p. 1 

,07- owo ll- a /-?-3 

November 200 5 

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Site Revitalization Guidance 

Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 

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This policy addresses cleanup and disposal requirements for polychlo rinated biphenyls


(PCBs) only. This document is intended to be used as an informal reference, and as such, is


not a complete statement of all of the applicable PCB requirements . This document does not


replace nor supplant the requirements of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) PCB


regulations . Please refer to the regulations at 40 CFR Part 761 for specific regulatory and


legal requirements .

1 

p. 2 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

Executive Summary iv 

Introduction 1 

Background 

1 . Overview of TSCA's Waste Management Approach for PCB Wastes 2 

II. What are the Appropriate Cleanup Levels for Self-Implementing Cleanups? 3 

A. PCB Cleanup Levels for High Occupancy Areas 5 

B . PCB Cleanup Levels for Low Occupancy Areas 8 

C . Cleanup Levels for Liquid PCBs 11 

D . Post-cleanup Sampling and Deed Restriction Requirements 1 2 

(1) Sampling and Analysis 12 

(2) Deed Restriction Requirements 13 

III. Cleanup Levels for Other Re-Use Scenarios 14 

A. Example of Risk-Based PCB Cleanup Levels for an Industrial Area 15 

B. Additional Cleanup Examples 17 

IV . What are the Appropriate Disposal Requirements? 24 

A. Disposal Requirements for PCB Remediation Wastes 24 

B . Disposal Requirements for Other PCB Wastes 25 

C . Other Applicable Requirements in the TSCA PCB Regulations 2 6 

V. Notification and Review 27 

VI. Consultation with USEPA Regional PCB Coordinators and State Officials 28 

VII. Typical and Worst Case Scenarios for the Management of PCB Wastes 3 1 

A. Typical Cleanup Situation & Applicable Responses 31 

B. Worst Case Cleanup Scenario 37 

C. PCB Contamination and Reuse Scenarios 37 

Figure 1 : PCB ML Mark 7 

Tables 

1 . Post-Cleanup Sampling Procedures & Deed Restriction Requirements 14 

2 . TSCA PCB Waste Management Options 22 

ii 
p. 3 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

Tables (continued) 

3. Disposal Options for PCB Remediation Waste 25


4. Other PCB Wastes 26


5. Other Applicable Requirements in the TSCA PCB Regulations 27


6 . Notification and Review for PCB Waste Management Option 28


7 . PCB Contamination and Reuse Scenarios 39


Appendice s 

A. Region 1 EPA-New England Draft Standard Operating Procedure for 

Sampling Concrete in the Field 

B. Excerpts from the Self-implementing Provisions of the PCB Regulations 

At 40 CFR Part 761 for PCB Waste Cleanup and Disposal 

iii 
p. 4 

EXECUTIVE SUMMAR Y 

This document was developed as a guide for complying with the Toxic Substances Control 

Act (TSCA) regulations for the cleanup and disposal of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 

contamination. The purpose of the document is to provide assistance in navigating the TSCA PCB 

regulations in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations at Part 761 (40 CFR Part 761) .' The 

primary focus of this guidance is the PCB Remediation Waste provision at 40 CFR 761 .61 which 

governs the management of PCB waste generated as the result of PCB spills and associated cleanup 

activities (e .g., contaminated environmental media, rags, debris) . Additional PCB requirements that 

may apply also are mentioned . 

This document may be useful to Brownfields grant recipients and other individuals involved in 

PCB cleanups under TSCA. The document discusses the factors that must be taken into consideration 

when determining appropriate cleanup levels (e .g., intended use and type of PCB waste) . Prescriptive 

procedures on how to achieve the cleanup levels however are generally not addressed. The 

requirements for verifying that the cleanup standard has been met and for establishing deed 

restrictions (where necessary), and the options available for disposing of PCB wastes are discussed . 

In addition, other relevant TSCA PCB requirements, such as caps, waste storage, marking, 

manifesting, and recordkeeping requirements, are mentioned . All PCB concentrations are based on 

total PCBs, rather than individual PCB Aroclors . 2 

Examples are provided on how the "typical" and "worst case" PCB waste cleanup situations 

may be addressed. Additional examples in the form of a matrix on various PCB contamination and 

reuse scenarios and applicable TSCA PCB requirements are provided at the end of the document (see 

Table 7). Finally, the appendices offer guidance on sampling concrete in the field (Appendix A) and 

excerpts of relevant self-implementing provisions of the PCB regulations for the cleanup and disposal 

of PCB waste (Appendix B). Appendix A is not a substitute for Subpart 0 of Part 761 where the 

regulations require compliance with Subpart O . The cleanup and reuse of property previously 

contaminated with PCBs may vary widely and will be specific to each site. Therefore, this document 

is not intended to provide the answer to every question that could surface during the remediation of 

the site. The reader is encouraged to consult the statute, regulations and the Regional PCB 

Coordinator whenever questions concerning acceptable remediation practices arise. 

This document does not replace or supplant the requirements of the TSCA PCB regulations . 

Use of this document does not establish a presumption against enforcement should violations of the 

cleanup and disposal requirements or the PCB use authorizations be discovered . Please refer to the 

regulations at 40 CFR Part 761 for specific regulatory and legal requirements. The entire text bf the 

Code of Federal Regulations for 40 CFR Part 761 can be found on the U .S. Government Printing 

Office's website at www.gpo.gov, under "Legislative Resources" and on the PCB website at 

www.epa.govlpcb under "Laws and Regulations." Additional assistance on the 

' Unless otherwise provided, the terms and abbreviations used herein have the meanings 

as defined in the PCB regulations at 40 CFR §761 .3 . 

2 See the definition of PCBs in 40 CFR §761 .3 and "Response to Comments Document 

on the Proposed Rule - Disposal of PCBs; OPPTS Docket #66009A," May 1998, p. 11, 

Response #5 . 

iv

p. 5 

TSCA PCB waste requirements is available from the Regional PCB Coordinators . The phone 

numbers and addresses for each Regional office are provided in this document (see Section VI), and a 

current listing of the Regional PCB Coordinators is available from the PCB website at 

www .epa.gov/pcb under "EPA Regional Contacts ." 

v 
p. 6 

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Site Revitalization Guidance


Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)


Introduction 

This Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Site Revitalization Guidance (the Guidance) provides 

information on characterizing, cleaning up, containing, and disposing of PCB waste (e .g., soil and 

other debris generated as a result of any PCB spill cleanup) . It has been developed as a guide to assist 

individuals engaging in PCB remediation efforts in complying with the Toxic Substances Control Act 

(TSCA) PCB regulations at 40 CFR Part 761 . Individuals should contact the Regional PCB 

Coordinator for additional guidance on the regulatory requirements for site-specific situations or 

scenarios (see Section VI, pages 28-31) . 

Some cleanup sites may contain lead-based paint or asbestos which has been contaminated 

with other compounds such as PCBs, pesticides or mercury . In order to reduce exposure at these 

sites, it is generally recommended that a balance be struck between a manage-in-place strategy for 

lead-based paint and asbestos and the removal of other contaminants . Guidance and/or links to 

information for managing lead-based paints and asbestos contamination are available at EPA's 

websites at www.epa.gov/lead for lead, and www.epa.gov/asbestos for asbestos. In addition, several 

States have cleanup requirements that, in conjunction with the requirements addressed in 40 CFR Part 

761, must be followed when undertaking a voluntary cleanup under a State response program . 

Therefore, individuals also are encouraged to consult with their State environmental officials 

regarding any additional State cleanup requirements . 

PCB waste management at properties that have been contaminated with PCBs as a result of a 

spill, release or other unauthorized disposal requires compliance with the requirements for PCB 

remediation waste as specified in the TSCA PCB regulations at 40 CFR 761 .50(b)(3) and 761 .61 . 

Refer to those regulations for specific regulatory and legal requirements regarding PCB remediation 

waste . An electronic version of the PCB regulations at 40 CFR Part 761 can be found on the PCB 

website at www.epa.gov/pcb under "Laws and Regulations." Many of the cleanup examples 

discussed in this Guidance are based on information regarding known federal Brownfields grant 

application scenarios available at the time of its development . 

Background 

Real property contaminated with PCBs may be sold or transferred by a current owner to 

another party. The transfer is not a release of any obligations of either the seller or the purchaser 

regarding proper handling, cleanup, or disposal of contaminated material . See August 14, 2003 

Memo from Robert Fabricant and Susan Hazen to Barry Breen, John Peter Suarez and the Regional 

Administrators on the PCB website at www.eUa.goe/Rcb under "Interpretive Guidance," Policy 

Statements and Letters. The responsibility for the initial PCB contamination (e .g., spill or other 

release) resides with the person(s) who caused the contamination or who owned or operated the PCBs 

or PCB-containing equipment at the time of the contamination . However, after the property transfer, 

the new owner becomes responsible for controlling and mitigating any continuing and/or future 

releases of PCBs . In addition, because the use of contaminated portions of real property constitutes 

the use of PCBs on it, such use is prohibited under section 6(e)(2)(A) of TSCA, unless the owner of 
p. 7 

2


the property contaminated with PCBs complies with all applicable use authorizations . In general, this 

means that the owner must first clean up the property or decontaminate it before it can be used (see 40 

CFR §761 .30(u)). As previously mentioned, the individual who caused the PCB contamination , 

which may or may not be the seller of the property, can generally be held liable for violations of the 

PCB disposal requirements . 

I. Overview of TSCA's Waste Management Approach for PCB Wastes 

This Guidance was developed by EPA to assist individuals who are planning or are engaged in 

PCB remediation activities (e .g., the redevelopment of a Brownfields site with PCB contamination), 

as well as State officials who are implementing state response programs, in complying with the PCB 

waste management requirements promulgated under the TSCA PCB regulations . 

This Guidance describes the TSCA cleanup and disposal requirements for PCB remediation 

waste as specified under 40 CFR §761 .61 . Section 761 .61 provides several options for cleaning up 

and disposing of PCB remediation wastes : 40 CFR §761 .61(a) establishes requirements for selfimplementing cleanups and disposal ; 40 CFR §761 .61(b) establishes requirements for performancebased disposal; and 40 CFR §761 .61(c) establishes a procedure for applying for a risk-based cleanup 

or disposal approval where an individual wishes to conduct PCB cleanup or disposal in a manner 

other than prescribed in either 40 CFR §761 .61(a) or (b). This guidance is primarily intended to assist 

individuals in complying with the self-implementing requirements in 40 CFR §761 .61(a) . 

This Guidance also provides information on an activity that has been found to be acceptable to 

the Agency when PCB cleanup and related activities were conducted in a manner other than 

prescribed at 40 CFR §761 .61(a) or (b); i.e., a risk-based disposal approval for the sampling, cleanup 

or disposal of PCB remediation waste (see 40 CFR §761 .61(c)). Section 761 .61(c) requires 

individuals to submit to the Regional Administrator an application which provides a risk-based 

demonstration that other procedures or cleanup standards will result in a commensurate level of 

protection for human health and the environment . In the example at Section M .A. of this guidance, 

the contaminated site was to be used for industrial purposes after the cleanup . In this particular 

industrial use scenario, the Agency determined that the proposed sampling procedures, cleanup 

standards, and engineering and institutional controls were sufficient to protect against an unreasonable 

risk of injury to health or the environment. EPA expects that these sampling procedures, cleanup 

standards, and engineering and institutional controls would likely be appropriate for other sites 

presenting comparable exposure scenarios, although each risk-based application will be evaluated on 

its merits and approved or disapproved on a site-specific basis . 

Waste materials contaminated with PCBs as the result of a spill, an intentional or accidental 

release or uncontrolled discharges of PCBs, or other unauthorized disposal of PCBs are called PCB 

remediation waste. There are four types ofPCB remediation waste: bulk PCB remediation waste, 

porous surfaces, non porous surfaces, and liquid PCBs. Cleanup levels for an area contaminated 

with PCBs depend upon the degree of exposure to an area with residual contamination . Exposure is 

measured by the amount of time that people will be spending in the area, and the type of PCB 

contamination that will remain in place after remediation . The length of occupancy (or how long a 

person is expected to be exposed to an area of contamination) is generally dependent upon the 

intended use of the area . Areas that are in continuous or semi-continuous use, such as residences or 

schools, are generally classified as "high occupancy areas ." Under the self-implementing provisions 
p. 8 

3


of Section 761 .61(a), areas that are used to a limited extent, such as an electrical substation, are 

considered to be "low occupancy areas." These terms are defined in 40 CFR 761 .3 and discussed in 

Section II. 

To further illustrate how these factors relate, this Guidance provides: 1) examples to illustrate 

how these variables are applied ; and 2) a matrix that provides cleanup levels by waste type and 

occupancy level (see Table 2, p . 22) . 

II. What are the Appropriate Cleanup Levels for Self-Implementing Cleanups? 

The extent of cleanup required for a property contaminated with PCBs will depend primarily 

upon two factors : 1) the use of the property (characterized by the length of occupancy) ; and 2) the 

type of waste material that is contaminated with the PCBs . The self-implementing procedures may 

not be used to clean up: surface or ground waters, sediments in marine and fresh water ecosystems, 

sewers or sewage treatment systems, any private or public drinking water sources or distribution 

systems, grazing lands, and vegetable gardens (see 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(1)(i)). As described below, 

the required cleanup level for self-implementing cleanups is determined by the type of occupancy 

after the cleanup is completed . All PCB concentrations are based on total PCBs, rather than 

individual PCB Aroclors . Within each occupancy group, cleanup levels are supplied for the different 

types of waste materials . The intended reuse scenarios for a facility or property may result in a 

cleanup which utilizes a combination of cleanup standards (e .g., high occupancy and/or low 

occupancy area), depending on whether certain conditions are met (e.g., access is limited in duration ; 

entry is secured, for example, by a key or combination lock). Therefore, consultation with the 

Regional PCB Coordinator is encouraged . Post-cleanup sampling is also required ; sampling 

requirements are discussed in paragraph D of this Section . The process for determining the applicable 

PCB cleanup level can generally be broken down into three basic steps : 

• Step 1- How will the contaminated property be used ? 

• Step 2 - What is the type of waste material that is contaminated with PCBs? 

• Step 3 - What are the appropriate cleanup levels ? 

Step 1 : How will the contaminated prope rty be used? 

The new use of a property is classified as a high or low occupancy area under the selfimplementing cleanup provisions of 40 CFR §761 .61(a). The requirements for both the high 

occupancy and low occupancy area can be found at 40 CFR §761 .61(a). 

High occupancy area is generally defined as any area where PCB remediation waste has 

been disposed of on site (including but not limited to any building, any floor/wall of the 

building, any enclosed space within the building), and where annual occupancy for any 

individual not wearing dermal and respiratory protection is 840 hours or more (an average o f 

16.8 hours or more per week) for non-porous surfaces and 335 hours or more (an average of 

6.7 hours or more per week) for bulk PCB remediation waste. Examples include a residence, 
p. 9 

4 

school, day care center, sleeping quarters, a single or multiple occupancy 40 hours-per-week 

work station, a school classroom, a cafeteria in an industrial facility, a control room, and a 

work station at an assembly line . 

Low occupancy area is generally defined as any area where PCB remediation waste has 

been disposed of on site (including but not limited to any building, any floor/wall of the 

building, any enclosed space within the building), and where annual occupancy for any 

individual not wearing dermal and respiratory protection is less than 840 hours (an average of 

16.8 hours per week) for non-porous surfaces and less than 335 hours (an average of 6 .7 hours 

per week) for bulk PCB remediation waste. Examples include an electrical substation or a 

location in an industrial facility where a worker spends small amounts of time per week (such 

as an unoccupied area outside a building, an electrical equipment vault, or in the non-office 

space in a warehouse where occupancy is transitory) . 

Step 2: What is the type of waste material that is contaminated with PCBs? 

Waste materials contaminated with PCBs as the result of a spill, an intentional or accidental 

release or uncontrolled discharges of PCBs, or other unauthorized disposal of PCBs are called PCB 

remediation waste. PCB remediation waste is managed at its "as-found" PCB concentration and 

includes, but is not limited to : soil, rags, and other debris generated during a cleanup ; environmental 

media containing PCBs, such as soil and gravel ; buildings and other man-made structures 

contaminated with PCBs; andporous and non porous surfaces upon which PCBs were spilled or 

released (see the definition at 40 CFR §761 .3). PCB remediation waste sampling should be based on 

in-situ characterization data (i .e., "as found" per 40 CFR §761 .61) rather than post-excavation or 

demolition composite samples collected from waste piles and roll-off containers . 

The four classes of PCB remediation waste commonly found at PCB remediation sites 

include: 

• bulk PCB remediation waste including, but not limited to, existing piles of soil, 

in-situ soil, sediments, dredged materials, muds, PCB sewage sludge, and industrial 

sludge; 

• porous surfaces including, but not limited to, non-coated (e.g ., unpainted) or 

coated structural surfaces such as floors, walls, and ceilings made of concrete, brick, 

wood, plaster, plasterboard, etc ., that have been subsequently contaminated by spills 

from PCB liquids. Porous surfaces also include paints or coatings that have been 

applied to a non-porous surface such as metal . 

• non-porous surfaces including smooth unpainted solid surfaces that limit 

penetration of liquid containing PCBs beyond the immediate surface (e .g., smooth 

uncorroded metal, natural gas pipe with a thin porous coating originally applied to 

inhibit corrosion, smooth glass, smooth glazed ceramics, impermeable polished 

building stone such as marble or granite, and high density plastics such as 
P. 10


5 

polycarbonates and melamines that do not absorb organic solvents). 

• liquid PCBs, a homogenous flowable material containing PCBs and no more than 0 .5 

percent by weight non-dissolved material . 

The PCB regulations also contain a provision for the disposal ofPCB bulk product wastes; i .e., wastes derived from manufactured products containing PCBs in a non-liquid state (see the 

definition for PCB bulkproduct waste at 40 CFR §761 .3). Materials such as debris from the 

demolition of buildings and other man-made structures manufactured, coated, or serviced with PCBs 

may be found at sites contaminated with PCBs and are subject to the TSCA PCB disposal 

requirements at 40 CFR §761 .62. 

Step 3: What are the appropriate clean-up levels ? 

The information developed in steps 1 and 2 is used to determine the cleanup levels for PCB 

remediation waste for the two categories of intended use (e .g., high occupancy and low occupancy 

areas). The required cleanup levels are described in detail in paragraphs A through C of this section ; 

paragraph D provides information on post-cleanup sampling and deed restriction requirements. 

IMPORTANT NOTE : For PCB waste management involving porous structural surfaces, 

such as floors, walls, or ceilings made of concrete, brick, wood, plaster, plasterboard, etc., "clean" is 

defined by a bulk PCB concentration, e .g., weight/weight or volume/volume, such as a core sample, 

and not a surface PCB concentration, such as a wipe sample . In characterizing the property, 

established EPA sampling procedures or guidance such as 40 CFR 761, Subpart N (40 CFR §761 .260 

et al.), or CERCLA site characterization guidance should be used to determine the appropriate number 

and location of samples. The attached Appendix A contains a core sampling procedure developed by 

EPA Region 1 that may be appropriate for use in conjunction with Subpart N to determine the extent 

of the contamination in concrete . Other reliable and effective methods for collecting a core sample 

also may be used. PCB remediation waste verification sampling must be based on in-situ 

characterization data (i .e., "as found" per 40 CFR §761 .61) rather than post-excavation or demolition 

composite samples collected from waste piles and roll-off containers . (63 FR 35409, June 29, 1998 .) 

For guidance on sampling and disposing of existing piles or containers, see 40 CFR Part 761, Subpart 

R, or contact the Regional PCB Coordinator . The discussion of cleanup levels below is based on insitu sampling. 

A. PCB Cleanup Levels for High Occupancy Areas 

For PCB waste management involving bulk PCB remediation waste, porous surfaces and nonporous surfaces in high occupancy areas, the PCB cleanup levels listed below apply. When a 

cleanup activity includes the use of a cap, the owner of the site must maintain the cap in perpetuity 

and an institutional control, such as a deed restriction, must be implemented . The deed restriction 

requirements at 40 CFR § 761 .61 (a)(8) include a notation in perpetuity so that potential purchasers 

receive a disclosure about: the PCB waste that was disposed of on site, the use restrictions that apply 
P. 11


6


to all future owners, the PCB cleanup levels under the cap, and the owner's obligation to maintain the 

cap. 

Bulk Remediation Waste & Porous Surface s 

■	 Less than or equal to 1 part per million ( s 1 ppm) PCBs in the soils, . 

other residual waste or porous surfaces, without further conditions (see 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(4)(i)(A)). To verify the completion of cleanup and on-site disposal 

of bulk PCB remediation wastes and porous surfaces, follow the procedures in 

Subpart 0 of 40 CFR 761, or a risk-based sampling plan that has bee n 

approved by EPA pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(c) . 

■	 Greater than 1 ppm but less than or equal to 10 ppm (>1 to s10 

ppm) if the area is covered with an appropriate cap (see 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(4)(i)(A)) as specified at 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(7); i.e., when referring 

to on-site cleanup and disposal of PCB remediation waste, a cap means a 

uniform placement of concrete, asphalt, or similar material of minimum 

thickness spread over the area where remediation waste was removed or left in 

place in order to prevent or minimize human exposure, infiltration of water, and erosion. (See the specific requirements at 40 CFR 761 .61(a)(7).) To verify 

the completion of cleanup and on-site disposal of bulk PCB remediation wastes 

andporous surfaces, use Subpart 0 at 40 CFR 761, or a risk-based sampling 

plan that has been approved by EPA pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(c). 

