducting metals

at the lowest temperatures and the effect of extremely low temperatures on pathogenic fungi, yeasts, and bacteria were investigated.

The investigations on the magnetic moment of the lithium atom

were completed; similar measurements on the magnetic moment of

potassium were undertaken.

Weights and Measures.—In the laboratory for length measurements numerous measuring devices were tested and certified. As a result

of thorough detailed investigations significant advances were at- tained in the instrumental arrangement and technique for the ac- curate measurement of meter bars in terms of wave lengths of light.

These advances consist in the application of a special new type of

interference equipment in the determination of the fractional parts

of a fringe by measurably altering the air pressure, and in the remote

control of all coarse and fine movements by the observer. For the

interference measurements excellent service was obtained from a cadmium lamp produced by the Studiengesellschaft fur Electriche

Beleuchtung m.b.H Osram, Berlin, which greatly excels in service

life, constancy, and simplicity of operation the cadmium lamps
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 101

hitherto available. A new method for the exact determination of

the refractive index of air was tried out. The German measurements of the 24 m invar wires for the Inter- national Bureau of Weights and Measures, at Sevres, have shown

that the invar wires lengthen with time. This result has been cor- roborated by all other international measurements made known.

The German measurements fall in excellent agreement within the

measurements of the National Physical Laboratory at Teddington,

so that for an invariable measure of 24 m length the agreement between the English and German measurements is estimated to be

within a few microns.

Two new designs of manually operated wire-measuring instruments were tested. Two new designs of fabric-measuring machines

intended for the retail trade were admitted, and comprehensive in- vestigations of leather-measuring machines were taken up. The

Stephan paper strips, used exclusively, in the textile industry for

length indicators, were tested for the dependence of the measured

length upon the humidity and tension and accepted as testworthy.

In the weights laboratory numerous sets of analytical weights were tested, and the type tests and comparisons of grain testers begun in the previous year were continued, especially with reference to the standard tester of German origin found abroad.

The regulations relative to the construction and testing of beam

scales, as well as the testing of track scales of the highest capacity

or of special construction, were extended. In the field of scales with

weight-indicating arrangements, new constructions were investigated

and admitted on probation for testing.

The other investigations and determinations related to scales for

the most varied purposes, for example, double scales for weighing

of aircraft, scales with auxiliary arrangements, automatic disengaging arrangements, as for weighing bed feathers, devices for

counting pieces of work of the same kind by weighing, coin-operated wT orks of person weighing scales, scales for the determination of

starch content of agricultural produce, etc. The regulations regarding the testing of automatic beam scales were further set out. The type testing of scales for the automatic

weighing of packing materials of the greatest variety, and of other

automatic scales was continued.

In the laboratory for hydrometry, measuring devices for sci- entific and technical investigations and medicinal syringes, the rela- tion between density and percentage of lime solution was investigated. Further investigations were undertaken to find out the ac- curacy with which density determinations by means of the pyknometer, especially with small pyknometers, may be made. A table was also calculated for converting the readings of a saccharimeter

adjusted to 27.5° to values for saccharimeters adjusted to 20°. A method was worked out for testing glass hydrometers designed

principally for sea-water investigations. The testing activity cov- ered hydrometers of all kinds, burettes, pipettes, butyrometers, medicinal syringes, and other instruments.

An apparatus for determining the starch content of potatoes was

investigated for acceptability for test. Investigations on classi- fying sea water by physical properties other than density were
102 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 continued and concluded. Proposals for admitting gas meters,

partly newer types, partly new forms of construction, were worked

out.New types of liquid-measuring apparatus were investigated. The

experimental testing of such measuring apparatus; namely, auto- matic delivery-measuring devices for liquid motor fuels and the

flow meter, necessitated the construction of special testing equipment. Considerable progress has been noted in the construction of

piston metering devices for measuring lubricating oil and in the

construction of tank cars with calibrated containers for the servicing of fuel supply stations. The regulations were further developed.

Electricity and Magnetism.—In regard to the international standardization of copper a revision of the standards was necessary. A

new standard was worked out on the basis of the necessary measure- ments of the specific resistance of soft and hard copper of widely

differing cross sections and also of tinned wires.

For the absolute determination of the emf of standard cells, check

silver voltameter measurements which exhibited excellent agreement were made in June, 1930, in response to a decision of the Consulting

Committee on Electricity, consisting of the representatives of the

Bureau of Standards, the National Physical Laboratory, and of the

Physikalisch-Technischen Eeichsanstalt.

For absolute current measurement a part of the required equipment is completed.

The metallurgical investigations relative to the allotrophy of the

elements (Si, Ti, explos. Sb) were continued, likewise those relative to magnetostriction.

For the measurement of capacity and of the power factor of large

condensers a bridge method (Schering bridge) tried out earlier was

further perfected.

Further, the working out of a bridge method for measuring time

constants of high resistances was undertaken.

The sensitivity of the Giebe bifilar bridge used in carrying out

the routine tests of small inductances was so greatly increased by an

amplifier that self-inductance and resistance tests could be carried

out at high frequency even with current strengths under 0.1 mA,

which is important, for example, for the investigation of Pupin coils. The activities in setting up a new frequency scale were advanced.

The equipment for measuring the frequency of the standard tuning

fork was improved, the frequency for a measuring time of 15 minutes is measurable to ±0.5X10"6

. The investigation of the longitudinally vibrating light resonators gave a constancy of about ±5

millionths in the frequency.

The cylinder guard-ring condenser developed in the Eeichsanstalt

for the testing of cable-insulating oils at high alternating voltages was technically so far advanced in construction that the investigation instead of being limited to 80° can now be carried out up to temperatures of 150° C. Likewise the voltage range has been ex- tended from 45 to 60 kv.

For the Schering high-tension loss measuring bridge, a multiplying arrangement was developed which improves the accuracy of the
NATIONAL STANDAEDIZING LABORATOKIES 103

bridge by about 10 times, especially for measurements at low

voltages. -, , . , j. i -l For investigations at high voltage and high frequency, a tube

o-enerator with tube capacity of 1.5 kw has been built. The sender

works best at about 70 kHz. With the Telsa coils used, a highfrequency voltage of about 100 kv was attained.

^ The compensating arrangement for measuring ionizations was

further improved by the introduction of a tube voltmeter in place

of an electrometer.

With very hard Eontgen rays (up to 400-kv tube voltage) meas- urements were carried out on the variation with the wave length of

the screening coefficient for lead, between y =0.12 and 0.02 Angstroms.

Investigations were taken up to find to what extent absorption

measurements with very sensitive dosage meters are adapted to determining the voltage of Eontgen tubes.

On October 1, 1931, the Eontgen laboratory will institute routine type tests on Eontgen tube holder to decide whether these fulfill the German regulations for radiation protection.

The continued comparison of the differential method with the

absolute method for determining the loss factor of dynamo and

transformer plates (according to Siemens and Halske) has shown

that the relative measurement gives the same accuracy as the absolute. On this basis, the testing of loss standards of industry is now

being done with each of the three standards of the Eeichsanstalt.

For verifying the latter, new absolute measurements as well as comparisons of all standards of the same kind with one another were

carried out and the values adjusted.

In common with a steel and rolling works the question was taken

up whether simple magnetic measurements, especially those of

coercive force can serve in industrial control in the construction of

dynamo and transformer plate.

In a modified friction test machine of Mohr and Federhaff, Mannheim, the orientation effect and the moment of friction were measured

in the range of limiting lubrication. This showed that the beginning

of the orientation effect and the friction minimum enter at the same

film thickness ; that therefore, the orientation effect is characteristic

of the limiting lubrication.

The piezo-electric method of registering suddenly changing pres- sures was applied to the measurement of rotational acceleration of

motors, to the measurement of vibration forces of a Shenk fatiguetesting machine, and for the measurement of extensions and small

displacements. Thus, for example, the movement of a shaft in a plain bearing with a radial clearance of 15 microns could be regis- tered. For the investigation of combustion motors a piezo-electric

pressure indicator was developed which can be screwed directly in

the spark plug opening of the motor to be investigated and it is so constructed that with the heating of the motor no disturbing

pressure forces enter. In continuation of the investigations on the physical properties

of metal crystals the elastic constants of the hexagonal magnesium

crystal at room temperature, both for the directions parallel and

transverse to the hexagonal axis, the specific resistance at 18°, their

temperature coefficients between 0° and 100° and the thermal expan-
104 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

sion coefficients in the interval +18/ + 100° and +100/ +200° have

been determined. Furthermore the elastic constants of single iron

crystals were determined.

Heat and Pressure.—In this division many observations were carried

out in the comparison of temperature-measuring apparatus which

had been exchanged by the various national laboratories. This in- cludes resistance thermometers for the range from —183° to +660°;

thermocouples for the range 660° to 1,063° ; and tungsten filament

3 amps for the comparison of the optical temperature scale above

1,063°. The measurements with the thermocouples are complete.

Oil samples were exchanged with the Bureau of Standards to intercompare the standards of viscosity.

In connection with the measurements mentioned in a former report on the expansion and the pressure-coefficients of gases, a research

arrangement was utilized with which the pressure was established

by platinum points sealed into the tube of a mercury manometer.

Since a greater accuracy is possible with this arrangement than with

the customary method, this principle was used for measuring anew

some important thermometric fixed points with the helium thermometer (container volume 120 cm3 ). Conversions to the thermodynamic

temperature scale gave for the standard boiling point of hydrogen

-252.78°, of oxygen -182.96°, carbon dioxide -78.48°, and for the

freezing point of mercury —38.83°. From these measurements it was concluded that the internationally accepted relation for the

platinum-resistance thermometer, with two of the instruments con- forming to the regulations, gave the carbon-dioxide point about 0.05°

and the mercury point about 0.03° too low.

The triple point of nitrogen was found according to a new meas- urement to be 210.07° and 93.93 mm mercury pressure. For the

triple point of oxygen —218.92 and 1.2 mm mercury were obtained.

This last measurement was carried out with a new type of thermostat,

the principle of which depends on the fact that hydrogen is con- ducted into or withdrawn from a vessel filled with carbon or chabasite according as heating or cooling is required.

A steam-pressure thermometer was constructed which is adapted

for measurements by the statistical method up to 400°. The thermometer is connected with a mercury manometer, and consists mainly

of a heated glass membrane on one surface of which the steam pres- sure acts, while on the other surface an equal air pressure operates.

Measurements with platinum-resistance thermometers were made

with an accuracy of 0.1° up to the melting point of gold. In order

also to represent in this region the resistance as a function of the

temperature, it is necessary to add a small term containing the third

power of the temperature to the Callendar quadratic equation.

Researches were started to make the photo-electric cell applicable

to the measurement of incandescent temperatures. The black-body

temperature of incandescent tungsten was investigated in the neighborhood of 2,000° C. in the visible region as a function of the wave

length, and it was established that, in general, the energy distribution can not be given by a definite color temperature, that instead of

the reciprocal value of the color temperature a linear function of the

reciprocal wave length must be introduced.
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 105

From absorption measurements of carbon dioxide at 2.7 microns

and at temperatures of 530° and 910° it was calculated that in the

range of the bands under investigation, a layer thickness of 5 cm and

about 1,000 mm pressure of carbon dioxide emits respectively 1.2 and

2.2 per cent of the total radiation of a black body at the same

temperature.

A new absolute pyrheliometer was constructed, consisting of duplicate black bodies as radiation receivers of which one is warmed by

sunlight and the other by electrical energy. Both black bodies were

set at the same temperature increment, which was determined by a

differential thermopile of 30 copper-constantan elements. The first investigation with this instrument consisted of the comparison with

secondary instruments for measuring the solar radiation. The

results were satisfactory.

Optics.—A new design of monochromator with simple quartz ele- ments was developed in which the ocular slit can be changed recti- linearly from 0.19 to 3.5 microns. Further, in connection with a new

alloying principle new radiation thermocouples with enhanced

sensitivity and speed of manipulation were developed, in which

receivers up to 0.2 thickness can be obtained by local diffusion without soldering. Besides, there were produced highly plane metal

reflecting films of 0.07 micron thickness for etalon investigations

and acoustical problems. Further investigations related to the

advantages and applications of infra-red radiation for signaling in

fog ; and also to the spectral comparison of the newer photocells for

use with the Warburg light unit.

Comprehensive measurements made on the strain in good optical

glass plates should give information as to what requirements, with

respect to double refraction, optical blanks must satisfy for corre- sponding finished articles. The systematic comparison of steel balls from 3 to 13 mm diameter

from 11 different domestic and foreign firms, as to quality (departure

from the average diameter among themselves and roundness of the

individual balls) has yielded data on what errors are to be regarded

With the cooperation of the firm of Halle Nachfolger, excellent

Michelson echelon gratings have been produced from the standpoint

of both transmission and reflection (in air as well as vacuum). The

cooperation of the Keichsanstalt was offered for the purpose of

obtaining information on the greatest error which the plate can have and yet furnish a good working grating.

A new method for measuring excitation potential was worked out. This led in the current year to the measurement of the excitation

potentials of band spectra and it was possible with the aid of this to coordinate an interval in the excitation potential of the continuous

spectrum of H2 with the wave length. With the same method it was

possible under the circumstances to observe metastable terms and

resonance spectra.

The multiple interference apparatus was completed and with its aid investigations of the interference of light were carried out.
106 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

NATIONAL LABORATOIRE D'ESSAIS

(MScaniques, Physiques, Chimiques, et de Machines)

(Paris, France) (Du Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris, France) The Laboratoire d'Essais is located in the Conservatory of Arts

and Crafts and attached to the Ministry of Public Instruction and

Fine Arts (Under Secretary of State of Technical Education). A

technical commission of 23 members controls its work. It is the

National Testing Laboratory of France for various kinds of materials

and machines. It comprises, at present, a personnel of 192 members.

Its work is divided into six departments—physics, verification of

instruments of measurement, metals, materials, machines, and chemistry.

For the year ending August 31, 1931, 4,115 requests for tests have

been met, namely, physics, 604; verification of measuring instruments, 165; metals, 1,068; materials, 926; machines, 141; chemistry,

1,211; total 4,115.

Physical Tests.—Investigations undertaken the preceding year on

the " determination of coefficients of thermal conductivity of insulating and refractory materials " have been continued in 1930-31.

A new tubular apparatus has been designed and constructed by

the Laboratoire d'Essais for the " determination of thermal conductivity of heat-insulating products " as applied to cylindrical conductors. Trials relating to the measurement of characteristics of sound

have been carried out. A device has been established permitting

(1) the emission of a series of sounds, as pure as possible, of a determined frequency and intensity; (2) the transformation of acoustic

phenomena into electrical phenomena; and (3) the determination of

the characteristics of the electric phenomena before and after the

passage of sound through a material, and without interposition of

this material between the sounding source and the receiver.

Very recently, M. J. F. Cellerier, Director of the Laboratoire

d'Essais, has perfected an apparatus for the study of noises in the

interior of rooms, whether the noises come from within, whether

arising from the outside, from machines, or singing voices.

The special feature consists of the separation of the noises emitted

by different sources and, for precise measurements, the separation even of different harmonics of a given noise.

The laboratoire had constructed a special ice calorimeter, provided

with a guard ring, for the determination of the specific heat of bodies.

The apparatus thus protected will avoid all corrections : it will permit working on a considerable volume of the specimen and conse- quently obtaining high precision.

Finally, the laboratoire has studied the absorption spectra of

different liquids, notably of sterols in ether or absolute alcohol, in

the ultra-violet region between 2.300 and 3.900 A.

Verification of Measuring Instruments.—This department verifies

measuring apparatus, such as thermometers, alcoholometers, densimeters, ebulliscopes, volumetric glassware, etc. It carries out the

legal verification of clinical thermometers, 743,730 of which, mainly
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 107

of French manufacture, were tested by the laboratorie from January

1 to August 31, 1931. The study relative to the definition of the acetimetric degree of

vinegars and of the method to follow in determination of this degree,

undertaken the preceding year in collaboration with the Service des

Essais de Chemie, ended in an intersyndicate convention of the companies interested (Syndicat des Fabricants de Vinaigres de France

et Syndicate divers de l'Epicerie). Test of Metals.—Photomicrography in polarized light and the ex- amination of microchemical reactions on pigments, carried out in

1931, led to the development of a comparator microscope which

allowed the simultaneous examination of two pigments, of which one

is chosen as a standard. By noting the tint for which these pigments

are transparent or opaque, small variations in tint can be detected

with precision and measured roughly, so that specimens can be identified or their source determined.

Special tests carried out may be cited : Test of piercing and cutting

with different types of blowpipes, of steels termed " antiblowpipe n

to determine the time and mode of operation necessary for the perforation or fusion of the plates of strong boxes ; compression tests of

assemblages for panel frames of bridges ; static and dynamic tests of

wheels of automobiles and airplanes; tests of fibers from colonial

plants; examination by polarizing microscope of thin sections of

porcelain or of faience for sanitary equipment (these examinations

show in the amorphous magma the actual presence of crystalline

aggregates susceptible of creating a heterogeneity harmful to good

service after burning) ; macrographic and micrographic examination

of castings subjected to heat treatments, sections of guns, of cupronickel, of metallic joists, of sections of broken axles, of a rolling mill

cage, of special bronzes for condenser tubes.

Tests of Structural Materials.—The Services des Essais de Materiaux

de Construction has not been able to undertake technical researches or special studies in addition to the numerous tests demanded of it. On the other hand, it has proceeded with a number of relatively important special tests, among which attention may be called to tests of

the resistance to burning of different materials, notably of cork, and

of flagging of magnesite brick for jointless floors and, finally, tests of fabrication of silico-calcareous brick.

Special tests have been carried out, notably on laminated pontoons

for airplanes with a view to examining their resistance to tension^

flame, and shear.

A study of a general nature is being carried out concerning means

of preservation to be adopted for conserving natural stones used in

construction.

Test of Machines.—Besides current tests, on different internal combustion engines, gear reductions, of fuels and carburetors, belts, compressors, joints for pipes for high-pressure steam, smoke consumers,

etc., the service has started this year tests of radiators, of boilers, of

pneumatic hammers and of high temperature heat insulators. These

methods of test are described in Bulletin No. 23 which has just been

published.

Chemical Tests.—Tests identical with those of other years have been

required : Analysis of all kinds of products with respect to metals and

92462—32 8
108 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 alloys, materials of construction, lubricating materials, combustible

solids and liquids, paints, rubber, vegetable materials, etc. A certain

amount of work is to be noted on corrosion, boiler compounds, antiscale products, inks, antifreeze products, vinegars, tars, etc. As stated under the subject of " Verification of Measuring Instru- ments " the Service des Essais de Chimie has finished, in collaboration with this service, the important study requested by the Syndicat

des Fabricants de Vinaigre de France, which ended in drawing up

an intersyndicate convention.

The Service des Essais de Chimie has studied the problem of determining the relative proportions in mortar or concrete of cement

or hydraulic lime, which is of the greatest interest to the building

industry.

M. Maitre-Devallon, Chief of the Service des Essais de Chimie,

has perfected a method of directly determining the hydrated silica which permits solving the problem with an order of precision of 5

per cent maximum, which gives for ordinary concrete a total maximum error of 15 to 20 kg per cubic meter.

Standards.—Studies relative to standardization continue to develop

actively in France. At present, norms studied technically by private

organizations or technical services of the State are examined by a

central organ fixed by the Association Frangaise de Normalisation,

or special commissions are constituted comprising representatives of

the industries interested, technicians, representatives of special laboratories and representatives of the Laboratorie National d'Essais.

In this capacity, the National Laboratorie d'Essais du Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers helps to draft technical specifications for

different materials (metals, materials of construction properly

speaking, different materials, solid and liquid fuels, etc.)

Standardization of Industrial Zinc.—The commission for standardization of industrial zinc, presided over by M. J. F. Cellerier, Director of the Laboratoire d'Essais finally agreed upon specifications

for zinc ingots and sheet. The details of these specifications relate to the creation of 5 classes of zinc defined as follows: Class A,

standard greater than or equal to 99.9 per cent; class B, standard

greater than or equal to 99.7 per cent; class C, standard greater

than or equal to 98.5 per cent; class D, standard greater than or equal to 97.75 per cent; class E, standard greater than or equal

to 97.00 per cent. For each of these classes the proportions of

maximum impurities are defined.

Tests comprise: (1) For zinc ingots

(a) tests of textures, (b)

chemical tests; (2) for zinc sheet or strip

(a) bending tests, (b)

stamping tests, (c) chemical tests; (3) for zinc strip or plates—chemical tests. The method of sampling as well as the results to be obtained in the tests, are both specified in detail. Finally, the tol- erances in dimensions, in thickness, and weight are defined.

In an indicative capacity, the commission has retained the table of

numbers of zinc sheet from No. 1 to No. 26 for different thicknesses

in millimeters.

The present specification has been submitted to public hearing and

will be presented to the official plenary commission on standardization probably in October or November, 1931.
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 109

Standardization of Sheet Carbon Boiler Steel.—The committee on

specification of sheet carbon steel for boilers has agreed on specifications for carbon-steel boiler sheet. Tests for acceptance comprise: (1) Obligatory tests

(a) tensile

test, (b) cold-bending test, (c) cold-bending test after tempering

(for plates of grades 1, 1%, and 2) ; (2) contingently, when the

order provides

(d) impact tests on notched bars (resilience), (e)

tests of sulphur and phosphorus content, and (/) macrographic tests. The specifications define the selection and dimensions of test bars,

proportion of tests, thermal treatment of test bars, etc. Details of

the results to be obtained in the tests are specified for tensile tests, cold bending, bending after tempering, resilience, macrography, and

chemical analyses. In every case for tests of resilience a special commission defines the mode of operation as well as limits to adopt.

LAB0RAT0IRE CENTRAL D'ELECTRICITE

(Paris, France) Electrical Standards.—In 1930 the laboratory began a new determination of the electromotive force of the cadmium standard cell on the basis of the silver voltameter. A standard of mutual inductance has been prepared for use in the determination of the absolute

value of the ohm.

Photometric Standards.—Comparisons of the primary standards of

luminous intensity have been made with the Bureau of Standards

as well as comparisons of the standards of luminous flux. Studies are in progress to determine the cause of the divergencies which

manifest themselves in the latter comparisons. New standards of

luminous flux have been realized by using the photo-electric cell in

place of visual methods.

Measurements of High Tension.—A new type of noninductive re- sistor has been studied for measuring tensions as high as 400,000 volts

and for the study of instrument transformers.

Measurement of Heavy Currents.—A new device for measuring heavy

currents based on modifications produced by a direct-current magnetization in the properties of instrument transformers has been perfected during the year 1930.

Photometry.—The Laboratoire Central has been charged by the

Ministry of Public Works with studies relative to the standardization

of lamps for automoble headlights.

Studies Outlined for 1931.—In the course of the year 1931 researches

relative to the determination of the ohm in absolute value will be

carried on, to be followed by the preparation of a new standard of

inductance.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

(Ottawa, Canada)

The National Research Council of Canada was organized during

the World War. It is intended to perform in Canada the joint

functions of the Bureau of Standards and the Mellon Institute in

the United States. Until 1929 the council's work proceeded along three main lines:

(1) the encouragement and assistance of research in laboratories
110 STANDAEDS YEAKBOOK, 19 3 2 already established; (2) the coordination of research on problems of

national importance, such as tuberculosis and grain rust; and (3)

the training of research investigators by the granting of postgraduate scholarships.

In 1931 more than 100 investigations assisted by the research

council were in progress in 10 Canadian university and in 15 Government or industrial laboratories in Canada. Included in this

number were such investigations as the effect of low temperatures on

steel castings, causes of fermentation in honey, factors governing

milling and baking quality of wheat, action of bacteria and enzymes

on carbohydrates, the lateral support of steel columns and struts, the

welding of steel structures, and the action of alkali water on concrete. Under the scholarship program, 284 students had completed their

postgraduate training.

The coordination of researches has been effected through associate

committees of the National Research Council, the membership of

which includes representatives of the cooperating laboratories and

others interested. In addition to the two mentioned, the following

are research committees that were in existence in 1931 : Aeronautics,

animal diseases, apple slacks, asbestos, coal classification and analysis, electrical measuring instruments, grain, heating and insulation,

helium, honey, laundry, leather, magnesite, natural gas, radio, weed

control, and wool. The main committee of the Canadian Engineering Standards Association is an associate committee of the council.

The work of the committee on tuberculosis has been chiefly on a vaccine of the Pasteur Institute, Paris, radiology, pasteurization of

milk, and the dissociation of tuberculosis bacilli. The associate committee on field crop diseases expects that a rust-resistant wheat of

high milling and baking quality and early maturity will be available for distribution to Canadian grain growers within three years. The associate committee on coal classification and analysis includes

representatives of the Federal and provincial departments of mines

and of the coal industry. This committee has been working in close cooperation with the similar committee in the United States. In

November, 1931, members of the Canadian committee met in Pittsburgh at the time of the meeting of the American committee.

The nucleus of a research staff was gathered at Ottawa in 1929,

and early in the following year construction of a new National Research Laboratories building was commenced. To date the Dominion Parliament has voted $3,500,000 for building and equipment costs. Approximately 250,000 square feet of floor space is being provided.

It is planned that the work of the National Kesearch Laboratories

shall comprise at least five divisions—biology and agriculture, chemistry, engineering, physics, and standardization. The building will

be occupied early in 1932. At the end of 1931 the total staff of the

National Research Council numbered 112, and the professional staff numbered 50. In quarters already available researches were being

conducted in aeronautics, agriculture, chemistry, and physics.

Aerodynamic Laboratory.—Construction of the wind tunnel and in- stallation of the equipment is nearing completion. The tunnel is of

the open-jet, double-return type, constructed largely of reinforced

concrete. The nozzle diameter is 9 feet and the free air stream 13

feet long from end of nozzle to entrance to collector. The propeller
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 111

is of duralumin, 4-bladed, 13 feet in diameter and is directly con- nected to a 600 h. p. variable-speed electric motor. Air speeds as high as 150 m. p. h. have been attained. The power factor is approximately 0.38. Adjustments and calibration of the tunnel are proceeding. Aerodynamic balances are now under construction.

A study of the design of corners in fluid channels, with particular

reference to the form and arrangement of guide vanes in the corners of wind tunnel passages was made. A form of vane was devised,

simple and economical to construct and resulting in satisfactory air- flow conditions. Test Tank.—Construction of the tank for the testing of aircraft

floats and hulls is complete and installation of the carriage, carriage

drive, and control gear is being made. The tank is 400 feet long,

9 feet wide, and 6 feet deep, and provision is made for rapidly suppressing waves. Automatic control of the acceleration and deceleration of the car is being provided. The deceleration control has been

applied and operates satisfactorily. The car is driven by endless

steel cables from a driving sheave. Some preliminary runs have

been made and towing speeds up to 40 feet per second attained.

Engine and Fuel Testing.—The installation of a dynamometer for

testing aircraft engines is practically completed. The dynamometer,

of the hydraulic type, is capable of testing engines of either tractor or pusher type, air or water cooled, right or left hand rotation, developing up to 1,000 h. p. at speeds up to 1,000 r. p. m. Equipment for the determination of the knock rating of engine

fuels had been installed and a number of samples of aviation fuels

tested. Some work had been done on the deterioration of doped

fuels in storage.

Chemistry.—Work in chemistry included the following: Utilization of weed seeds screened from the Canadian grain crop; utiliza- tion of the bitumen occurring in " tar " sands in western Canada

for purposes other than road making ; honey fermentation, involving

in particular the development of rapid methods of determining the

water content of honey by means of the viscosity and refractive

index; the development of new products from honey; improvement

of maple sugar and the development of new maple products, especially of a new nonmottling and nonhardening sugar, of superflavored sirup and of flavor concentrate; dehydration of apples;

laundry methods; tanning liquors; improvements and standardization of testing and grading of asbestos ; the utilization of magnesian

rock; natural gas; chemical investigation of the physiologically active principles of Canadian plants, particularly poisonous weeds;

the lignin component of straw; blasting caps; battery separators;

methods for measuring the properties of wool fibres ; synthetic plastics and resins; rubber; fish oils; loganberry residues. Work on

natural gas has included an investigation of the pyrolysis of methane,

ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, pentane, etc. Good

yields of olefins at low energy consumption have been secured, and new types of apparatus developed. Interesting differences in behavior between straight and branched isomers have been established.

Efforts are being made to find a suitable material for the construction of chambers adapted to withstand the temperatures involved

without leading to carbon formation. The production of carbon
112 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 black by the arc process has been studied to some extent. A study

is being made of the physical properties of blown asphalts as influenced by the conditions of blowing. Studies are being made in

the technique of rubber testing, particularly the use of molded test

pieces. Detail studies are progressing on the stress-strain relations

of rubber.

Systematic studies of detergency with special reference to the

conditions of practice in power laundries are being made my means

of photometric measurements on cotton which has been soiled grey in

a standard manner. Methods have been developed for the production of a special basic clinker suitable for furnace linings, magnesia

for oxychloride cements and neutral refractory brick of a nonspalling

character. The possibility of manufacturing calcium chlorate for

use as a weed killer has been explored. A study has been made of

the cleaning of corroded bronze statues. Studies in fractionation,

especially of petroleum distillates, have been made by means of a column of new design. Considerable testing work has been performed on such materials as explosives, firecrackers, soaps, water

for textile uses, soapstone, acid-resisting paints, wash fabrics, laundry builders, textiles damaged in laundering, etc. Effect of Sulphur Dioxide on Vegetation.—An extensive investigation

has been in progress since 1929 of the effect of sulphur dioxide on

vegetation. This was undertaken as a result of claims made by

residents of the United States against the smelter at Trail, British

Columbia, Canada, and referred to the International Joint Commission for settlement. The results of scientific interest, it is expected,

will be published when the case is no longer sub judice.

Radio.—Plans are being made by the council to establish a highly

accurate primary frequency standard to which all administrative

standards in Canada can be referred. It is hoped that a constancy

of frequency of at least 1 part in 10,000,000 will be obtained. During the past year a study was made of the generation and trans- mission of energy at frequencies of the order of 300 megacycles.

Circuits were developed and portable transmitters constructed for

field use at these ultra-high frequencies. The work was undertaken

in connection with the development of radio aids to navigation in

Canada and was carried out in the laboratories of the department of

national defense. The problem of static interference in radiotelegraph circuits has received considerable attention, and progress

has been made toward the elimination of this nuisance from commercial communication systems. The general problem of the nature of

atmospherics has also been studied, and equipment is now being installed to enable the Council to investigate the relationship between

meteorology and static disturbances that the records of atmospheric

discharges might be used in connection with air navigation. A study

is under way on the relation between height of the aircraft above

f

round and the skip distance when using frequencies above 4,000

ilocycles.

Optics.—A beginning has been made in optical research. Some

apparatus is already available for spectral and interference work.

At the moment attention is being directed to photometric standardization. Plans are being laid for the construction or acquisition of

a complete set of apparatus for this purpose. Methods of standard-
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 113

izing railway signal lenses in other countries are being studied. On

the completion of the requisite apparatus steps will be taken to set up a system of standards for Canada.

Radium.—The council is now prepared to undertake the standardization of radium preparations and the determination of their thorium

content. A study is to be made of the instruments used in practical

radium therapy to provide the medical profession with facilities for more intelligent estimation of the intensity and localization of gamma

ray exposures from radium units.

Heat —An apparatus has been installed for the measurement of

the heat conductivity of building materials. It is of the hot-plate

type with the cold side cooled by refrigeration. The effect of moisture on the conductivity of the materials tested is being investigated.

Improvements on the thermometer-testing equipment already in use

are being undertaken. An investigation of the heat conductivity of

refractories is in progress.

Testing Laboratories.—The council during 1931 was equipped to undertake the following: (a) The standardization of measures of

length; (b) the standardization of thermometers, hydrometers, and

watches; (c) the testing and standardization of aeronautical instruments, including aerial photographic cameras; and (d) the test- ing of telescopes, surveying, and other instruments.

Artificial Lighting Units.—Artificial lighting units have been designed to be used for the inspection, now done by natural light, of

wheat and other grains. Two alternative units are being tested by

the inspection department of the Board of Grain Commissioners

for Canada. The results so far are favorable.

Charging of Films.—The problem of the electrostatic charging of

celluloid films used in aerial cameras is being studied. In an at- tempt to eliminate this, the structure of the camera has been altered. An effort is being made to use radium to discharge the film without

causing a spark to mark it. The relative humidity and the state of

ionization of the air in the slip stream of flying aircraft has been

measured. The results show a definite correlation with the weather

conditions during flight.

TLtrasonics.—Several researches have been conducted in ultrasonics.

It has been found that a sound wave transmitted longitudinally

through liquids contained in tubes is almost totally absorbed at certain frequencies which correspond to the resonant radial vibrations. The wave velocity is also profoundly modified in this region.

Somewhat similar phenomena occurring for solid rods are now being

investigated.

Electrostatic Voltmeter.—A new type of electrostatic voltmeter for

50 kilovolts and up has been evolved which seems to have advantages

over those now in use.

Electric Meters.—Equipment is being provided for research in the

development of meters used in the purchase and sale of electric power. An electrical standardization laboratory for the precise

standardization of all electrical quantities and calibration of elec- trical instruments is being planned.

Agriculture.—Pending the completion of the new building the

work in agriculture during 1931 was directed from the University

of Alberta. The work of the division conducted by its own staff
114 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 as distinct from work conducted under its direction in cooperating

laboratories consisted of the following researches: Phenolic com- pounds of the wheat plant in relation to rust resistance, preparation

and denaturation of the gluten proteins, gas production and reten- tion in wheat-flour doughs, composition of wheat in relation to stage

of maturity and exposure to frost, biological assays of crop residues,

and chemicals as herbicides. A weed survey of the Provinces of

Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan has been conducted.

Journal of Research.—In its division of research information the

council maintains an information service to deal with scientific and

technical inquiries received, both for the benefit of its laboratory

staff and other scientific workers in Canada. Technical and eco- nomic investigations are carried out and reports prepared on a wide

variety of topics. The council publishes an annual report, a series

of technical reports and bulletins, and, since 1929, a monthly sci- entific periodical, the Canadian Journal of Research. There is being

built up a large research library, provision having been made in the

new building for 300,000 volumes.

ELECTROTECHNICAL LABORATORY

(Tokyo, Japan)

The laboratory is attached to the Ministry of Communications and

the director is Dr. K. Takatsu. The work of the laboratory is carried on in five sections—standards and measuring instruments, telephone

and telegraph, electrotechnics, radio, and materials. During the

fiscal year ending in March, 1931, 21 researches and 10 circulars,

besides many private papers, were published by the laboratory.

Standards.—The electrical standards representing the international

ohm and ampere legalized by the electrical measurement act enacted

in 1910 have been maintained by the laboratory. During the past

year the caliber factors of the new tubes were obtained and the preparation for redetermining the international ohm was finished. The

researches related to the determination of the ohm in absolute measure

are now in progress. According to the resolution of the second

advisory committee on electricity, the redetermination of silver equivalent is under way. The international ohm and volt are maintained

by a number of manganin resistances and neutral cells, respectively.

Hereafter the acid cell, which contains 0.05 N acid electrolyte will be

added to the group because it has been experimentally ascertained that

the cell has good constancy.

In 1929 the primary standard of frequency was established at the

laboratory. The standard consists of a Riefler clock, a frequency

measuring device, and a 1,000-cycle tuning fork. The frequency of

the fork is maintained constant with an accuracy of 1 part in 100,000.

Experiments were made on the tuning fork and an electromagnetic

system to diminish the damping, and an electrical circuit to minimize

the variations of frequency due to change of loading, filament current,

and plate voltage.

The photometric standard is maintained by a number of wellseasoned incandescent lamps calibrated by the Pentane lamp. The

heterochromatic photometer designed on Pirani-Dziobek's principle has shown a good result on the occasion of the international
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 115

comparison of luminous intensity planned by the Bureau of Standards

in 1930.

Measuring Instruments.—The laboratory is engaged in the legal

verification of electricity meters. In the last fiscal year seven

types of integrating meters were approved and 147,087 meters were

tested. Besides those, 364,283 meters were tested by three laboratories approved by the ministry. Much work has been done on the

analytical study of the performance of the induction watt-hour meter. In connection with the testing of instrument transformers, the phase

angle of a shielded resistor for 30 kilovolts has been determined and

the time constant of noninductive low resistance has been found.

There were 1,171 tests requested of various measuring apparatus, such

as voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters, resistances, inductances, condensers, etc. Telephone and Telegraph.—All telephone and telegraph apparatus

used by the ministry are tested by the laboratory. In the last fiscal year there were 6,332 requests for tests, namely : Telephone apparatus

and switchboards, 4,885 ; telegraph apparatus, 1,228 ; and accessories,

219. Almost all the apparatus were supplied by home manufacturers.

Work has been done on the improvement of such apparatus, and auto- matic devices for life test of telephone apparatus have been provided.

Many investigations have been made relating to the audiofrequency current bridge, especially the no-loss condenser and earthing device. The articulation efficiency for transmitter and receiver

is investigated from the acoustical and mechanical standpoints. The

characteristic frequency bands of the Japanese vowels have been obtained and the composition of Japanese language has been statisti- cally investigated in order to establish a perfect method of testing

articulation in telephone systems.

Electrotechnics.—The standardization activities relating to elec- trotechnics have been made in cooperation with the Japanese

electrotechnical committee. Many investigations relating to the

rating of electrical machinery, the rupturing capacity of oil circuit

breakers, the current-carrying capacity of cable, and the standardization of lightning arresters have been made. The equivalent d. c. value in the breakdown test of cable with a. c. has been determined

and the life tests on heater elements and incandescent lamps have

been continued.

Researches on lightning, induction of power line, synchronous and

asynchronous machines with secondary excitation, mercury inverter,

electro-osmosis, and technical applications of grid-glow tube were

carried on. The noises of electrical machines have been analyzed

acoustically and the relation between the noise character and the

construction of machine has been found.

Radio.—Since 1924 a systematic research on wave propagation has

been continued. To begin with, field-intensity measurements on

long-distance stations emitting low-frequency waves were conducted.

The directional observations and polarization measurements were made on near-by low-frequency stations, while similar observations were conducted on broadcast stations in the Pacific area. At present,

high-frequency wave measurements are in progress in several lines. With the results thus obtained theoretical studies are made. A new
116 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 theory on the propagation of low-frequency waves has been advanced

and a portable type of high-frequency wave direction-finder was

developed.

The precise measurement of radio- frequency employing a multitable type of high-frequency wave direction finder was developed,

and many commercial wave meters were calibrated by this device.

Extensively scientific and technical researches are being carried

out on piezo-electric quartz crystal. From the above experience the

design and manufacture of quartz plate holders may be made satis- factorily over the whole range of radio frequency in accordance with

the requirement of C. C. I. R. All the quartz plate holders used

by the ministry are supplied from the laboratory and the frequency

of quartz plates to be used in all the commercial stations in the country are calibrated by the laboratory.

Researches on radio transmitters, receivers, and electron tubes are

also conducted. Among those, elimination of harmonies and fre- quency stabilization of radio transmitters which has remained an

unsolved problem since the first C. C. I. R. meeting at The Hague are included. The problems brought up in the second meeting at Copenhagen are now being studied. The laboratory also assists the activities of the national committee of U. R. S. I. Materials.—During the past year a number of tests requested have

been carried out on telephone cable, insulators, storage batteries,

dry cells, etc. A new magnetic material similar to permalloy which has large initial permeability and high resistivity has been discovered. The

process of producing copper oxide, which will be more available as a dry rectifier, has been developed. The mechanism of oxidation of

mineral oil was studied and the resarch toward a powerful antioxidant is being followed. Researches on acetyle cellulose, fused basalt,

artificial resins, polymerized rubber, and porcelain insulators have

been continued.

TOKYO INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

(Tokyo, Japan)

The Tokyo Industrial Institute was established in 1900, and is under the control of the Minister of Commerce and Industry of the

Japanese Government. Its director is Dr. Fusajiro Kodera. Its

staff of research workers and assistant investigators numbers over

100. To promote the progress of Japanese industries the institute is solving various important chemical industrial and technological

problems, and deals with the analysis, testing, and examination of

materials. The institute is engaged in standardization activities in

cooperation with several organizations, such as the Association of

Portland Cement, the Society of Chemical Industry, etc., and the

Bureau of Rationalization of Industry of the Department of Commerce and Industry.

The main part of the institute is located at Yoyohata, near Tokyo.

One branch of its work is located at Meguro, near Tokyo.

In addition to its administrative staff, the institute is divided into

six scientific and technical divisions, as follows : (1) General analyses,

examinations; (2) consultations pertaining to fats, waxes, oils, soaps, petroleums, chemicals, paints, lacquers, papers, rayon, saccharides,
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 117

protein, etc.; (3) work relating to examinations and consultations

pertaining to cements, porcelains refractory materials, Seger cones, saggars, etc.; (4) analyses, examinations, and consultations pertaining to coal tar, dyestuffs, mordants, etc.; (5) examinations and tests in the field of electrochemistry, electrometallurgy, high-voltage elec- tricity, the testing of porcelain, cement, iron, and several other materials; (6) investigations pertaining to synthetic chemistry at high

pressure. When an experimental research is completed in the research laboratory, it is examined on a semiindustrial scale with a view to the further development and improvement of methods and materials for

industrial use. Laboratory space is made available to the general public for ex- perimental work where research workers, for a nominal fee, are supplied with a definite amount of chemical reagents and experimental equipment, are permitted to utilize the library of the institute,

and its precise measuring instruments. The regular staff is available

on request to give aid through consultation.

A schedule of fees is published covering the analysis or examination of materials and consultation.

The results of the investigations and researches conducted by the

institute are published in a pamphlet entitled Tokyo Kogyo Shinkenjo Hohoku, or in well-known journals in Japan. Several hundred

technological papers have been issued to date. The institute participates in the work of the Japanese Engineering

Standards Committee, and in cooperation with that body the following specifications in the number indicated were completed during the

past six months : Petroleum products, 19 ; pigments, 7 ; analyses of

commercial metals, 3. In addition, the laboratory conducts a great

variety of tests to prove whether or not the items submitted to the

committee comply with specifications.
IV. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES

National standardization in industry was first begun on an or- ganized basis in 1901, when there was established in Great Britain a

national committee to formulate standards for engineering materials. Other countries did not at once follow this example, so that

it was not until 1916 that a second such committee was organized,

in the Netherlands. During and following the World War, as its value as a factor in promoting a country's economic welfare became more generally realized, national standardization spread rapidly,

until to-day the work is under way on six continents.

The following 21 countries now possess national industrial standardizing bodies, organized in the years indicated: Great Britain,

1901 (reorganized in 1931); Netherlands, 1916; Germany, 1917;

United States of America, 1918 (reorganized in 1928) ; Switzerland,

1918; France, 1918 (reorganized in 1928); Belgium, 1919; Canada,

1919; Austria, 1920; Italy, 1921 (reorganized in 1930) ; Japan, 1921;

Hungary, 1921; Australia, 1922 (reorganized in 1929); Sweden,

1922; Czechoslovakia, 1922; Norway, 1923; Poland, 1924; Finland,

1924; Kussia, 1925; Denmark, 1926; and Rumania, 1928.

In addition to those countries in which recognized national standardizing bodies are in operation, standardization is being carried on

or has been proposed, on a more or less national basis, in China,

Dutch East Indies, Greece, Haiti, India, Iraq, Latvia, Madagascar,

New Zealand, Philippine Islands, South Africa, and certain South

American countries.

In general, the various national bodies promote " standardization

within standardization," functioning in a role of centralization,

coordination, and liaison. They study standardization from a technical and commercial point of view in every domain of industry,

afford an adequate organization and a more ample development for

existing standardizing activities, and establish generally recognized

standards of various kinds. Industry is represented in its relations

at home and abroad. The latest foreign developments are applied,

when helpful to domestic uses. In short, the national standardizing

bodies further the standardization movement in every practicable

way as a means of advancing national economy.

There are given below brief outlines of the activities and accomplishments of the national industrial standardizing committees or

associations in 20 of the countries in which such bodies exist. A

review of the work of the American Standards Association will be

found in Chapter VIII (p. 281). The sketches are based chiefly on

information supplied by the various countries to the American Standards Association and on material furnished by the foreign offices of

the United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce.

An organization commonly known as the International Federation of Standardizing Associations (ISA), formed to serve as a

118
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 119

connecting link between most of the national bodies dealt with in

this section, is treated in Chapter II (p. 91)

.

AUSTRALIA

Standards Association of Australia (SAA), W. K. Hebblewhite,

general secretary, Science House, Gloucester and Essex Streets,

Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The Standards Association of Australia, established in 1929 under

the patronage of the Commonwealth and State Governments for the

promotion of standardization and simplified practice, is the body

officially recognized as the authority for promulgating Australian

national standards. While the organization has complete autonomy,

a liaison with the Commonwealth Government is effected through

the Council for Scientific and Industrial Kesearch.

Control of the association is vested in a council representative

of the Commonwealth and State Governments; the Institution of

Engineers, Australia; Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy; Australian Chemical Institute; Eoyal Australian Institute

of Architects; Federated Master Builders' Association; Australian

and New Zealand Railways Conference; Associated Chambers of

Manufactures of Australia; Associated Chambers of Commerce of

the Commonwealth of Australia ; Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of

Australia ; the Federal' and State purchasing departments ; and the

Postmaster General's department.

Technical work is conducted by divisions on standardization and

simplified practice, and by a special Power Survey Committee. The

standards division directs the activity of 36 sectional committees,

which, with more than 300 subcommittees and panels, have a per- sonnel of over 2,600.

Under the auspices of the standards division, standard specifications are being prepared or have been recently prepared by sectional or special committees on bore casings, building materials, calcium

carbide, cement, coal and coke, colliery equipment, electrotechnics,

fire bricks, locomotives, machine belting, machine parts, nonferrous

metals, pipes and plumbing, road-making materials, structural steel,

timber, tramway rails and fishplates, and typography.

A committee on ferrous metals is engaged in reviewing and co- ordinating the work of those committees mentioned above which

deal with items of ferrous metal.

Other committees are preparing codes for concrete and reinforcedconcrete structures, cranes and hoists, lift installations, pump tests, refrigeration, and steel-frame structures. The committees on boiler

regulations and electrical-wiring rules have completed their assign- ments. The production of the boiler code and wiring rules is the culmination of some years of consistent effort on the part of the responsible

committees. Both publications are already in considerable demand,

and promise to be of exceptional usefulness.

The simplified-practice division has published the recently ac- cepted recommendations on plywood panels for stock doors, and a

classification of building materials and equipment.
120 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

Negotiations are rapidly approaching completion on proposed

recommendations for sheet-metal fittings for building exteriors, roadgully gratings, laminated-steel springs for motor cars, shovel sizes,

fibrous-plaster sheets for interior walls, and commercial and technical paper sizes. Work is going forward on the development of

recommendations for bank checks and drafts, materials, equipment,

and supplies for public institutions, and general contract conditions.

The Power Survey Committee has completed the first section of its program, namely, the issue of reports on the available power re- sources of the Commonwealth. The second section of the work^

which will be begun at some time in the future, deals with the

analysis of these reports and the formulation of a national policy

for the utilization of the resources. In its capacity of the Australian National Committee of the World

Power Conference, the Power Survey Committee has had referred

to it such matters as the drafting of forms for recording statistics, on a comparative basis, for coal, lignites, petroleum, natural gas, oil,

and supply of electrical energy ; power bibliography bulletins ; water

rights and licenses; and the International Commission on Large

Dams.

The Electrical Section Committee, in addition to carrying on its function as a specification-drafting unit, has actively maintained its work as the Australian Electrotechnical Committee of the I. E. C.

A wide range of subjects has received attention under the following main headings : Vocabulary and nomenclature, symbols, voltages

and currents, rating of electrical machinery, internal-combustion engines, steam turbines, rating of rivers, high-voltage insulators,

electric-traction equipment ; transformers, overhead lines, oil switches

and circuit breakers, terminal markings, aluminum, lamp caps and

holders, insulating oils, tolerances, methods of testing lac for elec- trical insulating purposes, measuring instruments, radiocommunication, laws and regulations dealing with electricity, overlapping of

international electrical organizations, Faraday centenary celebrations, 1931, and the International Electrical Congress, 1932.

In response to a request from electrical manufacturers, the association has convened conferences to consider in what way it could bring

about the establishment of a routine sj^stem in the various States for

testing commercial electrical equipment by recognized testing laboratories at a moderate charge.

The association has maintained a close contact with standardization

and simplification activities of the various national standards associations, by the exchange of publications and reports and the circulation of inquiries for information on specific projects.

During the year 1930-31, 62 new Australian standards and 1 miscellaneous publication were issued. Of the former, 32 are tentative

standards indorsed as standard specifications (electrical requirements

(9). railway rolling-stock materials (4), paint and varnish products

(18), and water-supply fittings (1)); 25 are new standard specifications (electrical requirements (2), nonferrous metals (2 materials

for boilers (18), and water-supply and sanitary fittings (3)) ; one is a revised standard specification (structural steel) ; two are codes; and

two are simplified-practice recommendations. The total number of
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 121

standards in force on June 30, 1931, was 159. In addition, five general and power survey reports have been issued.

The association is taking steps to have registered a brand or trademark which may be used by manufacturers to indicate that goods on

which such a mark appears comply with the requirements and tests of Australian national standards.

The various States of the Commonwealth have been requested, and

have signified their willingness, to arrange for the insertion in all departmental tender forms of a clause to the effect that all materials,

unless otherwise specified, shall be in accordance with Australian

standard specifications where such exist or, in their absence, with

British standard specifications.

The foregoing and other matters initiated by the association were

incorporated into a set of recommendations drawn up by a special

subcommittee on standardization at the British Imperial Conference

in 1930. These recommendations, which received the approval of the

conference, were designed to develop and coordinate the British and

Dominion standardizing movements on an Empire basis, and in

addition to those mentioned, were concerned with the following

topics

:

The establishment of uniform reference standards in each Dominion for all units of measurement in common use throughout the

Empire and provision for periodical comparison with the corresponding standards at the British Board of Trade or at the National

Physical Laboratory, in England.

Importance of standardization to the economic welfare of the

Empire, the need for centralization of all such activities under one

control in each part of the Empire, and the claims of such activities

upon the respective governments for financial and technical assis- tance. The advantages of coordination of the efforts of standardizing

bodies in the various parts of the British Commonwealth of Nations,

with a view to establishing uniform standard specifications so far

as is practicable in their common interest. Extension of spheres of activity to include codes or rules in addition to specifications for materials.

The development of industrial simplification as a preliminary to standardization in suitable cases, and for the promotion of economy

in production and distribution.

The value of surveys to ascertain the degree of adherence accorded

to standards, and the need for special measures to secure their

adoption.

The appointment of a specific department of Government charged

with the duty of watching and stimulating the movement towards

standardization and simplification.

AUSTRIA

Osterreichischer Normenausschuss fur Industrie und Gewerbe

(ONIG), Dr. Jaro Tomaides, secretary, Vienna III, Lothringerstrasse 12, Austria.

The Austrian Standards Committee, established in 1920 on the

initiative of the National Society for Austrian Industry and the
122 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Austrian Union of German Engineers, functions as the central Austrian standards-making body.

The ONIG, whose 800 members are representative of various Austrian associations and professional societies, is directed by a main

committee of 18 members, which has for its chief function the control

of the relationships of each technical committee with other committees having fields of work which may overlap, or have other interrelationships requiring coordination or provision for intercommittee

conferences.

The work of preparing standards is carried on by technical committees, whose membership, for the facilitation of work, is generally

limited to 8 to 10 persons. A draft is developed by a working committee of 3 or 4 men. Draft standards are published for a period varying from two

months to a year, for public examination and criticism. After any

necessary corrections have been made, standards are sent before an

editorial committee to be criticized for form and style, as well as for

agreement with other standards. Each different standard submitted

has its own editorial committee, the chairman of which meets with

the technical committee which prepared the standard. This chairman is a permanent officer who is in charge of all of the various

editorial committees.

The final approval of standards is a function of the main committee.

The present status of Austrian standardization is summarized in

the following table.

Industrial groups Completed

stand- ards

Published

for crit- icism

Work

under wayTotal

A. General standards

B. Building BH. Mining and smelting...

C. Chemical industry E. Electrical engineering—

F. Fire fighting . K. Hospitals *. L. Agriculture M. Mechanical engineering. V. TrafficTotal.

358

34

587 127 153

44 122

5944

103

7

9

10 419

50 867 One of the most important projects carried out by the ONIG relates to general specifications for petroleum oils, applying to steam, gas,

oil engines, and refrigerating machinery. These specifications were

completed after two years of technical work.

Another subject of study is hospital standardization, with special

reference to appliances used by the patient—equipment, including

beds, cabinets, and tables, and surgical instruments. Such work is similar to that now being carried on in Germany.

Standardization is being conducted in the field of mining on such

items as mine cars, crown drills, compressed-air-motor connections,

ventilating-air pipes, splice plates, track gages, tools, including drills,

picks, axes, and mine carpenters' adzes, hammer and shovel handles,

and eyes for insertion of the handles of common tools.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 123

Austrian standardization lays particular emphasis on simplification. By standardizing the height of nuts at eight-tenths diameter,

substantial savings have been effected by industry. Eighty per cent

of all roofing paper produced is made in 4 thicknesses, instead of

11 as formerly. Lumber, formerly manufactured in 35 widths

and 24 thicknesses, is now produced in 25 widths and 14 thicknesses.

One type of mine car now replaces the 32 once used for carrying coal,

ore, and salt. Sixteen mine track gages have been reduced to four.

BELGIUM

Association Beige de Standardisation (ABS), Gustave L. Gerard,

general secretary, Max Reichert, secretary, 33 rue Ducale, Brussels,

Belgium.

The activities of the Belgian Standards Association have been con- centrated on a limited number of studies, with the result that since

the last report the work in hand has progressed considerably.

During 1930 the association published a report on standard sec- tions and two reports on specifications for cements. In addition,

reports on electric incandescent lamps and insulated wires and cables were issued by the Belgian Electrotechnical Committee, an independent organization whose work is published under the patronage

of the Association Beige de Standardisation.

In 1931 there were completed the specifications for direct-current

tram and railway motors, together with a reissue of the specifications

for the purchase of electric machines and transformers.

The association has submitted for general comment and criticism

its standardization projects on chemical analysis of oils, analysis of

lubricating greases, pipe systems, and cast-iron flanged valves of the

water and gas types.

The annual report as of July, 1931, shows the completion of 48

standards, with work progressing on 16 other projects. These standards and projects may be classified according to industrial groups

as shown in the table.

Industrial groups

Standardization

projects Complete Incomplete

A. Civil engineering B. Mechanical engineering—

C. Electrical engineering (Belgian Electrotechnical Committee). H. Metallurgy K. Chemical industry. M. Mining

P. Paper industry

Z. Miscellaneous Total ! 48 16 CANADA

Canadian Engineering Standards Association (CESA), B. Stuart

McKenzie, M. E. I. C, secretary, 46 Elgin Street, Ottawa, Canada.

92462—32 9
124 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Thirty-two standards have been completed by the association,

while work is going forward on 28 other standardization projects, as shown in table.

Industrial groups

Standardization

projects

Total Complete

A. Civil engineering 18

1415

3

18

1

7

410

2

18

B. Mechanical engineering _ „. C. Electrical engineering D. Automotive work. _ . E. Railway work

Q. Ferrous metallurgy. __. M. Mining machinery

Total 60 32 The CESA is extending its operations more and more into the

field of simplified practice. Its standards include not only quality

specifications for materials and safety codes, but also recommendations limiting the types and sizes of certain manufactures to those

having the greatest commercial demand.

The association has recently published revised editions of the existing standards on steel structures for buildings, stove bolts, billet-steel reinforcing bars, rail-steel reinforcing bars, and steel wire for concrete reinforcement. In addition, there has been issued a revision of

Part I of the Canadian Electrical Code, as well as a French translation of this document. This code has now been adopted by all the

Canadian Provinces except Manitoba and Prince Edward Island.

Twelve additional standards, which were to have been published

during 1931, cover the subjects of cap screws, set screws, and studs;

machine, carriage, and plow bolts; binder screws, machine screw

nuts ; blade punching for road-grading machinery ; color scheme for

identification of piping systems ; wood piling and pile driving ; power

transformers ; cedar poles ; transformer and switch oil ; lead-covered

power cable ; and power-operated radio receiving devices.

Other subjects on which work is going forward include bituminous,

broken stone, concrete, earth, gravel, and sand-clay roads, block pavements, foundations and subgrades, road structure, highway terms,

building brick, cast-iron pipe, sheet-metal gages, gearing, fire-hose

connections, electrical machinery, highway-traffic signals, and mining-drill chucks and steel. Part III of the Canadian Electrical Code, on outside wiring rules, is also being completed.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Ceskoslovenska Normalisacni Spolecnost (CSN), F. Julis, manager, Dum cs. inzenyru, Prague I, Czechoslovakia.

The CSN, established in December, 1922, is a commercial association of industrial organizations which have signed the deed of

agreement engaging them to supply the necessary funds for standardization by annual contributions, the amount of which depends on

the number of workers employed. In 1931 there were about 110

associated firms, employing more than 200,000 workers.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL. STANDARDIZING BODIES 125

The association is managed by a main committee, consisting of 14

members elected by industry at the plenary meeting and 5 members

nominated by the' Government, with an equal number of alternates

for either group.

The essential part of the standardizing work is performed by the

technical committees and subcommittees of the CSN, which consists

of delegates of interested industrial and commercial organizations

and authorities. In 1931, 160 committees and subcommittees were at work on the standardization of engineering, metallurgy, and the

building, chemical sugar, leather, color, textile, glass, and other in- dustries. Completed standards are published in Czech and German

in the form of booklets, each of which embraces a whole field, al- though in certain special lines, such as locomotives, automobiles, and

aircraft, standards are issued on leaflets. Up to July, 1931, there

have been issued 65 CSN standards in the form of booklets, representing more than 2,000 leaflets, besides 36 leaflets relative to locomotive building and 28 relating to automobile construction. The

technical committees are at present preparing more than 100 other

standards in the form of booklets and about 150 standards leaflets. Completed standards cover the following subjects: Paper sizes;

color shades of enamel ;

• printed forms for sugar factories ; mechanical drawings; limits and fits; threads; screw bolts and nuts; washers; wrench openings; rivets; keys and springs; cotter pins;

hand wheels and grips; machine-tool couplings; open link chains;

flat link chains; ball and roller bearings; transmissions; tanned

leather belting; field-railway truck wheels: steel rails for narrow

gage railways; steel sections, angle irons, tees and zees; copper,

brass, and aluminum sections, plates, and wire ; terminology of iron

and steel ; rolled and forged carbon steel ; nonferrous metals (copper,

brass, aluminum, nickel) ; soft and hard solders; steel castings; greyiron castings ; testing of steel ; steel wire and wire nails ; boiler plates

;

steam turbines; water turbines; water power; cooling plants and

refrigerants ; central heating and ventilating systems ; elevators ; pipe

systems; steel pipe; cast-iron pipe for gas and water conduits;

flanges; pipe fittings; screwed pipe couplings for beer retailing

plants; maximum loads and stresses in structures; rules for steel structures; timber structures; rules for carpentry; rules for locksmiths' work; rules for roofing work; door and window hinges;

wooden office furniture; wall tiles; flooring tiles; parquet flooring;

xylolith flooring; paving stone; clay sewer pipe; sampling of coal;

various locomotive and automobile parts.

Electrotechnical standards are not comprised in the above enumeration, the electrical section of standardization being: managed au- tonomously by the Electrotechnicky Svaz cs. (ESC), or Czechoslovakian Electrotechnical Association, which prepares its own

standards, submitting them to the CSN for approval. In 1931

about 145 technical committees and subcommittees of the ESC were engaged in standardization work. Up to July, 1931, there had been

issued 35 CSN-ESC standards in the form of booklets, besides 5

comprehensive publications containing standard rules for electrical

work. The ESC has also published, in cooperation with the CSN,
126 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 an abridged edition of the Decimal Classification, with complete

eleetrotechnics, for the use of technical engineers. About 35 standards are being prepared by various technical committees of the ESC.

The CSN is cooperating also with the Masaryk Academy of Industry, with the Czechoslovaksan Ceramic Society, with the Czechoslovakian Association for Testing Materials, and other bodies which

are submitting their drafts to the CSN for approval, the central authority of the latter as regards standardization in Czechoslovakia

being generally recognized.

The CSN publishes its own monthly bulletins, "Zpravy CSN "

(in Czech), and " Berichte der CSN " (in German), containing proposed standards submitted for public criticism and various information relative to standardization both in Czechoslovakia and abroad.

For the purpose of popularizing the idea of standardization with

the general public, a comprehensive exhibition of standardization was made by the CSN in the spring of 1931, in the Prague Fair

Palace. This exhibit was attended by about 10,000 visitors. DENMARK

Dansk Standardiseringsraad (DS), H. E. Glahn, secretary, Industribygningen, Copenhagen V, Denmark.

Although the 24 members of the Danish Standards Council are appointed by the Ministry for Industry, the association is representative not only of governmental departments, but also of all technical, industrial, and trade organizations which are interested in

standardization. Its expenses are equally divided between the Government and private interests.

The council's work is organized by a business committee, which

is empowered to make decisions on behalf of the parent body, except

as regards such questions as the acceptance of standards, membership in the council, and decisions concerning its regulations, yearly

budget, and schedule. Among other duties, the business committee

secures standardization data from domestic and foreign sources, and

contacts the national standardizing bodies of other countries.

The preparation of standards is carried on by 20 technical committees, whose membership, including that of 27 subcommittees, numbers 204 persons. Work is going forward on oils for technical purposes ; tiles ; heights of axes ; shaft-ends and flange couplings ; spoons,

forks, and knives for hospitals; doors, windows, and hinges; threads,

bolts, and nuts; general technical standards; drawing standards;

paper sizes ; Edison threads ; fire-hose couplings ; gas cocks ; agricultural machinery; lettering of drawings; textiles for hospitals; steel and iron ; land rollers ; stamp of origin and property in a drawing

;

marks of correction; and water cocks.

Completed standardization projects are first submitted to the busi- ness committee, which has for its duty to determine the origin of the

standard, to what extent it influences other stands, and if it has

been properly published for general comment and criticism ; to make

a summary of groups and associations (consumers and producers)

who are in a position to give opinions on proposals; to report the

degree to which investigation has been made concerning agreement
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 127

between the proposed standard and similar foreign standards, and

to report on the different opinions presented in case a decision has

not been unanimously agreed upon.

On leaving the hands of the business committee, projects are brought before the council for ratification as Danish standards. In

case it is not possible to obtain a standard that will meet the requirements, a project may be accepted as a temporary standard with the

intention of later adopting it as a permanent standard when experi- ence shall have suggested suitable modifications.

At its 3 meetings in 1930, the council adopted 30 proposals as Danish standards and 1 proposal as a temporary Danish standard.

The report as of July 1, 1931, shows a total of 93 accepted standards,

with 122 projects still in progress. These standards and projects

may be classified as shown in the table.

Industrial groups

Standardization

projects Com- Under

pleted way

63 42

19 152

6 1 49

4

3

1 5 3 93 122

A. General B. Mechanical engineering C. Electrical engineering... Q. Civil engineering H. Ferrous metallurgy

L. Textile industry N. Agriculture

P. Paper industry

Z. Miscellaneous

Total. The council publishes a list of Danish firms which have agreed to manufacture certain or all of their products in accordance with

Danish standards. To indicate such compliance with standards,

these firms are permitted, without charge, to label their goods with

the council's registered trade-mark, "DS." Penalties are attached

to the misuse of the symbol.

FINLAND

Finlands Standardiseringskommission (SFS), A. Willberg, sec- retary, Mikaelsgatan 19, Helsingfors, Finland.

The Finnish Standards Committee, established in 1924, is composed of representatives of governmental departments, railroads,

and national technical societies, trade associations, and educational

institutions. About half of its expenses are defrayed by the Government and the remainder by interested private organizations.

The work of the committee is focused on the subjects of mechanical

engineering, electrical engineering, the paper trade, fire-fighting

technology, packing, and graphics. It is carried out partly by the

standards office and partly by committees which are appointed by

the central organization. An exception is the committee for standardizing agricultural machinery, which was appointed by the Central

Union of Agricultural Producers in Finland.
128 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 The report for October 15, 1931, lists 242 standards which have

received official approval and have become generally recognized

throughout Finland. Five hundred projects are under way. The

table classifies the standards and projects according to industrial

groups.

Industrial groups

A. General standards B. Mechanical engineering. C. Electrical engineering... H. Raw materials K. Chemistry N. Agriculture P. Paper

Z. Miscellaneous Total Under the subject of mechanical engineering, standards for machine parts, among which screws, nuts, rivets, and wedges have been

completed, form the largest category. Among transmission standards, bearings and accessories have received most attention. Only

the main dimensions of piping have been standardized, but other

factors are being considered. Woodworking and agricultural machinery are still in a preparatory stage. Except in isolated cases, where the work was extended to include specifications for quality

and workmanship, chief attention has been paid in working out these

standards to size simplification.

The only electrical standard completed to date is a comprehensive

publication relating to a safety code for electric plants. In the

paper trade, standards have been completed for dimensions of paper,

including letter paper, envelopes, and forms, while projects are under

way on quality specifications and test methods.

In the field of fire fighting, standards for fire hose and couplings

are almost completed. Preliminary work has been done on the

standardization of hand and motor fire engines, and in drafting rules

for fire-extinguishing chemicals.

FRANCE

Association Francaise de Normalisation ( AFNOR) , R. Girardeau,

director general, 27 Avenue de Friedland, Paris, France.

The French Standards Association is a private organization

financed largely by industry, which centralizes French standardizing

activities, represents them internationally, and acts as a liaison between industry and the Higher Committee on Standardization, a Government organization which controls French standardization

through general instructions transmitted to the AFNOR and which

has the authority to give final aproval to completed standards.

The technical work of standardization projects is carried on by

standardization associations or by competent committees appointed

by the AFNOR. Three such general commissions were recently

added to the 14 already functioning, so that work is at present going

forward on building materials, boiler plates, carpets, wool blankets,

Stand- Proj- ards ects

25

202 250

1 100

50

520 9 20

30 30

242 500
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 129

and other materials, drawn wire products, preserve cans, fluid meters,

simplification of hand tools, naval construction, siderurigical products, sections, rails, nonferrous metals, paper, coal, and test pressures. Standardization projects are given the greatest possible publicity,

being sent to technical journals, chambers of commerce, Government departments, and all interested associations, corporations, and

firms.

The progress of work as of July 1, 1931, is summarized in the fol- lowing table

:

completed

stand- ards

Projects Revisions Total

A. Metallurgical products ..- 5 4 11

6 20 B. Construction materials 5 11 16 15 1 32 E. Machine elements - -- 10 2 12 Committee on Standardization of Mechanics ._. 94 22 1 117 F. Metallurgy and metallic construction 2 3 5 G. Textile industry 4 4 H. Thermal machines and hydraulics - 1 1 5 14 19

1 1 L. Cycles and automobiles (Bureau of Automobile Standardization) M. Units of measure and tolerances. 95 17

1 5 117

1 O. Aeronautics (Bureau of Standardization of the Air Ministry) 67 67

1 1

1 1 R. Containers and packing methods 6 6

S. Tools - 7 7 X. Rational numbers 1 1 Total „ 228 151 44 423 GERMANY

Deutscher Normenausschuss (DNA), Dr. Engineer Hellmich, managing director, Berlin NW. 7, Dorotheenstrasse 47, Germany.

German standardization is controlled by the Deutscher Normenausschuss (German Standards Committee), a body functioning without fixed rules or procedure, constitutional limitations, or formal

by-laws.

The DKA is governed by an executive commiteee, in which are represented the various circles interested in standardization. Business work is handled by a large staff, including many engineers.

The preparation of standards is carried on under the supervision of

the DNA by affiliated organizations or special industry committees,

in which are represented producers, distributors, consumers, the

Government, and science. Draft standards are given wide publicity

in the technical press, and criticism thus evoked is taken into

consideration.

After any necessary revisions, the drafts are edited by a special

committee, printed in proof form, and submitted to the executive

committee. If approved by this body, they are then published in

final form, bearing the symbol, "DIN," to indicate acceptance as standards.

The standards are divided into two classes, " Dinormen " and

" Fachnormen." The " Dinormen " include standards covering more

than one industry, or the industrial field as a whole. " Fachnormen " are standards for subjects within particular branches of industry.
130 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

More than 3,400 standards have been completed up to the pres- ent time, while over 1,000 projects have been published for criticism,

and further proposals are in preparation. In addition, 1,200 standards have been prepared by the Merchant Marine Standards

Committeee (HNA).

The following tables summarize the present status of work. In

Table 2 the symbol appearing after each item indicates the organization responsible for preparing standards in that particular industrial

group.

Table 1.—" Dinormen "

Number of standards

Classification

Bottles Building industry

Burial practice Construction materials Dispatching means

Fittings (valves, pressure gauges)... Foundry practice Furniture Gas masks

Gas-welding industry General fundamental standards and

technical fundamental standards

.

Heating

Hoisting machinery

Housekeeping

Library practice.. Load and acceptance testing. Machine tools Mechanical engineering

Total Completed

4 4 439 365

1 1 102 76

1 1 108 71

8 3

5 4

39 9 326 300 4 4

19 18 74 72

6 5

1 1 49 34

336 306

Classification

Office and drafting equipmentPhotography

Piano construction Pipes and tubes

Railroads Sewing machines

Shoe manufacture Steam boilers . Street railway practice Tools Transmission

Typewriters. Underground construction Water turbines Weighing and testing machines Welding practice Total

Table 2.

"Fachnormen

Classification

Agriculture (LAND)

Air travel (L)_ Automotive industry (Kr)

Bicycle building (FAFA)

Chemical apparatus (DENOG)

Electrical engineering (VDE)

Fire fighting (FEN).

Hospital practice (FANOK)

Locomotive construction (LON)

Material testing (DVM)

Meat-cutting machines (VDF)

Mining (BERG)

Number of standards

Total Completed

83 33

53 47 232 208

39 38 88 75 410 350 44 19 96 45 537 439

54 20

10 10 297 187

Classification

Motion-picture industry (KIN)...

National Committee on Specifica tions (RAL)

Printing trade (NAGRA)

Railway cars (WAN)

Shipbuilding (HNA)

Surveying practice (VERM)

Textile industry (TEX)

Woodworking machinery (VDH)_.

X-ray practice (R$NT)

Total..

7 7

5 5 6

110

6

75

1, 300 1,200

13 112 70

10 10

3 3

3, 509 2,847 GREAT BRITAIN"

British Standards Institution, C. le Maistre, C. B. E., director

and secretary, 28, Victoria Street, London, SW. 1, England.

As a result of the resolutions on standardization presented at the

last Imperial Conference held in London, the former British

Engineering Standards Association has been reorganized and has
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 131

been renamed the British Standards Institution. In order to represent more completely the industries concerned, the organization,

originally formed for the purpose of conducting standardizing

activities in the engineering field only, has broadened its functions to include the four divisions of engineering, chemistry, building, and

textiles. It is hoped that through the new arrangement greater

cooperation may be maintained with the Dominion standardizing

bodies and standardization carried out to a greater extent than was

possible before.

Each of the four new divisions operates under its own council,

but all are under the control of a central authority.

The Standards Institution has recently promulgated new or re- vised British standards for the attachment of circular metal-cutting saws for cold working; short-link wrought-iron crane chain;

wrought light aluminum-alloy sheets, strips, and tubes; steel pipe

flanges ; tar for road purposes ; air-screw hubs ; engine flange fixings

for air-screw hubs ; steel gas cylinders ; valve fittings for compressed

gas cylinders; identification colors for gas cylinders; naval brass

plates, sheets, and strips ; test sieves ; indicator cock connections and

diagram sheets; steel tub wheels and axles for use in mines; wood

saws ; Y alloy, sheet and strip ; brazing solder ; paint colors ; magnet

testing; porcelain insulators; motor-car wheel rims; electrical in- sulation ; sampling and analysis of coal ; and tungsten lamps.

Although Great Britain has advanced in boiler design, until

recently nothing had been accomplished on the standardization of

boilers. As the result of a conference convened by the standards

association, at which were represented the boilermakers, insurance

companies, statutory authorities, and others concerned, a committee

has been appointed to work out a general scheme of rules regarding

boiler design and construction and other cognate matters. HUNGARY

Magyar Ipari Szabvanyosito Bizottsag (MISz), Ed. Gellert,

secretary, Realtanoda utca 13-15, Budapest IV, Hungary.

Although attempts to organize a central standardizing agency in

Hungary were first made in 1918, it was not until 1921 that the

constitution of such an organization could be prepared and approved

and the Hungarian Engineering Standards Committee established

as an independent autonomous body.

The plan of organization of the MISz calls for a main committee, an executive committee, sectional committees, a council, and a busi- ness staff. The main committee, made up of representatives of industrial and engineering corporations and societies, government

departments and boards, and engineering and technical schools,

numbers among its duties the supervision of the country's standardizing activities and regulation of financial matters. The executive

committee, consisting of four members elected by the main committee,

handles the appointment of members to the technical sectional committees and provides for the publication of standards.

Standardization proposals are drawn up by the sectional committees, of which 13 are at present at work on the subjects of engineering
132 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 drawing practice, machine parts, tolerances, building materials,

piping, house-heating equipment, coal and bituminous materials,

ferrous metallurgy, paper industry, and lubricating oils. Also, 12

special committees are developing standard forms of building contracts. The approval of standards is a function of the council, which is composed of the members of the executive committee and especially

qualified individuals appointed by the Minister of Commerce.

Approved standards are reviewed at least once each year for the

purpose of making any necessary revisions.

According to the progress report for July 1, 1930, 14 standards

had been adopted and put into practice, while 78 projects were under

way. No information is available concerning accomplishments for

the fiscal year 1930-31.

ITALY

Ente Nazionale per l'Unificazione nelPIndustria (UNI), I. Locatelli, general secretary, Foro Bonaparte 16, Milano, Italy.

Established in 1930 under the auspices of the General Fascist Confederation of Italian Industry, the National Association for Industrial Standardization represents an outgrowth of its predecessor, the

Committee for Standardization in the Mechanical industry, with

expanded objectives. Its purposes are to unify standards and general precepts relating to production as well as related factors, to establish standard types of goods, instruments, and machine parts,

and to promote the distribution and adoption of unified standards.

A board of directors, composed of representatives of member or- ganizations, is the controlling body of the UNI. To it projects are submitted for final approval as Italian standards. The technical

work of preparing standards is carried on by technical committees,

operating directly under the UNI or under affiliated or subordinate

organizations. A central technical commission, composed of the

presidents of the various technical committees and other particularly

competent persons, reviews these projects, harmonizes them with

similar domestic and foreign standards already published or in preparation, and publishes them for general comment and criticism.

Under the supervision of the old general committee for standardization in the mechanical industry, 128 standards were approved and

published, covering such items as rules for technical drawings, various

types of threads, normal diameters, tolerances and fits, bolts and

screws, splines, limit gages, and keys and keyways. In its first year

the new association has published standards on rivets, storage batteries, chamfers, roundings, and knurls. Other standards on bolts

and screws and details of automobile equipment will be soon approved. Many of the published standards have been made mandatory for Government departments and public administrations.

JAPAN

Japanese Engineering Standards Committee (JESC), Y. Goto,

general secretary, care of Bureau of Industrial Rationalization, Department of Commerce and Industry, Tokyo, Japan.

The Japanese Engineering Standards Committee, organized in

1921, now operates under the new Bureau of Rationalization, a di-
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 133

vision of the Department of Commerce and Industry. Although

the committee functions as a governmental organization for preparing specifications for use primarily by the Government, steps are taken to obtain the suggestions of technical societies, trade associations, and manufacturing firms when the specifications are being

prepared.

The preparation of standards involves the drafting of proposals

by technical subcommittees, which are 33 in number, grouped under

the four main headings of metals, nonmetallic materials, electrical

machinery and instruments, and mechanical equipment and supplies.

Foreign standards for similar subjects are taken into consideration.

After the approval by the sectional meeting, drafts are brought before a general meeting of the committee for final approval as standards.

Japanese engineering standards are mandatory on the various governmental departments, by an order from the Department of Commerce and Industry. Further, steps are taken to encourage their use by Japanese industry. They are printed in both the Japanese

and English languages.

According to the last report, the committee had completed 109

standards in the fields of building trades, civil, mechanical, electrical, and marine engineering, transportation, naval architecture,

metallurgy, chemistry, and the wood, pulp, and paper industries.

No information is available concerning the progress of activities

during 1930-31.

NETHERLANDS

Hoofdcommissie voor de Normalisatie in Nederland (HCNN), J. A. Teyinck, secretary and director of the Centraal Normalisatie Bureau, Koningskade 23, The Hague, Holland.

During the year 1930, the General Committee for Standardization

in the Netherlands issued 31 new standards and published 46 others

for general comment and criticism, making a total of over 360 approved and 150 tentative standards.

These standards are prepared by technical committees, composed

of representatives of producing, commercial, and consuming organizations, together with scientific experts. The 44 committees now

functioning, together with their 49 subcommittees, have a membership of about 650 persons. The Central Standardization Bureau is the secretariat for these committees.

In its quarterly magazine, " Normalisatie," the general committee

publishes a list of firms who manufacture products in accordance

with certain Dutch national standards.

NORWAY

Norges Standardiserings-Forbund (NSF), Kaare Heiburg, director, Kongens gate 15, Oslo, Norway.

The formation in 1923 of the Norges Industriforbunds Standardiseringskomite (Standardizing Committee of the Federation of Norwegian Industries) on the initiative of the Federation of Norwegian

Industries, practically marked the beginning of attempts at standardization in Norway.
134 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 The committee, which was organized in much the same way as

similar committees in other countries, very soon became the recognized center for Norwegian industrial standardization, except in

the electrical field, where standardization had already been taken up,

and is still carried out, by several committees, especially the Norwegian national committee of the International Electrotechnical

Commission.

The standardizing committee began its work on items, such as paper sizes, drafting-room practice, screw threads, limits and fits, bolt and nut proportions, shipbuilding details, and doors and

windows for housebuilding.

Gradually the scope of the work was enlarged to include also nontechnical matters, with the result that a reorganization and change

in name became necessary. Consequently, in April, 1931, the standardizing committee was converted into the Norges StandardiseringsForbund (Norwegian Standards Association).

The work of the Norges Standardiserings-Forbund now covers not

only industrial and technical standardization, but also standardization within the field of fisheries, agriculture, etc., including dimensional and commercial standardization as well as standardization of

specifications, nomenclature, methods of test, and contract forms.

Members of the new association include all the institutions represented in the former body, together with several other members

admitted at the time of reorganization.

The main committee, or board of representatives, consists of 35

persons representing the various technical societies, trade associations, and governmental departments interested in the Norges Standardiserings-Forbund. In this board is vested the right to give final

approval to completed standards.

The controlling organ of the association is the board of directors,

composed of seven members of the board of representatives. This

body appoints or sanctions the appointment of members of the

technical committees.

Most of the secretarial work, technical investigations, and preparation of drawings is handled in the general offices by a staff of five persons, including the director.

The technical committees, with their subcommittees, at present

number 50, with a personnel of 225. Draft standards prepared by

these committees are published for general criticism before being

submitted to the board of representatives for approval.

The association is financed by voluntary contributions by member

bodies and other interested organizations, and by a parliamentary

grant amounting to about one-third of the total expenditures, which

in the past few years have been between $10,000 and $12,000

annually.

Standardization is being carried out on the following subjects:

Civil engineering and housebuilding.—Doors and windows, moldings, bricks, builders' hardware, soil cisterns, building specifications,

inquiries and contracts, steel structures, Portland cement and Portland cement concrete, and kitchen equipment.

Shipbuilding.—Bollards, side lights, rails, and cargo gears. Ferrous metallurgy.—Cast and rolled iron and steel.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 135

Mechanical engineering.—Drafting-room practice, threads and

their tolerances, bolts, nuts, pins, washers, and keys, shafting and

accessories, pipes and flanges, limits and fits, tools and machine tools,

and couplings and shaft ends for machines and apparatus.

Agriculture.—Teeth for harrows and cultivators, axles and wheels,

pulleys, packings for fruits and berries, vegetables, eggs, flowers,

and cheese, and specifications and gradings for fruits and berries,

vegetables, eggs and poultry, flowers, and cheese. Fisheries.—Packings for herrings and other fish, fishing nets, and

tackle. Miscellaneous.—Paper sizes, sizes of matter planes for periodicals,

direction labels, portfolios for letters and documents, and milling

cutters for wood industries.

The number of approved standards is at present 248, of which 21 were approved and issued in 1931. They may be classified as follows

:

Number

of standards

Paper sizes Drafting-room practice Mechanical engineering Shipbuilding Housebuilding (windows and doors). Packings for agricultural products.

.

Packings for fish products

Total....

8

24

137

5

5fi 108

248 At the present time special attention is being paid to the standardization oi the quality and packing of agricultural products, specifications, tender, and contract for house building, profiles for tools for

dressing lumber, equipment for ship cargo gears, pipe flanges, and

specifications for iron and steel. The table below shows the number of projects on which work

progressed during 1930 and the first half-year 1931.

Number

of proj- ects

Mechanical engineering. Shipbuilding

Ferrous metallurgy

Miscellaneous.-- Total 82 The use of approved standards by industry is entirely voluntary.

However, certain standards, including those on paper sizes, have

been made mandatory for all governmental departments and many

municipal offices. The standards on packings for fish and agricultural products are being very generally used throughout the country.

The association is making a special effort through institutions of

learning to popularize the standardization idea.

The Norwegian Standards Association, as a member of the Inter- national Federation of National Standardizing Associations, has
136 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 taken a keen interest in international standardization, and is maintaining a close connection with the other national standardizing

bodies.

POLAND

Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny (PKN), A. Roginski, director,

Ministerstwo Przemyslu i Handlu, Elektoralna, 2, Warszawa,

Poland.

The Polish Standardization Committee, organized in 1924 by the

Minister of Commerce and Industry, prepares specifications for

goods purchased by Government establishments and assists in establishing manufacturing standards for the industries of Poland.

Three-fourths of its expenses are borne by industry, the remainder

by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

Technical work is handled by 21 committees, which, with their

TO subcommittees and 12 sections, have a membership of about 500

persons. These committees cover ferrous metals, nonferrous metals,

building construction, technics of the workshops, machine parts, machinery, automobiles, steam boilers, chemical technology, aviation,

textiles, leather, ameliorations, classification of coal sizes, wheels

and farm wagons, sanitation equipment, fire fighting, piping, oil in- dustry, hospital equipment, and general matters. The committee has completed and promulgated, with French translations, 359 standards. The technical committees are at work on 450

proposed standards, which may be classified as in the following

table

:

Proposed

standards

Agriculture

Aircraft Automobiles Chemical industry

Civil engineering and building trades. Ferrous metallurgy.. Mechanical engineering Mining

Nonferrous metallurgy

Textiles. Miscellaneous. -_ Total

6

39

6333

21

10 221

1524

117 450 RUMANIA

Comisiunea Komana de Normalizare, P. P. Dulfu, secretary, 6 rue Clemenceau, Bucharest 3, Rumania.

Organized in 1928 by the Kumanian Institute of Scientific Management, the Rumanian Committee for Standardization has for its purposes the simplification of economic activity, coordination of

standardizing activities, and representation of the standardization

movement at home and abroad.

The organization is engaged in standardization on such subjects as a Rumanian technical dictionary, drill tubing for use in the oil industry, mechanical parts, transmission belts and forms of purchase

specifications.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 137

Working in the closest cooperation with the Kumanian Committee

for Standardization, is the nationalization and Standardization

Office, which was established in 1930 by the Ministry for Commerce

and Industry, for the formulation of specifications for materials

purchased by the Government. This body makes use of standards

prepared by the Committee for Standardization and foreign standards on subjects for which Rumanian standards do not exist. In

1930 it established standards for paper sizes and prints.

SWEDEN

Sveriges Standardiseringskommission (SIS), Amos Kruse, managing director, Malmtorgsgatan 10, Stockholm 16, Sweden.

Due to rapid advances made in the field of standardization, the

scope of the Swedish Industrial Standards Committee, organized

in 1922 at the initiative of the Swedish Industrial Association, was

during the last year enlarged to include certain forms of standardization not purely industrial. At the same time, the name of the

organization was changed to the Standards Commission of Sweden.

The standards commission supervises and coordinates the work

of standardization in the various fields of Swedish industry. Its membership is representative of industrial and scientific organizations and Government departments. Finances are handled largely

by a Government subsidy.

The latest progress report lists 395 standards which have received

the commission's approval, with 225 new projects under way. The

status of work according to industrial groups is as shown in the table.

Industrial groups Under way Approved Total Revisions

A. Civil engineering and building industry 1899

1516

1262

52

12

2

18 428

49

16

B. Mechanical engineering 32934

11 C. Electrical engineering _.. E. Transportation

F. Shipbuilding... 136228

2

1210

Q. Ferrous metallurgy 1 M. Mining

N. Agriculture 23 0. Wood industry

P. Pulp and paper industry. R. Glass and pottery

8 Total 225 395 620 11

Standardization in many industries is carried on by organizations

working under the direction of the Standards Commission. These

bodies include the Swedish Society of Mechanical Engineers, the

Electrical Standardizing Commission, the office for the Promotion of

the Iron and Steel Industry, the Committee for the Standardization

of Building Materials, and the Technical Society for Agriculture.

SWITZERLAND

Schweizerische Normalien-Vereinigung (SNV), H. Zollinger, sec- retary, Zurich, Lavaterstrasse 11, Switzerland.

Swiss standardization is carried on mainly under the auspices of

the Verein Schweizerischer Maschinen-Industrieller (VSM), or As-
138 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

sociation of the Swiss Machine Industry, which maintains an office of its own, the VSM Standards Bureau. This body carries on

standardization on such subjects as drawings, steel, bronze, brass,

aluminum, wire rope, steel pipe, cables and conduits, screw threads

and tolerances, bolts, nuts, screws, washers, pins, rivets, and keys,

springs, standard diameters, bearings, hand grips, axle heights, shaft

ends, couplings, pipe systems, pipe unions, fittings, hand tools and

machine tools, cones, pressure and vacuum gauges, thermometers, and

stopcocks.

In addition to the VSM, there exists the Schweizerische Normalien-Vereinigung (Swiss Standards Association) , which at the present

time is still a rather loosely knit organization in which paper sizes,

hose couplings for fire-fighting equipment, electric attachment plugs,

letter heads, and promotion pamphlets for travel and transportation

are developed. The VSM Standards Bureau was designated as the

central office. Problems of rationalization are dealt with by the Scientific Management Institute of the Federal University, which is financed both

by industry and by the Government.

An effort toward the elimination of waste in labor is being made

by the Commission Komande de Eationalisation, which was formed

to popularize the rational organization of labor by the distribution

of propaganda, and to aid its practical application. The commission

is composed of representatives of industry, agriculture, arts and

sciences, commerce, and public and private administrations.

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (RUSSIA)

All-Union Standards Committee, State Planning Commission,

F. W. Lengnik, president, Kazin Street 12, Moscow, U. S. S. R.

The standardization movement is having in the Soviet Union perhaps its most important application, considered from the standpoint

of its centralized planning and direction, its emphasis on quality

specifications for materials and manufactures, and the mandatory

adoption of standards throughout the industry. It is generally believed that this movement is the greatest single factor contributing

to the growth and quickening of the country's industrial life. The essence and actual content of socialistic standardization is defined as planning quality, a combination of procedures to eliminate

waste in production and building; such standardization aims at modern technological processes, close typization, simplification, re- duction of sizes and shapes, and the establishment of quality specifications. The organizing center for the carrying out of these measures is the All-Union Standards Committee.

The standards committee, with a staff of 450 regularly employed

persons, is the largest of the national standardizing bodies. The

organization is divided into the following sections: Planning and

economic, scientific and technical, military, organization and control,

and popularization and press. Also functioning under the committee are the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures, which, with its 28 research laboratories, supervises general adherence to standardization laws ; the International Standardization Bureau, recently organized to act as the official channel for the cooperation of the Standards

Committee with national standardizing bodies in other countries;
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 139

the Simplification Committee; the Supreme State Quality Inspection, with subdivisions on coal, naptha, metals, and chemistry; and

standardization groups for power, mining and fuel, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, agricultural engineering, shipbuilding, auto- mobiles and tractors, electrical industry, chemical industry, welding,

building materials, building standards, transportation, precision mechanics, textiles, clothing, leather and footgear, woodworking, paper

and printing, ceramics, agriculture and foodstuffs, sanitary and

medicinal, safety codes, and general standards.

The work of standardization is being intensely pushed, and is proceeding on an ever-widening scale. Not only are individual products

and parts being standardized, but whole installations and buildings

are coming within the scope of the movement. For instance, in the

metal industry, blast furnaces and open-hearth plants are being designed on standard lines, the sizes and shapes of metal products are being standardized, and so on, to the machine building and construction industries which use these products. In addition to the standardization of parts and accessories of industrial and residential

buildings, a start has been made in the design of entirely standardized structures. It may be interesting to note the extent, in various industries, to which it was expected that standardization would be applied at the

end of 1931.

Industry

Percent- age of standardization Industry

Percent- age of standardization

Coal mining 10095.2

9188

85.5 83.5

75.5

74.6

Wood industry 7370

61.3 60

53.7

28.7

26.9

Leather industry Nonferrous metallurgy . Building materials Petroleum industry

Glass and porcelain --. Metal mining . Canned goods Electrotechnics

Textiles Machine construction Ferrous metallurgy Packing materials Chemical industry The number of approved standards has increased rapidly each

year, from 42 in January, 1927, to 2,888 in July, 1931. The general

plan for 1931 involved nearly 6,000 projects on which work was to have gone forward. Of these projects, 4,562 were to have been completed and put into effect ; the remainder were to be carried over into

1932.

The distribution according to industrial groups of standards

adopted up to July 1, 1931, is illustrated in the following table.

Industrial groups

Agriculture. Building

Building materials Chemistry

Electrotechnics Foodstuffs Leather and furs Metal working

Paper manufacturing and printing

Standards

261

13443 279

33

271 114

1, 059

70

Industrial groups

Petroleum industry.. Power generation

Silicates and ceramics

Textiles and clothing. Transportation Woodworking

Miscellaneous Total

Standards

25

383

214

219

92462—32 10
140 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

While the great rapidity with which standards are being turned

out is due in great measure to the planning and energy of the standards committee, consideration must be taken of the fact that many of

the standards deal with simple, commonplace articles concerning

which the need for standardization is too evident to justify argument,

results being thus quickly and easily obtained.

It is claimed by the Soviet standards committee that great savings

have been made in the past, and still greater savings will be effected

in the future, in all of the industries in which standardization is being

applied. The recently introduced standards of structural design set forth new specifications for building construction, raising allowable

stresses for iron and steel, lumber, and cement, and reducing dimensions and weights of walls, roofs, and foundations. It was estimated

that these standards would bring about an over-all reduction of 3

per cent in total construction costs, which should effect a savings

in 1931 of from $425,000,000 to $450,000,000. It was thought that through a reduction from 150 styles of shoes

to 35, $15,000,000 would be saved in 1931, while the standardization

of shoe packing and boxing would bring about a further economy of

$2,500,000.

Simplification has been actively carried on in the field of textiles. In cotton textiles, 3,500 assortments have been reduced to 400. In

woolen goods, an assortment of 600 combed wool items were reduced

to 20, 250 thin-cloth items to 35, and 100 heavy-cloth items to 19. Two thousand five hundred linen items were reduced to 180. It was estimated that in 1931 there would be saved 3 per cent of the

total cost of production, or $33,000,000.

Even in the standardization of minor items appreciable reductions

have been made in the cost of manufacture. B;y simplifying the

assortment of pins and hooks and eyes, and by packing them in paper

instead of cardboard, $50,000 a year has been saved. By the presaved in 1931.

The standardization movement is being actively propagated by

the publications " Standart," the first issue of which appeared in

January, 1931, and " Vestnik Standartizatziyi " (Standardization

Review), a monthly scientific and engineering journal which is the

official organ of the standards committee.

American Standards Association (ASA), P. G. Agnew, secretary,

29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. {See Chap. VIII,

p. 281.)

scription of a standard round acetic acid, $20,000 was

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
V. FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.)

The Federal Government is probably the largest single purchaser

in the world. Among its various activities, it is continuing its work

in the standardization of its purchasing and specification activities

with the ultimate view of economy. It is assisting industry to standardize and simplify its products. It is aiding in the protection

of its citizens by regulations governing the production and sale of

foods, and by the benefits of its continuous research and testing in

medicine^ science, and engineering. Information concerning earlier

standardizing agencies activities and accomplishments of the Government can be found in the Standards Yearbooks of 1927 to 1931,

inclusive.

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

New standards for farm products promulgated during the year

include those for sweet anise, asparagus plumosus, red sour cherries,

parsley, unshelled pecans; and lamb, yearling mutton, and mutton

carcasses and cuts. The standards for canned corn (cream style),

canned corn (whole grain), canned peas, and canned tomatoes, hitherto considered as tentative, have been promulgated by the Secretary

of Agriculture.

Tentative standards for canned sauerkraut are under test by practical use. Tentative schedules of market classes and grades of hides

and skins and tentative market classes and grades of kips and calf- skins have been developed and are being used for educational and

demonstration purposes.

Several of the standards already in use have been revised during

the year. Following the address of the chief of the bureau on " Development

of Federal Standards for the Certification of the Farm Products in

the United States " before the International Conference of Agricultural Economists at Ithaca, N. Y., in August, 1930, the bureau has

taken especial interest in checking up its advancement in the use

of mechanical devices and chemical and physical tests both in the

formulation of standards and in grading under the standards. A

compilation and photographic file based on this check up is now

being formed for the information and use of the bureau specialists.

The complete Check List of Standards Formulated by the Bureau

of Agricultural Economics has been revised, as is the annual custom,

and is available to the public in mimeographed form.

141
142 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

This bureau is cooperating in standardization activities with the

following

:

Federal Specifications Board Technical Committee on Spraying Machines.—A representative of

this bureau is chairman of this committee. The purpose is to prepare

standard specifications for machines for spraying insecticides. In- formation is being collected from Government agencies regarding

the types of machines they purchase in order to arrive at a basis for

determining just what specifications are needed.

Heat Insulating Materials Committee.—The bureau is represented on

this committee.

National Fire Protection Association Farm Fire-Protection Committee.—The bureau has a representative on this committee. A report has been published by the United States

Department of Agriculture in Farmers' Bulletin No. 1590, " Fire

Protection Construction on the Farm."

Department of Commerce National Committee on Wood Utilization (Subcommittee on Insulation).—The bureau has one representative on this subcommittee.

The national committee is preparing a bulletin on the use of insulation in dwellings and certain other types of structures.

American Society of Agricultural Engineers

Committee on Fuels and Lubricants.—This committee, on which the

bureau has two members, is making studies preliminary to recom- mending standard specifications for fuels and lubricants for use with farm machinery and farm power units.

American Society for Testing Materials Committee C-6, Drain Tile Specifications.—The bureau has two representatives on this committee, the function of which is to recommend

specifications for concrete and clay drain tile that are abreast of

current information and development in this field. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS

Industrial Farm Products Division The industrial farm products division of this bureau participates,

through a representative on the paper specifications committee of the

Joint Committee on Printing of Congress, in the preparation of

specifications and schedules for papers for the public printing and

binding. This division is also represented on the technical committees on paper, paints, and oils, and leather products of the Federal

Specifications Board. The division cooperates with the American

Society for Testing Materials, the Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists, the American Leather Chemists' Association, the Tanners

Council of America, and The Pine Institute of America in developing and standardizing methods for the examination of materials.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( IT. S. A. ) 143

BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

This bureau has cooperated with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics in the work on grades, color standards, and packing requirements for honey, as described in Circular No. 24, of the Department

of Agriculture, issued in 1927. These rules for grading honey are

for the guidance of beekeepers in preparing honey for the market

and for convenience in buying and selling. " The Color Grading of

Honey," Department of Agriculture Circular No. 364, contains other

information helpful in grading and packing honey.

BUREAU OF HOME ECONOMICS

This bureau is cooperating with the American Standards Association in the consideration of specifications for household refrigerators,

sheets, silks, and blankets.

A representative of this bureau serves as a member of the Committee on Standardization of Consumers' Goods of the American

Home Economics Association. There are also representatives of this

bureau on a committee of the National Electric Light Association,

setting up directions for use of various types of household electrical

equipment. While this is not a standard specifications committee,

the information assembled may be used in formulating specifications.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY

Seed Laboratory

This laboratory is represented on committees of the International

Seed Testing Association, and continues to participate in the Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America, in formulating rules

for testing seeds. There is continued activity toward placing the work of all seedtesting laboratories on a more practical basis to the extent that the

reports of analysis will more accurately indicate the plant-producing

value of the seed. BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

The bureau has continued the work of standardization of specifications for Federal-aid highway construction, particularly in those

sections relating to administrative control, legal and business relations, and measurement and payment for completed work.

A large part of the standardization activities of the bureau have

been in cooperation with technical committees of various national

organizations interested in the development of specifications for

highway materials and standard methods of testing such materials.

Cooperation with the American Association of State Highway Offi- cials.—The bureau is represented on committees of this organization

as follows:

Committee on Materials.—This committee is engaged in the development of standard specifications and standard methods of testing

highway materials. During the past year all of the standards of the

association sponsored by this committee have been revised and published by the association under the title " Tentative Standard Specifications for Highway Materials and Methods of Sampling and Test-
144 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

ing." The bureau is represented on this committee by four members, one of whom acts as secretary of the committee.

Committee on Bridges and Structures.—During the past year this committee has prepared for publication standard specifications for

bridges which have been adopted by the committee. These specifications have been published by the association under the title Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges and Incidental Structures."

This committee is continuing its work on specfications for movable

bridges. The chairman of this committee is a member of the bureau

staff. Subcommittee on Accounting.-—This subcommittee is working on

the standardization of accounting procedure and accounting definitions used by highway organizations. Such standardization will

greatly assist in making comparison of similar work done by different

agencies. It is planned eventually to issue a manual on the subject.

The chairman of this subcommittee is a member of the bureau staff. The bureau also has representatives on three special committees of

the association engaged in the preparation of specifications for concrete, bituminous macadam, and mixed bituminous pavements. A

complete specification which was prepared last year by the Committee

on Concrete Specifications is now being revised by the committee.

The other two special committees have not been active.

Cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials.—The

bureau is cooperating with this society through membership on nine

of its technical committees, as follows

:

The committee on steel: Developing specifications for structural steel for bridges and specifications for reinforcing steel. The committee on cast iron: Preparing specifications for cast-iron culvert pipe with special reference to its use in the construction of highways.

The committee on corrosion of iron and steel. The committee on cement: Developing standard methods of testing and

specifications for Portland cement. The committee on brick: Developing specifications and methods of testing brick for various types of construction. The committee on clay and concrete pipe: Preparing specifications for

clay and concrete pipe for various purposes. The bureau is primarily inter- ested in specifications for pipe for use in the construction of road culverts. The committee on concrete and concrete aggregates: Preparing specifications for testing the flexural strength of concrete. The bureau conducted laboratory

tests, the results of which were used in connection with the preparation of a new tentative standard specification for sand for use as concrete aggregates,

adopted during the past year by the society.

The committee on road materials: Engaged in the preparation of standard

methods of testing various materials used in the construction of roads, such

as stone, gravel, slag, asphalt, and tars. The committee on methods of testing: Standardizing procedure for determining the size of mineral aggregates. The committee has recommended to the parent society that specifications for sizes of coarse aggregates used in highway

construction be based on the use of sieves having square openings, and that the various methods of tests and specifications of the society be revised in accordance with this procedure.

Cooperation with Other Agencies.—The bureau is continuing to co- operate with the American Concrete Institute, with special reference

to the matter of specifications for concrete aggregates.

Cooperation with the Highway Research Board is through membership on the following committees: Structural design of pavements; materials and construction; methods of curing concrete;

specifications for rail steel for reinforcement; and aggregates.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( U. S. A. ) 145

This body is not primarily a standardization organization, but is engaged in the coordination of the research activities of other agencies, the results of which may be used in the development of

standards.

The bureau is represented on a number of committees of the Federal Specifications Board, as follows: The committee on road and

paving materials; the committee on cements, limes, and plasters:

the committee on lubricants and liquid fuels ; and the committee on

metals.

All of these committees have been active during the past year in

their particular fields. The committee on road and paving materials, of which the chairman is a member of the staff of the bureau,

in cooperation with a joint technical committee of the mineral aggregates associations, has adopted a standard series of sizes for coarse aggregates for use in highway construction, based on the use of

square opening sieves. This committee is likewise actively engaged

in the preparation of specifications for asphalt emulsions.

The bureau is cooperating with the asphalt industry and the State

highway departments in a study of the various classes of liquid

asphaltic products which are being used extensively in the construction of low-cost bituminous roads. Laboratory tests are being made

for the purpose of evaluating the various products which are available, both by means of the tests now specified and by means of a proposed common scheme of analysis. The data resulting from

this study will be used as the basis for future agreements on uniform

test procedure and uniform specifications.

The bureau is represented on sectional committees of the American

Standards Association as follows : Portland cement ; road materials.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

The Food and Drug Administration of the United States Department of Agriculture is charged with the enforcement of six Federal

laws—the food and drugs act, the tea act, the insecticide act, the

naval stores act, the import milk act, and the caustic poison act. Specific standards for the commodities covered are established by some of

these acts and standards are adopted by the Secretary of Agriculture for use in the enforcement of others.

Food and Drugs Act Pood Standards.—A standard for butter was established for use in

enforcement of the Federal food and drugs act. In general, however, the definitions and standards of identity for food products subject to the act are recommended by the Food Standards Committee

appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture.

During the year definitions and standards were adopted for dextrose, anhydrous dextrose, hydrated dextrose, for canned tomato

juice and for whole-wheat bread. These new definitions were cov- ered in a press notice dated June 20, 1931, and pamphlet known as

S. R. A., F. D. No. 2, revision 1. Revised definitions and standards were adopted for sorghum sirup, white bread, raisin bread, and

Boston brown bread. These were included in the press notice.
146 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

An announcement covering the use of corn sugar (dextrose) in

manufactured food products was issued in January, 1931, as Supplement 3 of S. E. A., F. D. No. 2. Tentative definitions were proposed for farina macaroni, farina

spaghetti, farina vermicelli, and for revisions of the definitions for

milk bread and rye bread. These are covered in press notice dated

June 29, 1931. These definitions have not yet been formally adopted.

