Glossary,

Acronyms, and

Index
GLOSSARY 491

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 500

I NDEX 502
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 491

GLOSSARY 

Abiotic Factors — The nonliving physical and chemical aspects of an organism’s environment. Abiotic 

refers to such factors as light, temperature, and topography. 

Adaptive Management — A principle that incorporates monitoring and research into conservation 

actions. Specifically, it is the integration of planning, management, and monitoring to test assumptions in 

order to adapt and learn. 

Adsorbed — The accumulation of gases, liquids, or solutes on the surface of a solid or liquid. 

Algae — One-celled (phytoplankton) or multi-cellular plants either suspended in water (plankton) or 

attached to rocks and other substrates (periphyton). Algae are an essential part of the lake ecosystem and 

provide the food base for most lake organisms, including fish. Phytoplankton populations vary widely 

from day to day because life cycles are short. 

Alkalinity — A measure of the amount of carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxide present in water. 

Low alkalinity is the main indicator of susceptibility to acid rain; increased alkalinity is often related to 

increased algae productivity. 

Alleles — Forms of a gene. One of two or more alternative forms of a gene, occupying the same 

position on paired chromosomes and controlling the same inherited characteristic. 

Ammonia — The first form of nitrogen released when organic matter decays. It can be used by most 

aquatic plants and is, therefore, an important nutrient. 

Amphipod — A small crustacean of the order Amphipoda, such as the sand flea, having a laterally 

compressed body with no carapace. 

Anadromous — Migrating up rivers from the sea to spawn (reproduce) in fresh water. 

Angler — A person who fishes with a rod and reel. 

Anthropocentric — Those engaged in wilderness management have found it useful to characterize 

impacts to wilderness values according to two alternative philosophical perspectives on wilderness: 

anthropocentric and biocentric. The anthropocentric perspective emphasizes human use and enjoyment of 

wilderness.

Aquatic invertebrates — Aquatic animals without an internal skeletal structure such as insects, 

mollusks, and crayfish. 

Bathymetry — The measurement of water depth at various places in a water body. The physical 

characteristics including depth, contour, and shape of the bottom of a body of water. 

Benthic — Relating to or characteristic of the bottom of a sea, lake, or deep river. The benthic 

community is composed of a wide range of plants, animals, and bacteria from all levels of the food web. 

Benthic Macroinvertebrate — Macroinvertebrates are large, generally soft-bodied organisms that 

lack backbones. Benthic macroinvertebrates live in or on the bottom sediment in aquatic environments.
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492 DRAFT MOUNTAIN LAKES FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Benthos — A group of organisms, most often invertebrates, that live in or on the bottom in aquatic 

habitats (such as clams that live in the sediments) which are typically immotile or of limited motility or 

range.

Bioaccumulation — The accumulation of a harmful substance, such as a heavy metal or an 

organochlorine, in a biological organism, especially one that forms part of the food chain. 

Bioassay — A simple biological test that uses an indicator organism to measure the potency of a given 

substance in a biological system. An example of a bioassay would be a test that measures algal growth in 

response to different nutrient concentrations.

Biocentric — Those engaged in wilderness management have found it useful to characterize impacts 

to wilderness values according to two alternative philosophical perspectives on wilderness: 

anthropocentric and biocentric. The biocentric perspective emphasizes protection and maintenance of 

natural processes and conditions.

Biological Diversity — The variety of life on Earth. It generally refers to the variety of species 

within an ecosystem or community. The greater the diversity or variety there is in a system, the greater 

the strength and stability the system has over the long run; diversity strengthens the potential of a 

population to cope with, or respond to, changes in the environment. 

Biological Integrity — Biological integrity refers to the capability of supporting and maintaining a 

balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and 

functional organization comparable to that of the natural habitat of the region. 

Biomass — The total amount of living organisms (plants and animals) in a lake. Measured as 

organisms per cubic meter, biomass indicates the degree of a lake system’s productivity. 

Biota — The combined plant and animal life of a particular region. 

Blue-Green Algae — Algae that are often associated with problem blooms in lakes. Some produce 

chemicals toxic to other organisms, including humans. 

Broodstock — Animals or fish with a common origin that are kept for breeding; for example, the pool 

of captured adult salmon a hatchery has available for artificial spawning. This pool can be made up of 

wild and/or returning hatchery salmon. 

Cilia — A microscopic hair-like process extending from the surface of a cell or one-celled organism. 

Cyprinids — Freshwater fish of the family that includes carp and minnows, typically with rounded 

scales, soft fins, and toothless jaws. 

Copepod — A type of crustacean zooplankton that exhibits a wide variety of feeding preferences, even 

consuming other zooplankton. The larger copepods are an important component of the food base for 

larger vertebrate organisms such as larval amphibians and fish. 

Cirque — A steep bowl-shaped hollow occurring at the upper end of a mountain valley, especially one 

formed by the erosive activity of a glacier. 

