NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 13-3137

_____________

ROBERT A. LINCOLN; 

MARY O. LINCOLN,

 Appellants

v.

MAGNUM LAND SERVICES, LLC; BELMONT RESOURCES, LLC; 

SINCLAIR OIL & GAS CO.; CHESAPEAKE APPALACHIA LLC; 

CHESAPEAKE ENERGY CORPORATION; 

STATOILHYDRO USA ONSHORE PROPERTIES, INC.,

and their heirs, executors personal reps, administrators, grantees, 

successors, and assigns; and any all persons firms, associations,

or legal entities claiming right, title or interest by, from through, 

or under the Defendants, or any of them 

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(District Court No. 3-12-cv-00576)

District Judge: Honorable A. Richard Caputo

Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

on March 7, 2014

(Opinion filed: March 18, 2014)

Before: RENDELL, SMITH and HARDIMAN, Circuit Judges.
2

O P I N I O N

RENDELL, Circuit Judge:

Appellants Robert and Mary Lincoln (the “Lincolns”) brought this action to quiet 

title and for slander of title against Defendants Magnum Land Services, LLC

(“Magnum”), Sinclair Oil & Gas Co. (“Sinclair”), Belmont Resources, LLC (“Belmont”), 

Chesapeake Appalachia, L.L.C. and Chesapeake Energy Corp. (“Chesapeake”), and 

Statoil USA Onshore Properties, Inc. (“Statoil”) (collectively, “Defendants”). The 

District Court granted Defendants’ motions to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.

12(b)(6) and dismissed the Lincolns’ First Amended Complaint with prejudice. We will 

affirm.1

I. BACKGROUND

The Lincolns owned three separate parcels of land in Tunkhannock Township, 

Wyoming County, Pennsylvania. (App. 24a.) On or around February 26, 2008, Magnum 

offered to lease the oil and gas rights to all three parcels, and provided the Lincolns with 

a proposed written lease. (App. 28a.) The Lincolns made changes to the proposed lease 

and returned it to Magnum as a counteroffer. (Id.) On or around March 26, 2008, Robert 

Lincoln notified agents for Magnum that he was withdrawing the counteroffer, and 

“confirmed . . . that neither [Magnum] nor [the Lincolns] had received anything 

 

1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 
3

indicating that Magnum had accepted the counteroffer.” (App. 29a.) Lincoln followed 

up the next day in an email confirming the revocation of the counteroffer. (Id.)

On March 31, 2008, an agent for Magnum contacted the Lincolns, inquiring as to 

whether they would accept a higher signing bonus in exchange for accepting the lease as 

Magnum had originally proposed. (Id.) According to the Lincolns, the agent indicated 

that Magnum would make the Lincolns a new offer, and would revise the lease to add 

additional protections not included in Magnum’s original offer. (App. 99a.) Instead of a 

new offer, the Lincolns later received a check from Magnum in the amount of 

$71,362.50. (App. 29a.) The Lincolns marked the check “void” and returned it to 

Magnum, along with a letter confirming that they had withdrawn their counteroffer, 

noting that there was no legally binding contract between Magnum and themselves, and 

stating that they were rejecting the check. (App. 99a.) 

On August 3, 2009, Magnum recorded the Lincolns’ February 2008 counteroffer 

with the Wyoming County Recorder of Deeds. (App. 54a-60a.) On August 24, 2009, 

Magnum assigned the lease to Belmont, which recorded it on September 30, 2009. (App. 

68-69.) Belmont assigned 50% of its interest in the lease to Sinclair, which assignment 

was recorded on November 9, 2009. (App. 72a-73a.) Sinclair and Belmont then

assigned their portions of the lease to Chesapeake, which then recorded the leases on 

November 16, 2009 and November 18, 2009. (App. 77a-85a.) Chesapeake then assigned 

32.5% of its interest in the lease to Statoil, which recorded the lease on May 19, 2010.

