Of the District of Puerto Rico, sitting by designation. * 

# UnitedStates C ou rt o f App eals

For th e First C ircuit

Nos. 06-2281, 06-2282 SHELDON G. ADELSON,

Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

v . MOSHE HANANEL, Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS [Hon. Reginald C. Lindsay, U.S. District Judge]

Before Torruella and Lynch, Circuit Judges, and Fusté, District Judge. *

Andrew H. Schapiro, with whom Philip All e n Lacovara, Christopher J. Houpt, Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw LLP, Franklin H. Levy, and Duane Morris LLP, were on brief, for app e l lant/crossappellee. James A. G. Hamilton, with whom Burns & Levinson LLP w a s on brief, for appellee/cross-appellant.

December 5, 2007-2- TORRUELLA, Ci r c uit Judge. This is an appeal from the district court's dismissal of a case for forum non conveniens. Plaintiff Sheldon Adelson, a United States citizen, is an international businessman with substantial holdings around the world, including several casinos and a corporation named Interface
Partners Inte r n a tional, Ltd. ("IPI"). IPI is a Delaware corporation which was established for the purpose of making business investments in Israel, and has offices in Needham, Massachusetts, Nevada, and Israel. The defendant, Moshe Hananel, is a citizen and resident of Israel who was hired in 1995 to serve as the General Manager of IPI's operations in Israel. Adelson terminated Hananel's employment with IPI in April 2000, resulting in several lawsuits in an Israeli labor court. In February 2004, Adelson filed the instant suit in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts seeking a declaration of the parties' respective rights pursuant to an oral employment contract between IPI and Hananel.

After finding that it had personal jurisdiction over the defendant for the declaratory action, the district court dismissed the case for forum non conveniens. The court determined that Israel is an adequate alternative forum and that the balancing of public and private interest factors weighs in favor of the Israeli forum. Adelson v. Hananel, No. 04-10357 (D. Mass. July 18, 2006) (order dismissing the case on grounds of fo r u m non conveniens).Although the exact date on which they agreed that Hananel would 1 begin his employment with IPI is in dispute, he became a full-time employee by January 1, 1996. -3- The plaintiff now appeals, arguing, inter alia, that the district court failed to afford heightened deference to t he plaintiff, a U.S. citizen, and his choice of forum, and erred in relying on thependency of concurrent action in Israel. The defendant crossappeals and contends that the district court lacks personal jurisdiction over him. We affirm the district court's finding of personal jurisdiction, b u t reverse the dismissal for forum non conveniens. I. Background

Adelson and Hananel enjoyed a social friendship prior to their decision to become involved in business together. In late 2005, Hananel became aware that IPI's General Manager in I s r ael would be vacating that position and he expressed interest in the job. According to the facts alleged in the complaint, on December 5, 1995, Adelson, Hananel, and IPI's General Counsel, Paul Roberts, met in IPI's office in Needham and formally agreed that Hananel would become a f ull-time employee of IPI. Hananel's 1 responsibilities were to identify, recruit, and hire b usiness analysts and portfolio managers who would help IPI search out and identify opportunities in Israel in the high technology sector. His agreed salary was $100,000 and twelve percent of the net profits realized by IPI from any high tech investments which wereAccording to an affidavit s u b m i t t ed by Roberts, he offered to 2 prepare a written contract memorializing the terms of the employment contract, but Hananel replied that it was u n necessary because of his personal relationship with Adelson. -4- found, recommended, and made as a result of his efforts. Although the parties confirmed and finalized the terms of employment and all three men shook hands, nothing was ever set in writing. 2

In the course of Hananel's employment, he and Adelson stayed in constant communication via daily telephone calls to discuss IPI business. Although it is unclear whether Adelson was in Ma s s a c h usetts during those phone calls, it is undisputed that the substance of the conver s a t i o ns was IPI-related. Hananel was also in frequent contact with other IPI officers, such as Chief Financi a l Officer Stephen O'Connor and IPI's Treasurer, who were based i n N e e d ham. The Needham office also managed all of the budgeting and funding for the Israel branch; Hananel submitted his annual budget to and made all requests for operating funds through that office because the funds were he l d i n Massachusetts bank accounts. Various written communications between Hananel and O'Connor confirm that reporting structure.