■	 Porous surfaces contaminated by an old spill3 of liquid PCBs where 

the concentration of PCBs in the spill was z 50 ppm and where the surface 

concentration of PCBs on the porous surface is currently greater tha n 

Section 6(e)(2)(A) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) banned the use of 

PCBs after January 1, 1978, unless the PCBs are used in a totally enclosed manner or the use is 

authorized by rule . In 1998, EPA amended the PCB regulations, in part by authorizing continued 

use of porous surfaces contaminated by old spills of liquid PCBs (see 40 CFR §761 .30(p)) . As 

promulgated, the use authorization for porous surfaces contained a technical error which EPA 

sought to correct in a subsequent final rule promulgated without notice and comment on June 24, 

1999 (see 64 FR 33755) . The technical amendment was challenged and set aside in Utility Solid 

Waste Activities Group v. EPA, 236 F.3d 749 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (USWAG). EPA interprets the 

authorization as originally promulgated such that individuals who comply with the conditions of 

the authorization may continue to use porous surfaces that have been contaminated by old spills 

of liquid PCBs where the concentration of PCBs in the liquid was z50 ppm and where the 

surface concentration of PCBs on the porous surface is currently >10μg/100 cmZ. Porous 

surfaces contaminated by old spills of liquid PCBs where the concentration of PCBs in the liquid 

was Z 50 ppm and where the surface concentration of PCBs on the porous surface is currentl y 

< 10μg/100 cm2 are implicitly authorized for use under 40 CFR §761 .30(p) without further 

conditions . 
p. 12 

7


10 micrograms per 100 square centimeters (>10 pg/100 cm) may 

continue in their original use or location provided : (1) the source of 

contamination has been removed ; (2) accessible porous surfaces have been 

cleaned and completely covered with two solvent resistant and water repellent 

coatings of contrasting colors, or a solid barrier has been fastened to the surface 

to cover the contaminated area or all accessible parts of the contaminated area ; 

and (3) the PCB ML mark (see Figure 1) has been placed in a location where it 

is visible (see 40 CFR §761 .30(p)). Post-verification sampling is not required. 

Porous surfaces contaminated by old spills of liquid PCBs where the 

concentration of PCBs in the liquid was >_ 50 ppm and where the surface 

concentration of PCBs on the porous surface is currently 

S 10Ng/100 cm2, are authorized for use under 40 CFR §761 .30(p) without 

further conditions. Although such surfaces may be used without complying 

with the conditions in §761 .30(p), the prohibition on use of contaminated 

porous surfaces applies if the surface at any time measures >l0μg/100 cmz, 

even if it previously measured < l0μg/100 cm2 . Therefore, efforts should be 

initiated on a site-specific, as needed basis to ensure that the PCB 

contamination of the porous surface remains at levels < 10μg/100 cmz . 

If the PCB containing equipment is removed and the subsequent use of the 

contaminated surface is to change, for example, a former transformer vault is 

intended to be reused as office space, then all contaminated porous surfaces 

must be cleaned to < 1 ppm or a standard meeting the requirements of a 

§761 .61 (a) approval . 

Figure 1 : PCB ML Mark 

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~~~ 40 CYR. 761-..r,yr O*NOfttd ~ OCWW~
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p. 13 

8 

Non-Porous Surfaces 

■	 Less than or equal to 10 micrograms per 100 square centimeters 

(S 10 Ng/100 cm2), without further conditions (seq 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(4)(ii)). Use one of the decontamination procedures listed at 40 CFR 

§761 .79(b) to remove or separate PCBs from non-porous surfaces (e .g., 

chopping, scraping, scarification or the use of abrasives or solvents) or another 

appropriate procedure as specified in §761 .61(a)(5)(ii). Sampling locations 

must be selected in accordance with 40 CFR Part 761, Subpart P for nonporous surfaces, or a risk-based sampling plan that has been approved by EPA 

pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(c) . (40 CFR §761 .61(a)(4)(ii)) . 

Example 1 : Renovation of an Old Warehouse to Artists Studios - Use of the Self-


Implementing Provision at 40 CFR §761 .61(a)


An old warehouse constructed of concrete walls and floors is being renovated and will be 

subdivided into artists studios . The new owners also plan to install a child-care facility for the 

children of the artists . The concrete floor which is contaminated with PCBs must be cleaned up in 

compliance with the appropriate cleanup standard prior to use . What clean-up level is required? 

Answer: The converted warehouse will be used as a high occupancy area, i.e., the artists and/or children will be occupying the building for 6 .7 hours per week or more . The flooring is a porous surface, therefore, the standard applicable for bulk PCB remediation waste applies. The concrete 

floor must be removed, at least in part, and replaced if it cannot be decontaminated to required 

levels (i.e., cleaned up to <1 ppm PCBs). The material contaminated with PCBs must be disposed of as PCB remediation waste. Disposal options for non-liquid cleanup wastes at any concentration 

(e.g., cleaning materials, personal protective equipment, non-porous surfaces, etc .) and bulk PCB 

remediation wastes including porous surfaces at <50 ppm include : an approved PCB disposal 

facility, a permitted municipal solid waste or non-municipal non-hazardous waste facility pursuant 

to §761 .61(a) or (c), or a RCRA Sec . 3004 or 3006 permitted hazardous waste landfill (40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(ii) and 761 .61(a)(5)(v)(A)). Disposal of z 50 ppm PCB remediation waste 

is limited to an approved PCB disposal facility or a RCRA Sec . 3004 or 3006 permitted hazardous waste landfill (40 CFR §761 .61(a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(iii)) ; also see Section IV . A different combination 

of cleanup, engineering and institutional controls can be approved and implemented under 40 CFR 

§761 .61(c). For more specific guidance, contact the Regional PCB Coordinator. 

B. PCB Cleanup Levels for Low Occupancy Areas 

For PCB waste management involving bulk PCB remediation waste, porous surfaces and nonporous surfaces in low occupancy areas, the PCB cleanup levels listed below apply. Also, when 
p. 14 

9


the procedures and requirements for a low occupancy area are used (e .g., a fence or cap is used), an 

institutional control such as a deed restriction must be implemented . The deed restriction 

requirements include a notation in perpetuity so that potential purchasers receive a disclosure about : 

the PCB waste that was disposed of on site, the use restrictions that apply to all future owners, the 

PCB cleanup levels inside the fence or under the cap, and the owner's obligation to maintain the 

fence/cap . (See 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(8) for the specific requirements.) 

Bulk Remediation Waste & Porous Surface s 

■ Less than or equal to 25 ppm (525 ppm) in the soils, other residual 

waste or porous surfaces (see 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(4)(i)(B)), and an institutional control (i.e., deed restriction ; see 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(8)) . To verify the 

completion of cleanup and on-site disposal of bulk PCB remediation wastes and 

porous surfaces, use Subpart 0 at 40 CFR 761, or a risk-based sampling plan 

that has been approved by EPA pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(c) . 

■ Greater than 25 ppm, but less than or equal to 50 ppm (>25 ppm 

to S 50 ppm) in the soils, other residual waste or porous surfaces (see 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(4)(i)(B)) provided the site is secured by a fence, marked with a sign 

that includes the PCB ML mark (see Figure 1, p . 7) and an institutional control 

(i.e., deed restriction ; see 40 CFR 761 .61(a)(8)) is implemented . To verify the 

completion of cleanup and on-site disposal of bulk PCB remediation wastes and 

porous surfaces, use Subpart 0 at 40 CFR 761, or a risk-based sampling plan 

that has been approved by EPA pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(c). 

■ Greater than 25 ppm, but less than or equal to 100 ppm (>25 

ppm to S 100 ppm) provided the site is covered with an appropriate cap (i .e., 

a uniform placement of concrete, asphalt, or similar material of minimum 

thickness spread over the area where PCB remediation waste was removed or 

left in place in order to prevent or minimize human exposure, infiltration of 

water, and erosion) and an institutional control (i.e., deed restriction) is 

implemented. (See specific requirements at 40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(4)(i)(B) and 761 .61(a)(7) and (a)(8) .) To verify the completion of cleanup and on-site 

disposal ofbulk PCB remediation wastes and porous surfaces, use Subpart 0 at 

40 CFR 761, or a risk-based sampling plan that has been approved by EPA 

pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(c). 
p. 15 

1 0


■	 Porous surfaces contaminated by an old spill of liquid PCBs where 

the concentration of PCBs in the spill was z50 ppm and where the surface 

concentration of PCBs on the porous surface is currently greater than 

10 micrograms per 100 square centimeters (>10 Ng/100 cm2) may 

continue in their original use or location provided : (1) the source of 

contamination has been removed ; (2) accessible porous surfaces have been 

cleaned and completely covered with two solvent resistant and water repellent 

coatings of contrasting colors, or a solid barrier has been fastened to the surface 

to cover the contaminated area or all accessible parts of the contaminated area ; 

and (3) the PCB ML mark (see Figure 1) has been placed in a location where it 

is visible (see 40 CFR §761 .30(p)) . Post-verification sampling is not required . 

Porous surfaces contaminated by old spills of liquid PCBs where the 

concentration of PCBs in the liquid was z 50 ppm and where the surface 

concentration of PCBs on the porous surface is currently less than or 

equal to 10 micrograms per 100 square centimeters (s 10Ng/100 

cm 

2 ), are authorized for use under 40 CFR §761 .30(p) without further 

conditions. Although such surfaces may be used without complying with the 

conditions in §761 .30(p), the prohibition on use of contaminated porous 

surfaces applies if the surface at any time measures >10μg/100 cm2, even if it 

previously measured < 10μg/100 cm2 . Therefore, precaution should be taken to 

ensure that the PCB contamination of the porous surface remains at level s 

< 10μg/100 cmz . (See Footnote #3 on page 6 .) 

If the PCB containing equipment is removed and the subsequent use of the 

contaminated surface is to change, for example, a former transformer vault is 

intended to be reused as office space, then all contaminated porous surfaces 

must be cleaned to <1 ppm or a standard meeting the requirements of a §761 .61 

approval. 

Non-Porous Surfaces 

■	 Less than 100 Ng/100 cm2 (<100 Ng/100 cm2) and an institutional 

control must be implemented (see 40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(4)(ii) and 761 .61(a)(8)) . 

Use one of the decontamination procedures listed at 40 CFR §761 .79(b) to 

remove or separate PCBs from non porous surfaces (e.g., chopping, scraping, 

scarification or the use of abrasives or solvents) . Sampling locations should be 

selected in accordance with 40 CFR Part 761, Subpart P or a risk-based 

sampling plan that has been approved by EPA pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(c). 
p. 16 

1 1


Example 2: Conversion of an Abandoned Building to Condominiums - Use of the SelfImplementing Provision at 40 CFR §761 .61(a) 

An abandoned building containing walls and floors contaminated with PCBs will be 

converted into condominiums . The basement will be used for storage only and thus will 

only be accessed by the tenants occasionally . What are the clean-up requirements for the 

building? Does the fact that the basement will be used much less than the remainder of 

the building factor into the requirements ? 

Answer: Ideally, the entire building would be cleaned up as a high occupancy area (i.e., 

all PCB contamination in/on the walls and floors would be decontaminated to < 1 ppm or 

the walls/floors would be removed and replaced - see Example 1) . However, the 

basement may be cleaned up as a low occupancy area (i .e., a lower standard) provided 

individual access is restricted to occupying the basement for less than 6 .7 hours per week . 

Consultation with the Regional PCB Coordinator is advisable to ensure all issues 

regarding potential exposure pathways have been addressed. 

C. Cleanup Levels for Liquid PCBs 

Liquid PCB wastes not in compliance with the decontamination levels below must be disposed 

of in an approved incinerator in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .60(a) or by an alternative disposal 

technology in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .60(e). In both high and low occupancy areas, the 

decontamination standards (e .g., cleanup levels) for liquid PCBs at 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(4)(iv) are as follows: 

(a) For water containing PCBs : (i) less than 200 micrograms per liter (<200 

pg/L, or approximately<200 ppb PCBs) for non-contact use in a closed 

system where there are no releases ; (ii) for water discharged to a treatment 

works or to navigable waters, less than 3 pg/L (<3 pg/L, or 

approximately 3 ppb) or a PCB discharge limit included in a permit issued under 

Sec. 307(b) or 402 of the Clean Water Act ; or (iii) less than or equal to 0.5 pg/L 

(approximately s0.5 ppb PCBs) for unrestricted use. (See 40 CFR 

§761 .79(b)(1) . ) 

(b) The decontamination standard for organic liquids and non-aqueous inorganic 

liquids containing PCBs is less than 2 milligrams per kilogram (<2 ppm 

PCBs) . (See 40 CFR §761 .79(b)(2) .) 
p. 17 

1 2


Liquid samples may consist of a single liquid phase, multi-phasic liquids, or a combination of 

liquid and non-liquid material. The sampling requirements at 40 CFR §761 .269 and the extraction 

and analytical procedures provided at 40 CFR §761 .272 may be used to sample liquid PCB remediation wastes. (40 CFR §761 .61(a)(2) and Subpart N.) When separating liquid and non-liquid 

phases of waste, you may sample the non-liquid phase in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .265 . (40 CFR §761 .61(a)(2) and Subpart N.) Decontamination waste and residues are required to be disposed of at 

their existing PCB concentration, unless otherwise specified (see 40 CFR §761 .79(g)) . 

D. Post-cleanup Sampling and Deed Restriction Requirements 

The following post-cleanup sampling procedures and deed restriction requirements also apply 

for PCB waste management activities addressed under Sections A through C above (for a summary of 

these requirements, see Table 1, p . 14). 

(1) Sampling and Analysis. 

Post-cleanup sampling and analysis to verify cleanup must be conducted in accordance with 

the applicable Cleanup Verification requirements at 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(6) and 40 CFR Part 761, Subpart 0 for bulk remediation waste and porous materials, and 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(6) and 40 CFR Part 761, Subpart P for non-porous materials . Contact the Regional PCB Coordinator for guidance regarding a risk-based approval (see 40 CFR §761 .61(c)) to use Appendix A or some other appropriate 

sampling procedure in conjunction with, or in lieu of, Subpart 0 for determining sample size and 

sample collection procedures for concrete and other similar porous surfaces . 

To Sample and Analyze PCB Waste Use: 

► 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(2) and Subpart N : to adequately characterize the site; also, the 

Appendix A sampling procedures for concrete (or other reliable and effective 

methods) may be appropriate for use to determine the appropriate number and 

location of samples; 

► 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(6) and Subpart 0 : to verify cleanup and on-site disposal of bulk 

PCB remediation wastes andporous surfaces ; 

► 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(6) and §761 .269 : to sample liquid PCB remediation wastes for 

verification of cleanup, and when separating liquid and non-liquid phases of a waste, 

sample the non-liquid phase in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .265; and ► 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(6) and Subpart P: to sample, analyze and interpret results of nonporous surfaces. 
p. 18 

1 3 

(2) Deed Restriction Requirements. 

The deed restriction requirements at 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(8) must be implemented for any 

site where PCBs remain at concentrations above the specified high occupancy "walk-away" level o f 

s 1 ppm for bulk remediation waste and porous surfaces, and < 10 μg/100 cmZ for non-porous surfaces . 

Deed restriction requirements for cleanups that result in the installation of a cap or fence, and cleanups 

following the procedures and requirements for low occupancy areas include a notation in perpetuity so 

that potential purchasers receive a disclosure about : the PCB waste that has been disposed of on site, 

the use restrictions that apply to all future owners, the PCB cleanup levels inside the fence or under 

the cap, and the owner's obligation to maintain the fence or cap . (See 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(8) for the 

specific requirements.) Deed restrictions may also apply to the reuse of properties cleaned up 

according to a risk-based disposal approval . Such restrictions may require, among other things, a 

disclosure in perpetuity that PCB waste has been disposed of on site, that all future owners must 

maintain the protective coating or barrier when one is required, and that the use of the property is 

limited to a particular use, e .g., industrial use only. 

Required PCB Institutional Contro l 

The only institutional control that is required under the PCB regulations is a deed 

restriction. A deed restriction is essentially a permanent notice executed in accordance 

with state law and recorded on the deed or some other instrument normally examined 

during a title search which indicates contained contamination remains at the site . Deed 

restrictions are required for any PCB cleanup in an area that is designated as a low 

occupancy area, and in high occupancy areas whenever a cap is installed . (See 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(8)). The Agency has also approved the use of deed restrictions for sitespecific, risk-based approvals where cleanup activities were conducted to establish the 

property as an industrial area. The deed notation was required to include language that 

limits the future use of the property to industrial use only (i.e., no children under the age 

of six may have access to the property) . 
P. 19


1 4


Table 1. Post-Cleanup Sampling Procedures and Deed Restriction Requirements 

Cleanup Action Applicable Regulations/ 

Specific Re' 

(A) Bulk PCB remediation waste cleanup requirements Cleanup Verification: 40 CFR §761 .61 (a)(6) 

& Subpart 0, or a risk-based sampling plan 

that has been approved by EPA pursuant to 

40 CFR §761 .61(c) . 

Porous surface cleanup requirements Cleanup Verification: 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(6) 

& Subpart 0, or a risk-based sampling plan 

that has been approved by EPA pursuant to 

40 CFR §761.61(c) . 

Non-porous surface cleanup requirements Cleanup Verification: 40 CFR §761.61(a)(6) 

& Subpart P, or a risk-based sampling plan that 

has been approved by EPA pursuant to 40 CFR 

§761.61(c) . 

PCB Liquids Confirmato ry sampling: 40 CFR §761 .269 . 

(B) High Occupancy Areas for Bulk PCB Remediation Deed Restriction : 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(8) Waste & Porous Surfaces : implement deed restric­


tions if PCB concentrations are >I ppm but s 10 ppm .


Low Occupancy Areas for Bulk PCB Remediation


Waste & Porous Surfaces : implement deed restric­


tions if PCB concentrations are either >25 ppm but s 50


ppm, or >25 ppm but s 100 ppm.


Other Reuse Scenarios : deed restrictions may vary


depending on cleanup proposed .


III. Cleanup Levels for Other Re-Use Scenarios 

A risk-based disposal approval (see §761 .61(c)) is available for cleanup, storage and disposal 

when the self-implementing cleanup and disposal standards of §761 .61(a), or the performance-based 

disposal requirements of §761 .61(b), are not the remedy of choice. Individuals must submit a written 

application to the EPA Regional Administrator in the Region where the sampling, cleanup, disposal or 

storage site is located when those activities will occur in a single EPA Region ; or to the Director of the 

National Program Chemicals Division when the activities occur in more than one EPA Region . Each 

application must contain the information required for the notification under the self-implementing 

procedures (see the TSCA PCB regulations at §761 .61(a)(3)(i)) . EPA may request other information 

necessary to evaluate the application . EPA may use the OSWER guidance for superfund risk 

assessment (issued in 1989 and amended in 2003)4 as well as the superfund PCB guidance (issued i n 

4"Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume 1, Human Health Evaluation


Manual (Part A), Interim Final," EPA/540/1-89/002, December 1989 . This guidance pertains to


the selection of human health toxicity values, data necessary in developing PCB cleanup levels .

p. 20 

1 5


1990)5 as a reference when reviewing any request for a risk-based approval submitted under the 

provisions of 40 CFR §761 .61(c) and deciding on an appropriate risk-based method for the cleanup 

and disposal of PCB remediation wastes. EPA will issue a written decision on each application and 

will approve an application only when a finding can be made that the method will not pose an 

unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment . However, no person may conduct cleanup 

and/or related activities prior to obtaining written approval from EPA . Unlike the self-implementing 

process, the risk-based disposal approval process does not contain automatic triggers for an approval 

from EPA . 

A. Example of Risk-Based PCB Cleanup Levels for an Industrial Are a 

The following cleanup scenario is an example of a risk-based cleanup that EPA approved for a 

site that would be used as an "industrial area " after the cleanup was completed. The sampling 

procedures, cleanup standards, and engineering and institutional controls were based on a site-specific 

risk assessment which assumed no children under the age of six would occupy the space at any time . In 

this reuse scenario, the "industrial area " was not to house a day care center, school, or any other place 

where children under the age of six may be found. For PCB waste management involving porous 

structural surfaces, such as floors, walls, or ceilings made of concrete in this industrial area, the 

following considerations were applied when the bulk PCB concentrations fell in the ranges indicated 

below. 

The averaging of individual samples was based on a uniform depth of concrete, rather than 

compositing various sample depths (e.g., all samples were taken at a uniform depth of no more than 2 

inches, for example) . Also, when the procedures for this "industrial area " were used, an institutional 

control (i.e., deed restriction) was implemented . The deed restriction requirements include a notation 

in perpetuity so that potential purchasers would receive a disclosure about: the PCB waste that was 

disposed of on site, the use restrictions that apply to all future owners, and the owner's obligation to 

maintain the coating or barrier, where required . (See 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(8) for the specific 

requirements .) 

(a) Where the average PCB concentration in the concrete was greater than 5 ppm, but 

less than or equal to 10 ppm (>5 ppm to s 10 ppm), with a maximum 

concentration of 25 ppm in any sample, at a maximum depth of contamination 

of no more than 15 centimeters (6 inches) : two coats of paint or epoxy of contrasting 

colors were applied (or a solid barrier installed) and had to be maintained ; the 

contaminated surface was marked with the PCB ML mark in a location easily visible to 

individuals present in the area ; and the coating or barrier had to be maintained through a 

The 1989 guidance was updated in 2003 . This guidance, on a hierarchy for the selection of 

human health toxicity values, can be found on the following web site 

htip://www. gov/superfund/programs/risk/hhmemo pdf. 