The definitions and standards for food products are given in S. K. A., F. D. No. 2, revision 1, and supplements which supersede

the definitions for similar products published in the body of the

pamphlet.

An amendment to the food and drugs act approved July 8, 1930,

authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to establish standards for

quality, condition, and/or fill of container for canned food products; except meat, meat products, and milk. Under this amendment standards have been adopted for canned peaches, canned pears, canned peas, canned tomatoes, canned apricots, and canned cherries.

These are embodied in S. E. A., F. D. No. 4, revision 1. Drugs.—The Federal food and drugs act makes the standards for

drugs prescribed by the United States Pharmacopoeia and the

National Formulary the legal standards in the United States. There are approximately 1,000 such drugs. The Department of

Agriculture is actively cooperating with the committees of revision

of both the Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary, and co- operation between the Food and Drug Administration and the combined contact committee of the American Drug Manufacturers

Association and the American Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, begun several years ago, has continued during the past

year.

Tea Act Objective tea standards, prepared and submitted by the board of

tea experts, have been fixed and established as standards under the

tea act for the year beginning May 1, 1931, and ending April 30,

1932. (Circular S. E. A., T. No. 5.) FOREST SERVICE

The Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wis., a branch of

the Forest Service, is represented in the following standardization

activities

:

American Standards Association.

Committee on Wood Poles.—As

a result of the work of a subcommittee on which the laboratory is represented, ultimate fiber stresses for nothern white cedar, western

red cedar, chestnut, and creosoted southern yellow-pine poles were

adopted as an American standard. These stresses automatically be- come part of the National Electrical Safety Code, which is widely

used as the standard of pole-line design and construction by the

various State regulatory bodies having supervision over public utilities. Other work accomplished by the committee was the completion

of specifications and of new dimension classifications for poles of the

species named. The specifications were approved as tentative American standards and the dimension classifications as American standards. Further work on the program of the committee is the creation
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 147

of standard fiber stress specifications and dimension classifications

for Douglas fir and lodgepole-pine poles.

Federal Specifications Board.

Committee on Glue.—The committee's specification for animal glue for woodworking was adopted

by the board.

The Forest Products Laboratory took an active part in the preparation of specifications for shipping containers which were adopted

by the board.

American Society for Testing Materials.

Committee C-5 on Fire

Tests of Materials and Construction.—Subcommittee II on fire tests of lumber has been working on standardization of fire tests for treated and untreated lumber. The development of the fire- tube test has featured the work of the past two years. Tentative

specifications have been prepared, and will be considered during the

coming year. The Forest Products Laboratory is taking an active part in the

preparation and revision of specifications for shipping containers,

under the jurisdiction of Committee D-10. Specifications are being

promulgated or revision of present specifications made for solid

fiber and corrugated fiber containers, on nailed and locked-corner

containers, on wire-bound containers, on wooden crates, and on plywood containers.

Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.Alkaline

Pulping Methods Committee.—Members of the Forest Products

Laboratory acting on this committee have cooperated in the preparation of a set of standard definitions of terms used in soda and sul- phate pulp mill recovery-room practice. These definitions are now

before the main body of the association for adoption.

Other standardizing agencies served by the laboratory staff members include: The American Mining Congress, the American Kailway Engineering Association, the American Wood Preservers' Association, the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of

Chemical Engineers, the American Paper and Pulp Association, the

American Society of Civil Engineers, and the Building Code Committee of the Department of Commerce.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

AERONAUTICS BRANCH

Standardization plays an important part in those activities of

the Aeronautics Branch which have to do with the establishment and

maintenance of aids to air navigation on the Federal airways sys- tem and with regulatory duties involving licensing and approval of

airmen and aircraft and subjects related thereto. In addition, cer- tain phases of the branch's obligations pertaining to the promotion

and development of aeronautics, lend themselves very favorably to standardization.

LTniformity is a particularly essential factor in the establishment

and maintenance of the Federal airways in order to simplify their use by airmen and at the same time to provide for their maximum

effectiveness. All airway lights, intermediate landing fields, communication facilities, and other aids to air navigation are standard-
148 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

ized. The beacon lights and intermediate landing fields are spaced

at regular intervals; the fields are similarly marked, lighted, and

operated; and the radio-communication stations, which provide

airmen with weather information, as well as the radio range beacons

which outline their courses for them by radio signals, and the auto- matic telegraph typewriter circuits, all function uniformly.

This standardization enables airmen to find the same types of aids

to air navigation on the Federal airways in every section of the

country where they are in operation.

Uniform methods are also followed by the Aeronautics Branch in

discharging its functions pertaining to the licensing and approval

of aircraft and airmen. A manufacturer seeking approval for an

aircraft or engine, or an airman seeking a license, knows definitely

what qualifications are necessary in order to receive an approval or a

license, with the result that unnecessary effort and expensive waste are

eliminated. This applies to all the licensing and approval activities

of the Aeronautics Branch, which include the licensing of air- craft and airmen, approval of aircraft engines, repair stations,

flying and ground schools, parachutes, interstate scheduled airpassenger lines, and aircraft components and accessories.

Other standardization activities in which the Aeronautics Branch

is engaged are as follows

:

All aeronautical lights, except those established and maintained by

the Federal Government, are required to be certified if they serve as true aids to air navigation.

Recommended standards for the air marking of cities, towns, and

communities, so that airmen may know their positions and landing

facilities offered by the types of marking shown on roofs or other

available area. Recommended standards for air marking of Federal and State

highways by official route numbers.

Recommended standards for marking obstructions to air navigation.

The rating of airports, upon request of the owner, as to the general

equipment and facilities, the effective landing area, and the aero- nautic-lighting equipment.

Research work looking toward the development of standard signal

systems for airports. Suggested uniform field rules for airports.

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

The bureau has continued its efforts to promote adherence by all States to the International List of Causes of Death as a means of

promoting uniform classification of the causes of death on death and

stillbirth certificates. The conference for the fourth decennial re- vision of the international list was held in Paris in October, 1929,

and was attended by representatives from our own and 37 other

countries. During the past year the fourth edition of the Manual

of the International List has been prepared for use in the United

States. Besides this important aid toward standardization of mortality statistics, the bureau has issued a new edition of the booklet

known as the Physicians' Pocket Reference to the International List

of Causes of Death. Copies of this booklet have already been distributed to all State departments of health and through them to
FEDERAL, STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 149

undertakers and local registrars. Work has also been commenced

on the preparation of the new Manual of Joint Causes of Death.

This new manual will include a number of pages devoted to the

presentation of rules and exceptions which have been used by statistical offices of different countries as a basis for selecting the particular cause of death to be tabulated when joint causes were certified. In connection with the White House conference, and as an aid to the standardizing of maternal mortality rates, the bureau submitted

to each of 27 countries a test list of 1,000 certificates of maternal

deaths. The purpose of this test is to standardize the practice of

the several countries with respect to the nosological assignment of

puerperal causes of death.

The bureau announced the adoption of the new standard certificate of death and the new standard certificate of birth for use beginning

with the calendar year 1930. Up to the end of the past fiscal year

31 States had adopted this standard certificate as a basis for the

original State certificate from which the Bureau of the Census secures a transcript for the tabulation of the Federal statistics. Indications

are that most of the remaining States will begin the use of the new

form when their present supplies of certificate blanks are exhausted.

In securing the adoption of the standard birth and death certifi- cates, the bureau has had the cooperation of the American Public

Health Association, and of the Conference of State and Provincial

Health Officials of North America.

BUREAU OF FISHERIES

Although the functions of the Bureau of Fisheries, as originally

outlined, did not specifically include standardization activities, sev- eral such activities have become necessary as a means of carrying out

the principal function. The bureau has only advisory functions in

this respect.

Improvements in the Handling of Eresh and Frozen Fish.—One of the

primary duties of the technological staff of the bureau includes

the making of studies for improving methods for handling

various marine products from the time they leave the water until

they reach the consumer. In the preparation and preservation of the

finished or manufactured product, standardization of processes and

containers naturally reduce losses, increases efficiency, and even

helps toward expanding markets for these products, as a standard

product can be much more readily introduced to and maintained

in the market. Particularly is this the case with modern developments in the refrigeration of fish and the handling of fresh and

frozen packaged fish. In this industry standardization is a necessity. Uniformity of containers in a continuous process where the

efficiency of the machinery counts, as well as uniformity of the container in which the finished product is marketed, is essential.

Net Preservation.—Technologists of the bureau for many years have

been carrying out investigations to evolve standard chemical preservative treatments for prolonging the life of fishing nets of various

kinds.

Based on tests with nets, webbing, and twine certain principles of

preservation and the application of preservatives have been stand-
150 STANDARDS YEAEBOOK, 19 3 2 ardized. Progress has been made upon the standardization of the

chemical components of preservatives.

There is serious need for a standard method for the measurement

of the meshes of fish nets. This is especially required for gill nets upon the Great Lakes where the regulations of six States and one Canadian Province differ widely. The problem is complicated by

the possibility of at least 10 variables for each size of plain webbing.

With the cooperation of the Bureau of Fisheries, the division of

weights and measures of the Bureau of Standards has been con- ducting extensive experiments to determine certain principles upon

which a standard method of mesh measurement may be established.

Production Methods.—The bureau's technological staff also conducts

engineering studies designed to improve existing methods of production and to evolve new methods of production for the manufacture of fish flour, fish meal, fish oil, and related by-products, with

a view toward standardizing present practices and methods of production, thereby decreasing losses now encountered, and with a view

toward producing a uniform standard product of high quality.

Nutrition.—Inasmuch as marine products represent an important

food industry, and dietary standards are constantly being changed

due to modern researches, it is necessary that the nutritive value of

marine products be thoroughly investigated, first, to determine the

basic food value of these products, and second, to study the effect of

various methods or standards of manufacture on the nutritive value

of the finished product. Furthermore, nutrition experiments demonstrate new standards of value and of usage for the various marine

products and by-products. These nutrition experiments also furnish data useful in evaluating these products on the basis of the

nutritional factors contained therein. For instance, biochemical re- search has demonstrated these products to be an excellent source of minerals, as well as of proteins and vitamins, and marine

products may prove to be valuable sources of standard mineral

supplements.

BUREAU OF LIGHTHOUSES

The standardized structural-steel skeleton towers now ranging

from 15 to 100 feet in height and used for the purpose of exhibiting

the lower orders of lights will be extended to include heights up to 150 feet for the purpose, if necessary, of exhibiting more powerful

lights.

In the present system of standardized lights using compressed

acetylene gas as the illuminant, the gas has heretofore been conveyed

through delivery pipes of short lengths. In a number of cases re- cently acetylene lights have been placed at great heights where it is arduous to convey the tanks, and it has been found feasible to place

the tanks near the shore and pipe the gas over great distances, in one case about three-eighths of a mile, to the lights.

The lighted buoys using compressed acetylene gas for the illuminant until recently employed a method of delivering the gas to the

lantern through pipes inclosed in part within the body of the buoy.

This method having been found very dangerous, a new method, more

or less standardized to suit the make of the buoy, has been adopted,

by which the delivery pipe and its connections are attached outside

of the buoy, preventing dangerous accumulation of leaking gas.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 151

Where a light station is provided with a flashing light, aerial fog

signal, and radiobeacon, the characteristics of these aids have heretofore been operated through three separate mechanisms. An apparatus have been designed which will control all the characteristics in

itself, and will no doubt inaugurate a standardized method for future

installations.

The radiobeacons of the Lighthouse Service are now recognized to be all weather aids to navigation instead of simply fog signals as originally suggested. The standard schedule now being introduced

provides for operation for 15 minutes out of each hour, and 68 sta- tions' signals are now sent hourly or oftener in clear weather as well as continuously in fog.

A test of a 1,000-watt electric lamp with a special filament for use on lightships has been underway for nearly a year at the General

Lighthouse Depot. This lamp provides a wider angle of divergence,

making it less likely that the light will be eclipsed through the roll- ing of the vessel. The tests have demonstrated the durability and

efficiency of the lamp, making it desirable to adopt such lamps as standard for use in the masthead signals of lightships. BUBEATT OF MINES

Many of the investigations carried on by the Bureau of Mines

extend over several years. Included among these are the following,

concerning which detailed information was given in the Standards

Yearbook, 1931:

Methods for sampling, analysis, and testing of coal; plasticity of

coal; methods for determining the agglutinating value of coal;

methods for determining the melting point, plasticity range, and

setting temperature of coal ; gas, coke, and by-product-making properties of American coals ; classification of North American coals ; ac- celerated method for determining the slacking properties of coal;

methods for determining coal friability ; comparison of tests for determining strength of explosives; specifications for lubricants and

liquid fuels and methods for sampling and testing; measurement of

flow of gases ; improved apparatus for the quantitative air separation

of very fine sizes of powders; Mine Safety Board; experimental

mine; coal-mine ventilation code; ventilation requirements of metal

mines; mining-community health and safety work; uniformity in

the methods at first-aid contests; mine-gas indicators; gas masks for use in mining, metallurgical, and allied industries; mine-rescue

methods and apparatus used in mine-rescue work; mine-safety

standards; methods for reporting mine accidents; uniform mine

accident statistics. Below are given outlines of developments made during 1931 in the

above-mentioned investigations and certain other investigations

inaugurated in 1931.

Plasticity of Coal.—Plasticity values determined by a method previously developed in the Bureau of Mines' laboratories are being

correlated with the coking properties of representative coals. Method for Determining Agglutinating Value of Coal.—A tentative

test procedure has been developed for determining the agglutinating

value of coal. Study is being made of the various factors which
152 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

affect the method of test with a view to standardizing the test procedure.

Methods for Determining the Melting Point, Plasticity Bange, and Set- ting Temperature of Coal.—Kesults from the determination of the

melting point, plasticity range, and setting temperature of coal on

being heated under coking conditions with a view to developing

standard procedures for these determinations are being compared

with carbonization tests on the same coals to discover any relationship

which may exist between these physical properties of the coal and its behavior on coking.

Methods for Determining Coal Friability.—The standard test procedure developed for determining the friability of coal has been

applied to various ranks of coal, and the results show it to be indicative of the resistance of a coal to breakage in handling.

Methods for Determining the Burning Characteristics of Fuels in Domestic Heaters.—The ultimate criterion for the value of a fuel for a given purpose and the relative characteristics of fuels when so used

are obtained by full-size burning tests ; but it is difficult in such tests to separate the effects of the characteristics of the fuels from those of

the particular apparatus used and the chances of control and the

human element. Methods of tests have been developed by which

the burning characteristics are separated from other factors. The

test has been applied to coke and anthracite.

Methods for Studying the Burning Characteristics of Fuels Burnt on

the Underfeed Principle.—Methods have been developed for studying

in the laboratory the burning characteristics of solid fuels burnt on

the underfeed principle.

Combustible Gas Detector.—In the course of the investigation of

manhole explosions there has been devised and perfected a portable

detector for combustible gases, with which tests of the character

of the atmosphere in the manhole may be made at the manhole. The

results thus obtained have checked with regular gas analyses of the same atmosphere.

Sclilieren Photography Developed for Explosives Testing.—Pressure waves and the movements of invisible gases have been photographed

by the use of an apparatus of special design. With this device the

pressure waves and gases set out after an explosive has been detonated

have been rendered visible by an optical arrangement which utilizes

the change in the refractive index of a gas when compressed. With

the apparatus thus standardized the behavior of different explosives

under detonation may be compared.

Comparison of Tests for Determining Strengths of Explosives.—A comparison of the Trauzl lead block and the ballistic pendulum for

determining strength of explosives shows that the relative order of

strength as determined by the two methods is practically the same, but the lower grades give a lower absolute strength measured with the

Trauzl block than with the ballistic pendulum, whereas with the

higher grades the results obtained for absolute strength are much

the same with both types of apparatus.

Standards for Permissible Electrical Mine Equipment.—The Bureau

of Mines, in cooperation with the manufacturers of electrical mine

equipment, has prepared safety standard or schedules under which

a large variety of electrical equipment intended for use in gassy and
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 153

dusty bituminous coal mines has been inspected and tested. Safety

specifications for units for cutting, conveying, and loading coal and

for electric drills, air compressors, rock-dusting machines, electrically

operated mine pumps, portable electric lamps, shot-firing units, safety

lamps, etc., have been developed.

Development of Specifications for Mine Stoppings.—The Bureaus of

Mines and Standards have cooperated in studying the strength of

mine stoppings of various designs. From the results, specifications

have been drafted for stoppings to withstand explosion pressures

of 50 pounds per square inch.

Bock-dust Barriers for Limiting Coal-Dust Explosions.—An investigation of rock-dust barriers for limiting coal-dust explosions has been

completed, and specifications drafted for these barriers for general

and special use.

Specifications for Bock Dust.—An investigation of the most effective

size of rock dust for limiting mine explosions has shown that there is little difference in the effectiveness of the sizes finer than the coarsest permitted by the specifications approved by the American Standards

Association.

Specifications for Lubricants and Liquid Fuels and Methods for Sampling and Testing.—The specifications for motor fuel mentioned in

the 1931 Yearbook as being in tentative form, were adopted by the

Federal Specifications Board during the present year. A revision of

the Federal specification for automobile lubricating oils was also

adopted. The Bureau of Mines participated in the preparation of

these specifications in connection with the work of the Technical

Committee on Lubricants and Liquid Fuels of the Federal Specifications Board.

Two gasoline surveys were made to determine the quality of motor

fuels marketed at service stations in 20 cities throughout the United

States. The surveys this year were more comprehensive in regard to

the number of samples taken as well as in the detailed examination of

each sample, than had been the case for the surveys of the past several

years. These gasoline surveys are a source of information in regard

to the commercial standard for motor fuel throughout the United

States at the time the surveys are made, and form a basis for judging

the applicability of proposed revisions of Federal specifications for

motor fuels. Measurement of Mow of Gases.—The Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Bureau of Standards and the American Gas Association, has continued work on stndardizing methods for measuring

natural gas. After an extensive study of the factors governing the

flow of gas through pipe lines, it was concluded that the Weymouth

flow formula is sufficiently accurate for design and operating purposes and is the most practical for all ranges of size and conditions

of commercial gas pipe lines. This study has shown the advantages

of keeping the pipes clean inside and the economic benefits of keeping

the pressure drop at a minimum.

Study of the problems involved in the determination of the openflow capacity of gas wells has given the natural-gas industry a proved

method of gaging gas-well capacities, and has also had other successful applications. Among these are (1) forecasting drilling requirements, (2) determining the presence of cavings in wells, (3) design-
154 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 ing gathering systems, (4) determining operating pressures, (5)

estimating costs of production, and (6) judging the advisability of

storing gas in sands.

Improved Apparatus for the Quantitative Air Separation of Very Fine

Sizes of Powders.—The air elutriator reported in the 1931 Yearbook has

been improved and standardized.

Size Separation of Powders.—From the apparatus for the quantitative separation of very fine sizes of powders, equipment has been

developed for effecting accurate particle size cuts beginning at about

3 microns. The capacity is roughly proportional to air flow and

about 600 cm 3 of material is originally charged.

Development of Methods for Formation of Vitrified Magnesia Crucibles.—Vitrified magnesia crucibles of laboratory size have been

prepared by a novel method of forming under high pressure. They

are fired to 2,800° C. in a high-frequency furnace. The crucibles have

a chinawarelike translucence and are impervious to fluids under

pressure.

Reducibility of Iron Ores.—The Bureau of Mines is conducting an

investigation for the establishment of a standard method of determining and expressing the reducibility of iron ores, so that

furnace operation may be more easily controlled.

Uniform Mine-Accident Statistics.—The bureau participates in the

general movement in the United States to prepare accident statistics for all industries on a comparable basis. During the past year it was

represented on the subcommittee on definitions of the committee on

industrial accident statistics, which is allied with the American

Standards Association.

Standard Code for Classifying Mine Accidents.—A standard classifica- tion of the causes and severity of mine accidents and the principal

facts concerning the accidents and the injured employees is essential to efficient studies of methods of accident prevention. Such a standard classification has been provided in a code prepared by the

bureau for the classification of facts relating to accidents at coal

mines and metal mines.

Standard Code for Classifying Quarry Accidents.—A tentative standard code has been prepared by the bureau for classifying the principal circumstances relating to accidents at stone quarries and at crushers, cement mills, and other plants frequently operated in con- nection with quarries.

Terminology of Silicosis.—In an endeavor to further uniformity of

terms regarding silicosis for the use of the industrial physician,

health officers, and compensation boards it is suggested that silicosis be defined as a form of pneumoconiosis due to breathing air con- taining silica dust, characterized anatomically by generalized fibrotic changes and the development of miliary nodulation in both lungs,

and clinically by shortness of breath, decreased lung expansion, less- ened capacity for work, increased susceptibility to tuberculosis, and

characteristic X-ray findings.

For convenience of description the disease has been divided arbitrarily into first, second, and third stages. The radiographic findings are indicated as (1) normal thorax, (2) slight increase in lin- ear radiation, and (3) moderate increase in linear radiation considered within normal limits. The earliest specific radiographic indi-
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( U. S. A.

) 155

cation of the presence of silicosis is defined as a " generalized ar- borization throughout both lung fields with a partial small characteristic mottling."

Method of Test for Water Absorption of Slate.—The Bureau of Mines

worked in close cooperation with Committee D-16 on Slate of the

American Society for Testing Materials in perfecting tentative standard D 221-27 T, and advancing it as a permanent standard.

Tentative Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate.—Much cooperative

work was done with Committee D-16 on Slate of the American Society for Testing Materials in perfecting methods of testing for

modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity of slate. As a result

of this work tentative standard D 222-27 T was advanced to a permanent standard.

Establishment of a Tentative Standard for Roofing Slate.—The committee on brick and building tile of the Federal Specifications Board

has undertaken the task of formulating a standard specification for

roofing slate to be used in Government departments. A representative of the Bureau of Mines was one of a subcommittee of three who

framed the specification and revised it several times as a result of

conferences with both producers and users. The standard has been

issued in tentative form.

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION

This bureau has been continuing its efforts toward the standardization of its forms in the departmental as well as in its field services.

BUREAU OF STANDARDS

For standardization activities of the Bureau of Standards see page

194 of Section VI.

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

The Coast and Geodetic Survey has paid particular attention to the standardization of its equipment, in so far as feasible, with particular emphasis on the adoption of such standard commercial in- struments as may be available and in the use of the same elements on

different instruments of similar character. Progress was also made

in standardizing tide and current instruments and in the methods

used in reducing tide and current observations.

Other Government agencies were cooperated with in the preparation of specifications for the purchase of instrumental equipment;

these specifications to be as nearly as possible of a standard character, that they may be used in whole or part in subsequent purchases.

Magnetic work is standardized in cooperation with the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and the International Meteorological Committee of the Commission on Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity.

Representatives of the Coast and Geodetic Survey continued active on the Federal Specifications Board, and the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps, in cartographic matters. Alaskan names were corrected, and revised descriptions prepared for the United States

Board of Geographic Names.

92462—32 11
156 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

The Coast and Geodetic Survey is charged by law with the establishment over the area of the United States of networks of triangulation and leveling, designed to supply the geographic positions of

triangulation stations and the elevations of bench marks, for use in

many branches of industry. The triangulation and leveling involved

are generally called control surveys, for they control and standardize

the elevations and positions of detailed surveys and of various classes

of maps. A recent adjustment has made available thousands of

additional points in this country with standard geographic positions

(that is, latitudes and longitudes) and standard elevations. It is reasonably certain that the triangulation and leveling nets of

the country will be rapidly augmented by other agencies of the Federal and State Governments, counties, and cities, and by private

engineers. These two nets form a sort of basis or framework to which surveying and mapping of a local or detailed nature can be

tied and standardized, thus giving proper dimensions and forms to maps needed for local purposes.

STEAMBOAT INSPECTION SERVICE

A tentative draft of a boiler code was completed in 1931, but it was deemed desirable to rearrange the subjects covered and change

in some respects the provisions thereof. A special committee representing the various interests is now working upon the matter and it is anticipated that this work will be completed, so as to be finally

acted upon, during the session of the board commencing in January,

1932. It has also been deemed desirable to revise the remainder of the

rules of the board of supervising inspectors covering life-saving and

fire-fighting equipment, etc., and a special committee composed of

the various interests is now working upon these revisions of the rules,

and it is hoped that the work will also be completed so as to have

attention within the near future.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

This bureau is represented on one technical committee of the

Federal Specifications Board.

Standardization work that has been approved since August 1, 1930,

and now being used by the Bureau of Eeclamation includes the

following

:

84-inch internal differential needle valve. 5 feet 8 inches by 10 feet high-pressure hydraulic-operated sluice gates. No. 2 automatic hydraulic gate hanger, capacity 40,000 pounds.

132-inch emergency butterfly valve with mechanically operated gear. 18 feet diameter by 6 feet high tandem structural steel cylinder gate with

tandem-cylinder gate hoist. 4.8 feet by 6.0 feet cast-iron shear gate, spigot frame. Hollow metal single door. Stadia board. Resistance thermometer.

Typical installation of resistance thermometers.

Drum-gate seals for lower lip and upstream face. Pop valve for salt-brine velocity tests. Bevel spur-gear reduction transmission. Gate height indicator.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( U. S. A.

)

157

Standardization work done in this bureau in the past, now in progress, and contemplated in the future, is limited to the development

of designs and practices to be adopted as standards by this bureau

only, for use in connection with the Federal irrigation projects in

the West. In this the interests of this bureau are the controlling

factors, and cooperation with outside interests in the matter has been

largely incidental. Standard designs have been prepared and are now in use for about 35 groups and classes of machinery and structures, including about 650 drawings.

A revised list of publications (No. 8) has been issued containing

a list of many of the standard and special designs issued.

FREEDMEN'S HOSPITAL

Commodities used in this hospital not covered by the Federal

specifications, such as foods, are required to conform to the standards

set up by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Department of

Agriculture.

In its hospital activities, Freedmen's Hospital has cooperated with

the American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association,,

and various nursing boards in the matter of advancing the minimum

standards.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

The Geological Survey, in cooperation with other Federal mapmaking agencies, is continuing the standardization of map symbols

and practices through the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps of

which it is a member organization.

It is also continuing the standardization of its field equipment,

particularly its field instruments, with a view to obtaining the most

effective design of wear-resisting materials and interchangeable

parts. It is expected that this will facilitate repairs both in the field and in the shop and will materially reduce costs. The Geological Survey has sponsorship of a sectional committee

of the American Standards Association which is endeavoring to standardize bases for computing and units for expressing waterpower resources for statistical use. Various governmental agencies

are represented on this committee.

Eepresentatives of this bureau are serving as members of several

committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

The plan for standardizing certain specifications for purchase of

equipment and supplies as reported in the Standards Yearbook, 1931,

has been continued for the current year along the lines indicated in

the previous report.

During the past year, actual standardized specifications have been

completed for the following:

Tractors, 10 to 60 horsepower.

Air compressors for trail purposes. Power drag saws. Power snow plows of the rotary type. Blade graders, from 1,500 to 11,000 pounds. Motor cycles, police type.
158 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2

Oil distributors for trail use, mounted on 20 horsepower tractor with

3 to 5 feet distributing bar. Truck road-oil tanks, 800 and 1,000 gallon capacity.

Dynamite, various grades. Portable gasoline fire pumps.

Fire hose. Air hose. Khaki and white canvas tents. Folding steel camp cots. Camp-cot pads and slip covers. Power shovels, % to 1 cubic yard.

Low-bed trailers for transportation of shovels. Road oil of various consistencies. Emulsified asphalt of various consistencies. Sewage disposal plant. Deisel engines, 120 horsepower, 90 kilovolt-ampere.

Passenger automobiles, 4-cylinder sedans to 8-cylinder sedans. Motor trucks, %, 1, iy2 , 2, 3, and 5 ton, with various equipment.

Further standardization work has been done on machinery and

equipment specifications which are common to all machinery and

equipment, which express more clearly the conditions under which

equipment will operate in the National Parks, and which conform

also more closely to the requirements of the Comptroller General in

describing the " job to be done."

Wherever applicable and possible Federal Specifications are used,

and Simplified Practice Recommendations are followed.

The work of further standardizing other specifications will be

continued during the coining months, and revisions will be made of

existing specifications for motor-driven equipment as rapidly as data on the new models is received.

OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

The Indian Service, during the year, was required to purchase

under special appropriations a large number of items of equipment

which it had previously procured from time to time as needed, under

specifications which were inadequate and which did not set forth

properly the needs of the service.

In order to insure the purchase of equipment which would meet

their needs and at the same time safeguard the inexperienced stu- dents in their schools who are required to assist in culinary, laundry,

and other departments it became necessary to prepare suitable specifications for use in advertising for vegetable-paring machines, food

choppers, dough mixers, bread and cake mixers, combination dish

and food trucks, steam-jacketed kettles, portable bake ovens, dishwashing machines, and kitchen ranges. In order to meet their re- quirements it was necessary to make specifications elastic enough to meet the individual needs of both small and large institutions. The

reports so far received from field superintendents indicate that the

specifications used resulted in the purchase of equipment which has

been entirely satisfactory. It is the intention of this office to promulgate these specifications as standard for use in the Indian Service. The Indian Service has,

during the year, promulgated standard specifications for the use of

the field service in advertising for pure bred, registered, and grade

dairy cattle.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 159

A specification has been developed for use in advertising for the

large type of X-ray machines. Specifications for aluminum ware

were improved upon during the past year. The matter of standardizing on hospital equipment, such as operating tables, sterilizers, etc.,

is now receiving attention.

Kepresentatives of this office have taken an active part in the

revision of Federal specifications for laundry machinery, as the

result of which greater competition has been had and lower prices

received.

ST. ELIZABETHS HOSPITAL

St. Elizabeths Hospital cooperates with the Federal Specifications

Board in the standardization of specifications, with the National

Committee on Mental Hygiene in classifying the hospital records

and statistics, and reports covering the mentally ill. The hospital

also cooperates with this same committee and with the American

Medical Association and surgeons and physicians in standardizing

all records and classifying diseases.

DEPARTMENT OE LABOR

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS The Commissioner of Labor Statistics represents the Department

of Labor on the council of the American Standards Association. The

Bureau of Labor Statistics is represented on the safety code cor- relating committee of the American Standards Association, and by

arrangement with this association the workers' representatives on

safety code committees on the advice of the bureau are selected and

appointed through the Department of Labor.

Practically all of the American Standards Association codes which

deal with safety of workers are published by the Bureau of Labor

Statistics. One of these codes was published by the bureau during

the past year as Bulletin No. 527, Safety Code for the Use, Care, and

Protection of Abrasive Wheels.

The Commissioner of Labor Statistics is secretary-treasurer of the

International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, and appoints the representatives of that association on the

American Standards Association Safety Code Correlating Committee

and the various safety code sectional committees.

In its report on productivity and longshore labor conditions in the

principal ports of the United States, published during the year, the

bureau emphasizes the need for the adoption of a uniform standard

of cargo measurement to be applied to all ports, a universal safety

code for longshore operations, and a gradual decasualization of the

water front in order to mitigate the hardships of unemployment and

underemployment which are inherent in this most casual of all industries. The bureau in association with the various State bureaus of labor

statistics seeks to promote the standardization of methods of collec- tion and tabulation of statistics.
160 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 CHILDREN'S BUREAU

During the year the Children's Bureau has carried on the following activities relating especially to the development of standards

:

Collecting on a uniform schedule and compiling reports on employment certificates issued to working children in various States

and cities. For the calendar year 1931 such information was obtained from the District of Columbia, 23 States, and 40 cities in 11

other States. Collecting and compiling information concerning juvenile-court

cases of delinquency, dependency, and neglect. Progress is being

made in the development of States reporting on a uniform basis.

Under this plan most of the courts will report through the State

department of welfare, only the larger courts reporting direct to the

bureau.

Collecting and compiling, according to a uniform plan, current

statistics in child welfare and related fields. Monthly reports are

received from 1,817 social agencies in 39 cities. Participation in developing standards in various fields of child

welfare as part of the work of the White House Conference on Child

Health and Protection. Members of the bureau staff took part in the

work of the following committees : Committee on delinquency, public-health organization, committee on State and local organization

for the handicapped, committee on growth and development, committee on medical care for children, committee on prenatal and

maternal care, committee on vocational guidance and child labor.

WOMEN'S BUREAU

The act creating the Womens' Bureau charges it with the duty " to formulate standards and policies which shall promote the welfare

of wage-earning women, improve their working conditions, increase

their efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employment." In pursuance of the purposes of this charge, the

Women's Bureau has recommended certain minimum standards for

places employing women, including those relating to hours of labor,

wages, comfort and sanitation, posture and physical strain at work,

safety and health, and home. These standards were described in the

Standards Yearbook, 1931. The following additional items have

been covered since that yearbook was issued

:

Employment Management.—Maintenance of an adequate personnel department

and appointment of women as executives and supervisors where women are employed.

Workers' Cooperation.—Full representation of women, in proportion to their numbers, in the organization necessary for collective bargaining.

Cooperation with Official Agencies.—The general and effective use of official State and Federal agencies for information and assistance regarding the employment of women. Since the publication of the yearbook, the Women's Bureau has

prepared handbooks amplifying three of the foregoing subjects, as follows

:

Industrial Accidents.—Collecting such statistics on this subject as the various

States have published by sex, and recommending the adoption by all States of separation of accident reports by sex, with significant correlations by sex, and the use for this purpose of the standard form recommended by the Inter- national Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( U. S. A.

)

161

Drinking Facilities in Places of Employment.—Collecting such sanitary stand- ards as States have provided on this subject and recommending for places of employment standards for drinking water service, including those on essential features in the design of drinking fountains adopted by the American Public

Health Association and the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers.

Toilet Facilities in Places of Employment.—Collecting and presenting in uniform categories State sanitary regulations on this subject, recommending

the application of the most specific available standards, and thus contributing

to the development of more acceptable standards along this line. In addition to the foregoing activities recommending standards,

either the Director or the Assistant Director of the Bureau has served on committees or in an official capacity in numerous organizations

and groups whose programs or work touch the matter of adequate

standards relating to the employment of women. NAVY DEPARTMENT

BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS

The Bureau of Aeronautics and the Army Air Corps are con- tinuing their program of standardization. Originally intended to cover only a few of the more important materials used in the construction of aircraft, their scope has gradually expanded to include

articles of equipment, instruments, fittings, power plant parts and

finishing materials, as well as processes of manufacture and design

requirements. The extent to which this standardization has grown

may be noted from a comparison of the attendance at the first ArmyNavy Standards Conference, held in 1924, at which 13 people were

present, and the most recent conference at which approximately 200 were present.

While this standardization was primarily intended for the advancement of aeronautics in the military branches of the Government, each standard is considered not only on the basis of its military

value, but with a view toward its adaptibility to commercial aero- nautics and the related industries concerned. It is believed that the

increasing interest is directly traceable to this fundamental principle

which is observed in every case. The standardization of an item does not serve to stop further

development. A preliminary conference, attended only by representatives of the Bureau of Aeronautics and the Army Air Corps,

is held annually, at which time the needs of the services are dis- cussed, and proposed standards and the necessity of revising existing standards are decided upon. These subjects are divided between

the two services, the branch most intimately connected with the

problem being delegated to investigate the improved materials or methods and to prepare the necessary specifications or revisions.

Copies are submitted to interested manufacturers with an invitation

to be present at the annual general conference and submit their com- ments and discuss the various standards proposed. Bringing into

conference the experts who specialize in the manufacture of these

materials tend to make available the highest grade and most suitable

type of products to the mutual benefit of all concerned—the industries

supplying materials and manufacturing aircraft as well as the users.
162 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

The following is a partial list of Army-Navy Standards or master

specifications which have been prepared or are now in process of

preparation

:

Aircraft:

Instructions for airplane designers.

Acceptance test of engines.

Acceptance test of engine spark

plugs.

Standard engine nomenclature. Weight forms. Engine type test. Rib test loads. Spacing of rib lacing.

Coating airplanes.

Propellers—blades, hubs, and clamp

rings.

Landing wheels. Airplane tires and tubes. Airplane fuel Engine lubricating oil. Metals:

General specification for aluminum

alloy steels. Instruments:

Altimeters. Airspeed meters.

Clocks. Compasses.

Gages.

Inclinometers. Fuel pumps.

Starters. Tachometers.

Thermometers.

Thermocouples.

Electrical: Aircraft batteries. Cables. Generators. Sealing compound for batteries. Conduit and conduit fittings. Bonding and engine shielding.

Fittings: Bolts and nuts.

Pins. Screws. Control cables. Control pulleys.

Hose clamps.

Fuel cocks. Cowl fasteners. Bushings.

Ball joints.

Universal joints. Shackles. Terminals.

Tie rods. Tubes and tubing. Turnbuckles. Washers.

Pipe-thread tolerances. Lumber:

Ash.

Spruce.

Wood for propellers.

Kiln-drying process. Plywood.

Determination of moisture content

Textiles: General specifications for testing

Airplane and balloon fabrics. Parachute silk. Silk cordage.

Thread, cotton and linen. Linen webbing.

Wool belt. Clothing, jackets, suits, helmets,

shoes, gloves.

Finishes:

Aircraft dopes.

Dope-proof paint.

Varnish.

Bituminous paint.

Glue, casein and marine.

The Bureau of Aeronautics is particularly active in research and

development of aircraft materials, and in this connection cooperates

closely with the American Standards Association, American Society

for Testing Materials, Federal Specifications Board, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, and the Society of Automotive

Engineers.

BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR

In maintaining contact and cooperating with various Federal

departments and industrial organizations, this bureau holds membership as follows:

Federal Specifications Board: 38 committees and 15 subcommittees.

American Standards Association: The council, the committee on procedure,

and 15 sectional committees.

American Society for Testing Materials: 12 committees and 24 sub- committees.

Committee on Commodities, Federal Purchasing Board: 1 subcommittee and

12 advisory groups.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 163

American Marine Standards Committee: Executive board and 12 technical committees.

The flag standardization committee of the Division of Simplified Practice. In addition to its participation as a member in the activities of the

above organizations the bureau is vitally interested in and cooperates

with the following:

Division of simplified practice, Bureau of Standards. National Screw Thread Commission.

National Lumber Manufacturers Association. Hemp Brokers Association. Cordage Institute. Fine Arts Commission.

American Welding Society.

With a view to the benefits to be gained by national standardization, this bureau endeavors to adopt nationally approved standards

in all cases except those specifically covered by military requirements. Wherever possible, considerable assistance is given by the

bureau's technical personnel to the evolution of new standards and

to the revision of existing standards.

In keeping with its continued interest in practical and laboratory

research, the bureau officially authorized during the past fiscal year

159 new tests and completed 146 tests previously authorized, the rec- ords of which are filed and indexed for future reference.

During the past fiscal year, 8 new Navy specifications have been

issued, 31 specifications revised, and 172 Federal specifications

passed upon.

Outstanding research projects in which considerable progress has

been made during the fiscal year in the improvement of materials

include the following

:

Bullet-proof steel. Welding of high-tensile steel. Welding of corrosion-resisting steel. Metallic brown paint for boiler feed water tanks. Rubber gaskets.

Gasoline hose. Nonscatterable glass.

Cleaning compounds (for tanks).

Aluminum-foil insulation. Refrigerators (for shipboard). Screen cloth (corrosion-resisting steel). Gasoline stowage tanks of corrosion resisting steel. Projects which show promise of yielding valuable data include the

following

:

Wire-rope corrosion tests. Rivet-corrosion tests. Cadmium-coating exposure tests. Cleaning compounds (performance factors).

Innerspring mattresses (service test). Pipe-corrosion tests. Tests of high-tensile rivets. Manila rope durability tests. Tests of mercerized-cotton bunting.

Ship bottom paint-service tests. Aluminum paint-service tests. Investigation of marine glue.

Corrosion-resisting steel for washbowls, basins, etc. Corrosion-resisting steel for soda-lime containers.
164 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

Tests of high-elastic limit steel-hull plates adaptable to welding. Tests of welding electrodes of various manufacturers.

Tests of nickel-clad steel plates.

BUREAU OF ENGINEERING

The bureau maintains its relations with other Federal departments and with industry in general as to standardization and specification formulation and revision through the medium of the following technical societies and committees

:

Federal Specifications Board: 16 committees.

American Standards Association: Council and 25 sectional committees*

American Society for Testing Materials: 21 committees and 34 subcommittees. American Society of Mechanical Engineers: 1 committee and committees

associated with American Standards Association. American Marine Standards Committee : Executive board and 13 committees.

National Screw Thread Commission.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers : 1 subcommittee.

American National Committee of the International Electrotechnical Commission. Federal Purchasing Board : 1 subcommittee.

National Research Council: 1 subcommittee.

Society of Automotive Engineers : 2 sectional committees.

National Industrial Conference Board's Advisory Committee on the Fuel

Oil Situation. Advisory Committee on Nonferrous Metals of the Bureau of Standards. During the past year the bureau has investigated, in laboratories

under its control, a very considerable number of different types of

apparatus, materials, and processes, with a view to selecting the best

available in the commercial field for standardization, methods of

employment, and for the preparation of adequate specifications. In some cases investigation has just been inaugurated. Typical ex- amples are as follows

:

Motors and controllers, alternating current. Generators, alternating current. Phenolic insulation, molded and laminated.

Circuit breakers. Switches for dead-front panels.

Electrical-measuring instruments for shipboard use. Electric cable for shipboard use. Electrical equipment for metal arc welding.

Carbon-brush material. Incandescent-electric lamps for shipboard use. Electrical-insulating material (solid and liquid).

Electrical-machinery temperature gradients.

Dry batteries. Portable lead-acid batteries. Electric heaters, air, for shipboard use. Cotton sleeving insulating material. Asbestos, linen, and silk insulating tape. Commutator-conditioning devices. Portable electric drills. Motors and controllers, direct current. Insulating varnish. Portable electric-ventilating sets (explosion-proof type).

Sound motion-picture projectors for shipboard use. Electric telegraphs (alternating current) for shipboard use. Sound pick-up devices for underwater signaling.

Echo-sounding equipment.

Storage-battery testing outfits.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 165

Radio high-frequency receivers and transmitters. Radio-wave propagation.

Materials having piezo-electric effect. Instruments for measuring high frequencies.

Radio traps. Equipment for the transmission of photographs.

Equipment for writing maps and sketches. Equipment for measuring airplane and submarine antenna constants. Radio-indicating meters. Resistance and resistors for naval radio equipment.

Condensers (radio).

Vacuum tubes for naval radio equipment.

Transmission ranges of radio-frequency. Aircraft radio installations. Fireroom draft gages. Water meters.

Fuel-oil meters. Pump governors. Temperature regulators.

Tachometers, chronometer, and centrifugal types. Steam traps. Pressure reducing valves. Ball bearings.

Apparatus for testing ball bearings.

Bolts, nuts, and screws. Taps and dies. Miscellaneous valves for shipboard use. Heat-insulating materials for use with temperatures above 1,500° F. Heat-insulating materials for low temperatures.

Antogenous welding with fabrication of engineering apparatus.

Copper-nickel alloy condenser tubes. Boiler feed-water treatment. Corrosion fatigue of metals. Gasket material. Packing.

Tool steel. Cutting oils. Lubricating oils. Boiler refractories: Fire-clay brick. Fire-clay dust. Plastic fire-brick material. High-temperature cement. Spark plugs.

Grinding compounds.

Gage glasses and fittings. Brushes for motor-driven boiler-tube cleaning outfits. Shafts for motor-driven boiler-tube cleaning outfits. Fuel oil. Diesel fuel oil. Strength of materials at elevated temperatures.

Diesel engines for motor boats. Aluminum foil as a heat-insulating material.

Steel-casting technique.

Mineral wool for heat insulation. Surface treatment of distiller tubes, superheater tubes, and boiler feed- water tanks. Tank gages. Storage batteries, reduction in water consumption.

Storage-battery explosion, investigation of causes. Storage-battery ventilation, hydrogen detector. BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY

The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery is represented on various

technical committees of the Federal Specification Board, and
166 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

through this representation has taken an active part in the plans

and specifications for the standardization particularly of hospital

supplies, equipment, drugs, and medicines.

The Naval Medical Supply Depot at Brooklyn, N. Y., is equipped

with chemical, physical, and X-ray laboratories for testing material

purchased for the medical department of the Navy and for investigations in connection with the formulation of specifications. The

materials tested include drugs, chemicals, rubber goods, hospital and

surgical textiles, surgical instruments, clinical instruments of precision, and X-ray apparatus and supplies. These laboratories also

test drugs, chemicals, surgical dressings, and rubber sundries purchased for the Veterans' Administration. Chemical glassware for

the Veterans' Administration is also calibrated by these laboratories.

A number of tests and inspections have also been conducted for the

Department of Interior and the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua.

During the past fiscal year 18 proposed revisions of Federal specifications have been reviewed. At the present time approximately 50

Federal specifications, or specifications complying with all the technical requirements of the Federal specifications, are used by this

supply depot, and Federal specifications for testing material and

for packing are utilized to the fullest extent. The Naval Medical

Supply Depot in Brooklyn has found that the trade is becoming more familiar with Federal specifications and that very satisfactory material is obtained in accordance with these requirements.

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION

The Naval Observatory under the jurisdiction of this bureau is the source of standard time in the United States. This observatory

has representation on the National Committee on Calendar Simplification and on several international commissions of the International Astronomical Union.

The Hydrographic Office of this bureau works on specialized

standardization between other branches of the Government. This

office maintains membership on the Board of Surveys and Maps for

the purpose of coordination and standardization of its chart and

map construction. This office is represented on the United States

Geographic Board, and cooperates with foreign hydrographic services. The United States is represented on the International Hydrographic Bureau.

The efforts of the Bureau of Navigation are directed toward the

standardization of forms, symbols, characters, and methods of sur- veying, chart construction for navigation and aviation charts, and

the publication of nautical books.

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE

The Bureau of Ordnance, in common with other bureaus of the

Navy Department, has continued its efforts toward standardization

of specifications and practice. The desirability of standardization was long since recognized, and resulted in the organization of a departmental board, of which this bureau was a member, for the consideration and compilation of specifications for the Navy Department as a whole. This board in the past has done a notable work,
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 167

as evidenced by the extensive and truly valuable body of Navy Department specifications which it was instrumental in developing and

assembling. Nor have its activities and value in this field ceased

with the coming of the Federal Specifications Board, of broader

scope than was the departmental board. On the contrary, the Navy

Department specification board is still actively engaged in scrutinizing and revising, as necessary, department specifications now in

existence, drawing up new specifications conforming with the needs

of the various bureaus, and correlating department specifications

with those promulgated from time to time by the Federal Specifications Board.

Besides being a member of the Navy Department specification

board, the Bureau of Ordnance holds membership in several technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board, and is, in addition, a member of the National Screw Thread Commission and the

American Standards Association. It is thus in a position, of which

it avails itself, to take an active part in specification making and

standardization.

By virtue of its various ordnance plants, such as the Naval Gun

Factory, the Naval Powder Factory, the Naval Torpedo Station,

Newport, R. I., and the Naval Ordnance Plant, Baldwin, L. I., the

Bureau of Ordnance is a large manufacturing concern. The items

of ordnance material which it manufactures are designed by engi- neers and design personnel within the bureau and the plants concerned. At present there are on file considerably more than 200,000

ordnance drawings and sketches, furnishing information necessary

for manufacturing purposes. As exemplified by Bureau of Ordnance practice, this information includes not only specifications for

material, indicated in accordance with Navy Department numbers

or symbols, but also dimensions, fits, tolerances, finishes, etc., shown

in accordance with a system that has been standard in the bureau for

a great many years. As Federal specifications are promulgated, immediate steps are taken to bring this bureau's specification requirements in conformance therewith. In order not to render existing ordnance drawings

valueless, however, it is apparent that means must be provided for

identifying Navy Department specification numbers, which these

drawings bear, with the corresponding Federal specification numbers

that supersede them. This was a matter of serious concern to the

bureau; for it was obviously impossible, with the limited drafting

forces available, to undertake, in addition to current work, a wholesale revision of drawings already in existence. With the cooperation of the Federal Specifications Board, permission was obtained

to print Federal specifications in leaflet form, each bearing, in addition to the Federal specification number, the old Navy specification

number or symbol to which it corresponds, or from which it is taken.

This furnishes a cross-reference between Federal and Navy specifications, and serves immediately to connect ordnance drawings with

the Federal specifications which properly apply to them.

In any change from one standard to another, it is inevitable that

problems will arise during the period of transition. As in the case of the cross-referencing of Federal and Navy Department specifi-
168 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 cations, however, it is confidently expected that a satisfactory solution for these problems will be found.

BUREAUS OF SUPPLIES AND ACCOUNTS

During the year the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts issued 38

new and revised 98 old Navy Department specifications. None of

these new specifications are based on Federal specifications. In addition to the above, four issues of the Index to Specifications were made, and a revision of Appendix IV to General Specifications for

Inspection of Material.

Work of drawing up standard specifications for provisions and

clothing is being continued.

BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS

Members of this bureau represent the Navy Department on 22

technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

The bureau is also represented on the committee on commodities

of the Federal Purchasing Board, and has membership on committees of the Navy Department specification board, American Standards Association, and American Society for Testing Materials.

The bureau is conducting the following research investigations:

Experiments to establish standards for concrete in sea water at the navy

yard, Portsmouth, N. H,

Service tests on copper-bearing steel-sheet piles, and electroplated reinforc- ing bars, at the naval station, Key West, Fla. Long-time endurance tests of galvanized materials at the naval station, Key

West, Fla. Field tests of treated timber in connection with protection against termites. Wear test of carpets and rugs. The bureau is also cooperating with the Chemical Warfare Service on field tests of preservatives for timber and marine piling and is contributing funds for this work.

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

The Navy Department specifications board standardizes the form

for Navy Department specifications as far as practicable; unifies

specifications for material used in common by two or more bureaus

and expedites action on all matters relating to the issue or reissue of

Navy Department specifications.

The board consists of officers and technical assistants of various

bureaus of the Navy Department, with the technical aide to the

secretary as senior member. The board cooperates closely with the

Navy Department's member of the Federal Specifications Board.

This office also handles all matters received from the division of

simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards.

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

The Marine Corps is employing Federal specifications in all purchases where such specifications apply, and Marine Corps specifications are revised to conform with Federal specifications where such

revision is necessary. Officers of the Quartermaster's Department,

Marine Corps, are representatives on nine technical committees of
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 169

the Federal Specifications Board. One officer of the Marine Corps is detailed to full-time duty with the Federal Specifications Board, and

considerable time is devoted to the Standard Stock Catalogue by the

Office of the Quartermaster.

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT

FOURTH ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

The standardized handling of letter mail on the unit basis has

been adopted and is now on the plans for many of the proposed

Government buildings for post offices. This standardized unit consists of the assembling of furniture in the post office and the mechanical equipment operated by 26 employees, with an approximate hourly output of 32,000 letters. The number of units in the

post office will, of course, be determined by the volume of mail in

that particular office. For instance, in the new post office at Chicago,

111., where the usual daily output of letter mail is 6,500,000 pieces, 38

units will be installed. The number of units in operation during any

given hour of the day is determined by the volume of mail. The

unit system brings the mail under the absolute control of the management with the assurance that the mail will be handled during the

hour in which it arrives at the office. With the assistance of the Bureau of Standards, and after service

tests demonstrated their greater durability, specifications have been

prepared for steel-framed platform trucks to be used in the Postal

Service.

Eeports have reached the department that many letter-box time

cards have been defaced and rendered unserviceable. Experiments

are being conducted with transparent sheets which are placed in

front of the cards. These experiments are being carried on to determine whether their use will prolong the legibility and life of the

cards.

A holder for money-order application blanks for use on lobby

desks has been adopted. More than 7,500 have been purchased and

distributed throughout the country to post offices of the first and

second classes. This holder was adopted in order to conserve the

supply of money-order application blanks and to keep them in an

orderly manner. The department has discontinued supplying the combination letter and package box and the package box for the deposit of mail matter. This has been done for the express purpose of conserving the time of

collectors and reducing the number of large packages mailed in

boxes of this type. A large collection box, with one compartment

only, will be supplied in lieu of the boxes mentioned. The large

collection box is similar to the package box, with the exception that

the words " U. S. Mail " are embossed on the drop cover instead of

the word " Packages."

Specifications were recently promulgated covering an unfinished- cotton wrapping twine, which the Bureau of Standards worked out

for this department, as a substitute for the single-ply jute twine;

also specifications covering comparable cotton twines to compete

with the heavier jute twines heretofore used in the Postal Service.
170 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

Substantial progress was made in standardizing and improving

railway post-office cars during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1931.

Thirty-six cars were brought up to standard specifications, 25 cars were strengthened in construction features, 289 cars were equipped

with sanitary fixtures, 130 cars were supplied with electric fans, and

106 were equipped with electric lamps, in lieu of gas or oil lamps.

During the year 74 new standard all-steel railway post-office cars were built and placed in service. On June 30, 1931, 12 additional

all-steel railway post-office cars were under construction. At the end

of the fiscal year all of the full railway post-office cars and 66 per

cent of the mail apartment cars in actual service were of standard

all-steel construction and practically all of the other mail apartment

cars were steel underframe or wood steel-reinforced construction.

The number of wood mail apartment cars at the end of the year was 19 and most of these were being held in reserve for emergency

use only.

The work of standardizing quarters occupied by terminal railway

post office located at or in railroad stations was continued during

the year, and consideration is being given to providing for these

activities in Federal buildings, to be located at or near railroad sta- tions, where such buildings are either under construction or being

contemplated.

THIRD ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL

Further definite steps were taken during the last year to standardize stamped envelopes to more nearly conform to commercial

practices. Arrangements were made on January 1, 1931, to discontinue the manufacture of the " low-back " pattern stamped envelope

and have standard quality envelopes manufactured after that date

exclusively in the commercial standard or " high-back " style. This

change reduces the number of varieties of stamped envelopes re- quired to be kept on sale in post offices, besides effecting a substantial

saving in the cost of manufacture and distribution.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT

COAST GUARD

The Coast Guard is continuing to develop the possibilities of standardization in its specifications and in the construction of vessels,

boats, and buildings. The standards sponsored by the Federal Specifications Board and the American Marine Standards Committee are being utilized to the utmost, and the publications of these agencies

are consistently brought to the attention of concerns who supply

material for the service. This service is represented on several

technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

OFFICE OF SUPERVISING ARCHITECT

This office has continued the standardization of miscellaneous detail drawings, which are taken up from time to time and now covers approximately 170 details ; and the use so far as practicable of type
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( U. S. A.

)

171

plans and specifications for Federal buildings based on certain standardized arrangements to meet typical conditions.

The office has representatives on several technical committees of

the Federal Specifications Board.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

Official standards or official tests of the National Institute of Health

include diphtheria antitoxin, scarlet-fever streptococcus antitoxin, tetanus antitoxin, botulinus antitoxin, perfringens antitoxin, antidysenteric serum, antimeningococcic serum, antipneumococcic serum

;

bacterial vaccines made from typhoid bacillus, paratyphoid bacillus

A, paratyphoid bacillus B; diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture,

diphtheria toxoid, diphtheria toxin for Schick test, scarlet-fever

streptococcus toxin for Dick test, scarlet-fever streptococcus toxin

for immunization, and arsphenamine and its derivatives.

Through its section of industrial hygiene and sanitation the Public

Health Service is assisting the New York State department of labor

in preparing regulations for rock drilling, sandblasting, and rock

crushing.

Officers of the industrial hygiene section represent the Public

Health Service on the Safety Code Correlating Committee of

the American Standards Association and on 8 A. S. A. sectional

committees.

The Public Health Service is represented on the Sandblast Committee of the National Safety Council and has been actively engaged

in field work on sandblasting in cooperation with the National Safety

Council. The final report on this work will assist in providing a

basis for the standardization of protection methods for this industrial process in so far as that may be practicable.

Representatives of the Public Heealth Service are serving on a number of committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

The Public Health Service is also represented on the joint committee of the American Railway Association, the American Standards Association, the American Marine Standards Committee, and

various committees having to do with standards and methods of the

American Public Health Association, the American Waterworks

Association, and the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers.

The Public Health Service has for seven years been encouraging

the standardization of milk-sanitation control in the United States

through the passage and enforcement by American cities of a standard milk ordinance. During the past year more than 50 communities have enacted the ordinance, bringing the total number of

American communities in which the standard ordinance is in effect to about 435. Additional impetus has been given to this standardization work by the fact that there will be published shortly a revised

edition of the milk ordinance and code recommended by the Public

Health Service, which will carry also the recommendation of the

Bureau of Dairy Industry of the United States Department of

Agriculture.

For several years the United States Public Health Service has been

developing the principles and technique of effective rat proofing of

vessels. This work has been placed upon such a firm basis that the

92462—32 12
172 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 details and specifications are now standardized. These specifications

have also been adopted and promulgated by the American Marine

Standards Committee as Marine Standard No. H-41, the observation

of which is mandatory for construction of new ships with Government loan aid. A recent publication issued by the United States

Public Health Service dealing with the rat proofing of vessels, contains illustrations and drawings, together with general instructions

for the rat proofing of ships.

The standards for drinking and culinary water supplied by com- mon carriers in interstate traffic and adopted in 1925 are still in force. Minimum requirements upon which the Public Health Service

bases its approval of the sanitary control over the shellfish industry

by the several States remains as before.

The essential features in the design of sanitary drinking fountains

as recommended by the American Public Health Association and the

Conference of State Sanitary Engineers has been adopted by the

Treasury Department.

The Public Health Service has suggested to State health officers a proposed plan for a morbidity reporting area. This plan will at- tempt to standardize and stimulate the reporting of communicable

diseases. At the present time there is considerable diversity of practice in this respect.

A standard has been established by the Public Health Service for

the testing of color sense perception. The Ishihara color test plates are used for all first examinations for color sense perception.

In an attempt to standardize the treatment of syphilis in Public

Health Service hospitals and in Federal penal and correctional insti- tutions, a standard case record form has been prepared. It is ex- pected that the use of this form will be of material assistance to the

officers engaged in clinical work and also give valuable information

as to the efficacy of the various modifications of orthodox antisyphilitic treatment that may be developed from time to time in these

institutions.

WAR DEPARTMENT

Military Standardization.—For the purpose of developing items of

military equipment which may properly be standardized there has

been organized a technical committee consisting of representatives

of the interested supply service and a representative from each of the

other arms and services, the functions of which include determining

if and where the need for standardization exists. Preference for procurement to meet supply demands not met by

the issue of available types is given to " standard article " over articles

not standardized which may be used on occasions as " substitute

standard article " to supplement the supply of standard articles. During the past year 38 important items of military equipment

have been standardized and 25 important items have been classed as

obsolete. Nonmilitary Standardization.—In standardization work not purely

military the War Department cooperates with not only the Federal

Specifications Board, the National Screw Thread Commission, and

the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards, but
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (XT. S. A.) 173

Medical Corps 9 Chemical Warfare Service 2

Signal Corps 7

also a large number of societies, including the American Standards

Association, and the International Electrotechnical Commission.

The following supply branches of the Army have members representing the War Department on a number of technical committees

of the Federal Specifications Board as indicated

:

Quartermaster Corps—. 64 Ordnance Department 10

Air Corps. 4 Corps of Engineers 11 Federal specifications form the basis of all related specifications

prepared by the War Department, and it is mandatory that each

specification so prepared be prefaced with the statement that its technical requirements conform in full detail with the Federal specification for the commodity as promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board giving the number of the master specification applying.

Under the procedure now in use, Federal specifications have become

actual purchase specifications, and the War Department expects to gradually reduce its own commercial specifications and substitute

directly the Federal specifications. As this will involve changes in reference on a large number of drawings and related papers this

change in the interest of Government economy and efficiency, affect- ing a large number of the commercial specifications of the War Department, will require a considerable period of time, but will be

ultimately effected. It will not affect the strictly military specifications not within the scope of the Federal Specifications Board.

American Standards Association.—The War Department is a member

body of the American Standards Association, and is represented on

the American Standards Association standards council. It is represented on 35 sectional committees of the association. This representation is divided among the various supply branches as follows:

Quartermaster Corps 4 Ordnance Department ._ 16 Air Corps . 2 Corps of Engineers 9 Present Status of War Department Standardization and Results Accomplished During 1931.—Twenty-one new and revised specifications were prepared and approved during the year by the Quartermaster

Corps. While numerous projects were in course of development and

standardization, none were completed during the fiscal year. One

hundred and thirty specifications were canceled during the year due

to the promulgation of applicable Federal specifications in procurement form.

New and revised specifications of the Ordnance Department No. 39. The metallurgical laboratory of the Ordnance Department has done

considerable experimenting, with a view to finding a substitute for

manganese in gun steel, and a substitute for nickel in gun steel. A

satisfactory high-speed tool steel has been developed in which a

strategic raw material has been eliminated. The work of inspecting

castings and welded structures for internal defects by means of X-ray

examination has been continued. The centrifugal process for cast- ing of cannon has been fully developed and is now standard for

small and medium calibers.

Signal Corps 3 Medical Corps 1 Chemical Warfare Service 2
174 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

The Corps of Engineers standardization activities cover certain

commodities entering into the construction of highway, pontoon,

and foot bridges; locks, dams, revetments, floating plants, fortifica- tion work, including fixed and mobile antiaircraft 60-inch searchlights, lumbering, mapping, railroad and road-building equipment;

also other items used for military purposes.

The Board on Engineer Equipment designs and develops equipment for military purposes including military railway equipment^

and prepares specifications for same.

Specifications for all other items used for military purposes are prepared in the supply section, office, Chief of Engineers. For the

purpose of conservation of critical and strategic raw materials, substitute specifications have been prepared for a number of items involving the use of those materials in their construction.

The coordination, numbering, and standardization of all specifications, including those prepared by other branches of the War

Department and the Federal Specifications Board, are accomplished

by the Corps of Engineers Technical Committee.

During the year ending June 30, 1931, the Corps of Engineers prepared six United States Army specifications.

In addition, the Corps of Engineers Technical Committee acted

upon 76 specifications prepared by other War Department supply

branches, and 239 specifications prepared by the Federal Specifications Board ; also on 10 reports of the General Conferences on Simplification of Commodities from the Department of Commerce.

The following outstanding achievement was accomplished by the

Corps of Engineers for the year ending June 30, 1931, as a result of

studies, research and development, and tests

:

Engineer Transits and Levels, Complete with Tripods.—In the interest of economy and standardization, one of the primary achievements accomplished

during the past year was to standardize on the materials and construction of two important surveying instruments, so that the Government could obtain in- struments of the highest quality and best workmanship without destroying

competition.

A study made of the commercial instruments manufactured, revealed that

there are wide variation in materials, construction, and characteristics of the

integral parts of the instruments to meet specific requirements. In view of the above, specifications were prepared covering an engineer

transit, and dumpy level, complete with tripods. The specifications prescribed

standard requirements for materials, construction of the integral parts, and the

optical characteristics for both transit and level ; also the diameters and number of screw threads per inch to conform with the approved standards of the National Screw Thread Commission, which establishes interchangeability of

the screws for either instrument.

The specifications prescribe the material and construction of the tripod for

transit and level ; also that the foot plate of the instruments and tripod heads

shall be provided with the new threads recommended for surveying instruments

by the division of simplified practice, Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce.

The standard specifications were submitted to, and accepted by the instrument

manufacturers who agreed to standardize on future production of War De- partment instruments to comply with the requirements of the standard specifications. The work of preparing suitable specifications for use in procuring

medical and hospital supplies has lagged somewhat during the year,

due to the diversion of personnel to the task of revising the supply

catalogue of the Medical Department. Twenty-five specifications
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 175

covering 53 items were completed and approved, while 2 covering 2

items were canceled. The situation at the close of the fiscal year was

:

Total approved specifications prepared by the Medical Department 744

Total available specifications prepared by other branches of the Army 42

Total available Federal specifications 36

Total 822 The above specifications cover a total of 1,254 items of medical and

hospital supplies.

In addition to its own specification activities the Medical Department has furnished representation on the technical committees of the

several branches of the Army and on a number of committees of the

Federal Specifications Board.

In the preparation of specifications and manufacturing directives

the Chemical Warfare Service is following, as fas as possible, the

policy of standardization. While many of the specifications prepared are for articles of special nature, special emphasis is being

placed on the use of approved trade standards and the latest engineering and manufacturing developments. All specifications prepared by the Federal Specifications Board are being used wherever

applicable and contact is being maintained with commercial manufacturing organizations.

Fifteen new and revised specifications were prepared during the

year. In connection with the manufacture of materiel at Edgewood Arsenal, all procedures have been standardized and process directives

prepared.

Seventy-four new and revised specifications were prepared during

the past year by the Signal Corps. During the year 40 new standard specifications were promulgated and 66 standard specifications

revised by the Air Corps. Information concerning the scope and

purpose of the standardization activities of these two agencies as well as those of the Coast Artillery Corps and the Bureau of Insular

Affairs was given in the Standards Yearbook, 1931.

INDEPENDENT ESTABLISHMENTS

BOARD OF SURVEYS AND MAPS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

A joint report of the committee on aerial navigation maps and

the committee on technical standards on standard symbols for air

navigation maps was approved by the board. The symbols adopted were in some cases modifications of old symbols. Several new symbols were added to the list. The symbols adopted by the board will

be incorporated in the new sheet of map symbols now in press for

publication by the United States Geological Survey.

The board approved a report by the committee on cadastral sur- veys on specifications for descriptions of tracts of land for use in

Executive orders and proclamations. The Department of State re- quested the board to prepare specifications and forms for use in

writing descriptions of tracts of land appropriate for incorporation

in Executive orders and proclamations, designed to be as nearly

standard as practicable for adoption in the several Government

departments and establishments.
176 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 The specifications as recommended by the board will be printed

by the State Department for the use of all Federal departments in

which Executive orders and proclamations originate.

The rules and specifications for the description of bounderies are grouped under seven sections as follows

:

1. General rules.

2. The public domain.

3. Metes and bounds surveys.

4. Tracts shown upon miscellaneous plats.

5. Boundaries conforming to natural features of topography.

6. Undesirable forms of boundaries.

7. Maps.

Additional rules which require consideration in association with

the subject are grouped under three additional sections.

COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES

The General Accounting Office has continued active work in the

standardization of the accounting forms and procedure used throughout the Government service, in which work it has had the cooperation of the Advisory Committee on Fiscal Accounting Forms and

Procedure. During the past fiscal year the following standard forms

and procedures have been prescribed:

United States Government Motor Fuel Tax Exemption—Eeceipt.

This standard form, No. 1066, which was referred to in the 1931

edition of the Standards Yearbook, was promulgated by General

Regulations No. 73, July 17, 1930, and is now in general use in the

Government service.

Eeceipt for Cash.—Investigations by this office and a report from

the Chief Coordinator, Bureau of the Budget, revealed the fact that

there were numerous special forms of cash receipt used as subvouchers to travel-expense vouchers, some departments having more

than one. Standard Form No. 1012d was promulgated by General

Regulations No. 36, Supplement No. 3, March 20, 1931, and is now

in general use throughout the Government service in lieu of the numerous special forms heretofore used.

Public Vouchers for the Transportation of Passengers, Freight, and

Express.—The Government transportation stock forms approved by

the Comptroller of the Treasury in 1915 provided separate sets of

forms for stating claims for services of public carriers over landgrant and nonland-grant railroads. General Regulations No. 75,

dated June 26, 1931, promulgating revised standard transportation

voucher forms, have consolidated the land-grant and nonland-grant

forms and otherwise brought up to date the vouchers for the payment of transportation claims submitted by common carriers, thereby

reducing the number of forms from 12 to 8. Pay Voucher for Allowance for Quarters, Heat, Fuel, and Light, Act

of June 26, 1930, 48 Stat. 818.—On June 19, 1931, under the provisions

of the act of June 26, 1930 (46 Stat. 818), the President approved

standardized regulations to govern allowances for living quarters,

heat, fuel, and light for civilian officers and employees of the Government who are citizens of the United States permanently stationed

in foreign countries. By General Regulations No. 76, June 29, 1931,

Standard Forms Nos. 1069 and 1069a were prescribed for use by all departments and establishments concerned in vouchering claims of
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 177

civilian employees coming under the provision of that act, and with

the active cooperation of the Bureau of the Budget, the Advisory

Committee on Fiscal Accounting Forms and Procedure, the Permanent Conference on Printing, and the Public Printer the forms are being made available for use when the first payments are made under

the law.

Statement and Certificate of Award.—Standard Form No. 1036,

originally prescribed by General Regulations No. 51, June 18, 1925, was revised during the fiscal year and promulgated by General Regulations No. 51, Supplement No. 6, changing the title from "Abstract

of Agreement, Advertising, Award, Form " to the title above indicated. The form is used to establish the fact of compliance with law

and good business administration in connection with the award of

Government contracts, both formal and informal.

General Ledger, Allotment Ledger, and Disbursing Office Ledger.—In

connection with the installation of the uniform accounting system

in various departments and establishments, three additional bookkeeping forms have been standardized as follows: Standard Form

No. 1014, general ledger ; Standard Form No. 1015, allotment ledger ; and Standard Form No. 1014M, disbursing office ledger. These

standard forms are for use when specially authorized by the Comptroller General of the United States. Retirement Record Card.—Under the provisions of section 12(a) of

the act of May 29, 1930, 46 Stat. 468, amending the civil service

retirement act, the Civil Service Commission issued its retirement

and personnnel regulations (C. S. Form 2805), wherein was prescribed a form of retirement card (C. S. Form 2806) to replace

Standard Form No. 1056. By General Regulations No. 65, Supplement No. 2, May 9, 1931, the use of Standard Form No. 1056 was

discontinued. By the same general regulations it was prescribed

that a pay card should be maintained for each employee of the Government subject to the provisions of the retirement act and the standard requirements to be shown on the pay card were specifically

set forth.

The experience of the past year furnishes additional evidence of

the fact that standardization of accounting forms results not only in

marked economy in printing by printing one large edition of the

standard forms instead of numerous small editions of special forms

and by reducing the number of printing plates to be made and stored

at the Government Printing Office, but also in the establishment

of a uniform procedure for stating the accounts for which the standard forms were prescribed and expediting the audit thereof in the

General Accounting Office. Index to Decisions of the Accounting Officers.—This index, described

in the report of this office for the 1931 edition of the Standards

Yearbook, was received from the Public Printer during the fiscal year and distribution to the various departments and establishments has been completed, thus affording to all branches of the

Government service a standard reference to all decisions affecting

accounting matters that arise in the transaction of the public

business.

Collections on Account of Unofficial Use of Facilities.—A uniform

system for the handling of collections on account of the unofficial
178 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 use of facilities owned by public or private corporations, firms, or

individuals and subscribed for and/or used by the Government was

prescribed by General Kegulations No. 40, Supplement No. 2, November 28, 1930. Such collections will hereafter be ordinarily handled

through the official accounts of the collecting officer. Extension of the Uniform Accounting System.—Surveys of accounting

systems and procedures have been made in the past year in the

Department of Agriculture and in Alaska for the purpose of introducing the uniform accounting system. Administrative accounting

systems have been installed in nine districts of the Lighthouse Service, and detailed accounting instructions have also been promulgated

for Alaska Railroad disbursing office at Anchorage, Alaska, for the

consolidated disbursing office (Department of the Interior) at Juneau, Alaska, and for the consolidated purchasing and shipping

unit, Department of the Interior, at Seattle, Wash. Studies have

also been made of the accounting requirements of the central disbursing offices in the foreign service of the Department of State

established pursuant to the act of February 23, 1931, Public No. 715,

Seventy-first Congress, and an installation, under the supervision of

representatives of the General Accounting Office, authorized for the

Ottawa (Canada) office. FEDERAL BOARD FOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Some of the board's work may be regarded as promoting the

adoption in the States of what may be designated as approved or accepted practice in teaching agriculture, trade, and industrial homemaking, and commercial pursuits, and some of this work in effect breaks over into actual practice of these pursuits, with the result of

promoting standardized practices.

Two studies were completed by the board during the past year

which will, it is believed, have some influence in standardizing practices in two different fields. The first of these is incorporated in a

bulletin entitled " Light Frame Construction " prepared and issued

jointly by the Federal Board for Vocational Education and the

National Committee on Wood Utilization of the Department of

Commerce. Of this bulletin the major portion is devoted to standardized practices followed in handling type jobs which constantly recur in the building of houses.

In a second publication, entitled " Fire Fighting," an attempt

is made to lay down standard practices to be followed in fighting

fire in cities and towns, and to formulate a standardized type of

vocational instruction which can be applied to the training of men

engaged in city fire departments.

In cooperation with the Federal Farm Board recently the Federal

Board for Vocational Education has issued a series of monographs

designed to furnish definite information and standards for setting

up courses in the marketing of farm products. Standards in the

field of agriculture are, of course, defined in the Department of

Agriculture, but this work has some effect in promoting the adoption

of these standards on the farms.

In the field of home economics also the work of this board may in some of its aspects at least have the effect of setting up what may
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 179

be called best or generally accepted practice for adoption locally

in the public schools.

In the field of vocational rehabilitation of disabled civilians an

effort is being made by the board in cooperation with the States to formulate and establish certain desirable standards of practice in

following out the several steps involved in rehabilitating a disabled

person which regularly include a preliminary survey of the case, vocational guidance, preparation for employment, placement in

employment, and follow-up work after placement. An attempt is being made to standardize the practices to be followed in these

several steps.

FEDERAL COORDINATING SERVICE

Office of the Chief Coordinator The efforts of the office of the Chief Coordinator to secure standardization of telephone service, both in the District of Columbia

and in the field, in the interests of operating economy and efficiency, were continued during the year with the active assistance of the

Bureau of Standards.

For the purpose of effecting economies and standardizing procedure in the collection, compilation, and dissemination of statistical information by agencies of the Federal Government, a Federal

Statistics Board was established, under the supervision of the Chief

Coordinator, by Bureau of the Budget Circular No. 293, dated

April 10, 1931.

Standardized regulations to govern allowances for living quarters, heat, fuel, and light for civilian officers and employees of the

Government stationed in foreign countries, were promulgated by

Bureau of the Budget Circular No. 298, dated June 19, 1931. Proposed changes considered desirable by departments and establishments are to be submitted to the Chief Coordinator for his

consideration and action.

Federal Purchasing Board This board is represented on the executive committee of the Federal Specifications Board.

During the current year the Federal Purchasing Board has as- signed the standard symbols and terms of the Federal Standard

Stock Catalogue to the items, or group of items, which have been

under consideration. These classifications will be of great assistance

and benefit to the Government procurement agencies.

In a similar way, the board has continued to collaborate in the

Government use of simplified practice recommendations, and commercial standards, as they are believed to represent good business

practice.

The main problem of the board is the standardizing of the purchasing procedure of the various departments and establishments,

as far as this is feasible and conductive to economy.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Federal Specifications Board The Federal Specifications Board has promulgated 43 new Federal

specifications, 165 revisions of existing Federal specifications, and

two cancellations, bringing the total of its specifications to 696. Some of the group specifications have been revised and divided into

individual specifications noted below as revisions.

The new and revised specifications issued during the period of

this report are as follows:

New Specifications

F. S. symbol

C-H-lll. Hair, horse, curled. G-P-641. Preservers, negative, paper

(photographic).

O-G-491. Glycerin (glycerol).

O-S-61. Salts, nickel (for) electro- plating and electrotyping.

P-S-661. Solvent, dry-cleaning.

Q-C-571. Coke, foundry.

T-C-621. Cordage, hemp, tarred. T-L-411. Lines, shot (for) line-throwing-guns.

T-T-911. Twine, jute.

V-T-291. Thread, linen. W-B-131. Batteries, storage, ignition,

lighting, and starting.

W-E-441. Electrodes, carbon, amorphous. W-F-391. Fire-alarm systems, electric, hand operated.

W-T-411. Time-clock systems, electric. W-W-101. Watchmen's report apparatus. Z-F-351. Figs, canned. Z-P-196. Peanut butter. EE-D-691. Dressing, salad. JSE-E-911. Extracts, flavoring, an(

flavors, nonalcoholic. EE-W-111. Water, table, effervescent. GG-M-71, Machines, numbering, lever- type. HH-L-361. Linings, brake-band. NN-B-6G1. Boxes, wood, cleated-plywood construction. NN-B-621. Boxes, wood, nailed and

lock-corner.

F. S. symbol

NN-B-631. Boxes, wood, wire-bound.

PP-O-951. Oysters, canned. QQ-T-201. Terneplate (roofing tin).

QQ-W-321. Wire, brass. RE^F-221. Fencing, wire (barbed

netting, and woven),

black and galvanized.

SS-A-681. Asphalt, emulsion, slowbreaking-type (for use

in road work).

SS-B-671. Brick, paving.

SS-F-111. Facings, foundry, carbonbase. SS-M-501. Mold-wash, silica. TT-B-601. Bone-black, dry, paste-inJapan, paste-in-oil.

TT-C-231. Chrome, green, oxide. TT-C-236. Chrome, green, pure, dry,

paste-in-Japan, paste-inoil. TT-E-521. Enamel, pigmented (air- drying and baking)

,

black. TT-L-71. Lampblack, dry, paste-inJapan, paste-in-oil.

TT-P-691. Prussian-blue, dry, paste

in-Japan, paste-in-oil.

TT-U-451. Ultramarine - b 1 u e, dry,

paste-in-Japan, paste-inoil. WW-N-351. Nipples, pipe, brass, steel, and wrought-iron.

LLL-B-631. Boxes, fiber, corrugated.

LLL-B-636. Boxes, Fiber, Solid. Eevised Specifications:

F. S. Symbol

C-M-S21. Milk, condensed. C-M-351. Milk, dry, powdered,

skimmed, and whole. H-B-151. Brushes, casting.

H-B-171. Brushes, cuspidor.

H-B-181. Brushes, dauber, long-paddle.

H-B-191. Brushes, dust, ceiling, and

wall. H-B-211. Brushes, dust, painters', flat. H-B-216. Brushes, dust, painters',

round. H-B-251. Brushes, flowing, badgerhair.

F. S. Symbol

H-B-256. Brushes, flowing, skunk-hair. H-B-261. Brushes, flowing, squirreltail-hair. H-B-291. Brushes, glue, flat. H-B-301. Brushes, glue, round. H-B-351. Brushes, lacquering, flat. H-B-371. Brushes, marking.

H-B-391. Brushes, mottling.

H-B-421. Brushes, paint, metalbound, flat (high-grade).

H-B^31. Brushes, paint, metalbound, flat (mediumgrade).
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (17. S. A.) 181

P. S. Symbol

H-B-451. Brushes, radiator, bronzing.

H-B-491. Brushes, sash-tool, oval. H-B-521. Brushes, scrubbing, clothes. H-B-531. Brushes, scrubbing, deck. H-B-541. Brushes, scrubbing, floor, hand.

H-B-621. Brushes, stencil (flag ends

cut). H-B-626. Brushes, stencil (flag ends

preserved).

H-B-636. Brushes, stippling, wall. H-B-651. Brushes, sweeping, floor, hair. H-B-701. Brushes, varnish, flat (doudle X thickness).

H-B-706. Brushes, varnish, flat (tri- ple X thickness).

H-B-731. Brushes, whitewash.

N-H-541. Hominy, lye, canned. N-P-101. Paste, office. O-A-ol. Acetone. O-A—£91. Ammonium-chloride (sal ammoniac).

O-C-101. Calcium-carbide.

O-E-751. Ether, petroleum.

O-F-351. Fire-extinguishers, chemical,

hand, carbon-tetrachloride

type. O-F-380. Fire-extinguishing- liquid,

carbon-tetrachloride base. O-P-571. Powder, insect ( pyrethrumpowder )

.

O-S-571. Soda-ash. O-S-581. Sodium-carbonate, granular

( monohydrate crystals )

.

O-S-591. Sodium-cyanide (for use as an insecticide in fumigation).

O-S-601. Sodium-fluoride (insecticide).

O-S-606. Sodium-sulphate, anhydrous

(for) photography.

O-T-671. Trisodium phosphate, technical (phosphate cleaner).

P-P-591. Powder, scouring (for) floors. P-S-561. Soap, automobile.

P-S-566. Soap, chip. P-S-571. Soap, grit, cake. P-S-576. Soap, grit, hand. P-S-586. Soap, laundry, liquid. P-S-591. Soap, laundry, ordinary. P-S-596. Soap, laundry, powdered.

P-S-606. Soap-powder.

P-S-611. Soap, salt-water. P-S-616. Soap, toilet, floating, white. P-S-618. Soap, toilet, liquid.

P-S-S21. Soap, toilet, milled. P-S-631. Soda, caustic (lye), (for) cleaning purposes. P-S-641. Soda, laundry (washingsoda).

T-T-871. Twine, cotton, wrapping.

T-T-881. Twine, cotton, seine. W-Ir-101. Lamps, electric, incandescent, targe tungsten-fila- ment.

F. S. Symbol

1931 and 1932 supplements to W-L101, lamps; electric, in- candescent, large, tungsten-filament. W-L-lll. Lamps; electric, incandescent, miniature, tungstenfilament. 1931 and 1932 supplements to W-Llll, lamps; electric, in- candescent, miniature,

tungsten-filament.

Y-N-711. Nuts, assorted and mixed. Z-C-571. Coconut, prepared.

AA-D-201. Desks, wood.

AA-F-791. Furniture and cabinet, office, sectional, steel. AA-S-71. Safes, burglar-resisting.

DD-C-791. Cups, pin and sponge. EE-B-351. Biscuit (hard bread), or

biscuit, canned. EE-M-101. Matches, safety (full-size, in boxes).

EE-O-451. Oleomargarine.

EE-P-611. Powder, baking.

EE-S-71. Sauces, chili and Worcestershire. EE-S-571. Soda, baking.

EE-S-631. Spices.

FF-H-101. Hardware, builders' (nontemplate).

FF-P-101. Padlocks. GG-C-101. Calendar-pads and stands. HH-B-671. Brick, fire-clay. HH-C-451. Clay, fire. HH-G-101. Gaskets, metallic-encased. HH-P-36. Packing, asbestos, rod,

high-pressure.

HH-P-46. Packing, asbestos, sheet, compressed.

HH-P-51. Packing, asbestos, valve- stem. HH-P-96. Packing, fiber (for) lubri- cating and fuel oil. HH-P-126. Packing, metallic, flexible. HH-P-131. Packing, metallic and

nonmetallic, plastic.

HH-P-161. Packing, rubber, wireinsertion. HH-P-166. Packing, semimetallic. KK-L-261. Leather, sole, vegetable- tanned. PP-M-351. Mincemeat.

PP-T-771. Tuna fish, canned. QQ-B-101. Bases, metal, (for) plaster

and stucco construction. SS-C-181. Cement, masonry.

SS-C-191. Cement, Portland. SS-C-571. Coarse-aggregate, (for)

Portland cement-concrete pavement or base

(crushed stone, gravel, or

slag)

.

SS-G-901. Gypsum, calcined. SS-L-351. Lime, hydrated (for)

structural purposes.
182 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 SS-Q-351. Quicklime, (for) structural purposes. SS-R-191. Refractories, fire-clay, plastic.

SS-S-31. Salt, table. SS-W-101. Waterproofing material, integral (for use with Portland cement- mortar or concrete).

TT-I-521. Ink, copying and record. TT-I-542. Ink, marking, indelible (for) fabrics. TT-I-549. Ink, red. TT-I-558. Ink, stamp-pad.

TT-I-563. Ink, writing.

TT-P-36. Paints, lead-zinc base, ready-mixed and semipaste, white and tinted. TT-P-71. Paints, ready-mixed and semipaste, green. TT-S-271. Shellac, orange. TT-W-251. White lead, basic-carbonate, dry paste-in-oil, and semipaste-in-oiL

WW-P-351. Pipe, brass, seamless, iron pipe size, standard, and extra strong,

WW-P-371. Pipe, concrete, plain.

WW-P-378. Pipe and tubing, copper, seamless pipe (standard, iron pipe size), tubing (for pressures up to 450 pounds per square inch).

WW-P-431. Pipe, welded-steel, black, and zinc-coated. ZZ-A-611. Aprons, rubber, surgeons'.

ZZ-B-581. Bottles, hot-water, cloth-inserted. ZZ-B-586. Bottles, hot-water, rubber. ZZ-C-791. Cushions, ring, cloth-inserted. ZZ-C-796. Cushions, ring, rubber. ZZ-H-466. Hose, gasoline, rubber-metal. ZZ-H-491. Hose, pneumatic.

ZZ-H-561. Hose, suction, water, smooth-bore. ZZ-H-611. Hose, water, wrapped.

ZZ-I-111. Ice bags, helmet-shaped.

ZZ-S-311. Sheeting, rubber. ZZ-S-901. Syringes, fountain, cloth-inserted. ZZ-S-916. Syringes, fountain, rubber. ZZ-T-751. Tubes, colon. ZZ-T-S31. Tubing, rubber. CCOC-521. Cloth, shade. CCC-D-161. Denim, brown, shrunk. CCC-D-171. Denim, brown, unshrunk.

CCC-S-271. Sheeting, cotton, bleached, wide. CCC-S-291. Sheeting, cotton, unbleached, wide. DDD-P-351. Pillowcases, cotton, bleached. DDD-R-271. Ribbons, computing and recording-machine.

DDD-R-291. Ribbons, hectograph.

DDD-R-311. Ribbons, typewriter.

DDD-S-281. Sheets, cotton, bleached. DDD-S-751. Stitches, seams, and stitching.

DDD-W-116. Waste, wool, colored. GGG-G-501. Goggles, eyecup, chippers'.

GGG-G-541. Goggles, welders'. GGG-H-191. Helmets, welders'. GGG-S-311. Shields, welders', hand. HHH-H-491. Hops.

HHH-O-531. Onions.

HHH-P-611. Potatoes, Irish. HHH-P-621. Potatoes, sweet. JJJ-B-91. Beans, canned (with pork).

JJJ-B-96. Beans, canned (without pork).

JJJ-B-106. Beans, dry.

JJ«M>-561. Cotton, absorbent. JJJ-M-791. Mucilage.

JJJ-O-361. Oil, vegetable, salad. JJJ-S-351. Sirup.

JJJ-W-151. Wax, sealing.

LLL-L-351. Linoleum, battleship.

LLL-L-361. Linoleum, plain, inlaid, and printed.

LLL-R-191. Receptacles, waste-paper, fiber, office and lobby.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 183

Specification No. TT-I-528 (F. S. No. 265a), for black waterproof drawing ink, was withdrawn pending further research and

revision of the specification.

Specification No. W-T-791 (F. S. No. 410), for radio receiving

electron tubes was canceled because of the rapid progress in radio

tube development, and frequent changes made since adoption of the

specification.

The outline of form for Federal specifications was revised by the

adoption of definitions and uses of the terms, types, grades, and

classes, and standard typography, terms, abbreviations, spelling, etc. These standards are used by our committees as a guide in drafting

specifications.

In the Standards Yearbook, 1931, it was stated that a number of

Federal specifications for paper were canceled, and the respective

specifications of the Joint Committee on Printing were adopted

for field services, and that no new issues of Federal specifications

would be issued. Upon request of several of the departments, it was

decided to issue certain of these specifications as Federal specifications, to include purchase requirements, because the purchase requirements of the specifications as issued by the Joint Committee on

Printing do not conform to the needs of many Government departments. Work is now progressing along this line. State and city governments and industry continue to show

increasing interest in Federal specifications. Industry, in particular,

has shown greater interest by not only purchasing under these

specifications, but by using them in connection with regular commercial sales in addition to sales to the Government. This broadening interest in the standards of Government purchases tends to

increase competition on Government business, with resultant monetary savings.

Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board The publication of the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue is progressing rapidly and satisfactorily. This catalogue was au- thorized by Congress in March, 1929, to include information relative

to nomenclature, descriptions, classifications, groups, specifications,

stock numbers, code words, and other pertinent data.

Commercial and industrial establishments are exhibiting much

interest in the catalogue, and many requests for complete volumes

have been received. The catalogue comprises the following

:

Section I, General Index of Federal Property, an alphabetical list indi- cating the class, group, and Federal specification for each article in the catalogue. Section II, Classes for Storage and Issue, a segregation of Federal

property for storage and issue purposes. Section III, Groups for Procurement, a segregation of Federal property

arranged for the information of purchasing officers of the Government.

Section IV, Federal Specifications.

During the year ending June 30, 1931, Section I of the catalogue was revised to May 1, 1931, and the revised edition has been issued.

Of the 74 classes of Section II, 23 classes were printed and issued

during 1931, making a total number of 41 issued to June 30, 1931.

All but 10 of the remaining classes were in press in the Government
184 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

Printing Office on June 30, 1931. The compilation of data for

Section III, Groups for Procurement, is proceeding satisfactorily,,

although not very rapidly, inasmuch as this is an entirely new undertaking. About 200 Federal specifications—(Section IV) —were

printed and issued up to June 30, 1931, and the Federal Specifications Board is furnishing type script for additional Federal specifications as rapidly as they can be prepared.

Valuable assistance in the compilation of the catalogue has been

furnished to the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board by the

Federal Specifications Board; the division of simplified practice,

and the division of textiles, Bureau of Standards ; the General Supply Committee; and other departments and establishments of the

Government.

Federal Traffic Board The Federal Traffic Board has full authority, subject to review

by the Chief Coordinator, to pass on all questions pertaining to

Establishment of uniform classifications for all commodities shipped by

the Government.

Drafting of plans for improving and standardizing methods of making

shipments and settlement of accounts. Adjustment of all questions which require application of remedial measures such as freight rates, switching, and terminal charges, etc. All movements of freight consisting of two carloads or more, from

any Government department, are routed by the Office of Coordinator

for Traffic, which undertakes to provide the most economical route

for the shipments.

The Federal Traffic Board has undertaken, in the past year,

negotiations with airplane carriers to effect agreements providing for

travel performed by Federal employees on official business at re- duced rates. All-Member Letter No. 106 lists the carriers included

in this agreement.

The Office of Coordinator for Traffic has routed, during the 12

months of the fiscal year 1931, a total of 36,739 carloads of Government freight, or an average of 3,062 cars per month; and during

the past six months of the current year a total of 22,241 carloads, or an average of 3,707 cars per month.

Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments

No additional standard contract forms have been promulgated

during the year, but the contract board has been engaged in a proposed revision of existing standard forms and a study of problems

in connection with contract legislation.

Interdepartmental Board on Simplified Office Procedure The board has continued its work of standardizing the use of

office supplies, material, and equipment, and the classifying, simplifying, and standardizing the routine administrative functions com- mon in two or more departments or establishments during the year. Envelopes.—The board was represented on the special interdepartmental committee which considered specifications of envelopes

to be included in the Post Office Department schedule of envelopes

for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1932. The committee decided

to concentrate on a lighter color of kraft paper to be included in
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U.S.A.) 185

the schedule for this fiscal year. Two item numbers will be added

to the schedule—one with and one without window to accommodate

the new size of currency. These enevelopes will have open sides in

both instances.

Standard Forms.—In conjunction with the Permanent Conference on Printing, the Interdepartmental Board on Simplified Office

Procedure approved the specifications for the revision of Standard

Form No. 3, Estimates of Appropriations for Fiscal Year, proposed

by the Bureau of the Budget, and the revision of this form was

promulgated under date of March 23, 1931.

Kevision of Standard Form No. 37, Notice of Eetirement Status, was adopted by the board for use by all departments and establishments in order to make it applicable to the new retirement act now in

force. Publications.—The newly revised War Department publication,

known as the Official Mileage Tables, used to determine the shortest

usually traveled route when computing mileage vouchers of Government officials and employees, has recently been made effective and

distributed to other departments and establishments for their use. The board contributed largely to the work of this revision through

coordinated effort in securing information from the various activities for the War Department.

Permanent Conference on Printing

During the past year the Permanent Conference on Printing car- ried forward its task of investigating and proposing uniform standards, businesslike methods, and proper economies in the printing

and binding and the distribution of Government publications.

The paper specifications committee, which functions under the authority of the Joint Committee on Printing, is charged with the re- sponsibility of preparing specifications in determining standards of

paper for public printing and binding for the current year. Consideration was given to the uniformity of paper stock for fanfold and continuous-roll forms, and the conference approved sul- phite writing paper for forms for temporary use and 30 per cent rag

paper for forms for permanent use, the substance selected in each

case to depend on the number of carbon copies desired.

The first edition of the Congressional Directory for each session

of Congress being issued for temporary use only and the second edition, containing more complete information, being issued usually

within a period of six weeks from the date of issue of the first edition, the conference further recommended to the Joint Committee

on Printing that the first edition of the Congressional Directory for

each session of Congress, printed for departmental use, be issued with

paper covers and that only subsequent issues for each session be cloth

bound and thumb indexed.

Standardized stock books and tablets manufactured and carried

in stock by the Public Printer are meeting practically all requirements of the Government service. Deliveries are being made

promptly, and the unit price of standardized books is considerably

below former cost prices.

The conference adopted a recommendation indorsing a bill (H. R.

12036) presented to the last Congress, authorizing the Public Printer
186 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 to print and bind additional copies of any Government publication,

not deemed confidential, which the Superintendent of Documents

shall requisition for sale at not less than cost, as determined by the

Public Printer, who shall also fix the prices and terms therefor; and

the receipts from such sales in excess of the cost be deposited in the

Treasury of the United States to the credit of miscellaneous receipts

:

Provided, That the Superintendent of Documents may designate

any Government officer his agent for the sale of Government publications as shall be agreed upon by the Public Printer and the head

of the respective department or establishment of the Government.

The Public Printer's program of maintaining a 30-day delivery

schedule on certain classes of printing has resulted in the elimination

of a vast number of demands for " rush " work. However, the departments have been requested to bear in mind the orderly method

of requisitioning for printing and binding and the necessity for

careful anticipation of their printing needs. By so doing rush orders can be reduced to emergency work only.

There has been some informal discussion by the conference and

other coordinating bodies relative to the establishment of a centrally located " bureau of information concerning Government activities," which would also have available Government publications

for sale. The Public Printer has indicated that the Government

Printing Office would be glad to cooperate with other departments

in establishing such a bureau.

With the cooperation of the several coordinating boards operating

under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of the Budget and the General

Accounting Office, 87 standard forms have been promulgated.

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

The Federal Trade Commission has contributed to the standardization of certain trade practices, particularly as a result of its tradepractice conferences. It receives trade-practice rules adopted by

different industries covering practices commonly prevalent. It approves certain of the rules which condemn practices violative of the

law and encourages their observance. In this way the commission

may be said to advance the cause of standardization of trade ethics. The rules often are designed to serve as guides to the proper application of certain terms commonly used by industries in describing

their products or services. The commission has approved certain

carefully selected terms adopted by industries to describe their products, such as rebuilt machines, standard dimensions for jewelry or

the metal used therein, glass products, and other articles. In the interest of fair competition, the commission frequently has

ordered firms or individuals to cease using certain misleading descriptions of articles offered for sale. Various word combinations

and phonetic spellings have been prohibited. Common among these

proscriptions are those against untruthful use of the word silk to describe goods not made of the cocoon of the silkworm.

The commission adopted a resolution in which it recognized the

term " rayon " as " meaning and properly designating the artificial silk products, the basis and chief ingredients of which is cellulose." It was made clear that the " intent and effect of the resolution is to make such use of the term ' rayon

5 permissive but not mandatory."
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 187

On the whole, standardization may be described as a by-product of

the commission's work rather than as a regular function because,

after all, most of the commission's work pertains to individual cases involving various unfair methods of competition.

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE The Government Printing Office maintains a technical division for

the purpose of inspecting and testing all materials for the use of the

office; to assist in the preparation of specifications for the purchase

of materials; to maintain technical control over various materials

manufactured by the office, such as printing inks, press rollers, type

metal alloys, and adhesive compositions; and to conduct research

with relation to the various materials and processes for printing and

binding.

The Government Printing Office is authorized by Congress to en- gage in cooperative research in the same manner as other branches

of the Government service. This cooperative work is conducted under the research associate plan by which associations or groups in the

printing and binding industries place technically trained men at the

Government Printing Office for intensive study of problems of mutual interest. The laboratory facilities and equipment of the Government Printing Office are available for such research work under

the supervision of its technical director. The results of this cooperative research work are made available to the industry through

trade publications or Government bulletins, as is the case with other

work done by the technical division.

At the present time there are two research associates in the Government Printing Office; one associate representing the mechanical

department of the American Newspaper Publishers Association, is working on newsprint paper and news inks ; the other associate, rep- resenting the Employing Bookbinders of America, is working on

bookbinding materials.

The following is an outline showing the scope of the technical

work conducted by the Government Printing Office

:

Materials—Continued.

Type metal alloys

(a) Linotype metal.

(&) Monotype metal.

(c) Stereotype metal.

(d) Electrotype backing-up

metal. Processes

:

Electroplating.

Stereotyping.

Photo-engraving.

Various printing processes, such as offset, etc.

Materials

:

Paper.

Textiles

Bookbinding cloths. Book-sewing threads. Bookbinding leather. Ruling inks. Adhesives.

Book-stamping materials. Detergents. Press rollers. Printing and writing inks

(a) Raw materials.

(&) Finished inks. Research work on the above subjects is conducted in cooperation

with

Employing Bookbinders of America.

Mechanical department of the American Newspaper Publishers Association. Standardization committee and research department of the United

Typothetse of America.

92462—32 13
188 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Printing Industries Division of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers.

National Association of Glue Manufacturers.

Technical Association of the American Paper and Pulp Industry. International Bureau of Federation of Master Printers. British Printing Industry Research Association. German Printing Industry Research Association. American Standards Association. Paper manufacturers.

Type-metal supply companies.

Bookbinding leather manufacturers.

Individual printing, binding, and allied manufacturers.

The Government Printing Office has three representatives on the

paper specifications committee appointed by the Congressional Joint

Committee on Printing to fix the standards for paper and envelopes

for the public printing and binding and for use of the Government

departments and establishments in the District of Columbia. It is represented on the Federal Specifications Board by the technical director, and is also represented on several technical committees of the

Federal Specifications Board.

The Public Printer is a member of the executive committee and the

research and survey committee of the printing-industries division of

the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the standardization

committee of the United Typothetse of America, and the first honorary member of the British Printing Industry Research Association.

The technical director is a member of the Government paper specifications committee, the pulp and paper committee of the printingindustries division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

the paper testing committee and chairman of the subcommittee on the

ink resistance of printing papers of the Technical Association of the

Paper and Pulp Industry, the advisory committee on lithographic

papers of the Lithographic Technical Foundation, and the advisory

committee on permanent papers of the National Research Council.

As a further evidence in its interest in standardization, the Government Printing Office has recently become a member-body of the

American Standards Association.

Contacts are also maintained with practically all foreign bodies

dealing with standardization in the printing industry and with the

leading Government and commercial printing plants throughout the

world.

INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION

The Interstate Commerce Commission prescribes standard systems

of accounts for steam roads, water carriers, electric railways, sleeping-car companies, express companies, pipe-line companies, telephone

companies, and telegraph and cable companies, subject to the interstate commerce act. The commission prescribes rules governing the form, arrangement,

filing, and posting for public inspection of the tariff schedules of

carriers, and advises and instructs the carriers in the matter of the

character and publication of their tariffs, to bring about simplification, clarity, and uniformity.

The commission deals with several standardized features of rail- way operation, including the use, control, supply, movement, distribution, exchange, intercharge, and return of locomotives, cars,
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 189

and other vehicles used in the transportation of property. Such

standardization of railway operating practices makes it possible for

the railroads to function as a unit in the free movement of traffic. The commission prescribes regulations for the transportation of ex- plosives and other dangerous articles by common carriers engaged in

interstate or foreign commerce by land or water. The commission, under authority of law, has prescribed the

maximum and minimum height of drawbars for freight cars. Carriers are required to have couplers which are coupled automatically

by impact and can be uncoupled without the necessity of a man

going between the ends of cars. Standardization of couplers under

the provisions of law has been in progress since 1903. Under the law

and orders of the commission a minimum of 85 per cent of the cars

in each train are required to be equipped with air brakes under the

control of and operated by the engineer. The commission has issued

tentative specifications and requirements for power brakes, and service tests are now in progress to determine the practicability of apparatus designed to conform to these specifications. The commission

is now participating in an investigation looking toward the development and standardzation of automatic train-pipe connectors for air,

steam, and signal lines. The commission has issued specifications

prescribing the number, dimensions, location and manner of application of certain safety appliances required on cars and locomotives,

such as sill steps, handholds, ladders, running boards, and hand

brakes.

The commission prescribes rules, regulations, and instructions

covering equipment, maintenance, inspection, and testing of all parts

and appurtenances of locomotives used on the lines of common-carrier railroads.

In the investigation of accidents the commission frequently makes

recommendations as to corrective measures, the purpose of which generally is to bring about standardization of railroad-operating rules,

regulations^ and practices so far as possible consistent with peculiar

characteristics existing on individual lines. The primary and most important benefit derived from the safety

and locomotive inspection laws is increased safety of employees and

travelers upon railroads.

The commission also fixes the limits of the standard time zones for

the continental United States and Alaska.

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has recently

organized a special conference on aeronautical nomenclature, for the

revision of its standard Nomenclature for Aeronautics, which was

published in 1926 as Technical Report No. 240. This special conference includes in its membership representatives of the Army Air

Corps, the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy, the Aeronautics

Branch of the Department of Commerce, the Bureau of Standards, and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

. Tne nomenclature for aeronautics is adopted by the National Advisory Committee for the purpose of securing greater uniformity and accuracy m the use of terms relating to aeronautics in official
190 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

documents of the Government and, as far as possible, in technical

and other commercial publications. Revisions in the nomenclature

are made from time to time as the occasion arises to conform with

changes in the general use of aeronautical terms. The nomenclature

includes within its scope terms relating to types of aircraft, to lighterthan-air craft, to airplanes, to aircraft materials and structures, to airports and landing fields, to aerodynamics, to propellers, to in- struments and auxiliary apparatus, and to engines.

The advisory committee has received suggestions as to new terms

and modifications of existing terms for the Nomenclature for Aeronautics, and these suggestions are being carefully considered by the

Special Conference on Aeronautical Nomenclature. The modifications as agreed upon by the conference will be incorporated in the

revised nomenclature, which, after final approval, will be published

as a technical report of the committee.

NATIONAL SCREW THREAD COMMISSION

The National Screw Thread Commission has continued its activities in bringing the screw-thread standards into wider use in industry.

The three subdivisions—I. Standard Threads; II. Special Threads;

and III. Plain and Thread Plug and Ring Gage Blanks—have been

approved as commercial standards.