On at least one occasion, Hananel went to Massachusetts to attend a meeting o n b ehalf of an Israeli company, iMD Soft, Ltd., in which IPI had a substantial investment. As a representative of IPI, Hananel was a member of iMD's Board of-5-

Directors and participated in a meeting with officers from Agilent Technologies in Andover, Massachusetts.

Hananel's employment was terminated in April 2000, allegedly for malfeasance. Adelson claims that Hananel did little to no work for IPI and used IPI's finances and personnel for his own personal and business purposes. In 2001, Hananel sued Adelson and IPI in Tel Aviv District Labor Court for compensation which he alleges he was owed under his oral employment contract. Adelson countersued in the Israeli court, seeking the return of the allegedly misused IPI funds. In February 2002, as the parties were negotiating the severance terms, Hananel demanded twelve percent of Adelson's shares in a new multi-billion dollar real estate, casino, resort hotel, and convention project in Macau, China. Hananel claimed that he had facilitated the venture and, pursuant to his employment contract, was entitled to a percentage of t h e s hares. Denied his request , H a n a n e l filed a second suit in the Tel Aviv District Labor Court alle g i ng that he was entitled to twelve percent of the stock option shares. The Israeli court soon thereafter consolidated the two cases.

Adelson filed the instant complaint in federal court on February 23, 20 0 4 , seeking a declaratory judgment regarding Hananel's alleg e d i n terest in the Macau business, injunctive relief, and damages. The complaint alleges that Hananel harassed and threatened Adelson and IPI, issuing defamatory claims in pressDuring his deposition, Hananel asserted that he was entitled to 3 shares of Adelson's other inter national investments, beyond the interests in Macau. Adelson's suit in the District of Massachusetts refers broadly to investments anywhere in the world, while the Israeli suit is focused specifically on Macau. Hananel initially filed motions to dismiss for lack of personal 4 jurisdiction and forum non conveniens in June 2004. After a hearing, the district court denied, without prejudice, the motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdi c t i o n and ordered that it could be renewed after jurisdictional discovery. The court also denied, without prejudice, the dismissal for forum non conveniens until it could establish that it had jurisdiction over the defendant. -6- releases in Chinese and American news media and threatening other parties involved in the b u s i ness project. Adelson contends that Hananel's claims amount to extortion and that they are inhibiting his ability to deal freely in his Macau business venture. 3

Following jurisdictional discovery, Hananel filed renewed motions to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and forum non conveniens. The district court referred the motions to the 4 Magistr a t e Judge who recommended that the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction be denied as to Count One for declaratory judgment, but granted as to the other three c o u nts. The Magistrate Judge also rec o mm e n ded that the motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens be granted
. Rejecting the parties' various objections to the Magistrate Judge's report, the district court adopted and accepted both recommendations. Adelson now appeals the dismissal for forum non conveniens, and Hananel crossappeals the denial of his motion to dismiss, for lack of personal jurisdiction, Count One of the complaint.Adelson neither objected to nor appeals the district court order 5 dismissing Counts Two - Four for lack of personal jurisdiction. -7- II. Discussion A. Personal Jurisdiction
We first review the district court's denial of Hananel's motion to dismiss Count One for lack of personal jurisdiction. 5 Faced with a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction, a district court "may choose from among several methods for determining whether the plaintiff has met [its] burden." Daynard v. Ness, Motley, Loadholt, Richardson & Poole, P.A., 290 F.3d 42, 50-51 (1st Cir. 2002). In this case, the district court employed the most common method, the "prima facie method" or the "prima facie evidentiary standard," rather than adjudicating the jurisdictional facts. The district court found that the amount of detailed and specific evidence provided by the plaintiff weighed in favor of applying the prima facie standard. Under this standard, the court need only "consider . . . w h e t h e r the plaintiff has proffered evidence that, if credited, is enough to support findings of all facts essential to personal jurisdiction." Foster-Miller,
Inc. v. Babcock & Wilcox Canada, 46 F.3d 138, 145 ( 1 s t C i r. 1995)(quoting Boit v. Gar-Tec Products, Inc., 967 F.2d 671 , 675 (1st Cir. 1992)).