5"'Guidance on Remedial Actions for Superfund Sites with PCB Contamination"


EPA/540/G-90/007, August 1990, which can be found at the following link


http ://www.epa.gov/superfund/resources/remedy/pdf/540g-90007-s .pdf .

p. 21 

1 6 

deed restriction for the site specifically limiting the property to industrial use 

only. 

(b) Where the average PCB concentration in the concrete was less than or equal to 5 

ppm (55 ppm), with a maximum concentration of 10 ppm in any 

sample, at a maximum depth of contamination of no more than 5 centimeters (2 

inches), a deed restriction was established for the site, specifically limiting the 

property to industrial use only. 

(c) The self-implementing requirements of 40 CFR §761 .61(a) for a high occupancy area 

cleanup (see Section II.A.) would also have been appropriate for this scenario . If the 

high occupancy area cleanup standard was used (i .e., less than or equal to 1 ppm (s 1 

ppm)), a deed restriction would not have been required, and the restriction on the 

presence of children under the age of six would not have applied . 

Example 3: Renovating An Old Warehouse to Include Both Office and Warehouse Space 

- Use of Risk-Based Provision at 40 CFR §761 .61(c) 

An old warehouse is being converted into a distribution center, which will include both 

office space and warehouse space . The floor is contaminated with PCBs . What are the


clean-up requirements ?


Answer: This is an example of a reuse scenario in which the cleanup standards and other 

protective measures described in the "industrial use" example in section III .A. might be appropriate . A risk-based application would have to be submitted to the Regional 

Administrator, ATTN : Regional PCB Coordinator, to obtain approval for cleanup of this 

site under §761 .61(c). As described in the "industrial use" scenario, occupation 

restrictions on children and engineering or institutional controls such as a deed restriction 

limiting the property to "industrial use" only might be necessary. Using the attached 

guidance (see Appendix A) or other appropriate procedures for sampling concrete, the 

PCB concentration in the cement would need to be determined to assess whether 

additional cleanup activities must be initiated . If this cleanup was being conducted under 

the self-implementing procedures in 40 CFR §761 .61(a), the cleanup standards for a high 

occupancy area would likely apply . 
p. 22 

1 7 

B. Additional Cleanup Examples 

In a multi-level building where the area of PCB remediation is confined to the basement of the 

building, there are no restrictions on the use of the upper levels of the building . Pri or to occupying the 

building, the cleanup requirements for the basement must be determined based on the intended new 

use of the basement, and the PCB waste must be properly m anaged. PCB contamination occupying a 

limited portion of the property would not otherwise affect the use of portions of the property that are 

not contaminated . The tables and examples in this Guidance summa rize relev ant information 

concerning the management of PCB waste . All PCB concentrations are based on total PCBs, rather 

than individual PCB Aroclors . Although the tables and examples may be used as informal references, 

they should not be used as "st and-alone documents" (i .e., the tables and examples may not contain a 

complete statement of all of the applicable requirements and do not replace nor supplant the 

requirements of the PCB regulations at 40 CFR Part 761). For instance, Table 2 provides a summary 

of the cleanup standards for high and low occupancy use catego ries (see p. 22). It also summarizes the 

cleanup standards for the industrial use example described in Section III.A. of this document. In 

addition, examples are presented in Section VII regarding the various types of PCB contamination that 

may be found at a site and the potential reuse scena rios for the property (see Table 7, p. 39). 

Consultation with the EPA Regional PCB Coordinator may be approp riate for determining the 

applicable cleanup standards . 
p. 23 

1 8


Example 4: Multi-story Building Intended for A Combination of Uses - Use of the Self-


Implementing Provision at 40 CFR §761. 61(a)


A multi-story building with concrete floors and walls once housed PCB liquids that were 

stored in the basement where evidence of liquid spills to the basement floor was found . Data 

indicate the PCBs have migrated through the basement floor into the subsurface soil . No 

other source(s) of PCBs are present or are known to have been used at the site . Potential 

plans for the future use of the building would likely make it a high occupancy area and would 

include a shopping mall, residential townhouses, or a public facility; i.e., a medical facility, 

school, or a recreational center. How should the contamination in the basement and soil be 

managed; how would the cleanup requirements differ if the basement was used as a low 

occupancy area? 

Answer: The cleanup requirements are based on the type of waste material and the intended 

use of the property . In this example, the waste materials include a porous surface and 

subsurface soil (i .e., bulk PCB remediation waste). No cleanup is required of the upper 

floors where there is no PCB contamination. There are no restrictions regarding the use of 

the upper floors since the PCBs are known to have not been transferred to those areas . The 

self-implementing procedures at 40 CFR §761 .61(a) can be applied . 

For use of the basement as a high occupancy area, the basement floor and subsurface soil 

have to be cleaned to 1 part per million or less (< 1 ppm), without further conditions (40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(4)(i)(A)). Post-cleanup sampling is required . Use of the basement in a 

residential setting or as public access areas generally requires compliance with the most 

stringent cleanup standard . 

• Decontamination of the porous surface (basement floor) is not an option because the 

spill is more than 72 hours old. 

• In addition, the PCB concentration in the subsurface soil must be determined . 

• If the decision is made to remove and replace all or part of the concrete floor, the 

PCB concentration of the subsurface soil must be 10 ppm or less, and the new 

concrete floor must be at least 6 inches deep (i .e., the equivalent of the cap 

requirements at §761 .61(a)(7)) . 

• The cap must be maintained in perpetuity, and an institutional control ; i.e., a deed 

restriction, must be implemented . 

• If the subsurface soil is cleaned to < 1 ppm, the new concrete floor is not required to 

meet the 6 inch cap requirement, and the deed restriction is not necessary . 

For a low occupancy area, the cleanup process would be the same, although the cleanup 

standard is 25 ppm or less (<25 ppm) in both the concrete and the subsurface soil, and a deed 

restriction is required (40 CFR §761 .61(a)(4)(i)(B)(1)). Use as a boiler room, electrical 

room, etc. would be likely uses of the basement for a low occupancy use . 
p. 24 

1 9


Example 5: Multi-story Building Intended for A Combination of Uses - Use of the Risk-


Based Provision at 40 CFR § 761 . 61(c)


Same scenario as Example 4, except the basement is intended for use as an industrial area . 

Answer: This scenario provides another example of when cleanup standards similar to those 

approved for the industrial area scenario described in this section might apply . A risk-based 

application would have to be submitted to the Regional Administrator, ATTN : Regional PCB 

Coordinator, to obtain approval for cleanup of this site under 761 .61(c). EPA may use the 

OSWER guidance for superfund risk assessment (issued in 1989 and amended in 2003 ; see 

Footnote #4, page 14) as well as the superfund PCB guidance (issued in 1990; see Footnote 

#5, page 15) as a reference when reviewing any request for a risk-based approval and deciding 

on an appropriate risk-based method for the cleanup and disposal of PCB remediation waste . 

The following cleanup standards which rely on the maximum PCB concentration found in 

samples taken at depths of 15 or 5 centimeters might be appropriate . Other limitations might 

apply such as occupation restrictions on children or engineering or institutional controls such 

as a deed restriction . 

1 . Maximum PCB concentration of 25 ppm in any sample, at a maximum uniform depth 

for each sample of no more than 15 centimeters (< 15 cm) where the average of all 

samples taken is greater than 5 ppm, but less than or equal to 10 ppm (>5 ppm to < 10 

ppm). Two coats of paint or epoxy of contrasting colors would be applied (or a solid 

barrier might be installed over the accessible areas of the contaminated surface) ; the 

surface would be marked with the PCB ML mark in a location easily visible to 

individuals present in the area; and the intact coating or barrier would be maintained 

through a deed restriction for the site specifically limiting the property to industrial use 

only. OR 

2 . Maximum PCB concentration of 10 ppm in any sample, at a maximum uniform depth 

for each sample of no more than 5 centimeters (<5 cm) where the average of all 

samples taken is less than or equal to 5 ppm (<5 ppm), and a deed restriction would be 

implemented for the site specifically limiting the property to industrial use only. 

Although these cleanup standards and protective measures might be appropriate for this reuse 

scenario, different combinations of cleanup, engineering and institutional controls may also be 

submitted to the Regional Administrator in the request for an approval under 40 CFR 

§761 .61(c). For additional guidance, contact the Regional PCB Coordinator . 
p. 25 

20


Example #6: Multi parcel, Commercial, Light Industrial, and Residential Mixed Use 

Property - Use of the Self-Implementing Provision at 40 CFR §761 . 61(a) 

A municipality has purchased several adjoining parcels of land and intends to redevelop the 

combined property for a variety of uses, including retail, condominiums, office space, a park, 

and a parking facility. The project's primary parcel includes a former textile mill where 

there is evidence of PCB contamination . None of the other parcels has been contaminated 

with PCBs. The mill building has a concrete (i .e., porous) floor in the basement where there 

is evidence of spills of liquid PCBs . There is no evidence of PCB contamination in any 

other part of the building . The municipality plans to preserve the facade and basic structure 

of the mill building. The redevelopment plan includes putting retail and office space on the 

first two floors of the building and condominiums on upper floors . The basement of the 

building will be used for parking and building utilities . What level of cleanup is required to 

implement this mixed-use scenario ? 

Answer: From the details provided above, it appears that the textile mill will be redeveloped 

for both high (retail and office space, condominiums) and low (parking and building 

utilities) occupancy use. In this scenario, the assumption is that test results confirm the PCB 

contamination is limited to the basement floor, and that no cleanup of PCBs is required of 

the upper floors. However, use of the upper floors, if contaminated with PCBs, is not 

authorized unless those areas are in compliance with an EPA cleanup standard (see 40 CFR 

§761 .30(u)). To determine that cleanup is required only in the basement, it is recommended 

that random sampling for PCBs be conducted of the entire building to ensure there has been 

no transfer of the contamination in the basement to other portions of the building, and that 

no PCB-containing coatings have been applied and/or used in any portion of the mill. Based 

on the results of that sampling, a determination can then be made regarding PCB 

contamination in other parts of the building . 

It is also logical to assume that spills of liquid PCBs were from PCB-containing 

equipment. Certain PCB-containing equipment that may have been abandoned on site must 

be drained of all free-flowing liquids prior to disposition of it (40 CFR §761 .60(b)). The 

liquids must be tested to determine their PCB concentration unless they are disposed of in an 

incinerator that complies with 40 CFR §761 .70. Used oil at concentrations of less than 50 

ppm may be marketed and burned for energy recovery (see the TSCA requirements at 40 

CFR §761 .20(e)). Liquids containing PCBs at concentrations of 50 ppm or greater must be 

disposed in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .60(a) (e.g., via a TSCA permitted incinerator or a 

high efficiency boiler, if appropriate) or §761 .60(e). The equipment (e.g., transformer 

carcass) must be disposed of in accordance with its classification ; see 40 CFR §761 .60(b)). 

The concrete floor in the basement of the mill must be cleaned up for low occupancy 

use. Under the self-implementing provisions, the cleanup standard is 25 ppm or less with an 

institutional control such as a deed restriction (see 40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(4)(i)(B) and 
p. 26 

2 1


Example #6: Multi parcel, Commercial, Light Industrial, and Residential Mixed Use Property 

- Use of the Self-Implementing Provision at 40 CFR §761 .61(a) (Continued) 

761 .61 (a)(8)). The written notification and certification requirements of 40 CFR §761 .61 (a)(3) 

also apply (see Section V . of this Guidance (p. 27) for information concerning the notification 

and EPA's review of the information) . Individual occupancy of the remediated area is limited 

to less than 6.7 hours a week. Verification of the cleanup standard is required using Subpart 0 

of 40 CFR 761 (see 40 CFR §761 .6 1 (a)(6)(i)), or a risk-based sampling plan that has been 

approved by EPA (see 40 CFR §761 .61(c)). 

A different set of cleanup standards, engineering and institutional controls may be 

proposed to the Regional Administrator in a written request for a site-specific, risk-based 

approval under 40 CFR 761 .61(c). Each application must contain the information required fo r 

the notification under the self-implementing procedures (see 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(3)(i)). (See 

Section III.A. and Example 5 for an illustration of where the risk-based approach has been used 

for concrete flooring in an industrial setting.) EPA may use the OSWER guidance for the 

superfund risk assessment (issued in 1989 and amended in 2003 ; see Footnote #4, page 14) as 

well as the superfund PCB guidance (issued in 1990 ; see Footnote #5, page 15) as a reference 

when reviewing any request for a risk-based approval submitted under the provisions of 40 

CFR §761 .61(c) and deciding on an appropriate risk-based method for the cleanup and disposal 

of PCB remediation wastes . EPA may request other information necessary to evaluate the 

application and will issue a written decision on each application . EPA will approve an 

application if a finding can be made that the cleanup method and associated controls will not 

pose an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment. Unlike the self-implementing 

process, the risk-based disposal approval process does not contain automatic triggers signaling 

EPA approval. No person may conduct cleanup and/or related activities prior to obtaining 

written approval from EPA . For additional guidance, contact the Regional PCB Coordinator . 
p. 27


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24 

IV. What are the Appropriate Disposal Requirements? 

A. Disposal Requirements for PCB Remediation Waste 

PCB remediation wastes must be disposed of using one (or a combination, if appropriate) of 

the approved disposal options (see Table 3, p . 25, for a summary of these options) . Non-liquid cleanup 

waste (e.g., non-liquid cleaning materials, personal equipment) at any concentration and bulk PCB 

remediation wastes at concentrations of less than 50 ppm (<50 ppm) may be disposed of at : an 

approved PCB disposal facility; or when disposed pursuant to Sec . 761 .61(a) or (c), a permitted 

municipal solid waste or non-municipal non-hazardous waste facility ; or a RCRA Sec . 3004 or Sec . 

3006 permitted hazardous waste landfill. Manifesting and recordkeeping requirements do not apply 

(40 CFR § §761 .61 (a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(ii) and 761 .61(a)(5)(v)(A)) . Bulk PCB remediation waste at 

concentrations of 50 ppm or greater (z50 ppm) must be disposed of in a RCRA Sec . 3004 or 3006 

permitted hazardous waste landfill or an approved PCB disposal facility (e .g., incinerator, chemical 

waste landfill; via an approved alternate disposal method or coordinated approval; a brief description 

is provided below) . (40 CFR §761 .61(a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(iii).) A current listing of EPA approved TSCA 

PCB disposal facilities can be found on the EPA's PCB website at www.epa.gov/pcb under "PCB 

Waste Handlers . " 

(1) In an incinerator approved by an EPA Regional Administrator or the Director, 

National Program Chemicals Division in the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 

in accordance with technical specifications and procedural requirements at 40 CFR 

§761 .70. 

(2) In a chemical waste landfill approved by an EPA Regional Administrator in 

accordance with the technical specifications and procedural requirements at 40 CFR 

§761 .75 (non-liquid PCB waste only) . 

(3) In a hazardous waste landfill that has been permitted by EPA under section 3004 

of RCRA, or by a State authorized under section 3006 of RCRA (non-liquid PCB 

waste only). 

(4) Using an alternate disposal technology (e.g., chemical dechlorination) that has 

been approved by an EPA Regional Administrator or the Director, National Program 

Chemicals Division in the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics as achieving a 

level of performance equivalent to an incinerator. This disposal option is only available 

for wastes such as PCB liquids, PCB articles, PCB transformers, PCB capacitors, PCB 

hydraulic machines, PCB-contaminated electrical equipment . (Specific requirements 

are located at 40 CFR §761 .60(e). ) 

(5)	 In accordance with a TSCA PCB Coordinated Approval issued by an EPA 

Regional Administrator for the Region in which the PCB activity is located pursuant to 

the requirements specified at 40 CFR §761 .77. Under a Coordinated Approval, the 

Regional Administrator may accept, with or without additional conditions, PCB 

cleanup requirements which are implemented under a different authority. 
p. 30 

2 5


(6) In accordance with a TSCA PCB risk-based disposal approval issued by an EPA 

Regional Administrator for the Region in which the PCB activity is located in response 

to a written request to sample, cleanup or dispose of PCB remediation waste in a 

manner which is not provided for in the regulations . (Specific requirements are located 

at 40 CFR §761 .61(c) .) 

Individuals who generate PCB wastes at concentrations of 50 ppm or greater must use a 

manifest (e.g., a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest) to ship that waste off-site, except as provided 

at 40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(ii) and 761 .61(a)(5)(v)(A). A signed copy of each manifest must be 

retained for a period of three years (40 CFR §761 .209(a)). The generic PCB identification number 

(i.e., "40 CFR Part 761") is required to be used on the manifest by individuals who do not have a waste 

storage facility on site; i.e., only those generators of PCB waste who are exempt from the notification 

requirements at 40 CFR §761 .205. However, individuals may prefer to have a unique EPA 

identification number which is obtained by submitting a Notification of PCB Activity using EPA Form 

7710-53 in accordance with the PCB requirements at 40 CFR §§761 .202 and 761 .205 ; this form is 

available on the PCB website at www.epa.jzov/pcb under "Databases and Forms." This Guidance does 

not authorize the re-disposal of PCB waste on site without obtaining the necessary PCB disposal 

approvals . 

Table 3. Disposal Options or PCB Remediation Waste 

Disposal Option Applicable Reguhithms/S~eeirications 

(A) Approved incinerator 40 CFR §761 .70 

(B) Approved chemical waste landfill 40 CFR §761 .7 5 

(C) RCRA permitted landfill RCRA Sec . 3004 or State authorized under RCRA Sec . 3006 

(D) Alternate disposal approval Issued in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .60 (e ) 

(E) TSCA PCB Coordinated Approval Issued under 40 CFR §761 .7 7 

(F) TSCA PCB risk-based disposal Issued under 40 CFR §761 .61(c) for on-site disposal only


approval


B. Disposal Requirements for Other PCB Waste s 

For other types of PCB waste, the specific PCB requirements are listed below and summarized 

in Table 4, p . 26. 

(1) Dispose of PCB containing electrical equipment (e.g., transformers, mining 

equipment, heat transfer systems, hydraulic systems, electromagnets, switches, voltage 

regulators) an d PCB containers in an incinerator, chemical waste landfill or as 

otherwise specified in accordance with 40 CFR §§761 .60(b) and (c). 
p. 31 

26


(2) Dispose of PCB bulk product waste (i.e., items originally manufactured with PCBs 

as a component or contaminant in a non-liquid state at PCB concentrations of 50 ppm 

or greater - dried paint, caulking, etc .) in an incinerator, chemical waste landfill, or as 

otherwise specified in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .62. 

Table 4. Other PCB Wastes 

Applicable 

Other es of PCB Waste Requiring Disposal R Iationsi5 eclfications 

(A) PCB containing electrical equipment (e .g . transformers,


mining equipment, heat transfer systems, hydraulic systems, 40 CFR §§761 .60(b) & (c)
 electromagnets, switches, voltage regulators ) and PCB containers


(B) PCB Bulk Product Waste ( i.e . items originally manufactured 40 CFR §761 .62 

with PCBs as a component or contaminant in a non-liquid state at


PCB concentrations > 50 m-- dri ed paint, caulkin , etc .


C. Other Applicable Requirements in the TSCA PCB Regulation s 

To appropriately address PCB wastes at sites of contamination and comply with Part 761, the 

following TSCA PCB regulations must be followed where applicable . A summary of these 

requirements is provided in Table 5 (see p . 27). 