The commission is now giving attention to a needed revision of the

class 4 fit to make it more practical, and to certain special threads

such as those used on cylinders and valves for compressed gases. PAN AMERICAN UNION

The Pan American Union is the international organization of the

21 Republics of America. It was established through the First International Conference of American States held at Washington in

1889-1890. The purpose of the Union is to promote good understanding, friendly intercourse, peace, and commerce among the 21

American Republics comprising the Pan American Union.

One of the functions intrusted to the Pan American Union is to

act as a permanent commission of the international conferences of

American States; to keep their records and archives; to assist in

obtaining ratification of the treaties and conventions, as well as compliance with the resolutions adopted and to prepare the program

and regulations of each conference.

As a result of resolutions adopted by different international conferences of American States, there were held under the auspices of

the Pan American Union the Pan American Trade-Mark Conference,

which approved a general inter-American convention on trade-marks

and commercial protection and a protocol on the inter-American

registration of trade-marks, tending to the uniformity of trademarks ; Pan American Conference on the Regulation of Automotive

Traffic, which approved a draft convention on the regulation of auto- motive traffic ; Pan American Commission on Customs Procedure and

Port Formalities, which approved a series of resolutions and a con- vention tending to eliminate unnecessary port formalities and to standardize customs procedure.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES <U. S. A.) 191

The Fourth Pan American Commercial Conference was held in the

Pan American Union from October 5 to 12, 1931. Included in the

agenda were a number of topics which the Sixth International Conference of American States recommended should be considered at special conferences as follows : The development of ocean steamship

service between the American Republics ; compilation and dissemination of financial and economic statistics; standardization of commodities as an aid to commerce; uniformity of consular fees in the

American Republics. (See Chapter II, p. 63.)

Efforts have been made also in the past for the codification of

international law in the American Republics and the standardization

of the monetary unit of all the American Republics.

PANAMA CANAL

This establishment is represented on a number of technical committees and the executive committee of the Federal Specifications

Board, the American Society for Testing Materials, and the American Standards Association.

The Panama Canal continues to draft its own specifications for

materials not covered by Federal specifications. Use is also made

of certain War and Navy Department specifications for materials

not covered by Federal specifications.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC PARKS OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL

The Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National

Capital cooperates with the various standardizing and specificationmaking activities of the various Federal agencies, including the In- terdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments, Interdepartmental Board of Simplified Office Procedure, Federal Purchasing

Board, Interdepartmental Committee on Fire Prevention and Protection (Fire Hazards Group), Federal Specifications Board Technical Committees, and the General Supply Committee.

In addition to the foregoing, during the past year the design sec- tion of the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks has begun

the work of standardizing those portions of specifications for construction projects which are applicable to practically all of the construction jobs handled by the office. The work accomplished to date,

includes the standardizing of the general specifications and the

standardizing of certain portions of the specifications for concrete. This standardized procedure is arranged in loose-leaf form so that it can be made to fit the majority of projects by the omission of certain

paragraphs or the substitution of certain paragraphs for those in- cluded in the standardized draft. This procedure has eliminated

considerable repetition in the specification writing and yet has per- mitted sufficient flexibility to avoid including a large amount of irrel- evant or unnecessary information in any one specification. Under

this procedure, complete specifications were written for approximately 40 projects during the year. UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EFFICIENCY

The Bureau of Efficiency cooperated with the Bureau of Standards

in research to establish standard methods and equipment for testing
192 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 paper, especially paper used in the manufacture of Government securities and currency.

UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

What is regarded as the most important step toward the improvement of the Federal civil service and standardization of personnel

practices in Government offices and establishments since the passage

of the civil service law of 1883 was an Executive order of April 25,

1931, providing for a Council of Personnel Administration.

The President has shown a deep interest in the question of the effi- ciency of the Federal civil service. He realizes that the Government

employment system should extend beyond the application of tests for

entrance ; that it is just as important to keep well-qualified men and

women in the service as it is to place them there in the first instance

;

that the civil service employment scheme leaves something to be desired in the attention given to employees after their appointment;

that there is a lack of available information as to what the Government service offers as a career. With these things in mind, the President suggested to the president

of the Civil Service Commission that a survey be made with a view

to improving the Government's employment policy. The preliminary steps were taken in the office of the Civil Service Commission,

and a tentative plan was worked out and presented to the President,

with the result that the President issued the order of April 25, 1931,

referred to. The Executive order created a Council of Personnel Administration for the purpose of developing in the Federal Government a more effective system of employment and personnel management and

to promote the general welfare of employees.

The details of the objectives are to establish a more effective liaison

between the Civil Service Commission and the several departments

;

to coordinate personnel administration; to make more attractive the

prospect of a career in the Federal service; to improve selection

methods ; to attract better people to the service ; to reduce excessive

turnover among the better qualified employees; to avoid excessive

increase in personnel; to provide for the training of personnel as- sistants in the several departments and independent offices ; to make

available to the Government the best personnel practices of private

industry; to develop a more adequate system of personnel records;

in general, to increase the efficiency of the Government service.

Leaders in personnel matters in private industry, in research or- ganizations, and in education have signified their willingness to serve

as advisers.

The survey has in view, among other things, the collection and dissemination of information which will make available a more definite

knowledge of lines of promotion ; of what is taking place in the way

of advancement of those who have entered the service; the more

ready transfer of competent employees from one department to an- other to fill vacancies which now in most cases are filled by new

appointments; training courses for personnel assistants in each department, and the encouragement of training for Government service

in the colleges and universities.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( U. S. A.

)

193

The first meetings of the council, which is made up of the members

of the Cabinet and the heads of some of the more important independent bureaus, have been held in the office of the Civil Service

Commission. The idea has been accepted generally as sound and

economical, and there is every indication that there will be full cooperation in Government circles. Those outside the Government who are to serve on advisory committees will cooperate in the formulation of a program in which they can give the Government the benefit of their research and experience

in their several fields of activity.
VI. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

An outline of the origin and functions of the bureau is given

in the 1927 Standards Yearbook. Circular No. 1 and the 1931 annual

report of the director should be consulted for a more comprehensive

survey of the bureau's work.

RELATION TO GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES

The relation of the bureau to the various governmental, Federal,

State, and municipal agencies is outlined briefly in the 1927 Standards Yearbook.

RELATION TO SCIENCE, COMMERCE, AND INDUSTRY

PUBLICATIONS

The results of the bureau's work are made available in printed

publications. Approximately 2,150 pamphlets have been issued to

date. Releases to the daily press give briefly the more important

features of the bureau's activities from a popular point of view.

More detailed abstracts are prepared for the use of scientific and

technical journals. The results of original investigations in science

and technology are reported in full in the Bureau of Standards

Journal of Research, which is issued once a month and is obtainable on a subscription basis. Compiled technical or administrative matter

is issued as a circular ; for example, the standard petroleum oil tables,

properties of aluminum and light alloys, test schedules, recommended

specifications, and the like. Codes and reference texts, such as the

codes of electrical and logging practice, and the manual for weights

and measures officials, which must be carried about by the user, are

issued in a series of pocket-size handbooks.

The program for the simplification of commercial practice leads

to definite proposals known as Simplified Practice Recommendations,

while agreements on the desirable minimum quality of products are published as Commercial Standards. Pamphlets on house construction, plumbing codes, zoning regulations, etc., are placed in a special

series known as Building and Housing Publications. Charts, conference reports, and material not suitable for other series appear as Miscellaneous Publications.

The bureau's Technical News Bulletin is a monthly periodical

containing progress reports of work in the laboratories, brief data on completed investigations, notices of important conferences, and

lists of all new publications by members of the staff in the bureau's

series and in technical journals.

The Commercial Standards Monthly reviews progress in the field of commercial standardization, both at the bureau and elsewhere.

Special articles by leaders in commercial standardization are a valuable feature, and brief references are also given to some of the

bureau's technical work.

Mimeographed letter circulars on specialized subjects are also

prepared to answer inquiries by mail. In addition to the Government publications, papers on subjects within the respective specialties are printed in outside journals.

194
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 195

The printed publications of the bureau are sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,

D. C. Subscriptions may be placed in advance for the Journal of

Research, the Technical News Bulletin, and the Commercial Standards Monthly. The bureau issues a descriptive list (Circular No. 24,

together with supplement) of its published material. Announcement leaflets giving titles of all new publications in the bureau's series are sent on request to those concerned with the work.

KESEARCH AND TESTING

RESEARCH

Research on problems arising in connection with standards is by

act of Congress a primary function of the bureau. Such work

includes the divising of methods and apparatus for the precise

measurement of standards, the frequent intercomparison of standards to determine their permanency, and the evaluation of standards

by absolute methods.

Physical Constants.—The precise determination of certain physical constants and the properties of materials is closely related to the

establishment of standards. The standard temperature scale, for

example, is defined by a number of thermometric fixed points, such

as the boiling point of oxygen, the freezing and boiling points of

water, the boiling point of sulphur, and the freezing points of silver

and gold. Careful redeterminations of important physical constants,

such as the Newtonian constant of gravitation, the absolute value

of gravity at Washington, and the mechanical equivalent of heat,

lead to more precise evaluations of these widely used " constants." The determination of the properties of saturated steam under high

pressures finds immediate application in the design of steam turbines,

while data on the properties of ammonia have corresponding uses

in refrigeration engineering.

Research Associates.—Much of the bureau's research is directed to the application of science in commerce and industry. The research

associate 1 plan permits industrial associations or groups to place

qualified men at the bureau for intensive study of selected problems

approved by the Director of the Bureau of Standards. Such men

utilize the bureau's laboratory facilities and equipment and have the same status as any bureau employee, except that their salaries are paid by the supporting group or association.

The work of a research associate on problems of concern to an entire industry is one of peculiar trust. Research results are immediately available to the industry concerned and are frequently printed

in bureau publications. Devices or processes developed during re- search may not be patented for the benefit of the individual or the

group, but are for the free use of the industry, the Government, and

the public. Correspondence relating to the work of the research

associate is conducted through official channels except on purely personal matters. A list of the research associates and projects under investigation

arranged according to sustaining organizations is given in the fol- lowing table :

1 For further details see B. S. Circular No. 296.
196 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

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BUREAU OF STANDARDS 199

Current work of research associates relating to standards of quality, performance, or practice is described under activities and

accomplishments.

Branch Research Laboratories.—In addition to the research work in

Washington, branch laboratories are in operation at Ames, Ioway and at Auburn and Tuscaloosa, Ala., where new uses for waste

products are developed. These are joint projects in cooperation with

Iowa State College, the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Alabama. A special laboratory for investigation of clay

products is operated in cooperation with Ohio State University at Columbus.

Coordination with Other Research Laboratories.—With the aid of the

National Research Council, the American Society for Testing Materials Committee E-9 on correlation of research, the various research

laboratories, and many national organizations, every effort is made to coordinate all bureau research work with that done by other

bodies to provide the maximum national benefit and to avoid duplication of effort. Research within the Government service is coordinated by the

Chief Coordinator of the Bureau of the Budget.

TESTING

Through the testing of standards sent to the bureau by science

and industry, research on standards finds its direct application and

fruition. The common acceptance of, and conformity to, uniform

standards of measurement are essential to the fullest development of

the commerce and industry of the Nation. The testing service of

the bureau provides the means of establishing this uniformity.

Fundamental testing involving a comparison, direct or otherwise,

with reference standards covers a wide range, including such items

as end standards of length; tolerance gages; screw-thread gages;

standard invar tapes for precise geodetic work; precision weights;

volumetric glassware of all kinds; precision time pieces; mercurial

and other types of thermometers; pyrometers; barometers; pres- sure gauges; water-current meters; saccharimeters ; electrical standards of electromotive force, resistance, inductance, and capacitance,

electrical measuring instruments; optical plane surfaces; and many

others. In addition, the bureau acts as a testing agency for the various

departments of the Government, and in this capacity conducts a

great variety of tests to determine whether the item submitted con- forms with specifications. This work includes performance tests of a great variety of machines, instruments, and mechanical appli- ances; analyses to determine the chemical composition or the purity

of samples; tests of cement, lime, leather, paper, rubber, textiles,

aints, varnishes, etc., to determine conformance with Federal specications; and tests to determine the physical properties of metals

and building materials. Tests of this character are made for the

public only in instances where private laboratories are not suitably

equipped.

Branch Testing Laboratories.—Branch testing laboratories are maintained at Northampton, Pa., Columbus, Ohio, Denver, Colo., and

San Francisco, Calif.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

Federal Testing Laboratories.—Several departments of the Federal

Government have established laboratories for special testing work

where required by the nature or number of tests. When specific

investigations are under way the work is frequently divided and

coordinated among several Federal laboratories. A list of such

laboratories was given on page 144 of the 1927 Standards Yearbook.

Commercial Testing Laboratories.—Because of the large amount of

official testing conducted by the bureau it is impracticable to make

tests for private individuals if other laboratories can do the work.

In Miscellaneous Publication No. 90, entitled " Directory of Commercial Testing and College Research Laboratories," and its supplement, information is given concerning commercial testing laboratories with their branch laboratories or offices. This list has been

compiled in recognition of the desirability under present conditions

of independent commercial testing service and in anticipation of a marked increase in the demand for such service in both domestic

and export trade.

Heretofore purchasers not individually equipped to make their

own acceptance tests have been reluctant to adopt the specification

method of buying commodities because of the fixed belief that many

manufacturers work off " seconds " on such customers. The knowledge that they can at any time, when they so desire, call upon testing

laboratories to check the deliveries made to them on contracts based on specifications with which certificates have been issued by the manufacturers will induce a large number of such purchasers to take full advantage of the specification method of buying.

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS

The Bureau of Standards has assisted over 120 industries, as represented by more than 10,000 firms and associations, to reduce the

avoidable wastes resulting from the production and distribution of

too many varieties of product. Excessive diversity in sizes, dimensions, grades, and qualities have been reduced to those varieties in

common or general demand.

The work of the four divisions of the bureau's commercial standards group includes the simplification of commodity sizes and dimensions as carried on by the division of simplified practice ; the promotion of standard building and plumbing codes, zoning ordinances,

etc., by the division of building and housing; promulgation of nationally recognized specifications, and the compilation of lists of willing-to-certify manufacturers of products made in accordance therewith, by the division of specifications; and cooperation with

industry in selecting and establishing definite grades and qualities as commercial standards, by the division of trade standards.

Assistance in the correlation of the specifications produced by the

Federal Specifications Board with those produced by commercial

agencies is rendered by this group, which has liaison duties with

other branches of the Department of Commerce and with other

departments on matters in this field. In formulating the plans and policies for the guidance of the

activities of the division of simplified practice, the bureau is aided
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 201

by a planning committee which meets quarterly at the Department of

Commerce. The membership of this committee is as follows

:

E. W. McCullough, manager, department of manufacture, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Washington, D. C. Rear Admiral T. T. Craven, chief coordinator, Bureau of the Budget, Washington, D. C. G. A. Renard, secretary, National Association of Purchasing Agents, 11 Park

Place, New York, N. Y.

A. W. Shaw, formerly chairman conservation division of War Industries Board, 8 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. A. A. Stevenson, 201 Kent Road, Ardmore, Pa.

L. P. Alford, the Ronald Press Co., 15 East Twenty-sixth Street, New York,

N. Y.H. R. Young, secretary, Retailers' National Council, Munsey Building,

Washington, D. C. A complete description of the procedures followed by the divisions

of the commercial standards group in their cooperative work with

producers, distributors, and consumers will be found on pages 180-

183 of the Standards Yearbook for 1931.

ADVISORY COMMITTEES

Where a group interested in the formulation of standards for a given industry, or in the investigation of specific subjects, is not

otherwise organized for the purpose, the bureau encourages the formation of an advisory committee. These committees function in the same manner as an informal industrial committee except that the

secretarial work is usually conducted by the bureau. A fist of these

committees follows:
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BUREAU OF STANDARDS 205

OTHER COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES Many national organizations assist the bureau in research, standardization, and simplification projects and, in turn, the bureau co- operates officially with numerous national organizations engaged

in similar efforts, frequently designating members of the staff to serve on committees.

SOME ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Except for necessary administrative functions, all activities of the

bureau are directed toward some phase of standardization, from the

pursuit of data to serve as the groundwork or foundation for fundamental standards and master specifications to the final check of delivered material for conformity to specification requirements.

The national standards of length, mass, time, and all the other

bases of measurement rest upon scientific data of the highest order.

As the technique of the various arts, professions, and trades improves, the standards, which are essential tools of the art, must be

further refined and more carefully protected from change. The

ideal standard of measurement is one that has been defined in terms

of a fundamental constant of nature so as to be easily reproduced in

the event of destruction of the physical prototype. Thus the inch,

upon which so many of our national standards depend, can be re- produced in terms of the wave length of light with an error of less than 1 part in 1,000,000.

The increasing complexity of our industrial and commercial struc- ture is constantly creating new fields in which standards must be

developed. The bureau, therefore, must keep in step with progress

in the arts so that standards of measurement may be available as needed.

The results of research are also utilized in the preparation of

Federal specifications, and the testing facilities of the bureau aid

the Government in checking delivered materials for compliance with

specifications. Such research and tests provide the necessary

foundations of unchallenged fact for the various standardization

activities of the bureau.

Eepresentative activities and accomplishments are listed alphabetically under titles selected in a practical way for the convenience of

the reader without any attempt at systematic classification.

AERONAUTICS

Strength of Welded Joints in Tubular Members for Aircraft.—The

importance of welding in the aircraft industry will be realized when

it is considered that at least 90 per cent of the airplanes manufactured in this country have structural members joined by welding.

As comparatively little information on aircraft welding had been

available, the bureau, in cooperation with the National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics and the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce, made an investigation of the strengths of 40

typical joints. The results of this investigation have been published.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 A continuation of this investigation is in progress using (1) a typeof gusset-reinforced joint shown by previous tests to be the most

efficient, (2) joints heat-treated after welding, and (3) joints made

from thin-walled tubing.

Publication.—The Strength of Welded Joints in Tubular Members for Aircraft, by H. L. Whittemore and W. C. Bruggeman, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Report No. 348 ; 1930. Airship Girders.—The prevailing trend in the design of rigid airships seems to be toward ships having greater displacements. This

necessitates larger structural members. An investigation in cooperation with the Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department, is in progress for developing the factors affecting the strength and rigidity of

girders to furnish analytical methods of design for these very important members of a rigid airship.

A series of compression tests has been made on a large number of

airship girders of different sizes. These tests showed that the

strength of the girders depended almost entirely upon the different

types of the critical instability.

For some sizes and kinds of girders the governing type of instability in the chord members was torsion. In compression tests of

short lengths of girders in which the twisting of the chord members

alone was restrained, the strength of the girder was increased over

40 per cent. If practicable designs are found for longitudinal members having

high-torsional rigidity, the strength of rigid airships can be considerably increased without increasing the weight.

Fixation of Struts.—Tubular struts of steel and aluminum alloy are used frequently as compression members in the fuselages of air- planes. When so used, the ends are elastically restrained from rotation. In cooperation with the National Advisory Committee for

Aeronautics and with the Navy Department a series of chromemolybdenum steel struts of different lengths and with different end

restraints, has been tested in compression. The results should enable

designers to reduce the weight of aircraft structures with safety,,

since the action of elastically restrained ends is now known more

definitely.

Investigation of Control Surfaces of Airplanes.—A wind-tunnel study

of the hinge moments of ailerons at large angles of attack was completed with the cooperation of the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce and the National Advisory Committee for

Aeronautics.

Measurements of the yawing moments produced by several rudders were made at large angles of attack.

Publication.—Effect of Variation of Chord and Span of Ailerons on Hinge

Moments at Several Angles of Pitch, by B. H. Monish, National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Report No. 370; 1930. Measurement of Turbulence.—In cooperation with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, a study has been made of methods

of reducing turbulence in wind tunnels. The apparatus has been

further improved by extending the frequency range for which the

response is uniform to 4,000 cycles per second.

Publication.—Reduction of Turbulence in Wind Tunnels, by H. L. Dryden,

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Report No. 392; 1931.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 207

Aircraft Instruments.—Investigations of aircraft clocks, magnetic

compasses, sensitive altimeters, and a supercharger pressure gauge,

the latter constructed for the purpose, were conducted to provide a

basis for specifications of performance. A number of instrument

panels with indirect illumination were constructed for use in service

tests. An angle-of-attack indicator of new design was constructed

for use in further development of methods of flight testing airplanes

and a commutator-condenser type air-speed indicator for use in

flight testing the autogiro at low speeds. An air-speed recorder was constructed and maximum indicating accelerometers were further developed, both to be used in flight testing airplanes. The

construction of a stern mooring force indicator for the airship Los

Angeles, which is part of the Navy program for improving the handling of airships on the ground, was completed. An extensive investigation of damping liquids for aircraft instruments, as inclinometers and magnetic compasses, was completed. Data are now being

obtained on the change in the two elastic moduli with temperature of

metals used as elastic elements in instruments.

Publications.—Present Status of Aircraft Instruments, by W. G. Brombacher, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Report No.

371 ; 1930. Temperature Coefficient of the Modulus of Rigidity of Aircraft Instrument Diaphragm and Spring Materials, by W. G. Brombacher and E. R. Melton,

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Report No. 358 ; 1930. Thermometric Lag of Aircraft Thermometers, Thermographs and Barographs,

by H. B. Henrickson. B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 695 ; 1930. Investigation of Damping Liquids for Aircraft Instruments II, by M. R. Houseman and G. H. Keulegan, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,

Technical Report No. 398 ; 1931. Altitude Testing1 of Aircraft Engines.—The program of altitude

chamber tests for the Army Air Corps of the Curtiss D-12 engine

equipped with gear-driven superchargers was concluded when the

centrifugal supercharger having a critical altitude of 15,000 feet at 2,300 revolutions per minute suffered a bearing failure under highaltitude conditions. Subsequent altitude tests of this engine to study

the effect of air humidity on power confirmed early altitude laboratory observations that erratic performance and a marked decrease in

power are encountered when air of high relative humidity is supplied to the carburetor at temperatures below 15° C.

Publication.—Altitude Laboratory Tests of Aircraft Engines, by H. K. Cummings and E. A. Garlock, Aeronautical Engineering, Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers, vol. 3, No. 4 ; October-December, 1931. Type Testing of Commercial Airplane Engines.—The airplane engines

tested at the Arlington engine-testing laboratory have embraced a wider range of types and sizes. There were 11 radial engines, including 1 Diesel; 8 inverted in-line engines; 4 horizontal-opposed en- gines; and 4 V-type engines, including a 12-cylinder inverted V. Five engines tested had less than 200 cubic inches displacement and

three engines had more than TOO cubic inches displacement. Of 27

engines received for test during the year, 14 passed, 11 failed, and

2 were withdrawn. Eight of the engines which failed were new types
208 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 and three had received one previous test each. This work is supported by the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce.

Publications.—Aircraft Engine Testing, Aeronautics Bulletin No. 12; July

1, 1930. Gasoline Requirements of Commercial Aircraft Engines, by H. K. Cummings,

Soc. Automotive Engineers Journal, vol. 27, p. 212; August 1930. Reduction of Noise in Airplanes.—In cooperation with the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce, a set-up has been

provided for the study of mufflers for airplane engines.

Crash-Resistant Tanks.—In cooperation with the Aeronautics Branch

of the Department of Commerce, a study is in progress of the possibility of making airplane fuel tanks less susceptible to failure in

accidents.

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

Vapor Lock Investigation.—Temperature measurements in airplane

fuel systems during flight indicate that many airplanes now in service require gasoline with low vapor pressure to insure freedom from

engine stoppage in the air because of vapor lock. The results of

laboratory experiments suggest certain improvements in fuel-system

design which would permit the use of better fuels. Similar work with numerous automobiles on the road points to improper design of fuel systems as the major cause of vapor lock. As a result of this investigation extensive changes are being made

in forthcoming models which will go far to minimize vapor-lock

troubles.

Publications.—The Vapor-Locking Tendency of Aviation Gasolines, by O. C. Bridgeman and H. S. White, Soc. Automotive Engineers Journal, vol. 27, p. 218 ; August, 1930. Effect of Weathering on the Vapor-Locking Tendency of Gasolines, by Q. C. Bridgeman and E. W. Aldrich, Soc. Automotive Engineers Journal, vol. 27r p. 344 ; September, 1930. The Effect of Airplane Fuel-Line Design on Vapor Lock, by O. C. Bridge- man and H. S. White, Soc. Automotive Engineers Journal, vol. 27, p. 444;

October, 1930. A Survey of Current Automobile and Bus Fuel-Line Temperatures, by O. CL Bridgeman and H. S. White, Soc. Automotive Engineers Journal, vol. 28, p. 572; May, 1931. Automobile Fuel-Line Temperatures and Vapor Lock, by O. C. Bridgeman,

Proceedings, First Mid-Tear Meeting Division of Refining, American Petroleum

Institute, p. 13 ; April 30, 1931. Airplane Fuel-Line Temperatures, by O. C. Bridgeman, C. A. Ross, and H. S. White, Soc. Automotive Engineers Journal, vol. 29, p. 121 ; August, 1931. Antiknock Characteristics of Fuels.—The problem of measuring the

detonation characteristics of motor fuels is nearing solution. The

octane number detonation scale has been adopted as the recommended

practice of the Society of Automotive Engineers. Approval of the

test engine, developed by the fuel-research steering committee with

which the bureau is cooperating, is expected to follow completion of

final tests now being undertaken. A definite procedure has been

tentatively adopted and will be given final form within a few months.

English and German detonation committees have adopted the octane

number scale and will follow the recommendations of the American

committee in other respects.

The objectionable feature of automobile-engine detonation is noise

;

that of aircraft engines is overheating or mechanical shock. Kecog-
BUKEAU OF STANDARDS 209

nizing this difference, the bureau initiated cooperative research on

methods of measuring detonation of aviation fuels. The first symposium on this subject indicated need of such research, the results obtained by different methods being quite diverse.

Publications.—Atmospheric Conditions and Knock Testing, by D. B. Brooks,

N. R. White, and H. H. Allen, Soc. Automotive Engineers Journal, vol. 27, p. 56; July, 1930. Detonation Characteristics of Motor Gasolines, Bureau of Mines, R. I. No.

3092, p. 11; March, 1931. Progress Toward a Standard Method for Determining the Anti-Knock Value

of Motor Fuels, by H. C. Dickinson, Proc, First Mid-Year Meeting Div.

Refining, Am. Petroleum Inst., p. 7 ; April 30, 1931. Effect of Humidity and Air Temperature on Octane Numbers of Secondary

Detonation Standards, by D. B. Brooks, N. R. White, and G. C. Rodgers, Soc. Automotive Engineers Journal, vol. 29, p. 45 ; July, 1931. Detonation Characteristics of Motor Fuels, N. R. White, and H. K. Cummings, Bureau of Mines, R. I. No. 3152, p. 12; November, 1931. Effect of Spark Character on Ignition Ability.—In cooperation with

the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the effectiveness

of ignition sparks has been compared by determining the amount of

chemical reaction when different sparks are passed through lean mixtures of oxygen and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. The cathode-ray oscillograph is used to identify the electrical characteristics

of these sparks.

Work undertaken by the ignition laboratory for the Bureau of

Aeronautics of the Navy Department has included (1) measure- ments of sparking potential and of the distribution of energy in

different spark gaps, (2) the use of absorption spectra to study the

effect of temperature on the oxidation of hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures and (3) tests of gasoline stability as influenced by exposure to

ultra-violet light.

Publication.—An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Ignition Sparks, by

M. F. Peters, W. L. Summerville, and M. Davis, National Advisory Committee

for Aeronautics Technical Report No. 359 ; 1930. Combustion in an Engine Cylinder.—Theoretical and experimental

studies of gaseous explosions in constant volume bombs have been

made as aids to the interpretation of recent stroboscopic observations of flame movement and pressure development in an engine

cylinder. Preliminary measurements indicate that the progress and

character of the explosion in the engine may also be investigated by

analysis of the infra-red radiation through fluorite windows in the

cylinder head.

Publications.—Flame Movement and Pressure Development in an Engine

Cylinder, by C. F. Marvin, jr., and R. D. Best, National Advisory Committee

for Aeronautics, Technical Report No. 399 ; 1931. An Investigation of Infra-Red Radiation from an Engine, by S. Steele, Nature, vol. 128, p. 185 ; August, 1931. Phenomena of Combustion.—Using the soap bubble as a constant

pressure bomb, a higher precision is being sought in the determination of final volume than previous workers have been able to attain

in their determination of final pressure by manometric means. The

object of the present work, in cooperation with the National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics, is to study the relation between ex-
210 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

plosion temperature and rate of transformation in homogeneous mixtures of explosive gasses at constant pressure.

Publications.—The Gaseous Explosive Reaction—The Effect of Pressure on

the Rate of Propagation of the Reaction Zone and upon the Rate of Molecular

Transformation, by F. W. Stevens, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Report No. 372 ; 1930. The Gaseous Explosive Reaction, by F. W. Stevens, The Scientific Monthly,

32, p. 556 ; June, 1931. Automobile Brakes and Brake Testing.—The safety code for brakes

and brake testing, for which the bureau and the American Automobile Association were joint sponsors, is to be revised in view of the

wide-spread use of 4-wheel brakes on automobiles. The personnel of

the revised sectional committee for this project was approved June

4 by the council of the American Standards Association.

Effect of Air Humidity on Engine Performance.—Extensive tests made

for the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy Department on various

types of engines show that power always decreases as air humidity

increases, and lead to the conclusion that the indicated power of an

engine at constant air temperature is proportional to dry-air pressure. It is recommended that humidity be recognized as a major

factor in engine-power variation: and it is proposed that: (1) Sealevel engine tests be corrected to a total pressure of 760 mm, but a

dry-air pressure of 750 mm of mercury; and (2) standard humidities

decreasing from 10 mm of mercury at sea level to 0.18 mm at an

altitude of 25,000 feet be added to the specifications of the standard

atmosphere.

A study of the injection of water spray into the combustion chamber of an engine indicates high antiknock action without loss of

power when optimum timing of injection and spark advance is employed. Further research at high-compression ratios is essentiaL

BUILDING AND HOUSING AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Building Codes.—A report, " Recommended Minimum Requirements

for Fire Resistance in Buildings," appeared during the 3^ear. This

gives suggested classifications of buildings according to their construction and occupancy, describes minimum fire resistive features,

and lists materials which have shown a given degree of fire resistance or in the committee's judgment are capable of doing so. Studies of

current practice in providing exit facilities for buildings and counts

of the rate at which persons can pass through doorways and down

stairways have been undertaken as a part of the work of preparing

the next report on recommended minimum requirements for egress. City Planning and Zoning.—Surve37s of city planning and zoning in

the United States showed an increase in both the number of cityplanning commissions established and the number of municipalities

having adopted zoning ordinances. A study of State legislation re- lating to these subjects showed further progress in the use of the

recommendations of the advisory committee on city planning and

zoning. A study of subdivision control and regulations was begun

by this committee. Assistance was rendered by the bureau in furnishing city planning and zoning data to various committees of the

President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 211

Construction Economics.—Several members of the bureau's staff con- tinued to aid in the department's work of coordinating the activities

of Federal, State, and local officials, and expediting public-works

construction. This was part of the general program to sustain busi- ness and employment activity.

Several members of the staff also aided in carrying on economic

and statistical investigations for the President's Conference on Home

Building and Home Ownership and for the National Conference on

Construction. Work was continued in compiling data for a cyclical

analysis of building conditions, especially in compiling buildingpermits data. A report on the vacancy situation and the different

types of dwellings was also compiled and released on May 1. The

compilation of retail building-material price data in 51 cities was

continued and a report issued each month during the year. Home Financing.—A preliminary report was prepared on home

financing, and work was continued in cooperation with the President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership.

Care and Repair of the House.—A book of simple and definite in- structions, designed to aid the home owner or householder in keeping his property in the most useful condition, was published in

April. The first edition of 15,000 copies was sold in three months,

and 50,000 additional copies were printed. Much publicity has been

given the book through newspapers, magazines, local stores, and national trade and educational associations.

Cooperation with Other Agencies on Building and Housing Problems.

Cooperation was continued with Federal and State agencies and with

local governments and private organizations concerned with building and housing. City planning and zoning, building codes, plumbing standards, fire resistance, and home ownership problems were

taken up with bodies, such as Better Homes in America, with its 6,500 local committees and organizations, representing architects,

engineers, business, civic, and other groups. Members of the staff have been actively cooperating in the work of the division of public

construction, under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce,

and in preparations for the President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership.

Sound-Proof Partitions.—The investigation of wall and floor struc- tures designed to prevent or minimize the passage of sound from

one room to another has been continued. Noises resulting from

direct impact with the partition, such as the impact of uncushioned

heels of shoes on a bare floor, are transmitted more readily than air- borne sounds, and a special study has been made of floor structures designed to minimize such sounds.

Absorption Coefficients of Acoustic Materials.—Numerous measure- ments have been made of the sound absorption coefficients of acoustic

tile, acoustic plaster, and other materials designed to reduce the

reverberation time of large rooms. These materials are being used

extensively not only to improve the acoustics of auditoriums, but also

to reduce the noise level in banks and large offices where many typewriters, accounting machines, and computing machines are used. The

development of acoustic correctives has been so active that fre- quent revision of the tables showing the absorption coefficients of
212 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 various materials has been necessary, and consequently the results of the bureau's measurements have been published in the form of

mimeographed letter circulars. Three such circulars have been issued

during the year, for which there has been a great demand.

Wind Pressure on Structures.—A comprehensive paper on the wind

pressure on circular cylinders and chimneys, and another on measure- ments on a model of a mill building have been published in the

Journal of Research.

A model of the Empire State Building to a scale of 1 : 250 was

constructed, and wind-pressure measurements at various levels and

speeds up to 60 miles per hour are in progress.

Publications.—Wind Pressure on Circular Cylinders and Chimneys, by H. L. Dryden and G. C. Hill, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 653; 1930. Wind Pressure on Model of a Mill Building, by H. L. Dryden and G. C. Hill, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 4, p. 735 ; 1931. Plumbing* Investigations.—Investigations, partly financed by the

plumbing industry, combining an experimental study of flow in pipes

with field observations and measurements on plumbing systems in ac- tual use, are in progress. These investigations, conducted in collaboration with the subcommittee on plumbing of the Department of

Commerce Building Code Committee, are expected to supply complete

data for determining sizes of drain and vent pipes needed in plumbing installations for all types of structures, including modern tall

office, apartment, and hotel buildings. To provide the necessary

space and equipment for the experimental study, a tower 100 feet

high, surmounted by a 3,000-gallon tank and equipped with pumps

and supply pipes delivering about 600 gallons per minute, has been

erected at the bureau. This tower and equipment provide for meas- urements of capacity flow in sloping drains up to 6 inches diameter.

Preliminary field investigations and a thorough examination of

the recommendations of the subcommittee, as revised in 1929, indicated the advisability of an immediate revision of those sections of

the code relating to drain-pipe sizes. This revision was completed

in May, 1931, and the revised sections are being printed as a supplement to the report of the subcommittee, pending the completion of

the present investigations.

CEMENT AND CONCRETE

Durability of Concrete Aggregates.—The average resistance of the

commonly used concrete aggregates to the boiling and drying, freezing and thawing, sodium sulphate, and sodium chloride tests was in

the following order: Granite, trap, gravel, slag, limestone, and

sandstone. Individual samples, however, varied greatly from this

order, one sample of limestone being as resistant as the average

granite. The absorption and porosity measurements were found

to be of little value as criteria for judging the ability of the aggregate

to withstand disintegration. Petrographic examination of the speci- mens enables some poorly resistant materials, such as limestones

with large stratified clay deposits, to be identified.

Publication.—The Selection of Durable Aggregate for Concrete, by M. Temin,

W. Pigman, and J. Tucker, Rock Products ; July 18, 1931.
BUREAU OP STANDARDS 213

Clays as Admixtures in Concrete.—The effects on the compressive

strength and permeability of concrete of substituting clay, either

for 10 per cent of the volume of cement or for 7% per cent of the

volume of the fine aggregate, was studied. The concrete without an admixture contained five sacks of cement per cubic yard of concrete. Three different cements and three clays were used. All were mixed to the same consistency as determined by a penetration test. The clay substitutions affected the average strengths only slightly,

but seemed to promote uniformity in the strengths of the individual

specimens; the absorption of the concrete was increased slightly by

clay admixtures and the permeability was reduced to a small extent.

Tests of the Arlington Memorial Bridge.—The measurements of temperatures and deformations in one of the arch spans of the Arlington

Memorial Bridge in Washington, D. C, have been completed. The

neat generated by the chemical action of the cement caused the temperature of the thick portions of the arch barrel to rise, within a

period of 36 hours, from a temperature of 70° to one of 140° F. A

period of about 15 days was required for the concrete to cool to within a few degrees of air temperature. Deflections of the free arch

barrel indicated a coefficient of expension of the concrete of about

O.0000065 per degree Fahrenheit. The average temperature of the

-arch barrel has ranged between 28° and 85° F. in a period of two

years. The superstructure consisting of a granite facing, cross walls,

and deck had a measurable effect on the deformations of the arch,

the effect of the facing being to cause transverse deflections of the

-arch barrel. Reaction of Water on Calcium Aluminates and Calcium Aluminate

Cements.—From a study of the composition of the aluminate solutions

resulting from the reaction of water on a calcium aluminate cement,

it has been found that the extent of the reaction is approximately a logarithmic function of the temperature. The fields in which

hydrated alumina +hydrated tricalcium aluminate, hydrated in

calcium aluminate and hydrated tetra calcium aluminate, respectively, are the solid phases in the system CaO-Al2 3-H2 have been

determined. The temperature of inversion of the isometric and

hexagonal forms of hydrated tricalcium aluminate is being investigated.

The Decomposition of Tricalcium Silicate at Temperatures Below Its Hange of Stability.—It has been found that CaO and 2CaO.Si02 catalyze the decomposition of 3CaO.Si02 into these products and

that the rate of decomposition is a maximum at 1,175° C.

Reaction of Water on the Anhydrous Calcium Silicates.—The re- action of water upon anhydrous 3CaO.Si02 , ^-2CaO.Si02 , and

/?-CaO.Si02 has been investigated. It has been found that

3CaO.Si02 and /?-2CaO.Si02 , which have hydraulic properties,

give metastable silicate solutions which decompose with the precipitation of hydrated calcium silicates. /3-CaO.Si02 gives stable solutions. The pH of the calcium silicate solutions has been found to be a

function of the lime in excess of monocalcium silicate if this excess is greater than 0.15 g CaO per liter.
214 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 Phase Study of the System Ca0-Si02-B2 3

. —The composition and

melting points of the various anhydrous borates have been determined in the study of the system CaO-Si02-B2 03 relative to the

effect of B2 3 on the formation and properties of the calcium sili- cates occurring in Portland cement.

A Study of Merriman's Suggestion for Determining the Durability of

Portland Cements.—It was found that the solubility of a cement in

sugar solution was not a satisfactory index of its disintegration in

sulphate solutions.

Publication.—A study of Merriman's Suggestion for Determining the Durability of Portland Cements. Engineering News Record, vol. 107, No. 4; July 23, 1931. Properties of Calcium Aluminate Cement Concrete.—Strength, durability, and the temperature rise during hardening were determined on 29 calcium aluminate cements. The investigation was divided

into five major studies, viz, the effect on the physical properties, (1)

by varying the lime content of the cement in increments of 2 per

cent, (2) varying the silica, (3) holding the silica content near the

highest allowable limits and varying the lime, (4) varying the iron

content, and (5) effect of oxidation or reduction in the burning of

the cement. Up to the age of three months optimum properties were

obtained when the mineral 5Ca0.3Al2 3 in its unstable form predominated and the mineral galenite was absent or present in very

minor quantities in the cement.

Crazing of Portland Cement Mortars.—Twenty-four by twenty-four

inch concrete slabs made of 1 part cement and 3 parts of vari- ous sizes of graded sand were cured three days under varying

controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Temperature

ranges were from 70° to 100° F. and the humidity was from 35 to 100

per cent. Duplicate slabs were exposed in the laboratory and on the

roof. No crazing developed on the slabs exposed in the laboratory.

Practically all of the slabs exposed on the roof showed evidence

of crazing. The slabs made at 70° F. and 35 per cent humidity

developed the greatest amount of crazing.

Constitution and Hardening of Portland Cement.—The work of the

Portland Cement Association fellowship during the past year has

been directed primarily to five investigations of major importance:

First, a study of the compound formed in the Ca-Na2 0-Al2 3 system; second, a study of the compound formed in the CaO-Ti02 system ; third, the making and testing of cements of rich composition

under carefully controlled conditions of manufacture; fourth, a determination of the heat evolved during hardening of the major

constituents in Portland cement; and fifth, determining the rate

of hydration of carefully sized particles of some of the cement

constituents.

Masonry Cements.—An investigation of all the masonry cements on

the market is well under way. Workability, plasticity, waterretaining capacity, strength, volume change, and specific gravity of

the pastes and mortars are among the properties being studied.

The workability of the mortars has been shown to be a function of

the plasticity and the water retaining capacity of the cements. The
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 215

investigations necessitated the development of special types of apparatus to measure the properties. It is expected that as a result of

the data obtained from the completed investigation, the Federal

specification for masonry cement will be completely revised. Cast Stone.—Freezing and thawing tests on cast-stone samples have

been continued until the samples showed signs of disintegration.

The resistance to freezing and thawing ranged from complete fail- ure in 25 cycles to specimens that showed the first small signs of

failure at 1,450 cycles. The average resistance to freezing of the

samples made by the wet-cast process was equal to the average

resistance of the specimens made by the dry-tamp process. The

specimens formed by vibrating showed greater than the average

resistances to freezing.

A proposed Federal specification for cast stone has been drawn up

and submitted to the industry for comment.

Waterproofing Compounds.—The incorporation of 50 different integral waterproofing compounds in 1:3:6 concrete showed 16 per cent of the compounds to be effective in reducing the permeability of the

concrete when it was subjected to a continuous water pressure of 20

pounds per square inch for one year. Inert materials, as fillers, were more effective in reducing permeability than such materials as soap,

lime and soap, calcium chloride, and combinations of calcium chloride and soap. Fifty surface waterproofing materials coated on 1:2:4 concrete were less absorbent than uncoated concrete for the

first few hours immersion in water. The most efficient coatings

after one year immersion were asphalt emulsions and asphalt paints.

Linseed oil, China wood oil, and varnish were the most efficient trans- parent coatings. An informal talk covering the results of these

tests was given at the February, 1931, meeting of the American

Concrete Institute.

Fineness of Cement.—A study of the effect of fineness on cement is in progress, and there has been developed an air elutriator which

will separate cement into clean fractions at the rate of a pound an

hour. The fractions are exceptionally free of oversize or undersize

particles. Several typical cements will be separated with the elutri- ator and an extensive series of concrete tests will be made on the

individual fractions and upon arbitrary combinations of these fractions. Study will also be made of various methods of determining

fineness.

High Early Strength Cements.—An investigation of the properties of

high early strength cements is now in progress. Concrete cylinders are made up with a 1:2:4 mix, in three water-cement ratios, viz, 6.5,

7.5, and 8.5 gallons per sack. During the first 24 hours after making,

the cylinders are stored under four different conditions : 70°, 90°, and

110° F., and in an insulated box. Temperature changes during the

initial 24-hour period are determined by thermocouples in the cylinders. Subsequent treatment of the cylinders consists of air-curing

(70° F.), damp curing (70° F.), freezing and thawing, and outside

storage. Volume changes are also determined. Eesults thus far

obtained show considerable differences between various cements, in

initial temperatures and strength at 24 hours and subsequent ages.
216 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

The differences in volume change are not as great. Making and

storing at higher temperature during the first 24 hours can generally

be expected to increase the one-day strength but may decrease the

strength at later ages. The air-cured cylinders thus far tested at the age of one year are often considerably lower in strength than

those damp cured. The air-cured specimens also show a shrinkage

at least twice as large as the expansion of the damp-cured specimens.

Cement Reference Laboratory.—The cement reference laboratory, a cooperative project of the Bureau of Standards and the American

Society for Testing Materials, has continued its efforts to secure improvement in cement testing. During this second year the laboratory

has again concentrated upon field work, and has revisited many laboratories for the second time. During the year there were re- ceived requests for inspection of 217 laboratories, of which about 60

per cent had been previously inspected. The reinspections, in general, show improvement in both methods and apparatus. The data

collected in this field work have proved valuable in the laboratory's

activities, and have directed attention to numerous points deserving

study.

Branch Laboratories and Inspection of Cement.—Branch laboratories are maintained at Northampton, Pa., Denver, Colo., and San Francisco, Calif. All laboratories test cement, the Denver laboratory

tests concreting materials, and the San Francisco laboratory makes

miscellaneous chemical and physical tests. During the past year

equipment for the testing of textiles, rubber, and leather was installed

at the San Francisco laboratory, and a 4,000,000-pound precision

hydraulic-compression testing machine, the largest in the United

States outside of the bureau in Washington, was installed at the

Denver branch laboratory. Cement inspection service was established at nine additional mills. During the year 2,311,461 barrels

of cement, an increase of 42 per cent over the past year, were sampled

and 1,829,983 barrels were snipped. The extensive program of Government building has been responsible for a large increase in the

amount of testing.

CERTIFICATION AND LABELING

Facilitating the Use of Specifications.—In order to facilitate the use

of Federal specifications by agencies making purchases out of tax

moneys, Federal, State, county, and municipal, there have been compiled for the use of these agencies lists of sources of supply of commodities guaranteed to comply with the specification requirements.

During the year the number of lists has been increased from 271 to

335, the number of requests for listing from 8,175 to 13,267, and the

number for firms registered on the lists from 2,892 to 5,161. There

have also been compiled 11 lists of willing-to-certify manufacturers

of commodities guaranteed to comply with certain commercial standards. The number of these lists has been increased from 10 to 21;

the number of willing-to-certify firms from 199 to 628, and the number of requests for listing from 233 to 689. The total number of
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 217

requests for listings is 13,956, received from 5,789 firms as shown

in the accompanying table

:

Statistical summary of willing-to-certify lists as applied to Federal specifica- tions and commercial standards

Commodity groups

Total number of—

Specifi- cations Listings Firms

Abrasives and polishing materials Brick -— - Brushes and brooms

Builders' hardware Cement, Portland Cotton gauze and bandages

Dental and surgical supplies

Electrical supplies

Fire extinguishers and liquids Floor coverings Glass Goggles and helmets

Heat-insulating materials Inks.

Insecticides Leather goods Lime and plaster Liquid-measuring devices Lumber

Masonry cement and concrete materials. Nonferrous metals

Office supplies. . Packing and gaskets. Padlocks -. Paints and paint materials Paper

Pipe and pipe fittings Refractories.- Ribbons, typewriter Road and paving materials Roofing, bituminous, and waterproofing Rope, wire -- Rubber matting

Safes, burglar-resisting

Scales, railroad track

Scales, weighi

Screws, wood

Soaps and scouring compounds.

Tableware, silver-plated Textiles Towels

Tubing, metallic Commercial standards Total

113

34

16 220

7832

5268

58

11428

103

14521

3, 14276

1,22172

162

17 3,004

55783

10893

121 571

1513

733

14 562

12

61 689

1793a

1116 153

511952

1430

43

18

8187

21

1, 850

71 32757

66

17 305

126

64

6036

48

10615

133

733

14

158

7 19112

356 13, 956 5,789

Facilitating the Marketing of Specification-Made Goods.—A rapidlyincreasing interest has been shown by organized producers and con- sumers, and by individual manufacturers and purchasers, in the

application of the self-identifying quality-guaranteeing labeling

system. Certain manufacturers have stated that they are now using

or planning to use quality-guaranteeing labels, or their equivalent,

with goods manufactured to comply with Federal specifications for

brooms; dental alloys; dry cells; fireproof safes; gypsum; ink

(writing, colored, and indelible); library paste; lime; linoleum;
218 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 lumber; paint; paper (correspondence, carbon, blue-print, and

brown-print) ; pipe; Portland cement; rope; soap; textiles; and wall

board.

At the general conferences of the industries giving consideration

to proposed commercial standards, attention is directed to the es- sential and significant features of not only the certification plan,

but also the labeling plan. Manufacturers desiring to do so are encouraged to identify by suitable labels such of their commodities as they are willing to guarantee as complying with certain

designated commercial standards. Labels, many of them underwritten by the trade associations, are now being used in connection

with commodities complying with commercial standards for aromatic red-cedar closet linings; diamond-core drill fittings; brass, steel,

and wrought-iron pipe nipples; feldspar; men's pajamas; plateglass mirrors; red-cedar shingles; staple porcelain and vitreous

plumbing fixtures ; Stoddard solvent ; wall paper.

Effective use is also being made of labels to identify commodities

manufactured to comply with simplified practice recommendations

relating to the elimination of excess sizes and varieties of certain

staple commodities, and the establishment of standards for such

sizes and varieties as are in most common use, including : Abrasives,

binder's board, composition books, hard-fiber and soft-fiber twine,

lumber, kraft sealing tape, metal lath, grocers' paper bags, school

furniture colors, tile, tissue paper, and woven wire fencing. In sev- eral cases the labels are issued in the name of the interested trade

associations.

A recent survey has shown that nearly 100 trade associations and

similar organized groups are making use of labels or their equivalent

to identify or guarantee commodities complying with their specifications, many of which are identical with or in complete harmony

with Federal specifications, commercial standards, or simplified practice recommendations.

Publications.—Cooperation of the Bureau of Standards with Trade Associations, by A. S. McAllister, Bull., Washington Trade Assn. Executives; March,

1931. Making Standards Effective, by R. A. Martino, Comm. Stds. Monthly, p. 221

;

January, 1931. American and Foreign Standardization on a National Basis, by S. B. Detwiler, jr., Comm. Stds. Monthly, p. 294 ; March, 1931. CHEMICALS

Chemical Testing and Methods of Analysis.—Improved test methods

were developed, as, for example, those for the determination of car- bon in high-sulphur steels ; for determining magnesium in Portland

cement; for measuring particle size in samples of certain metallurgical materials ; and for the precipitation and ignition of magnesium

ammonium phosphate.

Publications.—Determination of Carbon in High Sulphur Steels by Direct

Combustion, by H. A. Bright and G. E. F. Lundell, B. S. Jour. Research, vol.

5, p. 943 ; 1930. Determination of Magnesium in Portland Cement and Similar Materials, by

J. C. Redmond and H. A. Bright, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, p. 113; 1931. The Importance of Particle Size in Samples of Certain Metallurgical Materials, bv J. A. Scherrer and G. E. F. Lundell, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, p. 891, 1930.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 219

The precipitation and Ignition of Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate, by J. I. Hoffman and G. E. F. Lundell, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, p. 279 ; 1930. Specifications for Analytical Reagent Chemicals.—The bureau's work

in this field takes the form of cooperation with the American Chemical Society's committee on analytical reagents.2 The bureau's share

in the work has been the critical study of many of the methods of

test which are to be prescribed in the specifications. Specifications

for 10 chemical reagents were published in 1931,3 and about an equal

number completed for publication early in 1932.

Distribution of Standard Samples.—During the year 6,506 samples were distributed, having a sales value of $14,433.50, and approximately $14,400 worth of standard samples were added to the salable

samples on hand. Among these were new standard samples of sodafeldspar, manganese steel and 18-8 chrome-nickel steel (KA2-S).

The standard samples include ores, ceramic and metallurgical products and pure chemicals, and are used to check methods of chemical

analysis that control the manufacture and sale of metallurgical,

ceramic, and agricultural products, to calibrate scientific instruments

and to further research in methods of analysis. A direct result of

the use of the samples is a saving of thousands of dollars a year

through improved manufacturing operations and the avoidance of

costly disputes based on faulty analyses.

CLAY AND SILICATE PRODUCTS

Factors Affecting the Crazing of Earthenware.—This investigation has

been extended to include individual ceramic raw materials and a study of the effect of particle size. Data obtained indicate particle

size to be an important factor and the relative reaction of various

materials is shown by the following values: Feldspar 2.5, lepidolite

1.6, Cornwall stone 1.4, clay 0.4, flint, 0.05. Since it would be imracticable to replace feldspar entirely with one or more other

uxes, and since data on commercial ware show a fairly direct rela- tion between porosity and moisture expansion, it would seem logical

to correct susceptibility of earthenware to crazing by lowering the

absorption.

Publications.—Technical News Bulletin No. 161, p. 91; September, 1930. Technical News Bulletin No. 167, p. 27 ; March, 1931. Cutlery Marking of Chinaware.—A final report has been published

and contains data of sufficient significance to justify the careful control or elimination of sulphur in decorating kiln atmospheres as a means of preventing the manufacture of glazed ware susceptible to metal marking.

Publications.—Cutlery Marking of Chinaware, Technical News Bulletin No.

167, p. 28 ; March, 1931. Metal Marking of Whiteware Glazes as Influenced by Sulphur and Carbon

in Kiln Atmospheres, by R. F. Geller and A. S. Creamer, J. Am. Ceramic

Soc, vol. 14, No. 9 ; September, 1931. Feldspar and Its Effect in Pottery Bodies.—The results obtained in

this study showed that the feldspars investigated had no discernible

2 See report of American Chemical Society. This volume, p. 297.

8 Recommended Specifications for Analytical Reagent Chemicals. W. D. Collins et al., Ind. Eng. Chem (Analytical ed.), 3, p. 221; 1931. 92462—32 15
220 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

effect on the firing behavior, or color by reflected light, of white-ware

bodies ; translucency increased with the percentage of K2 ; mechanical strength was influenced more by heat treatment and manner of

forming than by the feldspar ; the thermal expansions of the bodies were highest for those containing the high soda feldspars; also,

slowly cooled semivitreous bodies showed the highest expansions

irrespective of the rate of heating.

Publication.—Investigation of Feldspar and Its Effect in Pottery Bodies,

by R. F. Geller and A. S. Creamer, J. Am. Ceramic Soc, vol. 14, No. 1, p. 30 ; January, 1931. Special Low-Fire White-Ware Bodies.—With the depelopment of means

for heating electrically, the attention of the ceramic industry has

been turned to the possibilities of adapting this source of heat to the firing of white ware. A study was undertaken to determine the

possibilities of maturing white ware at or below 1,000° C. For the

preliminary work 28 glasses, or frits, were prepared of which six were found suitable for intensive study. Specimens were made successfully by the dry-press and casting processes and were glazed

and matured at 950° C. The bodies developed transverse strengths

(expressed as modulus of rupture) varying from 2,800 to 5,000

lbs./in. 2 Study of Refractories.—An apparatus and furnace were built for

determining the moduli of rupture and elasticity and plastic flow

of refractories at temperatures as high as 1,350° C. Preliminary

data obained at 1,250° C, of 17 different brands of fire-clay brick,

show the modulus of elasticity to range from 70,000 to 300,000

lbs./in. 2

, and the modulus of rupture from 50 to 670 lbs./in.2 The

bricks having either a very high alumina or silica content show much

lower plastic deflections than do bricks having an approximately

equal mixture.

Decided differences were found in the specific gravity, porosity,

and linear thermal expansion of five kaolins, representing important

world sources, after firing at six different temperatures ranging from

1,150° to 1,500° C. X-ray diffraction patterns established that the

high rate of thermal expansion occurring in most clays between 100°

and 200° C. is governed by the percentage of cristobalite present.

Twenty-three brands of fire-clay brick were tested for resistance to thermal spalling in accordance with the standard method promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board, the method prescribed by

the American Society for Testing Materials, and according to four

methods which were modifications of these two standards.

Publications.—Fire Clays. Some Fundamental Properties at Several Temperatures, by It. A. Heindl and W. L. Pendergast, B. S. Jour. Research, vol.

5, No. 2, p. 213 ; 1930. Comparative Tests for Determining Resistance of Fire-Clay Brick to Thermal

Spalling, R. A. Heindl. Proc. Am. Soc. for Testing Materials ; 1931. Thermal Dilatation of Special Refractories From 20° to 1,800° C—

Determinations of the thermal expansion characteristics before and

after heating to 1,700° C. or higher have been made on California

magnesite, silica brick, and Rhodesian, African, Grecian, and Indian

chrome ores. The expansion below 1,000° C. of the chrome ores is much greater under reducing conditions than under neutral or

oxidizing.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 221

Problems Relating to Saggers.—Data obtained on small saggers and

specimen bars prepared from each of 35 laboratory-prepared sagger

bodies, and 10 commercially prepared sagger bodies, fired at from

1 to 3 different temperatures (1,190°, 1,230°, and 1,270° C.) gave

the following information:

1. Increases in the temperature of firing, although evidenced by

comparatively small decreases in porosity, may produce great in- creases in the modulus of elasticity which affects the maximum fiber

elongation unfavorably and thereby causes decreased resistance of

saggers to thermal shock.

2. The linear thermal expansion changed with increase of temperature of firing, but such changes were not consistently either in

the same direction or of the same magnitude. A total linear thermal

expansion from 20° to 250° C. of as much as 0.18 per cent practically

precluded the possibility of obtaining saggers having a high resist- ance to thermal shock.

3. Coarse-grogged bodies had decidedly greater plastic deflection at 1,000° C. than fine-grogged bodies. The plastic flow decreased

with increase of temperature of firing and also increased with

increased flux content. Survey of Common Brick.—In cooperation with the Common Brick

Manufacturers Association, samples of bricks from 220 plants are being tested. The samples from most plants include bricks of three or more grades representing wide ranges in their firing treatment. Tests for compressive strength, transverse strength, absorption and

efflorescence have been completed on 85 per cent of the samples.

The compressive strengths of the bricks have ranged between 800

and 28,000 lbs./in.2 and the water absorption by the 5-hour boiling

method between and 35 per cent of the dry weight, but those of one grade from one plant were quite uniform in their physical

properties.

Bond Between Mortar and Brick.—Specimens, each consisting of two

bricks with a mortar joint between them, were tested to determine

the strength or durability of the bond between the mortar and the

bricks. Five different makes of bricks and two types of mortar were

used. Some of the specimens were aged for six months either in dry

storage, damp storage, or exposed outdoors, and then tested for

strength. The others were subjected to 50 cycles of freezing and

thawing while saturated. Failures of the bond between mortar and

brick were not due to the disintegration of the brick or mortar. The

absorption properties of the bricks did not have a large effect on the

strength or durability of the bond, provided the rapidly absorbing

bricks were dampened before placing the mortar.

Publication.—Durability and Strength of Bond between Mortar and Brick,

L. A. Palmer and J. V. Hall, B. S. Jour. Research, Vol. 6, No. 3, p. 473 ; 1931. Volume Changes in Brick Masonry Materials.—Volume changes in

bricks and mortars attending variations in moisture content and

temperature were measured. There were included 8 makes of clay

brick, 21 cements including Portland and masonry cements, and 7

limes. Volume changes due to temperature variations were usually

somewhat greater in the mortars than in the bricks, but the difference was Jess than might be caused by variations in moisture content. The initial shrinkage during the first two days was greater for the
222 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 lime mortars than for the Portland cement mortars. Alternate wetting and drying of lime mortars produced an expansion of some and

practically no change in others, whereas, the cement mortars ex- panded when wet and contracted when drying. There was a wide

variation in the volume changes of mortars made with masonry

cements. Calcium stearate admixtures in mortars caused a reduction in the rate of expansion and contraction, but did not reduce the

total amount of the volume changes either during or subsequent to hardening.

Publication.—Volume Changes in Brick Masonry Materials, by L. A. Palmer,

B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 6, p. 1003 ; 1931. Resistance of Metals to the Abrasive Action of Plastic Clay.—Nineteen

metals and alloys have been tested under conditions simulating the

stiff-mud process for molding clay products. The relation between

abrasion loss and extrusion pressure which has been determined is expressed by the equation

:

X

in which y=abrasion loss and a?=extrusion pressure, "a?" is influenced by the amount of water " w " in the clay, and by the diameter

" d " of the circular orific of the die which gradually increases due to abrasion. These relations have also been determined and are ex- pressed by the following equations

:

wxT = k

d

2x = e The resistance to abrasion of the different types of metals and alloys

tested is given in the following order

:

1. Chrome-cobalt-tungsten compositions.

2. Carbon - cobalt - chrome - molybdenum

steels.

3. Vanadium steels.

4. High carbon steels.

5. Cast-irons.

6. Rustless steels.

7. Copper.

8. Soft brass. Properties of Architectural Terra Cotta.—In cooperation with the

National Terra Cotta Society, the investigation of terra cotta was

continued. Several buildings were inspected to determine what defects are developing on terra cotta in service. Laboratory research

has continued for improving the quality of terra cotta by better

manufacturing methods and to improve methods of setting the

material in the building.

Methods of measuring the strength, absorption, and resistance of

terra cotta to freezing, spalling, and crazing were standardized, and

tentative specifications for terra cotta were prepared. Research for

ascertaining why some glazes are more resistant to " moisture craz- ing " than others revealed the fact the certain glazes expand, because

of the action of water in a manner similar to some of the bodies to which they are applied.

Publications.—Method of Measuring Strains Between Glazes and Ceramic

Bodies, by H. G. Schurecht and G. R. Pole, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 1, p. 97 ; July, 1930. Moisture Expansion of Glazes and Other Ceramic Finishes, by H. G. Schurecht and G. R. Pole, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 457; March,

1931.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 223

Columbus Laboratory.—A new major investigation was started during the year of the glassy bond developed in fired ceramic materials.

The method of attack is by way of syntheses of the glasses likely to be formed and then a determination of significant properties of these

glasses.

In the case of both the English china clays and the Ohio heavy

clays a large amount of work was carried out in making colloidal

separates and studying their properties, together with a determination of the replaceable bases present, and their influence on the properties of the clays. Some general correlations are developing, but

much more data and checkwork are desirable.

A number of commercially ground feldspars were heated under vacuum over the temperature ranges between 0° and 1,200° C. The

gases given off were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively.

In general, water vapor constituted the main bulk of the gases, with

much smaller amounts of acid and other gases. Feldspars showing

relatively large amounts of acid gases fused with greater opacity

than those containing lesser amounts. This work has been prepared

for publication.

A number of new points were located in the multiple component

system involved in the thermochemical reaction of slags and clay

refractories of boiler furnace settings. The method developed for

simulating such conditions in the quenching furnace was applied in

the study of a number of commercial installations and the description of the method, together with the results obtained was prepared

for publication.

Publication.—Action of Slags on Firebrick and Boiler Settings, by T. A.

Klinefelter and E. P. Rexford, Trans, of the Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., Fuels and

Steam Power Section; 1931. COLORIMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY

Transformation of Color-Mixture Data.—Methods for the determination of trilinear coordinates of color by visual photometric meas- urements have been improved; also methods of computing dominant wave length and colorimetric purity. Experimental data by Wright

on equivalent color stimuli have been transformed so as to be more

readily comparable with previous data. Methods of expressing

tolerances in color specifications have been worked out.

Publications.—Interpolation of the O. S. A. " Excitation " Data by the Fifthdifference Osculatory Formula, by D. B. Judd, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 7, No. 1, p. 85; July, 1931; J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 21, p. 531; September, 1931. Comparison of Wright's Data on Equivalent Color Stimuli with the O. S. A. Data, by D. B. Judd, J. Opt. Soc. Am., vol. 21, p. 699 ; 1931. Standardization of Lovibond Glasses.—This has been actively continued, and methods of measurement improved. Two hundred and

forty red glasses (making a total of 1,807 since January 1, 1928) were calibrated for use with 35-yellow, as in the vegetable-oil in- dustry. Attention is now being given to standardization of the

glasses in other connections urgently demanded.

Standards for Railway-Signal G-lasses.—Although the bureau has

made spectrophotometric tests of railway signal glasses for many

years, the standard glasses established by the American Railway
224 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Association have heretofore been in private custody. These are now

being transferred to the bureau.

Standard Glass Filters for Testing Spectrophotometers.—The rapidly

increasing industrial use of spectrophotometers makes the establishment of this service a matter of urgent importance. Preparations

have been made to issue filters of certified spectral transmission,

which may be used to standardize the performance of spectrophotometers. Maintenance of Unit of Candlepower.—At the present time the international candle is maintained at the Bureau of Standards by means

of 45 carbon-filament incandescent electric lamps. The color temperature of the filaments when operated is approximately 2,080° K.,

corresponding to an efficiency of about 4 watts per candle. The

total candlepower of the lamps is 768.34 candles, giving an average

value for the 45 lamps of 17.074 international candles.

In May, 1930, there were sent to the Central Chamber of Weights

and Measures, Union Socialist Soviet Republics (Russia) the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Japan, the Laboratoire Central d'Electricite,

France, the National Physical Laboratory, Great Britain, and the

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, Germany, groups of six car- bon lamps that had been standardized at the Bureau of Standards in

terms of the lamps by which the international candle is here maintained, with the request that these lamps be measured in terms of the

lamps by which each laboratory maintains the international candle

at carbon filament color temperature, that is, 2,080° K.

All the laboratories very courteously responded to this request and

made the measurements. The results 4 of these international meas- urements show that (1) the units as maintained at the Bureau of

Standards and at the National Physical Laboratory are in agreement, within the limits of experimental error; (2) the international

candle as maintained in France is about 1 per cent larger than the

candle as maintained at the National Physical Laboratory and at the

Bureau of Standards; (3) the value of the international candle, computed from measurements in Hefner Kerze at the Reichsanstalt is smaller by more than 1 per cent than the candle at the National

Physical Laboratory and at the Bureau of Standards.

In order to make the further measurements required to establish

the precise relations now existing between the units in use, a group

of 12 lamps that have shown themselves to be very constant in out- put has been sent abroad to be measured in turn at the National

Physical Laboratory, the Laboratoire Central d'Electricite, and the

Physikalische-Technische Reichsanstalt, and to be returned to the

Bureau of Standards for remeasurement.

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS

Progress During the Year.—Commercial standards cover standards

of grade, quality, measurement, tolerances, or other consumer criteria

established voluntarily by industry as a basis for marketing and cer- tifying various commodities.

*Apart from those countries which do not maintain an independent standard.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 225

Eleven general conferences were held, covering the following subjects : Mop sticks ; seats for water-closet bowls ; cotton-fabric tents,

tarpaulins, and covers; colored sanitary ware; red cedar shingles;

knit underwear (exclusive of rayon) ; bag, case, and strap leather;

plywood; Fourdrinier wire cloth; circular flat-knit rayon under- wear ; and steel bone plates.

A satisfactory majority of acceptances were received, according to estimates from industries concerned, and the success of the following

11 projects has been announced: Aromatic red-cedar closet lining;

plate glass mirrors; boys' blouses, button-on waists, shirts, and junior

shirts ; wrought-iron pipe nipples ; cotton-fabric tents, tarpaulins, and

covers ; staple seats for water-closet bowls ; colors for sanitary ware

;

cotton cloth for rubber and pyroxylin coating; red cedar shingles;

knit underwear (exclusive of rayon) ; and mop sticks. The 12 following commercial standards were issued in printed

form: Interchangeable ground-glass joints, CS21-30; staple vitre- ous china plumbing fixtures, CS20-30 ; special screw threads, CS25-

30; standard screw threads, CS24r-30; feldspar, CS23-30; plain and

thread plug and ring gage blanks, CS8-30; builders' hardware (nontemplate), CS22-30; aromatic red-cedar closet lining, CS26-30;

mop sticks, CS2-30; plate-glass mirrors, CS27-30; boys' blouses,

button-on waists, shirts, and junior shirts, CSl4r-31; and wroughtiron pipe nipples (first revision), CS6-31. This makes a total of 27

commercial standards published to June 30, 1931.

Surveys of adherence are made periodically. The table shows the

results of such surveys completed during the fiscal year. Adherence to commercial standards

Item Period covered by

survey Number of manufacturers re- porting Unweightedadherence

Fittings, diamond-core drill, CS 17-30 Hardware, builders' template, CS9-29

Oils, domestic and industrial fuel, CS 12-29. Pajamas, men's, CS 15-29 Patterns, dress, CS13-30 Pipe nipples, brass, CS10-29 Pipe nipples, steel, CS5-29

Pipe nipples, wrought-iron, CS6-29

Porcelain (all-clay) plumbing fixtures, CS4-29

Shafts, hickory, golf, CS 18-29 Stoddard solvent, CS3-28

Unions, standard weight malleable iron or steel, screwed, CS7-29. Wall paper, CS16-29 Yarns, regain of mercerized cotton, CS11-29

Year, 1930

First 8 months of 1930. do . Year, 1930

First 11 months of 1930. Year ending June 30, 1930. Year, 1930. Year ending June 30, 1930. —.do Year, 1930. .. First 8 months of 1930. do

First 6 months of 1930. Year ending June 30,

Per cent14.3 60.5

77.0

92.8 89.5

100.0

93.7

100.0 95.0

53.9 80.8

66.7

70.1 100.0

DENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cooperation with American Dental Association.—In cooperation with

the American Dental Association tests have been completed on amalgam alloys and investment materials. Many valuable contacts (personal and through correspondence) with the profession have

been established. Lectures, clinics, and conferences have been held
226 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

before approximately 30 groups with a combined or total attendance

of over 3,000 dentists. Tentative specifications are now available

for investments, inlay waxes, impression compounds, and inlay gold

alloys.

The profession is continuing its grant for the support of two

research associates and for the purchase of materials for testing

purposes.

Supplies tested for Government use have been of better quality

than during the preceding year, and rejections have been fewer than

at any time in the past.

Publications.—Research Appreciated by the Profession, by Wilmer Souder,

Proc. Iowa State Dental Society, vol. 16, p. 81 ; 1930. Problems of Dental Research, by Wilmer Souder, J. of Dental Research,

p. 547; October, 1930. Amalgam Technics, by N. O. Taylor, J. Am. Dental Assn., vol. 17, p. 1880;

October, 1930. Inlay Technics, by N. O. Taylor and Geo. C. Paffenbarger, J. Am. Dental

Assn., vol. 17, p. 2058; November, 1930. Inlay Casting Investments—Tentative Specification, by N. O. Taylor, Geo. C. Paffenbarger, and W. T. Sweeney, J. Am. Dental Assn., vol. 17, p. 2266; December, 1930. Impression Compound—Tentative Specification, by N. O. Taylor, Geo. C. Paffenbarger, and W. T. Sweeney, J. Am. Dental Assn., vol. 18, p. 53 ; January,

1931.Course on the Physical Properties of Dental Materials.—A group of

dentists, three from the U. S. Army and five civilian dentists

from Washington, D. C, attended a course of lectures and experiments on the testing of dental materials. This course was given at the bureau by members of the staff and research associates of the

American Dental Association, once a week from July 15 to August

26, inclusive.

The lectures dealt with the methods used in making tests of the

plrysical properties of dental materials and the reasons for making

these tests. The dentists in this course carried out a series of 12

experiments on the testing of amalgams, gold alloys, investments,

waxes, and impression compounds.

The principal object was to train a number of dentists to assist a cooperative committee of the American Dental Association and the

Bureau of Standards in presenting a clinic at the annual meeting in

Memphis, October 19-23, 1931.

ELECTRICAL UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Ratio of International Electrical Units to Absolute Units.—A complete set of measurements have been made with two different sets of

coils in the Rosa-Dorsey-Miller current balance to determine the

value of the international ampere in absolute units. These measure- ments show

1 absolute ampere = 1.00003 international ampere

as maintained at the Bureau of Standards by means of standard re- sistances and standard cells. This result is subject to slight correc- tions which will probably be less than one in the last significant

figure.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 227

Measurements have been completed on a porcelain inductance

standard from which the ratio of the absolute ohm to the international ohm can be determined. The result found was as follows

:

1 international ohm=1.00051 absolute ohm

with an uncertainty of 2 or 3 in the last significant figure.

Measurements of the mechanical dimensions of the winding on

the quartz cylinder have been nearly completed. These have been

made with greater accuracy than the measurements made on the

porcelain cylinder.

Measurement of High Voltages and Large Currents.—Preliminary

measurements at about 100,000 volts made with the large absolute

electrometer indicated an agreement within 0.1 per cent with meas- urements made by means of a carefully calibrated voltage trans- former and an electrodynamic voltmeter. Experience in these meas- urements showed that the precision could be improved by certain

refinements, and most of these have now been incorporated in the

apparatus. Further measurements using these improvements are now being made.

There has been a very large volume of current-transformer test- ing, in spite of which time has been found to work out and install a number of refinements in the testing equipment which materially

increase the reliability and speed of this work. The upper limit

for alternating-current tests set by the bureau's present motorgenerator sets is 6,500 amperes at 60 cycles and 8,000 amperes at 25 cycles.

Properties of Mica.—Data obtained on a considerable number of

samples of mica submitted by the United States Bureau of Mines

have been analyzed and correlated. The results will be published in

the Bureau of Standards Journal of Research in a paper entitled, " Some Electrical Properties of Foreign and Domestic Micas and

the Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Micas," by A. B. Lewis,

E. L. Hall, and F. R. Caldwell. It is felt that this compilation of

data should form a valuable basis for much needed standardization

of specifications for mica for various purposes.

Magnetic Testing and Research.—A method for standardizing magnetic permeameters at high values of magnetizing force was developed. The bureau also cooperated in the standardization of

methods for testing at low inductions. In the field of magnetic

analysis investigations were carried out on the relation between

magnetic properties and torsional strength of tool steel. Fundamental data were determined to aid in the interpretation of the

results of thermomagnetic analysis, with special reference to the

effects of carbide particle size and the tempering of quenched steel. Publication.—A Method for the Standardization of Permeameters at High

Magnetizing Forces, by R. L. Sanford, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 255; March, 1931. FIRE RESISTANCE

General Fire Resistance Requirements.—The introduction of sound

in motion-picture projection has made necessary new tests of projectors, screens, and booths, to form bases for revision in safety require-
228 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 ments used by Government agencies. Work is in progress on the

development of methods for testing wood chemically treated to re- duce flammability, the results to serve as a basis for specification

requirements. Further tests have been made of automatic fire-de- tecting systems under the law requiring their installation on passenger vessels, and also on systems proposed for installation in public

buildings.

Assistance was given in drafting the fire-resistance sections of the

proposed revision of the New York City building code. Experimental work on protections needed to prevent fires from household

heating and cooking appliances was completed. Building-code re- quirements in this particular have shown great variation as between

different cities, and it is hoped that the results of the present tests will result in greater uniformity and a reduction in the fire loss from

improper installation of such devices.

Fire Prevention and Protection.—The activities in this field have been

conducted mainly in conjunction with those of the Federal Fire

Council and the National Fire Protection Association. Assistance was given in fire hazard surveys of several Federal building groups

and in the preparation of a paper and a committee report on protection of records from fire. Publications.—Record Protection and Office Equipment, by S. H. Ingberg,

Quarterly Nat. Fire Protection Assn., vol. 24, No. 4, p. 410; April, 1931. Construction, Equipment, and Maintenance of Buildings in Their Relation

to Protection of Records (Committee Report), Proc. 35th Annual Meeting, Nat. Fire Protection Assn., p. 227 ; 1931. Fire Tests of Welded Steel Floor Construction.—To establish a basis

for protection requirements, equipment has been completed and initial tests conducted of a new type of welded steel floor construction.

Since the supporting member between beams is a steel plate in place

of the usual slab, the equipment was designed for application of

fire exposure from above as well as below, the size of floor panels

tested being 13% by 18 feet. Fire Tests of Partitions.—Experimental work was initiated on a

series of fire tests of interior partitions. Sixteen fire endurance or

fire and water tests were conducted, some being made at the request

of the Steamboat Inspection Service, to determine the suitability of

constructions proposed for use as fire-resistive bulkheads in ship

construction under the new regulation requiring such transverse bulkheads at intervals of not more than 131 feet (40 m).

GAS ANALYSIS AND SERVICE

Gas Appliances.—The systematic study of the effect of changes in

the details of burner design and their relation to the assembly of

gas-burning appliances has been continued. Data have been col- lected on the injection of air into burners by hydrogen and by carbon

dioxide (representative of extremes of specific gravity). Other

subjects studied include the effect of high burner temperatures upon

the properties of flames, especially velocity of flame propagation,

backfiring and blowing off of flames; and the effect of increased

depth of port on the injection of air and on backfiring; the practicability of determining by means of a single-port burner of stand-
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 229

ard design a characteristic number from which the behavior of a gas supply with respect to the operation of appliances may be

judged ; and the effect of nitrogen in both manufactured and natural

gas supplies on the properties of the flames.

Publications.—The Design of Gas Burners for Domestic Use, B. S. Circular No. 394, and Am. Gas J., vol. 134, p. 54 ; May, 1931 ; vol. 134, p. 35 ; June, 1931, and vol. 135, p. 37 ; July, 1931. "Liquefied Petroleum ( « Bottled') Gases," B. S. Letter Circular No. 292. Also published by Western Gas, p. 36 ; February, 1931 ; and p. 64 ; April, 1931, under the title, " Bottled Gases, Their Manufacture, Properties and Uses." Gas Analysis.—Several improvements have been made in the apparatus and methods employed for the analysis of gases, and these,

together with other developments of recent years, have been incorporated into complete analytical units of superior accuracy and convenience. The commercial production of the new models has been

undertaken by three of the larger apparatus companies. Other subjects of research during the year include the development of a rela- tively small and simple apparatus for the fractionation of hydrocarbon gases ; the development of an apparatus for the detection of fuel

gas in manholes and conduits, in test holes made to locate leakage

from mains, etc., and the reagents used for the determination of

illuminants, especially fuming sulphuric acid.

Publications.—An Improved Apparatus and Method for the Analysis of Gas Mixtures by Combustion and Absorption, by G. M. Shepherd, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 1, p. 121 ; January, 1931. Common Errors in Gas Analysis and Their Remedies, by G. M. Shepherd,

American Gas J., vol. 134, pp. 49-52 and 67-73 ; 1931. Calculating Gas Heating Value from Analysis, Am. Gas J., vol. 135, p. 42;

1931. Service Standards for Gas.—The existing State regulations for gas

utilities have been completely summarized. Abstracting the local

service standards, both voluntary and required, of several hundred

gas companies and municipalities has been partially completed.

Both these summaries will be included in the next edition of the

bureau's circular " Standards for Gas Service." An incomplete

study has been made of the economics of the practice of u reforming " gases of high heating value to reduce their heating value

before delivery. Much study and consulting work has been devoted

to the improvement of existing standards for the control of heating value, meter testing, pressure control, the uniformity of the

gas supplied, and service extensions.

Publications.—Should Fuel Gas be Sold by the Heat Unit? by E. R. Weaver,

Gas Age Record, vol. 66, p. 571 ; October 11, 1930.

" The Thermal Basis for Fixing the Price of Gas," by E. R. Weaver, address

before Illinois Gas Association. Printed by the association. Preparation of Pure Oxygen.—This project, in connection with the

international comparison of the low temperature scale, required

the design and construction of elaborate apparatus for the purpose

and resulted in a product of exceptional purity even for such a purpose.
230 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

Cooperation With Other Organizations.—The bureau has cooperated

with the American Gas Association through service on six technical

committees and by furnishing data on methods of test and performance of certain types of appliances, on the corrosion of materials used in the construction of gas appliances, and on other technical subjects. Much time has been devoted to the proposed revision

of the gas-fitting regulations of the District of Columbia and to the revision of the rules of the National Fire Protection Association

relating to the same subject. The results of the bureau's work in

these fields will be found in the publications of the organizations

referred to as issued.

GLASS AND VITREOUS ENAMELS

Production of Optical Glass.—Thirty pots, embracing five kinds of

optical glass, were melted. Approximately 38,000 blanks for optical

elements, weighing 3,001 pounds, were made for the Navy Department. It was shown that satisfactory borosilicate crown glass can

be made in 14 hours as compared with 22 hours ordinarily used.

Viscosity of Optical Glass.—Experimental work has been completed

and additional and more reliable viscosities are as follows

:

Kind of glass Index of refraction

Viscosity (poises) at

900° C. 1,000° c. 1,100° C. 1,200° C. 1,300° C. 1,400° C.

Light crown Barium flint . -__ ... 1.524

1.605 1.574

1.517

1. 620

1. 650

148, 500 20, 180 8,000

6, 610

2,510

2, 040

1,530

3, 730

1, 500

870

560

585 460

1,035

385 225

185 215

185

360

14087

86

10588

150

765750

65

47

Light barium crown..

Borosilicate crown .... ... Medium flint

90, 200 Dense flint - .. 6,610

Density, Refractivity, Thermal Dilatation, and Composition of Glass.

Data obtained from 92 experimental glasses indicate that straightline relations exist between composition, density, and refractivity

for the soda-silica, soda-lime-silica, and potash-silica glasses. As

an example, the specific volume (reciprocal of density) of the sodasilica glasses can be computed, with an average deviation of 8 X 10"*,

from V=a1A + b1 B; in this, A and B are the percentages of silicia and soda, and ax and bx have the following values in the indicated

silica ranges:

Silica range ai bi

Per cent 50 - 59. 4 0. 0042520 0. 0035370

59. 4- 66. 3 . 0043028 . 0034628

66. 3- 74. 9 . 0043922 . 0032872

74. 9-100 . 0045400 . 0028460

Since in this case, and also in the case of refractivities, the limiting silica values closely approximate the silica content of definite
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 231

molecular soda-silica compounds, the evidence suggests that at least some properties of binary glasses may be functions of certain simple

compounds.

The thermal expansions of 54 of the soda-sihca-lime glasses have

been determined, and the following equations can be used to compute their expansivities in the indicated temperature ranges

:

#(50° to 350°)=^-^; #(350° to Tc )=e3 -e4 ; N=B+ C

e±= (0.57-0.2ir)iV+ (0.00229 -0.00574527 +0.000705r2

) N2 e2 =0.8T- (O.Q9-0.24T)C

€3 = (0.57-0.2ir)^+ (0.0341-0.0234277 + 0.00316r2 )#2 64 = 0.5 (1 + T) - (1.14- 0.52^) C.

(e2 and 64 apply only when lime is present.)

In these equations E is the expansion (microns per cm) at any

temperature, B and O are the percentages of soda and lime, respectively, T is temperature divided by 100, and Tc is the " critical temperature " or the temperature at which rapid expansion begins. The

critical temperature can be computed from

:

rc =526-1.7# + 36\

Publications.—On a Modified Method for Decomposing Aluminous Silicates for Chemical Analysis, by A. N. Finn and J. F. Klekota, B. S. Jour. Research,

vol. 4, No. 6, p. 809 ; June, 1930. The Government in Ceramics, Ceramic Age, p. 132 ; March, 1931. On the Direct Determination of Soda in Soda-Lime Glasses by Precipitation as Uranyl Zinc Sodium Acetates, by F. W. Glaze, J. Am. Ceram. Soc, vol. 14, No. 6, p. 450 ; June, 1931. The Index of Refraction of Some Soda-Lime-Silica Glasses as a Function of the Composition, by C. A. Faick and A. N. Finn, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 6, p. 993 ; June, 1931. J. Am. Ceram. Soc, vol. 14, No. 7, p. 518 ; July, 1931. Effects of Variations in Composition on Vitreous Enamels.—Previous

work showed that two enamels of identical calculated composition,

but compounded from different raw materials, may have somewhat

different fusibilities when prepared in the usual way. Further investigation indicated that : (a) When the two enamels were smelted

in platinum, no significant difference in fusibility was apparent;

(b) both types appeared somewhat less fusible when smelted in

rotating, refractory-lined crucibles; and (<?) when a large difference

in fusibility between the two types was found, corresponding variations were found in the chemical composition of the enamels.

Four different tests for fusibility have been employed in studying

11 ground-coat enamels, varying in boric oxide-sodium oxide ratio

and in flint-feldspar ratio over the practical limits of composition.

The same general relationship of fusibility to composition exists in

the data from all four tests, namely: (a) Cone deformation tests; (5) "fusion block" flow tests; (c) slumping temperature tests (by

the interferometer method) ; and (d) "button" tests (observing the

dimensions of the resulting " buttons " when cylinders of enamel

powder are heated under standard conditions). The following is a
232 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 set of data on cone-deformation temperatures which is also typical

of the results of the other tests on fusibility

Enamel

Feldspar

Key to coi

Flint

nposition Sodium

oxide Boric

oxide

Cone-deformation

temperatures

Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent °a °F. a 35 25 17 13 645 1,193

b 35 25 14 16 670 1, 238

c. 35 25 11 19 690 1,274 d 30 30 17 13 648 1, 198 30 30 14 16 676 1,249

/- - 30 30 11 19 698 1,289

25 35 17 13 659 1, 218

ft 25 35 14 16 688 1, 270

i 25 35 11 19 707 1, 304

5 Constant portion of batches not given. Variations in the sodium oxide-boric oxide ratio affected the fusibility more readily than variations in the flint- feldspar ratio. Thus

the change from (a) to (b) caused nearly twice the elevation in

cone-deformation temperature as the change from (a) to (g),

although the variation in ratio of the constituents involved was

greater in the second case. Apparatus has been assembled and tests begun on thermal ex- pansivity, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength, for which

over 10,000 specimens have been prepared.

Publications.—Blistering Tendency of Some Cast Irons When Enameled,

by A. I. Krynitsky and W. N. Harrison, Trans, and Bull., Am. Foundrymen's

Assn., vol. 1, No. 8, p. 332 ; August, 1930. The " Microchilled " Surface of Some Cast Iron and Its Relation to Blister- ing in Enameling, by A. I. Krynitsky and W. N. Harrison, Metals and Alloys,

vol. 1, No. 14, p. 663 ; August, 1930. Blistering of Enamel on Cast Iron, Ceramic Industry, vol. 15, No. 2, p. 181

August, 1930. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

Intercoxnparison of Temperature Scales of National Laboratories.

Under an exchange arrangement with the Physikalisch Technische

Reichsanstalt Prof. Dr. F. Henning, chief of the division of heat

and pressure of that institution spent about six weeks at the bureau

in April and May of 1931, taking an active part in the work of the

heat and power division. Comparisons of the temperature scales of the two laboratories were made. These were part of a general

program now under way for comparing the temperature scales of

the national laboratories of England, Germany, and the United

States and that of the University of Leiden, the last in the range

of low temperatures. Comparisons of resistance thermometers were made in the range from —183° to +630° C, and the Reichsanstalt

scale was found to be in agreement with that of the bureau within a few thousandths of a degree at the points where the more precise

measurements could be made and within a few hundredths of a degree at the extremes of the range.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 233

The work of the interlaboratory comparison of the thermo-electric

portion of the scale, range 660° to 1,063°, was completed. The

laboratories are in good agreement on this portion of the scale,

except at the freezing point of silver, where there are differences

of a few tenths of a degree. The comparisons of the optical part

of the scale, above 1,063° C, are not completed, but the results so far obtained indicate satisfactory agreement.

Waidner-Burgess Standard of Light.—A proposal was submitted to the Advisory Committee on Electricity of the International Committee on Weights and Measures that the reproducible light standard, developed last year at the Bureau of Standards, be adopted as an international standard. Final action, however, was not taken at the 1931 meeting, as the other national laboratories had not yet had

time to give the proposal sufficient study.

Publications.—The Waidner-Burgess Standard of Light, by H. T. Wensel,

W. F. Koeser, L. E. Barbrow, and F. R. Caldwell, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 6, p. 1103 ; June, 1931. The Freezing Point of Platinum, by W. F. Roeser, F. R. Caldwell, and H. T. Wensel, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 6, p. 1119 ; June, 1931. Special Refractories for Use at High Temperature, by W. H. Swanger and

F. R. Caldwell, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 6, p. 1131 ; June, 1931. Freezing Point of Iridium and Its Use for Light Standard.—The freez- ing point of pure iridium has been determined by the crucible method

in an electric induction furnace, resulting in a figure of 2,452°

C, ±3°.

Preliminary observations of the brightness of a black body at the

freezing point of iridium, following the same technique as that for

the Waidner-Burgess light standard, using platinum, have shown

that the iridium freezing point can be so used, but with much more

difficulty than with platinum. It can be used conveniently, however,

for stepping up from carbon filament to tungsten filament lamps.

The preliminary figure obtained for brightness of this standard is 1,250 candles per cm2 in terms of the bureau's derived tungsten

standards.

Liquefaction of Helium.—Helium was liquified on April 3, 1931, for

the first time in the United States, and with it a temperature of

-271.3° C. (-456° F.) was attained, which is only 1.9° C. or 3.4° F.

above the absolute zero of temperature.

Publication.—Liquid Helium, by H. C. Dickinson, Scientific Monthly, vol. 34.

p. 75, January, 1932. Vapor Pressure of Carbon Dioxide.—Previous measurements at temperatures down to —50° C. had been made at this bureau. The range

of observations has been extended to —78° C. Observations below

this temperature are not considered necessary since sufficiently accurate measurements have been made at other laboratories. All available data are being correlated.

Specific Heats at Low Temperatures.—In cooperation with the fixed

nitrogen research laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, a

project was undertaken for the determination of the specific heats of

nitrogen organic compounds down to solid hydrogen temperatures,

and for the calculation of the entropies and free energies of the com- pounds from their specific heats.
234 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 The construction of the apparatus was completed and the determination of the specific heat of primary amyl ammonium chloride is under way.

Heats of Combustion of Hydrogen, Methane, and Carbon Monoxide.

Final " best " values for the heats of combustion of these gases have

been published. The heat evolved when hydrogen, methane, and

carbon monoxide are burned with oxygen, at 25° C. and a constant

pressure of 1 atmosphere, to form liquid water and/or gaseous carbon

dioxide was found to be as follows

Hydrogen

Methane

Carbon monoxide.

285,775± 40 international joules per mole

890,160±300 international joules per mole

282,890±120 international joules per mole

Publications.—The Heat of Formation of Water, and The Heats of Combustion of Methane and Carbon Monoxide, by Frederick D. Rossini, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 1, p. 37 ; January, 1931, and vol. 7, No. 2, p. 329 ; August,

1931 ; Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 16, No. 11, p. 694 ; 1930. Heat Content of Phosphorus Pentoxide.—Determinations of the heat

content of phosphorus pentoxide between room temperature and

various temperatures up to 1,000° C. are under investigation. A

preliminary value of the difference in heat content between crystalline phosphorus pentoxide at 20° C. and phosphorus pentoxide vapor

at 700° C. is 222 calories per gram.

Heats of Combustion of Methyl and Ethyl Alcohols.—Per gram mole

of the liquid alcohol at 25° C. and constant pressure of 1 atmosphere,

the heats of combustion are

Methyl alcohol (liquid) —726.25 ±0.20 international kilojoules.

Ethyl alcohol (liquid)—1366.31±0.40 international kilojoules. Publication.—The Heat of Combustion of Methyl Alcohol, by Frederick D.

Rossini, Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 17, No. 6, p. 343 ; 1931. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Solid Benzoic Acid.—The value of

this coefficient between 15° and 30° C. has been determined by the

aid of a constant volume, gas-filled dilatometer and found to be

0.00052 per degree centigrade.

The Heat Content of Aqueous Solutions of Certain Electrolytes.—

critical review and recalculation of the existing data on the heat

capacities of aqueous solutions of 19 uni-univalent electrolytes was

made. Values were obtained for computing all the heat capacity

properties for aqueous solutions of the chlorides, bromides, iodides,

nitrates, and hydroxides of hydrogen, lithium, sodium, and potassium

from to 2.5 molal, at 18 to 25° C.

Publications.—Heat Content Values for Aqueous Solutions of the Chlorides,

Nitrates, and Hydroxides of Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium at 18° C, by Frederick D. Rossini, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 791; May, 1931. Apparent and Partial Molal Heat Capacities in Aqueous Solutions of 19 Uni-Univalent Electrolytes, by Frederick D. Rossini, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 7, No. 1, p. 47 ; July, 1931. Heat of Ionization of Water.—This has recently been recalculated

and the best value on the basis of existing data is 57,370 absolute

joules per mole at 18° C.

Publication.—The Heat of Ionization of Water, by Frederick D. Rossini, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 847 ; May, 1931. Cryoscopic Constant, Heat of Fusion, and Heat Capacity of Camphor.

These constants were determined during the year in order to clear up
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 235

contradictory values reported in the literature. The new values are

:

Heat of fusion at 178.4° C, £F = 1,630 ±60, cal. w mole"1

; the cryoscopic constant, kF = 37.7 ±1.4 deg. C. mole-1 kg.; the heat capacity of

crystalline camphor in the range from 20° to 178.4° C, <7so iid == 64.0+

0.033t±0.5 cal.16 mole-1 deg. C."1

; the heat capacity of liquid camphor

in the range from 178.4° to 210° C., On(lxlid =87±:7i cal.15 mole"1 deg. C.-1

. Publication.—Cryoscopic Constant, Heat of Fusion, and Heat Capacity of Camphor, by M. Frandsen, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 7, No. 3, p. 477 ; September,

1931. Properties of Organic Liquids.—Using the methods and apparatus

previously developed for measurements of thermal properties of

water and steam, values were obtained for the heat content and latent

heat of vaporization of methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and benzene,

in the range 40° to 110° C.

Publication.—Calorimetric Determinations of Thermal Properties of Methyl

Alcohol, Ethyl Alcohol, and Benzene, by E. F. Fiock, D. C. Ginnings, and W. B.

Holton, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 881 ; May, 1931. Properties of Steam.—Measurements of latent heat of vaporization

of water have been made at temperatures of 50°, 70°, and 90° C.

These extend the range previously completed, and in this range con- firm the latent heat formula previously derived.

Apparatus is now nearing completion for extending measurements

of the heat content of saturated water and steam up to pressures of

2,500 lbs./in.2 or higher.

At the second international steam table conference held in Berlin,

June, 1930, the values of heat content of water and steam measured

at this bureau up to 800 pounds pressure were adopted as definite

values in the skeleton or master table.

Publications.—Report of Progress in Steam Research at the Bureau of Standards, by N. S. Osborne, Mechanical Engrg., vol. 53, No. 2, p. 137; February,

1931. A Calorimetric Determination of Thermal Properties of Saturated Water and

Steam from 0° to 270° C, by N. S. Osborne, H. F. Stimson, and E. F. Fiock, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 2, p. 411; August, 1930. A Review of Calorimetric Measurements on Thermal Properties of Saturated

Water and Steam, by E. F. Fiock, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 2, p. 481

;

August, 1930. Thermal Conductivity of Insulating Materials at High Temperatures.

Apparatus of the flat plate type was designed and constructed for use up to 1,000° C. Experiments have been made to test the accuracy and

limitations of the apparatus and it has been found that at the higher

temperatures the probable accuracy is considerably diminished on

account of uncertainties due to electrical leakage. This is caused by

the great increase with temperature of the electrical conductivity

of the ceramic materials of which the heater plates are composed.

Heat Transfer Through Metal-Inclosed Insulation.—In certain types

of thermally insulated structures, such as insulated sheet metal doors,

it is desirable to inclose the insulating material completely. In designing such a structure, a knowledge of the decrease in insulating

value caused by conduction of heat in the metal around the edges

is important. Mathematical analysis of the problem and calculation of a number of special cases have been made, in order to bring

92462—32 16
236 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 out the limitations and possibilities of this general type of insulated

structure. The general conclusion may be stated that unless very

thin sheet metal of low thermal conductivity is used at the edges, a considerable proportion of the total heat flow is conducted in the

metal around the edges.

Publications.—Heat Transfer Through Metal-Inclosed Insulation, by M. S. Van Dusen, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 2, p. 385 ; August, 1930. Revision of Federal Specification for Industrial Thermometers.—Federal Specifications Board specification 472A for industrial thermometers was revised according to suggestions from the committee on

thermometers and in cooperation with the Navy Department.

Boiling Liquid Cryostat.—A new boiling liquid cryostat in which

liquid air or liquid hydrogen are made to boil at reduced pressures was developed for maintaining temperatures constant from -183°

down to -259° C. With it a determination of the triple point pres- sure of hydrogen was made, and it was used to calibrate low temperature thermometers from -190° to -210° C and from -252° to -259° C.

Publications.—A Precision Cryostat with Automatic Temperature Regulation, by R. B. Scott and F. G. Brickwedde, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 401; March, 1931. An Automatic Constant Level Device for Liquid Air, by R. B. Scott and

F. G. Brickwedde, The Review of Scientific Instruments, vol. 2, No. 3, p. 171

March, 1931. Silvering and Evacuation of Dewar Flasks.—An investigation of the

methods of silvering and evacuating Dewar flasks was carried out,

and as a result a laboratory technique was developed whereby flasks can be prepared which have exceptionally good insulating properties.

Publication.—Silvering and Evacuation of Pyrex Dewar Flasks, by R. B.

Scott, J. W. Cook, and F. G. Brickwedde, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 7, No. 5, p. 935; November. 1931. HYDRAULICS

The National Hydraulic Laboratory.—The design of the hydraulic

laboratory was begun about July 1, 1930. With the aid of an

advisory committee consistsing of a number of prominent hydraulic

engineers, several designs were prepared and discussed. The final design was adopted early in January, 1931, and the construction of

the building was started on April 23, 1931. It is expected that the

building will be completed in March, 1932.

The design provides for a building about 285 feet long, 60 feet

wide over part of its lengthy and 92 feet wide over the remainder.

There will be three stories at one end and two stories at the other.

The building will contain two large concrete supply basins from

which water will be pumped through the flumes and other experimental apparatus to a concrete measuring basin from which it wiil

be returned through channels to the supply basins. A maximum

flow of 250 to 300 cubic feet per second will be possible in the main

flume. This flume is the dominating piece of equipment in the

building and has a cross section 12 feet wide by 12 feet high over a length of approximately 200 feet. As much free floor space as
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 237

possible will be provided for models of hydraulic structures and

testing equipment.

Publication.—The National Hydraulic Laboratory at the Bureau of Standards, by George K. Burgess, Civil Engineering, 1, No. 10, p. 911 ; July, 1931. IDENTIFICATION OF GUNS, BULLETS, AND DOCUMENTS

Assistance to the Federal Government.—This work has shown a notable increase during the year. However, ballistic identification

equipment has been designed and tested for the police department

of the District of Columbia which will relieve the bureau of much

of this type of testing.

In the identification of handwriting and typewriting for the Federal Government, three cases have been prosecuted and convictions

secured in each. One of these resulted in a saving to the Government of over $150,000. Some tests have been for the information

of administrative officers dealing with personnel matters. Others

have related to criminal violations, and where identifications have

been positive prosecutions have been instituted. Several cases have

been dropped because of lack of agreement in the evidence submitted.

Lectures have been given before each of the classes of students

training for service in the Department of Justice. In these, the

proper procedure and results to be expected in this type of investigation were explained.

LEATHER

Acid in Leather.—Research designed to establish limits for the

amount of sulphuric acid which may be present in leathers for different uses was continued, using leather tanned with quebrachowood and chestnut-wood extracts. Work was completed on four

projects which showed that leather tanned with quebracho-wood extract possessed a greater resistance to deterioration by sulphuric acid

than leather tanned with chestnut-wood extract, that the hydrolysis

of the leather by sulphuric acid as measured by the soluble nitrogen

extractable increased with time and acid concentration, that the addition of grease to leather after adding sulphuric acid did not retard

the deterioration of the leather, and that deterioration proceeded at a greater rate at high relative humidities. Reports on all of this

work will be published during the coming year. The work has a

distinct bearing on the establishing of quality standards for leather

since the limitation of the mineral acidity is considered most

essential.

Specifications and Properties of Leather.—Preliminary work was

started during the year on the properties of several leathers which

are purchased by the Government departments. A study of the

water absorption properties of hydraulic packing leathers and the

physical and chemical properties of alum, Indian, and chrome tanned

lace leathers was made to secure information for use in connection

with the revision of existing Government specifications. A study was also made of the chemical properties and physical properties of

mineral-tanned hydraulic leathers particularly with reference to

their resistance to heat for use in developing a new Government
238 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

specification. The Government specification for vegetable-tanned

leather belting was selected as a basis for drafting a national standard for this commodity under the American Standards Association.

The chairmanship of the subcommittee to draft the specification is held by a member of the bureau's staff and considerable preliminary

work has been done in assembling comments and existing information

for use in the project.

Properties of Eur-Seal Skins.—The value of a fur skin is largely

governed by the appearance of the fur and by the type of animal

from which the skin is taken. It appears equally important in judging durability to consider the type of tannage used for preserving the

skin and the properties of the leather backing which holds the fur.

Accordingly a study has been made of the physical properties of

commercial fur skins from Alaskan seals in which the Government

has a vital interest. Values were established for such properties as

strength, stretch, thickness, and tearing resistance, and data were

secured showing the influence of certain manufacturing operations on these properties. This is the first generally available information

relative to the physical properties of fur-seal skins and is of value

in establishing standards for regularly checking the annual production of the fur skins.

Publication.—Some Physical Properties of Fur-Seal Skins, by R. C. Bowker,

J. Tech. Assoc. Fur. Ind., vol. 11, No. 2, p. 34 ; June, 1931. Salt Used for Curing Hides and Skins.—Stains and blemishes on hides

and skins are a source of loss and annoyance to producers of leather.

The formation of these stains has been attributed, in part, to impurities existing in the salt used for curing processes. Twenty-nine representative samples of mined and evaporated salts produced in differ- ent geographical locations within the United States were selected for

examination. The composition of these samples was determined with

respect to moisture, insolubles, iron, calcium, magnesium, sulphates,

carbonates, phosphates, silica, aluminum, arsenic, boron, and sodium

chloride. The results show that, for the use intended, most of the

salts possess a high degree of purity. The information has been

presented as a reference for those interested in research problems

having to do with the influence of salt used in curing upon the formation of stains and blemishes as well as for a basis in establishing

standard specifications covering the quality of salt for curing

purposes.

Publication.—Analysis of Salt Used for Curing Hides and Skins, by R. C. Bowker and. John Beek, jr., J. Am. Leather Ohem. Assn., vol. 26, No. 6, p. 312

June, 1931. LENS DESIGN

Optical Instruments.—In connection with the designing of optical

systems, new formulas and standardized methods are being developed. Recent work which has been completed includes the derivation of algebraic formulas for the geometric aberrations of the

fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh orders, and direct algebraic

methods by which the phase differences at the image point corre- sponding to the geometric aberrations may be determined.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 239

LIME AND GYPSUM

Particle Size Distribution of Hydrated Lime.—Since particle size has

undoubtedly a direct bearing upon certain other properties of

hydrated lime, an automatic weighing device has been assembled

for the determination of the rate of sedimentation of fine particles

in suitable liquid media. To calibrate the sedimentation apparatus,

glass spherules have been separated into fractions wherein most of

the material is within 2 microns of the average diameter. With

this fractionated material check sedimentation curves have been

obtained with the automatic recording balance. The particle size as determined in this manner agrees very closely with that ascer- tained microscopically.