(App. 86a-91a.) 
4

In or around September 2009, Chesapeake offered oil and gas leases to various 

landowners in and around Wyoming County. The terms of the proposed leases were 

negotiated between Chesapeake and the Wyoming County Landowners Group (the 

“WCLG”). (App. 37a.) Around the same time, Robert Lincoln visited the Wyoming 

County Recorder of Deeds and learned that Magnum had recorded and assigned the 

February 2008 counteroffer (hereinafter, the “Lease”). (App. 38a.) Lincoln believed that 

the Lease was invalid and cast a cloud on his title to the property which might prevent 

him from joining the WCLG and leasing his oil and gas rights to Chesapeake at the more 

advantageous terms being offered to WCLG members. (Id.)

Approximately one year later, on September 13, 2010, the Lincolns filed an 

Affidavit Affecting Title to Real Estate with the Wyoming County Recorder of Deeds. 

The Affidavit noted that the recorded Lease was actually a counteroffer, and that it had 

been withdrawn prior to the time that Magnum recorded it. (App. 32a, 106a-07a.) The 

Lincolns mailed a copy of the Affidavit to Chesapeake on December 13, 2010. (App. 

32a.) On September 28, 2011, Chesapeake and Statoil, the only holders of any interest in 

the Lease, filed a Release and Surrender of Oil and Gas Lease with the Wyoming County 

Recorder of Deeds, stating that they “release[d], relinquish[ed] and surrender[ed] all of 

[their] right, title and interest in and to” the Lincolns’ property. (App. 94a.) In addition, 

despite having assigned all of its interest in the property away in October 2009 (App. 

83a), Belmont, “out of an abundance of caution,” see Belmont Br. 11, filed a Release and 

Surrender of Oil and Gas Lease in February 2012. (App. 27a.) No Defendant has

asserted any interest in the property since that time.
5

On December 30, 2011, the Lincolns filed a quiet title claim under Pa. R. Civ. P. 

1061 in the Court of Common Pleas of Wyoming County against all Defendants, seeking 

a declaration that the Lease was invalid, and that the Lincolns were the owners in fee 

simple of the property. (See Complaint in Action to Quiet Title, No. 3:12-cv-00576-

ARC, Doc. 1-3, at 9-10.) The Lincolns also sought attorney’s fees and costs. (Id. at 10.) 

Defendants Chesapeake and Statoil removed the action to federal district court on March 

29, 2012. (App. 17a.) The same day, the Lincolns filed their First Amended Complaint 

in the Court of Common Pleas, adding, for the first time, a claim for Slander of Title. 

(See First Amended Complaint in Action to Quiet Title, No 3:12-cv-00576-ARC, Doc. 1-

9, at 9-16). Chesapeake and Statoil filed an Amended Notice of Removal on April 24, 

2012. (App. 18a.) 

On April 26, 2012, Magnum, Belmont, Chesapeake and Statoil2all moved to 

dismiss the First Amended Complaint, arguing that: (1) the Lincolns’ claim for slander of

title was time-barred as it was not filed within one year of their becoming aware that 

Magnum had recorded their counteroffer as a lease; and (2) the Lincolns’ quiet title 

action was moot because none of the Defendants were asserting any interest in the 

property at the time the Lincolns filed their First Amended Complaint. In addition, 

 

2 Defendant Sinclair did not file a motion to dismiss, and indeed, never filed an 

appearance in the proceedings below. (App. 9a.) While noting this, the District Court 

nevertheless dismissed the entirety of the First Amended Complaint, including the 

Lincolns’ claim against Sinclair. Sinclair has filed a brief opposing the Lincolns’ appeal 

jointly with Chesapeake and Statoil. It does not appear that the Lincolns ever moved for 

a default judgment against Sinclair for failing to answer the First Amended Complaint; 

nor do they raise the issue on appeal. Accordingly, we do not discuss Sinclair’s lack of 

an appearance in the District Court herein. 
6

Belmont, Chesapeake and Statoil argued that the Lincolns were not entitled to damages 

pursuant to Pa. R. Civ. P. 1066(4) because they failed to state a claim for quiet title.3 

The District Court held that, because both Chesapeake and Statoil—the only 

defendants with any purported interest in the property at the time the Lincolns filed their 

Affidavit—had surrendered all rights and interests they had in the lease, and because no 

other defendants had any basis to assert a claim to the lease, there was no cloud on the 

Lincolns’ title to the property. Accordingly, the Court dismissed the Lincolns’ action to 

quiet title. Lincoln v. Magnum Land Servs., LLC, No. 3:12-CV-576, 2013 U.S. Dist. 