(1) Cap requirements which limit exposure to PCBs that have been disposed of by 

means of land containment pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(7) ; 

(2) Recordkeeping requirements which document the various aspects of the cleanup, 

such as the source of the contamination, estimated or actual date of contamination, 

completion date of the cleanup, location and description of the contamination, precleanup sampling data, description of solid surfaces that were cleaned, approximate 

depth of soil excavation and the amount of soil removed, and post-cleanup verification 

sampling data (see 40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(9) and 761 .79(f)) ; 

(3) Storage of PCB waste which is in compliance with the technical requirements for a 

PCB facility (e.g., adequate roof, walls and floors; no drains or other openings, floors 

and curbing of Portland cement or other acceptable materials ; and not located below the 

100-year flood water elevation) . Subject to certain conditions (see the provision at 40 

CFR §761 .65(c)(9)), bulk PCB remediation waste may be stored at the cleanup site or 

site of generation for 180 days . PCB wastes also may be stored in compliance with 

RCRA Sec . 3004 and Sec. 3005, or in a State authorized Sec . 3006 unit permitted for 

hazardous waste (for specific storage options, see 40 CFR §761 .65); 

(4) Notification and manifesting requirements for off-site movement of PCB waste 
p. 32 

27 

for purposes of storage and/or disposal pursuant to 40 CFR Part 761, Subpart K ; 

(5) Marking requirements for the disposal of PCBs when residual waste is left on 

site (see 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(4)(B)) and when PCB wastes are being stored or 

transported (see 40 CFR §761 .40(h)); 

(6) PCB use authorizations for contaminated equipment, structures, other non-liquid or 

liquid materials that have been decontaminated pursuant to the applicable 

decontamination procedures (see 40 CFR §761 .30(u)); and 

(7) Spill cleanup requirements for recent spills (<72 hours	 old) to porous 

surfaces which may occur during PCB remediation activities are managed differently 

than old spills. The cleanup standard is less than or equal to 10 micrograms per 100 

square centimeters (<10 μg/100 cm2) . (See 40 CFR §§761 .79(b)(4) and 761 .125(b) or 

(c)•) 

Table 5. Other Applicable Requirements in the TSCA PCB Regulations 

Activity	 Applicable Re latfons/S ecit'icattons 

Caps 40 CFR §761.61 (a)(7 ) 

Recordkeeping	 40 CFR §761 .61 (a) (9) 

Storage 40CFR §761 .65 

Notification and Manifesting 40 CFR 761 Subpart K 

Marking for Disposal	 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(4)(B) on site residual; 

40 CFR §761 .40(h) storage and/or transport 

Use of Decontaminated Equipment, 40 CFR §761 .30(u )


Structures, or Other Non-liquid and


Liquid Materials


Cleanup of Recent Spills (<72 hours 40 CFR §§761 .79(b)(4) and 761 .125(b) or (c) old) to Concret e 

Y. Notification and Review 

Written notification as described in the PCB remediation waste provision at 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(3)(i)(A) - (E) must be provided at least 30 days prior to the date that the cleanup of a site 

begins. Notification must be sent to the EPA Regional Administrator (ATTN : Regional PCB 

Coordinator), the Director of the State or Tribal environmental protection agency, and the Director of 

the county or local environmental protection agency where the cleanup will be conducted. If the EPA 

Regional Administrator does not respond within 30 calendar days of receiving the notice, the person 

submitting the notification may assume that it is complete and acceptable and proceed with the cleanup 

according to the information that was provided to the EPA Regional Administrator (see 40 CFR 
p. 33 

28


§761 .61(a)(3)(ii)). Applicants for EPA Brownfields grants may eliminate any duplication of effo rt in 

complying with the notification requirement at 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(3)(i)(A)-(E) by submitting the 

Brownfields gr ant application (or appropriate portion(s) of the application) provided it contains the 

information that is required for the notification . A copy of the relevant portion(s) of the grant 

application plus any supplemental information that may be needed to satisfy the notification 

requirement may be forwarded to the Regional PCB Coordinator under a cover le tter which identifies 

the portions of the grant application materials that respond to each of the requirements at 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(3)(i)(A)-(D) . Remember to include the written certification required by 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(3)(i)(E) . 

Once cleanup is underway, the person conducting the cleanup must provide any proposed 

changes from the notification to the EPA Regional Administrator (ATTN: Regional PCB Coordinator) 

in writing no less than 14 calendar days p ri or to the proposed implementation of the change . The EPA 

Regional Administrator will determine whether to accept the change and will respond verbally within 

7 calendar days and in writing within 14 calendar days of receiving the notification . If the EPA 

Regional Administrator does not respond within these time frames, the change notice may be deemed 

to be acceptable and the cleanup may proceed according to the information that was provided to the 

EPA Regional Administrator (see 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(3)(ii)). A summary of the notification 

requirements is provided in Table 6 below . 

Table 6. Notification and Review or Sites with PCB Contaminatio n 

Specific Requirements Notice Recipients Time Frame Action 

40 CFR §§761.61 (a)(3)(i)(A)- - U.S. EPA Regional Submit notice 30 days If EPA does not respond 

(E) and 40 CFR 761 .61(a) Administrator (ATTN: prior to sta rt of cleanup . within 30 days of receipt 

(3)(ii) Regional PCB Coordinator), of the notification, 

-Director of State or Tribal cleanup may proceed. 

environmental agency, and 

- Director of County or Local Once the cleanup is If EPA does not respond 

environmental agency. underway, submit notice (within 7 days verbally 

to the EPA Regional and 14 days in writing) 

Administrator (ATTN: to the change notifiRegional PCB cation, the change may 

Coordinator) 14 days be implemented. 

prior to implementing 

any changes to an 

approved cleanup plan . 

VI. Consultation with USEPA Regional PCB Coordinators and State Officials 

There may be occasions when this Guidance does not fully address a specific cle anup scenario, 

e .g., a large cleanup site for which the guidance may be inapprop riate; alternative ri sk-based sampling 

approaches which require EPA approval under the TSCA PCB regulations at 40 CFR §761 .61(c). An 

application for a risk-based approval is required whenever the proposed cleanup and disposal practices 
p. 34 

29


would fail to satisfy the requirements of the TSCA PCB regulations (i .e., the self-implementing 

provision at §761 .61(a) or the performance-based requirements at §761 .61(b)). In those situations, 

owners of sites contaminated with PCBs are encouraged to contact the Regional PCB Coordinator. A 

listing of the Regional PCB Coordinators follows . The most current listing of the Regional PCB 

Coordinators can always be found on the EPA's PCB website at www.epa.gov/pcb under "EPA 

Regional Contacts. " 

Finally, EPA cannot emphasize too strongly the importance of ensuring that cleanup activities 

adequately address the requirements of both Federal and State environmental programs . Individuals 

are encouraged to discuss their PCB issues with the appropriate USEPA and State environmental 

official to ensure the cleanup is accomplished in a manner which satisfies the cleanup requirements 

and goals of both programs . 

USEPA Region 1, Boston, MA: (Covering CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, and VT) 

Telephone: 617-918-1527


Address: EPA-New England Regional Administrator


ATTN: PCB Coordinator (Mail Code : CPT)


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-New England 

1 Congress Street, Suite 1100 

Boston, MA 02114-2023 

USEPA Region 2, Edison, NJ: (Covering NJ, NY, PR, and VI) 

Telephone: 732-906-6179


Address: Regional Administrator


ATTN: PCB Coordinator (Mail Code: MS 105)


U.S . Environmental Protection Agency Region 2 

2890 Woodbridge Avenue 

Edison, NJ 0883 7 

USEPA Region 3, Philadelphia, PA: (Covering DE, DC MD, PA, VA, and WV) 

Telephone : 215-814-2177


Address: Regional Administrator


ATTN: PCB Coordinator (Mail Code : 3WC33)


U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 3 

1650 Arch Street 

Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029 

USEPA Region 4, Atlanta, GA: (Covering AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, NC, SC, and TN) 

Telephone: 404-562-8990 
p. 35 

30 

Address: Regional Administrator


ATTN: PCB Coordinator


U.S . Environmental Protection Agency Region 4 

Atlanta Federal Center 

61 Forsyth Street, SW 

Atlanta, GA 30303-8960 

USEPA Region 5, Chicago, IL : (Covering IL, IN, MI, MN, OH, and WI) 

Telephone: 312-353-2291 

Address: Regional Administrator 

ATTN: PCB Coordinator (Mail Code: DT-8J) 

U.S . Environmental Protection Agency Region 5 

77 W. Jackson Boulevard 

Chicago, IL 60604 

USEPA Region 6. Dallas, TX : (Covering AR, LA, NM, OK, and TX) 

Telephone : 214-665-7579 

Address: Regional Administrator 

ATTN: PCB Coordinator (Mail Code : 6EN-AT) 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 6 

1445 Ross Avenue, Suite 1200 

Dallas, TX 75202-273 3 

USEPA Region 7, Kansas City, KS: (Covering IA, KS, MO, and NE) 

Telephone: 913-551-7395 

Address: Regional Administrator 

ATTN: PCB Coordinator (Mail Code : ARTD/CRIB) 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 7 

901 North 5th Street 

Kansas City, KS 6610 1 

USEPA Region 8, Denver, CO: (Covering CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, and WY) 

Telephone: 303-312-6027 

Address: Regional Administrator 

ATTN: PCB Coordinator (Mail Code: 8P-P3T) 

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 

999 18th Stree t 

Denver, CO 80202-2466 
p. 36 

3 1


USEPA Region 9, San Francisco, CA: (Covering AZ, CA, HI, NV, AS, and GU) 

Telephone : 415-947-4163 

Address: Regional Administrator 

ATTN: PCB Coordinator (Mail Code : CMD-4) 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9 

75 Hawthorne Street 

San Francisco, CA 94105 

USEPA Region 10, Seattle, WA : (Covering AK, ID, OR, and WA) 

Telephone: 206-553-6693 

Address: Regional Administrator 

ATTN: PCB Program Manager (Mail Code : AWT-128) 

U.S . Environmental Protection Agency Region 1 0 

1200 Sixth Avenue 

Seattle, WA 98101-112 8 

VII, Typical and Worst Case Scenariosfor the Management of PCB Wastes 

EPA does not have prescriptive procedures for cleaning porous surfaces contaminated by spills 

of liquid PCBs. Rather, the selected procedures would be based on site-specific conditions, including 

PCB concentration and degree of PCB migration into the concrete . If the cleanup of the concrete floor 

or walls do not meet the criteria for low or high occupancy areas, the owner may apply to the Regional 

Administrator for a risk-based cleanup approval under 40 CFR §761 .61(c) or an alternate 

decontamination approval under 40 CFR §761 .79(h) in order to establish different cleanup levels and 

different engineering and/or administrative controls . 

A. Typical Cleanup Situation and Applicable Responses 

Background: An abandoned warehouse (or factory) is being redeveloped for use as an office 

building. PCB fluids were found stored in the basement, and PCB-containing paint had been used 

previously to cover the floor/walls (which are porous) of the basement . It has not been determined 

whether the painted floor/walls have also been contaminated by spills of PCB fluids . No PCB 

contamination has been found on the upper floors . Restrictions on the use of the basement are 

contingent upon the cleanup level achieved for that area . No restrictions apply to the upper floors, 

where PCB contamination has not been found . 

Beginning the Cleanup. There are at least two sources of PCB contamination in the basement 

in this example: the liquid PCBs and the PCB-contaminated paint . The liquid PCBs stored in the 

basement should be removed and incinerated in a permitted TSCA incinerator (40 CFR §761 .60(a)) or 
p. 37 

32


by an alternate disposal technology approved by EPA (40 CFR §761 .60(e)). A list of currently 

approved disposal facilities can be found at the PCB website, www.gPa .goY/Rcb . 

The floor/walls with surfaces of PCB-contaminated paint could be either PCB bulk product 

waste or bulk PCB remediation waste. The disposal requirements are based on the type of PCB waste, 

that is, the actual PCB source ; e.g., was the item soiled by PCBs (remediation waste) or was the nonliquid item manufactured with PCBs (bulk product waste) . 

Managing PCB Bulk Product Waste. If the PCB-contaminated paint is the only source of the 

contamination on certain portions of the porous floor/walls, the PCB waste is a PCB bulk product 

waste ; see 40 CFR §761 .3 . Disposal of the bulk product waste must be in accordance with 40 CFR 

§761 .62(a) or (b), or, as with PCB remediation waste, there is an option to deviate from the 

requirements for the disposal of PCB bulk product waste if the proposed activities can be justified 

based on an evaluation of the risk ; see 40 CFR §761 .62(c). Decontamination in accordance with 40 

CFR §761 .79 is also an option for disposing of this waste ; see 40 CFR §761 .62(a)(5). Following 

removal of the PCB-contaminated paint, sampling of the bare porous surface (e.g., walls/floor) is 

strongly recommended to determine whether additional cleanup measures are needed. If the PCBs 

have leached into the concrete (from either the paint application or the combination of applied PCB 

paint and spilled liquid PCBs), additional cleanup may be required . At that point, the concrete is 

generally considered a bulk PCB remediation waste, and the procedures listed below for bulk PCB 

remediation waste should be followed. 

Self-Implementing Cleanup Requirementsfor PCB Remediation Waste: If the PCB-painted 

concrete is a bulk PCB remediation waste because it was contaminated from a spill of liquid PCBs or 

PCBs that have leached from the paint into the concrete, the concrete must be cleaned up or removed 

and disposed of per 40 CFR §761 .61(a) . Otherwise, concrete painted with PCB-containing paint (e .g., 

floor/walls) should be treated as PCB bulk product waste; see the discussion above on PCB bulk 

product waste. At least thirty (30) days prior to initiating cleanup activities, provide written 

notifications to the EPA Regional Administrator (ATTN : Regional PCB Coordinator), the Director of 

the State or Tribal environmental protection agency, and the Director of the county or local 

environmental protection agency where the cleanup will be conducted per 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(3)(i)(A)-(E). These notifications are required only for PCB remediation waste. Cleanup 

levels are determined based on the intended use of the building and contaminated medium . Postcleanup verification sampling of the porous surfaces (e.g., floor/walls) is required to determine that the 

cleanup standards have been met . Follow the verification sampling procedures as required in 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(6), Subpart 0, or a verification sampling plan approved under a risk-based approval (40 

CFR 761 .61(c)) . Another option for PCB remediation waste is to apply for a risk-based cleanup and 

disposal approval per 40 CFR §761 .61(c). Under this provision, decisions regarding the sampling, 

cleanup levels and disposal of PCB remediation waste are based on an evaluation of the risk of 

exposure to PCBs as a result of the proposed activities . PCB contamination located in a limited 

portion of the property would not otherwise affect the use of those portions of the property where no 

PCB contamination exists . 

Porous Materials: The cleanup level for PCB remediation waste in the form of porous 

surfaces in a high occupancy area is one part per million or less (<1 ppm) without further conditions . 

The cleanup level for porous surfaces in a low occupancy area is 25 ppm or less (<25 ppm) with a 
p. 38 

3 3


deed restriction. Cleanup levels not specified at 40 CFR §761 .61(a) also may be appropriate based on 

an assessment and evaluation of the resulting risks under an approval issued by the Regional 

Administrator for a risk-based sampling, cleanup or disposal procedure (40 CFR §761 .61(c)) or for an 

alternative decontamination or sampling procedure (40 CFR §761 .79(h)). For example, in one riskbased cleanup where the site would be used after cleanup for industrial use, the Agency approved the 

following cleanup levels. Use of the site by children under the age of six was prohibited. The cleanup 

levels for porous surfaces were: (1) an average concentration of greater than 5 ppm (>5 ppm) but less 

than or equal to 10 ppm (< 10 ppm) in concrete with a maximum concentration of 25 ppm at a depth of 

15 centimeters (15 cm or 6 inches) provided a deed restriction limiting the use of the basement to an 

industrial use only, plus two applications of a paint or epoxy coating of contrasting colors (or a barrier 

over accessible areas) and posting the PCB ML mark are implemented ; or (2) an average concentration 

of less than or equal to 5 ppm (<5 ppm) in concrete with a maximum concentration of 10 ppm at 5 

centimeters (5 cm or 2 inches) provided that there was a deed restriction limiting the use of the site to 

an industrial use only (refer to Table 2) . 

Storage and Disposal Requirements: Storage of PCB waste must be in conformance with 40 

CFR §761 .65 (e.g., a TSCA PCB facility; a RCRA Sec. 3004, Sec. 3005 or Sec. 3006 State authorized 

hazardous waste storage unit) if any PCB wastes are to be stored prior to disposal. All PCB wastes are 

required to be disposed of properly. PCB bulk product waste must be disposed of in accordance with 

40 CFR §761 .62. Non-liquid cleanup waste (e .g., non-liquid cleaning materials, personal equipment) 

at any concentration and bulk PCB remediation wastes at concentrations of less than 50 ppm (<50 

ppm) may be disposed of at : an approved PCB disposal facility, a permitted municipal solid waste or 

non-municipal non-hazardous waste facility under 40 CFR 761 .61(a) or (c), or a RCRA Sec . 3004 or 

Sec. 3006 permitted hazardous waste landfill; manifesting and recordkeeping requirements do not 

apply (40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(ii) & 761 .61(a)(5)(v)(A)) . Bulk PCB remediation waste at 

concentrations of 50 ppm or greater (z50 ppm) must be disposed of in a RCRA Sec . 3004 or 3006 

permitted hazardous waste landfill or an approved PCB disposal facility (e .g., incinerator, chemical 

waste landfill; an approved alternate disposal method or coordinated approval) . (See 40 CFR 

§761 .61(a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(iii).) A Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest must accompany PCB waste at 

concentrations of 50 ppm or greater (>_ 50 ppm) to any off-site storage or disposal facilities (see 40 

CFR §761 .208), except as provided at 40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(ii) and 761 .61(a)(5)(v)(A). A 

signed copy of each manifest must be retained for a period of three years (40 CFR §761 .209(a)). The 

notification and certification and cleanup records required under 40 CFR §761 .61(a) must be retained 

for five years (40 CFR §§761 .61(a)(9) and 761 .125(c)(5)). The requirements for annual records and 

the annual document log at 40 CFR §761 .180(a) are relevant onl i the quantity of PCBs used or 

stored at any one time is at least 45 kilograms (99 .4 pounds) of PCBs . 
p. 39 

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37


B. Worst Case Cleanup Scenario 

Background: An abandoned facility is being proposed for revitalization as a day care center . 

The facility is a single building with walls and floors constructed of concrete . The concrete floors are 

coated with paint that has been subsequently contaminated by spills of liquid PCBs . The concrete walls 

are bare, but have been contaminated by spills of liquid PCBs . The liquid PCBs are the only known 

source for PCB contamination (e .g., the paint does not contain PCBs). For self-implementing cleanups 

under 40 CFR §761 .61(a), the pre-cleanup notifications and storage and disposal requirements 

previously mentioned in the example in Section VII .A. apply. 

Management of Concrete Floors: The concrete floors are covered with a coating (paint), that 

was subsequently contaminated by spills of liquid PCBs . The PCB contamination may reside only in the 

paint, or the PCB contamination may have migrated through the paint to the underlying concrete floor . 

In order for the building to be reused as a day care center (i .e., high occupancy area), the contaminated 

concrete floor (i .e., bulk PCB remediation waste) must be cleaned to the applicable standard (refer to 

Table 2) . If the spill is less than 72 (<72) hours old, the concrete floor must be cleaned to a level of less 

than 10 μg/100 cmZ (<10 μg/100 cmz) for unrestricted use (40 CFR §761 .79(b)(4)). If the spill is greater 

than 72 (>72) hours old, the contaminated concrete must be decontaminated (see 40 CFR §761 .79(h)) or 

removed and disposed of as a bulk PCB remediation waste in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .61(a) or a 

risk-based cleanup and disposal approval per 40 CFR §761 .61(c). For site characterization, follow the 

concrete coring procedures of either 40 CFR Part 761, Subpart N, Appendix A or another procedure 

which produces reliable results . Core sampling will help to determine the extent to which the PCBs may 

have migrated through the paint into the concrete floor. Post-cleanup verification sampling of the 

porous surfaces (e .g., walls/floors) is required to confirm the cleanup standards have been met . Postcleanup verification sampling is required pursuant to 40 CFR §761 .61(a)(6) and Subpart 0, or a 

verification sampling plan under a risk-based cleanup and disposal approval issued by an EPA Regional 

Administrator. The use authorization for porous surfaces contaminated by an old spill (40 CFR 

§761 .30(p)) is not applicable to this project as the use of the building will change to a day care center . 

Management of Concrete Walls: The concrete walls are contaminated by spills of liquid PCBs . 

In order to be reused as a day care center, the walls must be cleaned to an applicable standard . If the spill 

is less than or equal to 72 (<72) hours old, the concrete walls must be cleaned to a level of less than 10 

μg/100 cm2 (<10μg/100 cm2) for unrestricted use (40 CFR §761 .79(b)(4)). If the spill is greater than 72 

(>72) hours old, the contaminated concrete must be decontaminated (see 40 CFR §761 .79(h)), or 

removed and disposed of as a bulk PCB remediation waste in accordance with 40 CFR §761 .61(a) or a 

risk-based cleanup and disposal approval per 40 CFR §761 .61(c) . The use authorization for porous 

surfaces contaminated by an old spill is not applicable to this project as the use of the building will 

change to a day care center . 

C. PCB Contamination and Reuse Scenario s 

In addition to the "typical" and "worst case" cleanup scenarios discussed above, Table 7 (p . 39) 

provides additional examples of potential reuse scenarios where PCB remediation may be required . 

Applicable cleanup requirements for PCB remediation wastes are based on the intended reuse of the 

property; i .e., high or low occupancy, and the type of contaminated material . The reader is cautioned not 

to rely on this chart alone, and is encouraged to contact the Regional PCB Coordinator (see Section VI, 
p. 43 

38


p. 28) and, if applicable, the appropriate State environmental official(s) . In addition to the actual 

cleanup, individuals should : 

(1) Identify all abandoned PCBs and PCB-containing equipment and comply with the 

disposal requirements of 40 CFR §761 .60: 

• remove PCB fluids where required under 40 CFR 761 .60(b) and incinerate per 

§761 .60(a); 

• remove and dispose of PCB Articles per §761 .60(b) (e .g., PCB-containing 

equipment such as transformers, capacitors, hydraulic machines, electrical 

equipment, etc.) in a TSCA incinerator, chemical waste landfill or municipal solid 

waste or non-municipal non-hazardous waste facility, where allowed, or via 

approved decontamination procedures ; and 

• remove and dispose of PCB containers per §761 .60(c) in an incinerator, or after 

draining, in a chemical waste landfill, or if applicable, a municipal solid waste 

facility. 

(2) Dispose ofPCB remediation waste (e.g., soil, sediments, dredged materials, muds, PCB 

sewage sludge, industrial sludge, rags and other debris) in compliance with any number 

of options that are available under 40 CFR 761 .61(a) for a self-implementing cleanup (see 

40 CFR §761 .61(a)(5)); e.g., TSCA incinerator or chemical waste landfill, soil washing 

procedures, RCRA Sec . 3004 or 3006 hazardous waste landfill, municipal solid waste or 

non-municipal non-hazardous waste facilities, or decontamination) . 