We review both the district court's decision to use the prima facie standard and its conclusion under that standard de-8-

n o v o . Foster-Miller, 446 F.3d at 147; see also United States v. Swiss American Bank, Ltd., 274 F.3d 610, 619 (1st Cir. 2001). Here, the parties do not object to the court' s c h oice of method; the defendant contends only that it was misapplied.

Apply i n g the prima facie standard, Adelson bears the burden of establishing that the district court has personal jurisdiction over Hananel. We "must accept the plaintiff's (properly documented) evidentiary proffers as true for the purpose of determining the adequacy of the prima facie jurisdictional showing." Foster-Miller, 46 F.3d at 145. In fact, we accept those facts as true, irrespective of whether the defendant disputes them, and in so doing, "construe them in the light most congenial to the plaintiff's jurisdictional claim." Mass. Sch. of Law at Andover, Inc. v. Am. Bar Ass'n, 142 F.3d 2 6 , 3 4 ( 1 s t Cir. 1998). Those facts put forward by the defendant become part of the mix only to the extent that they are uncontradicted. Id. at 34.

It is undisputed that Adelson is proceeding under a theory of specific (rather than general) jurisdiction and, therefore, must demonstrate that the Massachusetts long-arm statute grants jurisdiction over Hananel and that the exercise of that jurisdiction comports with the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. See Foster-Miller, 46 F.3d at 144. Under the Massachusetts statute, "[a] court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a person, who acts directly or by an agent, as to-9-

a cause of action in law or equity arising from the person's . . . transacting any busines s i n this commonwealth." Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 223A, § 3(a)(2000). In Massachusetts, the Court can "sidestep the s t atutory inquiry and proceed directly to the constitutional analysis" because the state's long-arm statute is coextensive with the limits allowed by the Constitution. Daynar d , 2 90 F.3d at 52 (citing "Automatic" Sprinkler Corp. of Am. v. Seneca Foods Corp., 361 Mass. 441 (1972)).

In order for Massachusetts to exercise personal jurisdiction over Hananel, an out-o f -state defendant, the Due
P r o c e s s Clause requires that Hananel have sufficient minimum contacts with the state, such that "maintenance of the suit does not offen d ' traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'" Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)). For specific jurisdiction, we have broken the minimum contacts analysis into three categories -- relatedness, purpo seful availment, and reasonableness:

First, the claim underlying the litigation must directly arise out of, or relate to, the defendant's forum-state activities. Second, the defendant's in-state contacts must represent a purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state, thereby invoking the benefits and protections of that state's laws and making the defendant's involuntary presence before the state's courts foreseeable. Third, the exercise of jurisdiction must, in light of the Gestalt factors, be reasonable.-10-

Daynard, 290 F.3d at 60 (quoting Foster-Miller, 46 F.3d at 144). 1. Relatedness Generally, relatedness refers to the requirement that the underlying claim "arise out of" or be "related to" the activities within the forum state. The relatedness standard is a "flexible, relaxed standard," Pritzker v. Yari, 42 F.3d 53, 61 (1st Cir. 1994), which focuses on the "nexus between the defendant's contacts and the plaintiff's cause of action." Ticketmaster-New York, Inc. v. Alioto, 26 F.3d 201, 206 (1s t C i r . 1 9 9 4). Count One of the complaint seeks a judgment declaring the rights and obligations under Hananel's oral employment contract. We have held that in contract claims, we may look to and draw inferences from "the parties' prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along with the terms of the contract and the parties' actual course of dealing." Daynard, 390 F.3d at 52 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 479 (1985)) (int e r n al quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, where the cause of action is for an alleged breach of contract, we ask whether the defendant's activity in the forum state was "instrumental either in the for m a tion of the contract or its breach." See Phillips Exeter Acad. v. Howard Phillips Fund, Inc., 196 F.3d 284, 289 (1st Cir. 1999).