LEXIS 78893, at *12-13 (M.D. Pa. June 5, 2013). In addition, the District Court held 

that because the Lincolns had failed to bring their slander of title claim until March 

2012—twenty-one months after the final assignment of the lease and more than two years 

after learning of Magnum’s recording of the counteroffer in September 2009—the claim 

was time-barred by the applicable one-year statute of limitations for slander of title 

claims. Id. at *15-16. 

The Lincolns filed this timely appeal, arguing: (1) the quiet title claim is not moot 

because one of the three parcels of land was misidentified by number in the Lease filed 

by Magnum and in the Release and Surrender documents and accordingly, a cloud 

remains on the title of that parcel; (2) the statute of limitations for slander of title remains 

unexpired on the purportedly misidentified parcel because a cloud remains on the title; 

 

3 Belmont, Chesapeake, and Statoil additionally argued that the Lincolns’ claim against 

them for slander of title could not succeed because a slander of title claim requires 

malice, and none of these defendants knew that the lease was invalid when they recorded 

it. Because, as described below, we hold that the Lincolns’ claim for slander of title was 

time-barred as against all Defendants, we do not reach this argument.
7

(3) the Lincolns have a valid claim for slander of title; and (4) the slander of title action is 

not time-barred “due to republication, the discovery rule and the continuing violation 

doctrine.” (Lincoln Br. 6-7.) 

II. DISCUSSION

We exercise plenary review over a district court’s dismissal of a complaint for 

failure to state a claim. Morrow v. Balaski, 719 F.3d 160, 165 (3d Cir. 2013). “Under 

Rule 12(b)(6), a motion to dismiss may be granted only if, accepting all well-pleaded 

allegations in the complaint as true and viewing them in the light most favorable to the 

plaintiff, a court finds that plaintiff’s claims lack facial plausibility.” Id. (quoting Warren 

Gen. Hosp. v. Amgen Inc., 643 F.3d 77, 84 (3d Cir. 2011)).

A. Claim to Quiet Title

Apparently acceding to the District Court’s holding that the Release and Surrender 

documents filed by Chesapeake and Statoil in September 2011 moot their claim for quiet 

title, the Lincolns present a new argument on appeal. They claim that both the Lease 

filed by Magnum and the Release and Surrender filed by Chesapeake and Statoil 

misidentified by number one of the parcels of property, and that therefore a cloud 

remains on the title of that parcel.4The Lincolns claim that the Magnum lease identified 

 

4

The Lincolns purported to drop their claim to quiet title against Belmont in their First 

Amended Complaint because Belmont filed a surrender and release of rights in February 

2012. (App. 27a.) However, the Lincolns evidently continued to seek damages from 

Belmont in connection with the quiet title action. See 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS at *12 n.3. 

The District Court held that it would be “clearly inappropriate” to allow the Lincolns to 

collect damages based on a claim of action they no longer press. See id. (“As Plaintiffs 

no longer allege that Belmont engaged in any liability-creating conduct with respect to 

the quiet title claim, they can no longer seek damages from Belmont for that claim.”). 
8

the parcel as “26-058.0-02-00.00,” and that the Release and Surrender identified it as 

“26-58-02-00-00.” They claim that the correct designation is “#26-058.0-178-00-00-00.” 

(Lincoln Br. 19.) 

