NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

7486

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma, D. K. Ward

U. S. DEPARTMENT 0I

: COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the developmrnt and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent

with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic

and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services,

and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau’s

unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau’s research are published either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or

in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals avail- able from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and pre- liminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining

the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications,

and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau’s publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular

460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 (SI. 25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 (SI. 50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240,

July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) (S2. 25); avail- able from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1007-20-10472 April 18, 1962 7486

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF . CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E. C. Tuma, D. K. Ward

Inorganic Building Materials Section

Building Research Division

Sponsored by:

Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

Reference: Task Y-F015 -15-102

NBS File No. 10.07/10472

Approved

Bruce E. Foster, Chief

Inorganic Building Materials Section

IMPORTANT NOTICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORTS are usually preliminary or progress accounting documents

intended for use within the Government. Before material in the reports is formally published it is subjected

to additional evaluation and review. For this reason, the publication, reprinting, reproduction, or open-literature

listing of this Report, either in whole or in part, is not authorized unless permission is obtained in writing from

the Office of the Director, National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C. Such permission is not needed,

however, by the Government agency for which the Report has been specifically prepared if that agency wishes

to reproduce additional copies for its own use.

<NBS>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

1. INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this project is the development of criteria for the

fabrication of jet exhaust resistant concretes. Concretes under development are evaluated by exposure to hot gases from a combustion chamber.

The combustion chamber delivers these gases at velocities and temperatures

approaching field conditions.

2. ACTIVITIES

A. Concretes Submitted from Naval Facilities

Seven jet impingement tests were conducted during this quarter on panels

submitted from the following power check facilities.

The third panel of a set of three from the Naval Air Station, Whidbey

Island, Oak Harbor, Washington, was tested after a 68 day drying period at

73 °F and 50 percent relative humidity. This panel, as did the two other

panels in the set previously reported, evidenced no failure.

One set of three panels from the Naval Air Station, Los Alamitos, Long

Beach, California, was subjected to jet blast impingement after 28, 42, and

72 days drying. None of the panels evidenced any failure.

The remaining set of three panels from the Naval Air Station, Oceana,

Virginia Beach, Virginia was tested after 28, 62, and 76 days drying. The

first and third panels tested showed significant failure, the second evidenced

no failure. Since the information on the curing history of these panels was

not furnished and they were not properly packed during shipment this might

account for the magnitude and order of failure.

Detailed data on panels during moist curing, drying, and jet impingement

appears in Table I.

The flexural strengths of beams, cut from these panels and from other

panels previously subjected to the jet impingement tests, were determined during

this quarter. The results of these determinations appear in Table II.

The results continue to indicate that the loss in flexural strength,

between that reported as the 28 day moist curing strength and that after jetblast exposure, is due to water loss during the drying period rather than due

to the heat treatment during the jet-blast test.

These tests complete the series that were planned for concrete specimens

submitted by U a S. Navy power check facilities.

Table

I.

Data

on

Panels

During

Moist

Curing,

Drying,

and

Jet

Impingement

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TABLE II EFFECT OF JET IMPINGEMENT ON THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BEAMS

Specimens Cut From

Power Check Outside Within

Facility Aggregate Cement Test Area Test Area

Beeville Diabase Portland I 459 494

Oak Harbor II Portland II 400 336

to 01 91 414 400

Sanford Blast-furnace slag Portland I 384

460y^

19°I/ 275

1 295I/ 303

I/ 303^'

394

Cherry Point Diabase Portland I 490 460

Miramar Expanded shale High Alumina Hydraulic 170 150

• 6 II ii 245 245

Meridian Blast-furnace slag Portland I 310 280

IS 91 99 210 280

It 99 61 325 195

China Lake Expanded shale coated High Alumina Hydraulic 240

tt II 06 120

ti 91 19 115 125

Oak Harbor Diabase Portland Type II 495 552

IQ Ft SI 524 510

1 / Beams cut from outside test area and water soaked for 48 hour before testing

2

B. Steam Pressure Developed Within Concrete During Rapid Heating

Four concrete specimens have been cast in molds instrumented as shown in

Fig. 1. Two of the specimens contain blast-furnace slag as the aggregate,

while the remaining two contain diabase aggregate. Portland cement was used in

all specimens. The base of these specimens will be subjected to steam pressures

up to 300 psi.

In past tests, leakage occuring between the concrete specimen and the mold,

and around the thermocouple leads and probe tubes, made It impossible to record

pressures and temperatures of any significant value.

The improvements in the design of the mold and measuring probes should

correct this difficulty. The conical shape of the specimen has proven to be an effective way of reducing or even preventing leakage between the mold and

the specimen.

C. The Effect of High Pressure Air on the Permeability of Concrete

Permeability determinations were made during this period on brick-shape

specimens cut from samples of concrete submitted by various Naval Air Station

power-check facilities. Each of the concretes selected contained one of the

following aggregates: crushed diabase, blast-furnace slag, expanded shale, or expanded shale coated. Portland cement was used with the diabase and blastfurnace slag. High alumina hydraulic cement, Fondu, was used with the expanded

shales.

The permabil ity values were determined, at low head pressure, (less than

0.5 psi) on each of the concretes before and after exposure to high pressure air.