Heat of Solution of Calcium Sulphate and Its Hydrates.—Methods have

been devised for the preparation of very pure gypsum and hemihydrate. A solution of ammonium acetate has been found to be n satisfactory solvent for calcium sulphate. Twin calorimeters are being assembled for measuring the heats of solution aiming at an

accuracy of 3 to 5 parts in 10,000.

Specifications.—Federal specifications on the following gypsum products

have been revised

:

Gypsum, calcined SS-G-901

Plaster, gypsum SS-P^i01

Plaster-board, gypsum SS-P-431

Wall-board, gypsum , SS-W-51

A Modified Test for Soundness of Finishing Limes.—A method has

been developed whereby a finishing lime may be tested within four

hours to determine whether or not in actual use in a plastered wall,

it will show evidence of a defect known as pitting or popping. By

steaming a sample of finishing lime for two hours in an autoclave at 120 pounds per square inch pops will appear in that pat, which may

take months or years to appear in the plastered wall. The method

can be carried out in a much shorter time than the one now in use, which requires four days for completion, and is also in far better

agreement with the actual performance of the lime in a wall as was

determined by test panels.

Publication.—A Modified Test for Soundness of Finishing Limes, by D. L. Bishop, Rock Products, vol. 34, p. 67, July 18, 1931.

Specifications.—Federal specifications on the following lime products have

been revised: Lime; hydrated (for) structural purposes SS-L-351

Quicklime (for) structural purposes SS-Q-351

Hydraulic Lime.—It has been found that an hydraulic lime may be

produced by calcining a chalk containing diatomaceous silica. Briquets containing 1 part of the hydraulic lime to 3 parts of standard testing sand had tensile strengths as high as 290 and 400 lbs./in. 2 at the end of one and three months, respectively.

Volumetric Changes of Gypsum Fiber Concrete.—Because of the lack

of design information and data on which building code requirements

might be based, Committee C-ll (on gypsum) of the American Society for Testing Materials appointed a subcommittee to cooperate

with the bureau to obtain the desired data. Having obtained data on the strength of gypsum fiber concrete, an investigation was started

of the volumetric changes of this material, including setting and
240 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

thermal expansions. It was also found that the expansions of neat

gypsum at the end of the fourteenth cycle of alternate drying and

wetting ranged from 0.03 to 0.12 per cent over the original dry

length, and from 0.15 to 0.31 per cent for those specimens containing

12.5 per cent wood chips. Specimens of the same material showed

much smaller changes when exposed alternately to air of low and

high relative humidity.

Freezing and Thawing Tests on Sand-Lime Brick.—In order to determine the importance of absorption requirements in specifications for

sand-lime brick as a measure of weather resistance, 22 sets of 10

half-brick each, having various absorption properties previously determined, were subjected to 50 alternate cycles of freezing and thawing. No apparent relation was found to exist between the amount

of absorption and the resistance to freezing and thawing. It was

found, however, that a brick having both a fast rate of absorption

in partial immersion and a high strength was likely to withstand

freezing and thawing satisfactorily. It was also found that both

modulus of rupture and compressive strength are more indicative of

resistance to freezing and thawing than total absorption.

Publication.—Results of Freezing and Thawing Tests on Sand-Lime Brick,

by H. F. McMurdie, Rock Products, June 6, 1931. LUBRICATION AND LIQUID FUELS

Hydrocarbons from Petroleum.—In cooperation with the American

Petroleum Institute the investigation dealing with the determination

of the composition of petroleum has been continued, and the following hydrocarbons have been isolated and the quantities present in the

petroleum have been determined: Ethane; propane; butane; cyclopentane; ^-hexane; 2, 3-dimethylbutane ; 2-dimethylpentane ; 3- methylpentane ; toluene ; methylcyclohexane ; ^-heptane ; 2, 2-dimethylpentane; xylenes (3); ^-octane; ^-nonane.

Publications.—The Problem of Establishing the Identity and Purity of a Hydrocarbon Obtained from Petroleum, by B. W. Washburn, Ind. Eng. Chem.,

vol. 22, p. 985 ; 1930. On the Determination of the Empirical Formula of a Hydrocarbon, by E. W.

Washburn, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 867; October, 1930. The Isolation of the Isomers of Hexane from Petroleum, by J. H. Bruun and M. M. Hicks-Bruun, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 933 ; October, 1930. Determination of the Toluene Content of a Midcontinent Petroleum, by J. H. Bruun, R. T. Leslie and S. T. Schicktanz, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 363 ; March, 1931. Separation of ?i-octane from Petroleum by Distillation and Crystallization, by

R. T. Leslie and S. T. Schicktanz, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 377; March, 1931. Determination of the Benzene and the Normal Hexane Content of a Midcontinent Petroleum, by J. H. Bruun and M. M. Hicks-Bruun, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 869 ; May, 1931. Compressibility and Thermal Expansion of Petroleum Oils.—This in- vestigation was carried on in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute. A paper giving the results of the investigation was

published in the Bureau of Standards Journal of Research.

Publication.—Compressibility and Thermal Expansion of Petroleum Oils in the Range 0° to 300° C. by R. S. Jessup, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 5, p. 985 ; November, 1930.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 241

Pressure-Volume-Temperature Eelation of Oil-Gas Mixtures.—In co- operation with the American Petroleum Institute, measurements

have been made of the volume and density of the liquid phases and

the density of the gas phases of three crude oil-gas mixtures at vari- ous pressures and temperatures. The pressure range covered was 1

to 200 atmospheres, and the temperature range 30° to 90° C. Thermal Properties of Oils.—This investigation has been conducted

in cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute. Values have

been obtained for the specific heats of (1) gasolines from 30° to 120°

C; (2) gas oils from 30° to 180° C, and (3) lubricating oils from

30° to 200° C. which substantiate equation (5), page 26, B. S. Miscellaneous Publication No. 97, and the equation for specific heat on page

151, International Critical Tables, vol. 2. Gumming Characteristics of Gasoline.—An extensive investigation is being made to develop significant test methods for determining the

gum content of gasolines and its tendency to increase during storage

under various conditions. Much suggestive information has been

obtained to date in this study.

Publication.—A Comparison of Methods for Determining Gum Contents of

Gasolines, by O. C. Bridgeman and E. W. Aldrich, Soc. Automotive Engrs. J., vol. 28, p. 191 ; February, 1931. Oiliness of Lubricating Oils.—The frictional characteristics of a

series of representative lubricating oils have been determined on the

grooved specimen, Herschel, Kingsbury, and Timken oiliness machines. The results indicate that quantitative values obtained on

each machine depend to a great extent upon the particular design

and mode of operation. They indicate also that a more certain control of factors involved in oiliness tests is needed. This work was

done in cooperation with the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers.

Publications.—Surface Tension of Soap Solutions and Its Relation to the Thickness of Adsorbed Films, by R. Bulkley and F. G. Bitner, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 4, p. 951 ; October, 1930. Viscous Flow and Surface Films, by R. Bulkley, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 1, p. 89 ; January, 1931. Journal-Bearing Performance.—In cooperation with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, the distribution of hydrostatic pres- sure in the oil film of a journal bearing has been determined. Nine

tests were made covering a fairly wide range of typical conditions

of operation.

Efficiency of Gears.—In cooperation with the American Electric

Railway Engineering Association, the friction losses under various

conditions of operation have been determined for three types of

street-car reduction gearing. These include a single reduction,

double reduction, and worm gear.

Publication.—Progress Report on Efficiency Tests of Electric Street Oar

Trucks. Proc. Am. Elect. Ry. Eng. Assoc. (Appendix A of Report of Research

Subcomm. No. 3, Car Design) ; 1930. MECHANICAL APPLIANCES AND ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS

Methods of Locking Screw Threads.—This investigation was undertaken for the purpose of determining the locking properties of the
242 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 various commercial devices for preventing the nut from unscrewing on the bolt and to secure fundamental data on the subject for

engineers.

All known manufacturers of thread-locking devices were invited

to participate in the investigation, the first part of which was to determine statically the torque-tension characteristics of all devices.

These torque-tension tests have been completed. A total of 41 devices were tested, including nonproprietary devices, such as standard nuts,

jam nuts, and slotted nuts with cotter pins.

Only about 22 per cent of the devices showed appreciable differ- ence in static torque-tension characteristics from that of the coarse- thread standard nut. In only one device was the screwing-off torque

greater than the screwing-on torque at all stresses. Postage-Metering and Stamp-Vending Devices.—The investigation and

testing of mail metering and similar automatic postal devices, undertaken at the request of the Post Office Department to determine their

suitability from the standpoint of mechanical design, with particular reference to assuring their accuracy and reliability for Government use, have been continued. There has been a rapid expansion in

the development of machines of this nature, and the volume of this

work has shown a marked increase in the past year. Heating Appliances for Government Buildings.—An extended series of

performance tests of radiator room-temperature-control valves, with

special reference to the particular conditions of service obtaining in

the new building of the Department of Commerce, was made for the

Office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury Department.

Tests of several types of radiator return-line traps, for compliance

with performance standards previously established, were also made

for the same office. Investigation of Propeller Fans.—A study was made of the effect of

certain entrance conditions on the performance of 2-blade propeller

fans and of the effect of increasing the number of blades from

2 to 4. Publication.—Further Measurements of Propeller Fan Characteristics, by

Paul S. Ballif and H. L. Dryden, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 387; March, 1931. Elevator Safety Interlocking Devices.—The tests of elevator interlocking devices, to determine their compliance with the performance

requirements for effectiveness and reliability, which have now been

adopted as "American standards," have been extended to include

additional devices. The results of these tests are used as the basis

of approval, in their respective jurisdictions, by Government departments, certain State governments, and a group of casualty insurance

companies.

Fire-Extinguishing Appliances and Equipment.—For several years the

bureau, at the request of the Steamboat Inspection Service, has

investigated and tested fire-extinguishing appliances and systems

for use on vessels. The technical data on their effectiveness and reli- ability thus secured have served as a basis for their approval. There

has been great activity in this field recently and the volume of such

work showed a marked increase during the past year.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 243

METALS

Fundamental Constants and Properties of Pure Metals.—A report has

been published giving the fundamental physical properties of nickel

of the highest attainable purity, 99.94 per cent with not over 0.001

per cent oxygen. Data were obtained on density, crystal-lattice

parameter, melting point, electrical resistivity, magnetic properties,

thermal e. m. f., thermal expansion, hardness, tensile strength, and

reflectivity.

As part of the bureau's cooperative program with the alloys-ofiron committee, Engineering Foundation, a critical review of the

literature on pure iron has been made and a monograph is in preparation. Laboratory work on the preparation of pure iron by precipitation and reduction methods is well under wa}^. The determination

of the fundamental properties of this metal which forms the basis

of all steels is considered of great importance.

A very thorough survey of the technical literature of zinc and

zinc-base alloys has been completed, and a circular on the subject,

Zinc and Its Alloys, has been issued.

Publication.—The Properties of Pure Nickel, by L. Jordan and W. £L

Swanger, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 6, p. 1291 ; December, 1930. Zinc and Its Alloys, B. S. Circular No. 395. Thermal Conductivity of Metals.—By means of a recently developed

comparison method for determining thermal conductivity at ele- vated temperatures, this property has been determined over the temperature range 50° to 550° C. for a considerable number of commercial steels and alloys. The thermal conductivity of lead, 0.352

W cm -1 deg -1

, has been used as the basis of this comparison method.

The thermal conductivities of graphite, pure metals, cast iron, car- bon steels, and low-alloy steels were found to decrease with increase

of temperature. For most steels of high alloy content, the opposite was found to be true, however. The case of nickel was of unusual

interest. A decrease in thermal conductivity with increasing temperature was found for the range 50° C. to the Curie point, 360° C.

approximately. Above this point, an increase of temperature was

accompanied by a marked increase in thermal conductivity. The

report is nearly ready for publication.

Corrosion of Metals.—As an aid in the development of corrosiontesting methods for giving reliable and reproducible results, the

study of the effect of the degree of aeration upon corrosion of metals

submerged in water has been continued. Results have been obtained on the rate of initial corrosion of a number of irons and low-carbon

steels in water, the oxygen content of which varied from an ex- tremely low value to saturation. The pH of the solutions was varied

from 4.5 to 8.0. In waters of low oxygen content, the rate of initial corrosion was found to increase with increase in oxygen content. With high oxygen content, however, a reversal occurred and the

rate of initial corrosion decreased with increasing oxygen content. The oxygen content corresponding to the maximum rate of corrosion was found to vary with the pH of the water. Cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials in

the exposure tests of galvanized products, nonferrous sheet metals,

and screen wire cloth has been continued. The initial weighing of
244 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 the nonferrous sheet materials has been completed and the samples

exposed in nine locations representative of widely different climatic

conditions in the United States.

Publication.—Oxygen as a Factor in Submerged Corrosion, by E. C. Groes- beck and L. J. Waldron, Am. Soc. Test. Mtls. Preprint No. 45; June, 1931,

meeting.

Testing of Foundry Sands.—A simplified method for correlating and

reporting the results of sieve tests of sands so as to take account of

f

rain distribution has been developed. The method in ordinary use or reporting fineness of sands does not take this into account. For

each sand a single numerical index, indicative of the grain distribution in the sand, is obtained which, together with the ordinary fine- ness number, serves to define the sand. The research committee on sands of the American Foundrymen's Association is now con- sidering the adoption of this method as " recommended practice."

Publication.—A Grain Distribution Index for Sand Grading, by C. E. Jackson,

Am. Foundrymen's Asso., Preprint No. 31-26 ; May, 1931, Meeting.

Copper-Base Ingot Metals.—A very great variety of copper-base

ingot metals are used in the foundry industry. Many of these are only slight variations from the type alloy. In cooperation with the

Non-Ferrous Ingot Metal Institute a study is in progress of the

properties of typical alloys, the ultimate aim of the work being

the classification of such alloys on the basis of their properties with

the hope of eliminating from specifications many of the apparently

unnecessary variations in chemical compositions often specified,

which differ only very slightly from the type." In the endeavor

to obtain test bars whose properties are most truly representative

of the alloy as a whole, bars of a number of different shapes and

sizes are being cast. The effect of other variables in casting practice,

such as pouring temperature, is also receiving attention.

Melting and Pouring Temperatures of Gray Iron Impact Specimens.

The pouring of 380 bars in 14 foundries was supervised and pouring

temperatures measured in cooperation with the American Society for

Testing Materials.

Fluidity of Liquid Metals.—The need for a suitable test method for use in the foundry for determining the pouring characteristics of a metal when cast into a mold has long been recognized. No single

word expresses this characteristic of the molten metal to run and fill the mold into which it is cast. The development of a relatively

simple method for this has been completed. This consists in pouring the molten metal, under the same mold conditions which are to be used in the foundry, in the form of a narrow spiral casting of

uniform dimensions. The length of this spiral is a measure of those

characteristics of the metal which determine its casting qualities

under the conditions employed. The effect of different variables in

casting practice, such as pouring temperature, degree of " tempering " of the sand, etc. can be readily demonstrated by this test. Publication.—Fluidity Pattern Assembly, Dimensional Drawings, by C. M.

Saeger, jr., and A. I. Krynitsky, Am. Foundrymen's Assoc., Preprint; May, 1931, meeting.

Shrinkage of Metals During Casting.—Methods have been developed

for determining the shrinkage of a metal, as in casting, as it cools
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 245

from the liquid state down to room temperature. The complete curve shows: (a) The change occurring within the liquid metal as

it cools, (b) the volume changes during freezing, and (c) the shrinkage and other volume changes of the solidified metal on cooling.

That portion of the curve summarizing the behavior of the liquid

metal is based upon specific-volume determinations of samples taken

.at a series of temperatures by means of a sampling device of known

volume which is immersed in the liquid metal.

One progress report has been published and the complete report

is nearly ready. In cooperation with the American Foundrymen's

Association, the method has been applied extensively to cast irons

of different compositions.

Publication.—Methods for Determining Volume Changes Undergone by

Metals During Casting, by C. M. Saeger, jr., and E. J. Ash, Trans. Am.

Foundrymen's Asso., vol. 38, p. 107 ; 1930. Fatigue of Alclad.—"Alclad," a corrosion-resistant aluminum product, is produced by using a strong aluminum alloy as a core and

facing it with very pure aluminum. As pure aluminum is practically corrosion resistant and as it is electronegative to the alloy in

the core, it can be expected to afford adequate protection.

Flexural fatigue tests were made by the bureau on two groups

of Alclad sheet (approximately 0.1 inch thick) having core material

of (1) 17ST and (2) 17ST special aluminum alloy. The maximum

fiber stress (based on the total thickness of the sheet) for which

longitudinal specimens withstood 100,000,000 cycles of stress without

failing, was approximately 10,500 lbs./in.2 for the Alclad 17ST,

and 16,000 lbs./in.2 for the 17ST core material. For the Alclad

17ST special the maximum fiber stress was about 12,800 lbs./in.2 and 20,500 lbs./in.2 for the core material. The tests on Alclad speci- mens which had been subjected to 6, 12, and 18 months' exposure to

salt spray gave results which corresponded approximately to the

results on unexposed specimens. The tests on the core material

exposed for the same time gave results corresponding to those obtained for Alclad specimens.

These results allow the aircraft designer to use Alclad light alloys

with confidence for airships and airplanes.

Fatigue of Metals.—It is generally conceded that a metal which is unsound on account of inclusions has a lower endurance limit than

a corresponding sounder metal. In order to determine the testing

method most suitable for measuring this effect of inclusions in lowering the endurance properties of metals, an extensive comparative

study has been made of two testing methods, the rotating beam and

the axial loading, applied to a variety of steels and irons. The re- sults have clearly shown that the latter is a more " searching " test. In all cases the endurance limit as determined by axial loading was

lower than that obtained by the rotating beam—in some cases of

rail steel, a material often highly contaminated with inclusions, the

difference was as much as 25 per cent. As part of the study of defective bridge wire, the effect of surface

conditions, such as may arise in different metallurgical operations, on the endurance properties of steel has been determined. The galvanizing of steel by hot-dipping has been found consistently to lower

the endurance limit of annealed and of heat-treated carbon steel.
246 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 The application of a zinc coating by electroplating, however, was

found to have the opposite effect. Bridge Wire.—A great deal of study has been devoted to heattreated carbon steel wire which proved unsatisfactory in service for

suspension bridge cables. Extensive laboratory tests of specimens

prepared from the wire have failed to reveal characteristics, either in structure or mechanical properties, arousing suspicion. A unique

method has been developed for testing the entire wire in fatigue.

The results of such tests, as well as tests of other kinds, on the entire

wire indicate that the surface characteristics undoubtedly contributed greatly to the " spontaneous " failure of this wire under load.

Long-time tension tests are under way to throw further light on this

point. The effect of possible changes in the wire by aging after

heat treatment is being studied by thermomagnetic analysis.

Publications.—Fatigue Testing of Wire, by S. M. Shelton, Am. Soc. Test.

Mtls., Preprint No. 40; June, 1931, meeting.

Thermomagnetic Investigation of Tempering of Quenched 0.75 per cent Carbon Steel, by G. A. Ellinger, B. S. Jour. Research vol. 7, No. 3, p. 441 ; September, 1931. Thermomagnetic Analysis and the Ao Transformation in 0.75 per cent Carbon

Steel, by R. L. Sanford and G. A. Ellinger, Am. Soc. Test. Mtls., Preprint No.

32; June, 1931, meeting.

Rail Steel.—Further study of the quality of rail steel at high temperature has been made. Previous study had indicated a probable

relationship between the low ductility, termed "secondary brittleness," observed at temperatures of 600° to 650° C, and the development of the internal defects in rail heads termed transverse fissures. By retarding the cooling rate of the rail after rolling, secondary

brittleness can be minimized. Impact tests at high temperatures

have demonstrated a parallelism between secondary brittleness and

low impact strength in rail steel. Machinability of Metals.—Continuing the previous work on the

cutting of metals, a study was made of the effect of the composition

and condition with respect to heat treatment of steel forgings on

their machinability. Present studies relate to the effect of machining

operations on the properties of the metal cut in the endeavor to show to what extent deleterious effects may result under certain

conditions of machining.

Publications.—The Influence of Chemical Composition and Heat Treatment

of Steel Forgings on Machinability with Shallow Lathe Cuts, by T. G. Digges,

B. S. Jour. Research, Vol. 6, No. 6, p. 977; June, 1931; also Am. Soc. Mech.

Engrs., Preprint; June, 1931, meeting.

Machinability and Tool Life, T. G. Digges, Metals and Alloys, vol. 2, p. 44;

1931.Spark Testing of Steel.—The use of the spark test as an aid in

distinguishing between Cr-Mo steel and plain carbon steel used in

aircraft construction previously reported appeared so promising

that a rather comprehensive study of the applicability of the spark

test for steels has been made. A chart showing the spark characteristics to be looked for in establishing the identity of a steel has been

prepared. Study has also been made of the characteristics of microscopic " pellets " of fused metal formed during the test to be used

as an adjunct to the spark test. Publication.—Methods for the Identification of Aircraft Tubing of Plain

Carbon Steel and Chromium-Molybdenum Steel, by W. H. Mutchler and R. W.

Buzzard, Nat. Advis. Com. for Aero. Tech. Note No. 350; October, 1930.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 247

" Gas Content " of Metals.—A report describing the apparatus and

analytical method developed at the bureau for the determination of

" gases " in metals by the vacuum-fusion method has been prepared.

During the year the method has been applied to the study of the

deoxidation of steel by special methods, such as the substitution

of zirconium for manganese, and in a search for the cause of the

unusual behavior of certain steels, such as " abnormal " steels when

carburized. As yet the method is recommended only for ferrous

materials, but a number of requests for its application to nonferrous

alloys have been received. A report on the carbon-oxygen solubility product in liquid steel was issued during the year. The value,

0.0025, has been found for this product and 0.011 for the carbonferrous oxide solubility product. Lower values reported by another

research laboratory have been found to be in error.

Publications.—The Determination of Oxygen and Nitrogen in Irons and Steels by the Vacuum Fusion Method, by H. C. Vacher and L. Jordan, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 7, No. 2, p. 375 ; August, 1931. The Carbon-Oxygen Equilibrium in Liquid Iron, by H. C. Vacher and E. H.

Hamilton, Am. Inst. Min. & Met. Engrs., Technical Publication No. 409, February, 1931. Bearing Alloys.—In cooperation with a manufacturer, the relation

of the wear-resistance of bearing bronzes to the temperature at which

they were cast has been studied. The effect of iron as an impurity

in such alloys has been determined. A report was issued on the

effect of other common impurities, of which the most detrimental one appears to be antimony.

The cooperative study with the War Department on bearing alloys

containing little, if any, tin has been continued. The properties at elevated temperatures of the important lead-base bearing alloys have

been determined and observations are now being made of sample

bearings of a number of these alloys installed in Army trucks.

The leaded bronzes, containing as much as 50 per cent lead, have

received a good deal of study, particular emphasis being placed on addition elements to be used for obtaining a high degree of

dispersion of the lead throughout the bronze matrix.

Publication.—Bearing Bronzes with Additions of Zinc, Phosphorus, Nickel,

and Antimony, by E. M. Staples, R. L. Dowdell, and C. E. Eggenschwiler.

B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 2, p. 205 ; August, 1930. High-Temperature Properties of Metals.—The Cr-Fe-Ni series of

alloys forms the basis of most commercial alloys intended for hightemperature service. The determination of the " creep characteristics " of representative alloys of this series has been continued.

Data were published during the year on the high-temperature

properties of a series of alloy steels which have served to show

among other things the inability of the short-time tension test to replace satisfactorily the more expensive long-time creep test as a

testing method. The effect of various alloying elements for sta- bilizing austenitic steel for high-temperature service has been

studied in cooperation with a manufacturer. Cooperation with the

joint research committee, American Society for Testing Materials,

and American Society of Mechanical Engineers, has been con- tinued with emphasis on the structural changes occurring in materials intended for high-temperature service. Embrittlement of
248 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 such alloys by carbide precipitation at high temperatures is being

studied with reference to the conditions of stress obtaining in

service.

Publication.—Tensile Properties of Alloy Steels at Elevated Temperatures

as Determined by Short-Time Tests, by W. Kahlbaum, R. L. Dowdell, and

W. A. Tucker, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 199 ; February, 1931. Quenching of Steel.—By means of curves showing the cooling rate

at the center of a cylindrical steel specimen, one-half inch in diameter, when quenched directly from the furnace into a cooling medium, the possible usefulness of sodium silicate solutions has been

studied. As intermediate solutions between oil and water, sodium

silicate solutions appear much superior to glycerine and some other

solutions used commercially to some extent.

Publication.—Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene Glycol, Glycerine, and Sodium

Silicate as Quenching Media for Steels, by T. E. Hamill, B. S. Jour. Research,

vol. 7, No. 3, p. 555; September, 1931. Wear-Resistance of Metals.—As part of the program for the development of standard wear tests of metals, the behavior of a series of

carbon steels in various conditions of heat treatment has been

studied under conditions of abrasive wear by sand, and under combined sliding and rolling friction. The effect of grain size of the

metal on its wearing properties, and also the influence of the atmosphere surrounding the specimens under test are being studied. In- formation on the behavior of chromium-plated plug gages has been

obtained in a gaging machine designed for the purpose and the

advantages of chromium plating on gages of simple shapes clearly

demonstrated.

Publications.—The Resistance of Steel to Abrasion by Sand, by S. J. Rosenberg, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 553; September, 1930. Wear of Metals, by S. J. Rosenberg and H. K. Herschman, Metals and

Alloys, vol. 2, p. 52 ; 1931. The Wear of Metals, by Louis Jordan, Mech. Eng., vol. 53, p. 644 ; September.

1931. Resistance to Wear of Carbon Steels, by S. J. Rosenberg, B. S. Jour. Research,

vol. 7, No. 3, p. 419 ; September, 1931. The Resistance of Chromium-Plated Gages to Wear, by H. K. Herschman,

B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 295 ; February, 1931. Prevention of Embrittleinent of Sheet Duralumin by Atmospheric Corrosion.—As part of this study, the anodic process of oxidation for the

protection of duralumin has been studied. A rapid method for

determining the quality of such a coating has been developed. The

usefulness of the anodic treatment as a preliminary before painting

or varnishing aluminum alloys has been very satisfactorily established. The outdoor exposure tests of sheet duralumin under three

widely differing climatic conditions have been continued, the fourth

year of the five-j^ear program having been completed. The results

continue to support the tentative conclusions based on laboratory

tests and the early exposure tests. The deleterious effect on the

corrosion resistance of sheet duralumin of improper heat treatment

and the relatively short life of most coatings have been well established. However, to obtain fuller tests of the materials which have

so far appeared to be satisfactory, the tests will be continued for

another year.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 249

Bismuth and Its Alloys.—A method was developed for making wire

by extrusion. Data on the fusible alloys of bismuth were published.

This report was based upon data reported in the literature supplemented by tests at the bureau.

Publications.—Extrusion of Bismuth Wire, by J. G. Thompson, Metals and

Alloys, vol. 1, p. 826 ; 1930. Properties of Lead-Bismuth, Lead-Tin and Type-Metal Alloys, by J. G. Thompson, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 5, p. 1085; November, 1930. METROLOGY ( SCIENTIFIC ) Ruling of Line Scales by Interference Methods.—Using the equipment

under construction during recent years, two meter scales and several shorter ones have been ruled, using light wave lengths to step

off the intervals. One of the meter scales was subdivided into centimeters, the other into decimeters. The smaller scales were subdivided down as low as one-thousandth of an inch. These scales were ruled when the laboratory was at 20° C. Work is now under

way for placing the ruling machine under accurate thermostatic

control.

Precision Screws and Dividing Engine.—The precision dividing

engine has been completed and the first rulings, while crude and

not completely tested, give promise of a fairly satisfactory machine.

Adjustment and compensation for temperature changes must be

arranged. The problem is difficult (otherwise it would have been

mastered years ago by the many workers in this field), and requires

the utmost patience and care in locating and overcoming the many

obstacles encountered.

Graduation and Calibration of Precision Circles.—Additional experi- ence in the graduation and calibration of precision circles indicates

that while the bureau's equipment is capable of graduating circles to an accuracy of two seconds or better, extreme care must be exercised in their mechanical and heat treatment, both before and after

graduation, in order to maintain this accuracy. The research is being continued in order to learn more definitely the requirements as

to composition, and mechanical and heat treatments to insure dimensional stability. Effects of Wire Diameter and of Large Openings of Sieves Upon Sieving

Values.—Detailed measurements of large numbers of sieves have been

made in connection with work on standard samples of abrasives.

PAPER

Government Papers.—Developments in cooperative research on paper currency with the Bureau of Efficiency and Bureau of Engraving and Printing may be summarized as follows : Papers were made

from highly purified wood fibers which complied satisfactorily with

the currency-paper specifications and which had satisfactory printing qualities; paper-making trials of pulp from redeemed paper

currency gave further evidence that satisfactory paper pulp can be

made from this material; and data on optimum practice for tubsizing currency paper were obtained.

In the cooperative research with the Bureau of Engraving and

Printing on the manufacture of postage stamps rthe addition of
250 STASTDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 phosphoric acid to the gum was found to effect considerable improvement in the adhesion of stamps to the more resistant ftypes of

envelope papers, and an improved form of gum breaker was devised

which makes the stamps more resistant to curling.

Preservation of Records.—The studies of preservation of written and

printed records were continued with the support of the Brown Co.,

which maintains two research associates, and the Carnegie Corporation, which allotted a fund for the purpose administered by the

National Eesearch Council.

In respect to permanence classification of papers, the use of heat

to accelerate chemical reactions classified the Government writing

papers similarly to sunlight exposure, and in the expected order

of permanence. In paper-making experiments with highly purified

wood fibers in the bureau's paper mill, papers were produced which

compared favorably in stability and strength with the Government

permanent record and currency papers. Data were also obtained on the relation of sizing materials and fiber beaming treatment to the stability of the papers. A survey of public libraries indicated

that the chief external deteriorating influences are acid polution of

the atmosphere, high temperature, variations in atmospheric humidity, light, and dust. Laboratory studies of effect of acid-polluted air

and of light are in progress. Tests of old publications stored in

libraries revealed the importance of purity of paper fibers for re- sistance of paper to deteriorating influences.

Publications.—Permanence Standards for Printing and Writing Papers, by

B. W. Scriber, Trans. Am. Soc. Mach. Engrs., vol. 52, No. 19, PI-52-5 ; 1930. The Deterioration of Paper—Studies by the United States Bureau of Standards, by B. W. Scriber, Pacific Pulp and Paper Ind., vol. 4, No. 11, p. 31 ; 1930. The Determination of Alpha Cellulose and Copper Number of Paper, by J. O. Burton and R. H. Rasch, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 4, p. 603 ; April, 1931. Light Sensitivity of Rosin Paper-Sizing Materials, by A. E. Kimberly and

J. F. G. Hicks, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 819; May, 1931. Paper-Making Materials and Processes.—Experimental coating tests of domestic caseins were made to assist the Bureau of Dairy Industry

in finding more suitable standards for grading caseins. Newsprint

papers made in the bureau paper mill assisted correlation by the

Government Printing Office, in their cooperative studies with the

American Newspaper Publishers Association, of printing qualities

of such papers with their components. The results of this study are reported in the Government Printing Office Technical Bulletin

No. 13.

Publications.—The Preparation of Fiber Test Sheets, by M. B. Shaw, G. W.

Bicking, and L. W. Snyder, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 1, p. 105 ; July, 1930. Further Studies of Paper Coating Minerals and Adhesives, by M. B. Shaw,

G. W. Bicking, and M. J. O'Leary, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 6, p. 1189

December, 1930. The Paper-Making Properties of Phormium Tenax (New Zealand Flax), by M. B. Shaw, G. W. Bicking, and M. J. O'Leary, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 411; March, 1931. Standardization of Commercial Paper Products.—In cooperation with

the Lithographic Technical Foundation, studies of the properties of

lithographic papers relative to their printing quality were undertaken. As a survey of printing plants showed that misregister was

the most important problem, the work so far has been confined
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 251

mainly to plant and laboratory studies of effect of variable humidity

and tension on misregister. The properties and methods of testing

paper towels, insulating boards, and binders boards were also investigated.

Paper-Testing Methods.—Cooperation with the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry in their standardization of

paper-testing methods included experimental studies of measure- ment of grease resistance, water resistance, air resistance, and acidity.

Data were obtained to assist the American Society for Testing Materials in establishment of standard procedure for determination of

folding endurance of insulating papers with the M. I. T. folding

tester. Further advance was made in study of hygrometry as related to paper testing.

Publication.—Critical Study of the Bursting Strength Test for Paper, by

F. T. Carson and F. V. Worthington. B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 339

:

February, 1931. PHOTOGRAPHY

Photographic Emulsions.—In the investigation of the principal in- dependent variables of "after-ripening" (ripening after washing),

the effects of temperature, bromide, and hydrogen ion concentrations were tested on emulsions made by neutral and ammonia formulas,

with varying gelatin and iodide content at varying stages of ripening.

Emulsions made with normal gelatin were compared with those made

with deactivated gelatin and known nuclear sensitizers. The results support the chemical reaction theory of ripening.

Photographic Sensitometry.—In attempting to formulate standard

methods for specifying photographic sensitivity, the variation in

photographic sensitivity with the time of development has been

studied, using the three most common methods of measuring sensitivity. It was found that there is an optimum development time

for obtaining maximum sensitivity.

Publication.—An Experimental Study of Several Methods of Representing

Photographic Sensitivity, by Raymond Davis and Gerald Kent Neeland. B. S. Jour. Research, vol* 7, No. 3, p. 495 ; September, 1931. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Optical Properties of Crystalline Organic Compounds.—In general,

crystals have three refractive indices for each light frequency. Taken

together, these three indices can be used to identify the material. The

optical method is indispensable to the mineralogist and is in wide

use for the identification of inorganic compounds. It has been little used by organic chemists because of the inadequacy of published data.

To help to relieve this situation the systematic determination of these constants is under way. The study of the formates of metals in

Group II of the periodic system is nearly completed. In addition to the optical constants of the hydrated and anhydrous forms, determinations of their densities, solubilities in water, equilibrium points,

and approximate decomposition temperatures are included.

Phase Equilibria in the System Zinc Oxide-Alumina-Silica.—The phaseequilibria diagram for this system has been completely worked out. 92462—32 17
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 The system is characterized by two ternary eutectics at 1,305° and

1,440° C, respectively.

Phase-Equilibrium Diagram for the System Cr2 3-Al2 3

. —This diagram has been determined and is characterized by complete miscibility of the two components in the crystalline state.

Publication.—Phase Equilibria in the System OzOs-A^Os, by E. N. Bunting,

B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 6, p. 947 ; June, 1931. Variation of Transference Number With Concentration.—A new moving boundary method has been developed by means of which it is possible to measure the change in the transference number of a given

electrolyte with its concentration in aqueous solution.

Publication.—A method for Determining the Change in Transference Number

of a Salt with Change in Concentration. A Modification of the Moving

Boundary Method, by Edgar Reynolds Smith, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 6, p. 917 ; June, 1931. Volume Changes at an Electrode During Electrolysis.—Due to the

combined effects of the electrode reaction and the electrolytic transference, volume changes occur at each electrode during an electrolysis.

The value of the total volume change is being determined by a direct

method. It is needed for the proper correction of moving boundary

transference measurements.

PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Soil-Corrosion Investigation.—The collection of soil-corrosion data

has not progressed sufficiently to justify the setting up of standards

at this time, but several methods of testing soil corrosivity and the

performance of protective coatings have been developed during the

year and some of them may be found suitable for adoption as standard methods after they have had more thorough trials. The Protective Value of Electroplated Coatings.—An investigation was initiated in cooperation with the American Electroplaters*

Society and the American Society for Testing Materials. Several

thousand samples of steel are being plated with various metals or combinations of metals, and will be used in exposure tests in different parts of the country and in laboratory studies upon accelerated

tests. The actual exposure tests will be started during the coming

fiscal year. The Porosity of Electrodeposited Chromium Coatings.—Methods for

detecting porosity in chromium deposits on different metals were

studied. The copper-deposition method was found to be the most

reliable and most generally applicable. It was modified so as to yield semiquantitative results. This method was then used to study

the porosity of chromium coatings produced under different conditions. It was found that by depositing the chromium at relatively

high temperatures and current densities, the porosity can be greatly

decreased.

Publication.—The Porosity of Electroplated Chromium Coatings, by

Blum, W. P. Barrows, and A. Brenner, B. S. Jour. Research, 7, No. 4, p. 697 ; October, 1931. Analysis of Silver-Plating Solutions.—Methods for the analysis of

silver-plating baths have been studied in detail. Modifications or
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 253 new methods have been developed for the determination of the

total cyanide, chloride, and ammonia. Present methods for the

determination of silver, free cyanide, and carbonate have been

confirmed.

Dimensional Changes in the Manufacture of Electrotypes.—In cooperation with the International Association of Electrotypers a study was made of the changes in dimension that may occur in each step

of the electrotyping process. The resultant information will be

especially useful in making electrotypes for color printing where

the corresponding plates must register accurately.

Publication.—Dimensional Changes in the Manufacture of Electrotypes, by

N. Bekkedahl and W. Blum, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 829; May, 1931. Durability of Varnishes.—A new test for evaluating varnishes has

been developed. A varnish film is first exposed to an intense source

of light for a definite period of time, after which it is bent double

at a prescribed temperature over a rod of fixed diameter. The more

durable the varnish the longer it may be exposed to the light before

it will crack on bending. This test appears to have a number of

advantages over other tests now in use for the purpose.

Publication.—A New Test for Predicting the Durability of Varnishes (The

Photo-Chemical Embrittling Test), by J. H. Wilson, B. S. Jour. Research,

vol. 7, No. 1, p. 73 ; July, 1931. Cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials.—The

bureau cooperated with the American Society for Testing Materials

in developing tentative methods of testing the tinting strength of

pigments, tentative specifications for various lacquer solvents, specifications for pigments, various methods of test of paint materials,

methods of analysis for cast irons and ferro-alloys and in exposure

tests on the stability of samples of foundry coke.

RADIO

Primary-Frequency Standard.—Improvements have been made in the

equipment of the primary-frequency standard which have resulted

in increased reliability. The signals are checked against the Arlington time signals and the Riefler and Shortt clocks of the bureau, as well as against a similar standard of the Bell Telephone Laboratories

in New York. The last makes use of a wire transmission of an

audio frequency. The bureau's standard was found reliable in

continuous service to better than 1 part in 1,000,000.

Secondary-Frequency Standards.—The performance of several temperature-controlled piezo oscillators has been studied thoroughly.

They were found very satisfactory for controlling a transmitting set of exceptionally constant frequency. An improved piezo oscillator was constructed. The elasticity and vibration patterns of piezoelectric quartz have been investigated.

Publication.—Some Experimental Studies of the Vibrations of Quartz Plates,

by E. B. Wright and D. M. Stuart, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 7, No. 3, p. 519

;

September, 1931. Standard-Frequency Dissemination.—The standard-frequency trans- mission service has been improved and extended. The regular
254 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

transmission of eight frequencies per month was continued, and this was augmented beginning January 6 by highly accurate transmissions on 5,000 kc, two hours in the afternoon and two hours at night on three clays a month. These transmissions were controlled by a secondary standard piezo oscillator and maintained with an accuracy

better than 1 part in 1,000,000. The bureau hopes eventually to provide one or more frequencies continuously for check and control

purposes.

^ Improvements in Eadio-Measurement Methods.—The bureau has con- tinued its studies of transmitted radio waves. Methods for measuring these with great precision were developed. An accurate method

of calibrating condensers was worked out and the necessary equipment built. An improved audio-frequency oscillator, incorporating

a piezo oscillator, was also designed and built.

Publications.—A Precise and Rapid Method of Measuring Frequencies from

5 to 200 Cycles per Second, by N. P. Case, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 2, p. 237 ; August, 1930. Accurate Method of Measuring Transmitted Wave Frequencies at 5,000 and

20,000 Kilocycles per Second, by E. L. Hall, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3. p. 647 ; September, 1930. Measurements of Eadio Field Intensity.—Field-intensity measure- ments have been made between Washington and Chicago on the

5,000 kilocycle standard-frequency transmitter previously mentioned.

Daytime field-intensity measurements made on broadcast and air- ways phone transmissions indicated that existing formulas for field intensity are not reliable for overland paths at broadcast frequencies.

Variations of Radio-Wave Intensity and Direction.—The technique of

recording field intensities automatically was developed and applied

to observing the synchronized transmissions of certain broadcasting

stations. The fading records taken on the Byrd Antarctic Expedition have been analyzed and prepared for publication. They

showed that for frequencies of about 9,000 kilocycles per second over long paths the field intensity increased with the increase of darkness

over the path ; as the frequency increased to about 16,000 kilocycles

per second the field intensity at first increased with increase of darkness until the path was about half dark and then decreased as the

darkness increased.

Measurement of the Height of the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer.—The

height of the Kennelly-Heaviside layer has been regularly recorded on frequencies from 590 to 10,000 kilocycles per second. The echo

method of measurement was employed. Beginning in June, 1931,

Kennelly-Heaviside layer height data were furnished to Science

Service for publication in the Ursigrams each week. The special

transmitting and receiving apparatus developed for this work will

transmit and record pulses one ten-thousandth of a second in length.

Plans for an automatic continuous recorder of Kennelly-Heaviside

layer heights were developed.

Publications.—Kennelly-Heaviside Layer Studies, by P. A. DeMars, T. R.

Gilliland, and G. W. Kenrich, Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 19, p. 106

January, 1931. Kennelly-Heaviside Layer Height Observations for 4,045 and 8,650 kc, by

T. R. Gilliland, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 5, p. 1057 ; November, 1930, and

Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 19, p. 113; January, 1931.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 255

RUBBER

Properties of Rubber Insulation.—Some consideration was given to the mechanical and aging properties and the testing of rubber insulation in connection with the purchase of wires and cables by various

departments of the Government. Far from affording any complete

or final standardization of test methods and procedures, the work

only served to indicate the need for a broad and thorough study

of the field. Rubber vulcanized with trinitrobenzene instead of sulphur was shown to be suitable for direct application on copper conductors

without the necessity for tinning the conductors.

Thermal Conductivity of Rubber.—The comparative method for

measuring the thermal conductivity of electrical insulating materials

which was developed by the bureau in collaboration with a committee

of the American Society for Testing Materials, was revised. Improved technique was developed for the preparation of samples of

rubber for use as thermal conductivity standards.

Hard Rubber Photographic Trays.—A survey was made of the

mechanical and chemical characteristics of hard rubber for the

purpose of framing specifications for hard rubber photographic

trays. Test Samples for Rubber.—A study was made of different test samples for measuring the physical properties of rubber. The standard dumb-bell shaped sample is not entirely satisfactory for testingcompounds of high rubber content because of its tendency to break

outside the gage marks. A photoelastic study of the distribution

of strains in this type of test piece is being made to determine how

the shape of the test piece influences test results. A study is being made of methods of preparation of rubber-test

samples directly from rubber latex, thus eliminating the usual mastication processes. A microscopic method for accurately measuring the dimensions

of rubber-test pieces was developed. A paper on this subject has

been prepared for publication.

Abrasion Tests for Rubber.—The performance of the new abrasion

machine designed and built at the bureau has been the subject of

careful study with particular attention to the determination of test conditions which simulate the wear of tire treads in service.

A publication on this subject, in addition to describing the machine, gives data showing how different types of tread compounds

as well as samples taken from commercial tires perform on the

machine.

PuUication.—A Simple Abrasion Test Machine for Rubber, by W. L. Holt

and P. A. Sigler, India Rubber World ; August, 1930. SAFETY STANDARDS

Safety Codes.—Members of the staff have participated in the work

of the Safety Code Correlating Committee and in the work of vari- ous committees of national scope which have prepared safety codes.

Revision of the Safety Code for Elevators, Dumbwaiters, and

Escalators was completed, and text was prepared for an elevator
256 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

inspectors' handbook. Codes for mechanical refrigeration, for window washing, and for floor and wall openings were completed. A

revision was undertaken of the Code for Lighting School Buildings

and the Code for Automobile Brakes and Brake Testing. Work

was continued on codes dealing with walkway surfaces; conveyors

and conveying machinery; mechanical power transmission; and

cranes, derricks, and hoists. Assistance was given State and city

officials in the preparation of local regulations.

Publication.—Standard Elevator Regulations, by J. A. Dickinson, Commercial Standards Monthly, vol. 7, No. 3, p. 122; September, 1930. Electrical Codes.—Eequirements of the National Electrical Safety

Code for the strength of wood poles have been modified by the adoption of new standard values for the ultimate fiber stresses of three

species of wood poles. A new handbook has been prepared con- taining revised tables based upon the new values. A report on lowvoltage electrical accidents was prepared for the National Safety

Council.

Publications.—Report on Low-Voltage Electrical Hazards, by M. G. Lloyd,

Transactions of American Society of Safety Engineers, Engineering Section

of the National Safety Council, p. 333 ; 1930. Causes of Electrical Accidents Analyzed, by M. G. Lloyd, J. Electrical Workers and Operators, vol. 30, p. 116 ; March, 1931. Lightning, by M. G. Lloyd, Proceedings of the International Association of Municipal Electricians, p. 65; 1930. X-Eay Protection.—An X-ray safety code was formulated and

published as Bureau of Standards Handbook No. 15. It deals with

the proper X-ray insulation of operating rooms; the proper X ray

and electrical insulation of X-ray equipment ; protective devices for

patients and operatives; fire precaution, especially in the storage of

and types of photographic films used ; periodical tests ; resuscitation

directions for parties subjected to electric shock; and general precautions as to personnel working conditions.

Publications.—X-Ray Protection, B. S. Circular No. 374. Rontgen Ray Protection, by L. S. Taylor, Am. J. Roent, vol. 22, p. 45 ; 1929. X-Ray Protection, Report of Advisory Committee on X-Ray and Radium

Protection, B. S. Handbook No. 15 ; 1931. SCALES IN RAILROAD, INDUSTRIAL, AND OTHER SERVICES

Master Track-Scale Calibrations.—Eighteen of the nineteen master

scales in service were visited this year and calibrated by direct application of standard test loads. Minor modifications or adjustments were made on 10 scales and all were left accurate within an "adjustment tolerance" corresponding to an allowable error limit

of 0.01 per cent. Eailroad Track Scales.-—Exceptionally good progress is recorded in

the testing of railroad track scales, a total of 1,030 scales having

been tested during the fiscal year 1931. This is the greatest number

of tests which have been made in any year. Of the scales tested

75.9 per cent were correct within the bureau's tolerance which allows

a mean maximum weighing error equivalent to 0.20 per cent of the

applied test-load values. The average maximum weighing error was

0.21 per cent or but 0.01 per cent more than the allowable error

limit. These values, in comparison with the results for the preced-
BUKEAU OF STANDARDS 257

ing year, indicate a higher proportion of correct scales, but slightlygreater average weighing error. Track Scales for Weighing1 Grain.—Tests were made of 97 track

scales utilized at grain elevators and mills for weighing carload con- signments of gram in marketing transactions. Slightly more than

half these scales were correct within the special tolerance of 0.10 per cent which has been established as a proper error limit. A sur- vey extending over several years offers conclusive evidence that approximately half the track scales in grain weighing service are incapable of continuous maintenance within the tolerance recom- mended for them by the Interstate Commerce Commission (I. C. C.

Docket 9009).

Test-Car Calibrations.—At the master scale depot, Clearing Station,

Chicago, 111., railroad track scale test weight car calibrations were made for 13 different owning systems on 28 different cars. The

total number of calibrations was 57. In addition, 23 track-scale

test-weight cars owned by railroads and industries which do not

have access to master scales were calibrated by direct comparison

with standard weight test loads in the field. Paint Coatings for Test Weights.—A study of the durability and

protection characteristics of various paints recommended for application to 50-pound test weights is under way. A large number of

test weights treated with paint coatings of various kinds and placed

in actual service under different usage conditions have been examined and reweighed at periodic intervals during the past year. The

investigation is to continue for another year. At this time, it is indicated that constancy of test-weight values is dependent more

upon conditions of handling and transportation than upon the nature of the paint coating, loss of weight being due most commonly

to abrasion and chipping off of metal.

Contacts with Technical Bodies.—The bureau cooperated with the

National Scale Men's Association and the American Railway Association to perfect a code of specifications for track-scale test-weight

cars. Two new projects on which the bureau will cooperate with the

first-named organization are : Preparation of a code of rules for

operation and maintenance of track scale test weight cars and defi- nition of what constitutes a proper test of a railroad track scale. Mine Scales.—The mine scale-testing equipment made tests of 140

mine scales in the coal-mining sections of West Virginia, Maryland,

Indiana, and Ohio. About 48 per cent were found correct within

the allowable tolerance of 8 pounds per ton of applied test load.

A conspicuous increase in the proportion of correct scales is indicated. Improvement is most pronounced in the States of Maryland

and West Virginia.

Improvements in Field Equipment.—A new outfit has been completed and replaces the No. 1 testing outfit which had been in use

since 1913. The new equipment is strictly modern in all respects,

and contains improved facilities for handling and maintenance of

the weight standards.

Postal Scales and Weighing.—At the request of the Post Office

Department, laboratory studies were made relative to the speed and

accuracy of weighing postal matter, and numerous samples of scales
258 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 intended for postal weighings were tested. Assistance was also

given the Post Office Department in the development of purchase

specifications for postal scales and in the training of a field personnel

which will conduct acceptance tests on new scales and routine service

tests on scales in use in post offices throughout the United States. SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE

General Conferences; Recommendations Approved by Industry;

Printed Recommendations.—Twenty new simplified practice recom- mendations were developed by general conferences held during the

year. These additions raised the total to 149, exclusive of one re- gional recommendation and one limitation of variety recommendation. Both of the latter, and 117 of the 149 simplified practice

recommendations, have been approved and accepted by the industries

affected. Twenty-five recommendations are in process of acceptance.

Recommendations covering 115 commodities have been issued in

printed form.

Revision and Reaffirmation Conferences.—During the period covered

by this summary 37 existing recommendations were reviewed by their

respective standing committees. Of these, 31, or 83.7 per cent, were

reaffirmed without change, while the remaining 6 recommendations

were revised. During the previous year, 34 recommendations of 39

reviewed, or 85.3 per cent, were reaffirmed.

Adherence to Simplified-Practice Recommendations.—Surveys were made of adherence in the production, distribution, and use of 13

simplified commodities. The acceptors reporting indicated that approximately 90 per cent of their volume conformed with the recommendations. Similar surveys in 1930 showed that the percentage of

adherence for 25 commodities averaged approximately 87 per cent. Degree of adherence determined dp actual survey

Simplified practice recom- mendation No.

Files and rasps Range boilers and expansion

tanks Woven wire fencing and fence packages

Steel lockers Grocers' paper bags

Shovels, spades, and scoops

Steel reinforcing bars

Per cent

78

Simplified practice recom- mendation No.

Sterling silver flatware Wrought iron and wrought steel pipe, valves, and fittings Packaging of razor blades

Binders' board Composition books

Surgical gauze Average

Degree

of ad- herence

Per cent

90

Preliminary Conferences and Variety Surveys.—Twenty-nine preliminary conferences were held for 21 different industries. Surveys of

existing diversification of product have been conducted by simplified

practice committees appointed by 11 of these industries, and plans were started for similar activity by the other 10 groups.

Simplified Practice and Consumer Interest.—The 1931 Standards Yearbook contained a paragraph on the applicability of simplified prac-
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 259

tice to the problems of distribution. Particular reference was made

to materials handling equipment, containers, and a survey of variety

of wrapping and packing materials used by department stores. Four recommendations in this latter field, resulting from the

survey of variety, are now before industry for approval. The supplies covered are notion and millinery paper bags, corrugated boxes,

folding boxes, and set-up boxes.

Recently there has developed a marked growth of consumer interest, not only as to existing recommendations but also in the establishment of new simplification programs. One project which originated

during the year through the influence of consumers, and which is now before the industry for acceptance, is the packaging of overhead

electric railway materials. Similarly, projects on steel office furni- ture and on a color code for marking steel bars are now being

developed.

It is to be noted that this consumer interest is not confined to individuals. National associations representing purchasing agents, store- keepers, engineers, building and construction contractors, architects,

etc., are constantly increasing their efforts in support of the simplified

practice movement.

The success of simplification programs depends upon their consis- tent application by those concerned. To stimulate increased use of

the recommendations, many manufacturers are indicating the simplified commodities in their catalogues, price lists, and advertising

matter. Identifying tags and labels are, in a number of cases, attached to the articles. Consumers have found that these methods

of identification eliminate the work of checking prospective purchases against the printed pamphlets.

SPECIFICATIONS

National Directory of Commodity Specifications.—The manuscript for

the second edition of the National Directory of Commodity Specifications has been completed. The first edition was published in 1925 and

has been widely used. It is estimated that the new volume will

occupy about 500 printed pages as compared with 380 pages in the

earlier edition. The increase in size is to be attributed to the more

detailed description of the specifications and not to any increase in

the number of specifications listed. A brief summary of each specification is given so that the reader may to some extent judge for

himself whether the scope of the specification fits his needs.

Encyclopedia r.f Specifications.—The se ond volume in the Encyclopedia of Specification series, under the title " Standards and Specifications for Nonmetallic Minerals and Their Products," has been

printed. The first volume of this series, " Standards and Specifications in the Wood-Using Industries," was published in 1927. The

second volume contains 680 pages as compared with 349 in the first volume. Each of these volumes contains all nationally recognized

standards, specifications, and simplifications within its scope, presented either in full or by means of suitable abstracts, tabulations, or

cross references. It also contains methods of testing incidental to
260 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 the formulation of commodity specifications, which forms an exceedingly important part of the work.

Somewhat more than 50 per cent of the manuscript for the third

volume of the Encyclopedia, "Standards and Specifications for

Metals and Metals Products," has been completed. It is estimated

that this volume will occupy about 1,100 pages.

Publication.—Standards and Specifications for Nonmetallic Minerals and

Their Products, B. S. Miscellaneous Publication No. 110; 1930. Federal Specifications and Testing.—Of the 700 specifications that

have been promulgated by the Federal Specifications Board, approximately 300 have been prepared by, or with the active cooperation of

the bureau's division of organic and fibrous materials. The work of

this division, therefore, illustrates the work of the bureau as a whole.

During the past year the committees on rubber products and packing

materials have prepared 46 specifications and the division has assisted

in the preparation of 40 specifications for textiles, 14 for paper, and

2 for leather.

The practical value of a specification is dependent largely upon

the thoroughness with which it is enforced. An important part of

the bureau's work is devoted to the inspection and testing of supplies

purchased by the various Government agencies, and it is necessary

to direct particular attention to the development of testing apparatus

and methods of physical and chemical tests as a means of promoting

standardization. During the past year the division of organic and

fibrous materials has tested approximately 11,000 samples of miscellaneous materials, representing purchases by the various Government

agencies.

SPECTROSCOPY AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE, RADIUM

Standard Wave Lengths.—The investigation of the spectra of

Krypton and Xenon in connection with the possibility of using cer- tain of their spectral lines as standards of wave length has been

actively continued. The hyperfine structure of the spectra of these

elements, which has an important bearing on their suitability as standards, was investigated by both the Fabry-Perot interferometer

and the Lummer-Gehrcke plate. The results proved gratifyingly

consistent.

Publications.—Interference Measurements in the First Spectra of Krypton

and Xenon, by C. J. Humphreys, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 5, p. 1041 • November, 1930. Hyperfine Structure in the First Spectra of Krypton and Xenon, by C. J. Humphreys, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 7, No. 3, p. 453; September, 1931. Spectrochemical Analysis.—Several hundred samples of materials were analyzed, a large part of which were iridium and rhodium

sponges prepared by the bureau in an attempt to obtain these metals

in a higher state of purity than ever before accomplished. The

effectiveness of the various chemical methods used was tested by the

spectrograph^ analysis, leading to final products of almost spectroscopically pure metals.

Radium Testing.—Two thousand four hundred preparations of

radium, more than double the number reported last year, totaling over 20,000 milligrams of the element, and fixing the sale value of

about $1,300,000, were tested.
BUKEAU OF STANDARDS 261

STONE

Elastic Pointing Materials.—The apparatus installed last year for

testing elastic pointing materials for masonry has given good service, and about 300 samples of this material have been tested for

Government departments during the year. The sudden increase in

products of this nature has brought on the market a great number of new compositions. The test procedure now in use consists in determining if the materials form a satisfactory seal between masonry

units when subjected to a slight separation comparable to structural

movements; if staining occurs when the material is used on limestone; and if it will remain in a vertical joint when heated to 125° F.

Although a large percentage of the compounds now on the market

fail to meet these requirements, there is evidence of improvement in

quality.

Slate Investigation.—The study of weathered roofing slate in con- nection with laboratory methods has shown that the weathering

process is a combination of chemical and physical action. Frost has

been found to play a very minor part in slate decay. With this

information it has been possible to devise a weathering test which

simulates the actual weathering forces. Cooperation with the Federal Specifications Board has led to the development of a specification for roofing slate which gives promise of securing a more

uniform product.

Physical test data have been tabulated on 338 samples of domestic

slate, mostly from the principal producing districts in Maine, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. This will be presented for publication at an earlv date. The report will cover

flexural strength and elasticity of the slate in the dry and wet

conditions, toughness, hardness, absorption, porosity, specific gravity,

and weathering tests. Considerable space will be given to the nature

of weathering processes found in this material, since this appears to be the most important consideration in connection with the development of a satisfactory roofing-slate specification.

SUGAR

Oxidation of Sugars.—A new process which promises to be of great

commercial importance and has long been sought has been developed

for the manufacture of sugar acids and their salts. When it is desired to produce a salt the sugar is electrolytically oxidized in

the presence of a bromide and a base. The bromide is continuously

regenerated; hence a small amount will facilitate the oxidation of

a large quantity of sugar. Since the raw materials are cheap, the new

process has considerable commercial possibility for the manufacture

of calcium gluconate and similar products.

Publication.—The Oxidation of Sugars. The Electrolytic Oxidation of Aldose Sugars in the Presence of a Bromide and Calcium Carbonate, by Horace

S. Isbell and Harriet L. Frush, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 6, p. 1145;

June, 1931. Standardized Regulations. Tariff Act of 1930.—Schedule E, sugars

and molasses, is the largest producer of revenue in the tariff act. Much time was devoted by the bureau in carrying out the necessary
262 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 investigations requested by the Congress during the formation of

the tariff act of 1930. The bureau has long acted in such an advisory

capacity and is entrusted by the Secretary of the Treasury with the

preparation of regulations for carrying out the provisions of the

tariff act. In the tariff act of 1930 a radical change was made in

the method of assessing duty upon molasses. The component of

chief value in a molasses is the total amount of sugar and the new

tariff act orders the collection of the revenue on the total number of

pounds of such sugar. This procedure necessitates changes in

methods employed. These methods have been finally perfected and

standardized after extensive experimentation, and in collaboration

with the Bureau of Customs the necessary revision of the customs

regulations has been made. The importation of so-called liquid

sugars of high purity necessitated investigations for methods applicable to these products. A satisfactory method has been finally developed, combining polarimetric and refractometric determinations.

Preparation of Crystalline Eibose.—Because of the widespread oc- currence of ribose in plant and animal tissues this sugar is of great

importance in the study of the physiological processes which take

place in the human body. It occurs in combination with phosphoric

acid and certain nitrogeneous compounds known as purines and

pyrimidines in the nucleus of living cells. The cost of production is so high, approximately $16,000 per pound, that in spite of its importance little attention has been given to this sugar. The bureau

has undertaken a study of ribose for the purpose of reducing its cost by improving methods of production, and at the same time obtaining

information on its physical and chemical behavior and its relation to other sugars. A quantity of pure sugar has been obtained and an improved method of preparation developed which has resulted in a materially lowered cost. Method of Levulose Manufacture.—The development of a semifactory-scale plant for the production of hard refined levulose was

actively continued. The development of a satisfactory technique for

a continuous-flow process is a difficult problem. It is especially difficult when there is no precedent to be used as a guide either in

developing a suitable chemical control or in the design of the great

variety of equipment required. Nevertheless, gratifying results have

been obtained in this work. Certain portions of the factory were

partially operated on a considerable scale, and data secured to re- design unsatisfactory equipment. Among the more important new

pieces now completed and in operation may be mentioned (1) con- verter temperature control, (2) automatic defactor control, (3) cal- cium levulate crystal-grower, and (4) carbonator and filter assembly.

Structure of Sugars.—Numerous new sugar derivatives have been

prepared in the course of studies relating to the molecular structure of the sugars. The separation of certain intermediate products in

the reaction of the gamma acetyl methyl glycosides with hydrogen

chloride shows that this reaction follows an entirely different course from what was previously believed. This reaction, as well as other

reactions which were studied, support the ortho ester structure for

these sugar derivatives. For testing the possible relationship between optical rotation and atomic dimension, compounds containing

several as3^mmetric carbon atoms (derived from carbohydrates) have
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 263

been used. As the results suggest the testing of the relationship for

compounds containing only one asymmetric carbon atom, experiments for the preparation of these compounds have already been

started.

Publications.—A New Crystalline Calcium Chloride Compound of Alpha-<ZGulose and Its Rotation and Mutarotation in Aqueous Solution, by H. S. Isbell, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 741 ; September, 1930. The Ring Structure of Mannose. The Optical Rotation of 4-Glucosido-AlphaMannose, by H. S. Isbell, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 5, p. 1179 ; November, 1930. Application of the Fluorating Process to Fructose, by D. H. Brauns and

Harriet L. Frush, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 3, p. 449 ; March, 1931. The Nature of Inulin.—This starch-like substance is of importance

because of its wide distribution in the roots of plants and because

it is the most available source of the sweet sugar, levulose. An

investigation of this substance led to the discovery of a group of

three new disaccharides, all of which have been isolated in pure

crystalline form, and their physical properties described. A chemical study has shown them to consist of 2 molecules of levulose con- densed with the loss of 2 molecules of water, from which fact they

have been designated difructose anhydrides. In the investigation

of their chemical properties eight new derivatives of these sugars

have been prepared.

Publications.—Note on the Individualities of Anhydrofructose and Difructose

Anhydride, by R. F. Jackson and S. M. Goergen, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 733 ; September, 1930. The Constant Occurrence of Nonreducinsr Disaccharides in Hydrolyzed Inulin, by R. F. Jackson and Emma McDonald, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 5, p. 1151 ; November, 1930. Two New Crystalline Difructose Anhydrides from Hydrolyzed Inulin, by

Richard F. Jackson and Emma McDonald, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 4,

p. 709; April, 1931. Color in the Sugar Industry.—Simplified methods in which spectrophotometric principles are applied have been worked out for the

measurement of color in both solid and liquid sugar products, employing well-known laboratoiy apparatus and furnishing results of

satisfactory accuracy with small expenditure of time. A colored

glass of American manufacture when carefully calibrated serves as

a standard for the colorimetry of liquid sugar products. A polarizing photometer with standardized conditions as to preparation of

sample, illumination, etc., permits the measurement of light reflected from solid sugars.

Publication.—Color in the Sugar Industry. III. Preparation of Asbestos for Use as a Filter Aid, by J. F. Brewster and F. P. Phelps, Ind. Eng. Chem.

(analytical edition), vol. 2, p. 373; October 15, 1930. TEXTILES, DYES, CLEANING, ETC. Fastness to Light of Dyed Textiles.—The bureau and the American

Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists have been cooperating

for over seven years in the development of standard methods for

testing the fastness to light of dyed textiles. Notable progress has

been made during the past year, especially in the selection of a series of standards for the different degrees of fastness. The relative

fastness to light of 1,197 cotton, wool, silk, and weighted silk dye-
264 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 ings representing 366 dyestuffs, when exposed to sunlight in the

standard " sun test " of the association were tabulated and classified into seven fastness classes. Mercerization of Cotton for Aeronautical Purposes.—A mercerizing

machine for studies under strictly controlled conditions was built. The effect of the factors, tension during mercerization, time of mercerization, temperature of the mercerizing bath, and concentration

of caustic were studied. This work should lead to a specification for

the conditions of mercerization which will result in the maximum

strength for a given weight.

Cotton Fabric for Parachutes.—The work on the development of a

cotton parachute cloth for use as a substitute for silk in the event

of a national emergency curtailing the supply, was completed.

Cotton yarn of high strength in proportion to its weight and otherwise specially suitable for parachute cloth was developed. Cloth woven from this yarn in the bureau mill was equal or superior to parachute silk in strength and tear resistance, met the requirements

with respect to air permeability, and weighed only a few tenths of an ounce per square yard more than the silk cloth, and offers opportunity for substantial economy in price. Practical trials of

cotton parachutes carried out by the Navy Department clearly indicated that the cotton parachute closely approaches the silk parachute in performance as to rate of descent, opening time, strength,

and ability to function after storage in the pack. A specification for cotton parachute cloth and the way in which the requirements of

the specification have been met are given in a report published by

the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

Publication.—An Investigation of Cotton for Parachute Cloth, by W. D. Appel and R. K. Worner, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Technical Note No. 393; September, 1931. Hosiery for Aviators.—At the request of the Bureau of Aeronautics,

Navy Department, a study of hosiery which appeared suitable for use by aviators in winter flying was made and a specification for

hosiery for this purpose was developed.

Properties of Knit Underwear.—Knit fabrics are made from many

combinations of fibers, yarn sizes, constructions, weight, and thickness. In order to obtain basic information regarding the effect of

these variables on such fabric properties as air permeability, thermal

transmission, coefficient of friction (inverse of slipperiness), and

moisture permeability, comparable samples of knit underwear fabrics of about 100 different constructions were tested. When the re- sults have been summarized and collated they should point the way

to specifications for underwear of superior qualities.

Silk.—An accelerated laboratory aging test to show how weighted

silk may be expected to age in service was developed. It was found

that there is good agreement between the effects of exposure of silk to a carbon arc light for a few hours under certain conditions of

temperature and humidity and those of exposure to a north light

for several months (natural aging).

Special Test Methods for Textiles.—A study was made of the new

apparatus for rapidly measuring the thermal transmission of fabrics.

This apparatus is simpler to construct and to operate than the earlier

apparatus. It requires a smaller sample for test, is compact and
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 265

portable, and gives results more rapidly. The values obtained were

in good agreement with those obtained with previous equipment and

by different methods in other laboratories. It is expected that it will be of considerable utility in the standardization of such textiles as blankets and clothing.

Further work on standardization of methods for evaluating stiff- ness, resiliency, and wrinkleability of cloth was carried out. A thick- ness gage applicable to the measurement and standardization of the

softness or hardness of cloth and its recovery from compression was

designed.

THERAPEUTIC ACCESSORIES

International Comparison of X-Eay Standards.—The International

Congress of Radiology adopted at their 1928 meeting the ionization

chamber method as their standard method for measuring X-ray

intensities. It is based on the fact that air is rendered electrically

conductive when traversed by a beam of X rays, and this in a degree

closely proportional to the X-ray intensity (power) and but slightly

variable with the hardness (wave length). This proportionality to the intensity can be corroborated by merely measuring the ionization

(electrical conductivity) at different distances from a constant source

of X rays. With reliably calibrated electrical instruments readily

available, the qualifications of the method for adoption as a standard are therefore obvious. The radiologist's unit of intensity of

X rays, the Roentgen, is defined then as that which imparts a

specified electrical conductivity to air in a specified electrical set-up

(ionization chamber). Certain details of the ionization chamber

were left open in the above-mentioned specification, to be worked out

by the standardizing laboratories. This has been done very completly at the bureau, where both a full-sized ionization equipment

and also a more compact portable outfit have been developed and

tried out with very satisfactory results. The portability of the

latter made comparisons possible with other laboratories, especially

with the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain and the

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt of Germany. These, carried out recently, proved very satisfactory. A report of them at the 1931

meeting of the International Congress of Radiology resulted in the

adoption of definite specifications for the ionization chamber outfit which are entirely fulfilled by the bureau's present equipment.

Publications.—The Problem of International X-ray Standardization, by L .S. Taylor, Radiology, vol. 14, p. 551 ; 1930. Calibration of the Fingerhut Ionization Chamber, by L. S. Taylor and G.

Singer, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 4, No. 5, p. 631 ; May, 1930. An Improved Form of Standard Ionization Chamber, by L. S. Taylor and

G. Singer, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 507 ; September, 1930. Apparatus for the Measurement of High Constant or Rippled Voltages, by

L. S. Taylor, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 609 ; September, 1930. Recent Progress in X-ray Standardization, by L. S. Taylor. Radiology, vol. 16,

p. 1; 1931. Further Studies of the X-ray Standard Ionization Chamber Diaphragm Sys- tem, by L. S. Taylor and G. Singer, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 219; February, 1931. Accurate Measurement of Small Electric Charges, by L. S. Taylor, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 6, No. 5, p. 807 ; May, 1931. Absorption Measurements of the X-ray General Radiation, by L. S. Taylor,

B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 517 ; September, 1930.
266 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Method for Measuring Ultra-Violet Radiation.—With the use of ultraviolet radiation for health purposes the demand for a reliable method

of measuring this very difficult quantity has arisen. The bureau has

cooperated with several other laboratories during the past year in

measuring the ultra-violet output of the same samples of a specific

type of lamp. Considerable difference in the measurement by these

different laboratories appears to arise from both the inconstancy of

the lamps and the inaccuracy of the measuring methods. For this

purpose the bureau has developed a balanced thermocouple and filter method which appears very promising.

Publication.—A Balanced Thermocouple and Filter Method of Measuring

Ultra-Violet Radiation, by W. W. Coblentz, R. Stair, and J. M. Hogue, B. g. Jour. Research, vol. 7, No. 4, p. 723 ; October, 1931. THERMAL EXPANSION MEASUREMENTS

Thermal Expansion of Heat-Resisting Alloys (Nickel-Chromium, Iron- Chromium, and Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys).—An investigation of the

linear thermal expansion of the important heat-resisting alloys

manufactured in the United States, has been completed. These

alloys are being used extensively in constructional projects where

resistance to oxidation is required.

Thermal Expansion Apparatus.—The demand for details of the fused

quartz expansion apparatus designed by the bureau for use in commercial laboratories, has continued. This apparatus enables firms

to do most of their ordinary expansion testing and is giving satisfaction wherever installed. Information and blue prints will be supplied upon request.

An autographic expansion apparatus is being developed at the

bureau. Details will not be available until sometime in 1932.

Publication*.—Thermisehe Ausdehnung von Magnesium, and Magnesiumlegierungen, by P. Hidnert and W. T. Sweeney (translated into German by

Dr. Ing. Max Haas, Aachen, Germany), Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde, vol. 21, p. 207; 1929. Thermal Expansion of M-M-M Alloy, by Peter Hidnert and W. T. Sweeney,

Physical Review, vol. 36, p. 787 ; Aug. 15, 1930. The Properties of Pure Nickel (Section on Thermal Expansion), by P. Hidnert, B. S. Jour. Research, vol. 5, No. 5, p. 1291; December, 1930. Thermal Expansion of Heat Resisting Alloys, by Peter Hidnert, Thesis for Ph. D. degree, May, 1931, American University, Washington, D. C. TIME MEASURING AND RECORDING INSTRUMENTS

Precision Clock.—The precision clock mentioned last year, especially

adapted to use with the photo-electric cell, has been constructed and

installed in the constant temperature clock room. This clock, which

has a free pendulum, has been found to give seconds signals of a higher accuracy than those obtained from the Biefler clock.

Effect of Temperature Changes on Rates of Watches.—The bureau has

cooperated in a research to determine the relative merits of the cut, bimetallic balance, and steel hairspring as compared with the uncut,

monometallic balance, and elinvar hairspring. Preliminary results

indicate that watches equipped with the latter type can be more ac- curately adjusted to compensate for temperature changes than can

the ordinary watch of the same grade.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 267

Cooperation with Horological Institute.—The bureau has continued

to cooperate with the Horological Institute of America in its efforts to improve the quality of service rendered by watch repairmen. The

bureau tests the repaired watches submitted by candidates as a part

of the examination for qualification as junior watchmaker and certi- fied watchmaker.

WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE LAND

Preparation and Testing of Starch Sizes.—In the investigation of the

adaptability of sweetpotato starch as a sizing material in the textile

industry it has been found desirable to study the methods of preparing sizes and also methods of testing starch and starch solutions

which are to be used for this purpose. It was found that long heating of starch solutions accompanied by agitation and high temperatures decreases the consistency of the solution and that the heating

should be kept down to a minimum, both as to the temperature and

the time of heating, if a high consistency is desired. Experimental

results indicate that a standardized centrifuging test may be suitable

for determining the homogeneity of starch solutions. Other experiments indicate that the viscosity, conductance, and precipitation by

alcohol may also be used to determine the value of starch for sizing

purposes.

Standardization of Xylose.—In the production of xylose in the plant

at Anniston, Ala., in cooperation with the Swann Corporation and

the State industrial commission an excellent commercial grade was

manufactured. It is inevitable, however, that the xylose becomes

contaminated with traces of iron, nickel, copper, and lead from the

equipment, and of calcium, magnesium, sulphates, and other salts from the chemicals used. Although of no consequence in ordinary

commercial or laboratory uses of xylose, some of these impurities are harmful when this sugar is used by humans for certain purposes

which are being investigated in cooperation with a number of medical authorities. It, therefore, became necessary to devise methods

for standardizing the removal of such impurities to below 5 parts per

1,000,000. It was found that these heavy metals can be precipitated

from slightly alkaline solutions of xylose by treatment with small

quantities of sodium phosphate or hydrogen sulphide. The sugar

sirup thus treated is filtered, slightly acidified, decolorized by percolation through ash-free activated carbon, concentrated by evaporation of part of the water in vacuum, seeded with powdered pure

xylose, and cooled and stirred for 24 hours. White xylose is thus

obtained which shows the absence of even traces of such deleterious

impurities when tested chemically and when fed to humans or animals in large quantities. A large number of requests was received

for the mimeographed directions for the purification of xylose by

this method.

Purification of Crude Cottonseed Oil.—A method was developed for

small scale or home purification of crude cottonseed oil for edible

purposes. These edible oils should meet certain standard specifications as to color, odor, free acid, unsaturation or iodine number, and

volatile impurities. By agitating ,the crude oil with required

amounts of caustic-soda solution and cooling the mass, the rancid

92462—32 18
268 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 fatty acids are removed and settle as soap. The oil is then boiled

with water one hour to remove the volatile matter responsible for

objectionable odor and taste. When the oil is separated and heated

with Fuller's earth and filtered; it forms a slight-yellow product

suitable for frying, shortening, and salad dressing. Both dark and

white soap can be made. A mimeographed circular giving complete

directions has been in wide demand.

Standardization of pH Tests for Acidity.—The best use of commercial

processes and the properties of the products are often dependent

upon the presence and regulation of minute amounts of acid or

basic materials. This acidity or so-called pH value is measured by

making a definite mixture of the product and a suitable indicator or dye; the pH value is obtained when the color is matched with

one of a series of graded pH color standards. When the concentration and acidijby of the product are very low the acidity of the

added indicator may cause errors in the preliminary pH test. The

final pH test is therefore made by adding indicator having a pH

value or acidity practically equal to that given in the preliminary

test of the product. This so-called isohydric (equal acidity) indicator method has been widely used and adopted by commercial firms

selling indicators. An illustration of its usefulness is given in the

tests of acidity of papers required by the Government Printing

Office. It was found by three Government laboratories and others

that different commercial firms sold indicators of various pH values or acidities which, therefore, gave different pH values in the very

dilute or weakly buffed extracts of paper. When the isohydricindicator method was employed nearly identical pH values were

obtained by all workers. The method is now widely used and is being studied by T. A. P. P. I. in conjunction with other tests. Numerous requests have been received for advice and for articles on this subject.

Investigation of the Sulphate Process.—This investigation is directed

toward the elimination of objectionable components in the blow-off

gases, or at least minimizing the evil resulting from the discharge

into the air of poisonous and odoriferous gases from the digesters in

the sulphate pulping process. Analytical methods for ,the determination of the sulphides and mercaptans have been studied, as well as the

absorption of such gases by silica gel and absorbent carbons. Some

progress has been made, but the work is not yet completed and is

s,till in progress.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Weights and Measures Conference.—The Twenty-fourth National

Conference on Weights and Measures met at the bureau on June 2

to 5, with a representation from 25 States and the District of Columbia. A tentative code of specifications and tolerances for person

weighers was adopted, the code for odometers was adopted in final

form, modifications were made in a number of codes formerly

adopted, chiefly affecting lubricating-oil bottles, grease-measuring

devices, and various types of weighing scale. A distinction was set up between requirements intended to be met by the equipment manufacturer and those directed toward the user of apparatus; the latter
BUEEAU OF STANDARDS 269

class—that is, maintenance requirements—will henceforth' be known

as " regulations " as distinguished from " specifications," and will be

grouped under that heading.

Numerous technical papers dealing with different phases of weights

and measures regulation were presented to the conference by speakers representing weights and measures officials, manufacturers of

commercial equipment, industry, and departments of the Federal

Government. There were also demonstrations of recent developments

in weighing scales.

Publication.—Report of the Twenty-Fourth National Conference on Weights

and Measures, B. S. Miscellaneous Pub. No. 129 ; 1931. Certification of Master Gages.—One of the important projects completed during the year was the remeasurement of the American Petroleum Institute's grand and regional master cable tool-joint gages. Many of the ring gages were found to be outside of tolerances on

lead of thread, and the American Petroleum Institute arranged for

correction of the gages by the gage maker. Complete sets for two

sizes of joints have been corrected and remeasured. The remaining

nine sets will be corrected and recertified during the summer and fall. Gages for Interchangeable Ground-Glass Joints.—The manufacturers

of ground-glass joints replaced the original master plain taper gages

which, as mentioned in the 1931 Yearbook, were found unsatisfactory, with more accurate gages made in this country. These were

checked and found to meet the requirements.

Cooperation with the National Physical Laboratory and the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.—Foreign manufacturers of oil-field equipment are using A. P. I. standards to a large extent, and the

American Petroleum Institute has appointed both the National

Physical Laboratory of England and the Physikalisch-Technische

Keichsanstalt of Germany as official testing agencies for A. P. I. gages made in Europe. This has led to considerable correspondence

between the bureau and these laboratories with regard to interpretation of A. P. I. gage specifications and standardization of methods

of test. Survey of Screw-Thread Practice in the United States.—The American

national standards for screw threads for bolts, machine screws, nuts,

and tapped holes, as embodied in Section III of the Report of the

National Screw Thread Commission (B. S. Misc. Pub. No. 89) and

in Eeport Bla-1924 of the American Standards Association, have

been in use for 10 years, with certain minor changes.

In order to provide information for a revision of the present

standard, if necessary, so that it will better serve the needs of manufacturers and users of screw threads, the bureau is cooperating in a

field survey of screw-thread practice under the auspices of the sec- tional committee on the standardization and unification of screw

threads organized under the procedure of the American Standards

Association and sponsored by the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, and the National Screw

Thread Commission. The investigation is intended to show: (1) The actual state of screw-thread standardization in the United States

at the present time, (2) the range of accuracy desirable for an

acceptable product of a given class, and (3) the range of accuracy

commercially attainable. This information will be derived from
270 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 measurements of the various elements which govern screw-thread

fits - , , , A total of 7,561 samples of bolts, screws, and nuts has been col- lected from 128 manufacturing plants located in the area east of

the Mississippi and north of the Ohio and Potomac Rivers, selected as being representative manufacturers and consumers of threaded

products. Samples consist of 12 different sizes ranging from No.

6-32 to l 1/^"-^ in the coarse thread series and from %"-24 to 1"-14

in the fine thread series. The samples were selected at random in

groups of five of each size at each source. The investigation has progressed to the point where measurements

of the bolts and screws, of which there are 4,055, are practically

completed. Four measuring or gaging operations are performed on each sample, namely, (1) gaging by means of thread snap gages

to determine the class of fit; (2) measurement of major diameter;

(3) measurement of pitch diameter; and (4) examination ^ in an

optical screw thread comparator to determine by optical projection

of the thread onto a chart the class of fit, amount of lead error, character of thread form or finish, including error in angle, and

whether the minor diameter is within specified limits. In this last operation a photographic record of the thread shadow superimposed on the chart is also made of the sample selected as representative

of each group of five. About one-third of the nuts received have been gaged as to class of fit and minor diameter, and work on these is progressing. Casts

of some of the nut threads will be made and examined in the projection comparator, but as this will be slow and laborious the extent

to which this test will be carried has not been determined.

The results of the investigation, when available, will be released

through the chairman of the above-mentioned sectional committee.

Action of International Committee on Weights and Measures with

Reference to Standard Temperature.—At the April, 1931, meeting of

the International Committee of Weights and Measures a resolution was passed approving the use of 20° C. (68° F.) as the standard temperature for all industrial length measuring instruments, gages, etc.. This is a very important step toward international uniformity and

interchangeability of parts.

Nickel-Chromium Alloy for Weights.—A research to determine the

suitability of an alloy of 80 per cent nickel and 20 per cent chromium

as a material for high-precision standards has been prosecuted during

the year by studying the accuracy and behavior of weights made of

this material, under a variety of conditions to which standards may

be subjected in practice. Thus far the material seems to be of satis- factory constancy.

Ethyl Alcohol Tables.—A new series of ethyl alcohol density tables was Dreuared at the request of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists for publication in their Methods of Analysis. These

tables are based on the original research carried out at the bureau some years ago. The new tables are on the basis of percentage by

volume, whereas the earlier publication was on the basis of percentage by weight.

Density of Creosote Oils.—The work on creosote oils and creosote

coal-tar solutions has been continued in cooperation with the pre-
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 271

servatives committee of the American Wood Preservers Association,

and volume correction tables have been prepared for use with representative commercial solutions.

Orifice Meter Tests.—Progress has been made in reviewing and

correlating data on the several research projects involving orifice dis- charge coefficients and large capacity gas meters, and some of this

material is now ready for publication. The subject of pulsating flows

is now under consideration and the work done in this field is now

being reviewed preparatory to outlining the scope of the research

which will be undertaken.
VII. MUNICIPAL, COUNTY, AND STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES

Information relating to the methods of making specifications and

purchasing commodities used by the various agencies of the Federal

Government is set forth in Chapters V and VI. Important as are the purchases of the above-noted agencies, they are not more important than those of the municipal, county, and State agencies, the

combined purchases of which are several times as great as the purchases of the Federal Government. All of the money spent by these

agencies is collected from the public in the form of taxes. In order to determine in what way the Federal agencies can best

be of assistance to the local agencies intrusted with the expenditure

of public money, periodic surveys have been made of the extent to which purchasing departments use the specifications method of

buying, the manner in which standards and specifications are formulated, and the methods employed in checking and inspecting deliveries to determine whether or not they comply with the specification requirements.

The surveys indicate an increasing use of worth-while specifications, a greater reliance on nationally recognized specifications, and

a more widespread utilization of the testing facilities afforded by the

laboratories of colleges and universities. For example, specifications

in conformity with those of the American Society for Testing Materials, the American Association of State Highway Officials, and

the U. S. Bureau of Public Koads are in practically universal use by

the State highway commissions who are spending money obtained

locally and from the Federal Government in improving the highways of the country. The magnitude of the purchases will be appreciated when it is learned that the total expenditures through the

State highway departments in 1930 were $980,000,000.

MUNICIPAL PURCHASING AND STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

Information relating to their purchasing methods had been re- ceived from all cities in the country having a population of 300,000 or more, and from 219 of the 254 cities having a population in excess of 30,000. Of these cities, 77 have the council-manager form of

government. This form is used by municipalities of various sizes,

including cities having populations exceeding 1,000,000 and towns of

less than 1,000 inhabitants.

During the year 1930 and up to October 1, 1931, the following

cities adopted the council-manager form of government: Oakland,

San Diego, Upland, and Ventura in California ; Jacksonville, Pensacola, and St. Petersburg in Florida; Wilmet, 111.; Arkansas City.

Kans.; Covington, Lexington, and Newport, Ky.; Bangor, Brewer,

Dexter, Mount Desert, and Washburn in Maine; Teaneck, N. J.; Binghamton, N. Y.; Mamaroneck. N. Y.: Asheville. N. C: Bed272
MUNICIPAL, COUNTY, AND STATE AGENCIES 273

ford, Ohio; Cleveland and Shawnee, Okla.; Phoenixville, Pa.; Belton, Borger, Dallas, and Jacksonville in Texas; Appalachia and

Front Royal, Va. ; and Fort Atkinson, Wis.

Outlines of their methods of formulating and using specifications

have been received from 283 of the 401 cities and towns now having

city managers. Reports have been received from 320 additional

cities and towns having populations of from 2,500 to 30,000.

In all of the larger cities, most of the specifications utilized are prepared by officers of the cities in consultation with the using

agencies. In preparing the specifications considerable use is made

of nationally recognized specifications, those most commonly

selected being the specifications of the American Society for Municipal Improvements, the American Water Works Association, the

American Society for Testing Materials, and the Federal Government.

More than 60 per cent of the cities and, perhaps, less than 25 per

cent of the towns reporting have made arrangements with laboratories for commodity acceptance testing. A large percentage of the

cities utilize college and university laboratories or commercial testing

laboratories for this purpose, although 90 of the cities maintain their

own laboratories for testing certain commodities.

Inspection, more or less effective, is resorted to by practically all of the cities, several of which engage special personnel for the work.

Cities reporting economies in purchasing attribute these economies

to the use of definite specifications and to the introduction of the

centralized method of buying. Reported savings range from 4 to 30 per cent, with savings on individual items running as high as 50 per cent. COUNTY PURCHASING AGENCIES

Taken as a whole the governments of the counties of the country,

of which there are more than 3,000, are not well organized from the

point of view of purchasing and the use of standards and specifications. However, in the county governments in several of the

States and in counties scattered throughout the country considerable

progress has been made in introducing good business methods in

the governments.

Although the county governments operate without direct control

of the State governments, usually the counties are regulated by

laws established by the States. Within certain limits each county

is free to determine for itself the method of conducting its business transactions best suited to its needs or desires, the result

being that there are great differences between the purchasing

methods and business procedures employed even in adjacent counties in the same State. Below there is given an outline of the results obtained from a recent survey of the methods used in the counties in the United States. Questionnaires asking for information relating to their specifications making and purchasing methods were sent to the government

offices of about 3,000 counties. The replies showed that in only a small percentage of the total number of counties in a few States

is any attempt being made by the county officials to systematize

the purchasing procedure. However, very progressive purchasing
274 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 methods are employed in a considerable number of the counties of

certain States. In Alabama counties purchases are made or approved usually by

the county commissioners, the board of revenue, or the judge of

probate. However, in Jefferson and Tuscaloosa Counties all departments of the county governments make their purchases through a single agent who also purchases the materials used in county road

building.

Purchases in Arizona counties are usually made by the board of

supervisors. However, in Pima County purchases for all departments are made by a purchasing agent, with estimated savings 22

per cent over former methods.

The county judge usually has full authority for making purchases

for the county government in Arkansas.

California has passed laws permitting the counties to adopt the

county-manager plan of government, and to establish centralized

purchasing. It has also passed a law requiring all school supplies

to be bought through the county superintendent of schools or the

county purchasing agent. Purchasing agents have been engaged

in a large number of California counties, including Alameda, Butte,

Contra Costa, Fresno, Imperial, Jackson, Kern, Kings, Lassen,

Los Angeles, Marin, Monterey, Orange, Placer, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Francisco, San Joaquin,

San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clare, Sonoma, Stanislaus, Tulare, and Yolo. In Imperial, Lassen, Los Angeles, Monterey,

Placer, Riverside, Stanislaus, and Tulare Counties the purchasing

agents buy for all divisions of the government. Savings on school

purchases are estimated at 25 per cent in Imperial and Lassen Counties. The estimated savings on all purchases in other counties

range from 10 to 50 per cent, attributable to the adoption of the

centralized system of buying.

Purchases for the county governments in Colorado, Delaware,

Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire,

New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota^ Ohio, Oklahoma,

Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming are made by or under the authority of the

county commissioners and school superintendents. In many of the

counties the road superintendents buy all road materials, and the

county clerks make purchases for other divisions of the governments. In some of the counties of Georgia, the officer known as an

" ordinary " acts as the purchasing agent. In certain Maryland

counties purchases are made ''Separately for the roads and the

schools.

Boards of county commissioners in Massachusetts usually give

authority to the heads of the various offices, departments, and insti- tutions to make ordinary purchases for their respective units. In

the case of the county of Nantucket the selectmen of the town of Nantucket, which is the same in boundary as the county, serve as, and

are the county commissioners. In Suffolk County, which consists of

Boston and three adjoining towns, the purchasing for the county is done through the Boston city government by the superintendent of

the supply department.
MUNICIPAL, COUNTY, AND STATE AGENCIES 275

In Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, New York, and Virginia

purchases for the counties are made by the county boards of supervisors, organized under the laws of these States. Judges and magistrates of the counties and the jailers make

purchases for many of the counties in Kentucky.

Subdivisions of Louisiana are called parishes and not counties.

Usually the buying for the parishes is done by the police juries.

Other officers act as purchasing agents in Rapides and Vernon

Parishes.

In Missouri and Oregon counties, purchases are made under the

authority of the county courts, which usually consist of three

judges.

In New Jersey the boards of chosen freeholders make purchases

for the counties on recommendations of the heads of the different

departments.

Each of the five counties which comprise the State of Rhode

Island is laid off into from 3 to 16 towns, which include the whole

area of the State. Purchases are made by the officers of the separate towns, but none by officers of the counties as such.

In many counties in Tennessee committees have been organized to handle the purchasing, while in others purchases are made under the

authority of the county judges, who are the real purchasing agents.

An old law in Washington gives to the county auditor the authority to make purchases. Usually a budget is agreed upon by

county commissioners.

Purchases for Wisconsin counties are usually made by the county

clerk and the highway commissioner. To certain individual officers have been assigned the duties of purchasing agent in the counties of

Ashland, Bayfield, Fond du Lac, Iowa, La Crosse, Marathon,

Ozaukee, and Waupaca. Usually the purchases for the county highways are made separately.

The duties and responsibilities of the county officers differ widely

in the separate States. In California, where the school supplies may

be bought either through the superintendent of schools or the county

purchasing agent, considerable savings are being attributed to centralized buying through the county purchasing office. In New

York a movement is on foot to place the purchase of road materials

under the county purchasing agents. In North Carolina the State

highway commission has full authority for the construction and

maintenance of all public roads, Federal, State, and county, except

the streets of cities and towns.

STATE PURCHASING AND STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

Laws relating to the modernizing of the business methods of State

government purchasing agencies have been passed from time to time

covering various features which may be looked upon as steps in the

development of the methods. In some cases definite dates can be set for outstanding developments, whereas in others changes in the laws

have been made gradually.

Laws which at least permit centralized purchasing, with varying

degrees of inclusiveness throughout the State governments, have
276 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

been enacted in the following States: Alabama (1915 and 1923);

Arizona, Arkansas, California (1915, 1921, and 1927) ; Delaware

(modified) ; District of Columbia, Idaho (1919 and 1927) ; Illinois

(1917 and 1925) ; Iowa (1898 and 1929) ; Florida (State institution) ; Indiana (institutions) ; Kansas (1927) ; Kentucky (1926)

Maine (1931); Maryland (1920-1923); Massachusetts (1919 and

1922) ; Michigan (1921) ; Minnesota (1925) ; Montana (1921) ; Nebraska (1919) ; New Hampshire (1913, 1917, and 1919) ; New Jersey

(revised 1931) ; New York (1927 and 1930) ; North Carolina (1931) ; North Dakota, Ohio (1921) ; Oklahoma (1910) ; Oregon (1927)

Pennsylvania (1923-1929) ; Khode Island (1922) ; South Dakota

(1925) ; Tennessee (1923) ; Texas, Utah (1927 and 1931) ; Vermont

(1912 and 1923) ; Virginia (1927) ; Washington (1921) ; West Virginia (1915) ; and Wyoming. It will be noted that the first State to adopt centralized purchasing was Iowa, and the latest Maine and

North Carolina.

An excellent example of the progress recently made in developing

State government purchasing methods is found in North Carolina,

which has adopted many of the best methods employed separately in

the other States. The changes introduced in that State involve not

only the purchases made by the State government departments, but

also those of the counties, and they cover both the highways and the

schools. The State highway commission has been reorganized, and

all district lines and district representatives have been eliminated.

For administrative purposes the State has been divided into 25

districts arranged in five divisions.

In the operation of the public-school system, the State becomes the

unit of administration. All supplies are to be bought by the State

central purchasing agency which was created by the 1931 legislature.

However, the counties or districts are responsible for constructing

and repairing the school buildings.

Through the division of purchase and contract, which is attached

to the governor's office, the State will receive competitive bids on

all purchases of supplies, materials, and equipment for the departments and institutions, including the highways and the public

schools. The governor has expressed the opinion that the centralized purchasing agency will prove of tremendous value in efficient service and commercial buying, and will effect a saving of from

$400,000 to $500,000 annually. He estimates that, by reason of the

changes recently introduced, the total cost of operating the State

government in North Carolina will be reduced 10 per cent. In several States, notably Iowa, Kansas, and Michigan, the State

governments have been authorized to assist in constructing and maintaining the roads in cities, towns, and townships which are designated as connecting links in the State road systems.

Although not listed among the States that have introduced the

centralized buying method, Missouri has taken an important step

in revising its purchasing methods. On April 27, 1931, the Missouri

State legislature passed a bill in accordance with which all requests

hereafter made for bids and proposals for materials, products, supplies, provisions, and other needed articles to be purchased in Missouri at public expense, are to be made in general terms and by general specifications and not by brand, trade name, or other individual
MUNICIPAL, COUNTY, AND STATE AGENCIES 277

mark. The State maintains laboratories for the pure food and drug

department, the State board of health, and the State oil inspection

department. Both the State highway departments and the State

universities and colleges maintain their own testing and inspection

laboratories.

The following States base their purchases on definite specifications,

and utilize State-owned laboratories, including those of the universities and colleges: Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio,

Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Tennessee,

Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and

Wyoming. The following States also use the specification method

of purchase: Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Kentucky,

Michigan, Oklahoma, and Virginia. Use is frequently made of

nationally-recognized specifications prepared by the technical societies, trade associations, and the Federal Government, modified to meet local conditions when found necessary. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES

In the following brief items there are set forth the names and

addresses of the State purchasing and standardizing agencies, in- cluding State highway departments and the chief officers concerned

with the preparation of specifications and the purchase of materials,

supplies, and equipment.

Alabama State Board of Administration, Montgomery. C. A. Moffett, presi- dent. Alabama State Highway Department, Montgomery. Landon 6. Smith, highway director. Arizona Board of Directors of State Institutions, Phoenix. C. M. Zander,

executive officer ; secretary, State purchasing agent. Arizona State Highway Department, Phoneix. C. E. Addams, chairman of commission; T. S. O'Connell, State highway engineer; J. P. Dillon, purchasing

agent.

Arkansas State Highway Commission, Little Rock. Dwight H. Blackwood,

chairman; Charles S. Christian, State highway engineer.

Arkansas State Purchasing Department, Little Rock. B. O. Johnson, pur- chasing agent. California State Department of Finance, Bureau of Purchases, Capitol Building, Sacramento. J. P. Mispley, State purchasing agent. California State Highway Department, Sacramento. Earl Lee Kelly, chair- man ; C. H. Purcell, State highway engineer. Colorado State Educational Institutions, associated purchasing agents of, Boulder. Henry B. Abbett, chairman.

Colorado State Highway Department, Denver. Peter Seerie, chairman of commission; Charles D. Vail, State highway engineer.

Connecticut State Board of Finance and Control, Hartford. Edward F. Hall,

commissioner.

Connecticut State Department of Health, Hartford. L. A. Fagan, purchasing

agent.

Connecticut State Highway Department, Hartford. John A. Macdonald, State highway commissioner.

Delaware State Board of Supplies, Dover. Charles H. Grantland, secretary

of state. Delaware State Highway Department, Dover. F. V. du Pont, chairman of commission ; W. W. Mack, chief engineer.

District of Columbia Purchasing Office, Washington, D. C. M. C. Hargrove,

purchasing officer.
278 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 2 Florida Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, Tallahassee. Dan W.

D'Alemberte, secretary. Florida State Road Department, Tallahassee. Robert W. Bentley, chairman,

of commission ; B. M. Duncan, chief engineer.

Georgia State Department of Public Printing, State Capitol, Atlanta. Josephus

Camp, superintendent.

Georgia State Highway Department, Atlanta. J. W. Barnett, chairman of

commission ; B. P. McWhorter, State highway engineer.

Idaho State Bureau of Supplies, Boise. R. G. Archibald. State purchasing

agent.

Idaho State Department of Public Works, Boise. Alvin Harbour, commissioner of public works.

Illinois State Department of Public Works and Buildings, Division of Highways, Springfield. Harry H. Cleaveland, director, department of publicworks ; Frank T. Sheets, chief highway engineer.

Illinois State Division of Purchases and Supplies, Statehouse, Springfield* A. W. Dailey, State purchasing agent.

Indiana State Highway Commission, Indianapolis. A. J. Wedeking, chair- man of commission ; John J. Brown, director of commission.

Indiana State Joint Purchasing Committee, Indianapolis. Daily E. McCoy,

secretary. Iowa Board of Control of State Institutions, Des Moines. E. J. Hines, secre- tary; H. L. Shropshire, purchasing agent. Iowa State Highway Commission, Ames. C. C. Riepe, chairman of commission ; Fred R. White, chief engineer. Kansas State Board of Administration, Topeka. H. R. Rhodes, State business manager. Kansas State Highway Commission, Topeka. C. T. Helvering, director of

highways ; W. V. Buck, State highway engineer.

Kentucky State Highway Commission, Frankfort. Ben Johnson, chairman

of commission ; H. D. Palmore, chief engineer.

Kentucky State Purchasing Commission, Frankfort. Andrew Alexander,. State purchasing agent.

Louisiana State Board of Commissioners of the Port of New Orleans, Mew

Orleans. Col. Marcel Garsaud, general manager.

Louisiana State Highway Commission, Baton Rouge. O. K. Allen, chairman

of commission ; H. H. Henderlite, State highway engineer.

Maine State Highway Commission, Augusta. Frank A. Peabody, chairman

of commission ; L. D. Barrows, chief engineer.

Maine State Purchasing Agents' Association, Augusta. Samuel N. Tobeyv

secretary. Maryland State Central Purchasing Bureau, Baltimore. Walter N. Kirkman,.

State purchasing agent.

Maryland State Roads Commission, Baltimore. G. Clinton Uhl, chairman of

commission ; R. F. Going, purchasing agent. Massachusetts State Department of Public Works, Statehouse, Boston. Frank

E. Lyman, commissioner of public works ; Arthur W. Dean, chief highway

engineer. Massachusetts State Purchasing Bureau, Statehouse, Boston. George J. Cronin, State purchasing agent.

Michigan State Administrative Board, Lansing. C. D. Betts, purchasing

agent.

Michigan State Highway Department, Lansing. Grover C. Dillman, State highway commissioner ; Frank F. Rogers, consulting engineer.

Minnesota State Department of Highv/ays, St. Paul. Charles M. Babcock,.

commissioner of highways ; J. T. Ellison, chief engineer.

Minnesota State Purchasing Department, St. Paul. Carl R. Erickson, pur- chasing agent.

Minnesota State Board of Control, St. Paul. Wm. A. Richards, purchasing

agent.

Minnesota State Department of Public Institutions, Bureau of Purchases, St. Paul. C. J. Swenden, chairman ; H. W. Austin, purchasing agent.

Mississippi Capitol Commission, Jackson. Walker Wood, secretary of state, director in charge.

Mississippi State Highway Department, Jackson. Brown Williams, chair- man ; G. A. Draper, State highway engineer.
MUNICIPAL, COUNTY, AND STATE AGENCIES 279

Missouri State Highway Commission, Jefferson City. C. D. Matthews, chair- man of commission ; T. H. Cutler, chief engineer. Missouri State Purchasing Agencies, Jefferson City. Gov. Sam A. Baker,

chairman. Montana State Highway Commission, Helena. O. S. Warden, chairman, Great

Falls; R. D. Rader, State highway engineer, Helena. Montana State Purchasing Department, Helena. J. E. Murphy, State pur- chasing agent. Nebraska State Purchasing Department, Lincoln. Blaine L. Yoder, purchasing agent. Nebraska State Department of Public Works, Bureau of Roads and Bridges,

Lincoln. Roy L. Cochran. State engineer ; A. T. Lobdell, chief, bureau of roads. Nevada State Board of Capitol Commissioners, Carson City. Gov. Fred B. Balzar, chairman.

Nevada State Department of Highways, Carson City. Gov. Fred B. Balzar,

chairman of commission ; S. C. Durkee, State highway engineer.

New Hampshire State Highway Department, Concord. Edgar C. Hirst, commissioner of highways.

New Hampshire State Purchasing Department, Concord. W. A. Stone, pur- chasing agent.

New Jersey State Highway Commission, Trenton. H. L. Scott, chairman of commission; Jacob L. Bauer, State highway engineer; R. W. Wiidblood, pur- chasing agent. New Jersey Statehouse Commission, Trenton. Edward J. Quigley, purchasing

agent. New Mexico State Highway Department, Santa Fe. Frank L. Butt, chair- aian of commission : W. R. Eccles, State highway engineer ; Frank Horn, pur- chasing director. New Mexico State Officials, Santa Fe. R. C. Dillon, governor; Miguel A.

Otero, jr., State auditor; Warner R. Graham. State treasurer; Lois Randolph,

superintendent of public instruction. New York Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, Albany.

Frederick Stuart Greene, superintendent of public works; Arthur W. Brandt,

commissioner of highways.

New York State Bureau of Standards and Purchases, Albany. Fran^ L. Morris, purchasing agent. North Carolina Division of Purchase and Contract, Raleigh. Alfred S. Brower, director. North Carolina State Highway Commission, Raleigh. E. B. Jeffress, chair- man of commission; L. R. Ames, State highway engineer; W. Z. Betts, purchas

ing agent.

North Dakota State Board of Administration. Purchasing Department, Bis- marck. J. B. Smith, State purchasing agent. North Dakota State Highway Commission, Bismarck. G. F. Shafer. chair- man ; H. C. Frahm, chief engineer.

Ohio State Department of Finance, Columbus. Harry J. Rettig, purchasing

agent. Ohio State Department of Highways, Columbus. O. W. Merrell, director of highways ; H. P. Chapmaii, chief engineer ; Fred Sinsabaugh, purchasing agent.