(3) When storage is required, PCB wastes at concentrations of 50 ppm or greater shall be 

placed in a storage facility in compliance with §761 .65. Disposal is required within 1­

year of the date that the decision was made to dispose of the waste per §761 .65(a)(1) . 
p. 44


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p.51 

APPENDIX A 

REGION I, EPA-NEW ENGLAND


DRAFT


STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE


FOR SAMPLING CONCRETE IN THE FIELD

p. 52 

REGION I, EPA-NEW ENGLAN D


DRAFT


STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE


FOR SAMPLING CONCRETE IN THE FIELD


J~\~ED S T~ Tc~S, . . 

C U 

Z DO U.r 

G 

PROS 

U.S. EPA-NEW ENGLAND 

Region I


Quality Assurance Unit Staff


Office of Environmental Measurement and Evaluation


Prepared by: Alan W Peterson Date : 12/30/97 

Quality Assurance Chemist 

Reviewed by : Andrew Beliveau Date: 12/30/97 

Senior Technical Specialis t 

Approved by : Nancy Barmakian Date: 12/30/97 

Branch Chief 
p. 53 

Region I, EPA New Englan d


Standard Operating Procedure for Sampling Concrete in the


Field


Table of Contents


1 .0 Scope and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1


2.0 Method Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1


3 .0 Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2


4.0 Interferences and Potential Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

5.0 Equipment and Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2


. . . . 5 .1 Single Depth Concrete Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 . . . 2


5 .2 Multiple Depth Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2


6.0 Sample Containers, Preservation, and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2


7 .0 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3


7.1 Single Depth Concrete Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3


7.2 Multiple Depth Concrete Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4


7 .3 Decontamination Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5


8 .0 Field Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5


8 .1 Field Logbooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5


8 .2 Sample Labeling and Chain-of-Custody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6


9.0 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7


9.1 Equipment Blanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7


9 .2 Field Duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7


9 .3 Laboratory Duplicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8


9 .4 Matrix Spike/Matri x Spike Duplicate Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8


9.5 Performance Evaluation Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9


9.6 Data Verification and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9


9.7 Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10


10 .0 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

p. 54 

Region I, EPA New England 

Standard Operating Procedure for Sampling Concrete in the Field 

1 .0 Scope and Application 

The following Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes a concrete sampling technique which uses 

an impact hammer drill to generate a uniform, finely ground, powder which is easily homogenized, 

extracted and analyzed. This procedure is primarily geared at providing enough sample for one or two 

different analyses at a time . That is, the time required to generate sufficient sample for a full suite of 

analyses may be impractical. The concrete powder is suitable for all types of environmental analyses, 

with the exception of volatile compounds, and may be analyzed in the field or at a fixed laboratory . This 

procedure is applicable for the collection of samples from concrete floors, walls, and ceilings . 

The impact hammer drill is far less labor intensive than previous techniques using coring devices, or 

hammers and chisels . It allows for easy selection of sample location and sample depth . Not only can the 

project planner control the depth to sample into the concrete, from surface samples (0 -%z inch) down to a 

core of the entire slab, but the technique can also be modified to collect samples at discrete depths within 

the concrete slab . 

Another issue with concrete sampling is the fact that the amount of time spent drilling translates into the 

weight of sample produced. Thus, to maximize sampling time, it is important to know the minimum 

amount of sample required for each analysis . To do this, the project planner should take the following 

steps : 1) Use the Data Quality Objective (DQO) process and familiarity with the site to develop the 

objectives of the sampling project and the depth(s) of sample to be collected . 2) Review the site history 

and any previous data collected to determined possible contaminants of concern . 3) Establish the action 

levels for those possible contaminants and determine the appropriate analytical methods (both field and/or 

fixed laboratory) to meet the DQOs of the project . 4) Based on the detection limits of these methods, 

determine the amount of sample required for each analysis and the total sample weight require for each 

sample location (including quality control samples) . 

As with any environmental data collection project, all aspects of a concrete sampling episode should be 

well thought out, prior to going out in the field, and thoroughly described in a Quality Assurance Project 

Plan (QAPP) . The QAPP should clearly state the DQOs of the project and document a complete Quality 

Assurance/Quality Control program to reconcile the data generated with the established DQOs . For more 

information on these subjects, refer to EPA documents QA/R-5, EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance 

Project Plans for Environmental Data Operations, and QA/G-4, Guidance for the Data Quality Objective 

Process. 

2.0 Method Summary 

A one-inch diameter carbide drill bit is used in a rotary impact hammer drill to generate a fine concrete 

powder suitable for analysis . The powder is placed in a sample container and homogenized for field or 

fixed laboratory analysis . The procedure can be used to sample a single depth into the concrete, or may 

be modified to sample the concrete at distinctly different depth zones . The modified depth sampling 

procedure is designed to minimize any cross contamination between the sampling zones . If different 

sampling depths are required, two different diameter drill bits and a vacuum sampling apparatus are 

employed . 
p. 55 

2


3.0 Health and Safet y 

Eye and hearing protection are required at all times during sample drilling . A small amount of dust is 

generated during the drilling process . Proper respiratory protection and/or a dust control system must be 

in place at all times during sampling . 

4.0 Interferences and Potential Problem s 

Since this sampling technique produces a finely ground uniform powder, physical matrix effects from 

variations in the sample consistency (i .e., particle size, uniformity, homogeneity, and surface condition) 

are minimized. Matrix spike analysis of a sample is highly recommended to monitor for any matrix 

related interferences . 

As stated in Section 1 .0 above, this sampling procedure is not recommended for volatile organic 

compound (VOC) analysis . The combination of heat generated during drilling and the exposure of a large 

amount of surface area will greatly reduce VOC recovery . If low boiling point semi-volatile compounds 

(i.e., naphthalene) are being analyzed, then the drill speed should be reduced to minimize heat build-up . 

5 .0 Equipment and Supplies 

5 .1 Single Depth Concrete Sampling 

5 .1 .1 Rotary impact hammer drill 

5 .1 .2 1-inch diameter carbide drill bits 

5 .1 .3 Stainless steel scoopulas 

5 .1 .4 Stainless steel spoonulas (for collecting sample in deeper holes, >2-inches) 

5 .1 .5 Rectangular aluminum pans (to catch concrete during wall and ceiling sampling) 

5 .1 .6 Gasoline powered generator (if alternative power source is required ) 

5.2 Multiple Depth Sampling (in addition to all the above) 

5 .2.1 '/2 inch diameter carbide drill bits 

5 .2.2 Vacuum/sample trap assembly (see Section 7 .2 and Figure 1) 

5 .2.2.1 Vacuum pump 

5 .2.2.2 2-hole rubber stopper 

5 .2.2.3 Glass tubing (to fit stopper) 

5 .2.2.4 Large glass test tubes, or Erlenmeyer flasks, for sample trap (several are suggested) 

5 .2.2.5 Polyethylene tubing for trap inlet (Tygon tubing may be used for the trap outlet) 

5 .2.2.6 Pasture pipets 

5 .2.2.7 Pipe cleaners 

5 .2.2.8 In-line dust filter (glass fiber filter, or equivalent) 

6.0 Sample Containers, Preservation, and Storage 

Concrete samples must be collected in glass containers for organic analyses, and may be collected in 

either glass or plastic containers for inorganic analyses . In general, a 2-ounce sample container with 

Teflon-lined cap (wide-mouth jars are preferred) will hold sufficient volume for most analyses . A 2­
p. 56 

3 

ounce jar can hold roughly 90 grams sample. Note, samples which require duplicate and/or matrix 

spike/matrix spike duplicate analyses may require a larger sample container, or additional 2-ounce sample 

containers . 

Organic samples are to be shipped on ice and maintained at 4°C (± 2°C) until the time of extraction and 

analysis. Inorganic samples may be shipped and stored at room temperature . Refer to 40 CFR Part 136 

for guidelines on analysis holding times . 

To maintain sample integrity, chain-of-custody procedures must be implemented at the time of sampling 

to 1) document all sample locations and associated field sample identification numbers, 2) document all 

quality control samples taken, including field duplicates, split samples for confirmatory analyses, and PE 

samples, and 3) document the transfer of field samples from field sampler to field chemist or fixe d 

laboratory. 

7.0 Procedur e 

7.1 Single Depth Concrete Samplin g 

Lock a 1-inch diameter carbide drill bit into the impact hammer drill and plug the drill into an appropriate 

power source. (A gasoline generator will be needed if electricity is not available .) For easy 

identification, sample locations may be pre-marked using a crayon or a non-contaminating spray paint . 

(Note, the actual drilling point must not be marked .) Depending on the appearance of the sample location, 

or the objectives of the sampling project, it may be desired to wipe the concrete surface with a clean dry 

cloth prior to drilling. All sampling decisions of this nature should be noted in the sampling logbook . 

Begin drilling in the designated location . Apply steady even pressure and let the drill do the work . 

Applying too much pressure will generate excessive heat and dull the drill bit prematurely. The drill will 

provide a finely ground concrete powder that can be easily collected, homogenized and analyzed . Having 

several decontaminated impact drill bits on hand will help expedite sampling when numerous sample 

locations are to be drilled . 

Sample Collection 

A%2-inch deep hole (using a 1-inch diameter drill bit) generates about 10 grams of concrete powder . 

Based on this and the action levels for the project, determine the sampling depth, and/or the number of 

sample holes to be composited, to generate sufficient sample volume for all of the required analyses . 

(Note, with the absorbency of concrete, a'/2-inch deep hole can be considered a surface sample . ) 

A decontaminated stainless steel scoopula can be used to collect the sample . The powder can either be 

collected directly from the surface of the concrete and/or the concrete powder can be scraped back into 

the hole and the less rounded back edge of the scoopula can be used to collect the sample . For holes 

greater than 2-inches in depth, a stainless steel spoonula will make it easier to collect the sample from the 

bottom of the hole . 

To ensure collection of a representative sample when multiple analyses are required, a concrete sample 

should always be collected and homogenized in a single container and then divided up into the individual 

containers for the various analyses or split samples . This is particularly important when sample holes are 

deep, or when several holes are drilled adjacent to each other to form a sample composite . 
p. 57 

4


Wall and Ceiling Samplin g 

A team of two samplers will be required for wall and ceiling sampling . The second person will be needed 

to hold a clean catch surface (i .e., an aluminum pan) below the drill to collect the falling powder . For 

wall samples, a scoopula, or spoonula, can be used to collect remaining concrete powder from within the 

hole. For ceiling holes, it may be necessary to drill the hole at an angle so the concrete powder can fall 

freely in the collection plan (and avoid falling on the drill) . Another alternative might be to use the 

chuck-end of the drill bit and punch a hole through the center of the collection pan . The drill bit is then 

mounted through the pan and into the drill. Thus, the driller can be drilling straight up while the assistant 

steadies the pan to catch the falling dust. As a precaution, it may be advantageous to tape a piece of 

plastic around the drill, just below the chuck, to avoid dust contaminating the body of the drill and 

entering the mechanical vents . (Note, the plastic should deflect dust from the drill, but be loose enough 

underneath to allow for proper ventilation .) 

7 .2 Multiple Depth Concrete Sampling 

The above method for concrete sampling can also be used to collect samples from different depths within 

the concrete . To do this, two different sized drill bits (i .e., `/2 inch and 1 inch) and a simple vacuum pump 

with a vacuum trap assembly is required (see Figure 1) . First, the 1 inch drill bit is used to drill to the first 

level and the concrete sample is collected as described in Section 7 .1 . The vacuum pump is then turned 

on and the hole is cleaned out using the vacuum trap assembly . The drill bit is then changed to the V2 inch 

bit and the next depth is drilled out (the V2 inch bit is used to avoid contact with the sides of the first hole). 

A clean tube or flask is placed on the vacuum trap, and the sample from the second drilling is collected . 

To go further, the 1 inch drill is used to open up the hole to the second level, the hole is cleared, and then 

the `/2 inch drill is used again to go to a third level, etc . Note, the holes and concrete surface should be 

vacuumed thoroughly to minimize any cross-contamination between sample depths . 

Vacuum Trap Design and Clean-out 

The trap presented in Figure 1 is a convenient and thorough way for collecting and removing concrete 

powder from drilled holes. The trap system is designed to allow for control of the suction from the 

vacuum pump and easy trap clean-out between samples . Note, by placing a hole in the inlet tube (see 

Figure 1), a finger on the hand holding the trap can be used to control the suction at the sampling tip. 

Thus, when this hole is left completely open, there will be no suction, and the sampler can have complete 

control over where and what to sample. To change-out between samples the following steps should be 

taken: 1) The pasture pipet and piece of polyethylene tubing at the sample inlet should be replaced with 

new materials, 2) the portion of the rubber stopper and glass tubing that was in the trap should be wiped 

down with a clean damp paper towel (wetted with deionized water) and then dried with a fresh paper 

towel, 3) a clean pipe cleaner should be drawn through the glass inlet tube to remove any concrete dust 

present, and 4) the glass tube or flask used to collect the sample should swapped out with a clean 

decontaminated sample trap . Having several clean tubes or flasks on hand will facilitate change-out 

between samples . 

7.3 Decontamination Procedur e 

Necessary supplies for decontamination include : two small buckets, a scrub brush, potable water, 

deionized water, a squirt bottle for the deionized water, and paper towels . The first bucket contains a soap 

and potable water solution, and the second bucket contains just potable water . Place all used drill bits and 
p. 58 

5 

Figure 1 

Pasture Pipet Flexible Tubin g 

Hole for Suction Control --)P. To Vacuum Pump 

In-Line Dust Filter 

Sample 

Trap 

utensils in the soap and water bucket . Scrub each piece thoroughly using the scrub brush . Note, the concrete 

powder does cling to the metal surfaces, so care should be taken during this step, especially with the twists and 

curves of the drill bits. Next, rinse each piece in the potable water bucket, and follow with a deionized water rinse 

from the squirt bottle. Place the deionized water rinsed pieces on clean paper towels and individually dry and 

inspect each piece . Note, all pieces should be dry prior to reuse . 

8.0 Field Documentation 

All Site related documentation and reports generated from concrete sampling should be maintained in the 

central Site file . If personal logbooks are used, legible copies of all pertinent pages must be placed in the 

Site file . 

8.1 Field Logbooks 

All field documentation should be maintained in bound logbooks with numbered pages . If loose-leaf 

logsheets are used to document site activities, extra care should be taken in keep track of all logsheets . 

The original copy of all logsheets should be maintained in the central Site file . Note, all sample locations 

must be documented by tying in their location to a detailed site map, or by using two or more permanent 

landmarks. The following information should be documented in the field logbooks : 
p. 59 

6


• Site name and location, 

• EPA Site Manager, 

• Name and affiliation of field samplers (EPA, Contractor company name, etc .), 

• Sampling date, 

• Sample locations and IDs , 

• Sampling times and depths, an d 

• Other pertinent information or comments 

8.2 Sample Labeling and Chain-of-Custody 

8 .2 .1 Sample Labels 

Sample labels will be affixed to all sample containers . Labels must contain the following 

information : 

• Project name, 

• Sample number, and/or location 

• Date and time of sampling , 

• Analysis, 

• Preservation, and 

• Sampler's name. 

8 .2 .2 Chain-of-Custody 

All samples must be traced from collection, to shipment, to laboratory receipt and laboratory custody . 

The Chain-of-Custody (COC) Record is a multi-part form that is initiated as samples are acquired and 

accompanies a sample (or group of samples) as they are transferred from person to person . The COC 

form is signed by all individuals responsible for sampling, sample transport, and laboratory receipt . 

(Note, overnight deliver services, often used with sample transport, are exempt from having to sign 

the COC form. However, copies of all shipping invoices must be kept with the COC documentation .) 

One copy of the COC is retained by the field sampling crew, while the original (top, signed copy) and 

remaining carbonless copies are placed in a zip-lock bag and taped to the inside lid of the shipping 

cooler. If multiple coolers are required for a sample shipment to a single laboratory, the COC need 

only be sent with one of the coolers . The COC should state how many coolers are included with the 

shipment. All sample shipments to different laboratories require individual COC forms . The original 

COC form accompanies the samples until the project is complete, and is then kept in the permanent 

project file . A copy of the COC is also kept with the project manager, the laboratory manager, and 

attached to the data package. 

8 .2.3 Custody Seal 

The Custody seal is an adhesive-backed label which is also part of the chain-of-custody process . The 

custody seal is used to prevent tampering with the samples after they have been collected in the field 

and sealed in coolers for transit to the laboratory . The Custody seals are signed and dated by a 

sampler and affixed across the opening edges of each cooler containing samples . Clear packing tape 

should be wrapped around the cooler, and over the Custody seal, to secure the cooler and avoid 

accidental tampering with the Custody seal . 
p. 60 

7 

9.0 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 

A solid QA/QC program is essential to establishing the quality of the data generated so that proper project 

decisions can be made . The following are key quality control elements which should be incorporated into 

a concrete sampling and analytical program . 

9 .1 Equipment Blanks 

An equipment blank should be performed on decontaminated drill bits and collection utensils at a 

frequency of 1 per 20 samples or 1 per day, whichever is greater . To prepare the equipment blank, place 

the decontaminated drill bit and utensils in a large clean stainless steel bowl . Pour sufficient deionized 

water into the bowl to fill all of the required sample containers . Next, stir the drill bit and utensils in the 

bowl with a clean utensil to thoroughly mix the blank . Finally, decant off the equipment blank into the 

sample containers. Note, a clean funnel may help to pour off the equipment blank into the containers . 

9.2 Field Duplicates 

Field duplicates are samples collected adjacent to each other (collocated) at the same sample location (not 

two aliquots of the same sample) . Field duplicates not only help provide an indicator of overall precision, 

but measure the cumulative effects of both the field and analytical precision, and also measure the 

representativeness of the sample . Field duplicates must be prepared and analyzed at a frequency of 1 per 

20 samples or 1 per non-related concrete matrix, whichever is greater . An example of a non-related 

concrete matrix might be the investigation of two different types of chemical spills . 

Calculate the Relative Percent Difference (RPD) between the sample and its duplicate using Equation 1 . 

Equation 1 

RPD= I S- D I x100 

(S + D) 

2 

Where :


S = Original sample result


D = Duplicate sample result


The following general guidelines have been established for field duplicate criteria : 

• If both the original and field duplicate values are z practical quantitation limit (PQL), then the control 

limit for RPD is s 50%, 

• If one or both values are < PQL, then do not assess the RPD . 

If more rigorous field duplicate criteria are needed to achieve project DQOs, then that criteria should be 

documented in the project QAPP . 

If the field duplicate criteria specified above are not met, then flag that target element with an "*" on the 

final report for both the original and field duplicate samples . Report both the original and field duplicate 
p. 61 

8 

analyses; do not report the average . Field duplicate samples should be indicated on the sample ID . For 

example, the sample ID can contain the suffix "FD . " 

9.3 Laboratory Duplicates 

Laboratory duplicates are two aliquots of the same sample that are prepared, homogenized and analyzed 

in the same manner . (Note, proper sample homogenization is critical in producing meaningful results .) 

The precision of the sample preparation and analytical methods is determined by performing a laboratory 

duplicate analysis. Laboratory duplicates can be prepared in the field and submitted as blind samples, or 

the laboratory can be requested to perform the laboratory duplicate analysis . In the case of laboratory 

prepared duplicates, the field sampling team must be sure to provide sufficient sample volume . 

Laboratory duplicates must be prepared and analyzed at a frequency of 1 per 20 samples or 1 per nonrelated concrete matrix, whichever is greater. 

Calculate the RPD between the sample and its duplicate using Equation 1 . The following general 

guidelines have been established for laboratory duplicate criteria : 

• If both the original and laboratory duplicate values are z PQL, then the control limit for RPD is 

s25%, 

• If one or both values are < PQL, then do not assess the RPD . 

If duplicate criteria are not met, then flag that target element with an "*" on the final report for both the 

original and duplicate samples . Report both the original and duplicate analyses ; do not report the average . 

9.4 Matrix Spike/Matrix Spike Duplicate Sample s 

Matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate samples (MS/MSDs) are two additional aliquots of a sample which 

are spiked with the appropriate compound(s) or analyte(s) of concern and then prepared and analyzed 

along with the original sample . (Note, proper sample homogenization, prior to spiking, is critical in 

producing meaningful results .) MS/MSDs help evaluate the effects of sample matrix on the analytical 

methods being used . The field sampling team must provide sufficient sample volume such that the field 

or fixed laboratory can prepare and analyze MS/MSDs at a frequency of 1 per 20 samples or 1 per nonrelated concrete matrix, whichever is greater . 
p. 62 

9 

Calculate the recovery of each matrix spike compound or analyte using Equation 2 . 

Equation 2 

SSR - SR MSR = x 100 

SA 

Where, 

MSR = Matrix Spike Recovery, SA = Spike Added 

SSR = Spiked Sample Result, SR = Sample Result 

Calculate the relative percent difference (RPD) between the recoveries of each compound or analyte in 

the matrix spike and matrix spike duplicate using Equation 3 . 

Equation 3 

AE MSRD RPD R- x100 

(MSR + MSRD) 

2 

Where,


MSR = Matrix Spike Recovery


MSRD = Matrix Spike Duplicate Recovery


9.5 Performance Evaluation Sample s 

In accordance with the EPA Region I Performance Evaluation Program Guidance , performance evaluation 

(PE) samples should be submitted for each type of analysis to be performed in the field or by the fixed 

laboratory performing full protocol EPA methods . PE samples provide information on the quality of the 

individual data packages . PE samples are certified standard reference materials (SRMs) from a source 

other than that used to calibrate the instrument . If both field and fixed laboratories are being used to 

analyze samples, at least one solid PE sample should undergo both field analysis and confirmatory full 

protocol EPA method analysis to facilitate data comparability. A copy of the certified values for the SRM 

must be submitted with the final data packages to facilitate data evaluation . 