Crustacean Zooplankton — The animal form of plankton that has a segmented body, paired, 

jointed appendages, and a hard outer skeleton; one example is a copepod. 
Glossary

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 493

Deciduous — Trees that lose their leaves at the end of the growing season; also called hardwoods. 

Desired Future Conditions — In this case, describes what the lake and lake environment should be 

like after implementation of the management actions contain in this plan/EIS. It summarizes the 

anticipated physical changes that would result from carrying out planned management actions. It is an 

expression of resource goals that have been set for a lake and lake environment and describes the lake as 

it would appear when the goals set for it have been achieved. It includes a description of physical and 

biological processes, the environmental setting, and the human experience. 

Diaptomid copepod — A family of free-living largely planktonic copepods with very long first 

antennae. 

Diatom — Any of various microscopic one-celled or colonial algae (planktonic) of the class 

Bacillariophyceae, having cell walls of silica consisting of two interlocking symmetrical valves. 

Ecology — The study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environments. 

Ecosystem — A community of living organisms interacting with one another and with their physical 

environment, such as a forest, pond, or estuary. 

Ecotone — A zone of transition between two different ecosystems. 

Endemic — Native to or confined to a certain region. 

Endorheic Lakes — Lakes whose surface waters do not flow to the ocean. They are also called 

terminal or sink lakes. Their watersheds are often contained within a mountain range or other natural 

geologic feature that has severed their direct hydrologic connection to the ocean. Because their inflowing 

waters subsequently flow into dry watercourses or are evaporated, minerals and other inflow erosion 

products concentrate within these water bodies. With a continuing mineral input, some water bodies 

typically become saline compared to water bodies that drain to the oceans. Because evaporation plus 

seepage are the major water outflow pathway, endorheic water-bodies also tend to be more sensitive to 

pollutant inputs than water bodies that drain to the oceans. 

EIS  Environmental Impact Statement — The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 

requires that an environmental impact statement be prepared to evaluate the potential environmental 

effects of major federal actions. An EIS identifies and analyzes activities that might affect the human and 

natural environment. 

Ephemeral — Short-lived; existing or continuing for a short time only. 

Escapement Goal — The number of adult fish desired to return to their spawning habitat in a lake, 

river, or stream in order to meet management objectives. 

Eutrophic Lakes — Lakes that are high in nutrients and support a large biomass (all the plants and 

animals living in a lake). They are usually either weedy or subject to frequent algae blooms, or both. 

Eutrophic lakes often support large fish populations but are also susceptible to oxygen depletion. 

Eutrophication — The process by which lakes and streams are enriched by nutrients and the resulting 

increase in plant and algae. The extent to which this process has occurred is reflected in a lake’s trophic 

classification: 

Oligotrophic – nutrient poor 
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494 DRAFT MOUNTAIN LAKES FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Mesotrophic – moderately productive 

Eutrophic – very productive and fertile 

Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) — A set of populations that is morphologically and 

genetically distinct from other similar populations and with a distinct evolutionary history. Recognized 

for purposes of Endangered Species Act protection. 

Extirpated Species — A species that is no longer present in an area where it once lived. This could 

be the result of several environmental factors, including human activities. 

Flocculent Bottom — The joining of small colloids (a particle-size range of less than 0.00024 

millimeters) into a small group of soil particles and the deposition or settling out of the water of these 

small colloids onto the bottom of a lake. 

Floodplain — Land adjacent to a river that is periodically subject to flooding. 

Food Web — The hierarchy of organisms in a community according to the order of predation from one 

to another; usually, the lower members are the food source for members higher on the food web. 

Fragmentation — The breaking up of large and continuous ecosystems, communities, and habitats 

into small, discontinuous areas that are surrounded by altered or disturbed lands or aquatic features. 

Fyke Net — A fish trap shaped like a bag, cylinder, or cone mounted on rings, with funnels that direct 

fish into successive compartments; also called a wing net. 

Genotype — The genetic makeup of an organism as opposed to its physical characteristics.

Geographic Connectivity — The concept that one location is close enough in proximity and 

without obstacles to allow genetic interchange by target organisms in that location with organisms in 

another location. 

Goal — A concise statement that describes intended results or desired conditions and that are normally 

expressed in broad, general terms without a specific time frame for achievement. Goals are reached by 

attaining specific objectives, although not all goals have quantifiable objectives. 

Gradient — Pertains to the upward or downward slope (the steepness) of such features as river or 

stream banks. 

Graminoid — Grass-like plants, including grasses, sedges, rushes, reeds, and cattails. 

Habitat — The location and the combination of biotic and abiotic surroundings that a particular kind or 

type of plant or animal occupies for part of its life cycle. It typically includes the substrate (soil, rocks, 

water), other nonliving features, vegetation, and often, other organisms. 