At the heart of this declaratory action is a dispute regarding the specific terms of an oral employment c o n t r act; the district court pr o p e rly observed that "[n]othing could be more-11-

instrumental in the formation of a contract than the literal act of forming the contract itself." The court first found that the contract between the parties was "formalized a n d e ntered into in
Mas s a c husetts" and "subjected Hananel to substantial control and ongoing connection to Massach u s e tts in the performance of this contract." Hananel's appeal urges us to reject Adelson's version of the events which Adelson alleges transpired on December 5, 1995. His arguments are unpersuasive; the law makes it clear that under the prima facie standard, Adelson's evidence is a c c e p t ed as true and all inferences are drawn in favor of his jurisdictional claim. See Mass. Sch. of Law, 142 F.3d at 34. Affidavits from both Adelson and Roberts recount that th e three men finalized the specific terms of emp l o yment which Adelson and Hananel had informally discussed prior to t h a t meeting. The district court
prop e r l yf o u n dt h a t t h e e mp l o ym e n t c o n t r a c t w a s f o r m a l i z e da nd entered i n t o during Hananel's December 5, 1995 trip to Massachusetts when he met with Adelson and Roberts. Accordingly, the instant action arises from and is related t o H a n anel's activities within the forum. See Phillips Exeter Acad., 196 F.3d at 289. 2. Purposeful Availment

Our next inquiry is whethe r Hananel's contacts with Massachusetts constitute purposeful availment. This requirement ensures that jurisdiction is not based on merely "random, isolated-12-

or fortuitous" contacts with the forum state. Sawtelle v. Farrell, 70 F.3d 1381, 1391 (1st Cir. 1995) (quoting Keeton v. Hustler
M a g a z i n e , Inc., 465 U.S. 770, 774 (1984)). The two key focal points of this concept are voluntariness and foreseeability. Id., 70 F.3d at 13 9 1 ( c i t ing Ticketmaster, 26 F.3d at 207). The contacts must be voluntary and not based on the unilateral actions of another party. Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475. And, the defendant's contacts must be such that he could "reasonably anticipate being haled into court there." World- W i d e Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980).

Here, the district court concluded th a t the two requirements were easily met. First, Hananel freely and of his own volition expressed interest in and obtained employment with IPI and negotiated and executed his own c o ntract while in Massachusetts. Second, the court found that the evidence established the foreseeability of litigation in Massachusetts: (1) his employment relationship was formalized in Massachusetts with IPI's lawyer, (2) his business card acknowledged his ongoing relationship w i th the state, and (3) all of his budgets and financial funds were submitted to and obtained through IPI's Needham office. Moreover, given that it was Hananel who sought this employment contract with a company whose key officers were all located in Massachusetts and

w h o s e financial accounts were all administered out of Massachusetts, the cour t p r o perly concluded that Hananel had-13-

purposefully availed himself of Massachus e t t s law. See Burger King, 471 U.S. at 473 ("[P]arties who 'reach out beyond one state and create continuing relationships and obligations with citizens of another state' are subject to regulation and sanctions in the other State for the consequences of their activities." (quoting Travelers Health Ass'n v. Virginia, 339 U.S. 643, 647 (1950))).