“It is axiomatic that arguments asserted for the first time on appeal are deemed to 

be waived and consequently are not susceptible to review in this Court absent exceptional 

circumstances.” Tri-M Grp., L.L.C. v. Sharp, 638 F.3d 406, 416 (3d Cir. 2011) (internal 

quotation marks omitted). The Lincolns do not dispute that they did not advance any 

arguments with respect to the purported misidentification in their pleadings or elsewhere

in the proceedings below.5 The Lincolns disagree, however, that their arguments based 

on the misidentification are waived, pointing to general allegations in their First 

Amended Complaint regarding the purported cloud on their title and reiterating their 

claim for quiet title. See Lincoln Reply Br. 11. These allegations were entirely 

insufficient to put the District Court on notice of their current claim that a numerical 

misidentification continued to cloud their title as to one of the parcels. See Lark v. Sec’y 

Pa. Dep’t of Corr., 645 F.3d 596, 608 (3d Cir. 2011) (the “crucial question” in deciding 

 

Because the Lincolns have not done us the favor of specifying which defendants they 

contend are continuing to cloud their title, we will assume that they mean to include 

Belmont in this claim as well. 

5

Somewhat astoundingly, the Lincolns attempt to frame the issue for appeal by casting it 

as an error by the District Court in, presumably, failing to comb the record, identify the 

purported “misidentification,” and hold, sua sponte, that the misidentification cast a cloud 

on the title of the parcel. See Lincoln Br. 18 (“[T]he District Court erred in failing to 

recognize that the Release and Surrender only applied to two of the parcels.”). Of course, 

this is not the District Court’s job. Rather, it was the Lincolns’ duty to raise and explain 

each and every argument it wished to advance in support of its claims in the District 

Court. See United States v. Chavez-Marquez, 66 F.3d 259, 262 (10th Cir. 1995)

(“[D]efendant asks this court to rule that a district court, upon learning the facts of the 

case, should propose legal theories sua sponte and rule on them. No such duty exists.”).
9

whether an issue has been waived is whether the party “presented the argument with 

sufficient specificity to alert the district court”) (citing Bagot v. Ashcroft, 398 F.3d 252, 

256 (3d Cir. 2005)). 

The Lincolns further argue that we should decline to find waiver because the 

issues that would otherwise be waived are of public importance. (Lincoln Reply Br. 5.) 

They argue that “drillers [in the Marcellus Valley] have exploited, cheated and defrauded 

landowners in Pennsylvania. . . . It is in the public interest that such practices be brought 

into the public view and addressed by the courts.” (Lincoln Reply Br. 9.) The Lincolns 

misread the public policy exception to waiver. The waived issue here is not the broader 

backdrop of the oil drilling industry in the Marcellus Valley, or even whether the 

Lincolns were treated unfairly by the Defendants in connection with their attempts to 

lease the Lincolns’ oil and gas rights. The waived issue is simply whether an alleged 

numeric misidentification of one of the parcels of land in the Lease casts a cloud on the 

title of that parcel. This simply does not rise to the level of public importance that courts 

have deemed sufficient to overcome waiver. See, e.g., MD Mall Assocs., LLC v. CSX 

Transp., Inc., 715 F.3d 479, 486 (3d Cir. 2013) (reaching otherwise waived argument 

where landowner’s claims under a federal regulation aimed at preventing the discharge of 

storm water by a railroad onto neighboring land could have implications for numerous 

railroads and landowners); Tri-M Grp., 638 F.3d at 416 (finding an issue of public 

importance where the otherwise waived issue “entail[ed] crucial and unresolved issues of 

state sovereignty and state procurement spending, and test[ed] the limits of the dormant 

Commerce Clause in this field.”). 
10

The Lincolns failed to advance any arguments with respect to the purported 

misidentification of the parcel in the District Court. Absent exceptional circumstances 

not present here, they cannot do so for the first time on appeal.6

B. Slander of Title

The Lincolns claim that their slander of title claim is not time-barred “due to 

republication, the discovery rule and the continuing violation doctrine.” (Lincoln Br. 25.) 

The first two arguments are nonsensical and in any case waived because the Lincolns did 

not raise them before the District Court. The last is precluded by our precedent. 