Haplotype — A set of closely linked genes inherited as a unit. A contraction of the phrase "haploid 

genotype" (genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism). "Haplo" comes from the Greek word for 

"single." 

Headwater Lakes or Streams — The water from which a river or lake originates; the source. 

Historic Range — Those geographic areas a species was known or believed to occupy in the past. 
Glossary

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 495

Hybridization — Interbreeding that results in combining the genes of two different species or other 

taxa in the resulting generation of organisms (hybrids). 

Indicator taxa; indicator species — A species capable of showing early signs of change if 

ecological conditions change. In the case of this plan/EIS, changes would occur to the ecology of 

mountain lakes in the study area. 

Igneous — Rock formed by the cooling and consolidation of magma. 

Indigenous — Living or occurring naturally in an area. 

Interbreeding — The mating of related individuals; see also, hybridization. 

Intermittent Streams or Lakes — Streams and lakes that only contain water seasonally, or at 

certain times of the year. 

Introgressed — The incorporation of genes from one species into the gene pool of another species as a 

result of hybridization (crossbreeding).

Juvenile — Any organism that is not adult, for example, the life stage of salmon living in fresh water 

before entering the ocean, the life stage of a salamander or aquatic insect living in a lake. 

Lateral Moraine — A pile of materials carried or pushed by a glacier and deposited along the side of a 

valley glacier. 

Listed Species — A species, subspecies, or distinct vertebrate population segment that has been 

added to the federal lists of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants as they appear in section 17 of 

Title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12) 

Macrobenthos — A term that includes all invertebrates larger than one millimeter that are found in or 

on the floor of a body of water. This community of organisms is used extensively for environmental 

monitoring because benthos provide an essential link to fish and birds. 

Macroinvertebrates — Aquatic invertebrate organisms that can be seen clearly with the naked eye. 

Macrophytes — A macroscopic (large enough to be perceived or examined by the unaided eye) plant. 

Meristically — Using physical characteristics to determine the degree of differentiation between two 

populations. 

Metamorphosis — A change in the form and often habits of an animal during normal development 

after the embryonic stage. Metamorphosis typically includes transformation from one life form to another, 

such as from a maggot into an adult fly, a caterpillar into a butterfly, or a tadpole into a frog. 

Metamorphosed (crystalline rocks) — Rock whose original minerals or textures, or both, have 

been transformed to new minerals and new textures by reactions in the solid state as a result of high 

temperature, high pressure, or both. 

Metapopulation — Geographically separate populations of the same species that are connected by 

infrequent, but critical, interbreeding and genetic exchange with nearby populations. 

Mitigation — Activities that can prevent, reduce, or compensate for adverse environmental impacts. 
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496 DRAFT MOUNTAIN LAKES FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Moraine — Landforms composed of unsorted materials deposited by glaciers. They can cover broad 

geographic areas of millions of acres. Topography can vary from nearly level “till” plans to rough end 

moraine landscapes composed of steep dry ridges interspersed with deep kettle holes. These glacial 

“kettles” are frequent locations for lakes and wetlands. 

Morphology — The three-dimensional characteristics or form of a feature such as a river channel or of 

an organism. 

Native — A term used to describe an organism that occurs naturally in a specific area or habitat. No 

species of fish are native to the mountain lakes in the North Cascades Complex, though thy may be native 

to the surrounding basin (for example, the Ross Lake strain of rainbow trout stocked in Ridley Lake). 

Natural Variation — The changes that occur naturally in an ecosystem (includes physical 

characteristics, plants, and animals) over time without human disturbance. 

Neotenic Phase — Retention of juvenile characteristics in the adults of a species, as among certain 

amphibians; the attainment of sexual maturity by an organism still in its larval stage. 

Nonmarket Value — Values associated with goods or services over and above their selling price. 

Objective — A concise, time-specific statement of measurable planned results that respond to preestablished goals. An objective forms the basis for further planning to define the precise steps to be taken 

and the resources to be used in achieving identified goals. 

Oligotrophic Lakes — Lakes that are generally clear, deep, and fee of weeds or large algae blooms. 

Though beautiful, they are low in nutrients and do not support large fish populations. However, 

oligotrophic lakes often develop a food web capable of sustaining a very desirable fishery of large game 

fish. 

Omnivores — Eating both animal and plant foods. 

Oxidize — To combine with oxygen, or to change (a compound) by increasing the proportion of the 

electronegative part or change (an element or ion) from a lower to a higher positive valence: remove one 

or more electrons from (an atom, ion, or molecule).

Paleolimnological — The study of the organic and chemical history of lakes through analysis of 

bottom sediments. The study of conditions and processes in ancient lakes; interpretation of the conditions 

and accumulated sediments and the geomorphology and geologic history of ancient lake basins. 

Pelagic — Open water. 

Phenotype — The visible characteristic of an organism resulting from the interaction between its 

genetic makeup and the environment. 

pH — The measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (such as vinegar) or a damp substance (such 

as soil). The pH of pure water is 7, with lower numbers indicating acidity and higher numbers indicating 

alkalinity. 