The pressures to which the specimen were exposed were 100, 200, and 300 psi. The

pressure to which a specimen could be exposed was limited by its strength. For

this reason the lightweight aggregate concrete specimens were not exposed to 300

psi.

The specimen, while exposed to high pressure, absorbed air in amounts

proportional to the pore and capillary volume. This was indicated by observation

of the rate and duration of de-gassing. When the pressure on the specimen is

reduced, the air within the specimen is slowly released as de-gassing occurs.

The rate at which de-gassing occurs in a particular concrete is proportional to

the pressure to which the specimen was subjected. The permeability, after high

pressure exposure, was not determined until the pressure within the specimen has

returned to atmospheric.

In general the permeability of concrete is increased by exposure to high

pressure air. The magnitude of this increase seems to depend on the permeability

of the concrete before exposure.

- 3

-

Some modifications are being made on the permeability apparatus to permit

measurements of permeability at high pressure differentials (100, 200, or 300

psi). Until now, permeability determinations could only be made at pressure

differentials of several inches water pressure.

When water, inherently present in concrete, is confined within a specimen

during jet-blast impingement, high steam pressure will develop. This is one of

the factors that causes explosive spalling. The pore space determined for the

concretes made using four different aggregates. Table III, is a measure of

their ability to permit the escape of water or steam.

Table III shows that concretes having low bulk density and high pore

space lose more water during drying and jet-blast impingement. These concretes

also gain in weight more rapidly during moist curing than the dense concretes,

such as those made with diabase and blast furnace slag aggregate.

Since a study of temperatures during jet impingement gives an indication

of the steam pressures involved, further data is required.

D. The Effect of Water Present in Concrete on Temperature Gradients

The data thus far obtained on temperature gradients, as they occur in

concrete during jet-blast impingement, is of value, but does not give sufficient

detail on the behavior of the top quarter inch of concrete where spalling

actually occurs. To determine temperature and the rapid rate of change of

temperature near the start of the jet-blast test, at depths of less than 1/8

inch, molds have been constructed and instrumented with thermocouples positioned

in this critical area. Specimens to be used in this work have been prepared.

We plan to improve our temperature recording facilities by using a continuous,

high-speed, multi-channel recorder to obtain a time/ temperature record of

sufficient accuracy to calculate gradients near the surface of concrete specimens

during jet-blast exposure.

USCOMM-NBS-DC

Table

III

Properties

and

Performance

of

Concretes

Submitted

for

Tests

from

Four

Naval

Air

Stations

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FIGURE I . APPARATUS USED IN DETERMING THE EFFECT OF STEAM PRESSURE APPLIED TO CONCRETE

II. s. department of commerce

Luther 11, Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL niRKAl' OF STANDARDS

A. V. A«tin, Director

the national bureau of standards

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Stanrfards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections engaged in technical work.

In general, each section carries out specialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by

its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside of the

front cover.

WASHINGTON, B.C.

Electricity. Resistance and Reactance. Fd petrochemistry. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements.

Dielectrics. High Voltage.

Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Refractometry. Photographic Research. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Mass and Scale. Volumetry and D»nsimetry.

Heat. Temperature Fhysics. Heat Measurements. Cryogenic Physics. Equation of State. Statistical Physics.

Radiation Physics. X-ray. Radioactivity. Radiation Theory. High Energy Radiation. Radiological Equipment.

Nucleonic Instrumentation. Neutron Physics.

Analytical and Inorganic Chemistry. Pure Substances. Spectrochemistry. Solution Chemistry. Standard Refer- ence Materials. Applied Analytical Research.

Mechanics. Sound. Pressure and Vacuum. Fluid Mechanics. Fngineering Mechanics. Rheology. Combustion

Controls. Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion. Metal Physics. Electrolysis and Metal Deposition.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Crystal Growth. Physical

Properties. Constitution and Microstructure. Building Research. Structural Engineering. Fire Research. Mechanical Systems. Organic Building Materials. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer. Inorganic Building Materials. Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics. Operations Research. Data Processing Systems. Components and Techniques. Computer Technology. Measurements Automation.

Engineering Applications. Systems Analysis.

Atomic Physics. Spectroscopy. Infrared Spectroscopy. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics.

Instrumentation. Engineering Electronics. Electron Devices. Electronic Instrumentation. Mechanical Instru- ments. Basic Instrumentation. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Molecular Spectroscopy. Molecular Kinetics. Mass Spectrometry.

Office of Weights and Measures. BOULDER, COLO.

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials, Cryogenic Technical Services. Ionosphere Research and Propagation. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research. Ionosphere Research.

Prediction Services, Sun-Earth Relationships. Field Engineering. Radio Warning Services. Vertical Soundings Research. Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements.

Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation-Terrain Effects. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Flectrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. Radio and Microwave Materials. Atomic Frequency and Tims Interval Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Millimeter-Wave Research.

Microwave Circuit Standards. Radio Systems. Applied Electromagnetic Theory. High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Modulation

Hesearch. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems.

(Jpper Atmosphere and Space Physics. Upper Atmosphere and Plasma Physics. Ionosphere and Exosphere

Scatter. Airglow and Aurora, Ionospheric Radio Astronomy.
I