NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

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5961

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

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W, L* Pendergast, E. C. Tuma, L. E. Mong

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 6l9, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods

for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,

devices, and structures; advisory services to Government Agencies on scientific and technical

problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the

development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied

research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and

various consultation and information services. A major portion of the Bureau’s work is performed

for other Government Agencies, particularly the Department of Defense and the Atomic Energy

Commission. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the

inside of the front cover.

Reports and Publications

The results of the Bureau’s work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers and reports. Reports are issued to the sponsoring agency of a particular project

or program. Published papers appear either in the Bureau’s own series of publications or in the

journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three monthly periodicals, available from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, which presents

complete papers reporting technical investigations; the Technical News Bulletin, which presents

summary and preliminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions,

which provides data for determining the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout

the world. There are also five series o! nonpcriodical publications; The Applied Matln-mai

Series, Circulars, Handbooks, Building Materials and Structures Rejxnts. an<i \ii i-lianeou- Publications.

Information on the Bureau’s publications can be found in NBS Circular 460. Publications o(

the National Bureau of Standards ($1.25) and its Supplement ($0.75), available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, inquiries regarding the Bureau’s reports and

publications should be addressed to the Office of Scientific Publications, National Bureau of

Standards, Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

0903-20-4428 July 11, 1958 5961

QUARTERLY REPORT

ON

EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITIES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNl^AYS

by

W. L. Pendergast, E, C, Turna , L. £• Mong

Refractories Section

Mineral Products Division

Sponsored by

Department of the Navy

Bureau of Yards and Docks

References NT4-59/NY 420 008-1

NBS Pile No. 9.3/1134-C

Approved s Dr. Samuel Zerfose

Chief, Refractories Section

IMPORTANT NOTICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF

intended for use within

tc additional evaluation t listing of this Report, eit the OlHce of the Director however, by the Governor

tc reproduce additional i

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) on October 9, 2015.

or progress accounting documents

is formally published it is subjected

itlng, reproduction, or open-literature srmisslon Is obtained in writing from

. C. Such permission Is not needed,

ically prepared If that agency wishei

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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QUARTERLY REPORT

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EVALUATION OF REFRACTORY QUALITITES OF

CONCRETES FOR JET AIRCRAFT WARM-UP, POWER CHECK,

MAINTENANCE APRONS, AND RUNWAYS

1. INTRODUCTION

This phase of the project includes the determination of the

cause or causes of failure that occur in concrete aprons and

runways exposed to jet exhaust gases. A combustion chamber that

delivers hot gases at velocities and temperatures approximating

those of field conditions is being used. The approach includes

instrumentation of the concrete test panels to determine the heat

gradients and stresses set up during flame impingement at several

locations on the test area and at varying depths below the surface.

2. ACTIVITIES

2.1 X-ray Examination of Neat Cements

The drying and heating of samples, of the neat cements,

Portland, Lumnite, and Alcoa taken from bomb, after a heating

cycle (not exposed to mercury) has been continued. Samples for

X-ray analysis has been prepared. Personnel has not been available

for making X-ray examination.

2.2 Water in Concrete During Curing and Drying

The drying of the set of five tiles, 3" x 3" by four inches,

in depth, described in NBS Report 5855 has been continued. The

data obtained is given in Figure 1. In the designation P-B-B,

P-B-T etc, the P refers to Portland cement, the B crushed brick

aggregate, and the final letter refers to the fabricator; Tg

signifies that the top one and one-half inches of tile was sawed

off after seven days fog-room curing and the remaining four inch
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RELATIVE

HUMIDITY

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PERCENT

DEPTH OF CAVITY FROM EXPOSED SURFACE ,

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FIGURE I RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT THREE DEPTHS FROM EXPOSED DRYING FACE.

TILES P-B-B, P-B-T,AND P-B-P MADE BY THREE INDIVIDUALS, P-B-T^

WAS CAST AND EXCESS ONE AND ONE HALF INCH AT TOP SAWED OFF , P- B -T^j WAS INVERTED.
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depth was retained; Tu signifies that the tile was inverted and

the bottom, as cast, was exposed to the curing and drying

atmosphere. The number on the curves refer to the drying time,

in days.

Figure 1 shows that the relative humidity distribution at

the three depths from the drying face is characteristic to each

tile. The difference in relative humidity between any two

adjacent depths apparently depends on the concentration of water

at a given time and the water permeability of the concrete

separating the two depths. As sho^'Jn in the early stages of

drying it is possible to place a concrete with nearly equal

permeability as indicated for specimens P-B-B, and P-B-P. That

concrete may be formed less permeable at the bottom of the tile

as shown by specimen P-B-T. On the other hand this effect may

be reversed by exposing the bottom of the tile as cast to curing

and drying atmosphere as shown by curves for P-B-Tu. Discarding

the top portion, which is apt to contain a larger percentage of

fines, cement, and mixing water, results in a tile having

relatively larger permeability throughout.