Phytoplankton — Photosynthetic plants that live in water. The phytoplankton community consists of 

a rich array of microscopic and submicroscopic organisms that include diatoms, blue-green algae, green 

algae, and photosynthetic flagellates. 
Glossary

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 497

Piscivorous — Mammals and birds that feed frequently or mainly on fish. 

Piscicide — A chemical that is used to kill fish in a lake. 

Plankton — A collective term for a variety of freshwater (and marine) organisms that live within the 

lighted zone or near the surface of the water. The density of plankton varies, depending on the availability 

of nutrients and the stability of the water. A liter of lake water may contain more than 500 million 

planktonic organisms. 

Plate Tectonics — The theory of global tectonics that deals with the processes by which the 

lithosphere (outer 100 kilometers of the solid Earth) is moved laterally over the asthenosphere (the region 

of the earth that lies 100 to 350 kilometers below the surface where the rocks have little strength and are 

easily deformed). 

Pleistocene Epoch — The period of geologic time between approximately 1.8 million years ago and 

11.5 thousand years ago. 

Potassium permanganate — A dark purple salt (KMnO4) used as an oxidizer and disinfectant. 

Prehistoric Conditions — Composition, structure, and functioning of ecosystems resulting from 

natural processes that, based on sound professional judgment, are believed to have been present prior to 

substantial human-related changes to the landscape. 

Query — An inquiry or question. 

Rainshadow Effect — A region of relatively low rainfall that occurs downwind of a mountain or 

mountain range. A rain shadow occurs when wind encounters a mountain and the air is forced upward; 

this rising air expands and cools. If it cools enough, clouds will form on the upwind side of the mountain 

and rain or snow will fall. In contrast, as the air descends the downwind side of the mountain, it is 

warmed by compression, and the clouds dissipate. This reoccurring dissipation causes the downwind side 

of the mountain to receive relatively less rainfall than the upwind side, and hence, forms a rain shadow. 

Range — The geographic area a species is known or believed to occupy. 

Reaches (Stream) — The stretch of water visible between bends in a river or channel. 

Refugia — An area of relatively unaltered climate that is inhabited by plants and animals during a 

period of continental climatic change (as a glaciation) and remains as a center of relict forms from which 

a new dispersion and speciation may take place after climatic readjustment. 

Riparian Vegetation — Vegetation found along waterways and shorelines that is adapted to moist 

growing conditions and occasional flooding. 

Risk — The degree of vulnerability to factors detrimental to survival. 

Rotifers — Tiny animalian mibrobes whose Latin name literally means “wheel bearer.” The two wheels 

on the rotifers are made of cilia that beat and create a current that draws water-born food into their gut. 

Salmonid — Fish within the family Salmonidae; includes salmon, trout, char, and whitefish. 
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498 DRAFT MOUNTAIN LAKES FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Scoping Process — Early and open activities used to determine the scope and significance of a 

proposed action, what level of analysis is required, what data is needed, and what level of public 

participation is appropriate. Scoping focuses on the issues surrounding the proposed action and the range 

of actions, alternatives, and impacts to be considered in an environmental assessment or an EIS. 

Sedimentation — Accumulated organic and inorganic matter on the lake bottom. Sediment includes 

decaying algae and weeds, marl (mixture of clay and lime), and solid and organic matter eroded from the 

lake’s watershed. 

Self-sustaining — For this plan/EIS, refers to reproducing fish that are able to maintain populations 

over time without further stocking. 

Smolt — A young anadromous salmonid migrating downstream that has undergone the physiological 

changes necessary to survive in salt water. 

Spawn — The deposition and fertilization of eggs by organisms such as salmon and trout. 

Species — A group of individual plants or animals (including subspecies and populations) that have 

common characteristics and interbreed among themselves and not with other similar groups. 

Species of Concern — Refers to those species that might be in need of concentrated conservation 

actions, which can vary depending on the health of the populations and degree and types of threats. At 

one extreme, there may only need to be periodic monitoring of populations and threats to the species and 

its habitat. At the other extreme, a species may need to be listed as a federal threatened or endangered 

species. Species of concern receive no legal protection, and the use of the term does not necessarily mean 

that the species will eventually be proposed for listing as a threatened or endangered species. 

Substrate — The nonliving material or base upon which plants or animals live or grow. 

Synergy/Synergistic — The combined effect or effort is greater than parts; the working together of 

two or more elements, especially when the result is greater than the sum of their individual effects. 

Talus — A sloping mass of rock debris at the base of a cliff. 

Tarn — A small mountain lake, especially one formed by the action of glaciers. 

Taxon (plural taxa) — Category of organisms. Any of the groups to which organisms are assigned 

according to the principles of taxonomy, including species, genus, family, order, class, and phylum. 