9.6 Data Verification and Validatio n 

All field data and supporting information (including chain-of-custody) that is collected during a concrete 

sampling episode should be verified daily, by a person other than that performing the work, to check for 

possible errors. 

During the project planning process, a plan for data validation should be established for all data, both for 

field and fixed laboratories . All data must be validated to assure that it is of a quality suitable to make 

project decisions. For help in developing a data validation program refer to Region I. EPA New England, 
p. 63 

1 0 

Data Validation Functional Guidelines for Evaluatin Environmental Analyses . 

9.7 Audits 

9.7.1 Internal Audits 

As part of the Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program for any sampling project, a series of 

internal audit checks should be instituted to monitor and maintain the integrity of the sample 

collection process. Timely internal reviews will insure that proper sampling, decontamination, chainof-custody and quality control procedures are being followed . Also, the internal audit review is there 

to monitor any corrective actions taken, and/or institute corrective actions that should have been taken 

and were not. All corrective actions taken must be documented in an appropriate logbook, and if any 

corrective actions impact the final data reported, then they must also be documented in the final report 

narrative . The results of all internal audits must be documented in a report, and copies of the report 

issued to the Project Manager and the Quality Assurance Manager . The original copy of any audit 

report must remain with the main project file and be available for review. 

9 .7.2 External Audits 

The Agency reserves the right to perform periodic field audits to ensure compliance with this SOP. 

10.0 References 

1) Guidance for the Data Quality Objective Process , QA/G-4, EPA/600/R-96/055, September 1994 . 

2) EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans for Environmental Data Operations, QA/R-5, 

Interim Final, October 1997 . 

3) Guidance for the Preparation of Standard Operating Procedures for Quality-related Operations , 

QA/G-6, EPA/600/R-96/027, November 1995 . 

4) Region I, EPA-New England Data Validation Functional Guidelines for Evaluating Environmental 

Analyses, July 1996 . 

5) EPA Region I Performance Evaluation Program Guidance , July 1996 . 

6) U.S. EPA Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR, Part 136, Appendix B , Revised as of July 1995 . 
p. 64 

APPENDIX B


EXCERPTS FROM THE SELF-IMPLEMENTING PROVISIONS


OF THE PCB REGULATIONS AT 40 CFR PART 76 1


FOR PCB WASTE CLEANUP AND DISPOSA L


The entire text of the Code of Federal Regulations for 40 CFR Pa rt 761 can be found on the U.S. Government Printing 

Office's website at www.gno . gov, under "Legislative Resources," and on the PCB website at www.epa . ovg /pcb under 

"Laws and Regulations ." This excerpt includes the following regulatory provisions which are referenced in 40 CFR 

761 .61 : 

Section 761 .60(a), (b) and (c)


Section 761 .65(a) and (c)


Section 761 .79(b)


Section 761 .125(c)(5)


Subpart N, Section 761 .26 9


Subpart 0, Section 761 .283, 761 .286, and 761 .292

p. 65 

[ Code of Federal Regulations] 

[Title 40, Volume 28] 

[Revised as of July 1, 2003 ] 

From the U.S. Government Printing Office via GPO Access 

[CITE : 40CFR761 ] 

[Pages 579-708 ] 

TITLE 40--PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMEN T 

CHAPTER I--ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) 

PART 761--POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) MANUFACTURING, PROCESSING, 

DISTRIBUTION IN COMMERCE, AND USE PROHIBITION S 

Subpart D--Storage and Disposal 

Sec . 761 .60 Disposal requirements . 

[[Page 615] ] 

(a) PCB liquids. PCB liquids at concentrations z 50 ppm must be 

disposed of in an incinerator which complies with Sec . 761 .70, except 

that PCB liquids at concentrations >_ 50 ppm and <500 ppm may be 

disposed of as follows : 

(1) For mineral oil dielectric fluid, in a high efficiency boiler 

according to Sec. 761 .71(a) . 

(2) For liquids other than mineral oil dielectric fluid, in a high 

efficiency boiler according to Sec . 761 .71(b). 

(3) For liquids from incidental sources, such as precipitation, 

condensation, leachate or load separation and are associated with PCB 

Articles or non-liquid PCB wastes, in a chemical waste landfill which 

complies with Sec . 761 .75 if 

(i) [Reserved ] 

(ii) Information is provided to or obtained by the owner or operator 

of the chemical waste landfill that shows that the liquids do not exceed 

500 ppm PCB and are not an ignitable waste as described in 

Sec . 761 .75(b)(8)(iii) . 

[[Page 616] ] 

(b) PCB Articles. This paragraph does not authorize disposal that is 

otherwise prohibited in Sec . 761 .20 or elsewhere in this part. 

(1) Transformers. (i) PCB Transformers shall be disposed of in 

accordance with either of the following : 

(A) In an incinerator that complies with Sec. 761 .70; or 

(B) In a chemical waste landfill approved under Sec . 761 .75 ; 

provided that all free-flowing liquid is removed from the transformer, 

the transformer is filled with a solvent, the transformer is allowed to 

stand for at least 18 continuous hours, and then the solvent is 
p. 66 

thoroughly removed . Any person disposing of PCB liquids that are remove d 

from the transformer (including the dielectric fluid and all solvents 

used as a flush), shall do so in an incinerator that complies with 

Sec . 761 .70 of this part, or shall decontaminate them in accordance with 

Sec . 761 .79. Solvents may include kerosene, xylene, toluene, and other 

solvents in which PCBs are readily soluble . Any person disposing of 

these PCB liquids must ensure that the solvent flushing procedure is 

conducted in accordance with applicable safety and health standards as 

required by Federal or State regulations . 

(ii) [Reserved] 

(2) PCB Capacitors . (i) The disposal of any capacitor shall comply 

with all requirements of this subpart unless it is known from label or 

nameplate information, manufacturer's literature (including documented 

communications with the manufacturer), or chemical analysis that the 

capacitor does not contain PCBs . 

(ii) Any person may dispose of PCB Small Capacitors as municipal 

solid waste, unless that person is subject to the requirements of 

paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. 

(iii) Any PCB Large High or Low Voltage Capacitor which contains 500 

ppm or greater PCBs, owned by any person, shall be disposed of in 

accordance with either of the following : 

(A) Disposal in an incinerator that complies with Sec . 761 .70; or 

(B) Until March 1, 1981, disposal in a chemical waste landfill that 

complies with Sec . 761 .75 . 

(iv) Any person who manufactures or at any time manufactured PCB 

Capacitors or PCB Equipment, and acquired the PCB Capacitor in the 

course of such manufacturing, shall place the PCB Small Capacitors in a 

container meeting the DOT packaging requirements at 49 CFR parts 171 

through 180 and dispose of them in accordance with either of th e 

following : 

(A) Disposal in an incinerator which complies with Sec . 761 .70; or 

(B) Until March 1, 1981, disposal in a chemical waste landfill which 

complies with Sec . 761 .75 . 

(v) Notwithstanding the restrictions imposed by paragraph 

(b)(2)(iii)(B) or (b)(2)(iv)(B) of this section, PCB capacitors may be 

disposed of in PCB chemical waste landfills that comply with Sec . 761 .75 

subsequent to March 1, 1981, if the Assistant Administrator for 

Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances publishes a notice in the 

Federal Register declaring that those landfills are available for such 

disposal and explaining the reasons for the extension or reopening . An 

extension or reopening for disposal of PCB capacitors that is granted 

under this subsection shall be subject to such terms and conditions a s 

the Assistant Administrator may prescribe and shall be in effect for 

such period as the Assistant Administrator may prescribe . The Assistant 

Administrator may permit disposal of PCB capacitors in EPA approved 

chemical waste landfills after March 1, 1981, if in his opinion , 

(A) Adequate incineration capability for PCB capacitors is not 

available, or 

(B) The incineration of PCB capacitors will significantly interfere 

with the incineration of liquid PCBs, o r 

(C) There is other good cause shown . 

As part of this evaluation, the Assistant Administrator will consider 

the impact of his action on the incentives to construct or expand PCB 

2 
p. 67 

incinerators . 

(vi) Any person disposing of large PCB capacitors or small PCB 

capacitors described in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section in a 

chemical waste landfill approved under Sec . 761 .75, shall first place 

them in a container meeting the DOT packaging requirements at 49 CFR 

parts 171 through 180 . In all cases, the person must fill the 

interstitial space in the container with sufficient absorbent material 

(such as soil) to absorb 

[[Page 617]] 

any liquid PCBs remaining in the capacitors . 

(3) PCB hydraulic machines. (i) Any person disposing of PCB 

hydraulic machines containing PCBs at concentrations of 2t50 ppm, such 

as die casting machines, shall do so by one of the following methods : 

(A) In accordance with Sec. 761 .79 . 

(B) In a facility which is permitted, licensed, or registered by a 

State to manage municipal solid waste subject to part 258 of this 

chapter or non-municipal non-hazardous waste subject to Secs . 257 .5 

through 257 .30 of this chapter, as applicable (excluding thermal 

treatment units). 

(C) In a scrap metal recovery oven or smelter operating in 

compliance with Sec . 761 .72 . 

(D) In a disposal facility approved under this part . 

(ii) All free-flowing liquid must be removed from each machine and 

the liquid must be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of 

paragraph (a) of this section. If the PCB liquid contains z 1,000 ppm 

PCB, then the hydraulic machine must be decontaminated in accordance 

with Sec . 761.79 or flushed prior to disposal with a solvent listed at 

paragraph (b)(1)(i)(B) of this section which contains <50 ppm PCB . The 

solvent must be disposed of in accordance with paragraph (a) of this 

section or Sec . 761 .79 . 

(4) PCB-Contaminated Electrical Equipment. Any person disposing of 

PCB-Contaminated Electrical Equipment, except capacitors, shall do so in 

accordance with paragraph (b)(6)(ii)(A) of this section . Any person 

disposing of Large Capacitors that contain Z 50 ppm but < 500 ppm 

PCBs shall do so in a disposal facility approved under this part . 

(5) Natural gas pipeline systems containing PCBs . The owner or 

operator of natural gas pipeline systems containing z50 ppm PCBs, 

when no longer in use, shall dispose of the system either by abandonment 

in place of the pipe under paragraph (b)(5)(i) of this section o r 

removal with subsequent action under paragraph (b)(5)(ii) of this 

section. Any person determining the PCB concentrations in natural gas 

pipeline systems shall do so in accordance with paragraph (b)(5)(iii) of 

this section . 

(i) Abandonment. Natural gas pipe containing z 50 ppm PCBs may be 

abandoned in place under one or more of the following provisions : 

(A) Natural gas pipe having a nominal inside diameter of s4 

inches, and containing PCBs at any concentration but no free-flowing 

liquids, may be abandoned in the place it was used to transport natural 

gas if each end is sealed closed and the pipe is either : 

(1) Included in a public service notification program, such as a 

"one-call" system under 49 CFR 192 .614(a) and (b) . 

3 
p. 68 

(2) Filled to 50 percent or more of the volume of the pipe wit h 

grout (such as a hardening slurry consisting of cement, bentonite, or 

clay) or high density polyurethane foam. 

(B) PCB-Contaminated natural gas pipe of any diameter, where the PCB 

concentration was determined after the last transmission of gas throug h 

the pipe or at the time of abandonment, that contains no free-flowing 

liquids may be abandoned in the place it was used to transport natural 

gas if each end is sealed closed. 

(C) Natural gas pipe of any diameter which contains PCBs at any 

concentration but no free-flowing liquids, may be abandoned in the place 

it was used to transport natural gas, if each end is sealed closed, and 

either: 

(1) The interior surface is decontaminated with one or more washes 

of a solvent in accordance with the use and disposal requirements of 

Sec . 761 .79(d). This decontamination process must result in a recovery 

of 95 percent of the solvent volume introduced into the system, and the 

PCB concentration of the recovered wash must be <50 ppm (se e 

Sec . 761 .79(a)(1) for requirements on use and disposal of 

decontaminating fluids). 

(2) The pipe is filled to 50 percent or more of the volume of the 

pipe with grout (such as a hardening slurry-like cement, bentonite, or 

clay) or high density polyurethane foam (except that only cement shall 

be used as grout under rivers or streams) and each end is sealed closed . 

(D) Natural gas pipe of any diameter which contains PCBs at any 

concentration may be abandoned in place after decontamination in 

accordance with 

[[Page 618] ] 

Sec . 761 .79(c)(3), (c)(4) or (h) or a PCB disposal approval issued under 

Sec . 761 .60(e) or Sec . 761.61(c) . 

(ii) Removal with subsequent action. Natural gas pipeline systems 

may be disposed of under one of the following provisions : 

(A) The following classifications of natural gas pipe containing no 

free-flowing liquids may be disposed of in a facility permitted, 

licensed, or registered by a State to manage municipal solid waste 

subject to part 258 of this chapter or non-municipal non-hazardous waste 

subject to Secs. 257.5 through 257 .30 of this chapter, as applicable 

(excluding thermal treatment units) ; a scrap metal recovery oven or 

smelter operating in compliance with the requirements of Sec. 761 .72; or 

a disposal facility approved under this part : 

(1) PCB-Contaminated natural gas pipe of any diameter where the PCB 

concentration was determined after the last transmission of gas through 

the pipe or during removal from the location it was used to transport 

natural gas . 

(2) Natural gas pipe containing PCBs at any concentration and having 

a nominal inside diameter s4 inches . 

(B) Any component of a natural gas pipeline system may be disposed 

of under one of the following provisions : 

(1) In an incinerator operating in compliance with Sec . 761 .70 . 

(2) In a chemical waste landfill operating in compliance with 

Sec . 761 .75, provided that all free-flowing liquid PCBs have been 

thoroughly drained. 

4 
p. 69 

(3) As a PCB remediation waste in compliance with Sec. 761 .61 . 

(4) In accordance with Sec . 761 .79 . 

(iii) Characterization of natural gas pipeline systems by PCB 

concentration in condensate . (A) Any person disposing of a natural gas 

pipeline system under paragraphs (b)(5)(i)(B) or (b)(5)(ii)(A)(1) of 

this section must characterize it for PCB contamination by analyzing 

organic liquids collected at existing condensate collection points i n 

the natural gas pipeline system . The level of PCB contamination found at 

a collection point is assumed to extend to the next collection point 

downstream. If no organic liquids are present, drain free-flowing 

liquids and collect standard wipe samples according to subpart M of this 

part. Collect condensate within 72 hours of the final transmission of 

natural gas through the part of the system to be abandoned or removed. 

Collect wipe samples after the last transmission of gas through the pipe 

or during removal from the location it was used to transport natural 

gas . 

(B) PCB concentration of the organic phase of multi-phasic liquids 

shall be determined in accordance with Sec . 761 .1(b)(4). 

(iv) Disposal of pipeline liquids . (A) Any person disposing of 

liquids containing PCBs 2!50 ppm removed, spilled, or otherwise 

released from a natural gas pipeline system must do so in accordance 

with Sec . 761 .61(a)(5)(iv) based on the PCB concentration at the time of 

removal from the system . Any person disposing of material contaminated 

by spills or other releases of PCBs >_ 50 ppm from a natural ga s 

pipeline system, must do so in accordance with Sec . 761 .61 or 

Sec . 761 .79, as applicable. 

(B) Any person who markets or bums for energy recovery liquid 

containing PCBs at concentrations <50 ppm PCBs at the time of removal 

from a natural gas pipeline system must do so in accordance with the 

provisions pertaining to used oil at Sec . 761.20(e). No other use of 

liquid containing PCBs at concentrations above the quantifiable level/ 

level of detection removed from a natural gas pipeline system is 

authorized . 

(6) Other PCB Articles . (i) PCB articles with concentrations at 500 

ppm or greater must be disposed of: 

(A) In an incinerator that complies with Sec. 761 .70; or 

(B) In a chemical waste landfill that complies with Sec . 761.75, 

provided that all free-flowing liquid PCBs have been thoroughly drained 

from any articles before the articles are placed in the chemical waste 

landfill and that the drained liquids are disposed of in an incinerato r 

that complies with Sec . 761 .70 . 

(ii)(A) Except as specifically provided in paragraphs (b)(1) through 

(b)(5) of this section, any person disposing of a PCB-Contaminated 

Article must do so by removing all free-flowing liquid from the article, 

disposing of the liquid in accordance with paragraph (a) of this 

section, and disposing of the PCB-Contaminated Article with no free­

[[Page 619] ] 

flowing liquid by one of the following methods : 

(1) In accordance with Sec . 761 .79 . 

(2) In a facility permitted, licensed, or registered by a State to 

manage municipal solid waste subject to part 258 of this chapter or non5 
p. 70 

municipal non-hazardous waste subject to Secs. 257.5 through 257 .30 of


this chapter, as applicable (excluding thermal treatment units) .


(3) In a scrap metal recovery oven or smelter operating in


compliance with Sec . 761 .72 .


(4) In a disposal facility approved under this part . 

(B) Storage for disposal of PCB-Contaminated Articles from which all


free-flowing liquids have been removed is not regulated under subpart D


of this part .


(C) Requirements in subparts J and K of this part do not apply to


PCB-Contaminated Articles from which all free-flowing liquids have been


removed.


(iii) Fluorescent light ballasts containing PCBs in their potting 

material must be disposed of in a TSCA-approved disposal facility, as 

bulk product waste under Sec . 761 .62, as household waste under 

Sec. 761 .63 (where applicable), or in accordance with the 

decontamination provisions of Sec . 761 .79 . 

(7) Storage of PCB Articles . Except for a PCB Article described in 

paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section and hydraulic machines that comply 

with the municipal solid waste disposal provisions described in 

paragraph (b)(3) of this section, any PCB Article, with PCB 

concentrations at 50 ppm or greater, shall be stored in accordance with 

Sec . 761 .65 prior to disposal . 

(8) Persons disposing of PCB Articles must wear or use protective 

clothing or equipment to protect against dermal contact with or 

inhalation of PCBs or materials containing PCBs. 

(c) PCB Containers . (1) Unless decontaminated in compliance with 

Sec . 761 .79 or as provided in paragraph (c)(2) of this section, a PCB 

container with PCB concentrations at 500 ppm or greater shall be 

disposed of: 

(i) In an incinerator which complies with Sec . 761 .70, or 

(ii) In a chemical waste landfill that complies with Sec . 761 .75 ; 

provided that if there are PCBs in a liquid state, the PCB Container 

shall first be drained and the PCB liquid disposed of in accordance with 

paragraph (a) of this section. 

(2) Any PCB Container used to contain only PCBs at a concentration 

less than 500 ppm shall be disposed of as municipal solid wastes ; 

provided that if the PCBs are in a liquid state, the PCB Container shall 

first be drained and the PCB liquid shall be disposed of in accordance 

with paragraph (a) of this section. 

(3) Prior to disposal, a PCB container with PCB concentrations at 50 

ppm or greater shall be stored in a unit which complies wit h 

Sec . 761 .65 . 

(Sec. 6, Pub. L. 94-469, 90 Stat. 2020 (15 U.S. C. 2605) 

[44 FR 31542, May 31, 19791 

Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting 

Sec. 761.60, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the 

Finding Aids section of the printed volume and on GPO Access. 

[[Page 622 ]] 

6 
p. 71 

Sec . 761 .61 PCB remediation waste. 

This section provides cleanup and disposal options for PC B 

remediation waste . Any person cleaning up and disposing of PCBs managed 

under this section shall do so based on the concentration at which th e 

PCBs are found . This section does not prohibit any person from 

implementing temporary emergency measures to prevent, treat, or contain 

further releases or mitigate migration to the environment of PCBs or PCB 

remediation waste. 

(a) Self-implementing on-site cleanup and disposal of PCB 

remediation waste. EPA designed the self-implementing procedure for a 

general, moderately-sized site where there should be low residual 

environmental impact from remedial activities . The procedure may be less 

practical for larger or environmentally diverse sites . For these other 

sites, the self-implementing procedure still 

[[ Page 623 ]] 

applies, but an EPA Regional Administrator may authorize more 

practical procedures through paragraph (c) of this section . Any person 

may conduct self-implementing cleanup and disposal of PCB remediation 

waste in accordance with the following requirements without prior 

written approval from EPA. 

(1) Applicability . (i) The self-implementing procedures may not be 

used to clean up : 

(A) Surface or ground waters . 

(B) Sediments in marine and freshwater ecosystems . 

(C) Sewers or sewage treatment systems . 

(D) Any private or public drinking water sources or distribution 

systems. 

(E) Grazing lands . 

(F) Vegetable gardens . 

(ii) The self-implementing cleanup provisions shall not be binding 

upon cleanups conducted under other authorities, including but not 

limited to, actions conducted under section 104 or section 106 of 

CERCLA, or section 3004(u) and (v) or section 3008(h) of RCRA . 

(2) Site characterization. Any person conducting self-implementing 

cleanup of PCB remediation waste must characterize the site adequately 

to be able to provide the information required by paragraph (a)(3) of 

this section. Subpart N of this part provides a method for collecting 

new site characterization data or for assessing the sufficiency of 

existing site characterization data . 