Drying during the early stages caused an increase in

permeability as indicated by the large difference between the

relative humidity at the cavity nearest the drying face and

at the middle cavity. For these cavities the water is lost

before the permeability is reduced by a slowly continuing

hydration of the cement that occurs in the concrete between the

middle and lower cavities. This curing, continued hydration,

in the presence of the higher concentration of water near the
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drying times greater than 70 days and at relative humidities

between 74 to 84 percent. Beyond this time and at still lower

humidities the permeability again increases resulting in a more

uniform gradient of moisture throughout the whole tile.

These data indicate that the prediction of moisture concentration within a concrete mass depends on several variables,

which are always present. Some of these are (a) continuing

hydration depending on available water, temperature, and age (b)

development of capillarity depending, upon batch composition,

time of and rate of drying. The possible number of combinations

of these variables may therefore result in many different

properties of the concrete at any given time.

The drying of these tiles is being continued. Time rate of

both weight loss and relative humidity tends to decrease as the

relative humidity, of the exposed face, approaches that of the

drying atmosphere.

The correlation of the relative humidity in the mid-cavity

with the water loss for the whole specimen, illustrated in

Figure 1, N3S Report 5855, continues as a straight line even

though the time rates are considerably less.

2.3 Vacuum Processed Concrete

Test panels of vacuum processed concrete were subjected to

the jet impingement test. The preparation of these six panels

was described in NBS Report 5855. They were fabricated with

concrete designed with Portland cement and diabase aggregate.
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The results are given in Table 1 , together with some data,

not previously reported, for the same design concrete which was not

evacuated.

The resistance to jet impingement of the evacuated concretes

may be compared with that of similar concretes not evacuated

given in Table I, NBS Report 5353 and Table I of this report.

The results of tests indicated that, for this type of

concrete, the vacuum processed concrete developed equal or more

resistance to jet impingement in less drying time. The two

panels fabricated from the wet harsh mix P-D^-5-lB and P-D^-5-2B

offered the best resistance to jet impingement but this concrete

of specialized design might not develop adequate strength.

Efforts to demonstrate the presence of through pores in

evacuated concrete have not been successful. Ink penetration

tests and microscopic examination of sections saturated with

methacrylate resin have not as yet revealed such pores.

2.4 Sources of Diabase

In the survey of sources of diabase two tons of this

material was furnished this project by the New York Trap Rock

Corporation. This aggregate is marketed in accordance with the

New York State Specification. It was, therefore, necessary to

rescreen and separate in accordance with the Bureau of Yards

and Docks Specification. For comparative purposes the properties

of both the New York and Virginia diabase appear in Table II.
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Table II. Properties of Aggregates

Virginia Deposit

Centerville

New York Deposit

Haverstaw

Absor pt ion"”

Coarse -• Fine

0.6

1.54

le 18

1.70

Bulk Specific Gravity-^^

Coarse

Fine

2.96

2,87

2.85

2.78

Percent Loss in Los Angeles

Abrasion Test - - - - 25.9 13.7

Ratio of Coar se-to-f ine

Aggregate 65 to 35 same

Both aggregates were graded in accordance with the Bureau

of Yards and Docks Specification.

in the concrete mix.

Figure 2 is a photomicrograph of a thin section of the New

York diabase between crossed nicols. This may be compared with

Figure 1 of NBS Report 4869 which is a similar photo of Virginia

diabase

.

Using this diabase from the New York district a concrete

was designed, a batch mixed, and test specimens fabricated.

For comparative purposes the properties of this concrete and

one similarly designed but using Virginia diabase appear in

Table III
"in,

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Figure 2. Photomicrograph of New York Diabase ( 3 0 OX ) (Crossed N

'

Showing Plagioclase Feldspar (P); Altered Py,.. (A., no Quartz Observed.
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Table III. Properties of Fresh Concrete

Proportions, by weight; cement

to coarse and to fine aggregate - - 1:3.18:1.71

Cement content - 7,31

Vinsol resin, by weight of cement - - 0.01

Water content, gal /yd of concrete - 32.7

Air content, gravimetric method - - - 2.2

Slump, inches ----------- 2c25

Weight of fresh concrete, Ib/ft^ - - 161.44

Water cement ratio --------- 0.40

Remarks -------------- harsh but

easily placed

same

7,16

same

31.3

1.7

1.0

158.50

0.39

same

“

1 / A designed with Virginia diabase. “

2 / B designed with New York diabase.

2.5 Miscellaneous

At the request of the Bureau of Yards and Docks staff, three

and one-half tons of diabase aggregate (Centerville, Virginia

deposite) was shipped to your laboratories at Port Hueneme,

California. This aggregate is marketed in accordance with the

size specification for Virginia State Highways. From this

product, we selected the size fractions that would give the

largest yield of aggregate sizes requested by Port Hueneme.

As a result of a conference with members of the technical

staff, of a manufacturer of proprietary materials intended for

use at high and fluctuating temperatures, four panels were

submitted for jet impingement tests. Two of the four panels.
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one organically bonded, the other with an inorganically, bonded,

were damaged during the test. The extent of the damage was

comparable to that suffered by a diabase concrete panel. The

remaining two shov/ed no apparent damage. One of these had an

inorganic bond and had been previously heated to 2300°F. The

other, organically bonded, had been heated to 300°F.