With respect to the discovery rule, the Lincolns argue that the District Court 

agreed that they exercised reasonable diligence, “thereby providing an additional 

extension to the statute of limitations.” (Lincoln Br. 26-27.) We are confounded by this 

assertion, as the District Court’s opinion contains no reference to the discovery rule or to 

any “reasonable diligence” on the part of the Lincolns. Of course this is not surprising, as 

the Lincolns did not advance any argument based on the discovery rule in the District 

Court; accordingly, it is waived. Indeed, the Lincolns appear to have abandoned this 

 

6 Defendants refute the Lincolns’ argument that the alleged misidentification clouds the 

title to the parcel on several grounds. In addition to their correct assertion that the 

argument is waived because the Lincolns failed to raise it on appeal, Defendants urge that 

the argument is factually incorrect because the documents at issue do not misidentify the 

parcel, that the purported misidentification is incapable of clouding the title under 

Pennsylvania law, and that in any case, any purported misidentification does not change 

the fact that there is simply no actual controversy regarding title. (See, e.g., Chesapeake, 

et al. Br. 27-34; Magnum Br. 13-19.) Because we hold that the Lincolns failed to raise 

any arguments regarding an alleged misidentification of the parcel in the District Court, 

we do not address Defendants’ remaining arguments. For the same reason, we do not 

address the Lincolns’ argument that the alleged misidentification somehow revives their 

claim for slander of title.
11

argument in their Reply Brief. See Lincoln Reply Br. 10-11 (omitting the discovery rule 

argument from the three issues that the Lincolns contend were not waived).7 

As to republication, the Lincolns argue that the Release and Surrender filed by 

Chesapeake and Statoil on September 28, 2011, constituted a republication of the Lease, 

thereby extending the statute of limitations to September 27, 2012. (Lincoln Br. 25.) If 

we strain to do so, we can find some semblance of a republication argument in paragraph 

60 of the First Amended Complaint and in the opposition to the Defendants’ motions to 

dismiss. (See App. 31a, 248a.) However, in the District Court, the Lincolns argued that 

the recording of the assignments constituted republication. They never argued below that 

the Release and Surrender constituted a republication. The distinction is significant. As 

the District Court correctly noted, even if the recording of the assignments did constitute 

republication of a slanderous document affecting title, the Lincolns did not sue until more 

than a year after the last assignment was recorded. In other words, the republication 

argument advanced in the District Court, even if accepted, did not revive the Lincolns’ 

 

7

In any case, the Lincolns provide no support for their apparent proposition that their 

exercise of reasonable diligence in discovering that the Lease had been recorded would

extend the statute of limitations for more than a year after such discovery. Confusingly, 

the Lincolns go on to assert that “the District Court correctly recognized that the statute 

of limitations ran from September 2010 and would have expired in September 2011.” As 

an initial matter, the District Court did no such thing. Rather, the District Court noted 

that the Lincolns had filed their slander of title claim more than a year after the last 

recording of the lease in May 2010, and more than a year after becoming aware that 

Magnum had recorded the Lease in September 2009. 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 78893, at 

*15-16. Second, even if the District Court had held that the statute of limitations began 

running in September 2010 and expired in September 2011, this would still mean that the 

Lincolns’ slander of title claim was time-barred, as it was not filed until March of 2012. 

As such, the Lincolns fail entirely to explain how the discovery rule would advance their 

argument that their slander of title claim is not time-barred.
12

stale slander of title claim. On the other hand, if the Release and Surrender filed on 

September 28, 2011, constituted a republication of a slanderous document, the statute of 

limitations would not expire until September 27, 2012, and their claim would be timely. 

But this is not the argument the Lincolns advanced in the District Court. See United 

States v. Joseph, 730 F.3d 336, 342 (3d Cir. 2013) (“[T]o preserve an argument and avoid 

waiver, the argument presented in the Court of Appeals must depend on both the same 

legal rule and the same facts as the argument presented in the District Court.”) (emphasis 

added). The Lincolns’ republication argument in the District Court dealt with the dates 

the various assignments were recorded. Their republication argument here depends on 

the date of the Surrender and Release. Simply put, it is not the same argument.