(3) Notification and certification . (i) At least 30 days prior to 

the date that the cleanup of a site begins, the person in charge of the 

cleanup or the owner of the property where the PCB remediation waste is 

located shall notify, in writing, the EPA Regional Administrator, the 

Director of the State or Tribal environmental protection agency, and the 

Director of the county or local environmental protection agency where 

the cleanup will be conducted. The notice shall include : 

(A) The nature of the contamination, including kinds of materials 

contaminated . 

(B) A summary of the procedures used to sample contaminated and 

adjacent areas and a table or cleanup site map showing PCB 

7 
p. 72 

concentrations measured in all pre-cleanup characterization samples. The


summary must include sample collection and analysis dates . The EPA


Regional Administrator may require more detailed information including,


but not limited to, additional characterization sampling or all sample


identification numbers from all previous characterization activities a t


the cleanup site.


(C) The location and extent of the identified contaminated area,


including topographic maps with sample collection sites cross referenced


to the sample identification numbers in the data summary from paragraph


(a)(3)(i)(B) of this section.


(D) A cleanup plan for the site, including schedule, disposal


technology, and approach. This plan should contain options and


contingencies to be used if unanticipated higher concentrations or wide r


distributions of PCB remediation waste are found or other obstacles


force changes in the cleanup approach .


(E) A written certification, signed by the owner of the property


where the cleanup site is located and the party conducting the cleanup,


that all sampling plans, sample collection procedures, sample


preparation procedures, extraction procedures, and instrumental //chemical


analysis procedures used to assess or characterize the PCB contamination


at the cleanup site, are on file at the location designated in the


certificate, and are available for EPA inspection . Persons using


alternate methods for chemical extraction and chemical analysis for site


characterization must include in the certificate a statement that such a


method will be used and that a comparison study which meets or exceeds


the requirements of subpart Q of this part, and for which records are on


file, has been completed prior to verification sampling.


(ii) Within 30 calendar days of receiving the notification, the EPA 

Regional Administrator will respond in writing approving of the selfimplementing cleanup, disapproving of the self-implementing cleanup, or 

requiring additional information . If the EPA Regional Administrator does 

not respond within 30 calendar days of receiving th e 

[[ Page 624 ]] 

notice, the person submitting the notification may assume that i t 

is complete and acceptable and proceed with the cleanup according to the 

information the person provided to the EPA Regional Administrator. Once 

cleanup is underway, the person conducting the cleanup must provide any 

proposed changes from the notification to the EPA Regional Administrator 

in writing no less than 14 calendar days prior to the proposed 

implementation of the change . The EPA Regional Administrator will 

determine in his or her discretion whether to accept the change, and 

will respond to the change notification verbally within 7 calendar days 

and in writing within 14 calendar days of receiving it . If the EPA 

Regional Administrator does not respond verbally within 7 calendar days 

and in writing within 14 calendar days of receiving the change notice , 

the person who submitted it may deem it complete and acceptable and 

proceed with the cleanup according to the information in the change 

notice provided to the EPA Regional Administrator . 

(iii) Any person conducting a cleanup activity may obtain a waiver 

of the 30-day notification requirement, if they receive a separate 

waiver, in writing, from each of the agencies they are required to 

8 
p. 73 

notify under this section . The person must retain the original written 

waiver as required in paragraph (a)(9) of this section. 

(4) Cleanup levels. For purposes of cleaning, decontaminating, or 

removing PCB remediation waste under this section, there are four 

general waste categories : bulk PCB remediation waste, non-porous 

surfaces, porous surfaces, and liquids. Cleanup levels are based on the 

kind of material and the potential exposure to PCBs left after cleanup 

is completed . 

(i) Bulk PCB remediation waste . Bulk PCB remediation waste includes, 

but is not limited to, the following non-liquid PCB remediation waste : 

soil, sediments, dredged materials, muds, PCB sewage sludge, and 

industrial sludge . 

(A) High occupancy areas . The cleanup level for bulk PCB remediation 

waste in high occupancy areas is s 1 ppm without further conditions . 

High occupancy areas where bulk PCB remediation waste remains at 

concentrations 1 ppm and s 10 ppm shall be covered with a 

cap meeting the requirements of paragraphs (a)(7) and (a)(8) of this 

section. 

(B) Low occupancy areas . (1) The cleanup level for bulk PCB 

remediation waste in low occupancy areas is s25 ppm unless otherwise 

specified in this paragraph . 

(2) Bulk PCB remediation wastes may remain at a cleanup site at 

concentrations >25 ppm and s 50 ppm if the site is secure d 

by a fence and marked with a sign including the ML mark . 

(3) Bulk PCB remediation wastes may remain at a cleanup site at 

concentrations >25 ppm and s 100 ppm if the site is covere d 

with a cap meeting the requirements of paragraphs (a)(7) and (a)(8) of 

this section . 

(ii) Non-porous surfaces . In high occupancy areas, the surface PCB 

cleanup standard is s 10 μg/100 cmZ of surface area . I n 

low occupancy areas, the surface cleanup standard is <100 μg/100 

cmz of surface area . Select sampling locations in accordanc e 

with subpart P of this part or a sampling plan approved under paragraph 

(c) of this section. 

(iii) Porous surfaces . In both high and low occupancy areas, any 

person disposing of porous surfaces must do so based on the levels in 

paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section . Porous surfaces may be cleaned up 

for use in accordance with Sec. 761 .79(b)(4) or Sec . 761 .30(p) . 

(iv) Liquids . In both high and low occupancy areas, cleanup levels 

are the concentrations specified in Sec . 761 .79(b)(1) and (b)(2) . 

(v) Change in the land use for a cleanup site . Where there is an 

actual or proposed change in use of an area cleaned up to the levels of 

a low occupancy area, and the exposure of people or animal life in or at 

that area could reasonably be expected to increase, resulting in a 

change in status from a low occupancy area to a high occupancy area, the 

owner of the area shall clean up the area in accordance with the high 

occupancy area cleanup levels in paragraphs (a)(4)(i) through (a)(4)(iv) 

of this section . 

(vi) The EPA Regional Administrator, as part of his or her response 

to a notification submitted in accordance with Sec . 761 .61(a)(3) of this 

part, may require cleanup of the site, or portions o f 

[[ Page 625 ]] 

9 
p. 74 

it, to more stringent cleanup levels than are otherwise required in thi s


section, based on the proximity to areas such as residential dwellings,


hospitals, schools, nursing homes, playgrounds, parks, day care centers,


endangered species habitats, estuaries, wetlands, national parks,


national wildlife refuges, commercial fisheries, and sport fisheries .


(5) Site cleanup . In addition to the options set out in thi s


paragraph, PCB disposal technologies approved under Secs . 761 .60 and


761 .70 are acceptable for on-site self-implementing PCB remediation


waste disposal within the confines of the operating conditions of the


respective approvals .


(i) Bulk PCB remediation waste . Any person cleaning up bulk PCB


remediation waste shall do so to the levels in paragraph (a)(4)(i) of


this section.


(A) Any person cleaning up bulk PCB remediation waste on-site using


a soil washing process may do so without EPA approval, subject to all of


the following :


(1) A non-chlorinated solvent is used . 

(2) The process occurs at ambient temperature. 

(3) The process is not exothermic . 

(4) The process uses no external heat . 

(5) The process has secondary containment to prevent any solvent 

from being released to the underlying or surrounding soils or surface


waters .


(6) Solvent disposal, recovery, and/or reuse is in accordance with


relevant provisions of approvals issued according to paragraphs (b)(1)


or (c) of this section or applicable paragraphs of Sec . 761 .79 .


(B) Bulk PCB remediation waste may be sent off-site for 

decontamination or disposal in accordance with this paragraph, provided 

the waste is either dewatered on-site or transported off-site in 

containers meeting the requirements of the DOT Hazardous Materials 

Regulations (HMR) at 49 CFR parts 171 through 180 . 

(1) Removed water shall be disposed of according to paragraph (b)(1) 

of this section . 

(2) Any person disposing off-site of dewatered bulk PCB remediation 

waste shall do so as follows : 

(i) Unless sampled and analyzed for disposal according to the 

procedures set out in Sec . Sec . 761 .283, 761 .286, and 761 .292, the bulk 

PCB remediation waste shall be assumed to contain z 50 ppm PCBs . 

(ii) Bulk PCB remediation wastes with a PCB concentration of <50 ppm 

shall be disposed of in accordance with paragraph (a)(5)(v)(A) of this 

section. 

(iii) Bulk PCB remediation wastes with a PCB concentration z 50 

ppm shall be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill permitted by EPA 

under section 3004 of RCRA, or by a State authorized under section 3006 

of RCRA, or a PCB disposal facility approved under this part . 

(iv) The generator must provide written notice, including the 

quantity to be shipped and highest concentration of PCBs (using 

extraction EPA Method 3500B/3540C or Method 3500B/3550B followed by 

chemical analysis using EPA Method 8082 in SW-846 or methods validated 

under subpart Q of this part) at least 15 days before the first shipment 

of bulk PCB remediation waste from each cleanup site by the generator, 

to each off-site facility where the waste is destined for an area not 

subject to a TSCA PCB Disposal Approval . 

10

p. 75 

(3) Any person may decontaminate bulk PCB remediation waste i n 

accordance with Sec . 761 .79 and return the waste to the cleanup site for 

disposal as long as the cleanup standards of paragraph (a)(4) of this 

section are met . 

(ii) Non-porous surfaces . PCB remediation waste non-porous surfaces 

shall be cleaned on-site or off-site for disposal on-site, disposal offsite, or use, as follows : 

(A) For on-site disposal, non-porous surfaces shall be cleaned onsite or off-site to the levels in paragraph (a)(4)(ii) of this section 

using : 

(1) Procedures approved under Sec . 761 .79 . 

(2) Technologies approved under Sec . 761 .60(e) . 

(3) Procedures or technologies approved under paragraph (c) of this 

section . 

(B) For off-site disposal, non-porous surfaces : 

(1) Having surface concentrations <100 μg/100 cm2 

shall be disposed of in accordance with paragraph (a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(ii) of 

this section. Meta l 

[[ Page 626 ]] 

surfaces may be thermally decontaminated in accordance with 

Sec . 761 .79(c)(6)(i) . 

(2) Having surface concentrations z 100 μg/100 cmZ 

shall be disposed of in accordance with paragraph (a)(5)(i)(B)(2)(iii) 

of this section. Metal surfaces may be thermally decontaminated in 

accordance with Sec . 761 .79(c)(6)(ii) . 

(C) For use, non-porous surfaces shall be decontaminated on-site or 

off-site to the standards specified in Sec . 761 .79(b)(3) or in 

accordance with Sec . 761 .79(c) . 

(iii) Porous surfaces . Porous surfaces shall be disposed on-site or 

off-site as bulk PCB remediation waste according to paragraph (a)(5)(i) 

of this section or decontaminated for use according t o 

Sec. 761 .79(b)(4), as applicable . 

(iv) Liquids . Any person disposing of liquid PCB remediation waste 

shall either: 

(A) Decontaminate the waste to the levels specified in 

Sec . 761 .79(b)(1) or (b)(2) . 

(B) Dispose of the waste in accordance with paragraph (b) of this 

section or an approval issued under paragraph (c) of this section. 

(v) Cleanup wastes . Any person generating the following waste s 

during and from the cleanup of PCB remediation waste shall dispose of or 

reuse them using one of the following methods : 

(A) Non-liquid cleaning materials and personal protective equipment 

waste at any concentration, including non-porous surfaces and other nonliquid materials such as rags, gloves, booties, other disposabl e 

personal protective equipment, and similar materials resulting from 

cleanup activities shall be either decontaminated in accordance with 

Sec . 761 .79(b) or (c), or disposed of in one of the following 

facilities, without regard to the requirements of subparts J and K of 

this part : 

(1) A facility permitted, licensed, or registered by a State to 

manage municipal solid waste subject to part 258 of this chapter . 

11 
p. 76 

(2) A facility permitted, licensed, or registered by a State t o 

manage non-municipal non-hazardous waste subject to Sec . Sec . 257.5 

through 257 .30 of this chapter, as applicable . 

(3) A hazardous waste landfill permitted by EPA under section 3004 

of RCRA, or by a State authorized under section 3006 of RCRA . 

(4) A PCB disposal facility approved under this part . 

(B) Cleaning solvents, abrasives, and equipment may be reused after 

decontamination in accordance with Sec . 761 .79 . 

(6) Cleanup verification--(i) Sampling and analysis . Any person 

collecting and analyzing samples to verify the cleanup and on-site 

disposal of bulk PCB remediation wastes and porous surfaces must do so 

in accordance with subpart 0 of this part. Any person collecting and 

analyzing samples from non-porous surfaces must do so in accordance with 

subpart P of this part . Any person collecting and analyzing samples from 

liquids must do so in accordance with Sec . 761 .269. Any person 

conducting interim sampling during PCB remediation waste cleanup to 

determine when to sample to verify that cleanup is complete, may use PCB 

field screening tests . 

(ii) Verification. (A) Where sample analysis results in a 

measurement of PCBs less than or equal to the levels specified in 

paragraph (a)(4) of this section, self-implementing cleanup is complete . 

(B) Where sample analysis results in a measurement of PCBs greater 

than the levels specified in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, selfimplementing cleanup of the sampled PCB remediation waste is not 

complete . The owner or operator of the site must either dispose of the 

sampled PCB remediation waste, or reclean the waste represented by the 

sample and reinitiate sampling and analysis in accordance with paragraph 

(a)(6)(i) of this section. 

(7) Cap requirements. A cap means, when referring to on-site cleanup 

and disposal of PCB remediation waste, a uniform placement of concrete, 

asphalt, or similar material of minimum thickness spread over the area 

where remediation waste was removed or left in place in order to prevent 

or minimize human exposure, infiltration of water, and erosion . Any 

person designing and constructing a cap must do so in accordance with 

Sec . 264.310(a) of this chapter, and ensure that it complies with the 

permeability, sieve, liquid limit, and plasticity index parameters i n 

Sec . 761 .75(b)(1)(ii) through (b)(1)(v). A 

[[ Page 627 ]] 

cap of compacted soil shall have a minimum thickness of 25 cm (10 

inches). A concrete or asphalt cap shall have a minimum thickness of 15 

cm (6 inches) . A cap must be of sufficient strength to maintain its 

effectiveness and integrity during the use of the cap surface which is 

exposed to the environment. A cap shall not be contaminated at a level 

z 1 ppm PCB per AroclorTM (or equivalent) or per congener . 

Repairs shall begin within 72 hours of discovery for any breaches which 

would impair the integrity of the cap . 

(8) Deed restrictions for caps, fences and low occupancy areas . When 

a cleanup activity conducted under this section includes the use of a 

fence or a cap, the owner of the site must maintain the fence or cap, in 

perpetuity . In addition, whenever a cap, or the procedures and 

requirements for a low occupancy area, is used, the owner of the site 

12

p. 77 

must meet the following conditions : 

(i) Within 60 days of completion of a cleanup activity under this 

section, the owner of the property shall : 

(A) Record, in accordance with State law, a notation on the deed to 

the property, or on some other instrument which is normally examined 

during a title search, that will in perpetuity notify any potential 

purchaser of the property : 

(1) That the land has been used for PCB remediation waste disposal 

and is restricted to use as a low occupancy area as defined in 

Sec . 761 .3 . 

(2) Of the existence of the fence or cap and the requirement to 

maintain the fence or cap . 

(3) The applicable cleanup levels left at the site, inside the 

fence, and/or under the cap . 

(B) Submit a certification, signed by the owner, that he/she has 

recorded the notation specified in paragraph (a)(8)(i)(A) of this 

section to the EPA Regional Administrator. 

(ii) The owner of a site being cleaned up under this section may 

remove a fence or cap after conducting additional cleanup activities and 

achieving cleanup levels, specified in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, 

which do not require a cap or fence . The owner may remove the notice on 

the deed no earlier than 30 days after achieving the cleanup levels 

specified in this section which do not require a fence or cap . 

(9) Recordkeeping. For paragraphs (a)(3), (a)(4), and (a)(5) of this 

section, recordkeeping is required in accordance with 

Sec . 761 .125(c)(5) . 

(b) Performance-based disposal . (1) Any person disposing of liquid 

PCB remediation waste shall do so according to See . 761.60(a) or (e), or 

decontaminate it in accordance with Sec . 761 .79 . 

(2) Any person disposing of non-liquid PCB remediation waste shall 

do so by one of the following methods: 

(i) Dispose of it in a high temperature incinerator approved under 

Sec . 761 .70(b), an alternate disposal method approved under 

Sec . 761 .60(e), a chemical waste landfill approved under Sec . 761 .75, or 

in a facility with a coordinated approval issued under Sec . 761 .77 . 

(ii) Decontaminate it in accordance with Sec . 761 .79 . 

(3) Any person may manage or dispose of material containing <50 ppm 

PCBs that has been dredged or excavated from waters of the United 

States : 

(i) In accordance with a permit that has been issued under section 

404 of the Clean Water Act, or the equivalent of such a permit as 

provided for in regulations of the U .S. Army Corps of Engineers at 33 

CFR part 320 . 

(ii) In accordance with a permit issued by the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers under section 103 of the Marine Protection, Research, and 

Sanctuaries Act, or the equivalent of such a permit as provided for in 

regulations of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at 33 CFR part 320 . 

(c) Risk-based disposal approval . (1) Any person wishing to sample, 

cleanup, or dispose of PCB remediation waste in a manner other than 

prescribed in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section, or store PCB 

remediation waste in a manner other than prescribed in Sec . 761 .65, must 

apply in writing to the EPA Regional Administrator in the Region 

where the sampling, cleanup, disposal or storage site is located, for 

13 
p. 78 

sampling, cleanup, disposal or storage occurring in a single EPA Region ; 

or to the Director of the National Program Chemicals Division, for 

sampling, cleanup, disposal or storage occurring in more than one EPA 

Region. Each application must contain information described i n 

[[ Page 628 ]] 

the notification required by Sec . 761 .61(a)(3). EPA may request other 

information that it believes necessary to evaluate the application . No 

person may conduct cleanup activities under this paragraph prior to 

obtaining written approval by EPA . 

(2) EPA will issue a written decision on each application for a 

risk-based method for PCB remediation wastes . EPA will approve such an 

application if it fmds that the method will not pose an unreasonable 

risk of injury to health or the environment . 

[63 FR 35448, June 29, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 33761, June 24, 19991 

[[ Page 630 ]] 

Sec . 761 .65 Storage for disposal. 

This section applies to the storage for disposal of PCBs at 

concentrations of 50 ppm or greater and PCB Items with PCB 

concentrations of 50 ppm or greater . 

(a)(1) Storage limitations . Any PCB waste shall be disposed of as 

required by subpart D of this part within 1-year from the date it was 

determined to be PCB waste and the decision was made to dispose of it . 

This date is the date of removal from service for disposal and the point 

at which the 1-year time frame for disposal begins . PCB/radioactive 

waste removed from service for disposal is exempt from the 1-year time 

limit provided that the provisions at paragraphs (a)(2)(ii) an d 

(a)(2)(iii) of this section are followed and the waste is managed in 

accordance with all other applicable Federal, State, and local laws and 

regulations for the management of radioactive material. 

(2) One-year extension. Any person storing PCB waste that is subject 

to the 1-year time limit for storage and disposal in paragraph (a)(1) of 

this section may provide written notification to the EPA Regional 

Administrator for the Region in which the PCB waste is stored that their 

continuing attempts to dispose of or secure disposal for their waste 

within the 1-year time limit have been unsuccessful . Upon receipt of the 

notice by the EPA Regional Administrator, the time for disposal is 

automatically extended for 1 additional year (2 years total) if the 

following conditions are met : 

(i) The notification is received by the EPA Regional Administrator 

at least 30 days before the initial 1-year time limit expires and the 

notice identifies the storer, the types, volumes, and locations of the 

waste and the reasons for failure to meet the initial 1-year time limit . 

(ii) A written record documenting all continuing attempts to secure 

disposal is maintained until the waste is disposed of. 

(iii) The written record required by paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this


section is available for inspection or submission if requested by EPA .


(iv) Continuing attempts to secure disposal were initiated withi n 

14

p. 79 

270 days after the time the waste was first subject to the 1-year tim e 

limit requirement, as specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. 

Failure to initiate and continue attempts to secure disposal throughout 

the total time the waste is in storage shall automatically disqualify 

the notifier from receiving an automatic extension under this section . 

(3) Additional extensions. Upon written request, the EPA Regional 

Administrator for the Region in which the wastes are stored or the 

Director, National Program Chemicals Division, may grant additional 

extensions beyond the 1-year extension authorized in paragraph (a)(2) of 

this section. At the time of the request, the requestor must suppl y 

specific justification for the additional extension and indicate what 

measures the requestor is taking to secure disposal of the waste or 

indicate why disposal could not be conducted during the period of the 

prior extension. The EPA Regional Administrator or the Director, 

National Program Chemicals Division may require, as a condition to 

granting any extension under this section, specific actions including, 

but not limited to, marking, inspection, recordkeeping, or fmancial 

assurance to ensure that the waste does not pose an unreasonable risk of 

injury to health or the environment. 

[[Page 631]] 

(4) Storage at an approved facility . Increased time for storage may 

be granted as a condition of any TSCA PCB storage or disposal approval, 

by the EPA Regional Administrator for the Region in which the PCBs or 

PCB Items are to be stored or disposed of, or by the Director, National 

Program Chemicals Division, if EPA determines that there is a 

demonstrated need or justification for additional time, that the owner 

or operator of the facility is pursuing relevant treatment or disposal 

options, and that no unreasonable risk of injury to health or the 

environment will result from the increased storage time. In making this 

determination, EPA will consider such factors as absence of any approved 

treatment technology and insufficient time to complete the treatment or 

destruction process. EPA may require as a condition of the approval that 

the owner or operator submit periodic progress reports . 