On appeal, Hananel challenges the district court's findings on both voluntariness and foreseeability. He contends that he had traveled to Massachusetts in December 1995 for the purpose of seeking medical advice on his diabetic condition. While that may be true, we do not see how it is relevant to the district court's findings of voluntariness and foreseeability. The district court did not conclude that the sole purpose of coming to Massachusetts had been to formalize the agreement; the court simply concluded that on December 5, Hananel freely met with IPI and Adelson, and finalized his e mp loyment contract. Likewise, the foreseeability of litigation in Massachusetts was established upon meeting with IPI and Adelson and agreei n g t o t h e terms of the employment contract. The original purpose of the Massachusetts visit is incons e q u e ntial. Hananel's independent and voluntary meeting with Adelson and Roberts transformed the relevant portion of his visit into a business visit.

Furthermore, the district court properly found that the additional evidence proffered by Adelson demonstrated that-14-

Hananel's contacts with Massachusetts continued during his employment. Although he oversaw the Israel office, Hananel

co mmu n i c a t e dr e g u l a r l yw i t hm e mb e r s o fI P I ' s N e e d h a mo f f ice regarding various financial matters. His annual budgets were submitted to the Needham office and all operational funds were approved and disbursed through the Needham office. It is clear that the evidence reviewed by the district court supports a finding that there existed sufficie n t ties between Massachusetts and the employment contract. Hananel knowingly affiliated himself with a corporate entity whic h was based primarily in Needham, Massachusetts and, thus, the possibility of a suit there was amply foreseeable. 3. Reasonableness

Even after concluding that minimum contacts exist,
person a l j u r i s d i c t i o nm a yo n l yb e e x e r c i s e di fi t w o u l dbe reasonable, pursuant to a series of factors known as the "Gestalt factors." Foster-Miller, 46 F.3d at 144. Those factors are:

(1) the defendant's burden of appearing, (2) the forum state's interest in adjudicating the dispute, (3) the plaintiff's interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief, (4) the judicial system's interest in obtaining the most effective resolution of the controversy, and (5) the common interests of all sovereigns in promoting substantive social policies. United Elec., Radio and Mach. Workers of Am. v. 163 P l e asant St. Corp., 960 F.2d 1080, 1088 (1st Cir. 1992) (citing Burger King, 471-15-

U.S. at 477). The factors, intended to aid the court in achieving substantial justice, play a larger role in cases where the minimum contacts question is very close. See Ticketmaster, 26 F.3d at 210 ("[T]he weaker the plaintiff's showing on the first two prongs (relatedness and purposeful availment), the less a defendant need show in terms of unreasonableness to defeat jur i s d iction."); see also Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477 ("[W]here a defendant who purposefully has directed his activities at forum residents seeks to defeat jurisdiction, he must present a compelling case that the presence of some other consideration would re n d e r jurisdiction unreasonable."). The court b e l o w found that the Gestalt factors support the conclusion that jurisdiction is reasonable. We agree.

Admittedly, Han a n e l lives and works in Israel and is a legally blind diabetic. While those facts evoke sympathy for the undeniable burden placed upon Hananel, the district court properly concluded that no "special or unusual burden" existed here. Pritzker, 42 F.3d at 64. The court noted that neither his foreign residence nor his medical condition precluded him from t r a veling internationally in the course of his employment or from agreeing to work for an American company. Furthermore, Adelson, a resident of the state, has an interest in bringing this action in Massachusetts, which weighs in favor of a f i n d ing of personal jurisdiction. And, as we noted in an earlier case, Massachusetts has a "stake in being able to provide a convenient forum for its-16-

r e s i dents to redress injuries inflicted by out-of-forum actors." Daynard, 290 F.3d at 62 (quoting Sawtelle, 70 F.3d at 1395) (internal quotation marks omitted). The stat e ' s i nterest in the

cas e i s further heightened by the involvement of IPI's executive officers who are employed in Massachusetts and of funds which are held and managed in Massachusetts. Although Ha n a n e l casts doubt upon Adelson' s a bility to claim that Massachusetts is more convenient than Israel, he fails to recognize that this factorrequires deference to a plaintiff's choice of forum. See FosterMiller, 46 F.3d at 151; see also Ti c k e t m a s t er, 26 F.3d at 211 (recognizing that a plaintiff must be accorded "a degree of deference in respect to the issue of its own convenience"). Lastly , while the interests of the judicial system in achieving efficient resolution militate against Adelson because of the prior suits pending in Israel, the district court properly concluded that this factor alone was insufficient to tip the const i t u tional balance on the facts of this case.