Tectonic — The branch of geology relating to the continuing structural evolution of the earth’s crust 

(for example, the formation of mountains and valleys). 

Tectonic Uplift — The geological conditions produced by movements in the earth’s crust that elevate 

rocks, forming mountains. 

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen — A combined measurement of ammonia and organic nitrogen. It can be 

considered a surrogate measure of overall lake productivity. 

Trophic Levels — The various positions of a food web that are occupied by specific organisms (see 

“Food Web” above). 
Glossary

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 499

Turbid/Turbidity — Visible undissolved solid material suspended in water. Increasing the turbidity of 

the water decreases the amount of light that can penetrate. 

Ubiquitous — Being or seeming to be everywhere at the same time; omnipresent. 

Untrammeled — Not limited or restricted by human activities. 

Unmetamorphosed Sedimentary Rocks — Sedimentary rocks that have not yet undergone 

metamorphic conditions. 

Watershed — The area drained by a river system. It includes the whole region or extent of country that 

contributes to the supply of a river or lake; the natural boundary of a basin. 

Wetland — Areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration 

sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. 

Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, wet meadows, and similar areas. 

Zooplankton — Microscopic or barely visible animals that eat algae (the animal form of plankton). 

Freshwater zooplankton found in high mountain lakes would include microscopic animals such as 

protozoans, rotifers, copepods, and cladocerans. Zooplankton are an important component of the lake 

food web and ecosystem. For many fish, they are the primary food source. 
500 DRAFT MOUNTAIN LAKES FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN

ACRONYMS 

AND ABBREVIATIONS 

BMI benthic macroinvertebrate 

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

CUA Commercial Use Authorization 

EIS environmental impact statement 

EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

ESU Evoluntionarily Significant Unit 

DDE dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene 

DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 

DM Department Manual 

GIS Geographic Information System 

GPS Global Positioning System 

IOC Index of Connectivity 

km kilogram 

mg milligram 

ml milliliter 

MOU memorandum of understanding 

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act 

NHPA National Historic Preservation Act

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 

NPS National Park Service 

NRA national recreation area 

OSU Oregon State University 

PCB polychlorinated biphehyl 
Acronyms

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 501

pH potential of hydrogen 

PL Public Law 

POP persistent organic pollutants 

SEPA State Environmental Policy Act 

SHPO State Historic Preservation Office or Officer 

SR State Route 

TAC Technical Advisory Committee 

TCP Tradition Cultural Property 

TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service 

USC United States Code 

USGS United States Geological Survey 

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator 

WDFW Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 

WPWA Washington Park Wilderness Act of 1988
502 DRAFT MOUNTAIN LAKES FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN

INDEX 

adaptive management, x, xi, xiii, xvi, xix, xx, xxiii, 

xxv, xxxiii–xxxvi, 49, 53, 64, 65, 68, 76, 82–85, 

89, 98, 102, 106, 110, 120, 121, 123, 124, 127, 

129, 137–140, 143, 144, 238, 244, 261, 267, 272, 

280, 286, 289, 295, 309, 315, 329, 331, 342, 343, 

344, 347, 349, 361, 363, 375, 381, 394– 397, 399, 

405, 407–413, 415–417, 420, 422, 428, 430, 435, 

437, 442, 447, 448, 450–452 

Antimycin, xi, xii, xxvi, xxvii, 28, 84, 86, 89, 91–96, 

130, 131, 219, 265, 266, 267, 271, 273, 275, 276, 

287, 288, 290, 292, 311, 312, 314, 319, 324, 361, 

376, 418, 421, 423, 424, 435, 438–440, 442, 443, 

448, 452 

Azure Lake, xvii, 57, 66 

Battalion Lake, xvii, 57, 66, 68, 77, 88, 104, 190, 

252, 303, 312, 317, 346, 440, 443 

Bear Lake, xvii, 57, 63, 66, 68, 88, 104, 185, 299, 

309, 315, 321, 440, 443 

Berdeen Lake, xvii, 57, 63, 66, 68, 77, 88, 104, 252, 

440, 443 

Berdeen Lake, Lower, xvii, 57, 63, 66, 68, 77, 88, 

252, 440, 443 

Berdeen Lake, Upper, xvii, 57, 63, 66, 68, 88, 252, 

440, 443 

biological integrity, iv, v, vii, ix, xiii, 3, 5, 50–53, 56, 

74, 76, 84, 98, 101, 102, 109, 115, 120–122, 143, 

237, 369, 395, 405, 409, 437, 447, 448, 450 

Blum (Largest/Middle, No. 3), xvii, 57, 63, 66, 68, 

77, 88, 104, 252, 440, 443 

Blum (Lower/West, No. 4), xvii, 57, 63, 66, 68, 77, 

88, 252, 440, 443 

Blum (Small/North, No. 2), xvii, 57, 63, 66 

Blum (Vista/Northwest, No. 1), xvii, 57, 63, 66 

Bouck Lake, Lower, xvii, 57, 63, 66, 68, 88, 104, 

440, 443 

Bouck Lake, Upper, xvii, 57, 63, 66, 68, 97, 104 

Bowan Lake, xvii, 57, 66, 68, 97, 104 

bull trout, xv, xxviii, 25, 26, 41, 48, 50, 54, 55, 132, 

171–175, 184, 191, 303–305, 308, 312, 315, 318, 

320, 322, 324 

chemical, x–xii, xv, xxiii, xxv–xxvii, xxix–xxxi, 

xxxvi, 17, 40, 50, 53–55, 80, 86, 88, 89, 91, 92, 

94, 98, 120, 121, 127, 129–131, 133—135, 140, 

144, 154, 162, 219, 247, 250, 265–267, 271, 272, 

275, 276, 287, 288, 290–293, 311, 312, 314, 316, 

319, 324, 330–334, 343, 344, 347–349, 361, 362, 

367, 376, 379, 384, 387, 388, 406, 414, 421–424, 

439, 442 

Congress/Congressional, vii, viii, xv, xx, 10, 12–14, 

30, 32, 33, 38, 73–75, 80, 82, 100, 106, 108, 112, 

113, 124, 215, 217, 218, 229, 392, 393, 394, 396, 

398, 399 

Coon Lake, xvii, 56, 57, 66, 68, 97, 104, 177, 181, 

207, 208, 211, 228, 231, 302, 311, 316, 372, 376, 

379, 382, 384, 385, 427, 429 

Copper Lake, xviii, 58, 63, 66–68, 71, 97, 104, 105, 

176, 220 

Dagger Lake, xvii, 58, 66, 68, 88, 104, 187, 189, 207, 

302, 311, 312, 317, 440, 443 

Dee Dee Lake, Upper, xvii, 58, 63, 66, 68, 77, 88, 

104, 207, 252, 440, 443 

Dee Dee/Tamarack Lake, Lower, xvii, 58, 66, 68, 97 

Despair Lake, Lower, xvii, 58, 66 

Despair Lake, Upper, xvii, 58, 66 

Diobsud Lake No. 1, xvii, 58, 63, 66, 68, 88, 169, 

252, 378, 440, 443 

Diobsud Lake No. 2, Lower, xvii, 58, 63, 66, 68, 77, 

88, 104, 252, 440, 443 

Diobsud Lake No. 3, Upper, xvii, 58, 66, 69, 97, 104, 

252 

Doubtful Lake, xvii, 58, 66, 69, 77, 88, 104, 373, 

378, 440, 443 

Doug’s Tarn, xvii, 14, 58, 66, 69, 88, 104, 252 

East Lake, Lower, xvii, 58, 66 
Index

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 503

East Lake, Upper, xvii, 58, 66, 165 

education, x, 5, 34, 80, 84, 229, 230, 341, 358, 359, 

361, 377, 418, 438, 441, 442, 444, 446 

enabling legislation, iv, vi–viii, xv, 4, 5, 11, 14, 33, 

34, 73–75, 82, 100, 108, 112, 229, 241, 251, 281, 

298, 327, 339, 356, 392– 394, 396, 434 

Firn Lake, xvii, 58, 66, 69, 77, 88, 104, 312, 443 

food web, 16, 21, 22, 24, 25, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 