***** 

(c)(1) The following PCB Items may be stored temporarily in an area 

that does not comply with the requirements of paragraph (b) of this 

section for up to thirty days from the date of their removal fro m 

service, provided that a notation is attached to the PCB Item or a PCB 

Container (containing the item) indicating the date the item was removed 

from service : 

[[Page 632] ] 

(i) Non-leaking PCB Articles and PCB Equipment ; 

(ii) Leaking PCB Articles and PCB Equipment if the PCB Items are 

placed in a non-leaking PCB Container that contains sufficient sorbent 

materials to absorb any liquid PCBs remaining in the PCB Items ; 

(iii) PCB Containers containing non-liquid PCBs such as contaminated 

soil, rags, and debris; and 

15

p. 80 

(iv) PCB containers containing liquid PCBs at concentrations o f 

[ge]50 ppm, provided a Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Plan 

has been prepared for the temporary storage area in accordance with part 

112 of this chapter and the liquid PCB waste is in packaging authorize d 

in the DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations at 49 CFR parts 171 through 

180 or stationary bulk storage tanks (including rolling stock such as , 

but not limited to, tanker trucks, as specified by DOT) . 

(2) Non-leaking and structurally undamaged PCB Large High Voltage 

Capacitors and PCB-Contaminated Electrical Equipment that have not been 

drained of free flowing dielectric fluid may be stored on pallets next 

to a storage facility that meets the requirements of paragraph (b) of 

this section. PCB-Contaminated Electrical Equipment that has been 

drained of free flowing dielectric fluid is not subject to the storage 

provisions of Sec . 761 .65 . Storage under this subparagraph will be 

permitted only when the storage facility has immediately available 

unfilled storage space equal to 10 percent of the volume of capacitors 

and equipment stored outside the facility . The capacitors and equipment 

temporarily stored outside the facility shall be checked for leaks 

weekly. 

(3) Any storage area subject to the requirements of paragraph (b) or 

paragraph (c)(1) of this section shall be marked as required in subpart 

C Sec . 761 .40(a)(10) . 

(4) No item of movable equipment that is used for handling PCBs and 

PCB Items in the storage units and that comes in direct contact with 

PCBs shall be removed from the storage unit area unless it has been 

decontaminated as specified in Sec . 761.79 . 

(5) All PCB Items in storage shall be checked for leaks at leas t 

once every 30 days. Any leaking PCB Items and their contents shall be 

transferred immediately to properly marked non-leaking containers . Any 

spilled or leaked materials shall be immediately cleaned up and the 

materials and residues containing PCBs shall be disposed of in 

accordance with Sec. 761 .61 . Records of inspections, maintenance, 

cleanup and disposal must be maintained in accordance with 

Sec. 761 .180(a) and (b) . 

(6) Except as provided in paragraphs (c)(6)(i) and (c)(6)(ii) o f 

this section, any container used for the storage of liquid or non-liquid 

PCB waste shall be in accordance with the requirements set forth in the 

DOT Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR) at 49 CFR parts 171 through 

180. PCB waste not subject to the HMR (i .e ., PCB wastes at 

concentrations of <20 ppm or <1 pound of PCBs regardless of 

concentration) must be packaged in accordance with Packaging Group III, 

unless other hazards associated with the PCB waste cause it to require 

packaging in accordance with Packaging Groups I or II . For purposes of 

describing PCB waste not subject to DOT's HMR on a manifest, one may use 

the term "Non-DOT Regulated PCBs. " 

(i) Containers other than those meeting HMR performance standards 

may be used for storage of PCB/radioactive waste provided the following 

requirements are met : 

(A) Containers used for storage of liquid PCB/radioactive wastes 

must be non-leaking . 

(B) Containers used for storage of non-liquid PCB/ radioactive 

wastes must be designed to prevent the buildup of liquids if such 

containers are stored in an area meeting the containment requirements o f 

16

p. 81 

paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section, as well as all other applicabl e 

State or Federal regulations or requirements for control of radioactive 

materials. 

(C) Containers used to store both liquid and non-liquid PCB/ 

radioactive wastes must meet all regulations and requirements pertaining 

to nuclear criticality safety . Acceptable container materials currently 

include polyethylene and stainless steel provided that the container 

material is chemically compatible with the wastes being stored . Other 

containers may be used 

[[Page 633]] 

to store both liquid and non-liquid PCB/radioactive wastes if the users 

are able to demonstrate, to the appropriate Regional Administrator and 

other appropriate regulatory authorities (i .e ., Nuclear Regulatory 

Commission, Department of Energy or the Department of Transportation), 

that the use of such containers is protective of health and the 

environment as well as public health and safety. 

(ii) The following DOT specification containers that conform to the 

requirements of 49 CFR, chapter I, subchapter C in effect on September 

30, 1991, may be used for storage and transportation activities that are 

not subject to DOT regulation, and may be used on a transitional basis 

as permitted at 49 CFR 171 .14. For liquid PCBs: Specification 5 

container without removable head, Specification 5B container without 

removable head, Specification 6D overpack with Specification 2S or 2SL 

polyethylene containers, or Specification 17E container. For non-liquid 

PCBs: Specification 5 container, Specification 5B container, or 

Specification 17C container. 

(7) Stationary storage containers for liquid PCBs can be larger than 

the containers specified in paragraph (c)(6) of this section provided 

that : 

(i) The containers are designed, constructed, and operated in 

compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 29 CFR 

1910 .106, Flammable and combustible liquids . Before using these 

containers for storing PCBs, the design of the containers must be 

reviewed to determine the effect on the structural safety of the 

containers that will result from placing liquids with the specific 

gravity of PCBs into the containers (see 29 CFR 1910 .106(b)(1)(i)(f)) . 

(ii) The owners or operators of any facility using containers 

described in paragraph (c)(7)(i) of this section, shall prepare and 

implement a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Plan as 

described in part 112 of this title . In complying with 40 CFR part 112 , 

the owner or operator shall read "oil(s)" as "PCB(s)" whenever it 

appears. The exemptions for storage capacity, 40 CFR 112 .1(d)(2), and 

the amendment of SPCC plans by the Regional Administrator, 40 CFR 112 .4, 

shall not apply unless some fraction of the liquids stored in th e 

container are oils as defined by section 311 of the Clean Water Act . 

(8) PCB Items shall be dated on the item when they are removed from 

service for disposal . The storage shall be managed so that the PCB Items 

can be located by this date . Storage containers provided in paragraph 

(c)(7) of this section, shall have a record that includes for each batch 

of PCBs the quantity of the batch and date the batch was added to the 

container. The record shall also include the date, quantity, and 

17

p. 82 

disposition of any batch of PCBs removed from the container . 

(9) Bulk PCB remediation waste or PCB bulk product waste may be 

stored at the clean-up site or site of generation for 180 days subject 

to the following conditions : 

(i) The waste is placed in a pile designed and operated to control 

dispersal of the waste by wind, where necessary, by means other than 

wetting. 

(ii) The waste must not generate leachate through decomposition or 

other reactions . 

(iii) The storage site must have : 

(A) A liner that is designed, constructed, and installed to prevent 

any migration of wastes off or through the liner into the adjacent 

subsurface soil, ground water or surface water at any time during the 

active life (including the closure period) of the storage site . The 

liner may be constructed of materials that may allow waste to migrate 

into the liner. The liner must be : 

(1) Constructed of materials that have appropriate chemical 

properties and sufficient strength and thickness to prevent failure due 

to pressure gradients (including static head and external hydrogeologic 

forces), physical contact with the waste or leachate to which they are 

exposed, climatic conditions, the stress of installation, and the stress 

of daily operation . 

(2) Placed upon a foundation or base capable of providing support to 

the liner and resistance to pressure gradients above and below the liner 

to prevent failure of the liner due to settlement, compression, or 

uplift. 

(3) Installed to cover all surrounding earth likely to be in contact 

with the waste. 

[[Page 634] ] 

(B) A cover that meets the requirements of paragraph (c)(9)(iii)(A) 

of this section, is installed to cover all of the stored waste likely to 

be contacted with precipitation, and is secured so as not to be 

functionally disabled by winds expected under normal seasonal 

meteorological conditions at the storage site . 

(C) A run-on control system designed, constructed, operated, and 

maintained such that : 

(1) It prevents flow onto the stored waste during peak discharge 

from at least a 25-year storm. 

(2) It collects and controls at least the water volume resulting 

from a 24-hour, 25-year storm. Collection and holding facilities (e .g., 

tanks or basins) must be emptied or otherwise managed expeditiously 

after storms to maintain design capacity of the system. 

(iv) The provisions of this paragraph may be modified under


Sec . 761 .61(c) .


(10) Owners or operators of storage facilities shall establish and 

maintain records as provided in Sec . 761.180 . 

(Sec. 6, Pub. L. 94-469, 90 Stat. 2020 (15 U.S.C. 2605) 

[44 FR 31542, May 31, 1979. Redesignated at 47 FR 19527, May 6, 1982, 

and amended at 47 FR 37359, Aug. 8, 1982; 49 FR 28191, July 10, 1984; 53 

18 
p. 83 

FR 12524, Apr. 15, 1988; 54 FR 52746, Dec. 21, 1989; 55 FR 695, Jan. 8, 

1990; 55 FR 26205, June 27,1990; 58 FR 15809, Mar. 24,1993; 58 FR 

34205, June 23, 1993; 58 FR 59374, Nov. 9, 1993; 63 FR 35439, 35452, 

June 29, 19981 

[[ Page 655 ]] 

Sec . 761 .79 Decontamination standards and procedures . 

(b) Decontamination standards . Chopping (including wire chopping), 

distilling, filtering, oil/water separation, spraying, soaking, wiping, 

stripping of insulation, scraping, scarification or the use of abrasives 

or solvents may be used to remove or separate PCBs, to the following 

standards, from liquids, concrete, or non-porous surfaces . 

(1) The decontamination standard for water containing PCBs is : 

(i) Less than 200 μg/l, (i.e ., <200 ppb PCBs) for non-contact use 

in a closed system where there are no releases ; 

(ii) For water discharged to a treatment works (as defined in 

Sec . 503 .9(aa) of this chapter) or to navigable waters, <3 μg/L 

(approximately <3 ppb) or a PCB discharge limit included in a permit 

issued under section 307(b) or 402 of the Clean Water Act ; o r 

(iii) Less than or equal to 0 .5 μg/L (i.e ., approximately s0 .5 

ppb PCBs) for unrestricted use . 

(2) The decontamination standard for organic liquids and non-aqueous 

inorganic liquids containing PCBs is <2 milligrams per kilogram (i.e ., 

<2 ppm PCBs) . 

(3) The decontamination standard for non-porous surfaces in contact 

with liquid and non-liquid PCBs is : 

(i) For unrestricted use : 

(A) For non-porous surfaces previously in contact with liquid PCBs 

at any concentration, where no free-flowing liquids are currently 

present, s 10 micrograms PCBs per 100 square centimeters (s 10 

μg/100 cmZ) as measured by a standard wipe tes t 

(Sec. 761 .123) at locations selected in accordance with subpart P of 

this part. 

(B) For non-porous surfaces in contact with non-liquid PCBs 

(including non-porous surfaces covered with a porous surface, such as 

paint or coating on metal), cleaning to Visual Standard No . 2, NearWhite Blast Cleaned Surface Finish, of the National Association of 

Corrosion Engineers (NACE) . A person shall verify compliance with 

standard No. 2 by visually inspecting all cleaned areas . 

(ii) For disposal in a smelter operating in accordance with


Sec . 761 .72(b) :


(A) For non-porous surfaces previously in contact with liquid PCBs


at any concentration, where no free-flowing liquids are currently


present, <100 μg/100 cm2 as measured by a standard wip e


test (Sec . 761 .123) at locations selected in accordance with subpart P


of this part .


(B) For non-porous surfaces in contact with non-liquid PCBs


(including non-porous surfaces covered with a porous surface, such as


paint or coating on metal), cleaning to Visual Standard No . 3,


Commercial Blast Cleaned Surface Finish, of the National Association of


Corrosion Engineers (NACE) . A person shall verify compliance with


19

p. 84 

standard No. 3 by visually inspecting all cleaned areas . 

(4) The decontamination standard for concrete is s 10 μg/100 

cmz as measured by a standard wipe test (Sec . 761 .123) if the 

decontamination procedure is commenced within 72 hours of the initial 

spill of PCBs to the concrete or portion thereof being decontaminated . 

[63 FR 35457, June 29, 1998, as amended at 64 FR 33761, June 24, 19991 

Subpart G--PCB Spill Cleanup Policy 

[[ Page 668 ]] 

Sec . 761 .125 Requirements for PCB spill cleanup . 

(c) Requirements for cleanup of high-concentration spills and lowconcentration spills involving 1 pound or more PCBs by weight (270 

gallons or more of untested mineral oil). Cleanup of low-concentration 

spills involving 1 lb or more PCBs by weight and of all spills of 

materials other than low-concentration materials shall be considered 

complete if all of the immediate requirements, cleanup standards, 

sampling, and recordkeeping requirements of paragraphs (c) (1) through 

(5) of this section are met. 

***** 

[[ Page 670 ]] 

(5) Records . The responsible party shall document the cleanup with 

records of decontamination. The records must be maintained for a period 

of 5 years. The records and certification shall consist of th e 

following : 

(i) Identification of the source of the spill, e.g., type of 

equipment. 

(ii) Estimated or actual date and time of the spill occurrence. 

(iii) The date and time cleanup was completed or terminated (if 

cleanup was delayed by emergency or adverse weather: the nature and 

duration of the delay) . 

(iv) A brief description of the spill location and the nature of the 

materials contaminated . This information should include whether the 

spill occurred in an outdoor electrical substation, other restricted 

access location, or in a nonrestricted access area . 

(v) Precleanup sampling data used to establish the spill boundaries


if required because of insufficient visible traces and a brief


description of the sampling methodology used to establish the spill


boundaries .


(vi) A brief description of the solid surfaces cleaned . 

(vii) Approximate depth of soil excavation and the amount of soil


removed .


(viii) Postcleanup verification sampling data and, if not otherwise


apparent from the documentation, a brief description of the sampling


methodology and analytical technique used .


(ix) While not required for compliance with this policy, information 

20 
p. 85 

on the estimated cost of cleanup (by man-hours, dollars, or both) would 

be useful if maintained in the records . 

[52 FR 10705, Apr. 2, 1987, as amended at 53 FR 40884, Oct. 19, 1988; 63 

FR 35461, June 29, 19981 

Subpart N--Cleanup Site Characterization Sampling for PCB Remediation 

Waste in Accordance with Sec . 761 .61(a)(2 ) 

Source: 63 FR 35465, June 29, 1998, unless otherwise noted. 

[[ Page 690 ]] 

Sec . 761 .269 Sampling liquid PCB remediation waste. 

(a) If the liquid is single phase, collect and analyze one sample. 

There are no required procedures for collecting a sample . 

(b) If the liquid is multi-phasic, separate the phases, and collect 

and analyze a sample from each liquid phase . There are no required 

procedures for collecting a sample from each single phase liquid . 

(c) If the liquid has a non-liquid phase which is <ls-thn-eq>0 .5 

percent by total weight of the waste, separate the non-liquid phase from 

the liquid phase and sample it separately as a non-liquid in accordance 

with Sec . 761 .265 . 

[[Page 691] ] 

Subpart 0--Sampling to Verify Completion of Self-Implementing Cleanup


and On-Site Disposal of Bulk PCB Remediation Waste and Porous Surfaces


in Accordance with Sec . 761 .61(a)(6)


Source: 63 FR 35465, June 29, 1998, unless otherwise noted. 

Sec . 761 .283 Determination of the number of samples to collect and


sample collection locations .


This section addresses how to determine the number of samples to


collect and sample collection locations for bulk PCB remediation waste


and porous surfaces destined to remain at a cleanup site after cleanup.


(a) Minimum number of samples . (1) At each separate cleanup site at


a PCB remediation waste location, take a minimum of three samples for


each type of bulk PCB remediation waste or porous surface at the cleanup


site, regardless of the amount of each type of waste that is present .


There is no upper limit to the number of samples required or allowed .


(2) This is an example of how to calculate the minimum number of


required samples at a PCB remediation waste location . There are three


distinct cleanup sites at this example location: a loading dock, a


21

p. 86 

transformer storage lot, and a disposal pit. The minimum number of 

samples to take appears in parentheses after each type of waste for each 

cleanup site . The PCB remediation wastes present at the loading dock are 

concrete (three samples) and clay soil (three samples). The non-liquid 

PCB remediation wastes present at the transformer storage lot are oily 

soil (three samples), clay soil (three samples) and gravel (three 

samples) . The PCB remediation wastes present at the disposal pit are 

sandy soil (three samples), clay soil (three samples), oily soil (three 

samples), industrial sludge (three samples), and gravel (three samples) . 

(b) Selection of sample locations--general . (1)(i) Use a squarebased grid system to overlay the entire area to be sampled . Orient the 

grid axes on a magnetic north-south line centered in the area and an 

east-west axis perpendicular to the magnetic north-south axis also 

centered in the area. 

(ii) If the site is recleaned based on the results of cleanup 

verification conducted in accordance with Sec. 761 .61(a)(6), follow the 

procedures in paragraph (b) of this section for locating sampling 

[[Page 692] ] 

points after the recleaning, but reorient the grid axes established in 

paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section by moving the origin one meter in 

the direction of magnetic north and one meter in the direction east of 

magnetic north. 

(2) Mark out a series of sampling points 1 .5 meters apart oriented 

to the grid axes. The sampling points shall proceed in every direction 

to the extent sufficient to result in a two-dimensional grid completely 

overlaying the sampling area. 

(3) Collect a sample at each point if the grid falls in the cleanup 

area. Analyze all samples either individually or according to the 

compositing schemes provided in the procedures at Sec . 761 .289. So long 

as every sample collected at a grid point is analyzed as either an 

individual sample or as part of a composite sample, there are no other 

restrictions on how many samples are analyzed. 

(c) Selection of sample locations--small cleanup sites . When a 

cleanup site is sufficiently small or irregularly shaped that a square 

grid with a grid interval of 1 .5 meters will not result in a minimum of 

three sampling points for each type of bulk PCB remediation waste or 

porous surface at the cleanup site, there are two options . 

(1) Use a smaller square grid interval and the procedures in 

paragraph (b) of this section. 

(2) Use the following coordinate-based random sampling scheme . If 

the site is recleaned based on the results of cleanup verification 

conducted in accordance with Sec . 761 .61(a)(6), follow the procedures in 

this section for locating sampling points after the recleaning, but 

select three new pairs of sampling coordinates . 

(i) Beginning in the southwest corner (lower left when facing 

magnetic north) of the area to be sampled, measure in centimeters (or 

inches) the maximum magnetic north-south dimension of the area to be 

sampled. Next, beginning in the southwest corner, measure in centimeters 

(or inches) the maximum magnetic east-west dimension of the area to be 

sampled. Designate the north-south and east-west dimensions (describing 

the west and south boundaries, respectively, of the area to be sampled) , 

22

p. 87 

as the reference axes of a square-based grid system. 

(ii) Use a random number table or random number generator to select 

a pair of coordinates that will locate the sample within the area to be 

sampled. The first coordinate in the pair is the measurement on the 

north-south axis. The second coordinate in the pair is the measurement 

on the east-west axis . Collect the sample at the intersection of an 

east-west line drawn through the measured spot on the north-south axis, 

and a north-south line drawn through the measured spot on the east-west 

axis. If the cleanup site is irregularly shaped and this intersectio n 

falls outside the cleanup site, select a new pair of sampling 

coordinates. Continue to select pairs of sampling coordinates until 

three are selected for each type of bulk PCB remediation waste or porous 

surface at the cleanup site . 

(d) Area of inference . Analytical results for an individual sample 

point apply to the sample point and to an area of inference extending to 

four imaginary lines parallel to the grid axes and one half gri d 

interval distant from the sample point in four different directions. The 

area of inference forms a square around the sample point . The sides of 

the square are parallel to the grid axes and one grid interval in 

length. The sample point is in the center of the square area of 

inference . The area of inference from a composite sample is the total of 

the areas of the individual samples included in the composite . 

Sec . 761 .286 Sample size and procedure for collecting a sample . 

At each selected sampling location for bulk PCB remediation waste or


porous surfaces, collect at least 20 milliliters of waste, or a portion


of sufficient weight for the chemical analyst to measure the


concentration of PCBs and still have sufficient analytical detection


sensitivity to reproducibly measure PCBs at the levels designated in


Sec . 761 .61(a)(4). Use a core sampler having a diameter z2 cm and


!5.3 cm. Collect waste to a maximum depth of 7 .5 cms .


[[ Page 694 ]] 

Sec . 761 .292 Chemical extraction and analysis of individual samples


and composite samples .


Use either Method 3500B/3540C or Method 3500B/3550B from EPA's SW846, Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, or a method validated 

under subpart Q of this part, for chemical extraction of PCBs from 

individual and composite samples of PCB remediation waste. Use Method 

8082 from SW-846, or a method validated under subpart Q of this part, to 

analyze these extracts for PCBs . 

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