Oklahoma State Board of Public Affairs, Oklahoma City. C. E. Dudley,

chairman; J. Robert Gillam, secretary. Oklahoma State Highway Commission, Oklahoma City. Sam R. Hawks,

chairman of commission ; A. R. Losh, State highway engineer ; A. B. Thomas,

purchasing agent. Oregon State Highway Department, Salem. H. B. Van Duzer, chairman of commission; Roy A. Klein, State highway engineer ; William Einzig, purchasing

agent. Oregon State Purchasing Board, Salem. William Einzig, purchasing agent. Pennsylvania Department of Property and Supplies, Bureau of Standards and

Purchases, Harrisburg. John D. Tompkins, director of standards and purchases. Pennsylvania State Department of Highways, Harrisburg. Samuel S. Lewis,

secretary of highways ; Samuel Eckles, chief engineer ; Fred H. Mason, pur- chasing agent. Rhode Island State Purchasing Department, Providence. George H. Haines,

purchasing agent.
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Rhode Island State Board of Public Works, Highway Department, Providence.

Abram L. Atwood, chairman, board of public works; G. H. Henderson, chief engineer.

South Carolina State Highway Department, Columbia. Ben M. Sawyer, chief highway commissioner; Charles H. Moorefield, State highway engineer.

South Carolina State Joint Committee on Printing, Columbia. W. T. Walker,

secretary. South Dakota State Department of Finance, Division of Purchasing and

Printing, Pierre. C. F. Schmidt, purchasing agent.

South Dakota State Highway Commission, Pierre. Warren E. Green, chair- man of commission ; J. H. Lake, State highway engineer. Tennessee State Department of Purchasing, Nashville. A. L. La Bar, pur- chasing agent. Tennessee State Department of Highways and Public Works, Nashville. Robert H. Baker, commissioner of highways; T. C. McEwen, chief engineer. Texas State Board of Control, Division of Purchasing, Austin. Sumner M. Ramsey, secretary. Texas State Highway Commission, Austin. W. R. Ely, chairman; Gibb

Gilchrist, State highway engineer.

Utah State Board of Supplies and Purchase, Salt Lake City. E. R. Miles,

purchasing agent.

Utah State Road Commission, Salt Lake City. Henry H. Blood, chairman;

H. S. Kerr, chief engineer.

Vermont State Department of Purchasing, Montpelier, J. C. Wallace, purchasing agent.

Vermont State Highway Department, Montpelier. George Z. Thompson,

chairman.

Virginia State Department of Highways, Richmond. Henry G. Shirley, State highway commissioner; C. S. Mullen, chief engineer; E. F. Appel, purchasing

agent.

Virginia State Purchasing Commission, Richmond. Charles A. Osborne, pur- chasing agent.

Washington State Department of Business Control, Division of Purchasing,

Olympia. H. C. Van Eaton, supervisor of purchasing.

Washington State Highway Department, Olympia. Roland H. Hartley, chair- man of commission ; Samuel J. Humes, director of highways. West Virginia State Board of Control, Purchasing Department, Charleston. John A. Wade, purchasing agent.

West Virginia State Road Commission, Charleston. C. P. Fortney, chairman.

Wisconsin State Bureau of Purchases, Madison. F. X. Ritger, purchasing

agent.

Wisconsin State Highway Commission, Madison. Jerry Donohue, chairman;

Walter C. Buetow, State highway engineer.

Wyoming State Board of Supplies, Cheyenne. Vincent Carter, chairman.

Wyoming State Highway Department, Cheyenne. S. W. Conwell, chairman

of commission ; Z. E. Sevison, State highway engineer.
VIII. GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (XL S. A.)

Outlines of the standardization activities of four American organizations created for the sole purpose of carrying on the work of

standardization, or work directly relating thereto, are given in the

present chapter, with special reference to their accomplishments

during the past year. The functions of these organizations are

fairly well indicated by their titles, namely, American Standards

Association, American Marine Standards Committee, American

Society for Testing Materials, and the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards. These four agencies are actively engaged in the formulation of standards, specifications, codes and methods of tests, and

they cooperate with many technical trade associations, and governmental bodies. Additional information concerning the procedure of

their committees engaged in formulating specifications and standards can be found in the 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, and 1931 issues of the

Standards Yearbook.

Outlines of the work in standardization of the agencies of the

Federal Government, including the Bureau of Standards, are to be

found in Chapters V and VI of the present book; in Chapter VII

the standardization work of State, county, and municipal agencies is presented briefly. Outlines of the standardization activities of many

technical societies, trade associations, and organized-consumer groups

are given in Chapter IX.

AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION

The American Standards Association (ASA) is the recognized

medium through which American industry functions in setting up

for itself nationally acceptable standards. In essence it is a federation of 45 national technical societies, trade associations, and Federal

Government departments, and it brings together all those directly

concerned with a project, to study a problem, to formulate a workable and acceptable standard, and submit it for approval to an

authorized committee, so that when this committee (made up of

individuals officially appointed by the organizations concerned with

the subject) has given its approval, there is assurance that the standard represents a real national opinion and may be considered an "American Standard " in the broadest sense. At present more than 2,500 officially accredited representatives

from every branch of industry, representing approximately 600

national organizations, are participating actively in the association's

work. In December, 1930, the United States Government Printing

Office became one of the member bodies of the ASA.

The administration of ASA affairs is vested in a board of

directors of nationally known industrial executives. The final approval of standards rests with the Standards Council, which is made up of representatives of all 45 member bodies, all of which are

281
282 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 organizations or groups of organizations having an important interest in standardization. The council, therefore, acts as a court of

review in which the work of technical committees is either accepted

or rejected with reasons. The approval of a standard by the ASA

means that everyone concerned has had an opportunity to participate in the work, that the work has been carried out under a procedure that has been regular, open, and above board, and that the

standard represents a real national agreement on what is best in

American engineering and industrial practice at the time of

approval.

The association's offices are at 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. Dr. P. G. Agnew is the secretary, and a technical

staff, including engineers who have had practical experience, assists in carrying on the work. The actual setting up of standards is done

by technical committees representing the producing, distributing,

and consuming groups concerned with the projects. It is a basic

requirement of ASA procedure that no standards shall be approved

unless all important interests have been represented in developing

them, thus avoiding the domination of any one interest except when

the consent of other groups has been granted.

The productive, initiating power of the ASA lies largely in the

work of the technical committees, and a brief review of the procedure which must be followed will indicate why their recommendations may be rightfully considered as a real national agreement.

Any responsible group may request the initiation of a standardization project. The request is usually accompanied by a statement

setting forth the desirability of the particular project and the benefits that would accrue from national approval of a standard on the

subject. The ASA then calls a general conference of all interests

concerned with the subject in hand to decide whether or not the

work shall be launched and what method is to be followed. In the

majority of cases a " sectional committee " is charged with the task

of making a stud}7 and presenting a final recommendation on the

subject. Sometimes the committee may set about its work autonomously, or it may function under the support and guidance of one

or more of the organizations chiefly concerned (officially called the

"sponsor"). Any organization having an interest in the project

has a right to appoint representatives on the committee, and it is one of the important functions of the ASA to see that all groups

having an interest in a project are invited to appoint representatives on the technical committee. It is not unusual for conflicting interests to clarify their differences in committee discussions and to arrive

at a practical compromise in making progress possible. Before a project developed by a committee can become an approved American

Standard, the great preponderance of committee opinion must first be favorable.

In addition to the sectional committee method, which is most

commonly followed, the association procedure includes three other

methods: Existing standard method, proprietary method, and general acceptance method. Under the first of these three, provision is made for the approval of existing standards when it has been

shown by proper exhibits of the submitting body that the standard

represents a true consensus of competent industrial opinion with re-
GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 283

spect to its suitability for national adoption. Proprietary standards, or standards developed and sponsored by a body having an

outstanding and controlling interest and importance in the field of the standard, may be approved by the ASA when it is shown

that the standard has the unanimous agreement of those who are concerned with its development and use. The general acceptance

method is especially applicable in simple cases not requiring protracted technical consideration. The procedure which applies here

requires that a conference be called of those primarily concerned

producers, consumers, and other competent interests—and if the

decision of the conference is authenticated and supported by a sufficiently large number of written acceptances of the conference's

recommendation from those who are concerned with the scope and

provisions of the recommendation, then this is considered sufficient for approval as an American Standard.

Nationally acceptable standards have been prepared under the

auspices of the ASA in practically every major field of industrial

activity or are now under way. In addition to providing a suitable

medium for the establishment of nationally acceptable standards,

the ASA serves as a clearing house for information on standardization work both in the United States and abroad. It also acts as the authoritative channel in international cooperation in standardization activities. Since the latter part of 1929 the ASA has been a member of the

International Standards Association (ISA), the organization

through which cooperation in the development of international in- dustrial standards is secured. The ISA has its headquarters at Basel, Switzerland, and its membership includes 18 national standardizing bodies. The ASA is in close touch with standardizing work

in foreign countries, and information concerning new projects, draft

standards, and new standards is constantly being exchanged. Each

of the standardizing bodies in 20 foreign countries maintains a file of the approved standards of all countries, and each acts as a sales agent for all the others, thus making these standards readily availa,ble to industry everywhere.

Every year the ASA handles a large number of requests for

technical information on standardization. In answering these re- quests the office not only makes available the material in its files, hut also collects information from numerous trade and technical

organizations in the United States and abroad.

The monthly ASA bulletin, available primarily to sustaining

members, reviews all important developments in the field of standardization and carries abstracts of articles on this subject appearing in foreign and American publications. Attention is called to important books or pamphlets pertaining to one or another aspect

of the work, most of which are available to sustaining members.

It also includes a section on standardization within companies,

which gives detailed information of considerable value showinghow individual companies have organized and developed their

standards departments.

Up to September 1, 1931, 199 standardization projects have been

.approved by the American Standards Association. There are 167

92462—32 19
284 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

additional uncompleted projects that have an official status before

the ASA.

The following is a list of the standards approved by the American Standards Association from September 1, 1930, to September

1,1931:

Civil engineering.—Portland cement; methods of testing cement; elevator safety code. Mechanical engineering.—Cast-iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings for maximum working-steam pressure of 25 pounds; mechanical-refrigeration

code ; woodruff keys, key slots and cutters ; track bolts and nuts. Electrical engineering.—National electrical code; dry cells and batteries; insulator tests. Ferrous metallurgy.—Zinc-coated (galvanized) sheets; zinc coatings on

structural-steel shapes, plates and bars and their products; refined wroughtiron bars; wrought-iron plates.

Chemical industry.—Methods of routine analysis of white pigments ; methods

of laboratory sampling and analysis of coal and coke. Textile industry.—Cotton rubber-lined fire hose; general methods of testing woven textile fabrics. Wood industry.—Ultimate fiber stresses of wood poles; specifications for northern white-cedar poles; dimensions of northern white-cedar poles; speci- fications for western red-cedar poles; dimensions of western red-cedar poles;

specifications for chestnut poles ; dimensions of chestnut poles ; specifications for southern pine poles ; dimensions of southern pine poles.

Mining.—Coal-mine transportation code; fire-fighting equipment in metal

mines.

Miscellaneous.—Symbols for heat and thermodynamics; methods of test for viscosity of petroleum products and lubricants; method of test for cloud and pour points of petroleum products ; method of test for water and sediment

in petroleum products, by means of centrifuge; method of test for water in petroleum products and other bituminous materials; method of test for dis- tillation of gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, and similar petroleum products;

method of test for distillation of natural-gas gasoline; burning quality of kerosene oils; burning quality of mineral seal oil; burning quality of longtime burning oil for railway use; detection of free sulphur and corrosive sulphur compounds in gasoline; melting point of petroleum; determination of autogenous ignition temperatures; installation of pulverized fuel-systems code; prevention of dust explosions in coal pneumatic-cleaning plants; and

dimensional standards for motion-picture apparatus.

New projects given an official status by or proposed to the American Standards Association from September 1, 1930, to September

1, 1931, include

Civil engineering.—Builders' template hardware ; steel reinforcing bars ; sizes of removable and permanent forms, pans, or domes made of wood, steel, or

other material used in concrete-ribbed floor construction. Mechanical engineering.—Shafting and stock keys.

Electrical engineering.—Recommendations for the operation of transformers

constant current transformers of the moving coil type; standard for ca- pacitors; standard 60-cycle test voltage for bushings for transformers; trans- formers, induction regulators and reactors. Mining.—Prepared bituminous coal. Miscellaneous.—Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in wood

flour-manufacturing establishments; code for the prevention of dust ignitions

in spice-grinding plants; code for the use of inert gas for fire and explosion

prevention; sieves for testing purposes. AMERICAN MARINE STANDARDS COMMITTEE

The American Marine Standards Committee (AMSC) was formed

to promote simplification of practice and elimination of waste in the

marine field by promulgating standard designs and specifications,

and minimizing varieties of materials, fittings, and supplies for the
GENEKAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 285

construction and operation of ships and port facilities. It consists

primarily of a membership of nation-wide scope which comprises

shipyards, ship repair and docking establishments, shipowners and

operators, naval architects, marine engineers, manufacturers of marine appliances, materials, and supplies, also educational, commercial, and Government interests related to the marine industry. Its

activities are controlled by an executive board elected annually from

and by the membership. As of July 1, 1931, the membership comprised about 370 member bodies, widely distributed geographically.

Standardization projects are generally initiated by the executive

board. Proposed standards are as a rule based upon current practice. One of the principal aims, however, is to correlate diversified

designs and specifications in vogue, and by the criticisms and suggestions elicited during development of the standards to lead to improved or simplified results. The technical work is developed under the direction of technical

and special committees. There are standing technical committees on hull, engineering (machinery) , ship operation, and port facilities. These committees are assisted as necessity occurs by subject committees formed to develop projects in their early stages. By mutual

understanding with the American Association of Port Authorities^

standards for port facilities are issued by the AMSC for both

organizations. Coordination with the work of other national standardizing bodies is effected through representatives of the AMSC

in committees of the American Standards Association, and by the

appointment of representatives of the following organizations as advisory members of the executive board of the AMSC: American

Institute of Electrical Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society

for Testing Materials, National Fire Protection Association, and

the Bureau of Standards.

There are standing special committees to decide questions which

may arise among the users of the marine standards and to review

and submit recommendations on proposals for international marine

standards.

One of the functions of the committee is to review its standards

from time to time and to revise them if and when deemed advisable

in order to keep pace with industrial progress and service requirements. So far two standards have been revised, and one has been

canceled.

The findings of the committee are issued by the United States

Department of Commerce in uniform publications designated as the

AMSC series. These publications are sold at nominal prices by the

Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office. Up to

June 30, 1931, 75 of these publications had been issued, comprising

63 hull standards, 33 engineering (machinery) standards, 27 shipoperation standards, and 1 special standard. A detailed index to that

group of publications had also been published. Since July 1, 1931,

two more publications have been issued, one comprising standard

designs of cleats for ships and the other standard designs of bollards

and cleats for docks. The committee had promulgated 133 standards

up to July 1, 1931.
286 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

The committee's current and prospective activities include proposed standards for hinged and fixed lights, rolled-steel shapes for

shipbuilding, pipe flanges and flanged-pipe fittings, platform cargo

slings, structural steel for ships, oil-tight hatch covers, hinges and

other hardware for ships, ladders and gratings, hinged water-tight

doors, fire-hose couplings and spanner, reinforced concrete piles for

wharves and piers, structural-steel cargo masts for docks, and numerous other subjects.

As a measure of Government cooperation with the marine industry, the administrative office of the committee, which is also the clear- ing house and correlating center for the technical activities, is maintained in the Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C. ; A. V.

Bouillon is the secretary.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS

The work of the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM),

a national technical society, involves the promotion of the knowledge

of materials of engineering and the standardization of specifications

and methods of testing. This is carried out through the activities of

55 technical committees having a combined membership of about

2,400, appointed to study the properties of the many engineering

materials and to develop standards covering these. The work is done in two ways: First, the reporting of scientific and technical

data to the society by its committees in the form of reports, papers,

and discussions that are published annually in the proceedings and,

second, in the activties of the committees appointed to develop and

study new information on the properties of materials.

The committees function under definite regulations, governing the

personnel and method of procedure. Each committee is made up of

three main classes of membership—producers, consumers, and general interests. This latter class comprises independent authorities

who have expert knowledge of the materials to be studied, but who

are not concerned directly with either their production or use. Under

the committee rules, the " producer " group may not predominate in

any committee. By this procedure the producers and consumers of

material are brought together on an equal footing, and the results of

the work are thus satisfactory to both. The committees, then, are responsible to the society for the development of standard specifications and methods of testing. This is a most important function.

Membership in the society is held by individuals; companies;

firms ; corporations ; industrial and trade associations ; testing laboratories; Federal, State, and municipal departments; universities and

technical schools; and technical societies and libraries. The total membership is about 4,400. Society headquarters are at 1315 Spruce

Street, Philadelphia, Pa. C. L. Warwick is the secretary-treasurer.

Reports of the progress in the many activities sponsored by the

society are made at each annual meeting in June. Each committee

submits a report for the year at this time. In addition to the annual

meeting, the society holds a group meeting of committees each year, usually in the spring. These meetings extend over a period of several

days and enable members who are on more than one committee to concentrate their activities. Recently at the requests of society mem-
GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 287

bers who are located in industrial centers and regions where the

membership is large, regional meetings have been held in conjunction

with the group meetings. The regional meetings consist usually of

two technical sessions at which an outstanding engineering-materials

subject is discussed by leading authorities. Local meetings of society

members are held at various intervals, and, in addition, it is custo- mary for each committee to meet about twice a year. Contributions in the form of technical papers and discussions by

leading investigators in scientific and technologic fields, including

many important contributions from industrial researches, are presented before the society at the various meetings mentioned above,

chiefly at the annual and regional meetings. The following outstanding topics have been discussed at recent ASTM meetings : The limitations of the present knowledge of materials for engineering application, covered in three phases—nonferrous metals, materials in the

electrical industry, and reinforced concrete; general discussion of

welding and the testing of welds and welded products, this being

treated in an extensive symposium; abrasion testing of rubber;

weathering characteristics of masonry materials; and malleable-iron

castings, each treated fully in a symposium. A symposium on the

effect of temperature on the properties of metals was held. This

important subject was discussed in two parts—one dealing with engineering trends and requirements for metals at high and low temperatures; the other with properties of available metals for high-andlow-temperature service. In addition, there were presented papers

covering the following subjects: Corrosion and fatigue studies of

metals; damping capacity of materials; modern paving emulsions;

physical properties of hardened tool steels; shear tests of cast iron;

relation between magnetic properties, impact strength, and hardness

of steel ; fatigue properties of brass ; shear fatigue tests of nonferrous

metals; hiding power of paints; resistance of fire-clay brick to thermal spalling; hollow-masonry building units and the stability and

fire resistance of walls made from these; temperatures in mass concrete ; accelerated freezing and thawing test for concrete aggregates

;

and many papers describing testing apparatus and methods.

In addition to these technical subjects, " the economic significance

of specifications " was discussed, and papers dealing with different

phases of this important subject were read at a session of the 1931

annual meeting. An exhibit of testing apparatus and machines was

sponsored by the society in which the Bureau of Standards and other

outstanding research laboratories took part, as well as leading manufacturers of testing equipment.

In accordance with the policy of the society to expand its research

and standardization activities to cover important engineering materials a new standing committee on mortars for unit masonry has

been organized, and committees on water analysis, and on paper and

paper testing were authorized, and organization work has been

started. The development of standards covering the following engineering

materials may be cited as among the current activities of the society

which are of outstanding importance : Various types of fabricated

steel pipe; steel plates of firebox quality for forge welding; copperbase alloys; alloy-steel locomotive forgings; alloy-steel bolting ma-
288 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

terial ; structural steel for ships ; high-test gray-iron castings ; ferro- molybdenum ; electrical-heating and electrical-resistance alloys ; alloy

die castings; silver solders; aluminum and magnesium alloys;

gypsum board and lath ; structural clay tile ; insulating oils ; curing

of concrete, fine and coarse aggregates ; concrete masonry units ; paint

solvents, pigments and enamels ; petroleum products ; electrical insulating materials; rubber pump valves; fire-hose; textile materials,

including cotton goods for coating, cotton tape, and rayon; coal,

natural building stone, and slate. In the following table are shown the number of standards and

tentative standards adopted in the year 1931 and the total number

adopted to date, the standards being classified in accordance with the

five main heads under which the society's standardization activities are conducted;

Accepted in 1931 Total adopted

to date

Standards

Tentative

revisions

of stand- ards

Tentative

standards Standards Tentative

standards

A. Ferrous metals 3410

15

11 76

13122

104

7062

19710

21

1528

109

7

B. Nonferrous metals _ C. Cement, lime, gypsum, concrete, and clay products 5 D. Miscellaneous mtrls 6 E, Miscellaneous subjects Total 32 22 40 443 180 The society adopted the following standards and tentative standards in 1931:

A. Ferrous metals.—Standard specifications for alloy-steel bolting material

for high-temperature service; welded wrought-iron pipe; high-test gray-iron

castings.

Tentative specifications for structural steel for ships; steel plates of flange

and fire-box qualities for forge welding ; heat-treated-carbon-steel helical springs

carbon-steel forgings for locomotives; normalized and tempered alloy-steel

forgings for locomotives; electric-fusion-welded steel pipe; electric-resistance- welded steel pipe; forge-welded steel pipe; lock-bar steel pipe; riveted steel and wrought-iron pipe ; ferromolybdenum.

Tentative definitions of terms, with units and symbols to magnetic testing. B. Nonferrous metals.—Standard specifications for aluminum-alloy (duralumin) sheet; aluminum-manganese alloy sheet; aluminum-base sand-casting

alloys in ingot form ; aluminum-base alloy sand castings.

Tentative specifications for magnesium-base alloy castings; copper-base alloys in ingot form for sand castings; drawn or rolled 80 per cent nickel, 20 per

cent chromium alloy for electrical-heating elements; drawn or rolled alloy,

60 per cent nickel, 15 per cent chromium, balance iron, for electrical heating

elements ; aluminum-base alloy die castings ; zinc-base alloy die castings.

Tentative methods of chemical analysis of silver solders ; test for determining

the temperature-resistance constants of resistance alloys. C. Lime, concrete, and clay products.—Standard specifications for hydrated

lime for structural purposes; specifications and tests for structural clay loadfcearing wall tile; and for structural-clay fireproofing, partition, and furring

tile ; and for structural-clay floor tile. Standard methods of making and storing compression test specimens of con- crete in the field ; securing specimens of hardened concrete from the structure

testing brick (compression, flexure, absorption) ; test for softening point of

fire-clay brick.
GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 289

Standard definitions of terms relating to refractories; and terms relating

to structural clay tile. Tentative specifications for sand for use in lime plaster ; gypsum wall board

;

gypsum lath; gypsum sheathing board; concrete aggregates; curing Portland- cement concrete; curing Portland-cement concrete slabs with bituminous cover- ings; curing Portland-cement concrete slabs with calcium chloride admixture;

curing Portland-cement concrete slabs by surface application of calcium

chloride; curing Portland-cement concrete slabs with wet coverings; concrete masonry units. Tentative method of routine-analysis of the cement content of hardened Port- land-cement concrete; test for apparent specific gravity of coarse aggregates

in a saturated condition; test for structural strength of fine aggregate using

constant water-cement-ratio mortar; methods of test for soundness of fine aggregates by use of sodium sulphate ; soundness of coarse aggregates by use of sodium sulphate ; control test for resistance of fire-clay brick to thermal spalling

action. Tentative definition of terms relating to the gypsum industry and terms

relating to heat transmission of refractories. D. Miscellaneous materials.—Standard specifications for basic carbonate

white lead; red lead; aluminum powder for paints (aluminum-bronze powder) ; gold-bronze powder ; toxic ingredients in antifouling paints.

Standard methods of test for alkalinity or acidity of pigments; bleeding of pigments; hygroscopic moisture (and other matter volatile under the test conditions) in pigments: oil absorption of pigments; routine determination of acetone extract in dry lampblack and dry bone black ; determination of polishing lubricant in aluminum powder for paints (aluminum-bronze powder) ; size of anthracite; water absorption of slate; flexure testing of slate (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity) ; and testing electrical insulating oils. Tentative specifications and tests for soluble nitrocellulose; acetone; speci- fications for cotton rubber-lined fire hose for public and private fire department

use ; steam hose ; insulated wire and cable ; 30 per cent heavea rubber ; rubber

pump valves ; tolerances and test methods for rayon ; cotton goods for rubber

and pyroxylin coating; 0.007-inch cotton tape; enameling duck for the tire in- dustry; tolerances and test methods for silk and cotton tapes; for asbestos tape for electrical purposes; and specifications for chafer tire fabrics. Tentative method of test for tinting strength of white pigments ; of sampling

and testing lacquer solvents and diluents ; of testing nitrocellulose clear lacquers and lacquer enamels ; for vapor pressure of natural gasoline ( Reid

method) ; testing asphalt roll roofing surfaced with fine talc, granular

talc, or mineral granules, likewise asphalt shingles surfaced with mineral

granules ; method of flexure testing of natural building stone ; test for absorption and apparent specific gravity of natural building stone; modulus of elasticity of natural building stone; shear testing of natural building stone; of

testing varnishes used for electrical insulation ; testing sheet and tape insulat- ing materials for dielectric strength; testing electrical insulating materials for power factor and dielectric constant at frequencies of 100 to 1,500 kilocycles;

testing laminated sheet materials used in electrical insulation; test for comparing the thermal conductivities of solid electrical insulating materials;

chemical analysis of rubber products ; test for hardness of rubber ; methods of determining relative humidity ; and for identification of textile fibers and their quantitative determination in mixed goods. Tentative definitions of terms

relating to natural building stone. E. Miscellaneous subjects.—Tentative specifications for round-hole screens

for testing purposes. Tentative method of bend testing for ductility of metals. Cooperation with American Standards Association and Other National

Organizations.—As one of the five technical societies which united in

the founding of the American Standards Association, the American

Society for Testing Materials has been especially active in the work

of the American Standards Association, to which it has submitted

many of its standards for approval. It is sponsor or joint sponsor

for 48 standardization projects or sectional committees, and 58 of its standards have been approved and 9 are under consideration for

approval by the American Standards Association.
290 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 In addition to this cooperative work, it is the policy of the society to cooperate with several other organizations, either in standardization work or in research activities, wherever a common interest

exists. Hence the society has joined with other national bodies in a number of cooperative movements, which have usually taken the

form of joint committees or councils. Among others, the following

are mentioned upon which the society is represented: Division of

Engineering and Industrial Research of the National Research

Council, American Bureau of Welding, Joint Committee on Investigation of the Effect of Phosphorus and Sulpher in Steel, Joint

Committee on Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced

Concrete, Joint Committee on Concrete Culvert Pipe, and Conference Committee with ASME Boiler Code Committee.

Certain branches of the Government cooperate with the various

standing committees of the society with which their work is closely

allied. The Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Public Roads, Bureau of

Standards, Forest Products Laboratory, and others have done a great deal of work of valuable assistance in the development of

many society standards.

Marking of A. S. T. M. Apparatus.—In a number of instances where

committees of the society have developed specifications for testing

apparatus, requirements have been included that the apparatus be

marked in a manner identifying it with the society's standard. The

Scientific Apparatus Makers of America recommended that in such

cases it should also be required that the name or trade-mark of the

manufacturers of such apparatus be marked thereon as a means of

identifying the origin of the apparatus and placing the name of the

manufacturer back of the statement implied by the appearance of

the "ASTM " mark that the apparatus conforms to the society's

standards. The executive committee of the society referred this proposal to the committee on standards, and upon its recommendation

the executive committee, at the annual meeting of the society in

June, 1931, announced that it had adopted the following resolutions:

Resolved, That where the specifications of the society require that apparatus

be marked in some way with the initials "ASTM " it also be required that

the name or trade-mark of the manufacturer be marked on the apparatus,

with the understanding that this requirement need not apply where apparatus

specified by the society is not required to be marked as "ASTM " apparatus

Further resolved, That the attention of standing committees be called to the

desirability, where requirements for apparatus are specified, of specifying that such apparatus be marked to identify it as ASTM apparatus, including the manufacturer's name or trade-mark. Means of Encouraging and Facilitating the Use of Standards.—For

ease of reference the standards of the society are published in both

separate form and collectively in a book of ASTM standards, issued

triennially, with supplements in intervening years, and a book of

ASTM tentative standards, issued annually. In this way the standards reach many of those who are principally interested in the use of specifications, methods of testing, and definitions of engineering

materials. The bound publications are furnished with complete

subject indexes, and the standards are listed under the headings of

the materials covered and also by serial designation. In addition,

the society issues an annual index to ASTM standards and tentative

standards, which is a compilation, under appropriate key words of
GENEKAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 291

titles of all ASTM standards and tentative standards, together with

the page and volume references of the society publications in which

they appear.

Special pamphlets containing the standards applying to a specific

field are given widespread distribution. During the past year pamphlets on petroleum products and lubricants, electrical insulating

materials, and textile materials have been published and a book con- taining selected ASTM standards for engineering students has been

adopted by many technical schools as one of the required textbooks.

An idea of the distribution of ASTM standards can be gained from

the fact that 8,000 copies of the 1930 Book of ASTM Standards were

printed, and 2,150 copies of the 1931 Book of ASTM Tentative Standards. In addition, it is not unusual for the society to distribute

annually upwards of 50,000 reprints of the separate standards.

Permission to reprint any of the standards of the society being

readily given by the executive committee of the society, the standards

have been reprinted in full in many handbooks, purchasing cata- logues, etc. A number of specifications have received widespread

distribution by a special reprinting which sometimes totals many

thousands of copies.

Many of the specifications of the society have been incorporated in

general codes, such as the boiler code of the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, the building code recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters, the United States Department of

Commerce, and in the building codes of many of the municipalities

of the country, and the codes prepared by various Building Officials' Conferences.

A committee has been giving consideration to the possibility of

using American Society for Testing Materials' standards in connection with quotations given in trade papers in the belief that these

standards can serve a very useful purpose as the basis of quotations

and bring specifications into play at the very inception of commercial

transactions.

CENTRAL COMMITTEE ON LUMBER STANDARDS

The Central Committee on Lumber Standards consists of 11 representatives of lumber manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and con- sumers. Its headquarters are in the Transportation Building, Washington, D. C. Arthur T. Upson is the secretary. Associated with

the central committee are the Consulting Committee on Lumber

Standards and the Hardwood Consulting Committee, both acting in an advisory capacity.

In cooperation with the United States Departments of Agriculture

and Commerce, this committee makes recommendations for the simplification of sizes, grades, nomenclature, and trade practices in the

lumber industry. The committee's findings are recognized as "American lumber standards " and published by the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards.

Thus far there have been published, in Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 16, lumber size and use classifications; nomenclature

of commercial softwoods; definitions of defects and blemishes; lumber abbreviations; basis for measurement of lumber sizes; season-
292 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

ing standards; basic grade names and qualities; rough and finished

sizes; lengths and general provisions covering the description,

measurement, tally, shipping, and inspection of both yard lumber,

and factory and shop lumber; basic provisions for selection and in- spection of softwood dimension and timbers where working stresses are required ; standard designs and universal sizes of moldings ; uniform patterns for worked lumber ; standards for red-cedar shingles

and provisions for certification of quality and manufacture through

grade marking and car tally cards.

The central committee has also approved recommended American

Standards for nomenclature for domestic hardwoods and certain

basic grading provisions for hardwood lumber, formulated largely

by the National Hardwood Inspection Kules Committee. In their

work they were assisted by the Hardwood Manufacturers Institute,

the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, the Forest Products Laboratory of the

United States Forest Service, and by the Department of Commerce.

The central committee has completed the formulation of softwood

standards. The latest revision of the American lumber standards was published by the division of simplified practice, December, 1929,

in Simplified Practice Recommendation R16-29, fourth edition.

The principal accomplishments of the past year were the formulation of minor revisions, mostly in the basic provisions on structural

timbers, to be recommended to the next General Lumber Conference

at the Department of Commerce, when held ; and of greater importance the revision of the 7,000 series of American standard moldings

in accordance with practical manufacture and good architecture.

Future work includes the consideration of technical questions

arising in connection with the softwood standards; further work on hardwood standardization; publication and circulation to the trade

of the revised American standard series of moldings; and, what is one of the most important phases of the standardization program,

stimulation of all branches of the industry to put into actual practice the principles set forth in the softwood standards, including the

certification of lumber manufacture and qualities. This is being

accomplished by the publication and distribution of Simplified Practice Recommendation No. R16-29, through the lumber trade press, by correspondence, and through the associations and organizations

representing the various branches of the industry.
IX. STANDARDIZING ACTIVITIES OF TECHNICAL SOCIETIES AND

TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

The accompanying sketches of the activities of trade associations,

scientific and technical societies, and other agencies, attempt to present in condensed form a picture of the standardization move- ment in the various lines of industry conducted by these organizations. In these outlines, 416 in number, particular attention has

been paid to current standardization programs and to accomplishments to date, with special reference to the year just past, without

reproducing information concerning the organization and procedure of the work of standardization, which may be found in previous

editions of the Standards Yearbook.

STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED

Abrasive Paper and Cloth Manufacturers Exchange, R. P. Carlton,

chairman of standardization committee, care of Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., 797 Forest Street,

St. Paul, Minn. Revised standard

specifications for glue bond abrasive- coated products were adopted by this organization in 1929. The standardization committee for waterproof sand- paper has defined fine flour grades

through the adoption of what is known

as the sedimentation method of analysis. This method has given a means of checking fine sands (finer than screen grades), which previously were not subject to accurate labora- tory control. This association ini- tiated the movement which resulted

in the establishment and acceptance

by the producing and consuming in- dustry of standard sizes and grades

for the abrasive products enumerated

above, as promulgated in a simplified

practice recommendation issued by the Bureau of Standards.

Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce

of America (Inc.), Luther K. Bell, secretary, 10 East Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y. Several committees

of this organization are actively en- gaged in developing standards and

uniform procedure for the aviation in- dustry. In cooperation with the American Petroleum Institute, the executive committee of the fuels and lubri- cants section of the chamber devel- oped a safety code relating to stand- ard safety rules in connection with the

proper handling of gasoline for the purpose of eliminating many sources

of fire and accidents. This code has

been adopted by the industry. The

export committee is still carrying on work relative to the compilation of a standard aviation cable code. In or- der to set up permanent machinery for

the development of good practice codes

for the aviation industry, the ex- ecutive committee of the chamber has

authorized the formation of a safety conference to be composed of one rep- resentative from each of the aircraft manufacturing and operating members. In this way the best safety

practices can be constantly developed

within the industry itself and for the

best interests of aviation. The chamber cooperates very closely with the

Society of Automotive Engineers in parts for aircraft construction. It the standardization of materials and

is officially represented on the A. S. A.

sectional committee on aeronautic

safety code. Agricultural Insecticide and Fungicide Manufacturers' Association, George

B. Heckel, secretary, 1002 Public Ledger Building, Philadelphia, Pa. This

association sponsored the simplified

practice recommendation for package

sizes" for insecticides and fungicides,

recently reaffirmed by the industry.

Its standards for the metallic copper

content of commercial Bordeaux mixture and for lime-sulphur solution have received general acceptance. 293
294 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Amateur Athletic Union of the United States, Daniel J. Ferris, secre- tary, 233 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Among the objects of this organization are the establishment and maintenance

throughout the United States of a uni- form test of amateur standing, and

uniform rules for the government of

all athletic sports within its jurisdic- tion ; the institution, regulation, and

awarding of the amateur athletic championships of the United States; and the institution of a bureau of records covering all branches of amateur sport in the United States. This

union recognizes all amateur sports

and claims jurisdiction over basket

ball, boxing, gymnastics, handball;

running, including hurdle, obstacle

racing, and steeplechasing ; walking,

jumping, and pole vaulting; putting

shot and throwing hammer, weights,

javelin, and discus; swimming, tug- of-war, catch-as-catch-can wrestling,

Greco-Roman wrestling, weight lift- ing, volley ball, indoor baseball, squash

ball, code ball, field handball, bobsleighing and coasting, and ice hockey.

The establishment and definition of rules for the government of athletic sports are included in the duties of a board of governors which is elected each year and is representative of the

active and allied member associations

of the union. Besides the adoption of standard contest rules for the various

sports under its jurisdiction, the union

also fixes standards on dimensions,

weights, material, and shapes of the various implements, balls, etc., enter- ing into athletic contests. American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, Burton E. Livingston, general secretary, Charles

F. Roos, permanent secretary, Smithsonian Institution Building, Washington, D. C. This association is cooper- ating with other organizations, under

the procedure of the American Stand- ards Association, in the preparation of standard definitions of electrical terms. It is also acting as joint sponsor under the same procedure for the standardization of scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations. The latter activity has already re- sulted in the American standard symbols for photometry and illumination,

mathematical symbols, and letter symbols for electrical quantities, and

in tentative American standards for symbols for hydraulics, heat, and ther- modynamics, aeronautical symbols,

and graphical symbols for telephone

and telegraph use, and navigational

and topographical symbols.

American Association of Cereal Chemists, M. D. Mize, secretary-treasurer, 833 Omaha Grain Exchange, Omaha,

Nebr. Standardization has been car- ried on by this association in the field of chemical methods used by cereal chemists. The results of such work

are contained in the publication

" Methods of Analysis of Cereals and

Cereal Products," which is at present

undergoing revision. Other standards

are being prepared by committees on

laboratory baking and methods of testing cake and biscuit flours. In September, 1930, a fellowship was es- tablished at the University of Nebraska, for the purpose of developing

and perfecting a standard laboratory

baking procedure. This fellowship was continued during the year 1931. American Association of Medical

Milk Commissions (Inc.), Harris Moak,

secretary, 360 Park Place, Brooklyn,

N. Y. The association hns adopted

and promulgated a pamphlet, " Methods and Standards for the Production

of Certified Milk," containing regulations on the organization of local medical milk commissions, dairy build- ings and equipment, herd management and stable practice, veterinary

supervision, milking, handling and

transportation of milk, and hygiene of employees, as well as specifications for certified milk. Any dairyman who

agrees to undertake the production of milk meeting its standards is permitted by the association to u^e its seals, bearing the term "certified milk," on milk bottles. Continued use of these

seals is based on weekly examination

and inspection of sample milk by local medical milk commissions.

American Association of Nurserymen,

Charles Sizemore, secretary, Louisi- ana, Mo. This association's horticul- tural standards, adopted in 1923, es- tablished standard rules and defini- tions for grading deciduous and ever- green trees and shrubs, vines, herba- ceous perennials, and fruit trees. It adopted the Ridgeway color standards

and nomenclature as its standard in color and word descriptions of nursery

products. In 1930 new and revised grading standards for shrubs and rose hushes were adopted by this organization and by the Ornamental Growers

Association. The standardization

committee of the association is now

working on a revised edition of its horticultural standards which will be completed early in 1932. American Association of State Highway Officials, W. C. Markham, secretary, National Press Building, Wash-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 295

ington, D. G. In 1931 this association issued a publication, "Tentative

Standard Specifications for Highway

Materials and Methods of Sampling

and Testing," in which are incorpo- rated the standards of the association

relating to highway materials. Several of the above specifications and

methods of test are identical with or modifications of the standard speci- fications of the American Society for Testing Materials. During the past year the association also issued in printed form its "Standard Specifica- tions for Highway Bridges and Inci- dental Structures" covering construction and design of concrete, masonry, and steel highway bridges, and includ- ing specifications for structural, rivet, and eyebar steel, steel forgings and

castings, wrought-iron, iron castings,

phosphor bronze, masonry stone and

brick, asphalt paving blocks, wood

blocks, and tar-pitch filler. Many of the latter materials specifications are

identical with ASTM specifications.

The association has also prepared,

though not yet published, tentative standard specifications for concrete pavements. The committee on stand- ards is now working on standard specifications for swing bridges and bitu- minous pavement, the former of which

will probably be completed during the

current year. The surface treatment and bituminous macadam sections of

the latter specification are also well advanced. Plans are going forward

for revising the " Manual for the Manufacture, Display, and Erection

of United States Standard Road

Markers and Signs." This association cooperated with other bodies, under

the procedure of the American Stand- ards Association, on work which re- sulted in the recently revised Ameri- can standard specifications for Port- land cement ; specifications for drain

tile; and methods of testing bitumi- nous road and paving materials. It

is officially represented on the Joint Concrete Culvert Pipe Committee.

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Alex. Morrison,

secretary, care of American Wooleu

Co., Andover, Mass. The association

is actively cooperating with the British Society of Dyers and Colourists toward the establishment of international standard methods of dye test- ing. It maintains three research associates, two at the Bureau of Standards and one at the Lowell Textile

Institute, for work on textiles and

dyes. Through various subcommittees

of its research committee, the association has prepared standard methods for making light fastness tests; methods for determining minute quantities of metals particularly copper and manganese in rubberized fabrics; methods for determining total sizing

and finishing materials in cotton

cloth; tests for waterproofed fabrics; methods of testing for fastness of dyed textiles to perspiration, acids and alkalies, carbonizing, and sea water; and means for the identifica- tion of the different classes of rayon. The subcommittee on color standardization has compiled a comprehensive

bibliography on the whole subject of

color measurements and standardization which will serve as a foundation

for further study. For the laboratory

duplication of the effects of commercial laundering and other industrial

operations, there was devised a stand- ard " launderometer." The association has approved standard methods

for determining the fastness to washing, fulling, chlorine, stoving, deguniming, dry and wet heat, etc., of dyestuffs on cotton, rayon, silk, and wool

fibers. Four standards have been pre- pared, representing five grades of fast- ness to washing on silk. Work is going forward on the preparation of standard dyed samples representing

the various classifications of fastness

of dyeings on other fabrics both to

light and washing. The association has brought up to date its tabulation

of American dyes.

American Automobile Association Ernest N. Smith, executive vice president, Pennsylvania Avenue at Seventeenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. As a founder member and one of the

financial backers of the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety,

this organization is urging its 1,073 af- filiated motor clubs to sponsor both

the uniform vehicle code and the model municipal traffic ordinance. Through its National Committee on Highway Widening and Planning it is engaged in formulating standards de- signed to eliminate bottle necks and

points of congestion on streets and

highways. It has adopted a code for the promotion of safe driving and the removal of irresponsible drivers from

the highways, and promulgated the model A. A. A. safety-responsibility

bill for adoption by all States in lieu of compulsory automobile liability in- surance. In 1928 a safety department was organized to sponsor safety educational activities which will tend to reduce automobile accidents and acci- dent hazards, the publication of loose- leaf lessons and safety education for use in correlation with regular school
296 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

curricula, distribution of school safety

posters, and the organization of school- boy safety patrols for the guidance of school children in traffic. Standardization has been extended to every phase of this safety program. In co- operation with the Bureau of Standards it prepared and distributed pamphlets on brake testing and headlight testing, and charts for the standardization of headlight adjust- ments. It served as joint sponsor with

the Bureau of Standards for the sec- tional committee on safety code for automobile brakes and brake testing,

and is officially represented on the sec- tional committee for a code of streettraffic signs, signals, and markings.

Standardization has been a factor in the issuance of more than 5,000,000

maps and touring publications annually. The association operates a central publishing office for the benefit of its affiliated clubs in order that they

may secure more conveniently and

economically standard material and

supplies with which to carry on their various activities. The contest board

of the American Automobile Association, formed 28 years ago, sets the standards and formulates rules under

which competitive automobile races are run; speed tests are sanctioned

for international recognition; and au- tomotive products are tested for an

unbiased opinion as to their merit. It adopts the specifications for automobiles participating in championship

races. Out of the stress and strain of these races have come many refine- ments and improvements to the auto- mobile. Tests of automotive and al- lied products under standard rules have become one of the major functions of the contest board which offers a medium for the industry to have its wares certified to the car-owning public.American Bakers Association, Tom

Smith, secretary, 1135 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, 111. The scientific re- search and educational activities of

this association are conducted by the American Institute of Baking. (See

p. 304.) American Bleached Shellac Manufacturers Association (Inc.), R. W. McClintock, secretary, 80 Cliff Street, New York, N. Y. In cooperation with

the United States Shellac Importers

Association, this organization has

formulated standard methods of analysis and specifications for both

bleached and orange shellac. It has

adopted the standard methods of the American Society for Testing Materials for determinations of rosin,

alcohol, insoluble impurities, wax in

shellac, water-soluble extract in or- ange and white shellac, and moisture

in shellac. The association has also adopted standard specifications for bleached shellac and standard methods for determining penalties on ex- cess moisture in dried bleached shellac, and arsenic shellacs that contain small traces of this component.

American Boiler Manufacturers Association, A. C. Baker, secretary, 801

Rockefeller Building, Cleveland, Ohio. This association has adopted and

makes use of the boiler code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. It is represented on A. S. A.

sectional committees working on the standardization of bolt, nut, and rivet proportions and on the standardization of dimensions and material of wrought iron and wrought steel pipe

and tubing.

American Bottlers of Carbonated

Beverages, Junior Owens, secretary, 726 Bond Building, Washington, D. C. In order to eliminate many of the

difficulties arising in connection with

the use of various sizes of pipe lines,

fittings, connections used in bottling

equipment, bottles, boxes, etc., the

association sponsored the organization of certain of its associate members, comprising manufacturers of machinery an.d supplies used by bev- erage manufacturers, into the Bever- age Allied Industries Council, which

deals with problems in standardization. The association's "Educational

Bulletin No. 4" contains completed

standards for bottle boxes, water sup- ply lines for carbonators (pump in- lets), carbonator-filler carbonated water connections, sirup line connections, straight pipe threads, tapered

pipe threads, conveyor chains, crown

finish for beverage bottles, and bottle- washing compound. Included also are recommended practices dealing with

rubber hose and block tin tubing,

compression couplings, carbonated water and sirup valves, gas volume

tests, and beverage bottles, the latter prepared in cooperation with the divi- sion of simplified practice of the Bur- eau of Standards. The association has inaugurated a certification plan,

through which it publishes, with cer- tain of its standards, lists of manufacturers guaranteeing compliance

with the requirements of the standards. American Brush Manufacturers Association, George A. Fernley, secretary, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. In cooperation with other units of
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 297

the industry this association was in- strumental in the establishment and

acceptance of a reduced and limited number of standard sizes and varieties of paint and varnish brushes,

floor sweeps, and block sizes for cal- cimine brushes, set forth in simplified

practice recommendations issued by

the Bureau of Standards. American Bureau of Shipping, J. W.

Cantillion, secretary, Stevenson Taylor Memorial Building, 24 Old Slip, New York, N. Y. A publication known

as "Rules for Building and Classing

Steel Vessels " in which are included

the general requirements for the hull

structure, machinery, and deck equipment for vessels, has been prepared

by this bureau. The bureau works in close harmony with the American

Marine Standards Committee in the development of standards for materials, fittings, equipment, and struc- tural methods. It is officially repre- sented on three A. S. A. sectional committees. American Bureau of Welding, William Sprarageh, secretary, division of engineering, National Research Council, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. This bureau acts as an

advisory board on welding of the American Welding Society and of the

division of engineering and industrial research of the National Research

Council. The work of the bureau is carried on by several committees en- gaged in various projects. The committee on standard tests for welds is working on proposed standard tests and is considering modifications of the tensile and bend tests specimens.

The committee on welding wire speci- fications has conducted a survey to determine the changes to be made in existing specifications and on this basis has prepared revised specifica- tions on welding wire which will be based upon the physical properties of the resultant welds rather than on

the chemical analysis now in force.

It is expected that in this way dis- tinctions will be made in various

grades of wire based upon the quality

of welds produced by them. This will permit the inclusion of patented

wires and covered electrodes. One of the most important activities of the bureau is that relating to fundamental research which is being conducted

under the auspices of the committee

on fundamental research. Studies on welded rail joints and structural steel have been practically completed by

committees handling these projects. At the request of the Bureau of Standards, the American Bureau of

Welding formulated procedural speci- fications for use in connection with

the preparation of aircraft joints to be tested. The bureau is officially represented on the sectional committee on national safety code for

the protection of the heads and eyes

of industrial workers, which has

been adopted as an American recom- mended practice under the procedure

of the American Standards Association. Perhaps one of the most important reports of recent years published by the American Bureau of Welding is that of the structural steel welding committee. This report, which includes over 200 printed pages,

is based upon the results of tests of several thousand specimens, fabri- cated in 39 shops and tested in 24

laboratories. It involves 55 types of

joints in 169 sizes. These results showed a remarkable uniformity of welds made with qualified welders

under recognized procedures.

American Ceramic Society, Ross C. Purdy, secretary, 2525 North High

Street, Columbus, Ohio. Standards

relating to various clays, ceramic

whiting, limestone, lime, enamel, glass,

sand, and other ceramic materials

have been adopted by this association.

It cooperated in the establishment of the commercial standard relating to grades of feldspar and in the formulation of the simplified practice recom- mendation for malleable foundry re- fractories. Work is now in progress on the development of standard defini- tions for all white wares, including

china, porcelain, earthenware, and

numerous related wares. European

cooperation on the latter project is being sought. The society is now co- operating with other organizations,

under the auspices of the American

Standards Association, in the stand- ardization of plumbing equipment,

standard classification of coal, and

standard scientific and engineering

symbols and abbreviations. American Chemical Society, Charles

L. Parsons, secretary, Mills Building,

Washington, D. C. The society's committee on analytical reagents has published more than 100 standards for chemical reagents, including 10 speci- fications proposed in 1931, covering

magnesium oxide, mercuric chloride, mercurous chloride, sodium nitroferri- cyanide, uranium nitrate, lead chro- mate, lead nitrate, cadmium chloride,

chromium trioxide, and perchloric acid, 60 per cent. In 1920 and 1921 this committee published Unit Weights for the Purchase of Reagents, a set of suggested standard weights for the
298 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

packaging of 164 laboratory chemicals. There is published twice yearly a list of manufacturers who have agreed to stock reagent chemicals in standard

metric packages, and who receive esti- mates and make bids in the metric

system, making no extra charge for the service. In 1927 the committee on

standard apparatus published a report

setting forth recommendations for items of certain types of apparatus to be kept in stock by dealers and in laboratory storerooms for ordinary

laboratory work. During 1930 this committee cooperated with the Scientific Apparatus Makers of America

and the office of the Surgeon General

of the Army in this line of activity.

The committee on soap and soap products cooperated in the preparation of

the Federal specifications for soap. The society assisted in the formulation of the American Society for Test- ing Materials standard for coal sampling and analysis. It is represented on three A. S. A. sectional committees.

American College of Surgeons, 40 East Erie Street, Chicago, 111. Franklin H. Martin, director general ; Malcolm T. MacEachernr M. D., associate

director and director of hospital activities ; Bowman C. Crowell, M. D.r associate director and director of clinical research. The standardization of hospitals, hospital organization, management and procedure, and clinical and

physical standards are important fea- tures of the activities of this organization. The minimum standard for hospitals adopted by the college covers in particular the organization and duties

of the medical staff, the providing of accurate and complete case records on

all patients treated, and the furnish- ing of adequate diagnostic and thera- peutic facilities. Names of hospitals

of the United States and Canada con- forming to the minimum standard of the college are published annually in a list of approved hospitals. This

organization in 1930 issued a manual

containing complete information re- garding a standard classification and

nomenclature for surgical dressings

and proposed standard specifications for sponges, abdominal packs, sterile gauze dressings, and pads. During the past year the college prepared and

adopted a minimum standard for the organization of clinics for the diag- nosis and treatment of cancer, also a minimum standard for industrial medicine and traumatic surgery. It initiated and cooperated in the prep- aration of the proposed commercial

standard for steel bone plates under

the procedure of the division of trade

standards of the Bureau of Standards. American Concrete Institute, Harvey

Whipple, secretary, New Center Building, Detroit, Mich. This organization

has developed 12 standard and 10 ten- tative specifications for concrete and

concrete work. It has adopted a pro- posed recommended practice for heavyduty concrete floor finish and a tentative recommended practice for the treatment of exterior surfaces of in- dustrial reinforced concrete buildings.

During the past year consideration was given to a proposed revision of

the tentative recommended practice

for the manufacture of concrete build- ing block, tile, and brick; tentative

specifications were amended and

adopted as tentative covering concrete work on ordinary buildings, concrete work on the small job, and supplying,

fabricating and setting reinforcing

steel on ordinary buildings; recom- mended practices were proposed for dusted-on concrete floor finish and the

use of pigment admixtures in troweled

concrete surfaces; tentative specifica- tions for ready-mixed concrete were

adopted, and specifications for concrete burial vaults were proposed

through a committee report. This

organization cooperated in the work

of three A. S. A. sectional committees.

It initiated the movement which re- sulted in the selection and acceptance

by industry of a simplified recommendation for sizes of concrete blocks, concrete building tile, and concrete

brick. American Concrete Pipe Association, M. W. Loving, secretary, 33 West

Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. The as- sociation has adopted the specifica- tions of the American Society for Testing Materials for plain or unreinforced concrete pipe and for rein- forced concrete pipe. As a member of

the Joint Concrete Culvert Pipe Committee, it cooperated in the preparation of the specifications for reinforced concrete culvert pipe. A condition sur- vey of 191 existing reinforced concrete pipe sewers in 1929, covering 43

cities and steel plants of the country, revealed the need for a recommended

practice for bedding and backfilling

pipe lines. It was felt that misuse of

the product by engineers and contractors often nullified the benefits of standardization by the manufacturer.

A similar survey is now being carried on in the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Washington on the condition of existing reinforced concrete

pipe culverts. It is expected that this survey will develop data which can be
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 299

used in the preparation of a recom- mended practice for bedding and backfilling, as well as in the revision of the existing culvert pipe specification.

The association cooperated in the preparation of the American standard

for drain tile. It is represented on

the specification committee on sewers

of the American Society of Municipal

Engineers.

American Construction Council,

Dwight L. Hoopingarner, executive, 28 West Forty-fourth Street, New York,

N. Y. Although not directly engaged

in standardization work, the council

assists the construction industry in de- veloping community building stand- ards and in devising methods for se- curing quality building materials. It

is engaged in the nation-wide program

on the rebuilding of slum, semislum,

and obsolescent districts in the larger

and medium-sized cities of the country, a phase of which is the formulation of standards for city-planning codes of practice, ordinance requirements, and uniform laws. American Dental Association, Harry

B. Pinney, secretary, 212 East Superior Street, Chicago, 111. This organi- zation is interested in the standardization of the materials used in the

construction of dental restorations and

in the quality of medicinal preparations used by the dental profession.

Its research commission is supporting

research activities at the Bureau of Standards for developing specifications for materials and for improving methods of utilizing these materials. This

has resulted in the publication of standards for dental amalgam alloys, inlay casting investment, inlay cast- ing waxes, and impression compounds.

Specifications for three types of inlay

casting golds are being prepared for publication and work is in progress toward the development of specifica- tions for wrought clasp and orthodontia alloys. Specifications for other

types of casting golds and other dental materials are scheduled for develop- ment as rapidly as the available per- sonnel will permit. Manufacturers of dental materials have been asked to

certify that their products meet the

published specifications. In addition

to the certificate itself, satisfactory evidence of physical tests must be sub- mitted to show that the manufacturer

has tested his material and that its properties meet the requirements. A

list of products so certified is being

prepared for publication. This asso- ciation maintains in the Chicago

headquarters a bureau of chemistry,

which was organized primarily to give

92462—32 20

to dentistry and to the public infor- mation on dental proprietary remedies

and dental nostrums. The bureau

publishes reports of these types of materials in the Journal of the American

Dental Association. Articles on dental materia medica have also originated

in this bureau, and preliminary in- vestigations have been made of a number of products. It also examines new

proprietary products with the view to preparing chemical specifications. The

council on dental therapeutics of the

association was organized as a per- manently functioning body to advise

the dental profession and the public

concerning dental proprietary and nonofficial remedies and materials with

regard to their composition and1 therapeutic usefulness. Its endeavors

are directed toward protecting the

dental profession and the public

against fraud, undesirable secrecy, and

objectionable advertising in the marketing of proprietary and nonofficial

articles. The council consists of 10

members, 5 from the dental profession

and 5 from related scientific fields. It

lists materials as " accepted nonofficial dental remedies " when the articles are found to comply with the follow- ing rules : The composition of the article must be published; tests for de- termining its composition must be fur- nished ; it must not be advertised to the public (except that disinfectants,

dentifrices, and medicinal foods may

be advertised within certain limits), there must be no false or misleading

statements as to its origin, preparation, or therapeutic value; its name

must not be misleading and it must

not be useless. American Dental Trade Association,

George A. Lilly, managing director,. 839 Seventeenth Street NW, Washington, D. C. One of the outstanding

standardization activities of this or- ganization has been the adoption of a uniform catalogue for the use of the dental supply dealer. Standardization and simplification have been

carried out on the subjects of finishes for equipment, lathe-shaft ends, crown and bridge cement, base-plate wax,

gold shell lengths, felt wheels and

cones, chamois wheels, mechanical

saws, gold files, vulcanite files, and

electrical receptacles. Similar work

is going forward on numerous other items used in the dental trade. The

association sponsored the simplified

practice recommendations for dental hypodermic needles, dental brush

wheels, and packaging of dental plaster, investments, and artificial stones;

it is sponsoring also the simplified
300 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

practice project for dental lathe grinding wheels. American Drop Forging Institute,

Paul A. Androus, secretary, 405 First Trust and Deposit Building, Syracuse, N. Y. Acting as joint sponsor this association cooperated with other or- ganizations in the establishment of a

safety code for forging and hot metal

stamping under the procedure of the American Standards Association. American Drug Manufacturers Association, Carson P. Frailey, secretary,

Albee Building, Washington, D. C. Several years ago this association adopted standard dimensions and

capacities for Blake tablet bottles. For the purpose of catalogue simplification it has recently adopted stand- ard titles for pharmaceuticals in general use, covering elixirs, sirups, and

simple tablets. Its committees on

alkaloid and drug standards, pharmaceutical investigations, chemical tests and standards, and control assays have

been working during the past year with the revision committees of the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary with the object

of developing methods and standards

which will give more concordant re- sults and thus make it possible for the rarious laboratories to obtain better check results. The committee on analytical assay methods reported on a proposed new test for the determination of free alkali in milk of magnesia

and made definite recommendations

for the consideration of the U. S. P. revision committee. This committee

also presented results obtained by a

proposed method for the determination

of ephedrine in oil solutions. The committee on digestive ferments and

glandular products reported on a pro- posed standard for desiccated whole

pituitary substance. The committee

on vitamin assay of cod liver oil made

definite recommendations and pro- posed detailed methods, and the scientific section of the association voted

that these methods and recommendations be forwarded to the U. S. P. re- vision committee for consideration in preparing the official method for the

eleventh edition of the Pharmacopoeia.

American Dry Milk Institute (Inc.), Roud McCann, director, 221 North La

Salle Street, Chicago, 111. After two

and one-half years' work in its own

and commercial laboratories, the insti- tute established standard methods of grading dry skim milk. These methods

have been published in a pamphlet

which includes also the recently for- mulated standard methods for analysis

of dry skim milk. Through the institute's testing service, samples of dry

milk may be quickly and impartially

tested for compliance with the grading

rules. American Electric Railway Association, G. C. Hecker, general secretary, 292 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. During the past year 60 committees of the several divisions of this association were engaged in research, and

have submitted reports for consideration by the association, of which 33

are concerned with the formulation or

revision of standards and specifications. Special joint work with other

national organizations was conducted on the subjects of trolley-wire design

and specifications and on the matter of clearances for overhead working con- ductors in heavy traction service. In

the purchases and stores division, a

schedule of standard packaging for

certain selected overhead-line material was prepared (in cooperation with the

division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards) and work con- tinued on the standardization and

simplification of stock. In the rolling- stock division, the standardization of motor-coach design and construction has been studied ; further progress has

been made on the standardization of various maintenance practices con- nected with motor-coach operation;

work was completed on the special re- search being conducted at the Bureau

of Standards on the various types of car drives ; lighting practice for street

cars, motor coaches, shops, office, and

yard was further developed and stand- ardized; the standards for journal

boxes, journal bearings, brake shoes,

and limits of wear were revised to bring them in accord with modern

practice; the study of roller bearings

for cars and new types of current col- lecting devices continued; regulations

for the wiring of trolley buses were

submitted; and there was also con- tinued the joint work with the steam

railroad groups on the preparation of designs for large size drive axles. In

the way and structure division, further

revision and standardization was car- ried on for the following items: Tie

rods; track bolts and nuts, rail sec- tions and associated splice bars, wheel

and rail contours; wood preservation;

welding rods ; branding of rails ; tables giving in convenient form the mathematical properties of rail sections; track and pavement construction ; and

foundations for special track work.

During the past year, the 1931 Supplement to the Engineering Manual of the

association was issued to bring the 1930 edition of this manual up to date.
TECHNICAL AND TBADE ORGANIZATIONS 301

The association is a member of the American Standards Association and

through it takes active part in the

consideration of all standards and

specifications affecting the electric- railway industry. It is represented on the Electrical Standards Committee of that body. It has submitted

to the American Standards Association a number of standards which

have been approved by that body, and

it is sponsor or joint sponsor for 13

projects, as follows: Insulated wires

and cables for other than telephone

or telegraph use ; tubular steel poles

;

600-volt direct current overhead trol- ley construction; designs for 7 and 9

inch girder-grooved and girder-guard

rails and joint plates therefor (in- cludes 6 projects) ; designs for 7-inch 82-pound, 92-pound, and 102-pound

plain girder rail for use in paved

streets (includes 3 projects) ; and

special trackwork material. American Electrochemical Society.

(See Electrochemical Society, p. 331.) American Electro-Platers Society, H.

A. Gilbertson, secretary, 434 South

Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111. By its representation on the sectional committee of the American Standards Association, this society is cooperating

in the preparation of American stand- ard specifications for zinc coating of

iion and steel. This work has al- ready resulted in a tentative standard

for zinc coatings on structural steel shapes, plates, and bars and their products. The society also cooperates

with the American Society for Test- ing Materials and the Bureau of Standards in research work on the

protective value of various metals on

steel. American Face Brick Association,

George S. Eaton, secretary-treasurer, 205 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. This organization was joint sponsor with the Common Brick Manufacturers Association of America for the

simplified practice recommendation

relating to sizes of face and common

brick. It has published a skeleton

specification suggested for the use of consumers of face brick. Through co- operation with manufacturers of lime

and masonry cements, a research as- sociate is retained at the Bureau of Standards for work on mortars. One

of the association's committees de- veloped a set of grading rules for face

brick which was adopted by the associ- ation in November, 1931. The association is represented on the A. S. A. autonomous sectional committee on recommended practice for brick masonry.

American Foundrymen's Association

(Inc.), R. E. Kennedy, technical secretary, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago,

111. The association sponsored the

joint committee on pattern equipment

which formulated standards for pat- tern and core-box color markings and

for pattern plate lugs and vibrators, as well as the joint committee on

foundry refractories, which prepared

standards for shapes and sizes of malleable furnace refractories. The asso- ciation has adopted standard methods

of testing and grading foundry sands

worked out by its committee on

foundry sands. The foundry safety

and sanitary code developed in co- operation with the National Founders

Association has been approved as a

tentative American standard. The or- ganization is joint sponsor with the American Ceramic Society for the

joint committee on standardization

tests for foundry refractories, and

with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for a joint committee

to consider standardization of foundry

equipment. It is joint sponsor for 3

A. S. A. sectional committees, and is represented on 10 others. American Fruit and Vegetable Ship- pers Association, E. S. Briggs, manager-secretary, Room 404 Fruit Dis- tributors Building, Corner Solon

Street and Fourteenth Place, Chicago,

111. Standard rules and definitions of trade terms for the fruit and vegetable industry have been adopted by

this association in conformity with

rules of the United States Department

of Agriculture for use in connection

with transactions coming under the

perishable agricultural commodity act

of 1930 coupled with advisory rules and definitions adopted by various

other fruit and vegetable associations. The Chicago potato division of the

association has adopted standard

forms for inspection of cars and condition of the potato shipment, the

brokers division has adopted a stand- ard form of brokers' agency contract, and the Chicago watermelon division has adopted a standard form of sales

ticket and railway delivery order. A

standard confirmation of sales form

for transactions in fruits and vegetables has been adopted by the association. Committees of the association are cooperating with the United

States Department of Commerce and

the Freight Container Bureau of the American Railway Association in pre- paring standards for containers ; other committees are cooperating with the United States Department of Agricul- ture in the preparation of standards
302 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 for foods. Efforts are being made by

the association to obtain closer co- operation between the various container standardizing agencies in the

interest of better transportation of

goods.

American Gage Design Committee, H. W. Bearce, secretary, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. This

committee, which was originally

formed in 1926 at the suggestion of the Ordnance Department, United

States Army, to assist in formulating

standard designs for gages much used

by that department, has had the full- est cooperation of large manufacturers

and users of plain and thread-plug and

ring-limit gages, and the designs ap- proved by the committee have come

into wide use in industry and have

been approved as a commercial standard.American Gas Association (Inc.), Alexander Forward, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York,

N. Y. Through research activities conducted at its own testing labora- tory and those of other organizations

and institutions, this association has

established safety and performance

requirements for hot plates and laun- dry stoves, portable incinerators, clothes dryers, and flexible gas tubing, gas ranges, gas water heaters, space

heaters, gas-heater ironers, and central house-heating appliances, as well

as house piping and appliance installation. Work is nearing completion on

requirements for garage heaters, hotel and restaurant ranges, high-pressure

boilers, and installation of conversion

burners, and on the utilization of mixed gases. Manufacturers of appli- ances which have been approved by

the association's testing laboratory as complying with its safety and per- formance requirements are permitted

to attach to the appliances the official approval seal of the association. A

committee of this association is en- gaged in fundamental research re- lating to the standardization of orifice meters for large-volume high-pressure gas transmission lines and is also de- veloping basic formulas for calculating the capacity under varying conditions

of long-distance high-pressure lines. The association maintains two re- search associates at the Bureau of Standards for investigating gas combustion, pipe corrosion, protective coatings, gas-burner design, etc. It coop- erated in the establishment of the commercial standard relating to standard

weight malleable-iron or steel screwed

unions. The association is sponsor for the A. S. A. sectional committee on gas

appliances and joint sponsor for the- sectional committees on specifications for cast-iron pipe and special castings,

pipe threads, and gas safety code. It

is also officially represented on the

A. S. A. Safety Code Correlating Committee. The association participates

in the standardizing activities of vari- ous other national organizations, in- cluding the American Society for Test- ing Materials. American Gear Manufacturers Association, T. W. Owens, secretary, 3608

Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. Act- ing as joint sponsor, this association cooperated with other organizations in the establishment of the American

tentative standard for spur-gear tooth form, under the procedure of the American Standards Association. Projects are still under way on the

standardization of nomenclature, heli- cal gears, worm gears, bevel gears, materials, inspection, and power rat- ings of gears. This association is like- wise joint sponsor on the A. S. A. project for transmission chains and

sprockets. This activity has resulted

in the American standard for roller chains, sprockets, and cutters, with

work still under way on the stand- ardization of silent chains. Official representation is maintained by the

association on the A. S. A. project for the standardization of shafting which

has resulted in the tentative standards

for dimensions and design of trans- mission shafting and dimensions of

shaft keys.

American Grocery Specialty Manufacturers Association, H. F. Thunhorst, secretary, 53 Park Place, New

York, N. Y. This association has been

active in the work of standardizing

the order books of its members and is now engaged in formulating standard

invoice forms. The association's tech- nical committee on soaps cooperated

with a similar committee of the Federal Specifications Board in the preparation of Federal specifications for soaps which have been promulgated

and adopted for use by the various

departments of the Federal Government. American Hardware Manufacturers

Association, Charles F. Rockwell, secretary, 342 Madison Avenue, New York,

N. Y. In cooperation with the National Hardware Association of the United States, this organization as- sisted in the establishment of commercial sizes for steel sheets which

are set forth in the simplified-practice

recommendation covering this commodity. The association is officially
TECHNICAL AND TKADE ORGANIZATIONS 303

represented on two A. S. A. sectional .ommittees. American Home Economics Association, Alice L. Edwards, executive sec- retary, Mills Building, Washington,

D. C. In the development of more en- lightened purchasing practices on the part of household buyers, this asso- ciation has been conducting an extensive educational program through its various associated societies and

through publications in its Journal of .Home Economics. The association considers that the most valuable services it can render in the standardization movement is to represent the in- telligent consumer's point of view to those who are concerned with the pro- duction and distribution of consumers'

goods. It is a member body of the American Standards Association, and

is represented on A. S. A. sectional committees now working on the stand- ardization of plumbing equipment, standards and specifications for re- frigerators, specifications and stand- ards for bed sheets and sheeting, and

approval and installation requirements

for domestic gas-burning appliances. Jt cooperated with units of industry in the formulation and acceptance of commercial standards for dress patterns, men's pajamas, wall paper, and

plate-glass mirrors. Representatives

of the association took part in the establishment of standards which have

not as yet been promulgated, includ- ing commercial standard for colored sanitary ware, commercial standard

for knit underwear, and simplified

practice recommendation covering

sizes and varieties of ice cream cups. Articles on standardization and its benefits to the consumer have been ap- pearing in the association's journal for the last five years, and include such

subjects as textile standardization,

tests and specifications for the household, the consumer and standardization in food products, progress toward

standardization and labeling in weighted silks, purchasing problems of the household buyer, method for de- termining the thickness of pile and

napped fabrics, etc. The association is cooperating in a research study on

the changes in solubility and absorption spectra of silk fibroin caused by

tin weighting. It publishes suggestions for club programs, including the

discussion of methods of household

purchasing, labeling of commodities

with information concerning their

properties, use of standard specifica- tions, etc. Twenty-five of the affiliated State home economics associations have committees on standardization

and are active in promoting the as- sociation's standardization program. The division on textiles and clothing

has taken up work on the simplifica- tion of clothing terminology. At the 1931 annual meeting of the association

resolutions were adopted by which the members pledged themselves to coop- erate with the retailers in their own

communities to further the purchase

and sale of consumers' goods labeled according to standards set up through

the American Standards Association, the Bureau of Standards, or the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or labeled in some other way

with accurate measurements as to quality and performance. The associa- tion also indorsed the efforts being

made by its committee on commercial

standardization and simplification to secure labels on staple textile materials by which the quality specifica- tions for the material will appear on

the label. The formation of a con- sumers' research council under the

auspices of the association is being

considered. One of the purposes of such a council would be the development and use of scientific purchasing

information for the ultimate consumer. American Hospital Association, Dr. W. P. Morrill, chairman of committee

on simplification and standardization,

Maine General Hospital, Portland, Me. Since 1923 this association has

had standard specifications for the purchase of meats, various canned

fruits, and canned vegetables. It has

also adopted and published 57 of the

specifications of the Federal Specifica- tions Board dealing with commodities most commonly used by hospitals. It cooperated with other units of the in- dustry in the formulation and accept- ance by industry of the commercial

standard for clinical thermometers,

issued by the Bureau of Standards and

also cooperated in the formulation of the proposed commercial standard cov- ering quality requirements and dimensions of steel bone plates. Simplifica- tion movements were initiated by this association looking to the establish- ment by industry of a limited number

of standard sizes and varieties of hospital equipment, and these activities resulted in the simplified practice rec- ommendations for hospital beds, hospital chinaware, hospital and institu- tional cotton textiles, and hospital

plumbing fixtures, all of which are promulgated by the Bureau of Standards. The association is represented on four A. S. A. sectional committees.
304 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

American Hotel Association of the United States and Canada, Thomas D. Green, president, 221 West Fifty-sev- enth Street, New York, N. Y. Activities of this association in the field of standardization are carried on in co- operation with other organizations.

Under American Standards Association procedure, it cooperated in the establishment of the American build- ing exits code and the safety code for elevators; work is still in progress on

four other projects. This association sponsored the movement which re- sulted in the adoption by industry of the simplified practice recommendation on sizes and varieties of hotel chinaware. American Institute of Architects, Structural Service Department, F. Les. Smith, technical secretary, 1741 New

York Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. This institute is so organized that its representatives on standardizing committees are able to reflect the group

opinions of the architectural profession. It has cooperated with other organizations in the preparation of

simplified practice recommendations

for about 35 building materials and

appliances. The institute has issued

several standard contract forms which

are now in the fourth or fifth edition. The institute has been instrumental

in the formulation of recommendations as to size and character of advertising matter intended for architects, and the development of a stand- ard filing system for trade literature.

It represents the architectural profes- sion on a large number of committees

of organizations dealing with the standardization of building materials

and appliances, such as the National

Committee on Wood Utilization, the American Society for Testing Materials, the National Fire Protection

Association, and the American Stand- ards Association. American Institute of Baking, Henry

Stude, president, 1135 Fullerton Avenue, Chicago, 111. Conducted by the American Bakers Association for sci- entific research and education, this organization operates laboratories for the analysis of ingredients, for teach- ing the value of laboratory control in bakery operation, and for standardiz- ing raw materials. It conducts a

bread-scoring department to which

members may send bread for evaluation in physical characteristics and

comparison with the products of other

bakers. The institute has adopted

and is encouraging the use of a stand- ard bread-scoring form on which

members themselves may grade their

bread, and by a daily comparison of

results, raise their standards of quality. The institute also advocates the grading of all other bakery products

and of the bakery itself, in order to improve not only the quality and uni- formity of the products but also the methods of manufacture and merchandising. It operates a school for the training of employees of members

in baking technology and its application in daily operation, and supports

the Louis Livingston Library of Baking.

American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Frederic J. LeMaistre, executive secretary, Bellevue Court Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Through its committee representation, this insti- tute cooperates with other organizations in standardization work carried on under the auspices of the American

Standards Association. This work has

resulted in an American recommended

practice for the identification of piping systems, and work is still in progress on a standard code for design,

test, and installation of pressure piping systems, specifications for pressure and vacuum gauges; and standard

scientific and engineering symbols and

abbreviations. Another committee of the institute cooperated with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the preparation of the latter^ evaporator test code. American Institute of Electrical Engineers, F. L. Hutchinson, national sec- retary, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. The revised stand- ards of the institute are being published in the form of individual sections. Thirty-eight sections, each deal- ing with standards for a specific subject, have been completed. Of these 38

standards, 19 have been approved as American Standards under American

Standards Association procedure. In

cooperation with the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Spanish

translations of 16 of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers stand- ards have been made, and 41 have

been published as United States Gov- ernment documents. The institute is a member body of the American Stand- ards Association and is represented on

the electrical standards committee. It

is sponsor or joint sponsor for 25 sec- tional committees. Of these it is joint sponsor with the National Electrical Manufacturers' Association for the

following 12 projects: Industrial elec- trical control apparatus; alternators,

synchronous motors, and synchronous

machines in general ; direct and alter- nating-current fractional horsepower
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 305

motors; synchronous converters; in- duction motors and induction machines

in general ; direct-current rotating machines; insulators for electric power

lines; electric-arc-welding apparatus;

electric resistance welding apparatus

;

oil circuit breakers ; disconnecting and

horn-gap switches; and electrical measuring instruments. It is also sponsor or joint sponsor for instrument

transformers; hard-drawn aluminum

conductors ; mercury-arc rectifiers

;

railway motors; railway control ap- paratus; storage batteries; electrical definitions ; insulated wires and cables

for other than telephone and tele- graph use (with nine other organizations) ; radio (with the Institute of Kadio Engineers) ; scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations

(with four other organizations) ; code on protection against lightning (with

the Bureau of Standards) ; symbols

for electrical equipment of buildings

(with two others) ; mine locomotive

control apparatus (with two others).

Committees of the institute are now

at work on the following standardization topics: Lightning arresters; re- cording instruments; technique of temperature measurement, rule for al- titude correction capacitors and fuses. Recommendations on the operation of transformers have been issued. Pre- liminary steps have been taken for the development of a series of electrical

test codes. The institute also has been

engaged for many years in safety-code

work through its technical committee

on safety codes. American Institute of Homeopathy,

Garth W. Boericke, M. D., chairman,

pharmacopoeia committee, care of Hahnemann Medical College, 235 North Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The pharmacopoeia committee of the institute prepared the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United

States, first issued in 1897, which lists, describes, and gives standard strengths

of tinctures, dilutions, medications,

and triturations for all drugs which

have a recognized use in the preparation of homeopathic remedies. The

third edition of this publication is now

undergoing revision. Changes will be

issued in the form of a supplement. In

addition to corrections and additions,

this supplement will contain certain methods of test which have been ap- proved by the committee. The committee has recommended that pharmacists whose products comply with

these tests be given the right to so

label them and that the medical profession be advised to confine its pur1 chases to such standardized preparations. American Institute of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers, A. B. Parsons, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth

Street, New York, N. Y. Through its various committees the institute con- ducts important work in standardization relating to the mining industry. A

final report dealing with dangers from

oil and gas wells to coal-mining operations, and draft of a model law for use of the legislature of any State con- cerned have been adopted by the insti- tute. A committee of the metals divi- sion of the institute cooperated with

the division of simplified practice in the establishment of the simplifiedpractice recommendation for malleable foundry practices. During the past year the subcommittee on mine venti- lation issued a proposed safety code

for coal-mine ventilation for consideration by the institute's coal division. The institute is a member body of the American Standards Association and

is officially represented on the mining

standardization correlating committee.

It is serving as sponsor for two projects on methods for screen testing of

ores and recommended practices for rock dusting of coal mines, and is officially represented on 14 additional

sectional committees dealing with

safety codes, equipment, and recom- mended practices in mines. It has

recently initiated a project dealing

with the possible development of standard specifications for clean bitu- minous coal. American Institute of Refrigeration,

J. F. Nickerson, general secretary, 435 North Waller Avenue, Chicago,

111. Committees of the institute are

actively cooperating with several or- ganizations in work leading to the formulation of standards for cast-iron flanged ammonia and screwed fittings, refrigerating piping, and pressure and vacuum gauges. The institute is of- ficially represented on five sectional committees functioning under American Standards Association procedure.

American Institute of Steel Construction (Inc.), Charles F. Abbott, executive director, 200 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. ; Lee H. Miller, chief

engineer, 1050 Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio. In its Standard Handbook of Steel Construction are in- cluded the following standard speci- fications which have been adopted by

the institute: Specification for the

design, fabrication, and erection of structural steel for buildings; A. S. T. M. specifications for structural
306 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

steel for buildings; code of standard

practice governing contracts between

buyer and seller; specifications for

fireproofing structural steel buildings;

sind recommendations of the United

States Department of Commerce for the minimum allowable live loads for

buildings. These standards have al- ready been accepted by 328 cities and

15 State bodies. Members of the in- stitute who adhere to its code of standard practice are permitted to use

the institute's symbol as a label for

their commodities. The institute maintains two research associates at the Bureau of Standards working on

lire tests on battle-deck floor construc- tion and formed sheet steel floors. American Institute of Weights and

Measures, W. E. Bullock, secretary, 33 Rector Street, New York, N. Y. The

institute is not a standards-making

body. It concerns itself with the col- lection and classification of legisla- tive and industrial records relating to standards of measurement. It is at present collecting data on international standards of measurement as the basis of international standardi- zation in manufacture.

American Leather Belting Association, J. L. Nelson, secretary, 41 Park

How, New York, N. Y. Activities of

this association in the field of stand- ardization are confined largely to the preparation of specifications for vege- table-tanned leather belting. It coop- erated with a technical committee of the Federal Specifications Board in the preparation of Federal specifica- tions for such belting. It is now co- operating with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, which or- ganization is serving as sponsor for a

project relating to specifications for leather belting, functioning under the

rules of procedure of the American

Standards Association. A joint committee on the use and care of trans- mission belting is now being organized.

American Leather Chemists Association, H. C. Reed, secretary, 143 West

Twentieth Street, New York, N. Y. The following official methods of

analysis have been adopted by this association : Vegetable materials con- taining tannin, sampling tannin materials, vegetable tanned leather, chrome leather, sulphonated oils, and a form for the reporting of extract

analysis. It has also adopted provi- sional methods for analyzing various

leathers and tanning materials. In

addition it has adopted a provisional international method for the analysis

of vegetable materials containing tan- min and a provisional method for the

analysis of miscellaneous tannery materials. American Machinery and Tools Institute, George R. Tuthill, executive sec- retary, 40 North Wells Street, Chicago, 111. The standardizing activities of this organization are carried on by

a committee appointed by the president and authorized to collect and

further the distribution of accepted

standards as developed from recog- nized authoritative sources, and to originate, develop, and present such

standards as will constructively ad- vance the usefulness of the machinery

and tools industry. The results of the committee's work are first adopted by

the board of directors and then sub- mitted to the entire membership of the institute for final approval and

adoption. The committee has pre- pared a standard classification of jigs

used in the drilling, reaming, boring,

countersinking or tapping of duplicate

piece parts, also a standard estimate

sheet. Work is going forward on the standardization of milling fixtures, of methods for tool inspection, tool in- spection equipment, and methods of inspection of materials, including thin spring steel, thin zinc, and mechanical

rubber sheets, tubes, and bars. American Marine Standards Committee. (See Ch. VIII, p. 284.) American Medical Association, Chemical Laboratory, Paul Nicholas Leech,

director, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The specifications for drugs accepted for inclusion in New

and Nonofficial Remedies (which are

of a chemical nature) have been pre- pared by the chemical laboratory. The

laboratory also examines drugs pur- chased from time to time on the open market to determine if they comply

with the standards and conducts

original investigations in the field of materia medica.

American Medical Association, Committee on Foods, Raymond Hertwig,

secretary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The committee on foods

publishes a list of accepted foods as conforming to the requirements laid down by the committee. According

to the present status, all foods which

are merchandised under a label and

which are advertised may come within

the scope of the committee's consideration. The food products submitted

to the committee must be accompanied

by detailed information on manufacture, chemical composition, ingredients, and any data in support of un- usual claims. The committee on foods grants the privilege of the display of

its " seal of acceptance " to show
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 307

that the accepted products comply

with the requirements. The seal, if displayed on the package, must be the only seal on the package and must

not appear in conjunction with the

seal of any other investigative or- ganization.

American Medical Association, Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, W. A. Puckner, secretary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The council on pharmacy and chemistry publishes each year a book, New and

Nonofficial Remedies, in which are

listed and described such medicinal

preparations as have been accepted

by the council on pharmacy and chemistry in accordance with its rules

(copies of which may be obtained on

request). The descriptions or speci- fications of accepted articles are based

in part on investigations made by, or under the direction of, the council and in part on evidence or information supplied by the manufacturer or

his agents. The council also reports on drugs not found acceptable and

gives the reasons therefor. The council on pharmacy and chemistry grants

the privilege of the display of its " seal of acceptance " to show that the accepted products comply with the

requirements. The seal, if displayed on the package, must be the only seal on the package and must not appear

in conjunction with the seal of any

other investigative organization.

American Medical Association, Council on Physical Therapy, H. A. Carter,

secretary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. The council on physical

therapy publishes a list of apparatus

for use in physical therapy, which,

after a consideration of the evidence,

has been declared acceptable as con- forming to the rules of that council.

If an apparatus is not found acceptable, a report is published which states the reasons for objections and points out the violations of the rules of the

council. American Mining Congress, J. F. Callbreath, secretary, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. Through its national standardization program,

this organization has prepared and

adopted 11 standards, 8 of which have

been approved by the American Standards Association. Committees of the standardization division are engaged

in work on the following projects:

Mechanical loading of coal, mine timbering, mine timber preservatives,

metal-mine cost accounting, drilling

machines and drill steel, locomotives

for coal mines, safety rules for installing and using electrical equipment in metal mines, and coal-mine cars. This- organization is sponsor or joint sponsor

for 14 A. S. A. sectional committees.

American Oil Burner Association

(Inc.), Harry F. Tapp, executive secre- tary; W. C. Schoenfeldt, technical sec- retary, 342 Madison Avenue, New

York, N. Y. In its work in standardization this association has recom- mended a model ordinance governing

the construction and installation of

oil-burning equipment for use by municipal authorities having jurisdiction over such installations. In order to- encourage the use of this ordinance, the association publishes and issuer a circular entitled " For Clean Cities

Oil Heat and Constructive Municipal

Regulation." It has adopted an advertising code, general trade practices,

and standards of business conduct. The association cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in the establish- ment of the commercial standard for domestic and industrial fuel oils. A

technical research program, including

the test of various types of oil burners

under various conditions, sponsored by

this association and the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, is being conducted in cooperation with the Sheffield Scientific School

of Yale University. The association maintains and operates the Oil Heating Institute. It is officially rep- resented on three A. S. A. sectional committees.

American Oil Chemists Society, J. C. P. Helm, secretary, 705 TchoupitoulasStreet, New Orleans, La. The society

has adopted and published the stand- ard methods for sampling and analysis of commercial fats and oils pre- pared by the committee on analysis of commercial fats and oils of the American Chemical Society. In cooperation with the National Cottonseed

Products Association, it has adopted

official methods of chemical analysis- for cottonseed, cottonseed hulls, crude

cottonseed oil cake, meal, and meats,

and associated oils. The detergents

committee of the society is cooperating with the Bureau of Standards in a study of practical washing tests, with a view to formulating a stand- ard performance test to measure the

cleansing power of detergents. The

soap analysis committee is continuing

its cooperative work on developing a standard method for determining unsaponifiable matter in filled soaps containing rosin, lanolin, etc., and is pre- paring to review and revise the stand- ard methods of sampling and analysis-
308 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

of soap and soap products, adopted by

this society and the American Chemical Society.

American Optometric Association

(Inc.), Edwin H. Silver, associate di- rector, department of research, 1410 G Street NW., Washington, D. C. A

national advisory commission on vi- sion for motor drivers, appointed by

this association at the instance of the National Conference on Street and

Highway Safety, has prepared stand- ards of visual acuity for motor-vehicle

operators. In cooperation with the National Research Council, an investi- gation is being made of limits of safety vision. The motor vision commission of the association has issued a report in the interests of standard

State licensing requirements for auto- mobile drivers. American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association (Inc.), G. V. Horgan, general manager, 2201 New

York Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. A joint committee, composed of repre- sentatives of this association and the National Paint, Oil, and Varnish

Association, is engaged in simplifying the number of sizes of containers

and color varieties in paints and varnishes. The association is officially represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee on electric motor frame

dimensions.

American Paper and Pulp Association, Jesse H. Neal, general manager, 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. Advisory committees of this organization collaborate with the various

agencies of the Federal Government on

technical matters relating to the manufacture of pulp and paper. The

association cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in the establish- ment of the simplified practice recom- mendation covering sizes and grades

of paper. In cooperation with the National Paper Trade Association, the committee on simplification and stand- ardization of this association is making a study of the standardization of sample-book sizes and a simplified sys- tem of filing these sample books in the

offices of printers, advertisers, and advertising agencies. The association is officially represented on A. S. A. sec- tional committees on safety codes for conveyors and conveying machinery

and paper and pulp machinery.

American Petroleum Institute, W. R. Boyd, jr., executive vice president, 250 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. Through its division of production,

under whose auspices function the various committees on the standardisation of oil-field equipment, this institute has adopted the numerous

standards and specifications for supplies and equipment used in the petroleum industry, and has adopted sev- eral codes on recommended practice in

this field. On recommendation of the general committee on refinery tech- nology, the institute adopted 21 stand- ards of the American Society for Testing Materials for methods of test for petroleum products. It cooperated

with the Bureau of Standards in the establishment of commercial stand- ards for diamond-core drill fittings, do- mestic and industrial fuel oils, and

steel and wrought-iron pipe nipples.

As an aid to international interchangeability in pipe threads and limit gauges, the institute has completed ar- rangements with the Government lab- oratories of America, England, and

Germany by which each of these national standardizing institutions is made an official testing and certifying agency for thread gages made in ac- cordance with the specifications of the American Petroleum Institute and so designated in the institute's specifica- tions for tubular goods. In promoting

the use of its standards and specifica- tions throughout the industry the in- stitute grants to manufacturers the

right to place its official monogram on

certain standardized equipment certi- fying that the material so marked

complies with all of the conditions and

standards contained in the official publications relating thereto. The insti- tute reserves the right to revoke the use of its monogram for any reason

satisfactory to the board of directors. This institute, together with the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce and the Society of Automotive

Engineers, maintains a group of re- search associates at the Bureau of Standards working on properties and

chemical constituents of petroleum

products, protective coatings for pipe

lines, automotive engines, cooperative

fuel research, etc. It is officially rep- resented on 14 sectional committees

functioning under the rules of pro- cedure of the American Standards

Association. American Pharmaceutical Association, E. F. Kelly, secretary, 10 West

Chase Street, Baltimore, Md. Committees of this association are func- tioning on such subjects as the revi- sion of the National Formulary, a

publication supplemental to the United

States Pharmacopoeia ; physiological

testing of drugs ; cooperation with for- eign associations in bringing about

international uniformity in pharmaceutical nomenclature; minimum re-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 309

quireinents for course to be taught in various colleges of pharmacy (in co- operation with American Association

of Colleges of Pharmacy and National

Association of Boards of Pharmacy) ; preparation of unofficial standards for drugs and chemical products; publi- cation of a recipe book, containing

standard formulas and recipes not found in the Pharmacopoeia or the National Formulary; cooperation with

other scientific bodies on the question

of horticultural nomenclature; extension of the use of the metric system

in pharmacy; and investigation of the

light-protecting properties of various

colored glass containers and determi- nation of the amount of protection af- forded or deterioration produced by

light from the ultra-violet and infra- red regions of the spectrum, with a view to preparing specifications for colored glass containers for the protection of medicaments. In 1930 a

conference of pharmaceutical law-en- forcement officials was formed to bring about greater uniformity in the pharmaceutical legislation of the sev- eral States and in the enforcement of

these laws. The association has re- cently cooperated in organizing the

Inter-Society Color Council to develop

uniform definitions and standards for

colors. American Public Health Association,

Kendall Emerson, M. D„ acting executive secretary, 450 Seventh Avenue,

New York, N. Y. In cooperation with

the American Water Works Association, this association has formulated

standard methods for the examination

of water and sewage. It has also re- vised its standard methods of milk

analysis. The association's committee

on research and standards is at pres- ent engaged in a series of standardization problems which include standard

record forms for the tabulation of

vital statistics and other projects in relation to public-health measures. It

is officially represented on the sec- tional committee on code for the lighting of school buildings.

American Railway Association, H. J. Forster, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. The activities of

this association are conducted under

9 divisions, 5 of which are concerned

with matters which have led to the adoption of standards, specifications,

and recommended practices, namely,

operating (dealing with problems of operation) ; engineering, which deals with the location, construction, and

maintenance of railroads; mechanical

(conducting work in the construction and maintenance of rolling stock) ;

purchases and stores (which deals with the purchasing, storing, distribution, and selling of materials and supplies) ; and freight claim, dealing with

the formulation of standard recom- mended practices to govern freight

losses and claims. (See sketches of the freight claim, mechanical, operating, and purchases and stores divi- sions; the American Railway Engineering Association, which functions

as the engineering division of the American Railway Association; also the signal, and telegraph and tele- phone sections.) The association has

organized two committees which do

not function under the above-noted di- visions; namely, the committee on au- tomatic train control and the joint

committee on grade-crossing protection. The former committee is en- gaged on the standardization of auto- matic train-control devices, and the

latter is doing similar work for auto- matic highway grade-crossing signals.

American Railway Association, Electrical Section, E. H. Fritch secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago,

111. This section of the association is concerned with the application of elec- tricity to railway service. It has for- mulated specifications covering the

construction, operation, and protection

of transmission and distribution sys- tems, both overhead and underground.

American Railway Association,

Freight Claim Division, Lewis Pilcher, secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. The duties of this or- ganization are to standardize and har- monize, nationally and on a uniform

basis, the rules and practices of carriers concerning the prompt and lawful settlement of freight claims with

claimants and between carriers, also

to study claim causes and the application of preventive measures. It publishes a book of Freight Claim Rules

or manual of practices (revised an- nually) in which are carried the rules and standards prescribed for the in- vestigation and interline apportionment of claims paid to claimants, lists of freight claim and prevention officers of carriers, uniform blanks, and other handy information for use of railroad

freight claim offices. There are also published and distributed semiannually, in printed form, interpretations of

freight claim rules as handed down by

the appropriate committee of the division, there being included for ready

reference a cumulative index-digest of such cases. American Railway Association,

Freight Container Bureau, Edward Dahill, chief engineer, 30 Vesey Street,
310 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

New York, N. Y. The chief function

of this bureau is to develop standard

containers for the many different commodities which are moved by freight

and also to assist shippers on matters

involving the packing and construction

of containers. The bureau's engineers

spend considerable time at the shipper's plants and especially in the freshfruit and vegetable producing territories, for the purpose of acquainting

the shippers with the recommended

standards for containers and methods

of loading and bracing. The bureau

cooperates very closely with Federal

and State agencies in developing

recommended standards for containers and methods for packing and shipping.

Thirty-six recommended standards re- lating to various types of containers and packing, crating, and shipping of various commodities have already been

formulated by the bureau. The stand- ards developed and recommended for use by this bureau are not compulsory

in nature. However, in some in- stances the recommendations have been

accepted and adopted by tariff issuing

agencies of the carriers throughout the

country, in which case they have be- come standard in particular circumstances or in specified territories. The

bureau has pending and in various

stages of completion the following

recommended standards: Method of packing and crating steel office furni- ture ; crates for enameled iron sanitary ware ; crating for vitreous china sani- tary ware; and descriptions of damages and defects of enameled iron sani- tary ware. The bureau's program for the coming year includes the follow- ing projects: Continuation of studies,

field work and laboratory tests on a number of containers used in the fresh

fruit and vegetable industry; development of standard methods for crating

and boxing electric refrigerators and

novelty furniture; and preparation of

illustrated pamphlets or bulletins on standard methods of skidding and crat- ing textile and laundry machinery,

packing glassware and crockery in fi- ber-board boxes, and crates and loading

methods for airplanes and airplane

parts. It is also planning to issue an

illustrated bulletin on standard skids,

cradles, and crates for motor boats,

and a general bulletin on materials,

construction, packing, and closing of

fiber boxes. American Railway Association,

Mechanical Division, V. R. Hawthorne,

secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. This organization, rep- resenting an amalgamation of the

former Master Car Builders Association and the American Railway Master Mechanics Association, is chiefly

occupied with standardization and

simplification of railway materials

and practices in the field of motive

power and rolling stock. Through the

activities of its different committees

and their investigations and studies, the division has adopted 156 standards

and specifications for different parts of

cars. In addition, 141 recommended

practices have been accepted for in- vestigation and trial with the expectation that they, or some modification

thereof, would finally be adopted as standards and become the uniform

practice of railroads. Ten standards

and forty-two recommended practices

pertaining to locomotives have been

adopted. All of the division's standards

are incorporated in a manual which is revised and supplemented annually.

At the 1931 meeting of the division,

various committees submitted for ap- proval by the division reports on the

following subjects: Revision of the

loading rules; additions to the inter- change rules; specifications for draft gears; advancement to standard of

the type E coupler; adoption of stand- ard swivel-butt coupler and yoke;

standardization of method of operating uncoupling levers; standard loca- tion for air-brake retaining valves;, capacity rating for car-lighting batteries ; counterbalancing of locomotives; standard pressures for mounting driving, trailing, and engine-truck

axles and crank pins ; change in stand- ard flange height for locomotive wheels; standard designs for eccentric cranks ; adoption of American

standard screw threads; adoption of

the standard prepared by the Manufacturers Standardization Society of

the Valve and Fittings Industry for 300-pound screwed pipe fittings for lo- comotives; standardization of 300- pound globe and angle valves for steam

locomotives ; recommended practices for journal boxes and journal wedges,,

limits for coupler heights on passenger

cars, and brine-tank joints; standard

design for placard holders on tank

cars; specifications for helium cars; methods of patching tank cars; pro- posed revisions of chilled-iron wheel

specification; standard brake beams,

dummy hose couplings, contour lines for steam-hose couplings, and location of air signal, train line, and steam- heat pipe on passenger-equipment

cars ; recommended definition of a hot

box; method of analysis of reclaimed waste ; and standard journal bearing:

wedge condemning gage. The division.
TECHNICAL AND TKADB ORGANIZATIONS 311

is represented on the A. S. A. stand- ards council. The division is carrying on a considerable amount of research work, involving both laboratory and

road-service tests. It maintains at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., an

air-brake laboratory, draft-gear test- ing laboratory, laboratory for testing tank-car devices, brake-shoe testing

machine, and an air-hose testing

machine. The division also uses the

laboratories of the various railroads and commercial companies manufacturing railway supplies for various re- search projects under the direction of committees of the division. American Railway Association, Operating Division, J. C. Caviston, secre- tary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y.

Specifications for track torpedoes; 5- minute red fusees ; lanterns for use on

crossing gates and by highway cross- ing watchmen and gatemen ; standard

bunting and signaling flags; and

standard drawings relating to ap- proach warning and stop signs, and

painting for highway-gate arms have

been prepared by this division. It publishes and keeps under constant

revision the Standard Code of the American Railway Association re- lating to train, block signal, and inter- locking rules, and also to standard

definitions for the various terms used

in railway operations.

American Railway Association, Purchases and Stores Division, W. J. Farrell, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New

York, N. Y. Committees of this divi- sion are actively engaged in preparing

standards in order to bring about the highest efficiency and economy in the

purchasing, handling, and distribution

of materials and supplies in the rail- way industry. The division has

adopted certain recommendations re- lating to the standardization of pipe

fittings and valves, manhole and handhole gaskets, padlocks, and railway

electrification materials. It has also adopted recommendations in connection with standard types of buildings

for storing stock and equipment, paint

and oils, explosives, oxygen, and

acetylene; garages, and lumber sheds. The following standards prepared by

its various subject committees have

also been adopted by this division: Method of unit piling materials ; rules for railroad stores department operation, including the standard stock book; reclamation practices; material

classification; rules for railroad pur- chasing department operation, and

reclamation practices. The division cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in the establishment of the simplified practice recommendation for commercial forms. American Railway Association, Sig- nal Section, R. H. C. Balliet, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. Committees of this section, either alone or in cooperation with similar committees of technical societies, trade

associations, and other bodies are ac- tively engaged in formulating recom- mended practices relating to signals

and signaling devices used in the rail- way industry. This section revises and keeps up to date the drawings and

specifications contained in its Manual

of Recommended Practices dealing

with design, construction, maintenance,

and operation of railway signaling devices. During the past year it ap- proved the adoption and in some cases

revisions of the following recommended practices: Lead-covered cable, ar- mored submarine cable; double-braided, weatherproof 30 per cent conductivity copper-covered steel line wire;

direct current relays ; caustic-soda batteries ; time release and time lock

;

form for reporting material used and

labor performed in construction; method for comparing operating re- sults before and after an improvement

in signaling facilities ; car retarder system; electric motor switch oper- ating mechanism ; centralized traffic control system ; centralized traffic control machine; electric lock; interlock- ing lever circuit controller ; direct cur- rent track circuit test record; plug

type rail bonds and track circuit con- nectors; rail bond (plug type) ; track

circuit connector; relay contact post

designation plate; made ground for protection against abnormal potentials ; line transformer, oil-immersed,

self-cooled; transformer oil; semaphore spectacle ; wood signal blades ; instrument cases (styles A, B, and C) ; base for instrument cases (styles A,

B, and C) ; and highway crossing sig- nal requisites.

American Railway Association, Tele- graph and Telephone Section, W. A. Fairbanks, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This section functions as a part of the operating divi- sion of the American Railway Association. In its loose-leaf manual and

pocket handbook for use by supervisory engineering and field forces are

included over 200 recommended speci- fications and practices for the ad- vancement of efficiency of the tele- graph and telephone departments of the railroad service and the stand- ardization of the plant, equipment,

and practices. Numerous standing

committees are actively engaged in
312 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 keeping and formulating new practices or in revising existing ones. The fol- lowing important subjects are now be- ing considered by committees of this section: Communication transmission,

radio and wire carrier systems, elec- trical protection, message traffic, eco- nomics, inductive interference, inside and outside plant, protection against

electrolysis, accident and fire prevention, and education and training of employees. This section is officially represented on the sectional committees of the American Standards Association on all matters relating to the telegraph and telephone plant.

American Railway Association,

Transportation Division, G. W. Covert,

secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. This division had its origin in the activities of the former

Association of Transportation and Car

Accounting Officers and the Committee on Relations between Railroads of the American Railway Association. The duty of the transportation divi- sion is to formulate rules covering

and report upon questions affecting, the uniform and efficient use and in- terchange of equipment. Its activities include the formulation, revision, and

interpretation of the following rules: Code of car-service rules, code of per diem rules, code of switching reclaim

rules, embargo regulations, national

car-demurrage rules, uniform code of storage rules, national track-storage

rules, regulations for the handling of railroad business mail, mileage allow- ances and rules governing the handling, also the payment of mileage,

and the equalization of mileage on

cars of private ownership, methods for loading carload freight, rules governing receipt, stowing, handling and de- livery of less-than-carload freight, rules governing the application, in- spection, recording and care of car

seals, assignment of permanent report- ing marks for use on cars of railroad and private ownership, supervision of checks to establish terminal-switching

reclaim allowances. American Railway Car Institute, W.

C. Tabbert, secretary, 19 Rector

Street, New York, N. Y. This organi- zation cooperates with the Electric Railway Presidents' Conference Committee in the design and adoption of new electric railway car standards,

and with various committees of the American Railway Association in the standardization of freight cars. The

institute is officially represented on two A. S. A. sectional committees.

American Railway Engineering Association, E. H. Fritch, secretary, 59

East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111- The association functions also as the construction and maintenance section

of the engineering division of the American Railway Association. Its Manual of Recommended Practice for Railway Engineering contains specifi- cations for materials and workmanship, plans, designs, and general principles of practice for the construction and maintenance of track, bridges,

buildings, and other appurtenances of

the physical plant of railways. The

association is joint sponsor for

A. S. A. projects on specifications for movable railway bridges and specifi- cations for insulated wires and cables (other than telephone and telegraph).