167, 245, 253–255, 262, 269 

Green Bench Lake, xvii, 59, 66 

Green Lake, xvii, 59, 66, 69, 77, 88, 104, 189, 220, 

440, 443 

Hanging Lake, xvii, 59, 66, 69, 77, 88, 252, 440, 443 

Hidden Lake Tarn, xvii, 59, 63, 66, 69, 78, 97, 104 

Hidden Lake, xvii, 59, 63, 66, 69, 77, 88, 97, 104, 

176, 211, 372, 373, 376, 379, 382, 385, 443 

Hi-Laker, vi, xxiii, 11, 14, 48, 80, 127, 214, 215, 392 

Hi-Yu Lake, xvii, 59, 66, 69, 97, 104 

Hozomeen Lake, xvii, xxviii, xxix, 55, 59, 63, 66, 69, 

77, 88, 104, 110, 132, 133, 147, 155, 164, 175, 

191, 193, 194, 207, 211, 302, 304, 306, 308, 311– 

313, 315, 317–320, 323, 324, 372, 376, 379, 382, 

385, 440, 443 

impairment, xxv–xxxii, 31, 33, 129–136, 237, 241, 

242, 251, 254, 256, 257, 259, 261–264, 267, 269–

271, 273–275, 277, 281, 284–286, 289, 291–294, 

297, 309, 315, 320, 324, 327, 329, 331, 333, 334, 

339, 341, 344, 348, 349, 356, 360, 363, 364, 366, 

369, 402, 448 

Index of Connectivity/IOC, 248, 250, 252, 256, 257, 

263, 270 

Ipsoot Lake, xvii, 59, 66, 69, 88, 175, 443 

Jeanita Lake, xvii, 59, 66, 69, 78, 88, 104, 443 

Kettling Lake, xvii, 59, 66, 69, 77, 88, 252, 302, 310, 

311, 317 

Kwahnesum Lake, xvii, 59, 66, 69, 97, 104 

long-toed salamander, 16, 21–23, 25, 48, 55–57, 155, 

161, 165, 167–169, 246, 248, 249, 250, 256, 257, 

263, 270 

management action, iii, iv, vii, ix, x, xiii, xiv, 

xvi–xviii, xx, xxvii, xxxii–xxxvi, 3, 26–29, 43, 49, 

51, 52, 54–57, 63–67, 73, 75, 82–85, 89, 94, 97–

99, 101, 102, 106, 107, 109, 112, 124, 131, 136–

140, 147, 170, 179, 201, 202, 229, 238, 239, 244, 

251, 253, 256, 259, 262, 266, 269, 272, 273, 275, 

278, 279, 285, 288, 290, 291, 293–295, 320, 326, 

336, 356, 357, 361, 368, 372, 373, 376–379, 381, 

382, 384, 386, 388, 390–399, 401, 402, 406, 408, 

409, 410, 412–414, 416–418, 420, 422–424, 434, 

436, 439–446, 448, 449, 452 

McAlester Lake, xvii, xxviii, 59, 66, 69, 88, 104, 

132, 180, 189, 199, 207, 252, 257, 302, 306, 308, 

311, 313, 317, 318, 338, 346, 372, 440, 443 

mechanical, x, xi, xxiii, xxv, xxvii, xxix–xxxi, 80, 86, 

88, 89, 98, 120, 121, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 

144, 264, 265, 267, 271, 272, 275, 276, 287, 288, 

290–293, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 343, 344, 347, 

349, 361, 362, 379, 384, 387, 388, 406, 414, 421 

Middle Lake, Lower, xvii, 59, 66 

Middle Lake, Upper, xvii, 59, 66 

Monogram Lake, xvii, 59, 60, 63, 66, 69, 77, 88, 97, 

104, 180, 211, 372, 376, 379, 382, 385, 440, 443 

Monogram Tarn, xvii, 60, 63, 66, 69, 97 

Nert Lake, xvii, 60, 66, 69, 97, 104, 190, 303, 312, 

317, 322 

No Name Lake, xviii, 60, 67, 69, 97, 104 

Noisy Creek Lake, Upper, xviii, 60, 67 

Northwestern salamander, 21, 25, 48, 165, 168, 169, 

170, 188, 246, 248, 249, 256, 257, 263, 270 

Oregon State University/OSU, v, vii, ix, 4, 13, 15, 16, 

18, 19, 22, 23, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 87, 155, 213, 