3. CONFERENCE

A conference was held at this Bureau on June 25. The names

of those attending were:

L. A. Palmer ) Melvin Herman )

S, Zerfoss ) W, L. Pendergast)

Bureau of Yards and Docks

National Bureau of Standards

The object of this conference was to discuss the proposal

for the continuation of this project for the fiscal year of

1959. This proposal was submitted to the Chief of the Bureau

of Yards and Docks, June 6, 1958. The research activities

considered vjere,(l) limits of water content, (2) specifications

for aggregate, (3) development of connecting pores, (4) relation

of texture to explosive spalling, (5) relation of water content

to relative humidity within concrete, (6) mechanism of water

vapor transfer and, (7) performance of proprietary materials.

Literature

Topping Pavements with Calcium Aluminate Cement Concrete, by

W. C* Hansen and W. W, Brandvold, J. Amer. Concrete Institute,

May, 1958, No. 11, Vol. 29.
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A study of the methods of placing a topping of calcium

aluminate cement concrete on a Portland cement concrete base

to provide a surface for airfield pavements that would be

resistant to the heat of jet and rocket engines.

Some Physical Properties of Concrete at High Temperatures, by

Robert Philleo, J. Amer. Concrete Institute, No. 10, Vol. 29,

April, 1958.

Experimental techniques are described and data are presented

on the thermal expansion, density, and dynamic modulus of

elasticity of concrete in the range 75 - 1500°F. Such

information is necessary to evaluate stresses due to non-uniform

heating which could result from a building fire or jet aircraft

blast. The results indicate that weight loss due to loss of

water is substantially complete at 800 F. At higher temperatures changes in weight are determined by the chemical nature

of the aggregate. The coefficient of expansion increases

above 800°F since expansion is no longer inhibited by drying

shrinkage. At 1400°F the M/E is reduced to less than half in

value at 75°F, the exact reduction depending on the extent to

which hydration progressed at the time of exposure.

A Compilation of X-ray Powder Diffraction Data of Cement

Minerals, by H. G. Midgley, Magazine of Concrete Research,

March, 1957.

The identification of 30 minerals in high alumina and

Portland cement. A compilation of new and available data on

X-ray powder diffraction of cement minerals.
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Methods for Rating Concrete Waterproofing Materials, by F.

Kocataskin and E. G. Swenson, ASTM Bulletin, April, 1958, No. 229.

In an attempt to develop reliable test methods for evaluating

the effectiveness of concrete wate rproof ers , it was found that

a combination of saturated and unsaturated permeability tests

was necessary. The latter covering more than one humidity

condition. The saturated permeability apparatus described might

be used to advantage to indicate the initial permeability of

concrete

U. S. DKrAKTMENT OF COMMFRCK

Sinclair Weeks. Sccrc/«rv

NATIONAI, HUHEAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Dirt-dor THK NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDABIXS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its lieadquarters in Wushiufcton,

D. C., and its major laboratories in Boulder, Colo., is sngficsted in the followinfi lislinfc of the

<]ivisions and .sections eufiafied in technical work. In •general, each section carries out specialized

research, development, and enf;ineerin{i in the fiehl indicated by its title. A brief description of

the activities, and of the resultant publications, appears on the inside front cover. WASHINGTON, D. C.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Devices. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Fhigineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics pnd Metrology. Pliotometry and ('.olorimetry. Optical Instruments. Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology.

Heat. Temperature Physics. 'rhermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Engine

Fuels. Free Radicals Research.

Atomic and Radiation Physic?. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic, instrumentation. Radiological Equipment.

Chemistry. Organic (^.oatings. Surface (Ihcmistry. Organic (Ihemistry. Analytical Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposilion. Molecular Structure and Properticis of Gases. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Sficclroclicmislry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instnimcnis. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics.

Mass and Scale. (Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion (Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. I'eviiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. I'hermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Metal Physics.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. (,la.ss. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Concreting Materials. (Constitution and Microstructur**.

Building Technology. Structural Enginecriug. Fire Proiei lion. Air Conditioning, Heating,

and Refrigeration. Floor, Roof, and Wail t]u>eriiigs. (,odcs ami Safel) St uulartis. Heat

Transfer.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis, (imputation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing System?. SEAC Enginet‘ring (iroup. (Components and Techniques. Digital

Circuitry. Digital Systems, Analog Systems. Application Engineering,

• Office of Basie Instrumentation. • Office of Weights and Measures,

BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. (^Iryogeuic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics, Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Pro{)agati«jn Services. .Siin-Eurlh Relatioiislups. VHF Rt^seai’ch. Radio Propagutitm Engineering. Data Reduction Instruuumtation. Modulati«)u Systems.

Navigation Systems, Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. 'I'roposplieric Analysis.

Radio Systems Application Engineering. Radio Meteorolog).

Radio StamJards. High Frecpieiuw Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast S('rvic»>. High

Fnujuency Inqiedunce Standards. Calihrallon (.enter. Microwave Physics, MicrowiiNc (.ircuit

Stundurils.
NBS