American Refractories Institute,, Stuart M. Phelps, director of research and tests, Mellon Institute, Pitts- burgh, Pa. Specifications for clay

fire brick for malleable furnaces with

removable bungs and for annealing

ovens were formulated by this organi- zation in 1926 and were approved by

the joint committee of the American

Foundrymen's Association and the American Ceramic Society. These

specifications were adopted as stand- ard in 1928 by the American Society

for Testing Materials. Specifications for clay fire brick for stationary boiler

service, and clay fire brick for marine

boiler service, likewise adopted in 1928 by the A. S. T. M., were also developed by the institute. The or- ganization cooperated with other units

of industry in the establishment and

acceptance by industry of standard

sizes and varieties of malleable foun- dry refractories as promulgated in a

simplified practice recommendation of

the Bureau of Standards. American Road Builders' Association,

Charles M. Upham, engineer-director,

National Press Building, Washington,

D. C. The association functions as a

clearing house to acquire and dis- seminate educational and scientific in- formation concerning highway activity

in the United States, Canada, Mexico,

Central and South America, and many

European countries. Its membership

includes Federal, State, city, and

county highway officials, honorary rep- resentatives of foreign countries, highway contractors, highway transport

operators, producers of highway materials, and manufacturers of highway equipment. Group and general

committees study problems relating to highway legislation, finance, design,

construction, maintenance, equipment,

and operation. Their efforts are di- rected toward development of im- proved standards which shall elimi-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 313

nate waste, increase efficiency, and

bring about economy in highway administration. To avoid unnecessary

duplication in its research activities, the association cooperates through

joint cooperating committees with

other organizations, official and unofficial, having in part similar aims. The results of investigations on the various technical and general problems

are presented in report form and dis- cussed at the annual convention of the

association. The final reports are summarized for publication in the con- vention proceedings and later issued with discussions in bulletins, of which

there have been prepared 24 dealing

with the purchase, operation, and

maintenance of road-building equipment, and the selection and utiliza- tion of road-building material. American Sanatorium Association, E.

S. McSweeney, M. D., chairman, committee on standardization, 132 East

Thirty-sixth Street, New York, N. Y. The committee on standardization of

this association, which is a constituent organization of the National Tuberculosis Association, is continuing its work

in the development of standards for tuberculosis institutions throughout

the country. In its annual report is- sued in May, 1931, this association re- affirmed the existing minimum stand- ards relating to the rating as to location, construction of buildings, and

administration of the tuberculosis sanatoriums and hospitals in the United States. The committee is ac- tively promoting standardization proj- ects of local organizations and groups

in various parts of the country, particularly those in New York City and

State conforming in principle and es- sential data to those of the American

Sanatorium Association. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Raymond Olney, secretary, St. Joseph, Mich. In 1925 this society

adopted a tractor testing and rating code which has become the standard

of the farm-equipment industry. During the past year it has adopted re- vised standards for design, dimensions,

speed, location, etc., of spline shafts and spline hubs for power take-off for

agricultural tractors and machines,

and standard dimensions and concavity for a limited number of standard

sizes of disk blades for disk plows,

harrows, drills, listers, and culti- vators. Work is now in progress on

the development of a standard method

for rating hammer type feed mills. This society cooperated with other

organizations, under the procedure of

the American Standards Association,

in the formulation of the American

standard specifications for drain tile and the tentative specifications for dimensions of plow bolts, and has

representation on two other A. S. A.

sectional committees.

American Society of Bakery Engineers, Victor E. Marx, secretary, 1541 Birchwood Avenue, Chicago, 111. Standards formulated and adopted by

this society for bakery equipment and

approved by the Bakery Equipment

Manufacturers Association, included dough mixers, storage bins, sifters and

bolters, flour hoppers, and water

tanks. Its standardization committee

made specific recommendations on the standardizing of live or active belt capacities of belt proofers for various

loaf sizes which were concurred in by equipment manufacturers. In 1931, the committee made certain recom- mendations on heights of cake depositor hoppers and the standard rating

of cake mixers by weight of dough

rather than by gallon capacity which

have not yet been approved by the equipment manufacturers.

American Society of Civil Engineers,

George T. Seabury, secretary, 33 West

Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization work of the society is conducted through the appointment or committees to deal with certain proj- ects and through representation on

committees of other organizations.

Research committees have been or- ganized to carry on work relating to stresses in railroad track, irrigation

hydraulics, concrete and reinforced concrete arches, steel columns, ce- ment, earths and foundations, and

dams. Special committees are also maintained by eight of the technical

divisions of the society, studying the

fields of city planning, construction,

irrigation, power, sanitary engineering, structural engineering, surveying

and mapping, and waterways. The

society is jointly represented on committees of the American Bureau of Welding, American Marine Standards

Committee, American Standards Association, and other bodies. It is offi- cially represented on the Joint Committee on Concrete and Reinforced

Concrete and on the committee on

culvert pipe specifications. In co- operation with the American Public

Health Association, the society has

adopted standard definitions of terms

used in sewerage and sewage disposal

practice. The society is joint sponsor

for two A. S. A. sectional committees on manhole frames and covers (with

the A. S. A. telephone group) and
314 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

scientific and engineering symbols and

abbreviations. American Society of Heating and

Ventilating Engineers, A. V. Hutchinson, secretary, 51 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. One of the very important functions of this society is the development of heating and ventilating codes and standards. Several

of the more recent codes which have

been developed by committees of the

society are the following: Code for

testing concealed gravity type radiation; code for testing steam-heating

boilers burning oil fuel; performance

test code for steam-heating solid fuel

boilers ; code for testing radiators

and standard test code for disk and

propeller fans, centrifugal fans and

blowers. The last-mentioned code was

developed by a committee of this so- ciety in cooperation with a similar committee of the National Associa- tion of Fan Manufacturers. In addition, the society is giving consideration to several reports prepared by its committees relative to the formulation

of codes on ventilation standards;

testing and rating unit ventilators ; and

Cheating and ventilating garages. The

society carries out its research pro- gram at its own laboratory located at the Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, Pa., and at 10 universities in different parts of the country. It is officially represented on

seven A. S. A. sectional committees.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Calvin W. Rice, secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York,

N. Y. The society has 16 professional

divisions as follows : Aeronautics, applied mechanics, fuels, hydraulics, iron and steel, machine-shop practice, management, materials handling, national

defense, oil and gas power, petroleum, steam power, printing machinery, rail- roads, textiles, wood industries, and a process industries group which is just being formed. Each of these professional divisions has a section of the society's Transactions, in which it publishes for reference its worthwhile

technical papers with discussions. IDach one functions almost as a sep- arate small society and has the right to hold one national convention each

year and to suggest research and

standardization projects. The technical committee activities of the society

has grown very rapidly during the past 12 years, until now approximately 1,850 engineers and others are

serving on the 420 committees for which the society is sponsor or joint sponsor. In this work 227 organizations cooperate. Under the main research committee 29 special research committees have been organized.

Some of the projects have grown out

of the activities of the standard committees. At the present time some 38

research workers are engaged on a

variety of projects. Ten research fel- lows at the Bureau of Standards are working on the experimental program

of the research committees. A new

project on the wear of metals is being formulated. The dimensional stand- ardization and safety activities of the

society are carried forward under the procedure of the American Standards

Association. At the present time the

society is sponsor or joint sponsor for 29 sectional committees on standards

and 5 sectional committees preparing

safety codes. Two of these committees deal with standardization activities recently inaugurated, namely,

those for leather belting and foundry

equipment and supplies. One of the

society's most notable technical committee accomplishments is the development of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Boiler Construction Code, consisting of eight sections and interpretations, which has been

officially adopted by 19 States and 16

cities in this country. The preparation of the society's standard tests of power-plant and heat apparatus, such

as are most commonly undertaken in connection with commercial transactions, is in the hands of a group of 20 committees guided by the main

committee on power-test codes. Each

of these individual committees was

organized to undertake the revision or formulation of a test code for such

apparatus as boilers; steam engines, steam and hydraulic turbines ; pumping machinery; compressors, blowers,

and fans ; locomotives ; gas producers

and gas and oil engines. The society

has published in pamphlet form 40

dimensional standards, 2 safety codes, 5 research reports, 6 bibliographies,

and 20 power-test codes. The stand- ards and technical publications of the

society are broadly advertised in the

technical and daily press during their development by technical committees,

and page-proof copies are sent in quantity to interested societies, firms,

and individuals. As a result, when

the final pamphlet copies are avail- able a reasonably broad distribution

is immediately assured. The society's

standardization committee plans to make a canvass of the extent of the adoption of a given standard on the

second, third, and fourth anniversaries

of its approval by the American

Standards Association. In its me-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 315

chanieai catalogue special notations

are employed to indicate those firms supplying equipment in conformity

with standards approved by the American Standards Association. American Society of Municipal Engineers, C. W. S. Sammelman, secretary, 4359 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. The society's specifications, which are kept in harmony with those of the American Society for Testing Materials, cover the subjects of standard

municipal contract forms, sewers, sidewalks and curbs, pavements of various materials, broken stone and

gravel roads, girder rails for use in paved street railway track, and as- phaltic concrete. The society spon- sored the movement for the estab- lishment of the simplified practice

recommendation for asphalt. It is represented on nine A. S. A. sectional committees.

American Society of Refrigerating

Engineers, David L. Fiske, executive

secretary, 37 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Specifications for synchronous motors for direct-con- nected refrigerating compressors, and

a test code for steam-driven ice plants

have been adopted by this society

which has also formulated and adopted a standard test code for refrigerating

systems which is in harmony with that of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers. It is the author of a test code for refrigerators and a code for corrosion prevention. During the past year it appointed a committee to con- tinue studies of the so-called " stand- ard ton " relating to a standard meas- urement for refrigeration performance,

and to extend its application to air- cooled condensers. The society served

as sponsor for A. S. A. sectional committee B9 on safety code for mechanical refrigeration, and is joint sponsor with the Bureau of Home Economics

of the United States Department of Agriculture for the sectional committee on standards and specifications for

refrigerators. It is officially repre- sented on eight additional sectional committees functioning under A. S. A.

procedure.

American Society of Sanitary Engineering, James R. Walker, secretary, City Hall, Waterbury, Conn. Standardization is carried on by this society

mainly through cooperation with other

bodies engaged in this type of work.

It began agitation for a national standard code for plumbing as early as 1906, later assisted the building code committee of the Department of Commerce in formulating such a stand- ard code, and is now conducting a 92462—32 21

campaign for its general adoption.

Cooperative work is being carried on

with the Bureau of Standards in con- ducting tests of plumbing equipment

for use in high buildings. It cooper- ated with other organizations, under

the procedure of the American Stand- ards Association, in the establishment

of the American standard for pipe threads and is now acting as joint sponsor on the A. S. A. project for the

standardization of plumbing equip- ment. Other incompleted projects of the A. S. A., on which this society is represented, include the standardization of screw threads for hose couplings other than fire hose and a safety

code for industrial sanitation. American Society for Steel Treating,

W. H. Eisenman, secretary, 7016 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. Al- though this society has formulated no

quality specifications or dimensional

standards, it has issued a handbook in which are incorporated all standard

and tentative recommended practices

formulated by its technical committees on treatments of steels. Through a

joint committee composed of repre- sentatives of the American Society for Testing Materials, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and this society, standard definitions of terms

relating to heat-treatment operations

have been formulated. Several committees of the society are now engaged

in developing practices on the follow- ing subjects: Tool steel; heat treat- ment of carbon-steel gears; hardness

testing of metals; heat treatment of spring steels ; heat treatment of spline shafts ; testing and inspecting of bolts, nuts, and screws; nitriding; quenching ; plastic deformation in pure iron

;

melting of steel; and hot mechanical

working of steel, heat-resisting alloys,

pickling of iron and steel, forging of carbon and alloy steels. American Society for Testing Materials. (See Ch. VIII, p. 286.) American Specification Institute,

Gardner C. Coughlen, acting executive

secretary, 205 West Wacker Drive,

Chicago, 111. The prime purpose of

this organization, whose members

comprise writers of engineering and

architectural specifications, is the col- lection of specifications, information,

and ideas from other organizations

and sources; the study, discussion,

and arrangement of these in standard

form; and the distribution of these

specifications and information to the members in the form of bulletins and

the Institute Specification Record. This latter publication contains specifications, in full or in outline, from
316 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

which the specification writer may

construct a specification for a particular structure or equipment.

American Standards Association (See Ch. VIII, p. 281.) American Veneer Package Association, Robert W. Davis, secretary, 900 F Street NW., Washington, D. C. This association cooperates with the transportation companies, shipping as- sociations, and other interested parties in the formulation of stand- ards and strength requirements for shipping boxes and baskets made from

veneer. It has committees for stand- ardizing manufacturing procedure and

for the study of container problems

which work in harmony with the standardization programs of the lumber and allied interests. American Veterinary Medical Association, Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, secre- tary-editor, 537 Book Building, Detroit, Mich. During recent years, the

association has undertaken thret

major standardization projects, one of which has been completed. This re- lates to the establishment of uniform

nomenclature of veterinary anatomy.

The final report of the special committee appointed for this work was made and published under the title, " Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria." Through the committee on education, the association has been striving for the standardization of the curriculum,

as well as the entrance requirements,

of the various veterinary colleges

throughout the country. The third project is the standardization, as far as possible, of all veterinary biological

products. Efforts are being made to bring about more uniformity in nomenclature, methods of preparation, dosage, etc. The special committee on standard milk control code

has been cooperating with the United

States Public Health Service in an

effort to secure approximately uniform

milk control practice. The association has recommended the adoption of a standard health certificate to accom- pany animals being shipped interstate. A movement has been started

to secure more uniformity in the State laws regulating the practice of vet- erinary medicine in the various

States. American Vitrified China Manufacturers Association, E. K. Koos, secre- tary, care of D. E. McNicol Pottery

Co., Clarksburg, W. Va. In cooperation with other units of industry this association was active in the estab- lishment of a limited number of stand- ard sizes and varieties of hotel china- ware, cafeteria and restaurant chinaware, dining-car chinaware, hospital

chinaware, and hospital plumbing fix- tures, as promulgated in simplified

practice recommendations issued by

the Bureau of Standards. American Walnut Manufacturers Association, Burdett Green, secretary- manager, 616 South Michigan Boulevard, Chicago, 111. The association sponsored the rules for grading American black-walnut lumber, which were

published by the National Hardwood

Lumber Association in its rules for

the measurement and inspection of hardwood lumber, cypress, veneers, thin lumber, and plywood. These

grading rules are in general use, not only in the United States, but also in foreign countries. A committee is at work on standard methods of manufacturing and classifying veneers. The

association recently formulated speci- fications for measuring and grading

walnut lumber and veneer logs. American Warehousemen's Association, W. M. O'Keefe, executive secretary, cold-storage division, 222 West

Adams Street, Chicago, 111. This or- ganization sponsored the movement

which resulted in the establishment by

industry of standard warehouse forms

promulgated in a simplified practice

recommendation issued by the Bureau

of Standards. It also cooperated^

through its committee representation,

in the standard safety code for mechanical refrigeration established under American Standards Association

procedure.

American Water Works Association,

Malcolm Pirnie, chairman, committee

on water-works practice, 25 West

Forty-third Street, New York, N. Y. The committee on water-works practice of this association is preparing

material for a second edition of the Manual of Water Works Practice. In.

it are included specifications for pipe,

pipe fittings, meters, and filters. In

cooperation with committees of the American Public Health Association

and the American Chemical Society,

this association is preparing the sev- enth edition of the book on Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage. The committee on water-works practice has recently

adopted a standard for steel standpipes and elevuted tanks which will be presented to the association for consideration at its next annual meeting. The association is joint sponsor

for the A. S. A. sectional committees

on specifications for cast iron pipe

and special castings and on screw

threads for fire-hose couplings. It is

officially represented (with five other
TECHNICAL AND TKADE OBGANIZATIONS 317

organizations) on the joint research committee on boiler feed water

studies. American Waxed Paper Association,

Paul S. Hanway, manager, 342 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. Under

the auspices of the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards, this association has sponsored

the movement for the establishment

of a simplified practice recommendation relating to sizes, weights, and

quality of waxed-tissue paper used in wrapping food and other products.

The recommendations apply to house- hold rolls, waxed-sheet tissues, butter wraps, and waxed tissues for other

specified uses. Methods of packaging

by quantities is also recommended in these proposals. Ream sizes are re- duced in number.

American Welding Society, M. M.

Kelly, secretary, 33 West Thirty-ninth

Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization work arising within the welding

industry is conducted through tech- nical committees appointed for this society by the American Bureau of Welding, which acts as the research department of the society, and

through its committees working in cooperation with committees of other

organizations. A revised edition of the bulletin relating to standard welding and cutting nomenclature, definitions, and symbols prepared by a committee of the society is now in the course of preparation. A subcommittee of this committee is likewise en- gaged in the preparation of a stand- ard welding filing system. A second

edition of the code relating to fusion welding and gas cutting in building

construction which was issued by the

society several years ago, was published in 1930. The committee on

building codes has under preparation

several sections on welded piping and

tankage. It is planning also to compile a code covering electric-resist- ance welding as applied to the shop

fabrication of building parts. The

committee on standardization of gages has proposed the adoption of five standard type gages for measuringbutt and fillet welds. Several committees of the society are cooperating

with the boiler code committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the promulgation of proper

rules and regulations governing the

use of welding of unfired pressure vessels and boiler drums. New rules have

been issued which divide welding into three classes. A committee is cooper- ating with the A. S. A. pressure piping

committee in the preparation of a

welding code for pressure piping. The

society has appointed a committee to prepare a code or set of specifications

covering the fundamentals of design

for conversion of machine-tool electrical equipment and other mechanical

parts now made from conventional

castings to welded steel. Subcommittees have also been appointed to deal with design and workmanship, gas

cutting, and with proper welding materials and permissible unit stresses. The committee on qualification tests for welders is preparing a definite plan

for compiling qualification tests which

will be published as a preliminary re- port in order to give the society members an opportunity to suggest changes

before the recommendations of the

committee are adopted as standard.. The society is officially represented on

six sectional committees of the American Standards Association. It is also represented on various committees of

the American Society for Testing Materials, American Electric Railway

Engineering Association, Merchants

Association of New York, American

Society for Steel Treating, National

Research Council, and the National

Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Inspectors.

American Wood Preservers Association, Horace L. Dawson, secretary, 1427 Eye Street, NW., Washington,

D. C. During the past year the as- sociation adopted revised standards on

definition of creosote, definition of tar, method for the determination of coke

residue in creosote oil, method for the determination of the specific gravity

of creosote fractions, method for the determination of the specific gravity of

creosote oil, method of sampling creo- sote oil in tank cars, and method for determining the approximate strength

of zinc-chloride solution. The association has also adopted standard specifi- cations for zinc chloride, preservative treatment of timber, piles, poles, ties,

etc., creosoted wood block paving

and flooring, and methods of testing

preservative materials. American Zinc Institute, Julian D.

Conover, secretary, 60 East Forty- second Street, New York, N. Y. During the past year the institute inaug- urated a campaign to enlarge the use

of galvanized sheets by the adoption

of a " seal of quality " to be stenciled on sheets of specified weights of zinc

coating. All licensed manufacturers

whose heavy-coated galvanized roofing sheets comply with the standard thick- ness of zinc coating or weight recom- mended by the institute are permitted

to use the " seal of quality " on such
318 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

products. Sheets bearing the quality

label are rigidly tested and inspected

to insure standard quality. The insti- tute is joint sponsor, with the American Society for Testing Materials, for the sectional committee oh zinc and

zinc ores. Anthracite Institute, Gen. Brice

P. Disque, executive director, Edward

W. Parker, secretary, 225 South Fif- teenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The

individual anthracite operating companies, comprising the membership of

this organization, have largely adopted

the uniform classification of accounts and the standard accounting forms

approved by the institute. The insti- tute recommended to the industry, in 1929, standard anthracite specifica- tions comprising screen-grading limits for broken, egg, stove, nut, pea, and

buckwheat sizes of anthracite, with

permissible impurities in each grade.

It conducts a laboratory for the ap- proval of coal-using equipment and

issues a list of approved devices in- cluding domestic stokers, thermostatic

equipment, vacuum cleaners, blower

systems, service-water heaters, and

space heaters. The institute is repre- sented on the A. S. A. sectional committee on classifications of coals. Arkansas Soft Pine Bureau, Little Rock, Ark. The association has published standard specifications for grades of Arkansas soft-pine lumber,

conforming to the American lumber

standards for yard and factory lumber. It issues a hand book containing

the wood moldings and universal sizes formulated under the auspices of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards. The bureau is conducting a merchandising plan whereby the products

of member mills are trade-marked with

the bureau's registered symbol, and

grade marked in accordance with

American lumber standards relating to

sizes and grades of softwood lumber. Aromatic Red-Cedar Closet Lining

Association, H. B. Weiss, chairman,

care of George C. Brown & Co., Memphis, Tenn. This association cooper- ated with others interested in the pro- duction sale, and use of red-cedar

closet lining in the preparation of a

commercial standard for aromatic red- cedar closet lining, which covers stand- ard dimensions, heartwood requirements, permissible defects for material, and recommendations for the con- struction of red-cedar closets. It recommends the use of a label by

which the manufacturer guarantees

that the material to which the label is attached is in conformity with this standard.

Artistic lighting Equipment Association, Charles L. Benjamin, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue,

New York, N. Y. The association's standardization committee is continu- ing its work relative to the standardization of wiring devices for use in the lighting-equipment industry. It is also engaged in standardizing outlet boxes and in formulating standard

specifications for architects' use in connection with lighting equipment.

Asbestos Bureau (Inc.), J. W. Clise,

jr., secretary, 1061 Sixth Avenue,

South, Seattle, Wash. This organization of contractors carries on stand- ardization work in the field of in- stalled heat insulation for piping and

boilers in the building industry. It has adopted a standard code covering

specifications for the materials and

methods of installation for 85 per cent magnesia, high temperature, air cell, wool felt, cork, hair felt, and asbestos- cement installation. It operates a certification system which has met with

a very favorable public response, by

which the bureau certifies to the build- ing owner that the insulation installed in his building is in accordance with

the specifications called for in the

building contract, the certificate being

accompanied by a bond from a national surety company. The standard

code of the asbestos bureau is recom- mended for insertion in building contracts, but certification of the completed work is not limited to contracts carrying this code. Ash Handle Association, C. E. Bell, secretary, care of La Fontaine Handle

Co., Decatur, Ind. Standard sizes and

grade definitions of ash handles established by the industry have been published by the Bureau of Standards in a simplified-practice recommendation.

The Ash Handle Association sponsored

the movement which resulted in the adoption by industry of the above

recommendation. Manufacturers of ash handles for forks, hoes, rakes, and

shovels are encouraged to impress the symbol of the grade in the wood of the handle in accordance with the grades

specified in the recommendation.

Asphalt Institute, J. E. Pennybacker,

managing director, Prevost Hubbard,

chemical engineer, 801 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y. For some time

past, the institute has been cooperating with the United States Bureau of Public Roads in working out a simplification of existing specifications now

in use by the various State highway

departments and other public service

bodies. The institute's technical committee, composed of technical repre-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE OBGANIZATIONS 319

sentatives of member companies, has,

however, developed and issued during

the past year a set of seven simplified

specifications covering liquid asphaltic

road materials for use in the surface

treatment, construction, and mainte- nance of various types of bituminous

wearing courses. In cooperation with

the division of simplified practice, the

institute assisted in the formulation

of the simplified practice recommendation relating to grades of asphaltic

products. It is also collaborating with

committees of the American Society

for Testing Materials on standard

tests and specifications for asphaltic

products; and with the American Society of Municipal Engineers in the formulation of specifications for the

construction of various types of asphalt pavements. The institute is officially represented on the sectional committee on methods of testing road

and paving materials functioning un- der A. S. A. procedure. It maintains a

research laboratory for the purpose of carrying on work in the further de- velopment of asphaltic products.

Asphalt Shingle and Roofing Institute, J. S. Bryant, manager, 2 West

Forty-fifth Street, New York, N. Y. The standardization work of the in- stitute is conducted by its manufacturing and industrial research committee in cooperation with committees

of the American Society for Testing

Materials, the Underwriters' Laboratories, and the Federal Specifications

Board. The institute has adopted

granular-metric specifications for red, green, and blue-black slate; methods

of test for other raw materials as well

as finished-roofing products, including a formula relative to the saturation

point of felt used in manufacturing

shingles. Its entire membership

adopted a resolution whereby it unanimously signified its willingness

to certify to purchasers that commodities supplied by them on contracts based on Federal specifications have

been tested and found to comply with

the requirements of these specifications. The institute maintains two

research associates at the Bureau of Standards conducting research on

asphalt, asphalt roofing, and durability

of felt fibers. Associated Cooperage Industries of America, Louis F. Horn, secretary, 2008 Railway Exchange Building, St. Louis, Mo. Revised grade rules and

specifications for tight barrel staves and heading, and for slack barrel

staves, heading and hoops, were

adopted by this association in 1931. Standard specifications for steel hoops

for tight barrels and kegs were

adopted in 1930. This association co- operated with the Bureau of Explosives in the revision of specifications for slack and tight barrels and kegs

for the transportation of dangerous

articles by rail ; these specifications in

revised form were adopted by the In- terstate Commerce Commission and

appear in Dunn's Freight Tariff No. 2, and supplements. The work of cooperation of this association with the Bureau of Explosives and users of barrels is carried on continually. It

also cooperates with the Freight Container Bureau of the American Rail- way Association, and with classifica- tion committees, in the promulgation

of standard specifications for slack

barrels for fruits, potatoes, and other

vegetables. Work is now going for- ward, in cooperation with the Rosin

Barrel Manufacturers Association, in the preparation of standards for rosin

barrels. The Associated Cooperage In- dustries of America maintains an in- spection service for the inspection of cooperage materials in accordance

with the association's standard grade

rules and specifications. The association has also adopted standard rules governing sales and settlements. It cooperated with other organizations,

under the procedure of the American

Standards Association, in the estab- lishment of the standard O 1—1930, for safety code for woodworking plants. At the present time the association is sponsoring a simplified-practice rec- ommendation for standard dimensions

of butter tubs. A movement is also

in progress for the establishment and

acceptance by industry of a classifica- tion of tight barrels and kegs, which

embodies standards of capacities, di- mensions, and grades of materials, as

well as including purposes for which

each package is suitable. When

adopted by the association and ac- cepted by sufficient volume of industry

the project will be promulgated as a

simplified-practice recommendation by

the Bureau of Standards.

Associated Factory Mutual Fire In- surance Companies, C. W. Mowry, Manager, 184 High Street, Boston, Mass. The inspection department of this as- sociation of 28 mutual fire-insurance companies serving large industrial plants in the United and Canada, tests

electrical equipment and fire-protection

equipment and issues lists of " Approved Electrical Apparatus and Fit- tings " and " Approved Appliances for Fire Protection and Prevention."

Manufacturers of approved appliances are permitted to use the association
320 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

symbol on devices which have received approval. The inspection department

also formulates standard specifications for some of the appliances, writes standard installation rules, and publishes pamphlets giving information on

safeguards for special hazards and

suggestions of building construction

features. This association is a member of the fire-protection group of the American Standards Association and

is active in the affairs of the sectional committees of that organization deal- ing with safety codes and materials

and equipment for fire fighting.

Through committee representation, the

association also cooperates in the

standardization activities of the National Fire Protection Association, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society for Test- ing Materials, and other similar or- ganizations. Associated General Contractors of America (Inc.), Edward J. Harding,

managing director, Munsey Building,

Washington, D. C. The system of pre- qualification of prospective bidders on

both public and private construction work is promoted by this association which, with other business and professional associations, is now sponsoring

the development of a standard bidding

and awarding practices code. The as- sociation has developed and approved

a number of standards, including

equipment ownership expense schedule,

cost plus a fee contract form, and va- rious estimating forms. It has

adopted the American Institute of

Architects' form for the construction

of buildings and has participated in the development of standard contracts

for engineering and municipal construction and in the development of standard questionnaires for bidders

and for credit transactions. Through

its Mixer Manufacturers Bureau, the

association continues to maintain its size and capacity standards for con- crete mixers and pavers. The Contractors Pump Manufacturers Bureau

of the association has adopted stand- ards for high-pressure pumps and for diaphragm pumps and is working on

standards for portable-engine mounted

centrifugal pumps. Brass-rating plates are issued, by the association for at- tachment to machines conforming to the association standards. The as- sociation has a cooperative program

with the manufacturers of hoisting

engines concerning the establishment

of standards for this type of construction equipment. It maintains repre- sentation on seven A. S. A. sectional committees.

Associated Knit Underwear Manufacturers of America, Roy A. Cheney,

secretary, Mann Building, Utica, N. Y. This association has adopted a stand- ard method of testing the breaking strength of knitted fabrics and

washing instructions for knit rayon underwear and knit wool and woolcotton underwear. A committee of the

association is cooperating with the Federal Specifications Board in de- veloping knit underwear specifications for Government purchases. Two speci- fications have been developed and are now ready for final action by the

board, while six additional specifica- tions have been distributed to Gov- ernment departments for comment. The association is also cooperating

with the Bureau of Aeronautics of the

U. S. Navy Department in developing

suitable specifications for underwear

to be used by aviators for winter fly- ing and for high altitudes. The chief

project of the association has been the development of standard sizes, measurements, and methods of measuring

for the various types of knit under- wear. It cooperated with the division of trade standards of the Bureau of Standards in the establishment of a commercial standard for regain of mercerized cotton yarns, and for boys'

blouses, waists, shirts, and junior

shirts. At the present time it has 49

standard-size specifications for men's, women's, boys', children's, and infants' knit underwear which, with a few

minor changes, have been adopted as commercial standard. The association has adopted a standard mark for use by manufacturers, under license from

the association, on garments made to measurements certified to conform to tables appearing in CS33-32. A committee composed of jobbers, retailers, and manufacturers has the right to revoke the license upon proof that the use of the standard mark has been

knowingly and wilfully abused. The

association has adopted certain symbols for designating different models

of knit underwear, and a color code

for designating the size of single cot- ton yarns by the color of cone upon

which they are wound, and also has

adopted five sizes of boxes as standard

for packing all types of men's and

boys' knit underwear. The future work of the association consists of a

study of the essential characteristics

of knitted fabrics such as thermal

transmission, air permeability, moisture permeability, water absorption

and coefficient of friction. Associated Manufacturers of WaterPurifying Equipment, Arthur M. Crane,
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 321

secretary, P. O. Box 307, Gary, Ind. This organization has adopted stand- ard specifications for pressure water

filters covering standard capacities of

vertical and horizontal filters, required

thickness of shell for various sizes, and working pressures for steel and

for cast-iron filters. Associated Tile Manufacturers, H. L. Gaardsmoe, acting secretary, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

organization cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in the preparation

and revision of the simplified-practice

recommendation for clay tiles for

floors and walls. It has issued a publication relating to basic specifications for tile work and also one dealing

with standard shapes of glazed tiles and trimmers. In assuring the pur- chasers of uniform quality and grade

of tiles, this organization has adopted

uniform grade names and a color scheme for grade marking and grade

sealing of packages of various types

of tiles manufactured to comply with

the simplified-practice recommendations relating to this group of commodities. If required in the architect's specification, typical samples of each kind and grade of tiles as specified and proposed to be used, and shop

or setting drawings or rubbings, must

be submitted to the architect for approval. Each sample must be marked

with the name of the manufacturer

and the grade of the tile. Approved

samples are retained by both the architect and the tile contractor. Before

setting any tiles, the tile contractor

will furnish to the architect, if specified, a certificate of grade, properly

filled in on the form of grade certifi- cate issued by the association. The

certificate is signed by the manufacturer of the tiles, states the grade,

kind, and full quantities of tiles; and

gives identification marks for all packages of tiles furnished under the

contract. Packages are branded with

corresponding shipping marks, and are grade sealed. They are subject to in- spection by the architect or his repre- sentative before being opened.

Association of American Feed Control

Officials, L. E. Bopst, secretary, College

Park, Md. Made up of officials charged with the enforcement of laws

regulating the sale of commercial

feeding stuffs, this association has as

its object the promotion of uniformity

in legislation, definitions, and rulings

relating to the manufacture, sale, and

distribution of feeding stuffs. It has

adopted standard definitions of feed- ing stuffs, which are revised annually.

These definitions cover 127 standards

and tentative standards. The methods

of analysis of the Association of Offi- cial Agricultural Chemists have been

adopted as the official methods of this association. The regulations of the

association require that each package

of feed shall bear a complete label giving the net weight, the guaranteed

analysis, and all of the ingredients, as

well as the name of the manufacturer

or jobber supplying the material. Association of American Soap and

Glycerine Producers Inc.), Roscoe C. Edlund, manager, 45 East Seventeenth

Street, New York, N. Y. The stand- ardization activities of this organization are conducted by its glycerine group under the direction of the Glycerine Producers' Association, one of the parts of the Association of American Soap and Glycerine Producers

(Inc.). (See p. 332.) Association of American Steel Manufacturers' Technical Committees, J. O. Leech, secretary, 616 Investment

Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Standards

adopted by this association include

specifications for steel tie plates, al- lowable variations in size and weight

of hot-rolled bars, specifications for

rail-steel concrete-reinforcement bars and concrete-reinforcement bars rolled from billets, specifications for struc- tural and boiler steel, standard methods of sampling and permissible variations for check analysis of rolled and

forged steel products, specifications for special forging quality bar steel and for commercial quality bar steel, and standard permissible variations

in gage weight, gage thickness, size, and flatness of sheets and light plates blue annealed. This association coop- erates with the American Society for Testing Materials, the American

Standards Association, and other or- ganizations in the establishment of standards for steel products. Association of American Wood Pulp

Importers, G. W. Oliphant, president, 200 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association is officially represented, with the American Paper and

Pulp Association and the Technical

Association of the Pulp and Paper In- dustry, on a joint committee to ap- prove and govern the actions of commercial chemists engaged in the test- ing of wood pulp for the paper in- dustry in the United States. Official rules relating to the weighing, sampling, and testing of wood pulp for moisture have been formally approved

and adopted by this association. It maintains a traffic committee which

cooperates with railroads, steamship

companies, and storage warehouses in
322 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 the establishment of a standard set of storage and rail freight rates. Association of Edison Illuminating

Companies, Preston S. Millar, secre- tary, Eightieth Street and East End

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This asso- ciation sponsored the quality improvement program for the purpose of bringing about improvements in the operating characteristics of domestic

electrical equipment sold to the public.

The work is under the direction of the association's appliance committee

which has employed the Electrical Testing Laboratories to serve as its technical agent. In accordance with

this program, the qualities of perform- ance of all brands, makes, and models

of electrical equipment within each

class are determined, and the findings are reported to electric-service companies sponsoring the work for pri- vate use in their purchases and pro- motional activities. Findings are also reported to individual manufacturers,

in the case of their own products, and

adverse indications are privately dis- cussed with each of them. The committee makes every reasonable effort to cooperate with manufacturers who

use the information so supplied in bringing about improvements in their products. In connection with this work the committee has developed pro- posed safety requirements for customers' electrical equipment and has un- dertaken a standardization of appli- ance terminal studs and corresponding

attachment plugs for use thereon, and

test requirements for electrical insulation in domestic electrical equipment. In addition, it has developed a general

and comprehensive outline of tests applicable to any kind of domestic elec- trical equipment, including flatirons, ranges, toasters, and water heaters. In cooperation with the Illuminating

Engineering Society, this association prepared specifications for residencelighting luminaries. The association

is joint sponsor for two A. S. A. sec- tional committees as follows: Insulated wires and cables for other than

telephone and telegraph use (with

nine other organizations), and code

for electricity meters (with the Bureau of Standards and National Electric Light Association).

Association of Electragists, International, Laurence W. Davis, general manager, 420 Lexington Avenue, New

York, N. Y. Believing that a real need

existed among electrical contractors,

architects, engineers, and building owners for an authoritative guide to best practice in wiring installations, this association's electragists standards committee prepared a report

relating to engineering design of resi- dence wiring providing recommendations for adequacy in house wiring for one to four family dwellings. This

report was submitted to the association

at its 1931 annual convention and was

approved for publication and adopted

as an additional section of the recom- mended electragist standards of the

association. The association is joint sponsor with the American Institute of Architects and the American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers for the

A. S. A. sectional committee on symbols for electrical equipment of buildings, and is officially represented on

five additional sectional committees.

As a means toward raising the stand- ards of contractor practices and in order to assist in the promotion of ade- quate electrical wiring for all uses, the Hudson Valley chapter of this as- sociation has inaugurated a certified electrical contractor plan which has

been approved and adopted by the

A. E. I. In accordance with this plan

any electrical contractor may submit

his name as a prospective member,

provided he is willing to subscribe to the rules contained in the association's code of ethics which are in conformity

with those approved by the Federal

Trade Commission as a result of a

trade-practice conference of the elec- trical-contracting industry. Among

the qualifications considered in accepting or rejecting an applicant, are his

financial rating, reputation for paying

bills and ability to do good work.

Contractors who are qualified to' be- come members are permitted to dis- play the certified electrical contractor emblem. Under this plan each member

must submit a report on every new

job or complete rewiring job within

10 days of completion. These reports are carefully reviewed and correc- tions or improvements are suggested

to the contractor making the report

so that the public may be assured of receiving the full benefit of the service provided for under the plan. The as- sociation will temporarily suspend or permanently revoke the indorsement

of any certified electrical contractor who has violated any of the rules in connection with this plan. Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of the United States and

Canada, E. Leroy Sweetser, president, care of department of labor and in- dustries, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Boston, Mass. In cooperation

with the Laundryowners National Association of the United States and
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 323

Canada, and the National Association

of Mutual Casualty Companies, this organization served as sponsor under

the procedure of the American Stand- ards Association, for the American

tentative standard safety code for laundry machinery and operations. It

is officially represented on 16 A. S. A.

sectional committees.

Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, John F. Kelly, managing director, 1010 Empire Building,

Pittsburgh, Pa. Standards adopted by

this organization include specifications for electric cranes and motors, rules for operation of engine stops, and

for operation of cranes, and guide

forms for use in ordering large roll- ing-mill motors and direct-current controllers. A list of standard sizes of

roller bearings for mill-type motors

has been prepared and is recommended

by the association for application to new motors, and work is still in progress on the standardization of

roller bearings for old motors. Other

work in progress includes the stand- ardization of wiring symbols and

markings for magnetic controllers and

studies of lubricants and methods,

practices, and systems of lubrication. The association is also working on

standard methods for comparing fuel

efficiency records and standard speci- fications for ordering reduction-gear

sets, gears, and pinions. It cooperated

with other organizations, under American Standards Association procedure,

in the formulation of the National

Electrical Safety Code and the National Safety Code for the Protection

of the Heads and Eyes of Industrial Workers.

Association of Manufacturers of Chilled Car Wheels, G. E. Doke, presi- dent, McCormick Building, Chicago,

111. The standards of this association are given in its publication, " Stand- ard Practice for Foundries and Specifications for Tests of Chilled Tread

Wheels." These standards, last re- vised in October, 1930, cover standard

foundry practice in the manufacture

of chilled tread cast-iron wheels for railway and industrial use, and in- clude requirements on temperature of molten metal, pits, etc., and depth of

chill, drop test, and thermal test. This

association maintains a corps of in- spectors who make semiannual inspections of the member company foundries for the purpose of encouraging

and facilitating the use of the asso- ciation specifications and standards.

Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists, W. W. Skinner, secretary,

box 290, Pennsylvania Avenue station,

Washington, D. C. Standard methods

of analysis for agricultural products

and other materials used in the agri- cultural industry which have been for- mulated and adopted by this association, appear in its publication, Offi- cial and Tentative Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, the third edi- tion (1930) of which is now being dis- tributed. The methods of physical

and chemical analysis cover a wide

range of products from the soil and

for the soil, including fertilizers, in- secticides, beverages, and foods. They

are adopted as the standard methods

of analysis for many of the specifica- tions of the Federal Specifications

Board for agricultural products, and

are accepted as authoritative in matters at issue before Federal and State

courts. The association cooperates

with the American Public Health

Association in the preparation of standard methods of milk analysis,

and with the committee on revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia on methods of testing drugs and medicinal products.

Association of Official Seed Analysts

of North America, F. S. Holmes, secretary, College Park, Md. The standards

of this association are published by

the United States Department of Agriculture as Department Circular 406, entitled "Rules for Seed Testing."

These rules cover standard methods of sampling, purity analysis, and germination tests. In cooperation with

seedmen's organizations, this association assisted in the preparation of a model uniform State seed bill, and it has consistently recommended that the

bill be enacted into the laws of the various States. Association of Pyroxylin Coated Fabric Manufacturers, C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park Avenue, New

York, N. Y. In cooperation with cot- ton-textile manufacturers, this asso- ciation has prepared standard specifi- cations for cotton goods used in the manufacture of pyroxylin-coated

fabrics. Association of Railway Electrical Engineers, J. A. Andreucetti, secretary, Chicago & Northwestern Terminal

Station, Chicago, 111. The standards

of this association are published in

its Manual of Recommended Practice,

last revised in 1931. These standards

cover the electrical equipment of roll- ing stock, railway yards, and power

plants of steam railways. The association cooperates with other organ-
324 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

izations, under American Standards

Association procedure, on work which

has resulted in the preparation of four

standards, and on work still in progress on four other projects.

Automotive Electric Association, Earl Turner, manager, 1365 Ontario Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Recent standardization activities of the association have

been devoted to the preparation of commercial recommendations, the col- lective opinion of the industry's engi- neers, concerning the type, size, and

capacity of generators and storage

batteries for the proper illumination and operation of various sizes of motor coaches. Certain portions of the

text of these recommendations con- tain indorsements of standards of the

Society of Automotive Engineers. The

organization cooperates in S. A. E. standardization activities. Better Bedding Alliance of America,

S. J. Mills, secretary, 608 South Dear- born Street, Chicago, 111. One of the main activities of this organization

is the promotion of State laws and

Federal rules and regulations relating

to the production and sale of sanitary

and honestly labeled bedding materials

with compulsory requirements for la- beling mattresses and pillows in re- gard to kind and prior usage of fill- ing materials. It cooperated with

other units of industry in the estab- lishment of a limited list of standard

sizes of beds, springs, and mattresses

as promulgated in simplified-practice

recommendation issued by the Bureau

of Standards and last revised in 1930.

It cooperated with the United States Department of Agriculture in the preparation of the standard United

States grades for cotton linter. Binders Board Manufacturers Association, O. M. Porter, secretary, 122 East Forty-second Street, New York,

N. Y. A simplified-practice program

initiated by this association resulted

in the formulation of the simplifiedpractice recommendation establishing 10 standard sizes for binders board

which have been adopted by both

manufacturers and users of this commodity. The association is cooperating with the Bureau of Standards in the preparation of a commercial stand- ard covering minimum specifications for binders board. Building Officials' Conference of America, John W. Oehmann, secretary, 1253 Lawrence Street NE., Washington, D. C. The primary object of this organization is the discussion of principles and practices underlying the laws and ordinances relating to build- ings so far as concerns structural

safety, fire hazard, and housing conditions; the methods of administration

of such laws and ordinances; and the development and recommendation of regulations and legislation. It does

not offer to set up any standards of materials or construction. It coop- erates with the Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce in the formulation

of standard building codes for adoption by municipalities and States. Through official committee representation this organization has cooperated

with other bodies, under the procedure

of the American Standards Association, in work which has resulted in the American tentative standard

building exits code, and in work still in progress on four other projects. Bureau of Explosives, Col. B. W.

Dunn, chief inspector, 30 Vesey

Street, New York, N. Y. The work of

this bureau is supervised by an executive committee of railway officials to whom the chief inspector reports periodically. One of the chief functions

of this bureau is to revise and keep

up to date the Interstate Commerce

Commission rules and regulations for the transportation of explosives and

other dangerous articles and also specifications for shipping containers. During the past year it revised is pamphlet dealing with drawings and photographs illustrating standard methods

for loading and staying carload and

less than carload shipments of explosives and other dangerous articles. The bureau's test and specification de- partment cooperates with associations and industries in the investigation of new types of shipping containers and

in the development of specifications in

detail to cover the manufacture of such containers. The bureau also maintains a chemical laboratory for the study of explosives, other danger- ous articles, and containers, and a

force of traveling inspectors for the purpose of insuring compliance with

the requirements of the regulations

and specifications of the Interstate Commerce Commission relating to the

transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles. California Fruit Growers Exchange,

F. O. Wallschlaeger, assistant secre- tary, Los Angeles, Calif. This organization, the owner of two trade-marks

for application to fruit, wrappers, or

containers, has adopted specifications for the grades of fruit and for methods of packing oranges, lemons, and

grapefruit shipped and sold under

these trade-marks. The enforcement

of grade regulations is lodged with a
TECHNICAL AND TRADE OEGANIZATIONS 325

field department which has authority

to compel repacking and recondition- ing of fruit that is not up to grade

specifications. Regulations are made

regarding the method of application of the trade-marked words and the

permissible use of association brands, names, and other wording in connection therewith.

California Redwood Association, J. W. Williams, secretary, 405 Mont- gomery Street, San Francisco, Calif. Standards adopted by this association include specifications for eastern grades of California redwood lumber

which conform to the American Lumber Standards ; specifications for west- ern grades of California redwood uppers, sundry commons, and shop;

structural grades of California red- wood conforming to essential provi- sions approved by U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, American Railway

Engineering Association, American Society for Testing Materials, and Cali- fornia specifications for structural grades of redwood including specifica- tions adopted as standard by the

bridge department of California Division of Highways for bridge tim- bers and for piling. This association

is cooperating with manufacturers of other west coast woods on a program

for the standardization of patterns

and sizes of moldings. It has encour- aged the trade and grade marking of redwood lumber in accordance with

its specifications, and maintains a de- partment for inspecting redwood lumber and supervising mill grading.

Shipments which have been inspected

by association inspectors are grade

marked and are covered by inspection

certificates bearing the official seal and signature of the association. California White and Sugar Pine

Manufacturers Association. ( See Western Pine Association, p. 380.

)

Canners League of California, Pres- ton McKinney, vice president, 215 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. Standard grade definitions, including

requirements on sugar strength of

sirup, for five grades of canned apricots, pears, peaches, sliced peaches, muscat grapes, cherries, plums, one

grade of canned prunes, and two

grades of fruits for salad have been adopted by the league. The principal standardization project handled by

the standards committee of the organi- zation during the past year has been

in connection with the formulation

of standards by the United States De- partment of Agriculture under the

provisions of the Mapes amendment to the Federal food and drugs act. This

amendment provides that canned foods

falling below a certain standard, desig- nated by the Secretary of Agriculture,

shall bear the label "Below U. S. standard low quality but not illegal." Peaches, pears, cherries, and apricots

have been standardized by the Govern- ment to date under the above amendment. The league has also adopted

standard contract forms for buying

and selling fruits and vegetables, payroil forms, pool-car receipts, etc. Canning Machinery and Supplies Association, S. G. Gorsline, secretary, 549 West Randolph Street, Chicago,

111. The chief standardizing activities of this association have been those undertaken in cooperation with organizations which make use of the products manufactured by members of the

association. In this way it cooperated

with the Glass Containers' Association

in the standardization of glass containers, and with the National Canners Association in standardizing the

sizes of tin cans. It is represented on

the A. S. A. sectional committee for tolerances and gages for metal fits, also the committee on standardization

of shipping containers. Cast-Iron Pipe Research Association,

Thomas F. Wolfe, research engineer, 122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago,

111. This organization is cooperating

with the American Standards Association in the preparation of a standard

specification for cast-iron pipe and fit- tings, in the preparation of a code

for pressure piping, and in the devel- opment of flange standards. The asso- ciation is represented on the sectional committees working on these various

projects. It also cooperates with the American Gas Association in developing mechanical joints for gas pipe and

in the preparation of a specification for plain end cast-iron pipe and fit- tings for use in gas distribution lines. A research associate is maintained at the Bureau of Standards to carry on work in connection with soil corrosion. Cast Stone Institute, C. G. Walker,

assistant secretary, 33 West Grand

Avenue, Chicago, 111. Tentative stand- ard specifications for cast stone cov- ering compressive strength and absorption requirements, and an architectural

specification for cast stone for incor- poration in construction specifications

and covering the physical requirements

for the material and rules for installation, have been adopted by the insti- tute. Central Committee on Lumber Standards. (See Ch. VIII, p. 299.)

Certified Milk Producers Association

of America (Inc.), Harris Moak, see-
326 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

retary, 360 Park Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Standardized methods for the production and distribution of "certified milk" as formulated by the American

Association of Medical Milk Commissions have been adopted by this organization. Chain Institute, Park A. Doing, sec- retary, 67 Wall Street, New York,

N. Y. The committee on simplified

specifications of this institute spon- sored the movement for the reduction

in the number of sizes of chains ap- pearing in manufacturers' catalogues

which resulted in the formulation of the simplified-practice recommendation

relating to this commodity. The committee is continuing its work in an

effort to bring about a further reduction in the sizes of chains now in use. Chamber of Commerce of the United

States of America, E. W. McCullough,

manager of department of manufacture ; Phillip P. Gott, manager of trade

association department, A. B. Barber,

manager of transportation and communication department, Washington,

D. C. One of the main activities of

this organization in the field of stand- ardization is the cooperative and educational service it renders through its large membership and its numerous

contacts with business in encouraging

the elimination of waste in industry

and business. The national chamber

also acts as a means for bringing to- gether various groups of industries in an attempt to solve their standardization problems either alone or through

the procedure of the various sections of the United States Department of Commerce created for the specific pur- pose of aiding this type of work.

The chamber, through its department of manufacture, is officially rep- resented on the planning committee

which acts in an advisory capacity to the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards. It assisted the movement which resulted in the formulation and acceptance by indus- try of the simplified practice recom- mendation for range boilers and ex- pansion tanks, and also cooperated in the adoption of the simplified practice

recommendation for standard ware- house forms.

It is cooperating with other organizations, through the National Confer- ence on Street and Highway Safety, of which the manager of the chamber's

transportation and communication de- partment is director, in the standardization of street traffic signs, signals,

and markings.

The trade association department of the chamber has recently been making

a study of trade promotional activities of associations. Included are the activities of some associations with ref- erence to inspecting, certifying, labeling, and guaranteeing the inducts of their members to be in accordance with

standard specifications. Chlorine Institute, Robert T. Baldwin, secretary, 30 East Forty-second

Street, New York, N. Y. Specifications

and drawings for standard valves for

100, 105, and 150 pound, and 1-ton chlorine containers have been pre- pared and adopted by this association.

It cooperated with the War Department in formulating standard specifi- cations for liquid chlorine. The insti- tute is still continuing its work in establishing standard procedure for the inspection of transportation con- tainers at liquefaction plants, standard

method for the determination of hydro- gen in loaded tank cars, and a code

of practices governing the handling

of liquefied chlorine gas containers of multiple-unit tank cars. Clay Products Association, George C. D. Lenth, secretary, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. This or- ganization is a member of the Ameri- can Society for Testing Materials, the American Society of Municipal Engineers, and the National Fire Protection Association. It has adopted

the A. S. T. M. specifications for clay sewer pipe and for drain tile. It carries on cooperative research on the manufacture and uses of clay products

at the University of Illinois and at Iowa State College. Through its committee representation, this association cooperated with other bodies in the formulation of American standard

specifications for drain tile, under the procedure of the American Standards

Association. Coal Mining Institute of America,

George W. Grove, associate mining en- gineer, United States Bureau of Mines,

Pittsburgh, Pa. The standardization

work of this institute is carried on in cooperation with other organizations

under the procedure of the American

Standards Association. Through its committee representation, it cooper- ated in the formulation of six American standards and recommended practices, and is at present cooperating in the formulation of a safety code for coal-mine transportation and a stand- ard classification of coals. Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains, H. J. Conn, chair- man, Agricultural Experiment Station,

Geneva, N. Y. Certification labels are

issued by the commission to manufacturers of biological stains, the cer-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 327

tification label on any bottle of stain meaning that a sample of the particular batch of stain from which the contents of the bottle were taken has

been submitted to the commission for

testing and a portion is permanently

on file in the chairman's office; that the sample proves true to type as judged by spectrophotometry tests; that its dye content is up to speci- fication and is correctly indicated on

the label; that it has been tested by

experts in the procedures named on

the label and has been found satisfac- tory; and that no other batch can be

sold under the same certification number except by such a breach of confidence on the part of the manufacturer as to risk losing the good will of the commission. Up to the present

time 50 stains have been put on a

certification basis by the commission.

This organization cooperated with the Medical Department of the United

States Army in the preparation of the

recently adopted specifications for eight biological stains. These speci- fications are to be submitted to the Federal Specifications Board for consideration in the preparation of Federal specifications for these materials. Common Brick Manufacturers Association of America, Ralph P. Stoddard,

secretary, Guarantee Title Building,

Cleveland, Ohio. In cooperation with

other units of industry the association has been active in the establishment

of a limited number of standard sizes of face and common brick as promulgated in a simplified practice recom- mendation issued by the Bureau of Standards. The association cooper- ated in the work of the Building Code

Committee of the United States De- partment of Commerce. Recently it prepared suggested specifications for brickwork for incorporation into architect's construction specifications. The

association has been active in endeavoring to get its members to produce

standard sizes of brick and is publishing a list of its members who have

subscribed to the certification plan of the Bureau of Standards or who have

had their brick tested and graded ac- cording to the association program. Members whose products have been

tested and graded in accordance with

the above standards are permitted to use the association emblem on their products and in their advertising matter. This association initiated the movement by which the American

Standards Association undertook the formulation of a code of good practice for brick masonry, which is near- ing completion.

Compressed Air Society, C. H. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street, New

York, N. Y. Considerable work has

been done by executives and engineers

who are associated with member companies of this organization in the formulation of standards for this in- dustry. The association prepared and

issued a pamphlet entitled " Trade

Standards," in which are included the standards relating to the installation,

operation, and care of air compressors and other pertinent data. The fifth edition of this publication, which is now in preparation, will contain a

complete revision of the standards of practice for compressor tests, and will have a new section on the testing of vacuum pumps. The society is offi- cially represented on three A. S. A.

sectional committees.

Compressed Gas Manufacturers Association (Inc.), Franklin R. Fetherston,

secretary, 110 West Fortieth Street* New York, N. Y. Rules for the safe handling and use of compressed-gas

cylinders and a schedule of recom- mended safety devices for use on compressed-gas containers have been for- mulated by this association. It has

also prepared tentative regulations

and specifications for the installation and operation of liquefied petroleum- gas storage containers and appurte- nant apparatus. The test and specifi- cation committee of this association has taken active part in the revision

of the Interstate Commerce Commission regulations for the transportation

of explosives and other dangerous arti- cles by freight and express, and in baggage service, including specifica- tions for shipping containers. During

the past year the valve standardization

committee prepared a preliminary re- port relative to the standardization of gas-cylinder valve outlet threads. For

the purpose of selecting suitable stand- ards of design and threads the various

gases have been assigned to 10 dif- ferent classes. The report recom- mends standards for seven of these

classes. This report will form the

basis for discussion in the development of national standards under the

auspices of the National Screw Thread

Commission. The association is offi- cially represented on six A. S. A,

sectional committees.

Concrete Products Association, F. O. Matthiessen, secretary, 644 Drexel

Building, Philadelphia, Pa. This or- ganization cooperated with other units

of industry in the establishment and

acceptance of a limited number of standard sizes and varieties of concrete blocks, building tile, and brick,
328 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 as promulgated in a simplified practice recommendation for concrete

building units. It has a certification plan by which the association issues

certificates of quality to those of its members whose products are found to be in accordance with the standards

of the American Concrete Institute. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, M. A. Beeman, secretary, Tribune

Tower, Chicago, 111. The institute co- operated with other units of the in- dustry in the establishment of a limited number of standard sizes and

varieties of reinforcing steel and allied commodities as promulgated in simplified practice recommendations on

cross-sectional areas of steel reinforc- ing bars, on sizes of steel reinforcing

spiral rods, and on dimensions of forms for concrete joist construction

floors. The institute was joint spon- sor with the Bureau of Standards,

under the American Standards Associ- ation procedure, in the establishment

of an American standard for steel spiral rods for concrete reinforcement. Other standards of this organization are given in its publication, Reinforced Concrete. This publication

contains a code of standard practice

for reinforced concrete construction,

recommendations on standard methods of design, specifications for rein- forced concrete, specifications for placing reinforcing steel, specification for intermediate grade new billet steel bars, recommendations as to standard

units of design, and a standard buii 1- ing code for reinforced concrete. This

code that was prepared jointly by the American Concrete Institute and the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, appears in the Handbook of Reinforced Concrete Building Design,

published jointly by the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, the Port- land Cement Association, and the Rail

Steel Bar Association. At the insti- gation of the Concrete Reinforcing

Steel Institute, a conference of the

reinforcing-steel industry was held about two years ago under the auspices of the Federal Trade Commission. This conference resulted in the adoption of certain rules concerning

fair trade practices which are now in

effect throughout the industry. Stand- ard weights for reinforcing bars, re- cently adopted by this institute, cor- respond to the 11 standard sizes given

in simplified practice recommendation

R26. The organization is continuing

its efforts to standardize on one grade

of new billet reinforcing steel, to simplify building codes, to improve the

quality of reinforcing steel placing, to

develop a quality certification plan for new billet reinforcing steel, and to standardize methods for inspecting new billet reinforcing steel. Consolidated Freight Classification Committee, R. C. Fyfe, chairman, 404

Chicago Union Station, Chicago, 111. Consolidated Freight Classification No.

6, with subsequent supplements, is is- sued by this organization. It contains

the official, the southern, and the west- ern classifications of freight. For articles requiring shipment in containers, detail specifications for the con- tainers are included in the rules. Articles packed in containers which

do not conform to these specifications

may be refused shipment or a higher

freight rate may be charged in ac- cordance with standard regulations.

The container specifications include

requirements on materials, construction, strength of parts, and marking

and packing regulations, and cover wooden, metal, paper, and fiberboard

containers. Uniform bill-of-lading

forms and livestock contracts, as pre- scribed by the Interstate Commerce

Commission, are also included in the

regulations.

Contracting Plasterers International

Association, Edward McDonnell, secre- tary, 4755 Commonwealth Avenue, Detroit, Mich. Standard specifications for lathing and plastering which may

be incorporated into architects' con- struction specifications or serve as a

guide in writing lathing and plastering specifications have been formulated and adopted by this association. Included in the specifications are rec- ommended practices for various types

of lath, plastering, and stucco, with

requirements for materials or the cit- ing of standard specifications for materials. The association has also adopted fair-trade practice rules applicable to the construction industry.

Copper and Brass Research Association, William A. Willis, manager, 25 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Standardization work of this association is conducted by its research department

through representation on committees

of various national organizations in- terested in the formulation of stand- ards and specifications. It is officially represented on three A. S. A. sectional committees, and cooperates with sev- eral technical committees of the Federal Specifications Board in the formulation of specifications for commodities coming within its scope. A re- search associate is maintained at the Bureau of Standards for investigating the corrosion of copper roofing material.
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 329

Cordage Institute, J. S. McDaniel,

secretary, 60 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. Several committees

of this organization are continuing

their cooperative work with similar committees of the American Petroleum

Institute in the preparation of stand- ards for cordage used in oil-well pro- duction, and with the American Society for Testing Materials in the

standardization of methods of tensile- strength testing and nomenclature of

all hard-fiber products. Work is now

going forward in revising the simplified practice recommendation relating

to' hard-fiber twines (ply and yarn

goods) which was established in co- operation with the National Paper

Trade Association and a committee of the institute under the auspices of the

division of simplified practice. Cotton-Textile Institute (Inc.), C. K.

Everett, in charge, new uses section, 320 Broadway, New York, N. Y. The

work of the institute in simplification

and standardization projects is carried on in cooperation with large cloth and

yarn consumer organizations, bureaus

of the Government and other bodies. In its work on specifications it co- operates with the Bureau of Standards, the American Standards Association, commercial firms and organizations, other trade associations, etc. It

is represented on the following stand- ing committees of the Bureau of Stand- ards and the Federal Specifications

Board: Standardization and simplifi- cation of buffing and polishing wheels

;

commercial standard for cotton fabric

tents, tarpaulins, and covers; and

commercial standard for cotton cloth for rubber and pyroxylin coating. Cover Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretary, 95 State

Street,- Springfield, Mass. In its publi- cation Trade Customs, 1931, are shown

the standard sizes and substances adopted by the association for cover

paper. Standard ream weights are

given for the various sizes and sub- stances and permissible variation from

nominal weight in any shipment is specified. Crown Manufacturers Association of America, Louis B. Montfort, executive

secretary, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. This association of crown

or bottle-cap manufacturers has recom- mended certain standards for the wording and type of label appearing

on crowns or bottle caps for beverage

bottles. These standards are made to conform to the Federal and State

labeling laws on food products and

cover the size of type and specific information to be supplied on label, with

one general type of labeling for synthetic-flavored beverages, one type of labeling for pure-fruit-flavored beverages, and one type for beverages

flavored with the oils of the fruits. This association cooperated with the Glass Container Association, the American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages, and other units of the industry

in the standardization of carbonated

beverage bottles as represented in the

simplified practice recommendation on

this subject now being circulated for acceptance by industry. One of the

provisions of this recommendation is that the contents' clause of all bev- erage bottles be blown plainly and con- spicuously in the side of all bottles in the beverage field. By this provision

the contents' clause may be omitted

from the cap and the same cap may be used for various sizes of bottles. Dairy and Ice Cream Machinery and

Supplies Association (Inc.), Roberts

Everett, executive vice president, 225 West Thirty-fourth Street, New York,

N. Y. Standardization activities of

this association are conducted in co- operation with organizations of allied industries. It cooperated in the estab- lishment of simplified practice recom- mendations relating to ice cream brick molds and cartons and ice cream cups and cup caps conducted under the

auspices of the division of simplified

practice of the Bureau of Standards. Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers

Association, C. H. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. This

association was instrumental in enlisting the services of the Bureau of Standards in the movement which led

to the establishment of the commercial

standards for diamond-core drill fit- tings. At the present time a committee of the industry is giving consideration to several changes to be made

with respect to a revision of this standard. The association has adopted an emblem to be attached to drill fit- tings or on packages or cartons con- taining diamond-core drill fittings to insure users that they are made in conformity with the requirements

given in the commercial standard cov- ering this commodity. These emblems

are supplied only to manufacturers

whose plants are equipped with the necessary gages for producing the diamond-core drill fittings. Diesel Engine Manufacturers Association, M. J. Reed, research engineer, 30 Church Street, New York, N. Y. After considerable study on the part

of executives and engineers associated with companies actively engaged in
330 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 the manufacture of oil engines, this association has prepared and issued a

booklet in which are set forth several standards dealing with principles of

business, practices, selection, and in- stallation of stationary Diesel engines,

and definitions. It cooperated with

the National Electrical Manufacturers

Association in standardizing electric generator sizes and speeds. The asso- ciation is at present working with

other organizations in the formulation

of tentative standards for Diesel fuel

oils.Drill and Reamer Society, Herbert

S. Blake, secretary-counsel, 74 Trinity

Place, New York, N. Y. The standing

committee on simplification and standardization is still continuing the work

of establishing proper standard basic mechanical sizes of drills and reamers

to be listed in revised catalogues. The

society is officially represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee on allow- ances and tolerances for cylindrical

parts and limit gages. Eastern Clay Products Association,

Henry T. Shelley, secretary-manager,

Colonial Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Dimensional standards have been

adopted by this association for single

strength and for sewer pipe and fit- tings, pipe traps, slop bowls, stoppers

and strainers, fine linings, stove pipe

and fittings and chimney tops, wall

coping, and liner plates for sewers.

It has prepared and recommends a standard specification for the con- struction of brick chimneys with fire- clay flue linings. The quality require- ments for clay sewer pipe and drain

tile specified in the standard specifi- cations of the American Society for Testing Materials have been adopted

by this association. The association has established a laboratory to which

member plants may submit specimens

of their products to determine whether

they conform to standard definite re- quirements. It holds membership in the American Society of Municipal

Engineers, the American Society of Sanitary Engineering, the Association

of Highway Officials of North Atlantic

States, and the American Society for Testing Materials. Eastern States Blast Furnace and

Coke Oven Association, D. A. Russell,

chairman of coke testing committee,

care of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co., Youngstown, Ohio. The standard and

tentative standard A. S. T. M. methods

of test of coke and bituminous coal have been adopted by this association,

which is continuing in cooperative

standardization work with the coal

and coke testing committee of the

A. S. T. M.

Eastern Supply Association, Frank S. Hanley, secretary, 261 Broadway, New

York, N. Y. This association has taken an active interest in matters of simplification affecting the industry it represents, having assisted in the formulation of simplified practice recom- mendations covering plumbing fixtures, range boilers, pipe, valves and fittings, tanks, and traps. It also cooperated

in the establishment of the commercial

standards for genuine wrought-iron

and steel pipe nipples. Electric Hoist Manufacturers Association, E. Donald Tolles, secretary, 165 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This

association formulated and adopted

specifications for portable overhead

hoists which are in harmony with

those of the American Institute of

Electrical Engineers, the American Society for Testing Materials, and the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. It is officially represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee on

safety code for cranes, derricks, and

hoists. Electric Steel Founders' Research

Group, R. A. Bull, director, 541 Diversey Parkway, Chicago, 111. This group was organized in 1920 to conduct co- operative research work for the improvement, control, and standardization of methods for making small and

medium-sized castings of carbon and

alloy steels. It cooperated with other

units of industry in the establishment

and acceptance of a limited number

of standard sizes and shapes of foundry refractories, as promulgated

in simplified practice recommendation

R79-28. Products of the member

companies of this organization are

subjected to inspection standards

adopted by this research group. It has cooperated actively, through its representatives, with the American

Society for Testing Materials, the American Foundrymen's Association, the American Institute of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers, the American

Society for Steel Treating, and the Sheet Founders' Society of America,

in the standardization activities of

these bodies. It is officially repre- sented on the joint committee on

standardization of foundry equipment

and supplies, the joint committee for foundry refractories, and the joint

committee on the effect of temperature upon the properties of metals. The research group consistently participates with Government bureaus

and with national technical organiza-
TECHNICAL AND TBADE ORGANIZATIONS 331

tions along lines contributing to the standardization of materials and practices as related to steel casting production. Electrochemical Society, Dr. Colin G. Fink, secretary, Columbia University,

New York, N. Y. The standardization

work of this organization, formerly

the American Electrochemical Society,

is carried on largely by committees

appointed to cooperate with other or- ganizations. By this means the so- ciety cooperated with the National

Electrical Manufacturers Association

and the Bureau of Standards in the formulation of standard tests for dry

cells used in radio receiving sets. It also cooperated with other organizations, under the procedure of the American Standards Association, on work which resulted in the establish- ment of the American standard speci- fications for dry cells and batteries,

and on work still in progress on def- initons of electrical terms and stand- ard scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations. Cooperative

work is being carried on with the American Society for Testing Materials in determining the resistance to corrosion of various metals and alloys,

and cooperative investigations are be- ing conducted with other organizations leading toward standardization

of specifications for the electrodeposition of copper, chromium, nickel, zinc, and other metals. Elevator Manufacturers Association

of the United States, John W. Ogren,

commissioner, 100 West Monroe Street, Chicago, 111. This association co- operated with other organizations in the formulation and adoption of the American standard safety code

for elevators, dumbwaiters, and es- calators under the procedure of the American Standards Association. It

is officially represented on sectional committees in the preparation of the

safety code for walkway surfaces and

the standardization of the speeds of machinery.

Employing Bookbinders of America,

Raymond E. Baylis, chairman, standardization committee, 461 Eighth

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This or- ganization is cooperating through the Bureau of Standards with the Binders

Board Manufacturers Association in an endeavor to standardize binders

board with regard to uniform thickness, bursting strength, density,

smoothness, etc. Some years ago the Employing Bookbinders of America, in conjunction with the Binders Board

Manufacturers Association, simplified the sizes of binders board, adopting 10 92462—32 22

sizes which are still being used and

considered as standard. The stand- ardization committee has cooperated

with the manufacturers of pyroxylin

coated fabrics for the bookbinding

trade in standardizing the basic grey

goods, coating and strength, and has

also established classifications of the

relative qualities of goods produced

by the various manufacturers. The

result will be that every piece of goods

manufactured and delivered to the in- dustry will be marked clearly and dis- tinctly with a guaranty of the individ- ual member of the association behind

its production.

Envelope Manufacturers Association

of America, Charles R. Stevenson, sec- retary-treasurer, 19 West Forty-fourth

Street, New York, N. Y. Trade cus- toms which include standard substance number bases for all grades of paper

for envelopes, standard nomenclature

and sizes of envelopes, and standard

tolerances for overruns and under- runs on customers' orders, have been

adopted by this organization.

Felt Manufacturers Association, M. J. Morrison, secretary-treasurer, 17 Battery Place, New York, N. Y. This

association has developed a standard

classification of rag stock covering six grades of rags and setting forth the requirements and quality of materials which come under each grade.

Food Service Equipment Association, H. B. Blanke, executive secretary, 10 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, 111. At its convention in April, 1931, the

association approved and adopted a

resolution of its committee on stand- ardization and simplification, recom- mending the establishment under the

auspices of the division of simplified

practice of the Bureau of Standards of a limited number of standard sizes and varieties of kitchen and restau- rant equipment. The recommendations

cover standard sizes and thicknesses

of various metal sheets, tubing, and

pipe, dimensions of sinks, table bases,

shelves, pan racks, table bins, table

tops, lunch and cafeteria counters, steam tables, etc. Forging Manufacturers Association,

W. J. Parker, commissioner, 7 East

Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y. This association maintains a specifica- tion committee for the purpose of carrying on work dealing with various

phases of standardization within the

industry. One of the chief functions

of this committee is to cooperate with

similar committees of other industries

in formulating standard designs and

specifications for materials best suited

to meet particular requirements of
332 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

work. It is also engaged in interpreting various specifications which have

already been established by users of materials in order to determine stand- ard requirements for certain lines of commodities. Gas Products Association, Mary Redden, secretary, 250 East Ontario Street, Chicago, 111. Standard hose connections for welding and cutting torches have been adopted by this association, the International Acetylene Association, and the National Board of Fire

Underwriters, and have been approved

by the National Screw Thread Commission. These standards cover di- mensions and threading of coupling

shank for hose, coupling nut, and nippie, and provide right-hand threads

for the oxygen connection and left- hand threads for the fuel-gas connection. The association is now engaged

in defining existing threads used on

oxygen and acetylene cylinder valve

outlet connections.

Glass Container Association of America, Victor L. Hall, secretary stand- ardization committee, 19 West Forty- fourth Street, New York, N. Y. Through the work of its standardization committee this association has

prepared a book in which are included

blue prints covering about 50 different standard types of glass container

finishes, which refer to the top of the container on which the closure is applied. The committee is now engaged

in developing standard specifications

covering outside body dimensions of glass containers. This association has

actively cooperated in the establish- ment of simplified practice recommendations relating to milk and cream

bottles and bottle caps ; glass containers for mayonnaise, preserves, jellies, and apple butter; carbonated bever- age bottles; and cottage cheese and

sour cream jars. These recommendations were formulated under the auspices of the division of simplified

practice of the Bureau of Standards. The association is conducting research

laboratory investigations of various

types of glass containers used in the packing of food products.

Glycerine Producers' Association, Roscoe C. Edlund, manager, 45 East

Seventeenth Street, New York, N. Y. This organization is a part of the Association of American Soap and Glycerine Producers. Through its glyc- erine research committee the association cooperates with the Federal

Specifications Board and the Bureau

of Standards in the formulation and

promulgation of specifications for standard grades of refined glycerine.

The association permits those members who produce radiator glycerine

and follow uniformly the association's formula developed by its research committee and laboratory to sell the product under the grade name " G.

P. A. Radiator Glycerine," which is the association's designation for a new

grade of glycerine specially developed

and manufactured for antifreeze use

in automobiles and marketed in con- tainers bearing the association's seal as part of a uniform design. The as- sociation's research laboratory tests samples of G. P. A. Radiator Glycerine manufactured by its members

to verify compliance by the manufacturers with the association's formula,

and in order to assure the public that

all products labeled "G. P. A." meet

the association's specifications.

Grain and Feed Dealers National

Association, Charles Quinn, secretary,

Toledo, Ohio. In dealings in grain

this association makes use of the grain

standards promulgated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture; for deal- ings in feedstuffs the definitions of the Association of Feed Control Offi- cials of the United States are used. This association has adopted standard

trading rules and arbitration rules and a standard form of confirmation

blank. The association is a merger

of the former Grain Dealers National

Association and the United States Feed Distributors Association. Gray Iron Institute (Inc.), Arthur J. Tuscany, manager, Terminal Tower

Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The insti- tute has developed and adopted a standard sales agreement, standard

trade customs, and a standard sales contract for transactions in gray iron

castings. These standards have been

approved by the National Association

of Purchasing Agents and the Califor- nia Chamber of Commerce. They in- clude recommendations for the use of the standard color code for wood patterns established in Commercial

Standard CS19-30, issued by the Bureau of Standards. This organization

has also developed a standard cost system for gray iron foundries which

has been well received by the industry. It is at present working on

standard specifications for types of gray iron castings for various services. Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association of the United States, Frank

R. Henry, secretary, Dayton, Ohio. Acting as joint sponsor with the In- ternational Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, and

in cooperation with other organizations, this association formulated the
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 333

American standard safety code for the

use, care, and protection of abrasive

wheels. It is officially represented on

the sectional committee dealing with

the standardization of speeds of machinery. This association has adopted

standard sizes and dimensions for steel center coping wheels, standard sizes of blotters for straight and tapered

abrasive wheels, and the standard al- lowable limits for sizing of aluminum

oxide and silicon carbide abrasives for polishing uses and for grinding

wheel manufacture as promulgated in Simplified Practice Recommendation

K118-30. It initiated the movement

that resulted in the recommendation

and acceptance by industry of a limited number of types and sizes of grinding wheels, as promulgated in a

simplified practice recommendation is- sued by the Bureau of Standards. The

association also took an active part in the subsequent two revisions of the above standard. Gummed Industries Association, D. A. Crocker, secretary, 370 Lexington

Avenue, New York, N. Y. Standardization of No. 1 kraft sealing tape was

initiated by this association and ]ed to the acceptance by industry of the

simplified practice recommendation on

this subject covering standard weights,

sizes, and strengths. This standing

committee is at present cooperating in a further study of the adhesive qualities of tape with a view to establish- ing minimum standards at some future

time. The association has made ar- rangements with a commercial testing

laboratory whereby acceptors of the

simplified practice recommendation

may have available a satisfactory means of testing the tape which they

manufacture, distribute, or use. Samples are sent to the association where

they are given identification numbers

and sent to the laboratory for test, the

test results being reported to the sec-

, retary of the association. Gypsum Association, Henry J. Schweim, secretary, 211 West Wacker

Drive, Chicago, 111. Much of the

standardization work of this association is done in conjunction with the American Society for Testing Materials. The latter organization has

adopted standard specifications for gypsum and gypsum products. The

association is cooperating in the work

of the A. S. A. sectional committee on

the preparation of standard plastering specifications, to include gypsum

plastering. The association is likewise represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee which formulated the tentative American standard fire tests of building construction and materials.

It has recently prepared a section on

the use and installation of gypsum for incorporation into the building codes

of municipalities.

Hack Saw Manufacturers Association of America (Inc.), W. P. Jeffery,

managing director, 14 Wall Street, New York, N. Y. This association co- operated with the division of simplified

practice of the Bureau of Standards in the establishment of the recommendation relating to standard sizes of tungsten blades and high-speed blades which have been unanimously accepted

by the industry.

Hardwood Interior Trim Manufacturers Association, L. A. Rhodes, assistant

secretary, 63 South Third Street, Memphis, Tenn. The 1928 rules and

regulations for hardwood interior trim

and molding adopted by this association include definition and permissible

defects for Grade A trim and molding,

with sizes and molding patterns in ac- cordance with American lumber stand- ards as prepared under the auspices

of the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards. This association coop- erated with other organizations, under

the procedure of the American Standards Association, in the establishment

of the safety code for woodworking

plants. It maintains an inspection

service which is available to members

only for the settlement of disputes re- garding species, quality, quantity, or workmanship of lumber sold. Hardwood Manufacturers Institute,

J. H. Townshend, executive vice president, Bank of Commerce Building,

Memphis, Tenn. In 1925 this organi- zation adopted the grading rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association and since that time it has been

working with the latter organization

in the interest of grade standardization of hardwood lumber. It inaugurated a " car-card plan " by which li- censed lumber manufacturers issue car cards guaranteeing the contents of the

car to be in compliance with the in- spection rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association. Heating and Piping Contractors National Association, Joseph C. Fitts, secretary, 50 Union Square, East, New York, N. Y. This association has

compiled and published data on computing heat losses, and the selection of the proper boilers. In its book

on engineering standards, developed

by the committee on standards, there are included rules for determining the amount of radiation required to heat

a given space properly ; the net square
334 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

feet radiation loads recommended for low-pressure heating boilers; pipe

sizes for steam heating and hot-water

systems ; and dimensions of valves and

fittings and materials. In promoting

its standardization work the association has developed a national program

for certified heating to replace the

purely local programs formerly in use.

It has adopted national insignia, in- cluding a certified heating supplementary proposal, to he sent with each

bid, the plate to be attached to each

boiler, and the certificate to be issued on completion of the work to the house owner, certifying that the heat- ing system was installed in accordance

with the certified heating standards

adopted by the association. It coop- erated with the Bureau of Standards

in the establishment of commercial

standards for genuine wrought-iron

pipe nipples and for standard-weight

malleable iron or steel screwed unions, and the simplified-practice rec- ommendation relating to sizes of hack- saw blades. The association is joint sponsor for the A. S. A. sectional committee on pipe flanges and fittings and

is officially represented on five additional sectional committees.

Hickory Handle Association, Guy E. Basye, secretary, care of W. E. Bruner & Sons, Heber Springs, Ark. This as- sociation cooperated with other repre- sentatives of the industry in the for- mulation and acceptance by industry

of standard definitions for various

quality grades of hickory handles as promulgated in Simplified Practice

Recommendation No. 77, issued by the Bureau of Standards. These stand- ard grades are the recognized stand- ards of this association. Hollow Metal Manufacturers Association, Charles F. Burt, executive di- rector, Chanin Building, New York,

N. Y. This association has worked out

the standardization of butt hinges,

cylinder locks, and letterbox plates

for hollow-metal doors in cooperation

with the builders hardware manufacturers and the American Institute of

Architects. It also cooperated with

the Bureau of Standards in the formulation of simplified practice recom- mendations relating to kalamein and

hollow-metal doors, and in the estab- lishment of commercial standards cov- ering various types of builders' hardware, both template and nontemplate.

Hydraulic Society, C. H. Rohrbach,

secretary, 90 West Street, New York,

N. Y. In carrying forward its work of standardization in the pump industry,

this organization cooperates with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Mining Congress,,

National Fire Protection Association, U. S. Department of Commerce, and

other interested bodies. The society

has issued the sixth edition of its publication relating to standards in which

are included standard definitions and

values; test codes; standard classifi- cation of pumps; types, parts, and

definitions of reciprocating and rotary

displacement pumps, and centrifugal

pumps; types, parts, and definitions of deep-well pumps; and instructions

for installing and operating various

types of pumps. The society is offi- cially represented on four A. S. A. sec- tional committees.

Illuminating Engineering Society, E. H. Hobbie, general secretary, 29 West

Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y.

Practically all of the standardization

work of this society is conducted under

the auspices of the American Standards Association. It is sponsor for

the sectional committee on code of

lighting factories, mills, and other work places, and joint sponsor with

the American Institute of Architects

for the code of lighting of school buildings, and with the Society of Automotive Engineers on automobile headlighting laboratory tests for approval

of electric headlighting devices for motor vehicles. It is officially repre- sented on seven additional A. S. A,

sectional committees.

Industrial Truck Association, C. B.

Crockett, secretary, 60 East Fortysecond Street, New York, N. Y. This

association cooperated with the divi- sion of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards in the formulation

of the simplified practice recommendation covering standard clearance di- mensions and over-all sizes of skid platforms.

Industrial Unit Heater Association, E. B. Cresap, secretary, 308 West

Washington Street, Chicago, 111. In

cooperation with the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engi- * neers this association prepared and

adopted a standard code for testing

and rating steam unit heaters applicable to heating equipment in which the heater and radiator are incorporated

in one unit and a fan is used to move

the air. The code includes methods of

testing, layout of test apparatus, and

methods of computation.

Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers Association, Harry W. Cole, secretary, P. O. Box 428, Holbrook, Mass. A committee on standardization of nomenclature has been organized by this association to formulate

correct definitions of the terms used in
TECHNICAL AND TEADE OEGANIZATIONS 335

the industry, in order to eliminate the confusion existing by reason of nu- merous and misleading terms for de- scribing the same material. Its committee on the standardization of

insecticides is doing considerable re- search work on the insect-killing properties of pyrethrum for the purpose of formulating a standard for this type

of material. Its committee on the

standardization of disinfectants is seeking to standardize the methods of

testing germicides and hopes eventually to arrive at a method acceptable

to Government, scientific bodies, and

manufacturers. Work is being done

by other committees on chemical sub- stances used for killing moths, such

as paradichlorbenzene, and still other committees are seeking to standardize

the regulations pertaining to flash

point, combustible substances, and fire hazards in general.

Institute of American Meat Packers,

W. W. Woods, president, 506 South

Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111. In 1928

the institute adopted standards relat- ing to lard cans; sausage, lard, and

sliced-bacon cartons ; cheesecloth and

muslin; wrapping papers of various

types; wooden crates and wooden or

fiber boxes; pails, tubs, and half barrels ; pork barrels, lard and pickledmeat tierces, and curing casks; clean- ing and scrubbing brushes and

brooms; ropes and twine for tying

meats, etc. ; and hand trucks and meat

trolleys. During the past year stand- ard package sizes have been adopted

for sliced dried beef and for vinegarpickled products in glass jars and re- vised standards have been adopted for twine and for lard cans. Future

standardizing activities will include

the standardization of sliced bacon in glass jars. In connection with the standardization of products in glass

jars the institute is cooperating with

the National Canners Association. It

is officially represented on A. S. A. sec- tional committees dealing with the

standardization of speeds of machinery. The research activities of a special committee of the institute cul- minated in the recent publication of an informative pamphlet entitled

<£ Standard Beef Grading System and

Packers' Guide."

Institute of Boiler and Radiator

Manufacturers, F. W. Herendeen, sec- retary, Geneva, N. Y. A standard

heating boiler testing code for solid fuel burning low-pressure steam boil- ers has been formulated by the insti- tute. It has approved the standard

ordinance for chimney construction

suitable for use in cities and towns,

as prepared and recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters.

Official representation is maintained

by this institute on the A. S. M. E.

boiler code committee and on the

A. S. A. sectional committee which

formulated the American standard for pipe threads.

Institute of Makers of Explosives, C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park

Avenue, New York, N. Y. One of the

chief functions of this institute is the establishment of standard recom- mended sizes of cartridges and

strengths of high explosives. The in- stitute is officially represented on the

sectional committee on recommended

practice for the use of explosives in bituminous coal mines, which has been

approved as an American recom- mended practice under A. S. A.

procedure.

Institute of Manufacturers of Vit- reous China Plumbing Fixtures, Wm.

Keith McAfee, treasurer, P. O. Box

623, New Castle, Pa. This organization has been cooperating with other members of the sanitary potters in- dustry and with the division of trade standards of the Bureau of Standards

in the establishment of a commercial

standard, for staple vitreous china

plumbing fixtures. Members of this organization serve on the advisory

committee for the above commercial

standard and are engaged in the

standardization of additional details

in order to keep the work in step with

the progress of the industry. The in- stitute cooperated in the preparation

of a commercial standard for colors for sanitary ware, which establishes

six definite colors for plumbing fix- tures. Institute of Paint and Varnish Research, Henry A. Gardner, director of

laboratory, 2201 New York Avenue,

NW., Washington, D. C. This insti- tute represents the American Paint

and Varnish Manufacturers Association (Inc.) in cooperating with the Bureau of Standards on research

problems, and with the Federal Specifications Board in preparing specifica- tions for paints and varnish. During

the past 20 years it has issued over

500 publications relating to its re- searches, including several volumes,

among which is a textbook of methods for the physical and chemical ex- amination of paint products. The

methods given in this book have be- come more or less standard in the

industry.

Institute of Radio Engineers, Harold

P. Westman, secretary, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y.
336 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Since its organization in 1912, this institute has had a committee on

standardization whose duty it has

been to study and define suitable terms used in radiocommunication,

and to propose standard methods of testing and rating radio equipment.

Several reports have been prepared

by this committee, the last one of which was published in 1931. In- cluded in this latest report are sec- tions dealing with the following subjects: Terms and symbols used in radio; testing and rating of radio

transmitters, antennas, and receivers

testing of vacuum tubes; and safety

standards dealing with operating per- sonnel in relation to radio transmitting equipment. The institute is a member body of the American Stand- ards Association and is represented on

the council of the American Association

for the Advancement of Science and

Associated Societies. It is also rep- resented on the radio advisory committee of the Bureau of Standards.

The institute is joint sponsor with

the American Institute of Electrical Engineers for the A. S. A. sectional committee on radio. Insulated Power Cable Engineers

Association, R. J. Wiseman, secretary, care of The Okonite Co., Passaic, N.

J. This association acts as an ad- visory committee to the power cable

division of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association and

through this channel it cooperates

with committees of the American

Standards Association and other national standardizing bodies. It has

formulated and adopted the following

specifications, several in cooperation

with the high tension committee of the Association of Edison Illuminat- ing Companies: Specifications for varnished cambric insulated cables;

specifications for impregnated paper

insulated, lead-covered cables; rec- ommended walls of insulation and of lead sheaths for impregnated paper, lead-covered cables; standard dimensions for reels for impregnated paper, lead-covered cables; color-code scheme

for braids for control cables; lead walls for rubber, lead-covered cables;

specifications for metallic coverings

for power cables ; current-carrying ca- pacities for impregnated paper, lead- covered cables; specifications for ca- ble-pulling eyes; recommended walls

for rubber cables, test voltages and

bending radii; ratio of d. c. to a. c. test voltages for rubber-insulated ca- bles; and specifications for construction of rope or annular core cables.

Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America, Gustavus T.

Kirby, chairman of advisory committee, 36 East Fifty-seventh Street, New

York, N. Y. Standard measurements and rules for competition in running,

walking, jumping, pole vaulting, putting the shot, throwing the hammer,

throwing of weights, throwing the

javelin, and throwing the discus have

been adopted by this association and

are published in its Official Handbook.

In these rules are included standard

methods for ascertainment of positions of competitors at the finish and

measurement of the time of competition, and also specifications for the

various implements.

International Acetylene Association, H. F. Reinhard, Secretary, 30 East

Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y, The specifications of the Interstate Commerce Commission for the construction of cylinders used in the

transportation of acetylene gas have

been adopted by this association. It has prepared and issued a set of stand- ards relating to hose connection on

gas regulators and blowpipes or

torches. A committee is actively en- gaged in formulating standards cover- ing connections for hose sizes in excess

of three-eighths inch. The association

is continuing its cooperation with the Compressed Gas Manufacturers Association in drafting standards for threading of valves used in cylinders

for storing compressed gases. It is also represented on four A. S. A. sec- tional committees.

International Apple Association, R.

G. Phillips, secretary, 1108 Mercantile

Building, Rochester, N. Y. In years

past this organization took an active part in the promotion of legislation for

the standardization of fruit and vegetable containers. These activities, cooperated in by other allied trade

bodies, resulted in the enactment by

Congress of the standard barrel law

and the standard basket and hamper

acts. The association was instru- mental in obtaining the passage of the Federal climax basket act and also the

original New York State mandatory

standard apple grading law, which was used as a model for the drafting

of legislation by other States in the

so-called barrel apple territory. It collaborated with other national fruit and vegetable trade organizations, in- cluding the National League of Commission Merchants, Western Fruit

Jobbers' Association, American Fruit

and Vegetable Shippers' Association* and the Fruit and Vegetable Brokers*
TECHNICAL AND TEADE ORGANIZATIONS 337

Association in drafting and setting up

rules and definitions of trade terms

for the fruit and vegetable industry,

which standards were either approved

or adopted by these organizations. International Association of Blue

Print and Allied Industries, Glen Edwards, executive secretary, 431 South

Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Committees of this association are working

in cooperation with certain depart- ments of the U. S. Government in an

attempt to standardize the widths,

weights, rag content, and speeds of coated blue-print paper. Standardization of the sizes of photo copy papers

is the subject of work by another committee. The association is preparing

a standard area chart for the meas- urement of blue prints. International Association of Electrical Inspectors, Victor H. Tousley, sec- retary, 612 North Michigan Avenue,

Chicago, 111. Cooperation in the for- mulation of standards for the safe in- stallation and use of electrical materials, devices, and appliances is one of the main objects of this association. International Association of Electro- typers of America, Fred W. Gage,

chairman of standardization committee, care of Gage Printing Co. (Ltd.), Battle Creek, Mich. Committees from

the American Newspaper Publishers

Association and the American Association of Advertising Agencies coop- erated with this association in the preparation of standards for printing

plates. The standards cover thick- nesses and tolerances for unmounted

electrotypes and for curved electro- types, bevel of edges of patent base

plates, and standard formula for elec- trotype backing metal. The association maintains a research associate at the Bureau of Standards for developing improved methods of manufacture

of electrotypes. International Association of Gar- ment Manufacturers, A. F. Allison, 395 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This

association cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in the establishment

of commercial standards relating to dress patterns; men's pajamas; and

boys' blouses, shirts, waists, and junior shirts. It is now assisting the Federal Specifications Board in the preparation of Federal specifications

in connection with measurements for dress and work shirts. International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers, Fred Rasmussen, executive secretary, Telegraph

Building, Harrisburg, Pa. This asso- ciation has adopted standard sizes, dimensions, and types of ice-cream cans and these standards have been ap- proved by the National Conference on Weights and Measures. It also took a very active part in standardization of

sizes and types of ice-cream molds and

cartons which resulted in the adoption

by this association and by industry of

the simplified practice recommendation covering these items. Its simplifi- cation committee recommended cer- tain standard sizes and shapes of ice- cream cups, and these standards form

the basis of another simplified practice

recommendation that is being distrib- uted for acceptance by industry by the Bureau of Standards. Committees of

this association cooperated with the

International Association of Milk

Dealers in the formulation of the standards of the latter association for sanitary pipe fittings. International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Ethelbert Stewart, secretary, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C. Standardization

activities of this organization relative

to industrial safety codes are carried on in cooperation with other organizations under the procedure of the American Standards Association. It acted

as joint sponsor on projects resulting

in American standards and tentative standards covering the safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels; safety code for mechanical power transmission apparatus;

safety code for rubber mills and cal- enders; and safety code for woodworking plants. It is also acting as

joint sponsor on work still in progress on the standardization of methods of recording and compiling accident statistics. The association is officially represented on 14 other A. S. A. sec- tional committees on work which has

resulted in American standards and

tentative standards, and on 8 committees in which work is still under way. At the annual meeting in October,

1931, the association authorized the appointment of two standing committees—an electrical committee to study

problems relating to electrical codes,

and another committee to consider codes other than electrical. International Association of Milk

Dealers, R. E. Little, executive secretary, 228 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. For sanitary piping this as- sociation has adopted outside diameter measurements for pipe and the acme

thread for pipe and fittings as its standards. It has adopted standard

dimensions for sanitary pipe fittings

which facilitates interchangeability,
338 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 standard sizes and dimensions of ther- mometer spuds for use in coil vats and glass-lined tanks, standard diameters and taper for milk-can necks,

and a recent standard on the dimensions of a paper seal sanitary fitting. It initiated the movement which re- sulted in the establishment and ac- ceptance by industry of simplified sizes and dimensions for milk bottles and

bottle caps. The standardization committee of this association is at pres- ent working in cooperation with the manufacturers of sheet metal with a view to eliminating some of the de- fective material furnished in dairy

equipment. It assisted the bottle manufacturers, under the auspices of the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards, in the stand- ardization of glass containers for sour cream and cottage cheese. International Association of Municipal Electricians, W. H. Harth, secretary, City Hall, Columbia, S. C. Stand- ard specifications for underground and

aerial cable for fire alarm, police, tel- egraph, traffic signal, and street-lighting service have been adopted by this association. The specifications cover

construction, dimensions, physical and

chemical properties of insulation, and

electrical tests for rubber-insulated copper wires, copper-covered steel wires, and aerial and underground

cables. International City Managers' Association, Clarence E. Ridley, executive

secretary, 923 East Sixtieth Street, Chicago, 111. This association was

represented on a joint committee

known as the National Committee on

Municipal Reporting, which completed its work early in 1931 with the

publication of its report entitled " Public Reporting: With Special Reference to Annual, Departmental, and

Current Reports of Municipalities,"

published by the Municipal Administration Service, New York, N. Y. This publication contains specifications for the preparation of various types

of municipal reports. Other organizations cooperating in this project were

The National Municipal League, the Government Research Association,

and the American Municipal Association. Within the past year standards

for street sanitation and other publicworks activities have been established,

and several test installations of sys- tems employing these standards in

cities of various sizes have been made.

This work in the field of street sanitation is being conducted directly under

the name of the Committee on Uniform Street Sanitation Records, which

represents the International Association of Public Works Officials (for- merly the International Association

of Street Sanitation Officials), and

the following: American Road Builders' Association, American Society of Municipal Engineers, the American

Municipal Association, the American

Public Health Association, the Governmental Research Association, the

International City Managers' Association, the National Municipal League,

the American Society of Civil Engineers, and the National Committee

on Municipal Standards. The research

staff of the International City Managers' Association is working on a

standardization program in the field of police records and particularly in

this connection has aided the Committee on Uniform Crime Records of the International Association of Chiefs

of Police and the United States De- partment of Justice in expanding and

improving the nation-wide system of crime reporting operated by these

agencies. International Society of Master

Painters and Decorators (Inc.), E. J. Bush, general secretary, 127 North

Jefferson Avenue, Peoria, 111. Standard colors adopted by this society are

published in its color folder and in various sizes of color packs. These

standard colors, 43 in number, are designated by number instead of by name in order to avoid the confusion

of various shade names. The society

cooperated with other units of industry in the establishment and accept- ance by industry of the commercial

standard for wall paper promulgated

by the Bureau of Standards.

Joint Basketball Rules Committee, L. W. St. John, chairman, Ohio State

University, Columbus, Ohio; George

T. Hepbron, secretary, 105 Nassau

Street, New York, N. Y. This committee is made up of representatives

of the National Amateur Athletic Union, National Collegiate Athletic

Association, National Young Men's

Christian Association, National Federation of State High School Athletic Association, National Canadian Amateur Basketball Association, and National Association of Chartered Boards

of Officials. It publishes annually a

basketball guide containing, among

other information, specifications for layout of playing court, and for backboards, baskets, and balls and rules for scoring.

Kraft Institute, Hugh Wright, manager of bag division, 122 East Fortysecond Street, New York, N. Y. This

organization has taken over the stand-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 339

ardization activities of the former

Grocery Bag Manufacturers Service Bureau and the Paper Bag Manufacturers Institute. The standard sizes of paper grocers' bags established by

industry and promulgated as a simplified practice recommendation by the Bureau of Standards, have been

adopted by the Kraft Institute. In

addition it has adopted standard basis weights for the various sizes of grocers' bags. In July, 1931, it adopted

standards for odd bags, covering di- mensions, basis weights, and packing,

and width of roll from which the bag

is made. The Kraft Institute has two symbols which the manufacturer

may use to label his product, one symbol meaning standard size and the other meaning standard size and

standard weight. When variations from the standard marked on the bags

are called to the attention of the insti- tute, the manufacturer in question is requested to conform to the standard. Ladder Manufacturers Association,

J. G. A. Leppelman, president, care

of Consolidated Pump & Ladder Co., 1608 Tracy Street, East Toledo, Ohio. This association cooperated with other

organizations, under the procedure of the American Standards Association,

in the establishment of the American

tentative standard safety code for the

construction, care, and use of ladders, a revision of which was completed in October, 1931. The association per- mits its licensed member manufacturers to use the association label on

all ladders which have been inspected

and found to comply with the require- ments of the above code as regards

safety.

Laundryowners National Association

of the United States and Canada, Lloyd

A. Peck, general manager, Joliet, 111. Standard specifications recommended

by this association include the chemical composition requirements for 88 per cent soap, soda ash, acetic acid as a laundry sour, and chloride of lime

as a bleach. This association publishes a manual of standard practice

for the power-laundry washroom which

is made up in the form of a text with

experimental part for students. It contains recommended standard laun- dry practice and specifications for soap and bleaching powder. The

American Institute of Laundering,

controlled and operated by the Laundryowners National Association, maintains the research laboratories for de- veloping and perfecting better laun- dering methods, for analysis of the cause of damage to damaged articles,

and for studying, at the request of manufacturers, the laundering qualities of textiles before they are put on

the market. The committee on textile relations of the Laundryowners

National Association has proposed the

creation of an organization, Integrity

in Textiles (Inc.), which would be empowered to license member fabric manufacturers to use a symbol in- tended as an assurance of fabric quality with the requirement that samples

of members' washable products be submitted to washing tests on the

basis of 20 cumulative washings before allowing them to be sold under the

hall mark. The association was joint sponsor, under the auspices of the American Standards Association, of the safety code for laundry machinery

and operations.

Lead Industries Association, F. EL Wormser, secretary, 420 Lexington

Avenue, New York, N. Y. The stand- ardizing activities of this organization

have been confined to the larger sizes of lead pipe with the purpose of making the recommended working pres- sures uniform for various pipe diameters. The standardization project

is still under way, the procedure being

to communicate with the manufacturing members of the association for

their views and approval. A report of the results will then be made to the executive committee or board of di- rectors and if there is sufficient una- nimity of opinion, the standard will be approved. Manufacturers outside the organization will also be asked to support the standard. Linoleum and Felt Base Manufacturers Association, Stevenson, Jordan &

Harrison, business managers, 19 West

Forty-fourth Street, New York, N. Y.

Since its organization in the early part

of 1931, the association has been car- rying on a simplification and standardization program which has resulted

in the adoption of maximum permissible number of patterns for a limited

list of standard sizes of felt-base rugs and printed-linoleum rugs, maximum

permissible number of colors for a

limited list of standard thicknesses of linoleums, and standard classification and packing of rugs and linoleums. Lithographers National Association

(Inc.), Maurice Saunders, secretary, 104 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This organization cooperated in the establishment of, and later accepted

the simplified practice recommendation

on paper, which established a limited

list of standard stock sizes of paper

for general printing and publishing.
340 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

book publishers' paper, and for forms

and letterheads. Machinery Builders Society, W. C. Fulmer, secretary, 50 Church Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization

work of this society is carried on by

its several sections. The marine sec- tion formulated specifications for bronze propellers which have been ap- proved and adopted by the society.

The hydraulic section developed a

testing code for hydraulic turbines which formed the basis for the A. S. M. E. code. In addition, the society

prepared standard rules of obsoles- cense covering patterns, jigs, and fix- tures ; also standard practice of marking patterns. Malleable Iron Research Institute,

Bobert E. Belt, secretary, Union Trust

Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The official specifications for malleable-iron

castings, adopted by this organization

for all work other than railroad, con- form in all major particulars to specification No. A 47-30 of the American Society for Testing Materials. For railroad work, it has officially adopted specifications requiring cast- ings higher in physical properties than

the present specifications of the mechanical division of the American

Railway Association. It cooperated in the establishment of the simplified

practice recommendation for malleable foundry refractories. One of the main

activities of this organization is the

certifying of the product of the member companies, certification being made

of the product regularly meeting the

institute's specifications. Certificates are issued covering a quarter year pe- riod and state that the company has

daily submitted test bars representative of its product and that the product meets the requirements of the insti- tute for quality. These certificates also permit the manufacturers to use

the institute's trade-mark and to advertise their products as having been

certified by the institute. Manganese Track Society, W. Homer

Hart, chairman, care of Morden

Frog & Crossing Works, Chicago, 111. The standardization committee of this society collaborated with the track committee of the American Railway

Engineering Association in the production of the A. R. E. A. trackwork

plans, which include standard designs,

constructions, and dimensions with an

appendix giving requirements for materials for switches, switch stands,

frogs, guard rails, crossings, turnouts, and crossovers. The society was represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee on girder rails and splice bars. Manufacturers Standardization So- ciety of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Albert C. Taylor, general sec- retary, 103 Park Avenue, New York,

N. Y. During the past year this so- ciety issued a revised edition of its standard covering bronze screwed fit- tings for 125-pound steam pressure. It also prepared and issued a new stand- ard relating to bronze screwed fittings for 250-pound steam pressure. The

society cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in the formulation of the

simplified practice recommendation

dealing with sizes of wrought-iron and

wrought-steel pipe, valves, and fittings. It is joint sponsor with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers and

the Heating and Piping Contractors' National Association for the A. S. A.

sectional committee on pipe flanges

and fittings. Manufacturing Chemists' Association

of the United States, Warren N. Watson, secretary, 1121 Woodward Building, Fifteenth and H Streets NW.,

Washington, D. C. The standardizing

activities of this association have re- sulted in its adoption of standard

specifications for graduates, thermometers, chemical laboratory glassware

and porcelain ware, and standard

density tables for nitric, hydrochloric,

and sulphuric acids, ammonia, and

zinc chloride. At present it has four

technical committees which are doing

continuous research work on containers. These committees are the tank

car committee, steel barrels and drums

committee, carboy committee, and committee on the transportation of poisonous articles and miscellaneous

packages. The work of all these committees stresses standardization of chemical containers and the elimination of useless duplication. The car- boy committee adopted, in March, 1931, a M. C. A. standard plain type glassstoppered bottle without blown marks.

This includes the 1-pound and the

5-pint C. P. bottle, and blown marks

are to be eliminated from all bottles under 5 gallons capacity. Progress has

been made, following a thorough in- vestigation last summer, in the speci- fications for a standard carboy for

the chemical industry.

Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association, E. C. Singler, secretary, 332 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This association has established standards of grades and sizes of northern hard maple, beech, and birch

flooring. The grade of flooring covers
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 341

-quality and millwork. The association maintains supervision over the products of its members through reg- ular grade inspection at the mills, and

where complaints on such products

arise, reinspection service is extended. The right and license to use the MFMA trade-mark is given only to members of the association. They are

authorized to issue car cards (fur- nished by the association) used in certifying as to the contents of the

car. The certificates guarantee north- ern hardwood, correct species, exact

size, accurate tally, and standard quality and millwork in each shipment.

One of the most recent activities of

this association has been the formulation of a standard specification for laying and finishing MFMA northern

hard-maple flooring.

Mayonnaise Manufacturers Association, Frank Honicker, executive manager, 1500 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This organization spon- sored a general conference of the mayonnaise industry in which a simplifiedpractice program in regard to the sizes of glass containers for mayonnaise,

salad dressing, and sandwich spread

was recommended for adoption.