302, 311 

Panther Potholes, Lower, xviii, 60, 67, 69, 97, 104 

Panther Potholes, Upper, xviii, 60, 67 

Pegasus Lake, xviii, 60, 67 
I NDEX

504 DRAFT MOUNTAIN LAKES FISHERY MANAGEMENT PLAN

piscicide, xxvi, 86, 89, 92, 94–96, 130, 219, 265, 267, 

272, 276, 287, 290, 292, 361, 376, 387, 406, 414, 

421, 423, 424, 438, 440, 442, 443, 448, 452 

Pond SE of Kettling Lakes, xviii, 60, 67, 70, 97, 104 

Quill Lake, Lower, xviii, 60, 63, 67, 70, 97, 104 

Quill Lake, Upper, xviii, 60, 63, 67, 70, 97, 104 

Rainbow Lake, xviii, xxi, 60, 63, 67, 70, 77, 88, 89, 

97, 104, 105, 125, 151, 172, 175, 177, 192, 207, 

228 372, 427, 440, 443 

Rainbow Lake, Upper (North), xviii, 60, 63, 67 

Rainbow Lake, Upper (South), xviii, 60, 63, 67, 70, 

97, 105, 207 

Rainbow Lake, Upper (West), xviii, 60, 63, 67, 70, 

97, 104, 207 

Redoubt Lake, xviii, 60, 67, 165 

Reveille Lake, Lower, xviii, 61, 67 

Reveille Lake, Upper, xviii, 61, 67 

Ridley Lake, xviii, 55, 61, 63, 67, 70, 76, 97, 105, 

155, 170, 177, 207, 211, 302, 311, 313, 317, 319, 

323, 372, 376, 379, 382, 385 

riparian, xv, 26, 32, 180, 182, 185–187, 189, 194, 

195, 197–199, 217, 218, 259, 301, 324, 330, 336–

338, 340–344, 346–349 

Rotenone, 40, 91, 219 

Sky Lake, xviii, 61, 67, 440, 443 

Skymo Lake, xviii, 61, 67, 70, 77, 88, 105, 220 

Sourdough Lake, xviii, 61, 67, 70, 77, 88, 105, 175, 

252, 304, 312, 318, 440, 443 

Sourpuss Lake, xviii, 61, 67 

Stiletto Lake, xviii, 61, 67, 70, 97, 105, 152, 153, 252 

Stout Lake, xviii, 61, 67, 70, 77, 79, 88, 105, 176, 

443 

Stout, Lake Lower, xviii, 61, 67, 70, 88, 105, 443 

Sweet Pea Lake, xviii, 61, 67, 70, 97, 105 

Talus Tarn, xviii, 61, 67 

Tapto Lake, Lower, xviii, 61, 67 

Tapto Lake, Middle, xviii, 61, 67 

Tapto Lake, Upper, xviii, 61, 67 

Tapto Lake, West, xviii, 62, 67 

Thornton Lake, Lower, xviii, 62, 67, 70, 77, 88, 105, 

211, 443 

Thornton Lake, Middle, xviii, 62, 67, 70, 97, 105, 

211 

threatened/endangered/sensitive species, xii, xv, 

xxix–xxxi, 16, 22, 26, 29, 36, 41, 50, 55, 89, 92, 

93, 120, 133–135, 160, 164, 165, 169, 170, 181, 

183, 186, 187, 190–192, 194, 197, 200, 202, 246, 

255, 256, 265, 266, 271, 275, 287, 294, 299, 306, 

307, 309, 310, 313, 315, 316, 319, 321, 323–326, 

329–334, 336, 338, 340, 343, 344, 346–349, 357, 

358, 360, 363–367, 450 

Thunder Lake, xviii, 62, 67, 150–153, 170, 174, 180, 

181, 191, 211, 302, 311 

Tiny Lake, xviii, 62, 67 

Torment Lake, xviii, 62, 67, 70, 97, 105 

total Kjeldahl nitrogen/TKN, 16, 17, 22, 23, 51, 53, 

155, 162, 163, 167, 246, 248, 250, 252, 256, 257, 

263 

Trail Blazer, vi, xxii, xxiii, 8, 11, 13–15, 48, 54, 80, 

126, 127, 214, 215, 392 

Trapper Lake, xviii, 62, 67, 70, 88, 105, 190, 303, 

312, 317, 373, 443 

Triplet Lake, Lower, xviii, 62, 63, 67, 70, 89, 105, 

252, 440, 443 

Triplet Lake, Upper, xviii, 62, 63, 67, 70, 89, 105, 

440, 443 

Triumph Lake, xviii, 62, 67, 70, 97, 105, 176 

U.S. Geological Survey/USGS, v, 4, 15–19, 22, 23, 

118, 185, 220 

Unnamed Lake (FP-01-01), xviii, 62, 67 
Index

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 505

Unnamed Lake (MR-11-01), xviii, 62, 67, 71, 97, 

105, 207 

Unnamed Lake (MR-16-01), xviii, 62, 67, 71, 89, 

105, 271 

Vulcan Lake, xviii, 62, 67 

wetland, 182, 189, 195, 199, 326, 330, 332, 340 

Wilcox/Lillie Lake, Upper, xviii, 62, 63, 67, 71, 77, 

89, 90, 265, 377, 439, 440, 443 

Wilcox/Sandie Lake, Lower, xviii, 63, 67, 71, 77, 89, 

105, 252, 440, 443 

Wild Lake, xviii, 63, 67, 192 

wilderness, iv, vii, viii, xv, xxxiii–xxxvi, 6, 15, 27, 

36, 38–41, 48, 73–76, 78, 89, 101, 102, 109, 112, 

113, 119–121, 137–140, 148, 149, 151, 204 –206, 

212, 213, 215–218, 224, 225, 230, 284, 341, 366, 

375, 377, 380, 381, 383, 386, 387, 390, 392, 393, 

399, 401–417 

Willow Lake, xviii, 55, 63, 67, 71, 97, 105, 170, 176, 

179, 187, 190, 199, 207, 208, 211, 299, 302, 303, 

309, 311–313, 316, 317, 319, 321, 323, 372, 376, 

379, 382, 385 
As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for

most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering wise use 

of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and

cultural values of our national parks and historic places, and providing for the enjoyment of life

through outdoor recreation. The department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to

ensure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The department also promotes

the goals of the Take Pride in America campaign by encouraging stewardship and citizen responsibility

for the public lands and promoting citizen participation in their care. The department also has a major

responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories

under U.S. administration.

NPS D-272 (May 2005)

The National Park Service extends its appreciation to Roy Zipp, North Cascades National Park

Service Complex; Bob Pheifer, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife; and Mike Swayne and 

Pat Buller, Trail Blazers, Inc., for all the wonderful photos in this document and to Roy Reynolds,

RED, Inc. Communications for the beautiful illustrations.
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

United States

Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Washington Department

of Fish and Wildlife