The Lincolns contend that this argument was not waived because “[t]he facts of 

the republication” were contained in Lincoln’s First Amended Complaint and in its 

opposition to Defendants’ motions to dismiss. (Lincoln Reply Br. 10-11.) Of course, 

the mere fact that the Lincolns’ pleadings included the factual basis from which an 

argument could be made does not mean that that argument was in fact made. See, e.g.,

Gardiner v. V. I. Water & Power Auth., 145 F.3d 635, 646-47 (3d Cir. 1998). Because 

the Lincolns failed to argue that the Release and Surrender documents constituted a 

republication of the Lease sufficient to revive the statute of limitations for their slander of 

title claim, that argument is waived.8 

 

8 We note that, even if this argument were not waived, we would be hard pressed to hold 

that a document releasing and surrendering any rights to the property could possibly 

constitute a false statement sufficient for a slander of title claim. On the contrary, the 

documents made clear that neither Chesapeake or Statoil claimed any interest in the 
13

Finally, we address the sole argument on appeal that the Lincolns have not 

waived—that under the “continuing violation” doctrine, their claim for slander of title 

“has never expired” and indeed remains alive because the Lease “remain[s] on the 

records of the Wyoming County Recorder of Deeds,” and therefore “any potential driller 

would have been put on notice that it could not lease Lincoln’s land.” (Lincoln Br. 29.) 

Our precedent forecloses this argument. In Cowell v. Palmer Twp., 263 F.3d 286, 293 

(3d Cir. 2001), the district court held that the statute of limitations on the plaintiffs’ 

substantive due process claim began to run on the date the later of two allegedly improper 

liens was imposed. Because Plaintiffs did not bring their claim until after the statute of 

limitations had expired, their claim was time-barred. Plaintiffs appealed the ruling, 

alleging that the liens constituted “continuing violations of their substantive due process 

rights until they were either lifted or expunged.” Id. at 293. We disagreed, holding that, 

“[t]he focus of the continuing violations doctrine is on affirmative acts of the defendants. 

. . . The mere existence of the liens does not amount to a continuing violation. Neither 

was the Township’s refusal to remove the lien an affirmative act of a continuing 

violation.” Id. The Cowell court explained that “[a] continuing violation is occasioned 

by continual unlawful acts, not continual ill effects from an original violation.” Id. 

(internal quotation marks omitted).9 

 

property. Finally, we have previously held that “a reference [to an allegedly slanderous 

publication], without more, is not properly a republication.” In re Phila. Newspapers, 

LLC, 690 F.3d 161, 175 (3d Cir. 2012). 

9

The Cowell court employed a three part test to determine whether a continuing violation 

existed: “(1) subject matter—whether the violations constitute the same type of 

discrimination, tending to connect them in a continuing violation; (2) frequency—
14

Under our precedent in Cowell, the statute of limitations on the Lincolns’ slander 

of title claim began to run, at the very latest, on May 19, 2010—the date the last 

assignment was recorded, as that was the date of the last “affirmative act” that could 

conceivably form the basis of a slander of title claim. Because the Lincolns did not bring 

their slander claim until March 29, 2012—more than 21 months after that date—their 

claim is time-barred. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the District Court’s order dismissing the First 

Amended Complaint is affirmed. 

 

whether the acts are recurring or more in the nature of isolated incidents; and (3) degree 

of permanence—whether the act had a degree of permanence which should trigger the 

plaintiff’s awareness of and duty to assert his/her rights and whether the consequences of 

the act would continue even in the absence of a continuing intent to discriminate.” 

Cowell, 263 F.3d at 292. We have since departed from that test to eliminate the 

requirement of permanence. See Mandel v. M&Q Packaging Corp., 706 F.3d 157, 166-

67 (3d Cir. 2013). However, nothing in Mandel suggests that Cowell’s requirement of an 

affirmative act, taking place inside the limitations period, is no longer required for the 

continuing violation theory to apply, and Cowell remains good law on that point.