Through the terms of the proposed

recommendation, the number of stand- ard capacities for glass containers is reduced from 25 to 5, with capacity

designated according to liquid measure. If accepted by the industry, the recommendation becomes effective on January 1, 1932^ for new production.

Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, W. A. Hamor, assistant director, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts- burgh, Pa. The institute is a noncommercial establishment, organized for the investigation of problems of tech- nology and for aiding cooperation be- tween science and industry. It oper- ates an industrial fellowship sys- tem, the fellowship being donated by an outside individual or organization, the incumbent of the fellow- ship being engaged by the insti- tute. Some of the research and ex- perimental work carried on at the in- stitute, in collaboration with industrial associations, has resulted in the development of specifications and

standards for these organizations.

It has cooperated actively with the American Society for Testing Materials, solved problems in testing of containers for the Paperboard Industries Association, made studies per- taining to the devising of washroom

formulas and standardization of washroom practice for the Laundry- owners National Association, aided

various societies in their textile test- ing and standardization programs, worked out specifications for cleaners naphtha for the Mundatechnical Society of America, which were later adopted by industry and published as

a commercial standard by the Bureau

of Standards, and collaborated actively with the American Refractories

Institute, and the Magnesia Association of America in their specification

and standardization work.

Metalware Institute (Inc.), Warren

S. Smith, secretary, 358 Fifth Avenue,

New York, N. Y. This organization

initiated the movement for the elimi- nation of excess sizes and varieties of sheet-metal ware which resulted in the formulation of the simplified practice

recommendation covering sizes of tin- ware, galvanized and japanned ware. The institute is officially represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee on

the safety code for power presses and

hand presses. Milk and Ice Cream Can Institute, D. S. Hunter, commissioner, Keith

Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The in- stitute is continuing to carry on stand- ardization activities and it is expected

that definite standards of gages and

weights will be adopted at an early

date. The committee on standardization was appointed by the commissioner at a regular meeting of the in- stitute. The appointees were selected with due regard to the character, size, stability, and geographical location of their businesses, and to the interest and ability of the individual. The

committee studies specifications now

being used by the various manufacturers and tries to harmonize them so

that standards may be obtained with

as little subsequent obsolescence of equipment as possible. It has pre- sented two reports, neither of which was entirely satisfactory, but both were of sufficient value to be used as bases for further work.

Millers' National Federation, Herman

Steen, secretary, 2719 Board of Trade,

Chicago, 111. The federation has been

working for several years on the standardization of flour packages and

the differential between packages of various sizes. It has recommended a standard system of accounting which

is now being generally used by milling

companies. Its uniform sales contract

is also largely used by the milling

interests. The organization has co- operated with the U. S. Department

of Agriculture in the formulation of the latter's definitions and standards

for flour, grain, and by-products.
342 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 Milling Cutter Society, Herbert S. Blake, secretary-counsel, 74 Trinity

Place, New York, N. Y. The committee on simplification and standardization is continuing the work of elim- inating from catalogue lists, sizes and

styles of milling cutters which the trade no longer demands, and is en- deavoring to establish proper standard

basic mechanical sizes of these tools

to be listed in revised catalogues. The

society is officially represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee on allow- ances and tolerances for cylindrical

parts and limit gages. Millwork Institute of California, L. G. Sterett, secretary, 522 Patterson

Building, Fulton and Tulare Streets, Fresno, Calif. The standards for mill- work, compiled by this organization, are set forth in its publication, Accredited Standards for Architectural

Woodwork. The purposes of this publication as stated in the foreword

are: First, to create an authoritative and eminent standard quality for all classifications of millwork, defining

minimum essentials as to proper materials, sound construction, and uni- formly good workmanship; secondly,

to inaugurate and maintain a definite guaranty or certification of products

manufactured in conformity with the requirements of the established standards. The standards cover interior

finish, jambs, jamb and trim assemblies, cabinet work, panelings, cabinets and built-in fixtures, stairwork, doors,

windows and sash, blinds and shutters, screens, exterior finish and

frames, glass, and glazing. In the

license agreement between the insti- tute and a member, the institute agrees to issue a license of " Manufacturer of architectural woodwork

to the member, in which it is stated that all products furnished by the member when stamped, labeled, or branded with the official certificate mark of the institute, must be manufactured in accordance with the ac- credited standards of architectural woodwork. They are then guaranteed

by the Millwork Institute of Cali- fornia. This organization has also formulated a recommended form of millwork specification as a general

guide in writing specifications. It is just completing a brochure of archi- tectural frame details containing some 50 half-size and full-size details of window frames for many wall conditions and types of windows. The

details are in loose leaf form suit- able for drafting room use. Mine Inspectors Institute of America,

C. A. McDowell, secretary, P. O. Box

64, Pittsburgh, Pa. The institute acted as sponsor, under A. S, A. pro- cedure, for the recommended practice

for the use of explosives in bitumi- nous coal mines. It is represented on

four other A. S. A. sectional committees. Mirror Manufacturers Association,

North Storms, secretary, 2217 Tribune

Tower, Chicago, 111. In cooperation

with other units of the industry, this association established the commercial standard CS27-30 for plate-glass mirrors. This standard covers quality requirements for various grades of mirrors and is published by the Bureau of Standards. It has been ac- cepted as the standard of the mirror

industry. Many of the mirror manufacturers are now using labels on

their products to guarantee the specific article to be in accordance with

a specific quality grade as defined in the above standard. In addition the

officers of the association have made

special efforts toward getting 100 per

cent of the association members to express their willingness to furnish

mirrors guaranteed by them to comply with the commercial standard. Another project, in furtherance of the

quality guarantee principle, is the in- spection and resilvering service now

being put into effect by the association. Under this service members in one locality will act as agents for members in another locality in handling claims for defective silvering

and off-quality mirrors in order that

the retail dealer or ultimate consumer may have inspection and resilvering service from a plant close at hand.

National-American Wholesale lumber Association, W. W. Schupner, sec- retary, 41 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. This organization took an active part in the standardization program of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards and with

the Consulting Committee on Lumber

Standards in the establishment of the American lumber standards relating to grades, sizes, and nomenclature of softwood lumber. During the past year it assisted the industry in the

application of the certification plan to Federal specifications covering grades

of hardwood and softwood lumber.

National Association of Builders Exchanges, Earl F. Stokes, executive sec- retary, Bond Building, Washington,

D. C." One of the main objects of this association is the promotion of uni- form building laws throughout the

country. It is cooperating with the

division of building and housing of the
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 343

Bureau of Standards in the formulation of a uniform mechanics' lien law.

It has also approved the standard doc- uments of the American Institute of Architects covering the form of agree- ment and general conditions of the

contract, the bond of suretyship, the standard form of agreement between

contractor and subcontractor, and the

letter of acceptance of subcontractors

proposal. It took an active part in the last revision of the above form of bond of suretyship. Among the association's activities in the commodity

standardization field is the participation in the establishment and accept- ance by industry of various simplified

recommendations promulgated by the Bureau of Standards, including parti- tions for toilets and showers, steel lockers, paint and varnish brushes,

forms for concrete floor construction,

wheelbarrows, etc. It is cooperating

with other organizations, under the procedure of the American Standards

Association, in the formulation of a standard recommended practice for brick masonry.

National Association of Building Owners and Managers, Lewis B. Ermeling, executive secretary, 134 South La

Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Standard

forms of statement for rental income

and expense and for service income

and expense have been adopted by this association. It has also adopted a uniform classification of accounts and

standard method of accounting for building management. A standard

form of office building lease and stand- ard record forms and method of re- porting heating records for office build- ings have also been adopted. It also has a standard method for floor meas- urement of rentable areas in office buildings. It cooperated in the for- mulation of three A. S. A. codes, and

is represented on sectional committees

for three other projects.

National Association of Dyers and

Cleaners of the United States and

Canada, Walter H. Franks, acting manager, Silver Spring, Md. This association cooperated with other units of

the industry in the establishment of

quality standards for Stoddard solvent, published as a commercial standard by

the Bureau of Standards, which is co- operating in making a study of the

characteristics of dry-cleaning solvents with a view to further standardizing

and improving materials and methods

of testing materials. The association has laboratories of its own where re- search work is carried on in the funda- mental problems of the dyeing and

cleaning industry and where instruction is given to members in the stand- ard practices developed at the laboratories. It issues technical bulletins from time to time on methods and materials developed or tested at its lab- oratories. Three textbooks on gar- ment cleaning have been published, in which are given standard recommended

practices in cleaning of various materials, standard tests for identifying

fabrics, standard formulas for soaps and cleaning compounds, etc. The

association has approved the code of business practice of the dyeing and

cleaning industry which was adopted

at the Washington trade practice con- ference before the Federal Trade Commission. The code has not yet been

finally approved by the Federal Trade

Commission.

National Association of Fan Manufacturers, E. B. Cresap, secretary, 308 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. This association has adopted a stand- ard method of designating direction of discharge and direction of rotation

of centrifugal fans and also standard

arrangements of drive for centrifugal

fans. In cooperation with the American Society of Heating and Ventilat- ing Engineers it prepared and adopted

a standard test code for disk and propeller fans, centrifugal fans, and

blowers. Under the auspices of the American Standards Association, rep- resentatives of this association are taking an active part in the establish- ment of American standards for allow- ances and tolerances for cylindrical

parts and limit gages, safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery,

and standardization of speeds of machinery.

National Association of Farm Equipment Manufacturers, H. J. Sameit, sec- retary, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. Among the standardization activities of this association is the establishment of simplified sizes and varieties of plows and tillage implements. The simplification program was applied not only to plows, but also

to stalk cutters, harrows, drills and

seeders, cultivators, beet pullers, etc. In addition, this association has

adopted specifications and grading

rules for wagon stock, including stand- ard dimensions and permissible de- fects for various wagon parts. It has

representatives on four A. S. A. sec- tional committees. Members of the

association, individually, have accomplished much in the direction of intra- company standardization. National Association of Finishers of Cotton Fabrics, George L. Sawyer, sec- retary, 40 Worth Street, New York,
344 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 N. Y. This association has adopted

standard power-laundry washing methods with respect to white goods which

are in accordance with the washing

methods recommended and approved

by the Laundryowners National Association of the United States and Canada. It has also adopted standard

methods for testing cotton fabrics to determine their fastness to light and

power-laundry washing. In order to protect the public against misleading

statements, this association has made

arrangements with a commercial test- ing laboratory to conduct tests of

all members' goods to determine the degree of fastness to light and washing. Licensed finishers whose goods

receive an " A " or " B " rating for fastness to light and washing are granted the use of the association's

" Nafal " label, showing that the particular dyeing from which the sample was taken has passed the require- ments and tests of the association's standard for fast colors. The license

to use the label is automatically re- voked if, by a majority opinion of the executive committee of the association, it has been found that the label was used in a manner contrary to the

provisions of the license agreement.

The association has adopted a stand- ard method to be employed by the

finishers of cotton fabrics for the re- turn by finishers to the converter of

all stretched as well as damaged

goods, and remnants of finished merchandise over one yard in length.

This principle, which has also been

adopted by the Textile Converters' Association, has been established as a standard of conduct for the trade. The

association is officially represented on two A. S. A. sectional committees.

National Association of Flat Rolled

Steel Manufacturers, George H. Charls,

president, 511 Terminal Tower Building, Cleveland, Ohio. In cooperation

with other organizations, under American Standards Association procedure,

this association is assisting in the formulation of standards and specifica- tions for refrigerators and standard

specifications for zinc coating of iron and steel. The association also co- operates with groups of fabricators in the establishment of standards for various products made of flat rolled

steel. It has adopted the standards of the Association of American Steel Manufacturers for permissible variations in gage weight and thickness,

size, and flatness of sheets and light

plates. It cooperated with other units

of industry in the establishment and

acceptance by industry of a simplified

list of standard sizes and thicknesses

of galvanized flat sheets, cold-rolled box annealed sheets, and blue annealed

sheets. It assisted the United States Department of Commerce also in the formulation of model building codes and cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in conducting fire tests on

steel garages, steel roofing, and steel

office equipment. The trade research

division of the association has con- ducted research relative to the resist- ance of sheet and strip steel to fire, corrosion, and lightning in farm and

industrial buildings, garages, etc. National Association of Furniture

Manufacturers (Inc.), A. P. Haake,

managing director, 225 North Michi- gan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This as- sociation has not yet adopted any

standards or specifications, though it is working on simplification and stand- ardization programs through several of

its divisions. At present its metal bed

and bed-spring division is working on

the revision of the simplified practice

recommendation on beds, springs, and

mattresses. This division also has a

special committee working up specifi- cations for a standard quality spring

which may carry an association quality label for the purpose of safeguarding the interests of the consumer. The

upholsterers' division is working,

through the cost accounting department, to set up minimum specifications as to quality of materials used in the manufacture of upholstered furniture. The association is cooperating with the National Cotton Fibers Association

(Inc.) to prevent the use of second- hand materials in the manufacture of upholstered furniture, mattresses, and

bedding. It also cooperated in the preparation of the commercial stand- ard for plate-glass mirrors. National Association of Glue Manufacturers, H. B. Sweatt, secretary, 55 West Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. This association is now pro- mulgating for the industry the specifi- cations relating to standard methods

for determining viscosity and jelly

strength of glue which were recently

revised by its technical division. National Association of Golf Club Manufacturers, C. B. Johnson, secretary, 900 East Keefe Avenue, Milwaukee, Wis. In cooperation with the Hickory Golf Shaft Association, this association initiated the movement

which resulted in the acceptance by

the industry of standard quality re- quirements for hickory golf shafts as embodied in a commercial standard is- sued by the Bureau of Standards.
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 345

National Association of Hosiery

and Underwear Manufacturers, Earle

Constantine, director, 468 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This organization has formulated and adopted

standards for stainless lubricating oil for knitting machines, percentage of

oil on rayon yarn for knitting, lengths

of hosiery, hosiery boxes, and method

of measuring the size of hosiery. It requested and cooperated in the preparation of the commercial standard

for regain of mercerized cotton yarn, promulgated under the auspices of the division of trade standards of the Bureau of Standards. A research as- sociate and his assistant are maintained at the Bureau of Standards for the study of methods of manufacture

of hosiery and knit goods; to date, over 4,500 manufacturing problems

have been studied and completed.

Through this research associate, the bureau is cooperating with the National Association of Hosiery and Underwear Manufacturers in the development of a standard aviator's hose for winter flying, standard lengths for various parts of men's and women's

hosiery, and a specification for the wearing quality of hosiery.

National Association of Ice Industries, Leslie C. Smith, secretary, 163 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. The movement for the standardization

of ice cake sizes, initiated by this association, resulted in the simplified

practice recommendation R96. The

association also cooperated in the preparation of simplified practice rec- ommendation for ice compartment

sizes for domestic refrigerators. It

is represented on A. S. A. sectional committees on work which has re- sulted in the safety code for mechanical refrigeration and standard pipe

flanges and flanged fittings. It also has representation on two committees

of the American Standards Association

in their work on standardizing house- hold refrigerator construction. National Association of Manufacturers of Heating and Cooking Appliances.

Name changed to National Association

of Stove Manufacturers. ( See p. 347.

)

National Association of Marble Dealers, Victor Mosel, secretary, 721 Rockefeller Building, Cleveland, Ohio. A

publication entitled " Standard Specifications for Interior Marble Work,"

has been issued by the association as

a guide for the preparation of specifications for interior marble on any

particular job. These specifications

contain information on standard practice, a list and classification of the most commonly used marbles, and 42

illustrative plates of standard con- struction methods and details. National Association of Master Plumbers of the United States, Jere L. Murphy, chairman, standardization

committee, 340 East Forty-fourth

Street, New York, N. Y. In cooperation with eastern States manufacturers, the standardization committee of

this association effected a standardization of copper boilers, connections,

and outlets. This committee also pre- pared standards for connections and

dimensions of staple vitreous china

plumbing fixtures and for all-clay porcelain plumbing fixtures. The committee is now engaged in standardization work on the following projects: Cast-iron soil pipe and fittings, compression faucets, escutcheons, and con- nections to plumbing fixtures, enameled

iron sanitary ware, flush tank mechanism and flush valves, supply pipes,

and traps and water seals to prevent sewer air from entering buildings.

The association cooperated with the Building Code Committee of the U.

S. Department of Commerce in the

revision of the report dealing with

recommended minimum requirements

for plumbing. It is officially repre- sented on six A. S. A. sectional committees.

National Association of Mopstick

Manufacturers, W. A. Babbitt, manager, Box 517, South Bend, Ind. The

movement which resulted in the adoption by the mopstick industry of

a commercial standard covering di- mensions and quality requirements

for various types of mopsticks was

initiated by this association. National Association of Motor Bus

Operators, John M. Meighan, secretary- manager, 823 Tower Building, Washington, D. C. Uniform practices and

standards in the motor bus transportation business were developed by

this association, which is actively en- gaged in the promotion of uniform

laws and regulations under which

the industry must function. It has

adopted as standard practice a " code

of principles " covering the basic

requisites of a public transportation

system as regards safety, reliability,

comfort, etc. Its "uniform operating rules " cover actual details of op- eration of motor buses. It has taken an active part in the work on the National Conference on Street and

Highway Safety and the Motor Vehicle Conference. Through its nation-wide collection of information

and statistical studies of the bus

transportation industry it has been

of considerable service to legislative
346 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

bodies and other groups in their for- mulation of laws and regulations.

" Bus Facts for 1931 " and a " Study

of 1930 Motor Bus Operating Costs"

comprise the statistical publications

of the association for the past year. National Association of Musical

Merchandise Manufacturers, Henry C. Lomb, president, 45 West Forty-fifth

Street, New York, N. Y. A standardized nomenclature of banjo parts,

specifications for the standard ukulele,

and specifications for the standard

guitar have been adopted by this as- sociation, which is extending its work

to include other instruments of the

fretted group. National Association of Mutual Cas- ualty Companies, J. M. Eaton, secre- tary, 230 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. As a member body of the American Standards Association, this organization carried on standardization work which resulted in the formulation of 14 American standard and

tentative standard safety codes. The

association acted as joint sponsor on

the formulation of the safety code for laundry machinery. Work is still go- ing forward on the formulation of five other safety codes. National Association Practical Refrigerating Engineers, Edward H. Fox,

secretary, 435 North Waller Avenue,

Chicago, 111. Although this organization does not inaugurate standardization projects in the refrigeration field,

it cooperates in the standardizing activities of other organizations, such as

the American Society of Refrigerating

Engineers and the American Stand- ards Association. By its representation on sectional committees of the

latter body it cooperated in the estab- lishment of the American standard

code for mechanical refrigeration, and

it is now assisting in the preparation

of standard specifications for cast-iron flanged ammonia fittings and a stand- ard code for pressure piping.

National Association of Printing Ink

Makers, David H. Sloane, secretary, 1440 Broadway, New York, N. Y. In

the report of its standardization committee at the May, 1931, meeting of the

association, the general advantages of standardization and the special advantages that might be expected in the printing ink industry were reviewed.

The committee divided the field into standardization of product, standardization of materials, standardization of equipment, and performance standardization. It recommended the use

of the Munsell system of color for designating the color of inks with

shade names as given in a Dictionary

of Color by Maerz and Paul. In re- gard to raw materials, the committee

considered only linseed varnishes and

dry colors as susceptible to standardization. Favorable replies received from linseed varnish manufacturers

indicated their willingness to cooper- ate in any program relating to the

standardization of the viscosities of

their products. No recommendations were made in regard to standards for machinery or performance as it was

believed preferable to wait until stand- ards had been established in products

and materials. National Association of Purchasing

Agents, G. A. Renard, secretary-treasurer, 11 Park Place, New York, N. Y. Standardization and simplification of materials, equipment and supplies in current use by its members constitute important activities of this association. The association participates in the activities of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, the National Committee on Wood Utilization and the planning committee of the di- vision of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards. Through its own efforts the association initiated the movement for the reduction of catalogue sizes which resulted in the adoption of the national standard cat- alogue size. It cooperated with the National Coal Association in the prep- aration of the standard coal contract form and with the Conveyor

Equipment Manufacturers Association

in the formulation of standard forms

of contract for erected and nonerected conveyor equipment. In cooperation

with the Bureau of Standards, it as- sisted in formulating simplified practice recommendations relating to

classification of iron and steel scrap

specifications, commercial forms, and

paper sizes; also in establishing commercial standards covering various

grades and quality of brass pipe nipples and domestic and industrial fuel

oils. The coal committee of this as- sociation is working with several or- ganizations in connection with the de- velopment of the survey on use classification of coal for stationary steam

generation of coal sponsored by the

International Fuel Conference on

Coal. The iron and steel committee

developed a standard code for marking steel in bars which has been

adopted by both the Federal Standard

Stock Catalogue Board and the U. S. Navy Department. The iron and steel committee also assisted in the de- velopment of a standard sales agree- ment and trade customs for the grayiron foundry industry. This work
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 347

was conducted in cooperation with

the Gray Iron Institute. The paper

shipping containers buyers group of

this association is carrying on work

in connection with the preparation of

specifications for solid fiber containers and for corrugated containers, while

the development of standard methods

of testing cotton goods is being handled by the cotton fabrics committee.

The chemical group is cooperating

with the Bureau of Standards in pre- paring standards of particular inter- est tothe members of its group. The

Electrical Contract Committee in con- tinuing its work, in cooperation with

committees of several national elec- trical organizations, in developing

standard electrical contract forms for the purchase of electrical machinery.

Several additional committees or groups of this association are still ac- tively engaged on the following proj- ects: Standardization of uniform

markings on valves and fittings ; simplification of steel filing equipment,

with reference to color and size, simplification of laboratory glassware;

and standardization of grades and

colors of fine office and record papers. During the past year, the executive

committee of this association, by

formal action, unanimously approved

the certification and labeling pro- grams now being developed by the Bureau of Standards. The association

is officially represented on five A. S. A. sectional committees.

National Association of Railroad Tie Producers, Roy M. Edmonds, secretary, 1252 Syndicate Trust Building, St. Louis, Mo. This association cooperated

with 13 other organizations, under the procedure of the American Standards

Association, in the establishment of the American standard specifications for cross ties and switch ties for all classes of use, including mine ties. National Association of Real Estate

Boards, Arthur J. Mertzke, director,

Department of Education and Research, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. Various standard forms, such as appraisal work sheets for vari- ous types of property, rental and sales agency contracts, closing sheet, appli- cation for real estate loan, extension

of lease form, apartment, office, loft, and store lease forms, and manage- ment agreement form have been

adopted by the association. It has

also adopted a code of ethics covering

professional relations, relations to cli- ents, customers, and the public. In

1929 the association adopted standards

of practice for realtor appraisers and

appraisal committees of member

92462—32 23

boards, covering appraisal of properties exclusive of agricultural, industrial, public utility, mineral, and for- est properties. It is cooperating with

other organizations in the formulation

of a standard recommended practice

for brick masonry under the auspices

of the American Standards Association. It prepares model appraisal re- ports to illustrate the procedure in appraising particular types of properties in accordance with its standards

of appraisal practice.

National Association of Retail Clothiers and Furnishers, Allen Sinsheimer,

executive director, 509 South Franklin

Street, Chicago, 111. Standardization

has been an important activity of this association for several years. It co- operated in the establishment of the commercial standard for boys' blouses, button-on waists, shirts, and junior

shirts. In addition, it has formulated

and adopted standard buying and contract forms and standard store-control methods.

National Coffee Roasters Association,

William F. Williamson, secretary, 11 Water Street, New York, N. Y. This

association initiated the movement

which resulted in the acceptance by

industry of the simplified practice

recommendation covering sizes and

types of 1-pound folding boxes for

coffee. National Association of Safe Manufacturers, R. P. Dryer, secretary, 604

Chester-Ninth Building, Cleveland,

Ohio. Although this organization has no specifications of its own it is acting as an agency in harmonizing the speci- fications for safes of consumer groups and insurance organizations.

National Association of Sheet Metal

Contractors of the United States, W. C. Markle, secretary, 429 Fourth Avenue,

Pittsburgh, Pa. A 768-page illustrated reference book of standards of practice in fabricating and erecting sheet metal work for the building industry,

for the use of architects, engineers,

and sheet metal contractors, has been prepared by this association. The as- sociation cooperated with other units of industry in the establishment of a

simplified list of sizes and varieties of eaves trough and conductor pipe. It

is also cooperating with other organizations, under A. S. A. procedure, in the formulation of standard specifica- tions for zinc coating of iron and steel. National Association of Stove Manufacturers, Kelsey H. Jewett, secretary, Station B, Buffalo, N. Y. The committee on simplified-practice of this as- sociation has recommended a definite program by which the individual
348 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 manufacturer may eliminate excess

varieties and concentrate on the pro- duction of three standard types of gas ranges and also standardize the various details of coal and wood

stoves and ranges. This committee

has also been working with the divi- sion of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards in an attempt to get the whole stove industry to embark on a program of elimination of excess sizes and varieties. National Association of Waste Material Dealers, Charles M. Haskins, secre- tary, Times Building, New York, N. Y. In its Blue Book, which is issued every five years for the benefit of its members and of the trade in general, there have been published by this association standards or classifications adopted by other organizations relat- ing to scrap rubber and packing, iron and steel scrap, bagging, rag stock, and nickel and Monel metal. It has

established standard classifications for waste materials including metals, rubber, paper, and cotton and woolen

rags. Under the auspices of this asso- ciation functions the National Wiping

Cloth Standardization Association

with respect to a guarantee plan in connection with quality of wiping

cloths. (See p. 365.) National Association of Wood Turners (Inc.), W. A. Babbitt, secretary,

Box 517, South Bend, Ind. In co- operation with the Ash Handle Association and the Hickory Handle Association, this organization initiated the movement which culminated in the establishment and acceptance by in dustry of standard grade specifica- tions for ash handles and for hickory

handles as embodied in the simplifiedpractice recommendations issued by

the Bureau of Standards. In a like manner it cooperated with the National Association of Mopstick Manufacturers in the promotion of stand- ard specifications for mopsticks.

These latter specifications have been

published as a commercial standard

by the Bureau of Standards. The as- sociation cooperated in committee

work under the auspices of the American Standards Association which re- sulted in the preparation and adoption

by the latter body of the safety code

for woodworking plants.

National Association of Wooden Box

Manufacturers, R. H. Morehouse, ex- ecutive secretary, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. The Pacific Coast division of this association adopted in 1928 Box Shook Tariff No.

1, which contains specifications for all of the standard fruit and vegetable

containers used west of the Rocky

Mountains. These specifications are

in accordance with State laws reg- ulating packages of this kind and also are in agreement with railroad re- quirements. They have been of great

benefit to shippers as well as to box

manufacturers. The main association

issues charts giving standard methods

of nailing wooden boxes. During the

past year it has been working on a manual or ready-reference book for box manufacturers, which will contain

recommendations for the construction

of boxes and crates as developed from

research at the association laboratory as well as information concerning

recommendations and tests made by

the Forest Products Laboratory of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the American Railway Association, and

other interested bodies. Using these

principles of scientific box and crate

construction, the association plans to contact various industries, such as

canners, washing machine manufacturers, and paint and varnish manufacturers, with a view to designing

standard wooden containers, these designs being contingent on the adoption of standard packing specifications

by the individual industries. The as- sociation has assisted in the preparation of the safety code for woodworking plants under the auspices of the American Standards Association. National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Walter Humphreys, secre- tary, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass. This association has adopted standard

definitions for clean wool, shrinkage of wool, clean content of wool, and nor- mal condition of wool. It cooperates

in the standardization activities of the American Society for Testing Materials, and was represented on committees of the American Standards

Association on work which resulted in the establishment of the American

tentative textile safety code. National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, Alfred Reeves, general manager, 366 Madison Avenue, New

York, N. Y. Practically all standardization work arising in the industry

represented by this organization is conducted through the Society of Auto- motive Engineers. The chamber has,

however, cooperated with the National

Conference on Street and Highway

Safety in the preparation and pro- mulgation of State and city tranlc ordinances. It is officially represented on two A. S. A. sectional committees.

The chamber, together with the American Petroleum Institute and the
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 349

Society of Automotive Engineers,

maintains a group of research associates at the Bureau of Standards

working on properties and chemical

constituents of petroleum products;

protective coatings for pipe lines; co- operative fuel research, etc. National Battery Manufacturers Association, C. M. Angell, chairman, tech- nical committee, care of Vesta Battery Corporation, 6501 West Sixtyfifth Street, Chicago, 111. Tentative

standards adopted by this association include a cold-weather and a room- temperature performance test for the

rating of automobile starting batteries; standard dimensions, sizes, and

types of push type battery covers, and

standard length of battery cells. It has adopted the standards of the Society of Automobile Engineers relating

to other dimensions of storage batteries. Work is now going forward

on the establishment of standard di- mensions for bus and truck batteries. The association is cooperating with

other organizations, under American

Standards Association procedure, in the formulation of standard defini- tions of electrical terms. National Board of Boiler and Pres- sure Vessel Inspectors, C. O. Myers,

secretary-treasurer, 145 North High

Street, Columbus, Ohio. The membership of the board is restricted to the

chief inspectors or officials charged

with the enforcement of inspection

regulations by any political subdivisions of the United States that have

adopted any of the codes of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Unless otherwise exempted, no steam

boiler or other pressure vessel built after July 1, 1921, can be used within

the jurisidiction of any member of

this board, unless it has been dis- tinctly stamped with the ASME symbol and the facsimile approved by

the board after having been thoroughly inspected during construction and

upon completion by an inspector who

has qualified in accordance with the requirements of the board. National Board of Fire Underwriters,

W. E. Mallalieu, general manager, 85 John Street, New York, N. Y. Up to the present time, this organization has

issued about 75 publications relating to regulations for the installation of hazardous and protective devices. Of

these, the following standard regulations recommended, by the National

Fire Protection Association were is- sued in pamphlet form during the past

year: National Electrical Code; in- stallation, maintenance, and use of proprietary, auxiliary, and local systems for watchman, fire alarm and

supervisory service; central station protective signaling systems for

watchman, fire alarm and supervisory

service; foam extinguisher systems

;

installation of sprinkler equipments water piping systems for outside protection ; supervision and care of valves

controlling water supplies; construction and protection of piers and

wharves; ovens (for japan, enamel,

and other flammable finishes) ; good

practice requirements for marine oil terminals; nitrocellulose motion pic- ture film ; gas systems for welding and

cutting; first-aid fire appliances; in- stallation of pulverized fuel systems,

and gravity and pressure tanks. The

board has issued the fifth edition of

its building code and the fourth edi- tion of its pamphlet on fire-engine

tests and fire stream tables. It has

also prepared and published recom- mended safeguards for the coloring of

fruits and vegetables. It is a member

of the American Standards Association fire protection group, and is joint sponsor with the American Society

for Testing Materials and the Bureau

of Standards for specifications for fire tests of materials and construction,

and with the American Society for Testing Materials for specifications for cotton rubber-lined fire hose for public and private fire department use. The board is joint sponsor for two

other A. S. A. sectional committees,

as follows : Screw threads for fire-hose couplings (with the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers and the American Water Works Association),

and insulated wires and cables for other than telephone and telegraph use (with nine other organizations).

National Building Granite Quarries

Association (Inc.), H. H. Sherman,

secretary, 31 State Street, Boston, Mass. Standard specifications for the

erection of architectural granite, for incorporation into construction contracts or specifications, have been

adopted by this association. These

specifications include general require- ments on the quality of the granite

and provision for furnishing samples

that will show the extreme variation

in quality, color, and texture that will occur in any granite supplied. This

association has also adopted a uniform

proposal form for use by all members

in submitting estimates, the use of the form tending to standardize the terms and conditions embodied in the esti- mates. The uniform contract forms of the association are recommended for use on contracts for granite work.
350 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 National Bureau of Casualty and

Surety Underwriters, Albert W. Whitney, associate general manager, 1 Park

Avenue, New York, N. Y. The major

activities of this bureau are of two

general types, one pertaining to rates and rating methods, and the other per- taining to the prevention of accidents

in private, public, and industrial life. Its major interest in standardization

is in its accident prevention work, and

centers about the preparation of safety

codes. It is a member body of the American Standards Association and

is represented on the Standards Council, Safety Code Correlating Committee, and Mining Standardization Correlating Committee, of that body. The

bureau is officially represented in the membership of some 40 sectional code

committees, and is joint sponsor for the following five projects : Safety code

for amusement parks, safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery,

safety code for machine tools, safety

code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus, and safety code for woodworking plants. The bureau

also prepares and publishes occasional booklets on safety standards and

standards of safe practice. These in- clude a Handbook of Industrial Safety

Standards, A Guide Book for Safety

Education, and Safety and Health in Organized Camps.

National Canners Association, Frank

E. Gorrell, secretary, 1739 H Street, NW., Washington, D. C. This associ- ation maintains research laboratories

in Washington, San Francisco, and

Seattle, for developing improvements

in the canning industry's methods,

materials, and products. The results obtained by these laboratories in collab- oration with other laboratories of the industry have enabled the association

to adopt and publish processes for nonacid canned foods, which are ad- equate to prevent spoilage and also

to conserve the health of consumers. The results obtained in the research

laboratories are also made available

to the Food and Drug Administration

and the Bureau of Agricultural Eco- nomics of the U. S. Department of

Agriculture, and to the Joint Committee on Definitions and Standards, in order that they may be considered in the formulation of standards for canned foods which are promulgated

by those agencies. A committee of the association assisted the division of simplified practice of the Bureau

of Standards in formulating a list of 27 sizes of cans for fruits and vegetables, to take the place of the much

greater variety of sizes being used.

This simplification program was ap- proved at the annual meeting of the National Canners Association in Chi- cago in 1931, both by the association and by the conference committee rep- resenting canners' and distributors' or- ganizations. The final step in the pro- gram, that of obtaining acceptances of the program from canners and dis- tributors, is now being completed. A

similar program for simplification of cans for canned fish products is con- templated. The association has rec- ommended that contracts for the pur- chase of canned foods bear notation

to the effect that the shipping containers shall be in accordance with stand- ard specifications in the U. S. Food

Administration Canned Foods Division

Bulletin No. 40, as modified by the

association's special container committee at its meeting in 1926. These

specifications have been printed and

issued as a bulletin of the National

Canners Association. National Coal Association, C. B. Huntress, executive secretary, South- ern Building, Fifteenth and H Streets NW., Washington, D. C. As a member body of the American Standards

Association, this association cooperates with that organization in the preparation of standards of interest

to the bituminous mining industry.

It has been or is now officially repre- sented on 12 A. S. A. sectional committees. National Collegiate Athletic Association, Frank W. Nicolson, secretary,

Wesleyan University, Middletown,

Conn. As an association of colleges,

universities, and institutions of learn- ing the National Collegiate Athletic Association has for one of its objects the stimulation and improvement of intramural and intercollegiate athletic sports. It formulates standard

rules of play and establishes stand- ard specifications for balls and equipment used in football, soccer, basket

ball, swimming, volley ball, boxing,

track, wrestling, hockey, fencing, gymnastics, and lacrosse. The members

of the rules committees are nominated

by a committee on committees, which

in turn is appointed by the executive

committee of the association. At the annual convention the list of nominees is submitted and the members

of the various rules committees are

elected for the ensuing year. These

committees are requested, where possible, to cooperate with other national organizations in the publishing

of joint rules. National Committee on Wood Utili- zation, Axel H. Oxholm, director, U. S.
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 351

Department of Commerce Building,

Washington, D. C. This committee is composed of 172 members comprising

manufacturers, distributors, and con- sumers of forest products, and repre- senting 78 trade and professional or- ganizations. During the past year it experienced the most active period of

its existence. It compiled and issued many publications and pamphlets, in- cluding various phases of good practice in wood construction. In carry- ing forward its slogan, " When you

use wood, use it intelligently," the committee made studies regarding the

efficient use of wood in building con- struction ; construction, design, and

use of furniture; profitable utilization of discarded wooden containers; sea- soning, handling, and manufacture of small dimension lumber, with special attention to the standardization of

sizes of small dimension stock; econ- omies in the use of treated wood ; ap- plication and economies of various

house insulating materials ; and a sur- vey of nonutilized wood in several

States. The committee is conducting an educational campaign to encourage

the use of grade-marked lumber,

which is stamped at the mill with a symbol designating its grade and quality. The development of sources of supply of domestic sawdust and wood

flour has also received the attention

of the committee. Projects of the committee are promoted by means of educational exhibits, publicity, and

through the efforts of its members

who make recommendations to the

trade groups with which they are

affiliated. The recommendations and

bulletins of the committee are made

available to manufacturers, distributors, and consumers through the ac- tive efforts of all cooperating organizations in the forest products industries. The committee cooperates

closely with a number of governmental agencies. It is represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee for the preparation of specifications for wood

poles.

National Conference on Street and

Highway Safety, A. W. Koehler, secretary, 1615 H Street, NW., Washington,

D. C. This conference was organized

in 1924 by Hon. Herbert Hoover, then

Secretary of Commerce, to reduce the heavy toll of accidents in our streets and highways. Its work has devel- oped progressively through extended

committee studies and general confer- ences held in 1924, 1926, and 1930. In

this work the conference and its committees have had the constant cooperation of public officials, associations,

and individuals from all parts of the country concerned in the problems of motor traffic. The following associations have cooperated with the U. S. Department of Commerce in organizing and financing the conference: American Automobile Association,

American Electric Railway Association, American Mutual Alliance,

American Railway Association, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Motor and Equipment Association, National Association of Taxicab Owners,

National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, National Bureau of Casualty

and Surety Underwriters, National

Safety Council, and Rubber Manufacturers Association. In addition, contributions of work and financial sup- port to specific projects were made by

the Automobile Club of Southern

California, the National Research

Council, and the American Engineering Council. The third National Conference held in May, 1930, was

attended by delegates from nearly every State in the Union, including official representatives appointed by the governors of 42 States. It reviewed

the recommendations of both the pre- vious conferences and of the committees which during the intervening

three years had developed reports and

as a result presented findings and

recommendations, among which were

the following: A uniform vehicle code

for State enactment comprising a uni- form motor vehicle registration act, a

uniform motor vehicle antitheft act, a uniform motor vehicle operators' and

chauffeurs' license act, and a uniform

act regulating traffic on highways; a model municipal traffic ordinance;

manual on street traffic signs, signals,

and markings; traffic accident statis- tics; measures for the relief of traffic congestion ; protection of railway grade

crossings and highway intersections; and maintenance of the motor vehicle. In the above uniform act regulating

traffic on highways are included re- quirements on the equipment to be

supplied automobiles and tracks, such

as number and illumination efficiency of lamps, provision of and efficiency of horns, mirrors, windshield wipers,

brakes, mufflers, etc., limitations on

width, height, length, and weight of

vehicles, etc. The manual on street

traffic signs, signals, and markings

give the standards on shape, color, wording, dimensions, construction, and

materials of signs and also some struc- tural features, lamp capacities, and

color positions for traffic-control sig- nals. Standard usage and design of
352 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

street markings are also included in the manual.

National Conference on Weights and

Measures, F. S. Holbrook, secretary, Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D. C. The conference, sponsored by

the Bureau of Standards, is composed

of State, county, and city weights and

measures officials, and meets annually

for the consideration of various problems arising in connection with

weights and measures administration,

so that uniformity may be promoted

among the various jurisdictions and

the standard of administrative effi- ciency be raised. One of the principal

activities of the conference is the de- velopment of codes of specifications,

tolerances, and regulations for commercial weighing and measuring devices, in the initial preparation of which the conference committee on

specifications and tolerances and the Bureau of Standards cooperate

closely. Twenty-five such codes have

been adopted, and one additional code

is now in tentative form awaiting final action. As necessity arises, these codes are modified, and new codes are

adopted, thus keeping the entire group

in line with changing conditions of trade and with the developments of the equipment industry. The confer- ence codes are recommended by the Bureau of Standards for adoption by

the States, and these, as well as the

reports of the proceedings of each

meeting of the conference, are published in the miscellaneous series of the bureau. The conference has also adopted a model State law on weights

and measures, and from time to time

indorses standard methods of test for commercial apparatus. Manufacturers of weighing and measuring devices and representatives of industries af- fected by the actions of the conference

participate in the conference meetings,

and contribute to the discussions lead- ing up to the adoption of the confer- ence codes. The conference has been

effective in bringing about a gratifying degree of uniformity and mutual

cooperation among the States in the matter of weights and measures supervision. National Cottonseed Products Association (Inc.), Earle S. Haines, executive secretary, 714 Sterick Building,

Memphis, Tenn. The "rules" of this association contain its standards for cottonseed products as last revised in May, 1931. They contain the stand- ard definitions of grade and quality

for cottonseed, peanuts, crude and re- fined cottonseed oil, crude and refined peanut oil, crude soybean oil, crude and refined coconut oil, cotton- seed cake and meal, peanut cake and

meal, cottonseed hulls, cottonseed

linters, soap stock and acidulated soap

stock. This association has adopted

standard methods of sampling and

weighing cottonseed products, and

standard methods of chemical analysis

of these products. It cooperated with

other units of industry in the estab- lishment of a limited number of stand- ard sizes and varieties of packages

for vegetable shortening, a simplified

practice recommendation which is be- ing circulated by the Bureau of Standards for acceptance by industry. Research work on oils and fats is carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture and the formulation of grading rules for cot- ton linters and cottonseed is carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the same

department. In the formulation of standard trading rules, this association cooperates with the American

Feed Manufacturers Association, the New York Produce Exchange, and

other produce exchanges.

National Crushed Stone Association

A. T. Goldbeck, director of bureau of engineering, 1735 Fourteenth Street, NW., Washington, D. C. A report on

cost accounting, which includes a

standard method of cost accounting applicable to the crushed stone industry, was recently completed by this association. An effort is being made within

the association to arrive at a set of standard sizes for aggregates, with the cooperation of the National Sand and

Gravel Association and the National

Slag Association. The organization

cooperates with committees of the American Society for Testing Materials and the American Concrete Institute in drawing up standards for methods of testing and for specifica- tions for various types of highway materials which make use of crushed

stone. It is also represented in the American Standards Association in connection with the standardization of screen sizes. National Die and Special Tool Builders Association. (See American Machinery and Tools Institute, p. 306.) National District Heating Association, D. L. Gaskill, secretary, 603 Broadway, Greenville, Ohio. Stand- ard rules for determining the square

feet of radiating surface for steam and hot water heating of buildings

have been adopted by this association.

It is at present working on a standard
TECHNICAL AND TKADE ORGANIZATION'S 353

code for pressure piping for district heating piping systems under the

auspices of the American Standards

Association, and is represented on

other A. S. A. committees on the stand- ardization of dimensions and material

of wrought-iron and wrought-steel pipe

and tubing.

National Door Manufacturers Association. H. L. Stillwell, secretary, Suite 921 Association Building, Chicago, 111. In cooperation with the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, on which it has permanent representation, this association has adopted

a revised " 7,000 series " of wood moldings which is nearly ready for distribu- tion to the trade in booklet form. It also has a committee working with the National Hardwood Lumber Association on the formulation of revised hardwood grading rules. In its lists on softwood doors, open sash, and

Outside blinds are shown cuts, list prices, standard designs and sizes, as

well as grading rules defining various

grade classifications of these pine

products. The association has also adopted and issued printed lists and

net extras for hardwood veneered

doors, side lights, sash, transoms and

K. D. veneered stock; a supplement

covering flush door list and net extras

is now in process of publication.

National Education Association, J. W.

Crabtree, secretary, 1201 Sixteenth

Street NW., Washington, D. C. A

book entitled " School House Planning," prepared and published by this organization in cooperation with other

associations, gives recommendations

on the determination of schedule of rooms, choice of general plan, deter- mination of capacity of instruction rooms, library, and study halls, stand- ard illumination requirements, planning and construction requirements to provide safety against fire, general re- quirements of a construction specification, planning gymnasiums, etc. This

association has cooperated with other

organizations, under the procedure of the American Standards Association,

in the establishment of the American

building exits code and the code for

the lighting of school buildings.

National Electric Light Association,

office of the managing director, 420

Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. Included among the active standardiz- ing committees of this association are the following: Accident prevention, electrical apparatus, hydraulic power, meters, inductive coordination,

overhead systems, prime movers, and

underground systems. Its committee on codes and standards has formulated certain principles and practices

in the standardization field which

have been issued in pamphlet form. During the past year the association's

electrical apparatus committee pre- pared and issued a report which is in- tended to serve as an aid in the preparation of purchase specifications

covering metal-clad switchgear. Two

former publications deal with specifi- cations, namely, guides for specifica- tions covering electrical apparatus

and equipment and guides for speci- fications covering power-station motors and control equipments. This as- sociation is joint sponsor for two sec- tional committees functioning under

the rules of procedure of the American Standards Association as follows

:

Insulated wires and cables for other than telephone and telegraph use and

rules for electricity meters (code for

electricity meters). As a member of the Electric Light and Power Group

in the American Standards Association

it is also joint sponsor for a sec- tional committee on miscellaneous

line materials and is represented on

50 sectional committees under other

sponsorships.

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association, A. W. Berresford, managing director; C. M. Cogan, secretary, standards committee, 420 Lexington

Avenue, New York, N. Y. Work in the development of standards in the

electrical industry is carried on by

this association through the establish- ment of conference committees coop- erating with 52 organizations includ- ing technical societies, trade associations; Federal, State, and municipal

agencies; foreign bodies; and private

industrial concerns. The association

is joint sponsor or sole sponsor for 11 sectional committees functioning

under the rules of procedure of the American Standards Association. It

is joint sponsor with the American

Institute Of Electrical Engineers for the following six projects: Electric welding apparatus, electrical measuring instruments, industrial-control ap- paratus, oil-circuit breakers, discon- necting and horn gap switches, powerline insulators for electric power lines, and rotating electrical machinery. It

is joint sponsor with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers on frame dimensions of electric motors and specifications for rolled threads

for screw shells of electric sockets and lamp bases; with nine other or- ganizations on insulated wires and

cables; and with the American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers and the American Mining Congress on specifi-
354 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

cations for trolley, storage battery and

combination-type locomotives for coal mines. It is sole sponsor for terminal

markings for electrical apparatus. The

association has issued, and keeps

under constant revision, the following

publications covering standards for the manufacture, performance, and

test of electrical apparatus and supplies, as well as instructions for their proper installation, operation, and

care : Apparatus Standards, Cost Ac- counting Manual, Electric Shows and

Exhibits, Industrial Control Standards, Instructions for Care and Operation of Transformers, Laminated

Phenolic Standards, Motor and Generator Standards, National Electrical Code—Its Purposes and Development

(1931 edition), NEMA Survey—the house organ, Preferred a. c. Voltage

Ratings, Panel Board and Distribution Board Standards, Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration, Selection of

d. c. Motors for Direct Connection,

Supply Standards, Switchgear Standards (1931 edition), Transformer

Standards, Uniform Electrical Ordi- nance, and Vulcanized Fiber Standards. The standards prescribe the minimum data as to ratings, producer, etc., to be carried by name

plates or equivalent identifying means. The association recommends that the manufacturer guarantee motors and

generators to deliver the rated output

indicated on the name plate. The flex- ible cord group of the association has

developed a machine through which a

small, flat braceletlike underwriters'

label, printed on zinc, in colors which

will identify types of cord and which

is easily removable by the ultimate

purchaser, may be applied to approved

forms of cord at intervals of 5 feet. The object is to make approved cord

readily identifiable by the inspector,

wholesaler, retailer, public utility, and

the public at large, even when cut

into short lengths for assembly with

lamps and other types of cord- equipped electrical appliances. The

association is endeavoring to encour- age the use of its standards by pro- moting voluntary acceptance among

its member manufacturers for the

class of material in which each manufacturer is interested, and to assist in promoting the approval of its stand- ards by the American Standards Association. Approval by the standards

committee marks the date on which

standards are effective. National Engineering Inspection Association, Watson Vredenburgh, president, 122 Greenwich Street, New

York, N. Y. During the past year this

association prepared and published

the first edition of its adopted tentative standard methods of procedure

relating to the inspection of the fol- lowing materials used in construction work: Structural steel for buildings

and bridges (including mill, shop and

field inspection) ; tee and girder rails and accessories ; steel plate pipe ; hotrolled or drawn steel and iron pipe;

boiler and firebox steel ; cast-iron pipe

and specials ; cement ; concrete ; and

timber, piles, poles, and ties. Several committees are now carrying on work

in the preparation of standard methods of inspection of the following materials: Steel castings, malleable and

gray iron castings, steel forgings and

axles, steel wheels and tires, and road

and waterproofing materials. The as- sociation is cooperating with the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute in developing standard methods of pro- cedure for inspection of reinforcing

steel at rolling mills and reinforcing

steel taken from warehouse stock. Through contacts with various Federal, State, and municipal officers, with architects, engineers, and contractors, and through other associa- tions and societies allied with the

construction industry, this association

is actively promoting the use and

adoption of specifications for inspection services. National Fence Manufacturers Institute, Charles M. Best, secretary, Oliver

Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. This or- ganization cooperated in the establish- ment by industry of a simplified practice recommendation relating to sizes, varieties, and packages of woven wire

fencing as promulgated by the Bureau

of Standards. It is also cooperating

with other organizations, under American Standards Association procedure,

in the formulation of standard specifi- cations for zinc coating of iron and

steel. National Fertilizer Association,

Charles J. Brand, executive secretary, 616 Investment Building, Washington,

D. C. In the furtherance of stand- ardization in fertilizer products this association works in cooperation with

Federal and State agencies, agricul- tural colleges, and experiment stations. It has adopted a uniform ter- minology for expressing the ingredi- ents for certain fertilizers, such as the use of superphosphate instead of acid phosphate, use of nitrogen instead of ammonia, and a standard order in which the plant food content of a fertilizer is stated. It has been instru- mental in securing the adoption in many States of standard lists of fer-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 355

tilizer grades which are recommended

both by the official agencies and by the trade for use on various soils and

crops. Usually the standard list of grades adopted for a State consists of from half a dozen to a dozen analyses.

The work of the association in this

field has resulted in the elimination of a large number of unnecessary grades

of fertilizer. National Fire Protection Association,

Franklin H. Wentworth, managing di- rector, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. The two main functions of this organization are the making of stand- ards under the guidance of which the

fire waste may be checked and the education of the public in the observ- ance of these standards. In its membership are included 135 technical,

trade, and insurance associations, and

over 4,000 individuals, firms, corporations, and other organizations. Among

these member bodies is the National

Board of Fire Underwriters, which

adopts and promulgates the standard

regulations prepared by the 37 repre- sentative technical committees of the National Fire Protection Association. These regulations, though purely ad- visory in character as far as the N. F. P. A. is concerned, are largely enforced by fire departments through

city fire prevention codes and by other

fire prevention legislation. The asso- ciation is sponsor or joint sponsor for the following American Standards Association projects : Building exits code, national electrical code, fire fighting

equipment in metal mines, safety code

for the prevention of dust explosions, insulated wires and cables, rubber

lined fire hose, fire tests of materials

and construction. It is represented on

18 other A. S. A. committees.

National Founders Association, J. M.

Taylor, secretary, 29 South La Salle

Street, Chicago, 111. Standardization

of industrial products is outside the

scope of this association. It did, however, act as joint sponsor with the American Foundrymen's Association,

under the procedure of the American

Standards Association, in the estab- lishment of the American tentative standard safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.

It has issued a booklet entitled " Minimum Standards of Foundry Apprenticeship" in which are set forth the requirements for thorough apprenticeship training and the necessary steps

to be taken in developing a four-year

foundry schedule. National Hair and Jute Felt Manufacturers Association, Allen Bennett

Forsberg, managing director, 122 South

Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. A set of standards comprising a limited number of standard weights per square yard and loom run widths for hair and

jute felts made by the needle loom

punching process has been approved by

this association which is also working

on a standard terminology applicable

to the various jute and hair mixes. National Hardware Association of the "United States, George A. Fernley,

secretary, 505 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This organization of wholesale distributors has cooperated with

other units of industry in the estab- lishment of a limited number of stand- ard sizes and varieties of sheet steel, flashlight cases, insecticide and fungi- cide packages, hacksaw blades, shovels, spades, scoops, loaded paper shot

shells, terneplate, and eaves trough

and conductor pipe, as promulgated in simplified practice recommendations

issued by the Bureau of Standards.

It initiated the movements which re- sulted in the formulation of the simplified practice recommendations for the last three of the projects enumerated above. National Hardwood Lumber Association, L. S. Beale, secretary, 2408 Buckingham Building, Chicago, 111. One of the principal functions of this organization for the past 33 years has been

the maintaining of standards for the grading of hardwood lumber. To take

care of the changes occurring in these standards a new edition of the grading

rules is issued in January of each year. The grading rules cover the measurement, inspection, and grade definitions of hardwood lumber, cypress, veneers,

thin lumber, and wagon stock. They

are now practically accepted through- out the world as standards for the grading of hardwood lumber. Bonded

inspectors are maintained by this asso- ciation in the principal producing and

consuming centers of the country for the purpose of inspecting lumber ship- ments and issuing certificates guaranteeing the grade of the lumber. The

organization cooperated with other or- ganizations in the preparation of speci- fications for cross ties and switch ties under the auspices of the American

Standards Association. It is repre- sented on an A. S. A. sectional committee in the preparation of standard

methods of testing wood.

National Hay Association (Inc.), Fred K. Sale, secretary-treasurer, 600 Board of Trade, Indianapolis, Ind. Standard definitions of grades of vari- ous varieties of baled hay and straw,
356 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 formulated and adopted by this association, have been adopted by 34 hay

exchanges and associations throughout

the country. These grades form the

basis also for the specifications for hay and straw that are promulgated

by the Federal Specifications Board.

This association will examine any in- spector being employed by an organization using the association rules, upon

request by that organization. If found

qualified, the inspector is approved by

the association. One of his duties is to attend the annual meeting of the association and provide an exhibit of those grades of hay generally handled at his market; these samples together with

samples furnished by other inspectors are used for comparison of application

and interpretation of the grade rules by the different inspectors and members of the association. National Jewelers Board of Trade, B.

L. Shinn, secretary, 22 West Fortyeighth Street, New York, N. Y. In

order that there may be uniformity

throughout the trade with respect to certain articles of jewelry, this board

has formulated standard recommended

practices covering descriptions of dia- monds, precious stones, pearls, and

their imitations. At a trade practice conference held in 1929 under the auspices of the Federal Trade Commission,

these recommendations were finally

adopted as standards for the trade. National lightning Rod Manufacturers Association, E. R. Stotts, general manager, care of Dodd & Struthers, Des Moines, Iowa. Standards of

this association are incorporated in the. Code for Protection Against Lightning

published by the Buerau of Standards. This code was the result of the co- operative work of several organizations including the National Lightning

Rod Manufacturers Association, working under the sponsorship of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Bureau of Standards,

and carried out under the procedure

of the American Standards Association. The code includes specifications for lightning rods and rules for their installation along with regulations for the protection of buildings, towers, smoke stacks, etc., and for the protec- tion of structures containing inflam- mable liquids and gases. Other work

of this association includes that done

in cooperation with the Farm Fire

Protection Committee of the National

Fire Protection Association in the ef- fort to keep the standards of the two

organizations in harmony.

National Lime Association, Norman

G. Hough, president and general manager, 927 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. An organization of lead- ing lime manufacturers formed to en- courage a better appreciation of the economic value of lime in all its uses, the association has issued a series of brochures covering the uses of lime in various manufacturing processes and

has included in them the recommended

general requirements or specifications for the lime entering into the various

specific processes. The organization

has adopted specifications for the lime treatment of earth roads ; it has issued proposed specifications for lime stucco and lime plastering, and has promulgated standard formulas for white- wash and cold-water paints. It has

issued recommended practices in the use of lime in lime mortar and lime- cement mortar and has formulated

specifications for the uses of lime in asphalt for paving purposes and in concrete pavements. It is cooperating

with the Building Code Committee of the U. S. Department of Commerce,

the National Board of Fire Underwriters, and the larger cities of the country in a revision of building codes, and

is also cooperating with the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists

in the formulation of standard defini- tions for the several terms used in con- nection with the use of lime in agri- culture. The association is a member of the American Concrete Institute, and is cooperating with that or- ganization in research and investiga- tions relative to the use of lime in concrete. It maintains membership in the American Society of Municipal Engineers, and its representatives are

active in the affairs of the latter so- ciety in developing a standard method

and process involving the use of lime

in the clarification and purification of

public water supplies and in the dis- posal and purification of sanitary

wastes. National Luggage and Leather Goods

Manufacturers Association, oJhn B. McEwan, executive secretary, 30

North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. The committee of simplification of

this association formulated a tentative recommendation for the simplifi- cation of sizes of ladies' suitcases and

trunks, which was made the subject

for consideration at a general confer- ence on May 11, 1931, of manufacturers, dealers, and users held under the auspices of the division of simplified

practice of the Bureau of Standards. As a result of this conference, it is expected that a simplified practice

recommendation establishing a limited

list of standard sizes and dimensions
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 357

for women's suitcases and wardrobe

trunks will be accepted by the industry and promulgated by the Bureau

of Standards. National luggage Dealers Association, A. B. Sheldon, secretary, 241 Genessee Street, Utica, N. Y. Standardization of trunks and suitcases has

been an important activity of this as- sociation. It initiated the project for the adoption of a limited number of standard sizes and types of ladies' suitcases which formed the basis of a

simplified practice recommendation now being circulated for acceptance by

industry. It also cooperated in the formulation of a simplified practice

recommendation for wardrobe trunks

which is also in the process of acceptance. National Lumber Manufacturers Association, Wilson Compton, secretary- manager, Transportation Building,

Washington, D. O. The activities of the association are largely limited

to problems of national scope, and in dealing with such problems it represents, in a national way, its affiliated regional associations—the California Redwood Association, Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, North Carolina

Pine Association, Northern Hemlock

and Hardwood Manufacturers Association, Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association, Southern Pine

Association, West Coast Lumbermen's Association, Western Pine Association, and, in addition, individ- ual manufacturers of northern pine

and eastern spruce. It takes a lead- ing part in the activities of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards

and the Consulting Committee on Lumber Standards, and is represented on the Hardwood Consulting Committee which cooperated with the Central Committee on Lumber Standards

in the formulation of the American

standard basic provisions for hard- wood lumber. Through committee

representation the association is as- sisting in the standardization work of some 40 national and regional organizations. It maintains representation on 13 A. S. A. sectional committees. In cooperation with other branches of the lumber industry, architects, and

millwork manufacturers, this association has developed standard designs

for wood moldings, which are now in the process of printing. The association licenses the use of its " tree- mark " on lumber in conjunction with

the grade mark, trade-mark, or species

mark of licensed mills that conform to American lumber standards, the lumber being guaranteed by the National

Lumber Manufacturers Association to the first unloading buyer to conform

to such specifications as may be indi- cated thereon. During the past few

years the association has carried on work in connection with the development of standard construction methods as related to wood construction and has published pamphlets on heavy

timber mill construction details, house

framing details, and maximum spans

for joists and rafters. It cooperated

with other units of industry in the

establishment and acceptance by in- dustry of commercial standards for grades for hickory golf shafts, aro- matic red-cedar closet lining, red-cedar

shingles, and plywood, under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. National Macaroni Manufacturers

Association, B. R. Jacobs, Washington

representative, 2026 Bye Street NW.,

Washington, D. C. Definitions and

standards promulgated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture for use in the enforcement of the Federal food and drugs act have been adopted and

used by this association as standards

for its finished products and raw materials. These definitions cover ali- mentary pastes, noodles, macaroni,

spaghetti, vermicelli, purified middlings, semolina, and farina. This

association has given cooperative as- sistance to the Federal Specifications

Board in the latter's preparation of

specifications for macaroni products.

It has recently committed itself to the promotion of legislation on macaroni products similar to the recent Mapes amendment to the Federal food and drugs act covering canned foods. National Machine Tool Builders' Association, Ernest F. DuBrul, general manager, 617 Vine Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. This organization is joint sponsor with the American Society oi Mechanical Engineers and the Society

of Automotive Engineers, under the

auspices of the American Standards

Association, for all projects covering

standards for small tools and machine

tool elements. It has been instru- mental in preparing American stand- ards and tentative standards for T

slots; their bolts, nuts, tongues, and

cutters; tool holder shanks and tool post openings ; milling cutters, and cut and ground thread taps. Work is now

under way on standards for various

parts of machine tools. The association was represented on sectional committees which prepared American

standards for screw threads for bolts, machine screws, nuts and tapped holes, standards for ball and roller bearings,

safety code for the use, care and pro-
358 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

tection of abrasive wheels, safety code

for power presses and foot and hand

presses, standards for small rivets, wrench head bolts and nuts and

wrench openings, slotted head proportions, track bolts and nuts, round

unslotted head bolts, plow bolts, tin- ners', coopers', and belt rivets. On

ether sectional committees on which

this organization is represented, work

is now going forward on the standardization of speeds of machinery, stand- ard mounting dimensions for electric motors, standard drafting-room practice, and standards for charts and

graphs.

National Metal Exchange (Inc.), J.

J. Murphy, assistant secretary, 27 William Street, New York, N. Y. Among

the objects for which this organization was created were the provision, regulation, and maintenance of an ex- change for dealing in tin, copper, and

silver futures, and the maintenance of uniformity in rules, regulations, ana

usages in the business. Committees

on tin, copper, and silver are ap- pointed annually by the board of gov- ernors of the exchange. Their duties include the reporting and the recom- mending to the board of governors of changes in and additions to the bylaws and rules regulating trading in their respective spheres. The ex- change has adopted standard contract forms for transactions in tin, copper, and silver. Its by-laws include lists of grades of tin, copper, and silver which

are tenderable on the standard contracts. It specifies the standard of pure metal content which each grade

must maintain in order to be kept on

the official list of tenderable grades

and brands. National Municipal League, Russell Forbes, secretary, 261 Broadway, New

York, N. Y. Model laws are devised,

published, and distributed by this or- ganization and are intended to serve as standards and to stimulate uni- formity in State, county, and city leg- islation. They include a model bond

law, budget law, city charter, county

manager law, election administration

system, registration system, and model

State constitution. At present, a committee is at work devising a model

administrative code to accompany the model city charter as the basis for

legislation to inaugurate the city manager plan of government. The organization of two important joint committees was initiated by this league.

They are the National Committee on

Municipal Standards and the Nationai

Committee on Municipal Reporting

and are made up of representatives of

the National Municipal League, the Governmental Research Association,

and the International City Managers

Association, the latter of the two committees having representatives also

of the American Municipal Association. The National Committee on Municipal Standards acts as an advisory

body, the work being carried on by

the International City Managers' Association which is at present engaged

in installing standard accounting and

reporting forms in various cities for measuring the results of street sanitation. The National Committee on Municipal Reporting recently issued its

first report entitled "Public Reporting." This report is really a set o*

specifications by which the department head or chief executive in a city can prepare periodic or annual re- ports. National Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association (Inc.), G. V. Horgan, general manager, 2201 New York Avenue NW.,

Washington, D. C. A joint committee,

known as the committee on simplifica- tion and composed of representatives

of the American Paint and Varnish

Manufacturers Association and of this association, conducts all work in standardization for the industry.

This committee has been instrumental

in eliminating superfluous sizes of

containers and color varieties in

paints, varnishes, etc. The association is officially represented on the

A. S. A. sectional committee on scheme

for identification of piping systems.

National Paper Box Manufacturers

Association, Howard P. Beckett, commissioner, Liberty Trust Building,

Philadelphia, Pa. A standard termi- nology has been adopted by this association, including terminology of box

construction, materials, machines, ter- minology of processes, methods of ex- pressing measurements, and standard names for various types of boxes. This association cooperated with other

units of industry in the establishment

of a limited number of standard box

board thicknesses which have been ac- cepted by industry and promulgated as a simplified practice recommendation.

National Paper Trade Association of the United States, A. H. Chamberlain,

executive secretary, 420 Lexington

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This asso- ciation cooperated with the National

Association of Purchasing Agents in the development of standard sizes for catalogues and paper in sheets. It also cooperated with the Bureau of Stand- ards in the establishment of simplified

practice recommendations relating to hard fiber twines, tissue paper, and
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 359

No. 1 kraft sealing tape, and is now

cooperating in formulating recommendations in connection with standard

sizes and dimensions of glassine bags

and polished cotton twine. At one of

its recent conventions this association adopted resolutions recommending to

its membership that it request their manufacturers that they identify by

numbers, designs, and wording all paper bags, tissue paper, toilet paper and towels, gummed kraft paper, binder's board, and hard and soft fiber twine as conforming to the require- ments set forth in the simplified practice recommendations relating to these commodities. In accordance with

these resolutions the association's sec- retary is instructed to furnish members with suitable stickers to be affixed to their orders when purchasing any

of the above merchandise, thereby

calling the resolutions to the attention

of the manufacturers.

National Paving Brick Manufacturers

Association, G. F. Schlesinger, chief engineer and managing director, National Press Building, Washington, D.

C. The specifications for bituminous

filled brick pavements adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials and the standard specifications for vitrified brick pavement

adopted by the American Society of Municipal Engineers have been ap- proved and published by this association. The association makes an an- nual survey of the sizes and varieties of paving brick shipped and the re- sults were embodied in a report to the permanent committee on simplifi- cation of variety and standards for

vitrified paving brick in connection

with the annual review of the simplified practice recommendation on

paving brick promulgated by the U. S. Department of Commerce.

National Petroleum Association, Fayette B. Dow, general counsel, Munsey

Building, Washington, D. C. Stand- ards of this association are listed in

its publication Summary of Testing

Methods and Standards, 1924. In it are listed the various A. S. T. M. and

U. S. Bureau of Mines standard methods of test and analysis for gasolines,

oils, greases, and other petroleum

products, which have been approved

as the standards of this association. A department of standards and tests organized by this association is at- tempting to secure more uniform test- ing methods and results among the member companies. It follows the

practice of sending out samples of the same oil to the various refineries and

to the Bureau of Standards and of

comparing the test results obtained by

the refineries with each other and

with the results obtained by the Bureau of Standards. This association cooperates in the preparation of standard methods of test, and specifi- cations for petroleum products by the

American Society for Testing Materials, the Society of Automotive Engineers, the American Petroleum Institute, and the Federal Specifications

Board. It is officially represented on

the board serving in an advisory ca- pacity to the technical committee on

lubricants and liquid fuels of the Federal Specifications Board. It coop- erated with other organizations, un- der the American Standards Association procedure, in work resulting in the American standard and tentative standard methods of testing petroleum

products and lubricants. National Preservers Association

(Inc.), Daniel R. Forbes, executive sec- retary, 839 Seventeenth Street NW.,

Washington, D. C. Definitions and

standards for fruit jams, jellies, preserves, apple butter, and other fruit products have been adopted by this association and have been incorporated

in bills presented in Congress. These

bills also contained provisions for the

labeling of fruit products which do

not meet the standards so that the actual composition is indicated and

adulteration and misbranding pre- vented. This association cooperated

with other units of industry in the establishment of a simplified practice

recommendation for sizes and varieties of glass containers for preserves,

jellies, and apple butter. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive secre- tary, Stanton Walker, director of

engineering, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. This is a comparatively new organization and it has organized no standardizing committee as yet. However, it is collecting data relating

to the factors affecting the production,

use, and quality of ready-mixed concrete, and is cooperating with national standardizing organizations in the preparation and promotion of specifi- cations for ready-mixed concrete. It

is represented on committees of the American Concrete Institute, the

American Road Builders' Association,

and the American Society for Testing

Materials which deal with subjects

pertaining to ready-mixed concrete. National Recreation Association,

Howard S. Braucher, secretary, 315

Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. In- terested primarily in community rec- reation, this association has conducted
360 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 a number of studies in the recreation

field, some of which were for the specific purpose of developing standards. Committee reports cover such fields as

training and experience in community

recreation work, standards in playground apparatus, recreation standards

in city planning, swimming-badge test standards, athletic badge tests, official playground baseball rules, standard

rules for playground games, and others. Local recreation authorities are encouraged to adopt the standards rec- ommended by the various committees

whose reports are widely circulated. Recommendations made as a result of a nation-wide study of municipal and

county parks are being recognized as

standards. At the present time committees are working on standards in the construction of playground apparatus, on standards in methods of at- tendance recording, and playground

surfacing. Endeavor is being made to work out with local recreation executives a practical set of standards by

which cities might measure their own

community recreation service. National Refrigerator Manufacturers

Association, M. C. McLaren, secretary,

140 South Dearborn Street, Chicago,

111. Through the initiative of this as- sociation the standardization of re- frigerator ice compartment sizes was

undertaken. This resulted in the formulation and acceptance by in- dustry of the simplified practice rec- ommendation on this subject. The as- sociation is represented on the A. S. A.

sectional committee engaged in the

preparation of standards and speci- fications for refrigerators.

National Research. Council, Vernon

Kellogg, permanent secretary, 2101

Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. The council is composed of 11 divisions, each engaged in standardization in some particular field. At

the request of the International Research Council and under the auspices of the National Academy of

Sciences, the National Research Council has prepared the International

Critical Tables of Numerical data,

physics, chemistry, and technology, in seven volumes. The council has also published a list of industrial research

laboratories, about 1,600 of which have

been reported, in which much developmental work leading toward the stand- ardization of industrial processes is being carried on. Through the lab- oratory for special radio transmission

research conducted at the bureau

jointly by the Bureau of Standards

and the American section of the Inter- national Scientific Radio Union, basic

work is being done on radio communication. The National Research Council also cooperates with the Bureau of Standards by administering the funds

contributed by certain industries to the bureau for special investigations,

including investigations of insulating

materials, deterioration of paper, gumming of petroleum, acoustics, etc. Cooperating with the division of engineering and industrial research of the

council are 12 national engineering or- ganizations which are vitally inter- ested in standardization. Among di- rect agencies of this division the American Bureau of Welding is con- ducting investigations of welding

problems. The Highway Research

Board is concerned with standards

for road materials and construction,

and with the compilation of a safety

code for automobile brakes and brake

testing. Other committees of this di- vision have contributed to the stand- ardization of processes and specifica- tions in electrical insulation, industrial, lighting, and heat transmission. The Division of Chemistry and Chemical Technology acts as the American

section of the International Union of Chemistry. This division, in coop- eration with the American Chemical

Society, has published a list of ring

systems used in organic chemistry.

Committees of the Division of Geol- ogy and Geography have encouraged

the systematic keeping of drilling rec- ords and core materials. This division

is represented in the Advisory Committee of the Board of Surveys and

Maps of the Federal Government. Committees of the Division of Medical Sciences have developed methods

of classifying blood for purposes of

transfusion, formulated standard

methods for the agglutination test in the diagnosis of infectious abortion. Committees of the Division of Biology

and Agriculture are engaged in the de- velopment of standard breeding rec- ords for farm animals, and in the

standardization of the nomenclature

of unicellular organisms and of names

and species definitions of medicinal

plants. The division also supports the work of the committee on nomenclature of the Fifth International Botanical Congress. In the Division of Anthropology and Psychology a committee on the psychology of the highway has studied the design of highway signs and signals which will be

in accordance with the correct principles of vision and mental reaction. It

is attempting to set safe limits of de- fective vision for drivers, and is considering the possible adoption of sys-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 361

terns of mental and psychological tests

to the examination of drivers of automobiles. National Restaurant Association, F.

J. Wiffler, secretary, 6 North Michi- gan Avenue, Chicago, 111. A standard

system for record keeping for restau- rants has been approved by this association, including standard bookkeeping forms and a uniform classification of restaurant accounts. It has also formulated a model law, and is sponsoring its adoption by States and

cities, covering the regulation of sani- tary conditions in restaurants and

other public eating places. The move- ment for limiting the number of stand- ard sizes and varieties of cafeteria and restaurant chinaware, initiated by this association, resulted in the adoption by the industry of a simplified practice recommendation covering

these items. Efforts are being made

to promote the sale of vegetables,

fruits, and other forms of produce by

weight. The organization contemplates sponsoring a cooperative advertising which should gain greater publicity for these projects and should make them more universal through a strengthened organization.

National Retail Dry Goods Association, Channing E. Sweitzer, managing

director, 225 West Thirty-fourth

Street, New York, N. Y. Among its other duties, this association takes an

active part in the formulation of standards concerning retail store or- ganization, retail systems, retail trade

terminology, business practices, and

specifications for commodities used in the trade. As a result of a survey made in cooperation with the division of simplified practice of the Bureau

of Standards, this association has

adopted standard size specifications for paper bags and boxes which are used as packing and wrapping supplies

in retail stores. At the present time,

special committees are being ap- pointed to develop standard perform- ance specifications for these and other wrapping supplies, such as wrapping

paper, tissue, and gum paper, and

twine. During the past year, the as- sociation adopted a standard terminol- ogy for ready-to-wear sizes which has

been generally accepted by manufacturers in the trade. The association

also cooperated in the establishment

of commercial size standards relating

to knit underwear, men's pajamas,

boys' blouses and shirts, dress patterns, and women's circular flat knit rayon underwear. The association maintains and operates the Better

Fabrics Testing Bureau as a service

laboratory for its member stores in making tests of purchases, in developing buyers' specifications for member

stores and also consumer standards,

and in establishing standards of quality for specific price range merchandise. It carried forward work which

resulted in the standardization of

sizes for men's, women's, and chil- dren's underwear and in the development of specifications for the rayon

industry. In connection with codes

of business ethics, this association has

adopted standards of practice for retail advertising, and in cooperation

with the millinery and furniture in- dustries, it has agreed upon standards

of business practice as regards rela- tions between buyers and sellers. It also cooperated with the Textile Color Card Association of the United States and with associations of manufacturers of piece goods, apparel, and ac- cessories in the development of color coordination of basic and accent colors

to be featured each season. National Retail Hardware Association, H. P. Sheets, managing director,

Meyer-Kiser Bank Building, Indianapolis, Ind. For a number of years

this association has cooperated with

other units of industry in establishing

limiting lists of standard stock sizes and varieties of hardware items. These activities have resulted in the adoption by industry of the simplified

practice recommendations covering

files, rasps, paint and varnish brushes, cut tacks and small cut nails, loaded paper shot shells, builders' hardware,

woven-wire fence, shovels, garden hose, forged tools, and other lines. Within

its own particular field it has done

much in the simplifying of retail hard- ware accounting practices, budget

operation, control of stocks, improvement of store equipment, and the re- duction of duplications and other forms

of waste elimination. National Retail Lumber Dealers Association, Adolph Pfund, secretary- manager, 326 West Madison Street, Chicago, HI. This association took an

active part in the lumber standardization program which resulted in the American lumber standards for soft- woods as promulgated in Simplified Practice Recommendation R16. It en- courages its member companies to ad- here to these standards and to use

tally car cards by which car contents are described in terms of American

lumber standards. The inclusion of a moisture content requirement in lumber

grading rules is being recommended to

all lumber manufacturing associations by this organization. Such a require-
362 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2 ment has already been adopted by the Southern Pine Association. National Safety Council, W. H. Cameron, managing director, 20 North

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. The pur- pose of this organization is the con- servation of human life through a

continuous campaign of accident pre- vention that is nation-wide in scope and includes the improvement of health

conditions and prevention of vocational diseases in American industry. In cooperation with other organizations the National Safety Council has taken an active part in the standardization

work of the American Standards Association and is sole or joint sponsor for 16 safety codes. Nine of these codes have been completed, as follows: Col- ors for gas-mask canisters; colors for

traffic signals; forging and hot-metal stamping; ladders; paper and pulp

mills; identification of piping sys- tems ; power presses and foot and hand

presses ; rubber mills and calenders

and textiles. The seven codes which

are still in process of preparation in- clude compressed air machinery; con- struction work; floor and wall openings ; rubber machinery ; method of re- cording and compiling industrial acci- dent statistics ; walkway surfaces ; and

window washing. The National Safety

Council actively promotes the use and

adoption of all safety codes among its industrial members, which comprise

about 70 pgr cent of the membership.

It is formulating and publishing a

series of engineering pamphlets dis- cussing ways and means to eliminate

accident and health hazards encount- ered in various industries. To date, 154 of these pamphlets have been published, those issued during the past year being: Safe practices in handling

compressed gases ; accident prevention

in industrial power departments;

safety in hotels; cement rock quarrying and crushing ; safety and health in tunnel and caisson work ; testing, care, and use of linemen's rubber protective

equipment ; benzol ; and spray coating.

Committee reports have been presented on research on low-voltage electrical hazards and on the effects of annealing on chains. National Sand and Gravel Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive secretary, Stanton Walker, director of engineering and research division, Munsey

Building, Washington, D. C. Major

activities of the engineering and re- search division relate to the stand- ardization of requirements for materials. A committee on standard

specifications of this association is working on a program of simplification of aggregate sizes in cooperation

with the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards, the

National Crushed Stone Association,

and the National Slag Association. Standard commercial sizes for gravel

have been approved by the membership of the association. The associ- ation is represented on, and is active

in the work of major committees

dealing with aggregates and products

utilizing aggregates in the following

technical societies : American Concrete

Institute, American Railway Engineering Association, American Society

for Testing Materials, American Road

Builders Association, Highway Research Board, and American Standards Association. Supplementing its activities in cooperation with stand- ardizing bodies this association is en- gaged in field and laboratory research work for the purpose of developing

information on the best practices for using aggregates for a wide variety

of purposes. The association now is engaged in the development of uniform

cost-accounting practices, safety

standards for sand and gravel plants,

and standards for condition of rail- road cars for transportation of sand

and gravel.

National Scale Men's Association, C.

L. Richards, secretary, Bureau of Standards, Clearing Station, Chicago,

111. This association has contacts with working committees of individ- uals representing the interests of the American Railway Engineering Association, the Scale and Balance Manufacturers Association, and the weights

and measures division of the Bureau

of Standards. It has adopted the fol- lowing specifications : Overhauling

and repair of heavy capacity scales, 1929; light industrial service track

scales, 1930; railway track-scale test weight cars, 1931. Current and in- complete specifications or standardiz- ing projects which will be completed

within the next year are: Preparation of a code of rules for mainte- nance and operation of track-scale

test weight cars; preparation of a

definition of what constitutes proper and adequate test of a railroad track

scale. The standards and codes which

this association has already published

and adopted have received the indorse- ment of the National Conference on Weights and Measures and the American Railway Engineering Association. National School Supply Association,

J. W. McClinton, executive secretary, 176 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. The movement which resulted in the adoption by industry of the simplified
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 363

list of standard colors for school furniture was initiated by this association. It more recently began a certification service for janitor supply

products, in accordance with which

the association issues labels to manufacturers who have supplied samples

which conform with standards of the

association. Manufacturers may at- tach these labels to their products,

and school buyers are encouraged by

the association to specify the certified and labeled products in their purchase orders. Standard specifica- tions to which the certification service applies are published in a pamphlet,

"Certified Janitor Supply Products." They include liquid soap, scrubbing

soap, disinfectants, and deodorants.

It is expected that floor brushes and

standard containers will later be

added to the list. National Slag Association, H. J. Love, manager, 937 Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Standard specifications for slag to be used in highways and

highway structures are published and

recommended by this association. These specifications include standard

definition of slag, classification, commercial names, requirements on unit weight of slag for various types of highway construction, and require- ments on screen grading of granulated slag for brick cushion and for granulated slag base. This associa- tion cooperates in the standardization activities of other organizations, such as the Federal Specifica- tions Board, the American Concrete

Institute, and the American Society

for Testing Materials. It maintains a research laboratory which is now

working on a 10-year test program for the determination of the properties of concretes made with 32 different ag- gregates including traprock, granite,

limestones, dolomite, gravels, and

slags.

National Slate Association, W. S. Hays, secretary, Drexel Building, Phil- adelphia, Pa. Standard specifications

have been formulated and recom- mended by this association covering

the use of slate for floors, terraces, walks, and roofs. These specifications are in the form in which they may be

incorporated into architects specifica- tions or made the subject of construction contracts, and for slate roofs in- clude requirements on metal work,

weight, and laying of felt, laying of

slate, etc. This association actively

sponsored standardization activities which resulted in the acceptance by

industry of a limited number of stand- ard sizes and varieties of structural 92462—32 24

slate for plumbing and sanitary purposes, roofing slate, and blackboard

slate, as promulgated in simplified

practice recommendations. It is rep- resented on three A. S. A. sectional committees.

National Soybean Oil Manufacturers

Association, W. H. Eastman, president,

box 603, Milwaukee, Wis. Standardization of its product is one of the

activities of this association which was organized in 1930. Its finished- material standards committee was

formed to cooperate with the American Society for Testing Materials, the Bureau of Standards, the Federal

Specifications Board, and other agencies in maintaining standards for the

association's products which will af- ford commercial protection to both buyer and seller. The duties of other

of its soybean grades and contract committees, are to see that fair and

just grades for soybeans are estab- lished by the U. S. Department of Agriculture or other agency so that equal protection is afforded to buyer

and seller. The activities of this as- sociation resulted in the adoption in May, 1930, of specifications for purity

and quality of crude domestic raw soy- bean oil. Standard trading rules and

a code of ethics have been established and adopted by the association. National Supply and Machinery Dis- tributors Association, George A. Fernley, secretary, 505 Arch Street, Phil- adelphia, Pa. Cooperation with other

associations and members of industry

in the establishment of limited lists of standard sizes and varieties of hard- ware items and machinery supplies as embodied in simplified practice rec- ommendations promulgated by the Bureau of Standards, is an important

function of this association. National Tent and Awning Manufacturers Association, J. E. Dilg, president, 116 South Fourth Street, St. Louis, Mo. Standard definitions of terms relating to cotton fabrics in the awning, tent, and tarpaulin trade have

been prepared and adopted by this as- sociation in cooperation with the Cot- ton Textile Institute. This association has adopted the recommended

practice of marking cotton tents and

tarpaulins with the actual weight of the untreated gray goods and the type

of fabric, and is sponsoring the adoption of this practice by industry in general.

National Terra Cotta Society, W. F. Lockhardt, secretary-director, 2 3 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

organization cooperated with the
364 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

American Institute of Architects in formulating standard specifications for the manufacture, furnishing, and

setting of terra cotta. In its volume

entitled " Terra Gotta—Standard Construction " the society has included

among other things 67 large-scale

plates relating to typical architectural

details for the purpose of assisting architects and engineers in drawing

up specifications concerning the proper use of terra cotta. The society is now engaged in preparing technical standards relating to strength and ab- sorption of architectural terra cotta which it is expected will be officially adopted by the industry.

National Tuberculosis Association,

Kendall Emerson, M. D., managing di- rector, 450 Seventh Avenue, New

York, N. Y. The diagnostic standards

committee, appointed by the president of this association, has compiled the ninth edition of the publication relat- ing to standards for the diagnosis and

classification of tuberculosis of the lungs and tracheo-bronchial lymph

nodes. Another committee of this as- sociation, in cooperation with a similar committee of the American Sana- torium Association, has adopted mini- mum standards in connection with

location, construction of buildings, and

administration of the tuberculosis san- atoriums and hospitals in the United

States, which have been adopted and

reaffirmed, during the past year, by

both organizations.

National Wall Paper Wholesalers'

Association, Justin P. Allman, president, 1522 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Standardization activities initiated by this association, and co- operated in by the Wall Paper Association of the United States, resulted

in the adoption by industry of the commercial standard for wall paper

covering quality requirements, fade- proof characteristics, etc. National Warm Air Heating Association, Allen W. Williams, managing

director and treasurer, 3440 A. I. U.

Building, Columbus, Ohio. The eighth

edition of this association's standard

code regulating the installation of gravity warm-air heating systems in residences, was approved in August,

1931. This code covers methods for determining the sizes of warm-air

pipes, wall stacks, and furnaces, and

rules for the installation of furnaces,

pipes, wall stacks, and for the construction of chimneys. The associa- tion has a symbol which may be at- tached to an installation by a dealer who has pledged himself to install warm-air heating systems in accordance with the specifications in the above code, which has been approved

by the American Society of Heating

and Ventilating Engineers and the National Association of Sheet Metai

Contractors. National Watch Case Manufacturers

Association, Alexander Vincent, secre- tary, 20 West Forty-seventh Street, New York, N. Y. A series of stand- ard markings for watch cases, devel- oped by this association, formed the

basis of a trade-practice conference of the watch-case industry under the auspices of the Federal Trade Commission. The standard practice adopted

by industry as a result of this con- ference covered three classes of time

guarantees for watch cases with re- quirements on thickness of gold or gold

alloy sheet for various parts of case and for each class of time guarantee.

All nickel or base metal cases are to be stamped " nickel " or " base metal." National Wholesale Druggists' Association (Inc.), E. L. Newcomb, secretary, 51 Maiden Lane, New York,

N. Y. The statistical division of this association has prepared and issued

bulletins relating to standard methods

in connection with the purchasing of standard proprietaries by wholesale

druggists, standard method of cost

analysis, and standard balance-sheet account classification. In addition to the development of the simplified-in- voice form and the standard price

card, this association cooperated with

the Wholesale Stationers' Association

of the United States of America in the adoption of a standard size cata- logue page with recommendations as

to the style of printing and size of type to be used. It sponsored the movement for the packaging of razor

blades and flashlight batteries which

resulted in the establishment of simplified practice recommendations cov- ering these projects. The association

also cooperated with the division of trade standards of the Bureau of Standards in the establishment of the commercial standard for clinical ther- mometers.

National Wholesale Grocers' Association of the "United States, M. L. Toulme,

secretary, 99 Hudson Street, New

York, N. Y. This organization takes an active part in the establishment of

simplified practice recommendations

promulgated by the Bureau of Stand- ards in connection with sizes of con- tainers for canned foods, and coop- erates with the Food and Drug Administration of the U. S. Department

of Agriculture in the enforcement of the several Federal laws enacted by
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 365

Congress relating to standards for canned foods. National Wiping Cloth Standardization Association, Charles M. Haskins,

secretary, Times Building, New York,

N. Y. This association functions as a

division of the National Association

of Waste Material Dealers. It coop- erates with various elements in in- dustry for the purpose of making

available to consumers wiping cloths which are guaranteed to comply in quality with certain standards specifi- cations. In order to bring this about

the association has inaugurated a guarantee plan which provides that every member of the association may

continue to sell his wiping cloths un- der any classification or designation that he may see fit to use. At the same time certain standard classifica- tions will be set up under which

cloths will be sold with a guarantee

to the consumer that they are packed

in accordance with the association's standard specifications relating to

quality. These cloths will be known

as NAWMD Certified Wipers, and

each member desiring to handle wiping cloths under the guarantee will be furnished by the association with

a certificate, bearing a permit number

and a standard tag, which may be

placed in or attached to bales or pack- ages shipped. Members taking ad- vantage of this plan sign an agree- ment to observe certain obligations.

Natural Gasoline Association of America, Ray E. Miller, secretary, 819 Wright Building, Tulsa, Okla. New

specifications for gasoline extracted from natural gas, which have been

prepared by this association, will be- come effective for grading of natural

gasoline produced by association members after January 1, 1932. This as- sociation cooperated with other or- ganizations, under A. S. A. procedure,

in the establishment of American

standard methods of testing petroleum

products and lubricants. New England Council, Dudley Harmon, executive vice president, Ray

M. Hudson, industrial executive; Sid- ney B. Jewett, agricultural executive;

Statler Building, Boston, Mass. The

council is composed of 12 men from

each State, elected for a 2-year period

by representatives of the agri- cultural, commercial, industrial, and

other business organizations of New

England, in attendance at the New

England Conference held annually in Boston. In the industrial line it has

published articles dealing with the

use of research in developing old products and introducing new ones, bettering production methods, and stabiliz- ing employment. In the agricultural

field it has a farm marketing program

by which the State agricultural de- partments of the six New England

States are cooperating with farmers

in the grading, labeling, and identifi- cation of New England farm products.

This program calls for the grading

of produce in accordance with official State grades established and promulgated by the commissioner of agricul- ture of each State. Goods packed in accordance with these grades may be

identified by means of the New England quality farm products label, which is identical for the various

States with the exception of the State name. The commissioner of agricul- ture establishes grades at the request

of the growers of his State, calling

them into meetings to aid him in de- termining what the requirements of any particular grade should be. To

protect the reputation of the label, each State department of agriculture

maintains an inspection service with

trained field men whose duties are to examine graded and labeled products

in the ordinary channels of trade to see that they meet the requirements.

The market for graded and labeled goods is promoted by instructing the housewives in the meaning of the

label and showing them in what way

it is to their advantage to use labeled

goods. In this work the New England

Council is greatly aided by a cooper- ating Women's Committee on Agriculture, appointed from the New England Conference of State Federations

of Women's Clubs. The use of grades

is not compulsory on the producer, but

any one desiring to use the New England label must grade his products

properly, the right to use this label being taken away if his product falls below the requirements of the grade.

The details of the marketing program

are in the hands of the directors of the bureaus of markets of the State departments of agriculture which have an organization known as the New

England Association of State Marketing Officials. Through frequent meetings of this latter association the ef- forts of the various States are coor- dinated, and the grades on the various

products are, to all practical purposes, uniform in all the States. New England Water Works Association, F. J. Gifford, secretary, 715 Tre- mont Temple, Boston, Mass. Standardization activities of this association are carried on in cooperation with

other organizations. It is acting as

joint sponsor, under A. S. A. proced-
366 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 2

ure, in the preparation of specifica- tions for cast-iron pipe and special

castings. It has also cooperated in four additional A. S. A. projects.

New York Produce Exchange, W. C. Rossman, secretary, 2 Broadway, New

York, N. Y. In addition to its other

duties the exchange has appointed

committees to regulate the inspection,

quality, and standards of the various

commodities handled by its members,

as follows: Provisions, meats, grain,

flour, petroleum, vegetable products,

and hay and straw. In the case of cottonseed products samples are sub- mitted to the bureau of chemistry of the exchange for analysis, and are

tested in accordance with official methods adopted jointly by the National

Cottonseed Products Association and

the American Oil Chemists' Society,

and graded accordingly. In making

tests for animal and vegetable oils, waxes, and fats, the exchange employs

the methods adopted by the American

Oil Chemists' Society, or the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.

Nonferrous Ingot Metal Institute, R. D. T. Hollowell, secretary-manager, 308 West Washington Street, Chicago,

111. Representatives of this institute, which is made up of nonferrous smelter owners and operators, cooperated in the preparation and the 1931 revision

of the American Society for Testing

Materials tentative specifications for copper base alloys in ingot form for sand castings. It maintains a research

associate at the Bureau of Standards

for carrying through physical tests of nonferrous ingot metals. Northeastern Retail Lumbermens Association, Paul S. Collier, secretary- manager, Temple Building, Rochester, N. Y. A standardization committee

of this association cooperated with

the National Lumber Manufacturers

Association in the standardization pro- gram which resulted in the promulgation of the simplified practice recom- mendation on softwood lumber. In its 1931 convention it adopted resolutions indorsing and recommending the lumber distribution declaration of the National Retail Lumber Dealers Association. In a further resolution,

this association indorsed the efforts of the organized manufacturers to assist the retailer by grade marking, car

certificates, and local inspection service, and urged the manufacturers' as- sociations to assist in this movement

by an intensive publicity campaign

with the architects, loaning institutions, and contractors, and to acquaint

the latter with the advantages of

these facilities as guarantees of honest

grade and tally. Northern Hemlock and Hardwood

Manufacturers Association, O. T. Swan,

secretary-manager, Oshkosh, Wis.

Standard grading rules for hemlock

and tamarack lumber have been for- mulated and adopted by this association, these rules conforming to the

American lumber standards for yard

lumber. The organization also for- mulates and issues rules governing

the grading and inspection of white

cedar shingles. For hardwood lumber the association has adopted the grading rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association. It maintains a system of branding and grade

marking by which the licensed member firms may use the association's brand in addition to the indication

of grade on hemlock lumber shipped

in accordance with the association

grades. In addition the licensed member firms are permitted to use association car certificates by which the manufacturer certifies the original tally

and inspection of a particular car of hardwood or softwood lumber and an

attached coupon guarantees an impartial association inspection in case

of a claim on grade or tally by the consumer. Northern White Cedar Association,

Norman E. Boucher, secretary, 702

Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn.

Specifications governing the manufacture and grading of northern white

cedar poles were adopted by this as- sociation in 1925, and in 1927 it adopted specifications governing the

manufacture and grading of northern

white-cedar posts. It is at present

attempting to have the various State highway commissions make their specifications for guard-rail posts to con- form to the association specifications.

The association is represented on two

A. 8. A. sectional committees.

Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association of the United States, W. L.

Claffey, secretary, 604 Dermon Building, Memphis, Tenn. Standard oak

flooring grading rules have been es- tablished by this association, the ef- fective date of the latest edition of

the rules being January 1, 1931. It also publishes data and recommended

practice on the construction of subfloors and the laying and nailing of oak flooring. Through representation on committees working under the auspices of the American Standards Association, this association assisted in the preparation of the American

standard safety code for woodworking plants.
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 367

Outdoor Advertising Association of America (Inc.), John Paver, plant de- velopment division, 165 West Wacker

Drive, Chicago, 111. The standards of

this association are published in a manual dated 1926 with a 1931 sup- plement giving the latest revised standards. A new manual is contemplated for the near future. The sup- plement gives the association's stand- ard method of determining coverage

allotment to give adequate coverage of a city or town and also the stand- ard method of determining the travel

haJbits of the people and the flow of

traffic of a city or town. The asso- ciation has prepared and published a

poster advertising a complete survey manual indicating the methods of making traffic flow maps, market

analysis maps, etc. Paperboard Industries Association, O. R. Browder, general manager, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. In cooperation with other units of the industry this association was effective in the general acceptance of a limited

list of standard thicknesses of box

board as promulgated in a simplified

practice recommendation issued by the Bureau of Standards. Its standards are published in a booklet which con- tains gage lists for box board in con- formity with the simplified practice

recommendation, and also require- ments on packing, trim of machine,

sampling for bursting-strength test and for weight test, moisture content, bend test and waterproofing test, and

permissible variations in weight and

caliper. The association also publishes a handbook of useful information which contains standard nomenclature methods of construction, and

illustrations of corrugated and solid- fiber containers and component parts. During the past year it cooperated

actively in the development of stand- ard sizes for canned-food boxes; and

in the development of two standard

sizes of folding boxes for one pound

of coffee. Members of the association are permitted to use its insignia on

the certificate placed on boxes built to conform to the Consolidated

Freight Classification or Express

Classification of the railroads. Pine Institute of America (Inc.), C. F. Speh, secretary, Barnett National

Bank Building, Jacksonville, Fla. Rosin and turpentine are the principal

products in which this organization

is interested. Standard grades for

rosin are provided for in the Federal

naval stores act which is administered

by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Standards for grades of turpentine are being developed through

the American Society for Testing Materials, with which the pine institute cooperates. The pine institute is con- tinuing its efforts to standardize the

rosin barrel by still further tightening

the specifications as adopted by the Naval Stores Boards of Trade. It is also continuing its activities in stand- ardizing methods of woods operations,

such as the general size of trees to be worked, specifications for the character of the work, depth of chipping,

height of chipping, etc. Plumbago Crucible Association, C. H.

Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. Through the efforts of this association the members of

the industry agreed upon a standardization of tilting furnace crucibles by

adopting a standard form of spout and

agreeing to use standard sizes of brass melting pots in connection with these

spouts. This association served as

joint sponsor with the American Foundrymen's Association for the A.S.A.

sectional committee on outside dimensions of crucibles for melting furnaces

in nonferrous foundries. Plumber's Woodwork Institute, R. Kennedy Hanson, chairman, 916 Clark

Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Eleven

manufacturers of plumbers woodwork

comprise the membership of this association. Its standardization committee initiated the preparation of the commercial standard for staple seats

for water closet bowls. Plywood Manufacturers Association,

Alexander D. King, acting commissioner, 178 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. At the request of this asso- ciation there was called a general con- ference of manufacturers, distributors,

and users of plywood, at which was

formulated the commercial standard

for plywood, which was recently ac- cepted as the standard of the plywood

industry. This standard defines the various quality grades and types of plywood and veneer. Portland Cement Association, Wm. M.

Kinney, vice president and general manager, 33 West Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. This organization has coop- erated with the following associations and societies in the formulation of

specifications for Portland cement,

concrete and concrete aggregates, con- struction of buildings, highways, and

other structures : American Society for Testing Materials, American Concrete

Institute, American Concrete Pipe Association, American Petroleum Institute, American Society of Municipal

Engineers, American Association of

State Highway Officials, American
368 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

Road Builders Association, Cast Stone

Institute and Highway Research

Board. The association recently as- sisted the American Society for Test- ing Materials in the development of

specifications for concrete masonry

units, assisted the American Concrete

Institute in the preparation of specifi- cations for cast stone and specifica- tions for concrete burial vaults, and

assisted the Cast Stone Institute in the preparation of an architect's specification for cast stone. It cooperated

with other units of the industry in the establishment of the simplified

practice recommendation for concrete

building units, and is now cooperating

in the development of Federal specifi- cations for cast stone and concrete masonry. The association is repre- sented on six A. S. A. sectional committees, and on the Joint Committee

on Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, where

it is affiliated with four other organizations. Among the educational publi- cations of this association are included

many specifications from various

sources. The most recent of these con- tain specifications for small store

buildings, plain and reinforced concrete using water cement ratio method, and reinforced concrete tennis

courts, 1931 summary of concrete road

specifications used by State highway

departments, and specifications for cast stone. This association conducts a research laboratory engaged in studying concrete and concrete materials and maintains four research as- sociates at the Bureau of Standards

investigating the constitution and

hardening of Portland cement. Membership in the Portland Cement Association is contingent on the members'

product conforming to the specifica- tions of the American Society jfor

Testing Materials- Power Piping Society, Stuart J. Swensson, secretary, 1714 Clark Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Standard specifi- cations for power piping recommended

as minimum requirements for a safe, economical, commercial installation have been adopted by this association. The specifications have been compiled

as a guide for framing actual specifi- cations for an installation job, and

cover the conditions ordinarily en- countered in power plant piping. Power Transmission Association, W.

S. Hays, executive secretary, Drexel

Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Standardization activities of this association are carried on in cooperaton with

other organizations under the pro- cedure of the American Standards

Association. These activities have re- sulted in the American standard safety

code for mechanical power transmission. Work is still in progress on

three other projects. Pulverized Fuel Equipment Association, P. H. Daniels, president, care of

Riley Stoker Corporation, Worcester,

Mass. ; W. L. Martwick, secretarytreasurer, care of Foster Wheeler

Corporation, 165 Broadway, New York,

N. Y. The chief activity of this rela- tively young association has been its cooperation with the National Board

of Fire Underwriters in connection

with the rules promulgated by that body for the installation of pulverized

fuel equipment. The various pulverized fuel equipment manufacturers be- lieved it to be highly important to associate for this purpose, in order

that the National Board of Fire Underwriters could have an authoritative body to consult in the formulation of

rules and the revision of the present

rules. The association is represented on the A. S. A. sectional committee on

safety codes for the prevention of dust

explosions.

Pyroxylin Plastics Manufacturers Association, John E. Walker, secretary, 1001 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D. C. The trade customs committee of this association has authority

to consider all matters relating to standardization of products, codes of

ethics, and other trade practices.

Standards for pyroxylin sheets, rods,

and tubes, prepared and recommended

by this committee were approved by

the association at its June, 1931, meeting. These standards cover standard

sizes, dimensions, and tolerances. Radio Manufacturers Association

(Inc.), M. F. Flanagan, executive sec- retary, 32 West Randolph Street, Chicago, 111. The activities of this as- sociation include the standardization

of size and characteristics of radio ap- paratus to promote interchangeability

of parts, and the setting of standard

ratings for the properties or perform- ance of material or apparatus, as con- trasted to the work of the Institute of Radio Engineers, which includes standardization of terms, definitions, and

symbols, and methods of testing materials and apparatus in order to de- termine their important characteristics. Standards adopted by this as- sociation include methods of testing

and test requirements for cords, plugs,

jacks, audio transformers, capacitors,

audio coupling, dry cells, standards re- lating to equipment supplied with

radio receivers, standard dimensions of
TECHNICAL AND TE.:ADE ORGANIZATIONS 369

terminals, binding posts, screws, plugs,

jacks, pilot lamp, vacuum tube sockets, standard ratings of resistors, capacitors, storage A and B batteries, di- mensions and terminal markings of dry cell batteries, terminal markings

of socket power units and power

cables, impedance limits and polarity

marking of head sets, standards on di- rection of television scanning and on

television detail and speed. This as- sociation has committee representation on work going forward on radio stand- ardization under the auspices of the American Standards Association. Rag Content Paper Manufacturers, E. H. Naylor, secretary, Box 245, Springfield, Mass. Members of this organization have established the following as a standard: Papers having less than 25 per cent rag content shall not be watermarked, labeled, advertised, or

sold as rag content papers. Bail Steel Bar Association, H. P.

Bigler, secretary, 228 North La Salle

Street, Chicago, 111. For approximately two years the member mills

of this association have followed a

certification plan by which deformed

rail steel reinforcing bars are marked

with a permanently rolled symbol.

This symbol is evidence of manufacture by a member of the association and designates the material as rail

steel rolled in accordance with the general standards of the industry

and meeting the requirements of the

association for quality. The symbol

further indicates a willingness to certify to this quality. As now operating, certification is made on a basis

of the requirements of any one of the following standards, all of which are

in substantial agreement: American

Society for Testing Materials specifi- cation A16-14 for rail steel concrete reinforcement bars; No. 350a (QQB-Tl) of the Federal Specifications

Board, specifications for rail steel concrete reinforcement bars of the Association of American Steel Manufacturers, and specification G31-1930 of the Canadian Engineering Standards

Association on the same subject. Policing of quality is performed by general tests by the association's committee on metallurgy and by routine

tests by the individual mill's inspection departments, as well as bv routine inspection customarily required

by the consumer. The committee on

metallurgy conducts tests on the product of each member mill to determine

the general average of quality for the industry and the variations of each

mill from this average. The committee also conducts research into various problems of production and the use of rail steel bars and other rail

steel products. By presenting the committee findings to the superintendents

division, comprising all works managers of the associated mills, standardization of production methods is ef- fected. There has recently been established a committee on engineering

whose duties will be to supplement the work of the committee on metallurgy

in establishing Certain technical facts concerning the use of rail steel rein- forcing bars as concrete reinforce- ment. The effect of this work will be

a standardization of sales engineering

data. Railway Accounting Officers Association, E. R. Woodson, secretary, 1124 Woodward Building, Washington, D.