Accordingly, Hananel's contacts with Massachusetts constitute "minimum contacts" in such a manner that it does not "offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice" for Adelson to bring this case in the state. Int'l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316 (quoting Milliken, 311 U.S. at 463).-17- B. Forum Non Conveniens Adelson appeals from the decision of the district court to dismiss the suit for forum non conveniens. Th e d ecision to grant or deny a motion to dismiss for forum no n c o n v e n iens is generally committed to the district court's d i scretion. Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 257 (1981). We will find an abuse of discretion if the district court (1) failed to consider a material factor; (2) substantially relied on an improper factor; or (3) assessed the proper factors, but clearly erred in weighing them. Iragorri v. Int'l Elevator, Inc., 203 F.3d 8, 12 (1st Cir. 2000). Errors of law, however, are reviewed de novo. Id.

We begin w i t h the well-known framework for forum non conveniens outlined by the Supreme Court in a pair of 1947 opinions, Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, and Koster v. Lumbermens Mu t . Cas. Co., 330 U.S. 518. Those cases and their progeny established forum n o n conveniens as a discretionary tool for the district court to dismiss a claim, even when it has proper jurisdiction. See Gilbert, 330 U.S. at 507. That power, however, is limited by the overarching principle that a "plaintiff's choice of forum should rarely be disturbed." Id. at 508; see also Howe v. Goldcorp Invs., Ltd., 946 F.2d 944, 950 (1st Cir. 1991) (forum non conveniens is intended to "avoid trials in places so 'inconvenient' that transfer is needed to avoid serious unfairness" (quoting Piper Aircraft C o . , 454 U.S. at 259)). Accordingly, the party moving-18-

for dismissal bears t h e heavy burden of establishing that an adequate alternative forum exis t s and that "considerations of convenience and judicial efficiency strongly favor litigating the claim in the second forum." Irag o r r i , 2 0 3 F.3d at 12 (emphasis added). Neither party di s p u t e s the availability and adequacy of the Israeli forum. The issue is whether the district court properly balanced the factors in the second step of the analysis.

In this case, the district court found that the suit was not vexatious and that no great equity weighed in the defendant's favor. Y e t , because there was already a case pending before the Israeli court, the district court concluded that the public interest factors weighed in favor of dismissal. On appeal, Adelson contends that the district court (1) improperly reversed the burden of proof, requiring the plaintiff to prove why he could not fairly litigate his claim in Israel; (2) failed to give proper deference to a United States plaintiff's choice of forum; and (3) placed undue significance on the existence of concurrent litigation in the Israeli court. We agree with Adelson and reverse the district court's dismissal.

A s a s tarting point, it is undisputed that a plaintiff enjoys some degree of deference for his original choice of forum. See Gulf Oil, 330 U.S. at 508. Added to t h a t is the heightened deference which accompanies a plaintiff's choice of home forum.
S e e K o s t e r , 3 3 0 U . S . a t 5 2 4 ( h o l d i n g t h a t w h e n t h e p l a i n t i ff has-19-

chosen his home forum, he should not be deprived of it absent a "clear showing" of either "oppressiveness and vexation" or evidence that the chosen forum is "inappropriate"). Although Adelson is not
a M a s s achusetts domiciliary, the Massachusetts district court is still deemed a "home forum" where the alternative is foreign. See Reid-Walen v. Hansen , 9 3 3 F . 2 d 1390, 1394 (8th Cir. 1991) (in a forum n o n conveniens case involving a foreign court, "the 'home' forum for the plaintiff is any federal district in the United States, not the particular district where the pla i n t iff lives"). A logical extension of that heightened deference in favor of a
p l a intiff's "home forum" applies in cases such as this which involves a U.S. citizen plaintiff who is seeking to litigate in a United States forum. While the Supreme Court held that dismissal is "not automatically barred" i n s u c h cases, Piper Aircraft Co., 454 U.S. at 256 n.23, a heavy presumption weighs in favor of that plaintiff's initial forum choice.

In the p a s t, we have implicitly recognized the "strong
presump t i o nf a v o r i n gt h e Am e r i c a n f o r u ms e l e c t e db yAm e r i c an plaintiffs." Mercier v. Sheraton Int'l Inc., 981 F.2d 1345, 1355 (1st Cir. 1992). Other circuits have more explicitly articulated the strength of this presumption when the plaintiffs are citizens, residents, or corporations of this country. See, e.g., SME Racks, Inc. v. Sistemas Mecánicos Para Electrónica, S.A., 382 F.3d 1097, 1104 (11th Cir. 2004) ("[T]here is a strong federal interest in-20-

makin g s ure that plaintiffs who are United States citizens generally get to choose an American forum for bringing suit, rather than having their case relega t e dto a foreign jurisdiction." (quoting Esfeld v. Costa Crociere, S.P.A., 289 F.3d 1300, 1311 (11th Cir. 2002)); Carey v. Bayerische Hypo-Und Vereinsbank AG, 370 F.3d 234, 238 (2d Cir. 2004) (noting the "presumptive validity of
a U n i t e dStates resident's choice of a United States forum"); Raytheon Eng'rs and Constructors, Inc. v. HLH and Assocs. Inc., No. 97-20187, 1998 WL 224531 at *2 (5th Cir. Apr. 17, 1998) (recogn i z i n gthe presumption in favor of a plaintiff's choice of forum, "especially when a Uni t e d S tates plaintiff has chosen the home forum").

While the district court properly observed that Adelson is a United States citizen and that there is a "heavy presumption" in favor of his choice of forum, the district court i g n o r ed that presumption b e c a use of the existence of the concurrent action in the Israeli court. Indeed, in its analysis up to that point, the district court had found that the "private interest factors did not weigh in favo r o f either party" and that the public interest was "also in equipoise between the parties." Moreover, the court also found that Adelson's suit was neither vexatious nor oppressive. Thus, it was the existence of concurrent litigation that not only caused the balance to shift in favor of the foreign forum, but also eviscerated the presumption in favor of the plaintiff's forum. In-21-

discussing the Israeli suit, the district court stated, "I see no reason why Adelson cannot fairly litigate his c l aim in Israel." The district court erred in so construing the importance of concurrent litigation within the forum non conveniens analysis.

Having found the public and private interest factors to be in equipoise, the district court should have concluded that the defendant failed to overcome the heavy presumption in favor of the plaintiff's home forum. It is the defendant who carries the burden of establishing that the "compen d i um of factors relevant to the private and public interests implicated by the case strongly favors dismissal." Iragorr i , 203 F.3d at 12 (emphasis added). Factors relevant to the public interest analysis include:

administrative difficulties of docket congestion; the general goal of "having localized controversies decided at home," and . . . ease of access to the proceedings on the part of interested citizens, the trier's relative familiarity with the appropriate rules of d e c i sion, and the burdens of jury duty. Id. (quoting Gilbert, 330 U.S. at 508-509). The existence of concurrent litigation is not a relevant factor to t he analysis; none of the factors enumerated above invokes a comparison between the two competing fora. By focusing on the existence of parallel proceedings in a foreign c o u r t, the district court essentially converted the analysis into a determination of which of the two pending cases should go forward. In so doing, the court erroneously lowered the defendant's burden of pr o v i ng that the-22-

balance of factors justified dismissal of a suit from a U.S. plaintiff's choice of home forum. III. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court denying the motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction is affirmed, and the judgment dismissing for forum non conveniens is reversed.

Affirmed in part; and Reversed in part. Costs are taxed in favor of Sheldon G. Adelson.