C. Adoption of standard commodity

classifications, uniform interline ac- counting, simplification of accounting

procedure, and the adoption of uni- form methods are some of the stand- ardization accomplishments of this association. It cooperated with the

Interstate Commerce Commission in formulating a standardized system of accounting for the railway carriers and promulgating specifications relat- ing to forms and reports required of the carriers. This association coop- erated with several national trade as- sociations and business organizations

in evolving the simplified practice

recommendation for commercial forms

such as invoices, purchase orders, etc., and the simplified practice recommendation relating to bank checks, notes,

drafts, and similar instruments. It is represented on the standing committees for both of these recommendations. The recommended standard

practices adopted by this association are included in its book, Railway Accounting Procedure, which is used not

only as a reference book on railway

accounting but also as a textbook. This book contains all of the standard

forms approved by the association, a number of which are mandatory, while

others are recommendatory, and some

informative. Railway Fire Protection Association, R. R. Hackett, secretary, care of Bal- timore & Ohio Railroad, Baltimore,

Md. A handbook of recommended

standards and suggestions for the pro- tection of railroad property and the prevention of fire losses has been is sued by this association. In the re- vised edition of the handbook, which is now in preparation, will be included

recommendations regarding the con

struction and fire-hazard prevention of grain elevators and storehouses, and
370 STANDARDS YEAEBOOK, 19 3 2 the safe storage of records. New

standards and recommendations are

in the process of preparation for nat- ural gas and gasoline pipe lines on

railroads, snow-melting oil, handling

of gasoline, gas systems for welding

and cutting, freight-car heaters and

refrigerator cars, housing of employees, bridges and trestles, timbertreating plants, fire-alarm signaling

systems, air compressors, fuel oil, fire losses in rolling stock, and incinerators. The standardization projects

carried out by other organizations

with which this association cooper- ated in the production of the standard

include those of the American Rail- way Association on lacquers and fin- ishes and on highway coaches and

trucks; specifications for fire hose of the American Standards Association

general fire protection under the National Fire Waste Council; fire-fight- ing equipment in metal mines of the American Mining Congress; rules for

fire prevention in maintenance of way

department of American Railway Engineering Association; and those of the National Fire Protection Association dealing with dust explosions in grain elevators, private fire supplies

from public mains, automatic sprinklers, field practice, gases, protection of openings in walls and partitions,

storage of combustible fibers, tanks, garages, spontaneous heating and ig- nition, and arson law campaign.

Red Cedar Shingle Bureau, Arthur

B e v a n, secretary-manager, Stuart

Building, Seattle, Wash. The stand- ardization committee of this organization, known as the grading and

packing rules committee, is appointed

by the president and contains repre- sentatives from each district. It was

authorized by the last annual meeting to draw up simplified grading and

packing rules based on one uniform

method of packing, the rules to con- form to the commercial standard for red-cedar shingles resulting from the conference held under the auspices of the division of trade standards of the Bureau of Standards. Under the pro- cedure followed, each district com- mitteeman called a meeting of the manufacturers in his district for the indorsement of the rules prepared

by the committee or the discussion of recommended changes. The committee then met to consider recommendations from the various districts, and prepared a set of rules which were eventually almost unanimously

agreed to. The commercial standard

for red-cedar shingles was adopted by

the industry during the current year,

and manufacturers representing 95

per cent of the machine capacity of Washington, Oregon, and British Co- lumbia signed acceptances of the standard and expressed their willingness, if requested to do so, to certify that their product was in accordance

with the standard. On the basis of the commercial standard, the Red Cedar

Shingle Bureau adopted new grading

and packing rules which reduce the number of grades from 42 to 14, with

three specialty grades in fairly com- mon demand. The new rules also elim- inate duplication of pack, all shingles

being packed by the square, that is, in accordance with the area covered. The bureau issues a label for the use

of mills licensed by it, which certifies that the shingles to which the label

is attached are in accordance with

the commercial standard. Only those

mills which sign contracts to restrict their output to products which meet

the new standards and which agree to have their product inspected are al- lowed to use the label. Refrigerating Machinery Association,

Fred Nolde, secretary, 23 South Fiftysecond Street, Philadelphia, Pa. During the past year this association has

formulated and adopted as recom- mended practice, standard specifica- tions for ammonia valves, flanges, and

fittings, which have been submitted to the A. S. A. sectional committee on which this association is represented,

for such action as the latter may desire to take as regards making them

American standards. Representation

is maintained on six other A. S. A.

sectional committees. The association

is also cooperating with the Joint Research Committee on Welded Pressure

Vessels with the object of obtaining a

revision of the code for unfired pres- sure vessels of the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers; with the

Joint Commercial Refrigeration Committee and commercial refrigerator

manufacturers for the standardization

of construction details for commercial

refrigeration installations; and with

the Committee on Heat Transmission

for the development of an insulation

test code. Rice Millers' Association, R. L. Weber, secretary, Box 1289, New Orleans, La. The standards for milled

rice used and adopted by this association are the standard grades promulgated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and published in the de- partment's Handbook of United States Grades for Milled Rice. These stand- ards are the basis for the inspection

service and issuance of certificates as
TECHNICAL, AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 371

to grade which are carried on by this association. The association has also adopted standard selling terms which

are used by practically all mills in the industry which sell clean rice. Rubber Manufacturers Association, A. L. Viles, general manager, 250 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York,

N. Y. Standards and specifications for the following items have already

been adopted by this association: Conveyor and elevator belting, sizes and thickness of rubber floor tile, sizes of rubber soling strips, packing

of corrugated matting and runningboard material, transmission belting,

dimensions of push-type battery covers with bushings, druggists sundries,

and mechanical rubber goods. Several technical groups of this organization are now engaged in various projects dealing with the formulation and

adoption of standards, several of which have already been completed.

The tire manufacturers division is co- operating with the Tire and Rim Association in the development of recom- mended combination tube sizes. The

standards committee of the proofers

division cooperated with the Federal

Specifications Board in the formulation of the Federal specification for

hospital sheeting and with the Association of Pyroxylin Coated Fabric

Manufacturers and the Bureau of Standards in the establishment of the commercial standard relating to grades

and quality of cotton goods for rubber and pyroxylin coated automotive fabrics. The rubber sundries division of

this association, at the request of the American Hospital Association, is now

engaged in the formulation of a speci- fication for surgeon's rubber gloves

which is expected to be adopted in the form of a commercial standard. The

specification committee of the mechanical rubber goods division has pre- pared standard specifications for wrapped and braided water hose for adoption by the division and for in- clusion in the specification data book, the compilation of which is one of a

continuing nature. The work relative to the development of model speci- fications for various types of conveyors and elevator belting for the purpose of eliminating the existing

diversity in customers' specifications

is being continued by this association. The association cooperates with other

national organizations, such as the American Marine Standards Committee and the American Mining Congress, on matters of mutual interest.

It is officially represented on five A. S. A. sectional committees.

Sand-Lime Brick Association, John L. Jackson, president, Saginaw, Mich.

This association took an active part in the work which led to the adoption by

industry of one standard size of sand- lime brick as given in a simplified

practice recommendation promulgated

by the Bureau of Standards. It is at present represented on the simplified

practice committee on masonry opening sizes now working on the standardization of masonry openings.

Through its representation on committee C-3 of the American Society for Testing Materials, this association was

largely instrumental in obtaining the

revision of the A. S. T. M. tentative

specification for sand-lime brick so that it was in agreement with the

A. S. T. M. specification for clay and

shale brick. This specification, as amended, was approved as a stand- ard of the Sand-Lime Brick Association, and in 1930 was adopted as stand- ard by the American Society for Testing Materials. The organization co- operated with the Federal Government

in working out Federal specification No. 505, used in the purchase of com- mon sand-lime brick. Scale and Balance Manufacturers Association, Harry Schroeder, acting sec- retary, 17 State Street, New York,

N. Y. One of the first duties of this

association, which was organized dur- ing the early part of the World War, was the consideration of standardization and simplification of types and

models. During the first year approximately 300 models out of a total of 800 were eliminated, without any practical inconvenience to the general

trade and industry. Standardization

of railroad track scales, in which this association cooperated, started about

1918 with the work of the so-called Aishton committee and resulted in the

publication of a circular of the Bureau

of Standards, covering specifications for manufacture and installation of

railroad track scales. Since that time

the association has cooperated in all of the specification work of the scale committee of the American Railway

Engineering Association. This has

resulted in the specifications for 2-sec- tion railroad track scales, railroad track scales for light industrial service, and grain hopper scales, all published by the Bureau of Standards;

and specifications for motor truck

scales, built-in scales, and self-con- tained scales as set forth in A. R. E. A.
372 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

Bulletin No. 255. Members of this association's engineering committee are

also regular members of the scale committee of the American Railway Engineering Association. The specifica- tions for scales, as promulgated by the Bureau of Standards, have been

adopted by this association.

Scientific Apparatus Makers of America, J. M. Roberts, secretary, 100 North

LaSalle Street, Chicago, 111. This or- ganization is at present cooperating

with the American Chemical Society, the American Society for Testing Materials, the Surgeon General's Office of the U. S. Army, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Educational Buyers Association, and

the Bureau of Standards in the stand- ardizing activities of these bodies as regards laboratory apparatus. It has

submitted standard specifications for

industrial thermometers to the Ameri- can Standards Association for approval

as American standards. Shovel and Crane Manufacturers Association, Ferry and Dawson, secretaries, Chandler Building, Washington,

D. C. This association has adopted

standards of practice applying to the manufacture and sale of full-revolving

crawler-mounted types of shovels and

dragline excavators up to and includ- ing 2-yard capacity and full-revolving

crawler-mounted cranes up to and in- cluding a designated size of 50 tons. These standards were adopted by this association on March 27, 1931, to be- come effective on April 1, 1932.

Silk Association of America (Inc.), Ramsay Peugnet, secretary, 468

Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. One

of the most important developments

undertaken by this association during

the past year has been the inauguration of a research program embracing

all branches of the silk industry for the purpose of compiling for the in- dustry facts which may indicate means

for improving trade conditions. Sub- committees comprising members of the industry have been appointed to study

such problems as costs, distribution,

and budgetary control. The association's raw silk classification committee

has issued a progress report on stand- ard methods of testing raw silk. This

report eliminates many of the differ- ences between American and Japanese

methods, and shows the influence which two international technical con- ferences have had on the thought of

technical men of Japan and the United

States. Considerable progress has also been made toward an international raw silk classification. There was also appointed during the past year a joint

committee composed of representatives

of the National Raw Silk Exchange

and this association to recommend

modifications in the raw silk classifica- tion in use in the market to bring it into harmony with the Japanese raw

silk classification. A progress report

has been prepared by this committee

showing closer agreement between the producing and consuming countries on

the subject of raw silk classification. An intercomparison of seriplane read- ings on China raw silk was conducted

between New York importers of China

silk and Shanghai inspectors, the pur- pose of which is to standardize inspection methods of the two markets. The

executive committee of the broad-silk

division of the association has ap- proved the standards for the examination of finished broad silks. The color coordination committee is continuing

its work in cooperation with silk and

allied industries looking toward the standardization of seasonal colors. A

color survey has been made by the

association for the purpose of recom- mending a limitation in color lines, based on actual needs of the trade.

It was suggested that 41 colors be con- sidered the maximum necessary in crepe de Chine and flat crgpe, 25 in canton crepe, and 29 in satins. A committee has been appointed to study the standard raw silk rules adopted by the

association governing transactions be- tween buyers and sellers of raw silk to determine whether or not revisions are necessary to bring them into line with the most recent market practices.

The association is continuing its work

in research on weighing and the wearability of weighted fabrics. It is offi- cially represented on the sectional committees on safety code for textiles and standardization of speeds of machinery.

Simplex Concrete Pile Association

(Inc.), Archibald L. Jackson, secretary, 149 Broadway, New York, N. Y.

Specifications that may be incorpor- ated into a construction contract, cov- ering the driving of the steel form,

pouring of concrete, withdrawal of form, depth of driving, and spacing of

piles, have been issued by this as- sociation. Society of Automotive Engineers

(Inc.), John A. C. Warner, secretary

and general manager, 29 West Thirtyninth Street, New York, N. Y. Approved standards of the society are

published in its handbook, which is revised and published in February of each year. Standards adopted semi- annually each year are published in a supplement to the handbook and in-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 373

<;orporated in the next edition. In

the present edition there are more

than 600 specifications. During the

first half of 1931, which is the period

covered by this summary, 27 new and

revised specifications were adopted.

The new specifications adopted are for airplane landing-wheel low-pressure

tires and their rims; aircraft struc- tural tubing; tire valves for low-pres- sure airplane tires ; motor-truck frame

lengths (OA dimensions) ; airplane

engine piston and piston-ring oversizes; aluminum alloy brazier-head

rivets; and slotted aeronautic shear- nuts and slots for plain nuts. Exist- ing standards and recommended practices that were revised included aircraft instrument cases and mountings;

airplane landing-wheel high-pressure

tires and rims ; airplane high-pres- sure tire valves; ball-bearing lock nuts and washers; small type air- craft engine-starter mountings; fly- wheel and clutch housings ; airplane

fuel-pump mounting; lock washers;

metric thrust ball-bearings; motortruck frame widths; airplane propel- ler-hubs and shaft-ends, taper and

spline types; radiator tie-rod fittings; rod-ends and pins; aeronautic tachometer drive and aeronautic thermometer bulbs. A new standard motor

vehicle fleet operation and mainte- nance cost classification is the first of a number of important specifications in the field of commercial motorvehicle fleet operation. Progress is be- ing made in formulating other stand- ards including a method of rating motor trucks, toward the promulgation

of uniform technical requirements in the regulation of motor vehicles by

the States. International agreement

has been effected on the standardization of single-row annular ball bear- ings and progress is being made on

other types, notably inch-dimension

taper roller bearings. In the elec- trical field, research is in progress in developing approved specifications for insulated and for high tension igni- tion cable. New or revised specifica- tions are being developed in practically all automotive fields. These

projects include airplane camera

mountings; airplane wood propeller

mountings; annular and thrust ball bearings; engine valve-seat rings; air- craft steels; carbon and alloy steels and their physical property charts; malleable casting specifications; out- board motor standards; aluminum,

brass and copper alloys; spline fit- tings; automobile body parts; screw

threads; and screws, bolts and nuts. For automotive type Diesel engines,

standardization of engine nomenclature and parts, such as fuel nozzle

connections, connecting rod bolts, and

shaft couplings is in progress. A

complete set of automotive type Diesel engine testing forms including instruction, specification and test log sheets and a set of curve sheets was completed that are similar to the well- known gasoline engine testing forms

that have been widely used for many

years. A limited amount of advertising in the society's handbook is restricted to the suppliers of automotive parts or materials conforming to the society's specifications. The 1931 handbook also listed nearly 800 companies that certified that their pro- ducts conform with S. A. E. specifications. The classification of lubricat- ing oils by S. A. E. viscosity numbers

instead of the old systems, such as

light, medium and heavy oils, lists nearly 150 oil companies as marketing

their products under the S. A. E. numbers. The numbers have also been adopted by many of the automobile vehicle manufacturers in their instructions to vehicle purchasers.

Together with the American Petro- leum Institute and the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, the

Society maintains research associates

at the Bureau of Standards investi- gating the mutual adaptation of fuels and motor vehicle engines. This re- search has been in progress for sev- eral years and has dealt with many

important phases of the fuel problem

for motor vehicle and aviation engines, such, for instance, as over-all economy, ease of starting, dilution of crankcase oil, vapor lock in fuel sys- tems and the tendency of fuels to knock. The bureau is cooperating

with the department of psychology of George Washington University in a

study of fatigue incident to automotive travel, which is being conducted

under the auspices of the society with

funds provided by representative companies in the industry. The society acts in an advisory capacity on the cooperative committee on motor truck impact tests. Under the auspices of

this committee, the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads has been conducting the impact tests. The Bureau of Stand- ards has assisted on instrumentation

problems. An investigation of the ef- fect of certain wheel alignment factors on tire wear and steering control has

been in progress for some time under

the direction of the society. The so- ciety is sponsor or joint sponsor for 10 sectional committees working un- der American Standards Association
374 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

procedure, dealing with the following

projects, several of which have been

completed and published: Aeronautic safety code; antifriction bearings;

bolt, nut, and rivet proportions; motor-vehicle lighting specifications ; machine pins; plain and lock washers; screw threads; small tools and machine tool elements ; transmission

chains and sprockets; and wire and

sheet-metal gaging systems.

Society for Electrical Development

(Inc.), J. Smieton, jr., secretary-treasurer, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This society comprises in its membership all branches of the elec- trical industry and is devoted to coop- erative educational work. The society

has formulated simplified methods of determining outlet spacing, lamp size, and mounting height for general lighting installations in commercial, industrial, and public building interiors—

solution of the essential factors of

lighting, including standards of illu- mination for most industries and

classes of business. It has also pro- mulgated a model uniform municipal

regulation for installation of electrical wiring equipment. The society has in- augurated a so-called " red-seal plan " for identifying a house that is properly

and adequately wired in accordance

with approved specifications. The plan

involves wiring specifications, an in- spection, and an award. Basically, the wiring specifications consist merely of numerical values; that is, the number

of circuits, switches, lighting, and con- venience outlets, properly located to provide for the convenient use of the various lighting, heating, and power

applications in a home. Inspection is provided locally by a representative of a duly authorized operating organization who checks the specifications

against the job. If the wiring in- stallation conforms to the specifications, an award is made consisting of a miniature red seal, permanently af- fixed to some part of the main service panel, and a certificate signed by offi- cers of the operating organization is issued to the house.

Society of Industrial Engineers,

George C. Dent, executive secretary, 205 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. Standardization projects on which this organization are engaged include time- study engineering, production standards, plant maintenance standards,

and standardization of management

terminology. It is also cooperating

with other organizations, under A. S. A. procedure, in the preparation of a

safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery and the development

of a table of preferred numbers. The

latter has been informally approved

and recommended to industry for trial. Society of Motion-Picture Engineers,

Arthur C. Hardy, chairman of stand- ards committee, 33 West Forty-second

Street, New York, N. Y. Dimensional

standards and recommended practice for motion-picture apparatus issued by this society have been approved by

the American Standards Association. They include standard dimensions of

35, 28, and 16 mm film, and of motionpicture projector sprockets, apertures,

and lenses; taking speed and projection speed of sound pictures; relative location of scanning line; location and width of sound track; definition of safety film; recommended practice on projector speed and camera cranking speed, etc. At the May, 1931,

meeting of this society, the standards

committee made a report in which was incorporated the recommended

layout of a 50 mm film. No action has as yet been taken by the society

with respect to adopting this layout

as a standard.

Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, H. Gerrish Smith, sec- retary-treasurer, 29 West Thirty-ninth

Street, New York, N. Y. This society

has taken part in the standardization

movement in cooperation with other

interested organizations. It cooperates with the American Marine Standards Committee in its standardization

work for the marine industry, and is

officially represented on various A. S. A. sectional committees.

Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, F. L. Bishop, secretary, University of Pittsburgh, Pitts- burgh, Pa. Standardization activities of this society are carried on in coop- eration with other organizations under the procedure of the American

Standards Association. Work is under way on the standardization of

definitions of electrical terms, stand- ard for graphic presentation, table of

preferred numbers, standard scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations, and standards for drawings

and drafting room practice. The so- ciety is acting as joint sponsor on the

latter two projects.

Society of Terminal Engineers,

Charles H. Newman, secretary, 114

Liberty Street, New York, N. Y. This

organization serves as a medium for

collecting and interchanging information on all phases of terminals, for organizing and carrying on research

in the various branches of terminal

activities, and for the advancement of

ethical and professional standards in
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 375

terminal engineering, construction,

and operation. In connection with

work in standardization, the society is officially represented on three A. S. A.

sectional committees. It is cooperating with a committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

in research on the properties and

life of wire rope. Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association, T. M. True, secretary, Jacksonville, Fla. Standard grades and

classifications of cypress lumber in conformity with American lumber

standards have been adopted and

published by this association. Members of the association are permitted

to stamp their product with the asso- ciation trade-mark, if the lumber has

been inspected by the association and

found to conform to the grading rules. The association is a member of the producers council, and also the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, with which it cooperates in standardization work.

Southern Hardware Jobbers Association, S. St. J. Eshleman, secretary, 704 New Orleans Bank Building, New Orleans, La. This association cooperated

with the National Hardware Association of the United States and the National Retail Hardware Association in the standardization movement which

resulted in the acceptance by industry

of the simplified practice recommendation on standard sizes and varieties oi* loaded paper shot shells. Southern Pine Association, H. C. Berckes, secretary-manager, New Orleans, La. This association has

adopted and publishes grading rules for southern pine lumber under four

classifications: The Gulf coast classi- fication of pitch pine resawn lumber

and sawn timber; specifications for southern yellow pine car material;

specifications for grades of dense longleaf and shortleaf southern yellow

pine structural timbers, joists and

plank, and utility timbers; and speci- fications for grades of longleaf and

shortleaf southern pine lumber. The,

last of the above grading rules are in conformity with the American lumber

standards for yard lumber. They were

revised in August, 1930, as regards

dimension and heavy joists and di- mension timbers, and were revised in June, 1931, with regard to flooring, common boards and strips, dressed and matched shiplap, barn siding, and

grooved roofing. The grading rules of the association are enforced by regular monthly inspections made by in- spectors of the association at the mills

of the member companies. In addition, a corps of official inspectors is maintained in the consuming territory

for investigating complaints of buyers

who may believe that they have not

received the grades which they purchased. Member firms whose product

is inspected may place the association's grade and trade mark on all the lumber they produce. This associa- tion was represented on A. S. A. sec- tional committees on work which re- sulted in standard specifications for cross ties and switch ties. Southern Sash, Door and Millwork

Manufacturers Association, C. B. Har- man, secretary, Forsythe Building, Atlanta, Ga. This association has

adopted standard grading rules for

doors, windows, and outside blinds. Southern Supply and Machinery Distributors' Association, Alvin M. Smith,

secretary-treasurer, care of SmithCourtney Co., Richmond, Va. As an

organization of distributors this asso- ciation has participated in standardization projects carried out by industry

in general, and it cooperated in the preparation of simplified practice rec- ommendations promulgated by the Bureau of Standards. These projects

have included such items as standard

sizes of wrought-iron and wroughtsteel pipe, valves, and fittings; stand- ard packing of carriage, machine, and

lag bolts; and standard sizes of hack- saw blades. This association is at present represented on the A. S. A.

sectional committee on standardization of gears, which prepared the

tentative American standard for spur- gear tooth form.

Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute, C. Stewart Co- meaux, secretary, 103 Park Avenue,

New York, N. Y. Standardization activities of this organization are carried on by a technical committee and a committee on simplified practice. Each

company member of the institute appoints a representative to the technical committee. After appropriate study

and discussion, using test data supplied

by the different companies, the committee makes recommendations to the

institute. Its duties include the set- ting up of industrial standards of dimensions, ballistics, methods of test, forwarding of safety work, and special fact finding of a technical nature. Work on the various subjects is con- ducted by subcommittees, the entire technical committee passing on their recommendations. The recommendations are approved by the institute as a whole. The names of the subcommittees given below indicate the chief

activities of the technical committee:
376 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

Proofing methods of small arms to be recommended as standard American

practice; standardization of chamber

dimensions and of cartridge sizes used

therein; methods of determining shot- gun shell ballistics; methods of de- termining rifle-cartridge ballistics ; and

standard barrels for pressure gauges.

All of the above subcommittees have

completed their work on certain im- portant calibers. The committee on

simplified practice has initiated very important work in simplification of the number of items to be supplied to the trade in the lines of metallic car- tridges and of shot shells. During the

last seven years the number of shot

shell items has been reduced from more

than 4,000 to less than 800. Standard Container Manufacturers,

Russell W. Bennett, secretary-manager, Realty Building, Jacksonville,

Fla. This association of southern

manufacturers of shipping containers

for fruits and vegetables has formulated and adopted standard specifica- tions for containers which are embodied in the freight classification and

tariffs of the southeastern railroads. These specifications establish stand- ards of dimensions and design which

admit a wide interchange of parts be- tween containers for different commodities. The association has worked

in close cooperation with the Bureau

of Agricultural Economics of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Flor- ida State marketing bureau, the Freight Container Bureau of the American Railway Association, the Southern Freight Association, and

with representative organizations of growers and shippers.

Steel Barrel Manufacturers Institute, D. S. Hunter, secretary, Keith

Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The speci- fications for steel barrels and drums

of the Interstate Commerce Commission for the shipment of inflammable

and dangerous liquids and solids, and

the specifications for steel barrels and

drums embodied in rule 40 of the Consolidated Freight Classification have

been adopted as standards by this or- ganization. In addition, it has adopted

standard sizes and threading of

flanges and plugs for steel barrels and drums, standard plug or bung

measurements, and standard spacing

of rolling hoops. The institute initi- ated the movement which resulted in the adoption by industry of a simplified practice recommendation for standard capacities for steel barrels and drums.

Steel Founders Society of America,

Granville P. Rogers, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York,

N. Y. Through representation on

committees of other organizations, this society cooperates in developing specifications and standards for materials

used in and products of the steel- foundry industry. The society coop- erated with the Bureau of Standards

in the establishment of the commercial standard dealing with foundry

patterns of wood. It prepared and is- sued a booklet in which are set forth standard trade customs to govern

transactions between buyers and sell- ers of steel castings. The society has

also adopted for use in the trade standard sales contract, order acceptance, and quotation sheet forms for

the purpose of simplifying transactions between steel foundries and

their customers.

Steel Joist Institute, Frank Burton,

consulting engineer, 1732 Dime Bank

Building, Detroit, Mich. When organized in 1928, this association had for one of its objects the standardization

of design methods. After some pre- liminary work it proceeded to consider the standardization of sizes of

steel joists. No committee was

formed, but the entire membership of the institute, consisting of executives from each member company, discussed the matter at length at its monthly

meetings. The consulting engineer of

the institute proposed the standards

and circulated copies thereof with the

revisions made from time to time. Each proposed standard was studied independently by the engineers of the member companies and discussed at the monthly meetings. A standard

table containing 14 sizes of joists was

adopted on August 20, 1929. Prior to the adoption of this standard each

company manufactured from 2 to 20

different joists for each depth, with

various safe carrying capacities and

methods of design. As a result of a

request from the institute, a confer- ence was called by the U. S. Department of Commerce, at which a simplified practice recommendation embodying the standard table of joist sizes adopted by the institute was recom- mended and accepted by industry. Structural Clay Tile Association, Edward C. Kerth, secretary, 205 West

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. A publi- cation entitled, " Specifications for Structural Clay Building Tile," rec- ommended for standard approved

building code and engineering practice has been issued by this association. It has cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in experimental

work on the uses, characteristics, and
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 377

methods of manufacture of structural

tile and took part in the establish- ment of a simplified practice recom- mendation relating to standard sizes of tile. A survey is now in progress

in connection with a proposed revision

of the recommendation. The association has recently set up a quality label service by which the manufacturer

certifies that the material to which the

label is attached is in conformity with

the specifications of the American

Society for Testing Materials and the standards of the Structural Clay Tile

Association. Tanners' Council of America, J. L. Nelson, secretary, 41 Park Row, New

York, N. Y. In order that a better understanding may be reached be- tween tanners and their customers,

the upholstery leather group of this organization during the past year pre- pared and adopted standard grades

and specifications for upholstery

leather which cover raw material, defi- nitions, selections, and tensile strength

of the various grades. It is recom- mended in the specifications that the name of the manufacturer, date of shipment, and the grade besides the measurement be stamped on all hides. Another group of this council has co- operated with the division of trade standards of the Bureau of Standards

in the establishment of a commercial

standard for designation of weights of

bag, case, and strap leather. Tap and Die Institute, Herbert S. Blake, secretary-counsel, 74 Trinity

Place, New York, N. Y. Much of the standardization work of this organization is conducted under the auspices of the American Standards Association.

It is officially represented on three A.

S. A. sectional committees. The in- stitute's committee on simplification

and standardization is engaged in establishing standard basic mechanical

sizes and styles of taps and dies to be

listed in revised catalogues.

Technical Institute of the Biscuit and Cracker Manufacturers Association, A. A. Schaal, director, 816 Superior

Boulevard, Minneapolis, Minn. Tentative specifications have been set up by

this organization on many of the raw

materials used in biscuit and cracker manufacture and efforts are constantly

under way to raise the standard of the finished products. Technical Association of the Pulp and

Paper Industry, R. G. MacDonald, 18 East Forty-first Street, New York, N.

Y. In cooperation with the Bureau of Standards, this association has formulated and adopted 28 standard methods for testing paper. Committees of

this association are now engaged in developing additional methods. The

association is also cooperating with

the American Society for Testing Materials in connection with the development of standard tests for paper and

roofing felt. Through its committee on

heat, light, and power the association

is officially represented on two A* S. A.

sectional committees.

Telephone Group. This group consists of representatives of the Bell Telephone System and United States Independent Telephone Association. The American Standards Association

secretary of the group is H. L. Huber

of the American Telephone & Tele- graph Co., 195 Broadway, New York,

N. Y. Through representatives, the

Bell Telephone System and the United

States Independent Telephone Association, individually or as a group, are now assisting in the preparation

of 16 standards under the procedure

of the American Standards Association. Additional standardization work

is carried on through representation on committees of various engineering

societies and on committees cooperating with regulatory bodies, such as

State commissions, national and inter- national bureaus. Cooperative work

is handled with numerous committees

of the Telegraph and Telephone Section of the American Railway Association, which body is engaged in the formulation of recommendations and

specifications dealing with various

phases of communication. The tele- phone group is sponsor or joint sponsor for two sectional committees as. follows: Manhole frames and covers (with the American Society of Civil Engineers) and specifications for wood

poles. Textile Color Card Association of the United States (Inc.), Margaret Hayden

Rorke, secretary and managing director, 200 Madison Avenue, New York,

N: Y. This association, which is in- ternational in scope, has over 1,600

members interested in the adoption

of standard colors. It cooperates

with leading textile, millinery, leather, hosiery, garment, and kindred industrial trade association groups in the

selection of basic shades, and is or- ganized for the promotion of color and its correlation in every related branch of industry. This association

is the creator of the standard color card of America, showing 192 staple

shades, as well as seasonal color

cards, widely used in the textile and

allied industries here and abroad. Each spring and fall cards are issued

for the textile industries, including
378 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 32

silks, woolens, millinery, shoe and

leather, hosiery, and related trades. The U. S. Army color card, showing

the official colors for arms and services, as approved and accepted by the Quartermaster General of the U. S. Army, is likewise issued by the Textile Color Card Association. The col- ors on all cards are identified by

standard names as well as by cable numbers, thus insuring an exact color interpretation. The association works

in close cooperation with the color co- ordination committee of the National

Retail Dry Goods Association in the

selection and promotion each season

of basic colors for trade-wide coordi- nation. Official committees of leading

manufacturing industries cooperate in

this movement, thus bringing about a

closer relation between producer and

distributor, and a greater use of standard color nomenclature.

Textile Converters' Association, Samuel M. Fisher, secretary, 291 Broad- way, New York, N. Y. A joint committee composed of members of this association and the Association of Cotton Textile Merchants of New

York, has prepared trade standard

definitions of fair trade practices in the sale of and purchase of cotton gray goods for the converting trade. The association has adopted a stand- ard method to be employed by the fin- ishers of cotton fabrics for the return by finishers to the converter of all stretched as well as damaged goods

and remnants of finished merchandise

over one yard in length. This principle, which has also been adopted by

the National Association of Finishers

of Cotton Fabrics, has been estab- lished as a standard of conduct for the trade. Tire and Rim Association, C. E. Bonnett, general manager, Guarantee Title Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The assocation's current standards for tire and

rim dimensions are published in the

1931 yearbook of the association. In

setting up and broadcasting these standards, this association works very

closely with the Rubber Manufacturers Association and the Society of Automotive Engineers. This association cooperated in the movement which

resulted in the adoption by industry

of a simplified practice recommendation relating to standard sizes of in- dustrial truck tires. The products of

the rim manufacturer members of the

association are inspected by associa- tion inspectors and those rims meeting

the association standards are branded

with the trade-mark of the association.

Tissue Paper Manufacturers Association, Herbert Thwaite, general manager, 280 Madison Avenue, New York,

N. Y. Work in the standardization of

toilet tissue sizes, initiated by this as- sociation, resulted in the adoption by

industry of a simplified practice rec- ommendation on this subject. In fur- therance of this standard the association members are using the official label of the association on cartons of

toilet rolls, the label guaranteeing the package to be in accordance with the

simplified practice recommendation.

The label is also a guarantee that the paper contained in the carton is made

entirely of new pulp.

Underwriters' Laboratories, Dana

Pierce, president, 207 East Ohio Street, Chicago, 111. Established and maintained by the National Board of Fire

Underwriters, this organization tests appliances, devices, machines, and materials for their merits respecting life, fire, and collision hazards, and theft and accident prevention. It formulates standards covering the materials,

design, strength, and operating fea- tures of appliances and devices and

uses these standards as bases for the

inspection of appliances and the prep- aration of lists of devices complying

with the laboratories' standards. Two

methods of supervision are used for

listed devices, in one of which examinations and tests of the appliances are made one or more times yearly

and features found not complying with

the laboratories' requirements are

corrected by the manufacturer or the product is removed from the list. In

the other method of supervision, devices and materials are inspected by Underwriters' laboratories inspectors at the factory, and goods complying with

the laboratories' standards are la- beled by stamps, transfers, or labels, so that they may be recognized wherever

found. Of the large number of stand- ards prepared by the organization, those issued or revised during the past year include: Flexible nonmetallic

tubing, electrically heated appliances, inclosed switches, Christmas tree and

decorative lighting outfits, electric motors for use in atmospheres of combustible dust, rigid-steel conduit, panel

boards, transformers, industrial-control equipment, and cotton rubber-lined

fire hose. This organization is acting as sponsor under American Standards

Association procedure for the preparation of specifications and standards

for electrical devices and materials

with relation to fire and casualty haz-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 379

ards, completed work under this as- signment being represented by the American standard for outlet boxes.

It is also officially represented on 24

A. S. A. sectional committees.

United Roofing Contractors Association of North America, E. M. Pope,

secretary, 58 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. The standards of this as- sociation include specifications for gravel and slag roofing for application over board sheathing and for application over concrete. The specifi- cations cover the weights of material, construction and installation requirements, using materials that have been

manufactured to the inspection re- quirements of the association and

which bear the label of the association. During the past year there was adopted

the standard practice of providing in the construction of insulated roofs a mopped felt seal course of tarred or asphalted felt at intervals of not more

than 30 feet in each direction, in addition to the previously prescribed seal course underneath the roofing.

United States Golf Association, Herbert Jaques, chairman, implements

and ball committee, P. O. Box 1212, Lowell, Mass. The standardization

work of this association is limited to the implements and ball used in the game. The specifications are so worded that a manufacturer has a

certain latitude necessary for individ- ual craftsmanship, and yet are rigid

enough to eliminate freak or unusual

construction which would alter the playing of the game. Any new club or device which is put on the market

should be submitted to the implements

and ball committee. This committee

brings in a recommendation, and the

subject is finally acted upon by the

entire executive committee of the as- sociation. In 1931 the new standard

weight and size of golf ball was put

into effect. The association rule on form and make of golf clubs states that no substantial departure from the

traditional and accepted form and

make of golf clubs will be accepted,

and that the mallet headed type of club

or of clubs having the neck so bent as

to produce a similar effect should not be used. United States Inter-Collegiate lacrosse Association, E. S. Barber, secretary, 101 Park Avenue, New York,

N. Y. A committee of this association formulates and amends the rules for playing the game of lacrosse. The

1931 rules, as adopted by this committee, were approved by the executive committee of the association and were 92462—32 25

adopted by the lacrosse rules committee of the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Besides the regulations for playing the game, the la- crosse rules contain specifications for the crosse, the ball, the field, and the

goals. A list of the models of shoes

supplied by various manufacturers,

who have furnished samples for ap- proval by the committee, is published

by the committee. Samples furnished

by the manufacturers are kept on hand

for comparison with shoes being supplied.

United States Pharmacopceial Convention, Lewis E. Warren, secretary, 2 Raymond Street, Chevy Chase, Md.

Committee on Revision of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America, E. Fullerton Cook, chairman,

Forty-third Street and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. This organization prepares and publishes the pharmacopoeia of the United States, the

object of this publication being to provide standards of purity and

strength for the drugs and medicines

of therapeutic usefulness or pharmaceutic necessity sufficiently used in medical practice to receive recognition by the medical profession. The

pharmacopoeia is revised every 10

years, the last revision taking effect on January 1, 1926. In 1930 a new

Committee on Revision was appointed

and work has been proceeding since then in preparation for the eleventh

revision of the Pharmacopoeia. This

committee consists of 51 members rep- resentative of governmental agencies,

National and State medical, pharmaceutical, drug, and chemical associations, and medical schools and

schools of pharmacy. The standards

given in the pharmacopoeia are rec- ognized as legal standards in the en- forcement of the Federal food and

drugs act and the various State drug

laws. United States Shellac Importers Association (Inc.), L. W. Babbage, secretary, 17 State Street, New York, N. Y. This association collaborated with the American Bleached Shellac Manufacturers Association in the establish- ment of standard rules and regulations for the sampling and analysis

of shellac and has adopted official standard methods of analyses for the determination of rosin, wax, moisture,

and arsenic in shellac ; also for water

soluble extract in orange and white

shellac, moisture in dry-bleached shellac, and the determination of the body

of shellac varnish. This association has also adopted standards for the

principal commercial grades and net
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1932

weights of packages of shellac. During the past year it inaugurated a

plan for the sampling of all ship- ments of shellac imported into the United States. The plan provides for a standardization bureau which shall examine each importation of shellac. An examination committee, composed

of representatives of member firms, is intrusted with the duty of examining

samples of the various grades of shel- lac and passing upon their quality in accordance with the official rules and

regulations of the association. The

examination committee issues certifi- cates in triplicate on each lot examined, stating grade, mark, lot number, name of vessel, date of examination, and the committee's award.

Copies of certificates are furnished

to buyer and seller and another copy

is filed with the association. Under

the plan provision is also made for the settlement of any disputes which

may arise in the operation of the plan,

through existing arbitration machinery set up by the association. This

organization maintains a research bu- reau at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn to deal with problems aris- ing concerning the uses of shellac. United Typothetae of America, John

J. Deviny, secretary, Tower Building,

Washington, D. C. A standard cost- accounting system, with standard ac- counting forms, has been adopted by

this association. In addition it has

adopted standard estimate forms and

standard specification forms for printing work. The association publishes a dictionary of graphic art terms applicable to the printing trade. It is giving its active support to the further standardization of stock sizes of paper

for the printing and publishing trade.

It cooperated in the establishment, in

1924, of the simplified practice recom- mendation which now forms the standard on this subject.

Wall Paper Association of the United

States, E. D. Belknap, executive vice president, 10 East Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y. This association,

representing the wall-paper industry,

cooperated with the Bureau of Stand- ards in the establishment of the commercial standard relating to grades

and quality of wall paper. It has

copyrighted a self-identifying trade- mark guaranteeing wall paper manufactured by its members to be in ac- cordance with the requirements set forth in the commercial standard re- lating to this commodity.

Webbing Manufacturers Exchange,

Wilwyn Herbert, secretary, 74 Trinity

Place, New York, N. Y. A standard

of minimum sizes of rubber thread for use in the webbing industry has been

adopted by the exchange in cooperation with the Corset and Brassiere

Association. The exchange also co- operated with the division of simplified practice in the establishment of standard sizes for shoe goring which

formed the basis for the simplified

practice recommendation relating to

this item. Grading rules relating to the number of cuts or pieces per- mitted in first-quality goods have been

adopted by this organization.

West Coast Lumbermen's Association, W. B. Greeley, secretary, Stuart

Building, Seattle, Wash. The stand- ard grading and dressing rules for Douglas fir, sitka spruce, west coast hemlock, and western red cedar lumber, were revised by the association

in 1930 in conformity with American

lumber standards as detailed in simplified practice recommendation R16.

In 1930 this association also adopted

standard grades for architectural woodwork which define two standard

grades for various types of millwork.

Monthly inspection by association in- spectors keeps the product of the indi- vidual mills up to the standards of the association. In addition to in- spection, the association is encour- aging the marking of lumber and mill- work products with the grade of the product and the symbol of the association. This association cooperated

in the establishment of four American

standards. Western Pine Association, David T. Mason, manager, S. V. Fullaway, jr., secretary, Yeon Building, Portland,

Oreg. This new association has suc- ceeded both the Western Pine Manufacturers Association and the Califor- nia White and Sugar Pine Manufacturers Association. It has adopted

standard grading rules for ponderosa

pine, sugar pine, Idaho white pine, larch, Douglas fir, white fir, spruce, and cedar lumber. These grading

rules, with the exception of slight variations in dressed and rough sizes, conform with the minimum American

lumber standards are given in Simplified Practice Recommendation R16. During the past year this association adopted standard grading rules for larch and Douglas fir railroad-car material and standard specifications and

working stresses for structural grades

of larch and inland empire Douglas

fir structural joists, plank, posts, and

timbers. The association has published illustrated booklets on the properties, recommended uses, and grades

of ponderosa pine, Idaho white pine,
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 381

and larch. Among the activities that

the new association expects to encour- age are the grade marking and trade- marking of lumber in accordance with

the association standards and the use

of car cards certifying to the grade of the lumber in individual car ship- ments. Western Red Cedar Association, W. H.

Jones, secretary, Peyton Building,

Spokane, Wash. Official specifications for western red-cedar poles, split and

round western red-cedar posts, stand- ard cedar piling, and butt treating

for cedar poles have been adopted by

this association. A committee of this association worked in cooperation

with other bodies, under American

Standards Association procedure, in the establishment of tentative stand- ard specifications for wood poles.

These latter specifications have not as

yet been formally adopted by this

association. Wire Cloth Manufacturers Association, A. M. Ferry, secretary, Chandler

Building, Washington, D. C. This is an association of manufacturers of Fourdrinier wire cloth used in paper- making machines. Through its re- quest a general conference of makers

and users of Fourdrinier wire cloth was called by the Bureau of Standards. The resulting commercial stand- ard was adopted by the conference in June, 1931, and has since been ac- cepted and become the standard of the industry in general. This stand- ard includes the standard meshes

adopted, dimensions of wire and details of weave, packing, storage, care

of wire cloth, etc. Wire Screen Cloth Manufacturers Institute, George E. Watson, secretary, 74 Trinity Place, New York, N. Y. One of the first accomplishments of

this organization was the formation

of a committee for standardization

and simplification. This committee, at the time of the organization of the

institute, was composed of a chair- man and one representative from

each member company. It undertook

the study of the trend in the industry

for the past five years in order to determine what simplification could be properly effected. Standards pre- pared by this committee have been ap- proved by all members of the institute. At a conference of manufacturers, distributors, and consumers

of wire-screen cloth, convened by the

division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards, standards proposed by the institute were approved

and, incorporated into a simplified

practice recommendation, which re- ceived the written acceptance of 90

per cent of the industry and became

effective on October 15, 1931. Wire-bound Box Manufacturers Association, R. M. McClure, secretary, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. During the past year this association participated in the standardization activities of the Bureau of Explosives

which resulted in the development of new specifications for wire-bound

shipping containers for the transportation of explosives and other danger- ous articles. It also cooperated with

the Federal Specifications Board in the development of revised specifica- tions for wire-bound containers for domestic shipment of Government

property, the revised specification be- coming effective in July, 1931. The

research and standardization committee of the association continued its work on the testing of wire-bound

boxes and crates, the designing of new packages intended to improve the manufacturing standards of the in- dustry, and the development of new

uses and more efficient designs. This

committee, in conjunction with the Forest Products Laboratory of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, col- laborated in the development of standardized methods of construction

applicable to wire-bound containers

and the determination of new manufacturing processes covering the

thickness of veneer required for various types and weights of commodities, position of staples, and placing

of binding wires. World Calendar Association (Inc.), Elisabeth Achelis, president, 485 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. The

world calendar, a revised calendar which retains the present 12 months,

but is balanced in structure and per- petual in form is being sponsored by

this association. The year is divided

into four equal quarters, each consist- ing of three months, the first of which

has 31 days, and the remaining two 30 days each. Writing Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretary, 95

State Street, Springfield, Mass. In the standard " trade customs " adopted

by this association are incorporated

the standard stock sizes of bonds,

ledgers, and writing paper set forth in a simplified practice recommendation

issued by the Bureau of Standards.

INDEX

A

Page

Abbreviations, scientific and engineering 294,

297, 304, 305, 331, 374 Abrasive action of plastic clay 228 Abrasive coated products 293 Abrasives 333 Accident prevention 350, 353, 362 Accident statistics - 337,362 Accidents, automobile 295 railway 189 Accounts and accounting.. 144,

176, 307, 318, 341, 343, 352, 354, 361, 380 Acetic acid... 339 Acetone 289 Acetylene 311 cylinders for 336

Acidity, standardization of pH test for 268

Acids, density tables for 340

fastness of textiles to 295 Acoustic materials 211 Acoustics 49,360 Advertising matter, architectural 304 Advisory committees to Bureau of Standards. 201 Aeronautic safety code 293, 374 Aeronautical communications 2 Aeronautical lights 148 Aeronautics 161, 189, 205, 314 Aggregate sizes 362 Aggregates, concrete 144, 212, 289, 367 Agricultural chemistry 323 Agricultural engineering 313 Agricultural implements and machines 343 Agricultural machinery 126, 128, 135 Agricultural products 135 analysis of 323 Air navigation agreements 89 Air passenger lines 148 Aircraft 125,147,161

Aircraft construction 293

Aircraft engine parts 373 Airmen, licensing of 148 Airplanes 190

control surfaces of 206

crating of 310 Airports 148 Airscrew hubs 131 Airway lights 147 Airways, communications and weather service for 5 Alclad, fatigue testing of— 245 Alcohol, ethyl, density tables for 270

Alcohols, heats of combustion of. 234

Alkalies, fastness of textiles to 295 Alkaloids 300 Alloy steel bolting material for high-temperature service 288 Alloys 288 aluminum 288,373 aluminum base, for sand castings 288 bearing. 247 brass 373 copper 373 copper base, for sand castings 366 dental amalgam 299 heat resisting 274,315 Alternators. 304 Aluminum 120, 125, 138 American Association of Advertising Agencies 337 American Association of Colleges of Phar- macy 309 American Association of Port Authorities 285 American Engineering Council 351 American Feed Manufacturers Association. ._ 352 American Geophysical Union 71

Page

American Institute of Laundering 339 American Marine Standards Committee 284 American Municipal Association 338,358 American Mutual Alliance.. 351 American Newspaper Publishers Association 187,337 American Society for Testing Materials. 144, 147, 286 American Standards Association 145, 146, 281 Analysis, chemical, methods of 218 Angle irons, steel 125 Anhydrous borates, composition and melting

points of 214 Antennas, radio, testing of 336 Antifreeze mixtures for radiators 332 Apple butter 359

Apricots, canned 325 Arches, concrete 313 Architectural engineering 304 Arlington Memorial Bridge, tests on 213 Asphalt 145,289,315 Asphaltic materials 145 Associated Chambers of Commerce of the Commonwealth of Australia. 119 Associated Chambers of Manufactures of Australia 119 Association Beige de Standardisation (ABS). 123 Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) 128 Association of Cotton Textile Merchants of New York 378 Association of Highway Officials of North

Atlantic States 330 Associations and societies, American 293 Athletic equipment 336 Atomic structure 260 Audio coupling. 368 Audio transformers 368 Auditoriums, acoustics of 49 Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 119 Australia, national standardizing body in 119 Australian and New Zealand Railway Conference 119 Australian Chemical Institute 119 Austria, national standardizing body of 121 Autogenous ignition temperatures, deter- mination of 284 Automobile body parts 373 Automobile Club of Southern California. 351 Automobile drivers 308,360 Automobile equipment 351 Automobiles 125, 136 Automotive engineering 208 Aviation 136,293 Aviation cable code 293 Awnings 363 Axle heights 126,138

Axles, steel 354 B

Backboards, basketball 338 Bacon, sliced 335 Bagging 348 Bags, glassine 359 paper 339,359,361 Bakery Equipment Manufacturers Association 313 Bakery materials and equipment 313 Baking and bakery operation 294, 304 Balances 371 Balls (athletic equipment) 338, 379 Banjo parts 346 Bank checks 120,369 Barn siding wood 375 883
384 INDEX

Page

Barrels. 319, 335, 340, 376 Bars, concrete reinforcement 321

hot-rolled 321 mechanical rubber 306

reinforcing, steel 124, 284, 328, 369

splice 300,340

steel, zinc coating of 284, 301 wrought-iron „ 284 Baseball, indoor (athletic sport) 294 Basketball (athletic sport) 294, 350 Basketball courts and equipment 338 Baskets, shipping 316

Batteries 132,

180, 284, 305, 310, 311, 324, 331, 349, 364, 369 Bearings 128,138

antifriction _ _ 374

ball 125,357 journal 300,310

roller 125,300,323,357 Bedding materials 324 Beds... 324,344

hospital 122,303 Beef, dried, package sizes for. _ 335 Beet pullers 343 Belgian Electrotechnical Committee 123 Belgium, national standardizing body of 123 Bell Telephone System 377 Belt proofers (bakery equipment) 313 Belts and belting 119, 125, 136, 306, 314, 371 Benzoic acid, solid, thermal expansion of 234 Benzol 362

Berries 135 Beverage Allied Industries Council 296 Beverages, analysis of 323 carbonated.. _ 296 Bidding and awarding practices code 320 Binding posts 369 Bins, storage — 313 Biscuits... 377 Bismuth and its alloys 249 Bituminous materials 132 Bituminous mining 350 Blades, cultivator 313

disk, for agricultural machinery. __ 313 hack saw 333, 334, 355, 375 razor 364

signal, wood _ 311 Blankets 128,143 Blinds and shutters. 342,375 Blocks, asphalt paving 295 concrete 298,327 wood 295 Blood classification.. 360 Blouses 320,337,347,361 Blow pipes or torches 336 Blowers 314,343 Board, binders... 324,331,359 box (paperboard) 358,367 Board, sheathing, gypsum 289 Board, wall, gypsum... 289 Boards and strips, wood. 375 Boards, panel, electric _ 354,378 Boats. 170,310 Bob sleighing (athletic sport) 294 Boiler codes 156,296,314 Boiler feedwater studies 316 Boiler regulations. _ 119, 349

Boilers 131, 136, 302, 314, 318, 326, 330, 333, 335, 345 Bollards 134 Bolters, flour 313 Bolts 124,125,126,132,

134, 138, 284, 296, 300, 313, 315, 358, 373, 375 Bone black 289 Bone plates, steel 298, 303 Bordeaux mixture 293 Bore casings 119 Bottle-washing compound 296 Bottles 140, 296, 300, 329, 332, 338, 340 Bowls, slop, vitrified clay 330 Boxes 348 canned food 367 carbonated beverage.. 296

fiber 310,335

folding, for coffee 350,367 hosiery 345

letter 169 outlet 318,379 paper 358,361

Page

Boxes—Continued,

shipping... 316 shoe 140 wirebound 381 wooden.. 335 Boxing (athletic sport) __ 294,350 Brake beams 310 Brake shoes. 300,310 Brake testing, safety code for 360 Brakes, automobile 210, 296, 351, 360 Branch laboratories of the Bureau of Standards... 216 Brass.. 125,138 Bread 304 Brick 134,144 building 124 clay fire.. 312 common 221,301,327 concrete 298,327

face 301,327 masonry 295 paving. 180,359 sand-lime 240,371

shale. 371

testing of 288 Brick and mortar, bond between 221 Brickwork.. 327 Bridges 144,295,312,371 British national standardizing body 130

British Society of Dyers and Colourists 295

British Standards Institution 130 Bronze 138 phosphor — 295 Brooms, scrubbing 335 Brushes 180,181 calcimine 297

floor 363 paint 297,343,361 scrubbing 335 varnish 297,343,361 Building appliances 304 Building codes 210, 304, 324, 344, 349, 353, 355 Building construction 136,

140, 210, 299, 333, 351, 367 Building laws _ 342 Building materials... 119,

128, 132, 215, 228, 261, 289, 295, 304, 325, 368 Buildings 170, 171 concrete 368 construction of 320

interior lighting of 374 railway 311,312

structural safety in 324

structural steel, fireproofing of 306

Bullets, identification of. 237 Buoys 150 Bureau of Standards 194 Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia.. 119 Burners, conversion 302

oil 307 Butt welds 317 C

Cabinets, hospital — 122 wood 342

Cables, electric 311

ignition. 373 insulated.... 123,

289, 301, 305, 312, 322, 336, 349, 353, 355 power, lead covered 124

steel 138 underground and aerial 338 Cadmium chloride .— 297 Caisson work 362 Cake, cottonseed 352 peanut - 352 Calcium aluminates 213 Calcium carbide - 119 Calcium silicates, anhydrous.. 213 Calcium sulphate, heat of solution of 239 Calendar revision 66, 381 Calenders, safety code for 337, 362

California Chamber of Commerce 332 Cameras, airplane 373 Camphor, thermal properties of 234 Canadian Engineering Standards Association (CESA) 123 Canalizations 123
INDEX 385

Page

Cancer, diagnosis and treatment of . 298 Candlepower 224

Canisters, gas mask, safety code for colors for. 362 Cans 129, 325, 335, 337, 338, 341, 350 Canton crfipe 372 Capacitors- 284, 305, 368 Caps, bottle 329, 338 Car retarder system 311 Carbon dioxide, vapor pressure of 233 Carbon monoxide, heat of combustion of 234 Carbonizing, fastness of textiles to „ 295 Carboys 340 Care and repair of the house. 211 Carpentry 125 Carpets 128,168 Cars, mine 123,307 railway 170, 310, 312, 340, 362, 370 track scale test weight 362 Cartons, ice cream 329, 337 sausage, lard and bacon 335 Cartridges 335,376 Cases, flashlight. 355 instrument 311,373 watch 364 Casks 335 Castings 125, 288, 295, 302, 316, 330, 332, 340, 354, 366, 373 Catalogue, dental supply 299 Catalogue sizes 346, 359, 364

Cells, dry 284, 331, 368 Cement 119,123,134,144,

212, 213, 214 215, 216, 284, 295, 299, 313, 354, 367 Cement Reference Laboratory, work of- 216 Central Committee on Lumber Standards.. _ 291 Ceramic materials 297 Ceramics 297 Cereals and cereal products 294

Certification and labeling.. 216

Certification of farm products 141 Certified electrical contractor plan. 322 Ceskoslovenska NormalisaSnl SpoleCnost (CSN) 124 Chains 125, 131, 296, 302, 326, 362, 374 Chart construction ]66 Charts and graphs 166, 358 Cheese. 135 Cheesecloth 335 Chemical engineering 304 Chemical standards- 284 Chemical testing and methods of analysis 21

8

Chemicals and chemical apparatus 128,

166, 218, 298, 340, 347 Cherries, canned 325 Chimney construction 335 Chimney tops, clay 330 Chimneys, brick 330 Chinaware 219, 297, 303, 304, 316, 361 Chloride of lime... 339 Chlorine, fastness of textiles to 295

liquid 326 Chromium coatings 252 Chromium, electrodeposition of. 331 Chromium trioxide 297

Circles, precision 249

Circuit breakers 120, 305, 353 Cisterns _ 134 City planning 210, 299, 313

Civil engineering 284,313 Clay 144,213,222,223,297,371 Clay products... 219,288 Cleaning of textiles 263, 343 Clock, precision _ 268

Closet lining, red cedar 318, 357 Cloth, cotton 295,329 wire. 381 Clothing 168 Clothing terminology 303 Cloths, wiping 365 Clubs, golf 379 Clutch housings, aircraft 373 Coal 119, 120, 125, 129, 131, 132, 136, 151,

152, 284, 289, 297, 298, 305, 307, 318, 826, 330, 346 Coal-using equipment 318 Coatings, protective 252, 302, 308 Code ball (athletic sport) . 294 Codes, safety (see also under various subject heads) 255

Page

Coke 119,151,284,330 Coke residue in creosote oil 317

Colliery equipment 119 Color code for wood patterns 332 Color in the sugar industry.. 263 Color markings, pattern and core box._ 301 Color mixture data __ 223 Colorimetry 223 Colors 131,294,295,338,377 Columbus laboratory of the Bureau of Standards 223 Columns, steel 313 Combustion, gas _ 302 phenomena of 209 Combustion in an engine cylinder 209 Comisiunea Romana de Normalizare 136 Commercial forms 128,

132, 185, 301, 302, 304, 311, 315, 316, 318, 320,

325, 326, 328, 332, 337, 340, 341, 343, 346, 347,

349, 361,364, 369, 376, 380. Commercial standardization 172 Commercial standards 200, 224, 225 Commission Romande de Rationalisation ... 138 Committee on Uniform Street Sanitation Records 338 Commodity acceptance testing 273 Communication, standardization in (sym- posium) 1 Communication system of railways, standardization in 41 Compressors, air - 314,327,370 Concrete - 134, 144, 168,

212, 213, 288, 289, 298, 328, 354, 363, 367, 368, 372

asphaltic 315 gypsum fiber 239 ready mixed 359

reinforced 328, 368 Concrete compression test specimens 288 Conductors, aluminum 305 Conduits 138,378 Cones 138

felt, for dental work —- 299 Construction 144, 170, 211, 299, 362 Consulting Committee on Lumber Standards. 291

,

342, 357 Containers 316,341,363 canned food - 364

chlorine. 326 compressed gas 327

fiber 367 fiberboard 328

freight. 310

fruit 301,324,336,348,376

glass 309, 325, 332, 338, 341, 3.r 9

insecticide and fungicide 293 metal — 328 paper. 328, 347 Shipping. 316, 324, 325, 327, 328, 347, 348, 381 vegetable 301, 336, 348, 350, 376 wooden 328, 351 Contours, wheel and rail. — 300 Contracting 320 Control apparatus, electric --- 353 Control equipment, industrial 378 Control surfaces of airplanes 206

Controllers, direct-current 323 Converters, synchronous 305 Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association 346 Conveyors and conveying machinery, safety code for. 308, 343,350,374 Cooling plants 125 Coordinating service, Federal 179 Copper.. 125,331,358 Cords (radio apparatus) 368 Corn 141 Corrosion 144, 243, 260, 302, 315, 325, 331, 344 Corset and Brassiere Association. 380 Cost systems - 332 Cotton, memorization of 264, 320, 345 Cotton goods (see also under various kinds of cotton goods) 140, 289, 303 Cottonseed and cottonseed products— 307, 352, 366 Counters, lunchroom _ 331 County purchasing agencies 273 Couplings- 124, 125, 126, 128, 135, 138, 296, 310, 349, 373
386 INDEX

Pago

Courts, basketball 338

tennis, reinforced concrete 368 Covers, cotton 329 manhole 377 Crackers 377 Cranes 119,323,331,372 Crates 335,348,381 Crazing of earthenware 219 Creosote 317 Cr£pe, canton 372 Cr8pe de chine 372 Crime reporting 338 Crockery, packing of 310

Crosse, lacrosse.. _ 379 Crossings and crossovers, railway 340 Crucibles, plumbago 367 Cryostat, boiling liquid 236 Cultivators 135,343 Cups, ice cream 303, 329, 337 Curbs 315 Currents, electric _ 120, 227 Cutlery, hospital 126 Cutters 135,284,302,342 Cutting, gas systems for 370 Cylinders, compressed gas 131, 327, 336 engine, combustion in 209 Cylindrical parts and limit gages, allowances and tolerances for 330, 342, 343 Czechoslovakia, national standardizing body

of 124 Czechoslovakian Association for Testing

Materials 126 Czechoslovakian Ceramic Society. _ 126 Czechoslovakian Electrotechnical Associa- tion 125 D

Dairy buildings and equipment 294 Dams 313 Danish national standardizing body 126 Dansk Standardiseringsraad (DS) 126 Deaf mutes, standard means of communication for... 46 Degumming, fastness of textiles to _. 295 Denmark, national standardizing body of... 126 Density, tables of 340 Dental materials, supplies, and methods... 225, 299 Dentistry 299 Deodorants 363 Derricks, safety code for 330 Desks 169 Detergents 307 Deutscher Normenausschuss (DNA) 129 Diameters, standard 132, 138 Diamonds . 356 Dies 377 Directory of Commodity Specifications 259 Discus throwing (athletic sport) 294,336 Disinfectants- 335,363 Distribution boards, electric 354 Dividing engine, precision 257 Documents, identification of 237 Dolomite 363 Doors 126, 134, 334, 342, 353, 375 Drafting room practice 125,

126, 132, 134, 138, 170, 358, 374 Dressings, surgical 298

Drills 307,330

agricultural 343 blades for 313 Drillwork 342 Drop forging 300 Drugs 146, 300, 305, 306, 307, 308, 323, 379 Drums, boiler 317

steel.. 340,376 Dry cleaning solvents 343 Dryers, clothes 302 Duck, enameling, for the tire industry 289 Dumbwaiters, safety code for 331 Duralumin, sheet 248, 288 Dust explosions, prevention of 153, 284, 355, 368 Dutch national standardizing body 133 Dyes and dyeing 263, 295, 343 Dyestuffs 295

E

Page

Earthenware 219,297 Earths 313 Eaves trough 347,355 Educational Buyers Association 372 Eggs 135 Electric plants, safety code for 123 Electric Railway Presidents' Conference Committee 312

Electric systems, overhead 353

Electric traction equipment 120

Electrical apparatus and equipment 120,

124, 305, 307, 319, 322, 323, 353, 354, 374, 378

Electrical codes 119,

120, 124, 146, 256, 284, 323, 354, 355

Electrical definitions, measurements, and

units 226, 294, 305, 331, 349, 374

Electrical engineering 284, 304

Electrical hazards 362

Electrolysis, volume changes at an electrode, during 252

Electrolytes, heat content of aqueous solu- tions of 234 Electroplating 301 Electrotechnical Laboratory, Tokyo 114 Electrotechnics 119, 120, 125 Electrotype backing metal 337 Electrotypes. 253,337 Elevator interlocking devices 242 Elevators 125,284,304,331

grain, fire pi evention in 369 Embrittlement of sheet duralumin 248 Empire State Building, wind pressure meas- urements on model of 212 Emulsions, photographic 251 Enamels 125,230,297 Encyclopedia of Specifications 259 Engine performance, effect of humidity on... 210 Engine starter mountings, aircraft 373 Engines, aircraft.. 207 automotive 308

fire 128

gas, test code for 314

hoisting 320

internal combustion 120 motor vehicle. 373

oil 314,330 steam, test code for 314 Ente Nazionale per l'Unificazione nell 'Industria (UNI) 132 Envelopes 128,184 Ephedrine, testing for 300

Escalators, safety code for. _ 331 Evaporator test code 304 Excavators, dragline 372 Executive departments 141 Explosions, dust, prevention of 153, 284, 355, 368

Explosives.. 152, 31 1, 324, 327, 335, 342 Express companies 188 F

Fabrics, automotive, rubber and pyroxylin

coated 371 cotton 140, 264, 289, 344, 347, 363, 378 pyroxylin coated 323, 331, 371 rubberized 295,371

tire 289 waterproofed 295 woven, testing of 284

Factories, code of lighting for 334 Fans 314.342,343 Farina 357 Farm equipment 313 Farm products 142,365 Fastness to light and washing of cotton

fabrics 344 Fats 307,352,366 Faucets, compression 345 Federal bureaus and departments 141 Federal specifications and testing 260 Federal testing laboratories 200 Federated Master Builders' Association of Australia - 119 Federation Aeronautique Internationale 84
INDEX 387

Page

Feeding stuffs 321,322 Feldspar 219,223,297 Felt - 355,377 Fencing (athletic sport) . . 350 Fencing, woven wire 354,361 Ferro-molybdenum. 288

Fertilizers 323,354

Fiber, felt - 319 vulcanized 354 Fifth International Botanical Congress 360

Files. - 299,361 Filing equipment, steel — 347

Filler, tar pitch 295 Film, motion picture _~ 349,374

Filters, glass, standard .. 224 water - 316,321 Financing, home 211 Finish, concrete floor 298 Finishes for dental equipment 299 Finland, national standardizing body of 127 Finlands Standardiseringskommission (SFS) 127

Fire, resistance of steel to 344 Fire alarm signaling systems 349, 370 Fire and explosion prevention, code for the use of inert gas for 284 Fire engine tests - 349 Fire extinguishing appliances... 242, 349 Fire fighting 136, 178, 319 Fire fighting equipment in metal mines... 284, 355 Fire hazards in buildings 324 Fire prevention and protection 228, 369 Fire protection equipment— 319 Fire tests of materials, construction, and

equipment. 227, 228, 333, 344, 349, 355 Fire waste 355, 369, 370 Firebrick - 119 First aid. -. 154

First-aid fire appliances 349 Fish 135,149 Fishing tackle 135 Fishplates 119

Fits, metal, tolerances and gages for 325

Fittings 138 ammonia, flanged, cast-iron 346 bronze 340 carbonated beverage- 296

cast-iron.... 305,345 core drill, diamond... 308,329 pipe 125, 284, 310, 311, 325, 334, 337, 340, 345, 375 radiator tie-rod 373 sewer pipe 330 sheet metal. 120 spline 373 valve 347 water supply 120 Flags, railway signaling 311 Flanges, pipe 125, 131, 135, 284, 325, 334, 340, 345 Flasks, Dewar 236

Flatirons, electrical 322 Floor construction 228, 343 Floor openings, safety code for 362 Flooring 125, 317, 340, 366, 375 Floors, concrete 328

steel 306 Flour. 341,366 cake and biscuit 294

fish 150 wood 351 Flowers 135 Flue linings 330 Flush-tank mechanism 345 Food and drugs act 145 Foods 145, 306, 323, 341, 350, 364 Football (athletic sport) 350 Foreign industrial standardizing bodies 118 Forest Products Laboratory 146 Forged-steel products 321, 361 Forging, safety code for 300, 362 Forgings, steel 288, 295, 354 Forms, commercial 128, 132, 185, 301, 302, 304, 311, 315, 316, 318, 320,

325, 326, 328, 332, 337, 340, 341, 343, 346, 347,

349, 361, 364, 369, 376, 380. Forms for concrete-floor construction 343 Foundations 313 road 124

Page

Foundries, safety code for the protection of industrial workers in 355 Foundry apprenticeship 355 Foundry equipment and supplies.. 301, 314, 330, 376 Foundry products, steel 376 Foundry safety and sanitation, code for 301 Fountains 172 Fourth Pan American Commercial Confer- ence 80 Frames, manhole. 377 window, wood 342 France, national standardizing body of 128 Freight and freight claims 309 Freight-claim rules 309 Freight classifications 328 Frequency standards, radio 26, 253 Frogs, railway 340 Fruit and Vegetable Brokers' Association— 336 Fruit and vegetable industry 301 Fruits 135, 303, 324, 325, 349 Fuel research 308 Fuels 152, 208, 240, 314, 359, 373

Fulling, fastness of textiles to. 295 Furnaces 312,364 Furniture 125,310,344,351,363 Fusees. 311 Fuses, altitude correction 305

Gage design 302 Gages and gaging systems. 124,

132, 269, 270, 302, 308, 317, 325, 330, 342, 343, 374 Galvanized materials - 168, 284, 317, 341, 344 Garages 311,344 heating and ventilating of 314 Gas 120,228,229,284,302 Gas appliances 126, 228, 302, 303, 325, 336, 348 Gas power. 314 Gas producers, test code for 314 Gas systems for welding and cutting 349, 370 Gas volume tests for beverages 296 Gases... 151,153,302,362 Gaskets —- - 163,311 Gasoline 241, 284, 289, 293, 359, 365, 370 Gauges, pressure 138, 304, 305 vacuum 138,304,305 Gear teeth 302 Gears and gearing 124, 241, 302, 310, 323, 375 General Accounting Office 176 General Fascist Confederation of Italian Industry 132 Generators 324,330,354 Geodetic activities 74 Geography 360 Geology 360 Germany, national standardizing body of 129 Germicides... 335

Girders, airship 206 Glass 163,230,297,342

Glasses, signal railway, 223 Glassware, laboratory 340,347 packing of 310

Glazes, moisture expansion of.. 222

Glazing.... 342 Gloves, rubber, surgeon's 371 Glue 344 Glycerine. 332 Golds, inlay casting 299 Golf shafts, hickory 344,357 Government bureaus and departments 141 Governmental Research Association 338, 358 Grade crossings 309,351 Graduates (chemical apparatus) 340 Grain 332,341,366 Granite 349,363 Grapefruit 324 Grapes, canned 325 Graphics 326 Graphs and charts 358 Gratings, road gully 120 Gravel 362,363 Gray iron impact specimens 244 Greases 123,359 Great Britain, national standardizing body

of 130
388 INDEX

Page

Grips, hand 138 Guitars 346 Guns, identification of. 237 Gymnasiums, school 353 Gymn?stics (athletic sport) 294, 350 Gypsum and gypsum products 239, 289, 333

Hammer throwing (athletic sport) 294,336 Handball (athletic sport) _• 294 Handles, wooden 318, 334, 348 Hardware 134, 284, 302, 334, 355, 361, 363 Hardwood Consulting Committee 291, 357 Harrows 135,343 blades for 313 Hay 355,366 Head sets, radio 369 Heading, barrel 319 Hepdlighting, automobile 296, 334 Heads and eyes of industrial workers, safety code for the protection of 297, 323 Health certificates 316 Heat, dry and wet, fastness of textiles to 295 symbols for 284,294 Heat and temperature measurements 232 He?t apparatus 314 Heat transmission 360 Heat treatment 315 Heating and heating systems. . 125, 314, 334, 352, 364 Heating appliances 152, 242, 302, 322, 334, 370 Helium, liquefaction of _ 233 Hickory Golf Shaft Association 344 Hides.... 238,377 Highway congestion 295 Highway construction 367 Highway intersections 351 Highway materials 295,352 Highway Research Board 144,362,368 Highway safety 51, 295 Highway terms 124 Highway traffic 348,351 Hinges 125,126,334 Hockey (athletic sport) 294,350 Hoes, handles for 318 Hoists.. 119,330 Home economics 303 Home financing 211 Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United

States 305 Hoofdcommissie voor de Normalisatie in Nederland (HCNN) 133 Hooks and eyes 140 Hoops 319 Hoppers, flour 313 Horns, automobile 351 Horological Institute of America, cooperation with 267 Horticultural nomenclature 309 Horticulture 294 Hose, aviator's 264,345

fire 128,284,289,349,355,378

361 296

289

371

garden- rubber.

water. Hose connections for welding and cutting

torches 332,336 Hose connections on gas regulators 336 Hosiery 345,377 Hospital equipment 136, 303, 316, 371 Hospitals 122, 298, 303, 313, 364 Hot boxes 310 Hot plates 302 Hotel safety 362 House, care and repair of 211 House building 134 House heating appliances and equipment— 132,302 Household buying 303 Housing 210 Housing conditions 324 Housings, fly-wheel, aircraft 373 Hubs, airplane propeller 373 Hulls, cottonseed 307,352 Humidity, effect of, on engine performance.. 210 Hungary, national standardizing body of 131 Hurdling (athletic sport) 294

Page

Hydraulics ' 236, 294, 313, 314 Hydrocarbons from petroleum 240 Hydrocloric acid 340 Hydrogen.. 234,326

Ice cake sizes.. 345

Ice compartment sizes 345,360

Ice hockey (athletic sport) 294

Ice plants, steam-driven, test code for 315

Ignition, influence of spark on 209 Illumination of motor coaches. 324 Impression compounds, dental. _ 299 Incinerators... 302 Induction regulators.. 284 Industrial workers, safety code for the protection of the heads and eyes of. 297, 323 Inks, printing 346

Insecticides 323,335

Institution of Engineers, Australia... 119 Instruments 120,161

aircraft 207 engineering. 241 measuring 120,305,353 musical 346

recording 305

surgical -.. 122 time measuring and recording, j 266 Insula tion and insulating materials 120,

131, 235, 255, 318, 322, 351, 360, 370

Insulators... . 120, 131, 284, 305, 353 Insurance, fire 319

International Association of Public Works

Officials 338 International Astronomical Union. 66

International Bureau of Weights and Measures 64 International Commission on Illumination.. 87 International Commission on Large Dams 120 International Committee on Weights and

Measures. 63,270

International communication, relation of standard time to 33 International Conference on Weights and

Measures. 63 International Congress on Radiology 89

International Critical Tables 360

International Electrical Congress 120

International electrical units 228 International Electrotechnical Commission..76, 173 International Fuel Conference on Coal. 346 International Research Council— 360

International Scientific Radio Union 83,360

International standardizing agencies 63 Interna tional S tandards Association .... 91 International Steam-Table Conference 83 International Technical Consulting Committee on Radio Communication 79 International Union of Chemistry. 83, 360

International Union of Geodesy and Geo?

physics.. 70

Inulin 263 Investments, dental 299 Iridium.. 233 Iron_ 125,126,134,144,

154, 295, 301, 314, 315, 344, 346, 347, 348, 354

Ironers, gas heater 302

Irrigation 313

Italy, national standardizing body of 132

Jacks (radio apparatus) 368 Jams, fruit 359

Janitor s upply products 363 Japan, national standardizing body of ._ 132 Japanese Engineering Standards Committee

(JESC) 132 Japanned ware 341

Jars, glass 332

Javelin throwing (athletic sport) 294,336

Jellies 359 Jewelry 356

Jigs, classification of 306 Joint Committee on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 313
INDEX 389

Page

Joint Committee on Investigation of the Effect of Phosphorous and Sulphur in

Steel 290 Joint Committee on Standard Specifications

for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete— 290, 368 Joint Concrete Culvert Pipe Committee 290,

295, 298

Joints, ground glass 269

Joints, welded 205, 297

Joists 376,380 Journal bearing performance 241 Journal boxes and bearings 300, 310 Jumping (athletic sport) 294,336

Kegs.. 319 Kennel ly-Heaviside layer, height of 254 Kerosene 284 Kevs 125,132,135,284,302 Keyslots 284 Keyways 132 Kitchen equipment 134,331 Knit goods 264, 303, 320, 345, 361

Labeling 216 Laboratoire Central D'Electricite, Paris 109 Laboratory apparatus 298, 372 Laboratory chemicals and apparatus.. 298, 340, 347 Lac for electrical insulating purposes 120 Lacquers and lacquer solvents 289 Lacrosse (athletic sport) 350,379 Ladders, safety code for 339, 362 Lamp bases, threads for screw shells of 353 Lamp caps 120 Lampblack . 289 Lamps, electric 123, 131, 181, 351 Landing fields.. 147, 190 Language, standardization of 43 Lanterns, railway 311 Lath 289,328 Lathe shaft ends for dental work - 299 Laundering 295 Launder-ometer 295 Laundry machinery and operations 310,

323, 339, 341, 346 Lead, red 289 white. 289 Lead chromate 297 Lead nitrate 297 Leather and leather products 136, 237, 306, 377 Lemons. 324 Lens design 238 Letterheads 138,340 Lettering of drawings 126 Levels 174 Levulose, manufacture of 262

Libraries, school 353

Lift installations. 119 Light, Waidner-Burgess standard of 233 Light fastness 295, 344 Light protection 309 Lighting and lighting equipment 150, 300, 309, 318, 334, 353, 360, 374, 378 Lightning, code for protection against 305, 356

resistance of steel to.. 344 Lightning arresters 305 Lightning rods 356 Lights, beacon. 148 Lignites 120 Lime 239,288,297,356 Limestone 1 297,363 Lime-sulphur solution 293 Limits and fits 125, 134 Line scales, ruling of, by interference methods. 249 Linemen's rubber protective equipment 362 Linen goods 140 Lines and line material, electric 120, 300, 353 Linoleum 182,339

Linters, cotton 324,352 Liquids, organic. 235

Listers, blades for 313 Lockers, steel 343 Locks 311,334 Locksmiths' work 125

Pago

Locomotive inspection laws 189 Locomotives 119, 125, 307, 310, 314, 354 Lovibond glasses, standardization of... 223 Lowell Textile Institute 295 Lubricants 284, 323, 359, 365 Lubrication 240 Lugs, pattern plate 301 Lumber 123, 162, 291, 316, 318, 325,

333, 340, 342, 351, 355, 357, 361, 366, 375, 380 Luminaries, residence-lighting 322 M

Macadam 144 Macaroni 357 Machine parts 119, 124, 128, 132, 136, 374, 375 Machine shop practice 314 Machinery 120, 122, 123,

124, 128, 136, 159, 304, 306, 307, 308, 310, 314,

323, 331, 333, 335, 343, 353, 358, 362, 372, 377 Machinery supplies 363 Magnesia Association of America 341 Magnesium oxide 297 Magnet testing 131, 227 Magyar Ipari Szabvanyosito Bizottsag (MISz) 131 Mail 169 Manufacturers, willing-to-certify 216 Maps and mapping 157, 175, 313 Marble work 345 Marine navigation 56 Marine oil terminals 349 Marine standards 284 Markers and signs, road 295 Markings, color, pattern, and core box 301

street traffic 296, 326, 351 terminal, for electrical apparatus 120, 354 wiring, for magnetic controllers.. 323 Masaryk Academy of Industry 126 Masonry 221, 301, 327, 343, 347, 368 Masonry openings. 371 Masonry units, concrete 289,368 Materials handling 314 Matter-planes for periodicals 135 Matting, corrugated 371 Mattresses.... 324, 344 Meal, cottonseed 307,352

fish 150 peanut 352 Measurement 306 Meats 303,366 cottonseed, crude 307 Mechanical appliances. 241 Mechanical engineering. 284,314 Mechanics, applied 314 Mechanics' lien law 343 Medicines 323,379 Merchants Association of New York 317 Mercuric chloride 297 Mercurous chloride 297 Metal marking of whiteware glazes ^ 219 Metallurgy 132,134,284,305 Metals 119, 125, 129, 136, 243, 244,

245, 246, 247, 248, 288, 289, 314, 330, 331, 358, 366 Meters, electricity 322,353

fluid. 129,316

orifice 271,302 Methane, heat of combustion of... 234 Metric convention, nations parties to 63 Metric system in pharmacy 309 Metrology 249 Mica, properties of 227 Middlings, purified 357 Military standardization 47, 172 Milk, certified 294, 326 dry skim 300 Milk analysis 309,323 Milk of magnesia 301 Millinery, colors of 377 Milling fixtures 306 Mills and millwork 313, 334, 337, 362, 380 Mine equipment 119, 122, 124, 152, 153, 257, 305 Mining 284, 305, 307, 350 Mirrors 303,342,344,351 Mixers, cake 313 concrete 320 dough 313 Molasses and sugar in the tariff act of 1930— 261
390 INDEX

Page

Moldings 134, 318, 325, 333, 353, 357 Molds, icecream 329,337 Monel metal 348 Mopsticks 345,348 Mortar and brick, bond between 221 Mortars 301 Motion-picture apparatus 374 Motor and Equipment Association... 351 Motor coaches 300,324 Motor-frame dimensions, electric 308 Motor-truck frame lengths 373 Motor trucks, rating of 373 Motor Vehicle Conference 345 Motor vehicle registration 351 Motors, electric... 123, 304, 305, 315, 323, 353, 358, 378 outboard 373 Mountings, aircraft engine starter 373 airplane fuel-pump. 373 Mufflers, automobile 358 Mundatechnical Society of America 341 Municipal purchasing and standardizing

agencies 272 Muslin 335 N

Nailing of wooden boxes 348 Nails 125,361 Naphtha, cleaners 341 Naphthol, testing of 284 National Academy of Sciences... 360 National Association of Boards of Pharmacy. 309 National Association of Taxicab Owners 351 National Coffee Roasters Association 347 National Committee on Municipal Reporting.. 338,358 National Committee on Municipal Standards 338,358 National Cotton Fibers Association (Inc.) 344 National Directory of Commodity Specifica- tions 259 National Formulary 300, 308 National governmental standardising labora- tories.— 93 National Hardwood Inspection Rules Committee 292 National Hydraulic Laboratory 236 National industrial standardizing bodies 118 National Laboratoire D'Essais, Paris. 106 National League of Commission Merchants.. 336 National Physical Laboratory, London 93 National Research Council, Canada 109 Naval construction 129 Naval radio material 25 Naval Stores Boards of Trade 367 Navigation, aids to 29, 56, 61, 151 Needles, hypodermic, dental 299 Net preservation _ 149 Netherlands, national standardizing body of. 133 Nets, fishing 135 New and nonofficial remedies 306 Nickel J 125,331,348 Nickel-chromium-alloy for weights 270 Nipples, pipe 308, 330, 334, 346 Nitric acid 340

Nitrocellulose 289 Noise in airplanes, reduction of 208 Nomenclature, horticultural 307 pharmaceutical 308 welding and cutting 317 Noodles 357 Norges Standardiserings-Forbund (NS F) 133 Norway, national standardizing body of. 133 Numbers, preferred 374 Nursery products 294 Nut proportions 296 Nutrition 150 Nuts.. 124, 125, 126, 128, 134, 138, 284, 300, 315, 358, 373 O

Obstacle racing (athletic sport) 294

Office furniture and equipment 125, 310, 348

Oil, cocoanut 352 cod liver 300 cottonseed 267,352

creosote 270, 317

fish 150

Page

Oil—Continued.

fuel.. 307,308,346,370

insulating 120,289 lubricating 132, 241, 345, 373 peanut 352 petroleum 122,240 snow melting 370 soybean 352,363 sulphonated.. 306 switch 124 transformer 124,311 vegetable.. 366 Oil chemistry 307

Oil gas mixtures, pressure-volume-temperature relation of__ 241

Oil Heating Institute 307

Oil power 314 Oilcake, cottonseed, crude 307

Oils 120, 123, 126, 241, 284, 307, 311, 352, 359, 366 Optical systems 238 Optometry 308 Oranges 324 Ores. 154,305,318 Organic compounds, crystalline 251 Ornamental Growers Association 294 Osterreichischer Normenausschuss fur Industrie und Gewerbe (ONIG) 121 Ovens. 312,349 Oxygen 229,311 P

Packages, flour 341 fungicide and insecticide 293, 355 meat. 335 Packages for vinegar pickled products 335 Packing 348 Packs, abdominal... 298 Padlocks, manhole and handhole 311 Pads, surgical 298

Pails 335 Paints 120, 289, 308, 311, 335, 356, 358 Pajamas— 303,337,361 Pan American Commercial Conference 80 Pan American Sanitary Bureau 86 Panels, plywood. 119 poster 367 Paper 128, 129, 132, 249, 251, 308, 339, 360, 377 blue print 337 book publishers' 340 cover 329 envelope.. 331 gum 361

kraft, gummed 359 photocopy 337 rag content 369 record 347

roofing 123

tissue 317,358,361,378

toilet 359,378 wall 303,338,364,380 waste 348 wrapping 335,361 Paper making materials and processes 250 Paper products 250 Paper sizes 120,

125, 126, 134, 137, 138, 346, 359, 380, 382 Papers, Government 249

office 347 Parachutes, cotton fabric for. 264 Paradichlorbenzene 335 Parks, amusement, safety code for 350

Partitions, fire tests of 228 sound-proof 211

Partitions, toilet and shower 343

Pastes, alimentary 357 Patterns, dress 303, 337, 361 foundry, wood u 376 machine 340 marking of 301,340 wood, color code for 332 Pavements 124,144,315 asphalt 319 bituminous.. 295 brick 359 concrete 295

creosoted wood block 317 Pavers, concrete. 320
INDEX 391

Page

Paving materials 125, 295, 3]

9

Peaches, canned. 325 Peanuts 352 Pearls 356

Pears, canned 325 Peas 141 Perchloric acid 297 Perennials, herbaceous 294 Perspiration, fastness of textiles to 295 Petroleum and petroleum products 120, 240, 284, 308, 314, 348, 359, 360, 365, 366 Pharmaceutics and pharmaceuticals... 300, 308, 379 Pharmacopoeia of the United States 379 Phase equilibria in the system zinc oxide- alumina-silica 251 Phosphorus pentoxide, heat content of 234 Photography 251 Photometry 223,294 Physical constants 251 Physical therapy 307 Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, Berlin 99 Piers 349 Pigeons, racing, communication by 34 Pigments 284, 289

Pile driving . . 124 Piles 124, 168, 317, 354, 372, 381 Pillows . 324 Pins 125, 135, 138, 140, 374 Pipe, concrete 144, 182, 294, 298, 313 conductor 298,347,355 gas... 325 metallic 119, 124, 125, 135, 138, 182, 288, 296,

302, 316, 325, 330, 339, 340, 345, 347, 353, 354, 355,

366, 375. sewer 125,326,330

stove, clay 330 Pipe lines 348 bedding and backfilling 298 carbonated beverage 296

protective coatings for 308 Pipe systems 123, 125. 138 Pipe threads 296, 302, 308, 315, 335, 337 Piping 128,132,136 power plant 368 pressure, code for 304, 317, 325, 346, 353

refrigerating 305 sanitary 337 welded 317 Piping systems, identification of 124,

304, 358, 362, 377 Pistons, airplane engine 373 Pituitary substance 300 Plank, wood. 380

Plaster, dental. 299 lime... ..1. 289 Plastering 328,333,356

Plates, boiler 125, 128 bone, steel _ 298,303

ferrous metal 125, 128, 284, 288, 301 letterbox... 334

liner, vitrified clay, for sewers 330 nonferrous metal 125, 131 printing 337

tie, steel 321 Platforms, skid 334

Plating, metal, on steel 301 Playground apparatus 360 Plows _ 343

disk, blades for. 313 Plugs (radio apparatus) 368 attachment, electric 138,322 Plumbing and plumbing fixtures 119, 212, 297, 303, 315, 316, 330, 335, 345 Plums, canned 325 Plywood 119,357,367 Pointing materials, elastic, for stone 261 Poisonous articles, transportation of 340 Poland, national standardizing body of 136 Pole vaulting (athletic sport) 294, 336

Poles, tubular steel 301 wood 124, 284, 317, 351, 354, 366, 377, 381

Police records 338 Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny (PEN) 136 Porcelain 297 Postage metering devices 242

Posts, wood 366, 380, 381 Poultry 135

Page

Powder, aluminum for paints 289 bleaching 339 Power, electrical 120

gas. steam

water Power plant apparatus I. Power plants of steam railways.. Power take-off for agricultural tractors and

machines Power transmission, mechanical, safety "code

for... 337,350, Preferred numbers

Preservative materials

Preservatives, mine timber

Preserves .I.IS.I Presses, safety code for 341, 358, Pressure vessels, unfired 317' Prime ir overs _

' Procurement \Y.~SS~. Producers Council

Propellers.. 340, Provisions... 168 Prunes, canned. ' Public health Public institutions, materials, equipment and

supplies for. Public reporting.. " Publications of the Bureau of Standards

Pulp, wood 308, Pulp and paper industry

Pulverized fuel equipment

Pulverized fuel systems 284, Pumps.. 119, centrifugal, portable diaphragm

high pressure vaccuum _ Purchasing, governmental... 273, household

railway.. Pyrethrum

314

314

125 314 323

313

374

317

307 359

362 370

353

183 375 373

366

325 309

120 338

194

321

147 368 349

334 320

320

320

327 275

303

311

335

Quarrying. R

Races, automobile 296 Radiation, gravity type, code for testing 314 Radiators, code for testing 314 Radio apparatus and equipment 21,

25, 124, 336, 368, 369 Radio broadcasting stations 59, 148 Radiocommunication 17,

22, 29, 31, 120, 253, 254, 305, 336, 354, 360 Radium 260 Rag stock 331,348 Rail bonds 311 Rails 119, 125, 129, 301, 315, 340, 354 Railway communication.. 41 Railway control apparatus 305 Railway electrification materials.— 311, 323 Railway engineering 314,323 Railway materials and equipment. 128, 310, 311, 340 Railway operation 188, 300, 309 Rakes, handles for 318 Ranges 302,322,348 Rasps 361 Rayon 289,295 Reactors 284 Reagents, chemical 297 Reamers 330 Receptacles, electrical, for dental work _ 299 Records, preservation of. 250 Recreation 359

Rectifiers, mercury-arc 305 Refractories 220, 2S9, 297, 301, 305, 312, 330, 340 Refrigerants 125 Refrigeration.. 119, 284, 305, 315, 316, 345, 346, 354, 370

Refrigerators 143, 303, 310, 315, 344, 345, 360 Relays, direct current „ 311 Reports, municipal 338 Research associates stationed at the Bureau of Standards 195 Research laboratories 273, 360

Resistors (radio apparatus) 369
392 INDEX

Page

Restaurants and restaurant equipment. 302, 331, 361 Ribose, crystalline 262 Rice, milled... 370 Ridgewav color standards and nomenclature. 294 Rims, tire... 131,373,378 Rivers, rating of 120 Rivet proportions 296 Rivets 125, 128, 132, 138, 163, 358, 373 Roads and road materials. 119,

124, 144, 145, 295, 315, 319, 354, 360 Rock crushing 362 Rock dust 153 Rock dusting of coal mines 305 Rods, lightning. 356 pyroxylin 368

reinforcing, steel. 328

tie.. j 300 welding 300 Rolled steel products 321

Rollers, land 126 Rolling stock, railway 310 Roofing and roofing materials 125, 289, 317, 319, 328, 344, 363, 379 Rope, wire 138, 375 Rope for tying meats 335 Rose bushes 294 Rosin. 367 Rosin Barrel Manufacturers Association 319 Roumania, national standardizing body of.. 136 Royal Australian Institute of Architects 119 Rubber and rubber goods. 255, 289, 306, 348, 362, 371 Rugs, felt base . 339 linoleum 339 Running (athletic sport). 294,336 Russian national standardizing body 138 S

paper 339 Safes.. _ 347 Safety standards 51, 258, 295, 350 Saggers 221

Salt for curing hides and skins 238 Sample book sizes _ 308 Sanatoriums, tuberculosis 313. 364 Sand 244,289,293,297,301,362 Sanitary engineering 313,315 Sanitary ware 303, 309, 310, 335. 345 Sanitation 315,358 Sanitation equipment 136 Satin. 372 Sawdust 351 Saws, mechanical, for dental work 299 metal cutting 131 wood 131 Scales 256,257,362,371 School buildings, code for the lighting of 309,

334, 353 School houses. 353 Schweizerische Normalien Vereinigung

(SNV)_. 137

Scientific advancement 294 Scoops 355 Scrap, iron and steel 346, 348 Screens.. 289,352 Screw threads 134, 138, 241, 269, 310, 315, 316, 327, 349, 357, 373 Screws 124, 128, 132, 138, 249, 315, 373 Sea water, fastness of textiles to 295

Seals, railway car 312 water . 345 Seats for water closet bowls 367 Sections 123,125,129,300 Seed testing 323 Seeders. 343 Semaphore spectacle 311 Semolina.. 357 Sensitometry, photographic 251 Sewers and sewage 309, 313, 315, 316 Shaft ends 126, 135, 138, 373 Shafting 135,284,302

Shafts, spline 313, 315 Shapes, structural steel 284, 301, 374 Sheet metal 338 Sheds, lumber 311 Sheet metal ware . 341 Sheet metal work 347 Sheets, bed 143, 303, 371

Page

Sheets—Continued.

metallic 131. 284, 288, 302, 317, 344

plaster, fibrous, for interior walls 120 pyroxylin 368 rubber, mechanical 306 Shellac... 296,379

Shells, gold, for dental work 299 shotgun, paper. 355, 361 , 375, 376 Shingles. 289, 319, 357, 366, 370 Shipbuilding 134 Shiplap 375 Shipping... 297 Shipping of freight 310

Shirts. 320,337,347,361 Shoe goring _ 380 Shoes 140

colors of 377 packing of 140 Shortening, vegetable. 352 Shot putting (athletic sport) 294, 336 Shovels 120,355,361 handles for 318 power-driven 372 Shrubs, deciduous and evergreen 294 Shutters and blinds.. 342

Siderurgical products 129 Sidewalks _ 315 Sieves... 131,249,284

Sifters, flour 313 Signaling, railway „ 311 Signaling systems 349,370

Signals, highway 124, 360 railway 311

street traffic 296, 326, 351, 362

Signs, highway 295, 360

street traffic 296,326,351

Silicate products 219

Silk 143,264,303,372,377

Silver 358

Silver plating solutions, analysis of _. 252 Simplified practice 258

Sinks... 331 Skins, fur-seal 238

Sl?g. 363

Slate 261,289,319,363 Slums, rebuilding of 299 Small arms 376 Soap and soap products 181,

298, 302, 307, 308, 339, 352, 363 Soccer (athletic sport) 350

Sockets, electric, threads for screw shells of... 353 radio vacuum tube 369 Soda ash 339 Sodium nitroferricyanide 297 Solders 125,131,288 Solvent, Stoddard 343 Southern Freight Association 376 Soybeans 363 Spades 355 Spaghetti 357 Spark, influence of, on engine ignition 209

Specific heats at low temperatures 233 Spectrochemical analysis 260 Spectrophotometers 224 Spectroscopy 260

Splines 132 Sponges, surgical 298

Sports, athletic 294,350 Spray coating 362

Springs... 120, 125, 138, 288, 324, 344 Sprinkler equipments 349 Sprockets, transmission 302, 374 Spuds, thermometer. 338 Squash ball (athletic sport) 294

Stains, biological 326 Stalk cutters 343 Stamp vending devices 242 Stamping, hot metal, safety code for 300, 362 Standard analyzed samples, distribution of_. 219 Standard Stock Catalogue Board 183 Standards Association of Australia (S AA) 119 Standpipes, steel 316 Starch sizes, preparation and testing of. 267 State purchasing and standardizing agencies. 275 Staves, barrel 319 Steam, properties of 235

Steel 125, 126, 134, 138,

144, 163, 246, 248, 284, 301, 314, 315, 344, 347, 354

aircraft 373
INDEX 393

Steel—Continued. PaS®

boiler 321,354

drill 307 eyebar 295

firebox 354

flat rolled 344

rail. 144,246

reinforcing 298, 328, 354

rivet 295 sheet 355 spring 306

structural . 119, 124, 284, 28S, 295, 297, 305, 321, 354 Steeplechasing (athletic sport) 294 Stone, building 215, 261, 289, 295, 325, 368 crushed 352 paving. _ 125 Stones, artificial, dental __ 299 p precious - 356 Stopcocks — 138 Stoves 302,322,348 Stoving, fastness of textiles to 295 Straw 355,366

Stresses, fiber, in wood poles . 284

Strips, metallic 131 Structural engineering 313 Structures, concrete and reinforced concrete. . 119

steel _ 119,124,125,134 timber 125 Struts, fixation of 206 Stucco 328,356 Studs 124,322 Subgrades, road 124 Sugars 261,262,263

Suitcases — 356,357 Sulphate process, blow-off gases from 268 Surgeon General of the Army 298 Surgery 298 Surgical instruments and supplies 122, 298, 371 Surveying.. 166,313 Sveriges Standardiseringskommission (SIS).. 137 Sweden, national standardization body of 137 Sweeps, floor... 297 Swimming (athletic sport) 294, 350 Switch operating mechanism, electric motor. 311 Switch stands, railway 340 Switches and switchgear...-120, 305, 340, 353, 354, 378 Switzerland, national standardizing body of. 137 Svmbols, scientific and engineering. 120, 284, 294, 297, 304, 305, 317, 322, 323, 331, 336, 374

Tables, hospital 122 steam 331 Tachometer drive, aeronautic 373 Tacks 361 Tanks 163,208, 313, 316, 317, 326, 330, 338, 349 Tannery materials 306 Tape 289,333,359 Taps - 377 Tar 131,317 Tarpaulins —. 329,363 Tea act 146 Technical societies 293 Tees, steel 125 Telegraphy 188,311 Telephony 11,188,311 Television 40,369 Temperature measurements 232, 305 Temperature scales, intercomparison of. 232 Tensile strength testing of hard-fiber products 329 Tents 329,363 Termites 168 Terneplate 355 Terra cotta 222, 364

Terraces, slate for 363 Test pressures 129 Testing laboratories 200, 273

Textiles 126, 136, 140,

162, 263, 264, 284, 295, 303, 314, 341, 348, 362, 372 Therapeutics 265,299 Thermal expansion apparatus, fused quartz. 266 Thermometer bulbs, aeronautic 373 Thermometers 138, 236, 303, 340, 364, 372 Threads 125, 126, 132, 134, 138, 296, 302, 308, 310, 315, 316, 327, 335, 337, 353, 373 Tierces 335

Ties, wood 317, 347, 354, 355, 358, 375

Page

Tile and tile work 125, 126, 288,

295, 298, 299, 313, 321, 320, 327, 330, 371, 376 Tillage implements. 343 Timber structures 125 Timber treating plants 370 Timbering, mine 307 Timbers 119, 168, 317, 354, 375, 380 Time, relation of to international communication 33 Time releases 311 Tin. 358 Tinware 341

Tires, airplane 373 automobile 378 motor truck _. 378

steel 354

Toasters, electrical 322 Tokyo Industrial Research Institute 116 Tolerances and fits 132, 325 Tomatoes 141 Tools 122, 129, 135, 138, 306, 350, 357, 361, 374 Torches, welding and cutting 332, 336 Torpedoes, track 311 Towels, paper • 359 Track (athletic sport) 350 Track circuit connector. 311 Track, railway 312, 313, 315 Track scale test weight cars 257, 362 Trackwork 300, 340 Tractor testing and rating code 313 Trade associations 293

Traffic 124, 295, 311, 326, 348, 351, 362, 374 Train control, automatic 309 Transference number, variation in, with

concentration 252 Transformers 120, 123, 124, 284, 305, 311, 354, 378 Transits 174 Transmission and distribution systems,

electric 309 Transmissions 125,128 Transmitters, radio, testing of 336 Transportation 284, 312, 326, 340, 345 Traprock - 363 Traps, lavatory and sink 330 pipe. 330 sewer 345 Trays, photographic, hard rubber 255 Trees 294

Trestles 370 Tribal communication 38 Tricalcium silicate, decomposition of 213 Trim and molding, interior, hardwood 333 Tripods - 174 Trolleys, meat 335 Truck equipment 351 Trucks - 169 hand 335 Trunks — 357

Tuberculosis, diagnosis and classification of.. 364 Tuberculosis institutions... 313,364 Tubes, gas. - - .—- 302 rubber 306,371 vacuum, testing of 336 Tubing, metallic 131, 136, 296, 353, 373 nonmetallic, flexible 378 pyroxylin 368 Tubs. 319,335 Tug-of-war (athletic sport) — 294 Tunneling — 362 Turbines 120, 125, 314, 340 Turnouts, railway 340 Turpentine --- 367 Twine 149, 169, 329, 335, 358, 359, 361 Typography 119 U

Ukuleles - 346

Ultra-violet radiation, measuring 266 Underground electric systems 353 Underwear - 264,303,320,361 Union of Socialist Soviet Republics, national standardizing body of 138 Unions 138,302,334 United States Independent Telephone Association 377 Uranium nitrate 297
394 INDEX

V Page

Valves 123,289,

296, 311, 330, 340, 345, 347, 349, 370, 373, 375 Varnishes 120, 253, 289, 308, 335, 346, 358, 379 Vapor lock, investigation of. 208 Vats, coil 338 Vaults, burial, concrete 298,368 Vegetable industry 301 Vegetables 135, 303, 349, 366 Vehicles, motor 295,351 Veneers 316, 355, 367, 381 Ventilation.... 125,305,314 Verein Schweizerischer Maschinen-Industri- eller(VSM) 137 Vermicelli.. _ 357

Vessels, naval 170, 188 pressure, unfired 317,370

steel.. 297 Veterinary anatomy, nomenclature of. 316 Veterinary medicine 316 Vibrators, pattern plate 301 Vines 294 Visual acuity 308 Volley ball (athletic sport) 350 Voltages, electric 120,227,354 W

Wagon stock 343,355 Wagons, farm 137 Waidner-Burgess standard of light 233 Waists 320,337,347 Walking (athletic sport) 294,336 Walks, slate for 363 Walkway surfaces, safety code for 331, 362 Wall coping, glazed vitrified 330 Wall openings, safety code for 362 Washers 125, 135, 138, 373 Washing 295,307,344 Washrooms and washroom practice 339, 341 Waste, reclaimed 267,309 Watches, rates of 266 Water 172,234,309,316 Water cocks.. 126 Water-piping systems 349 Water purification- 321,356 Water seals 345 Waterworks practice. 316 Waterproofing materials 215, 354 Waterways.. 313 Wavelengths 260 Waves, quasi optical 15 radio.. 31,254 Wax, base plate for dental work 299 Waxes 366 inlay casting 299 Wearing courses, bituminous 319 Weather service for airways 5 Wedges 128 Weight lifting and throwing (athletic sports). 294, 336 Weights and measures . . 63, 150, 257, 268, 270, 306, 352 Welding apparatus, electric 305,353 Welds and welding 297, 317, 360, 370 Western Fruit Jobbers' Association 336 Wharves 349 Wheelbarrows 343 Wheels 136 abrasive 333,337,358 brush, dental 299

Wheels—Continued. Page

buffing 329

car, chilled 323 chamois 299 coping... 333

felt, for dental work 299 grinding 333 grinding, dental lathe 300 hand 125 polishing 329

steel 125,354 White wares 219, 220, 297 Whitewash 356 Whiting, ceramic 297 Wholesale Stationers' Association of the United States of America. 364

Willing-to-certify manufacturers 216 Wind pressure on structures.. 212 Wind tunnels, turbulence in 206 Window washing, safety code per 362 Windows 126,134,375 Wipers, windshield, automobile. 351 Wire, insulated 123,

289, 301, 305, 312, 322, 349, 353, 355

line, steel 311 nonferrous metal 125

steel 124,125,338 welding 297 Wire for suspension bridges 246 Wire gaging systems 374 Wire products 129 Wire rope 138,375 Wiring, electric 318,322,374 Wood, testing of. 355 Wood industry 284, 314 Wood preservation 300,317,351 Woodwork, architectural 342,380 Woodworking plants, safety code for 319,

333, 337, 348, 350 Wool 348 Woolen goods 128, 140 Woolens, colors of 377 Wrappers, fruit 324 Wrench openings 125, 358 Wrestling (athletic sport) 294,350 Wrought iron 295 X

X-ray apparatus 166 X-ray machines 159 X-ray protection 256 X-ray standards, international comparison of. 265 Xylose 267 Y

Yarn, mercerized cotton, regain of 320, 345 Z

Zees, steel 125 Zinc 306,318,331 Zinc chloride 340 Zinc chloride solution. - 317 Zinc coating of iron and steel 284,

301, 315, 344, 347, 354 Zinc oxide-alumina-silica, phase equilibria in the system 251 Zoning 210* O