T.C. Memo. 1999-259

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

RUBY JEAN STEVENS, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 18012-97. Filed August 4, 1999.

Kevin "D" Watley, for petitioner.

William F. Castor, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

MARVEL, Judge: Respondent determined the following

deficiencies and accuracy-related penalties with respect to

petitioner's Federal income taxes:
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1Respondent has conceded the following: (a) Petitioner is

entitled to deduct legal and other professional fees of $5,806

and legal and accounting fees of $2,974 relating to "Rent-Red

Stevens, Inc." as claimed on petitioner's 1993 return; (b) of the

$1,859 in fees claimed on petitioner's 1993 return, petitioner is

entitled to deduct $665 on Schedule E and $845 on Schedule A; (c)

of the $13,569 in fees claimed on petitioner's 1994 return,

petitioner is entitled to claim $927 on Schedule E; and (d)

petitioner is not liable for the accuracy-related penalty

authorized by sec. 6662 for either of the years at issue. 

Petitioner has conceded the following: (a) Petitioner is not

entitled to charitable contribution deductions in excess of

$1,006 and $6,424 with respect to taxable years 1993 and 1994

respectively; and (b) petitioner's medical expenses for the

taxable year 1993 total $13,734, not $12,654. Other adjustments

at issue in this case (i.e., adjustments to itemized deductions

and dependency exemptions) are computational.

2Respondent's statement of the issues presented differs from

petitioner's in one material respect. Respondent states that an

issue has been raised concerning the deductibility of the

professional fees under sec. 162. Petitioner, however, has

stated consistently throughout her opening and reply briefs that

it is not necessary to address whether she was in the trade or

business of being a trustee, preferring instead to argue her case

under sec. 212 and related regulations. Because petitioner has

not presented any argument regarding sec. 162, we do not address

it.

Accuracy-related penalty

Year Deficiency sec. 6662(a)

1993 $3,803 $761

1994 17,323 3,465

After concessions,1 the sole issue2 for consideration is whether

certain professional fees incurred by petitioner in connection

with litigation involving a trust of which she was a trustee and

beneficiary were deductible under section 212 or were capital
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3All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code as

in effect for the taxable years at issue, and all Rule references

are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Monetary

amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.

4Our findings include a correction of a typographical error

in par. 28 of the stipulation of facts; i.e., "1994" is changed

to "1993".

expenditures under section 263.3 We hold that the professional

fees at issue were capital expenditures under section 263.

FINDINGS OF FACT

Most of the relevant facts have been stipulated and are so

found.4 The stipulation of facts and supplemental stipulation of

facts are incorporated herein by this reference. 

Petitioner resided in Gracemont, Oklahoma, at the time the

petition in this case was filed. 

On January 18, 1990, petitioner's husband, S.G. "Red"

Stevens (Mr. Stevens), as grantor, executed a Trust Agreement

establishing a revocable inter vivos trust (the Trust) under the

laws of the State of Oklahoma and designating Mr. Stevens as

Trustee. Mr. Stevens’ property was transferred to, and

thereafter owned by, the Trust. 

Pursuant to the terms of the Trust Agreement, all Trust

income was either distributed to Mr. Stevens or added to the

principal of the Trust during his lifetime. For Federal income

tax purposes, the Trust was classified as a grantor trust.
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On January 29, 1990, Mr. Stevens executed a First Amendment

to the Trust Agreement, modifying the estate tax apportionment

provisions of the Trust. (The Trust Agreement and the First

Amendment are collectively hereinafter referred to as "the Trust

documents".)

On December 3, 1991, Mr. Stevens died. Under the terms of

the Trust Agreement, the Trust became irrevocable upon his death,

and petitioner, who was Mr. Stevens’ second wife, became the

Successor Trustee. Petitioner was also a beneficiary of the

Trust.

The Trust Agreement instructed petitioner, the Successor

Trustee, to distribute $100,000 and certain other property to Mr.

Stevens’ son from his first marriage, Matron Garland Stevens

(Garland). The Trust Agreement further instructed petitioner to

distribute certain real property to Sedra Jean Farrow (Sedra),

the daughter of Mr. Stevens and petitioner. These distributions

were made in accordance with the Trust documents. 

After the distributions were made to Garland and Sedra, the

balance of the Trust property was distributed by petitioner, as

Successor Trustee, to herself as the Trustee of a Marital Trust

created by the Trust Agreement for her benefit. As beneficiary

of the Marital Trust, petitioner is entitled to receive the net

income from the Marital Trust as well as discretionary

distributions of principal. In addition, petitioner has been
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granted a general testamentary power of appointment. In the

event petitioner does not exercise her power of appointment, the

remaining Trust principal and income will be distributed to Sedra

upon petitioner's death.

The Trust Agreement also provides that, if any person

initiates legal proceedings to invalidate the Trust or to claim

an interest in the Trust, except as otherwise provided in the

Trust Agreement, the Trustee shall distribute $1 to such person,

and, if such person is a beneficiary of the Trust, that person

shall not receive any benefits under the Trust Agreement.

Under the terms of the Trust Agreement, the Trustee is

required to furnish an annual accounting to each beneficiary who

is entitled to receive Trust income or principal. On May 18,

1993, Garland's attorney wrote to petitioner's attorney demanding

an accounting for Trust beneficiaries. At that time, Garland was

not an income beneficiary, and all principal distributions to

which he was entitled under the terms of the Trust Agreement had

been made to him.

On December 2, 1993, Garland filed a lawsuit against

petitioner, individually and as beneficiary and Successor Trustee

of the Marital Trust, and Sedra. The complaint initiating the

lawsuit stated five "claims for relief" against petitioner and

Sedra. They were as follows:
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First Claim for Relief--Cancellation, Revocation and

Recision of the Trust;

Second Claim for Relief--Conversion/Fraud;

Third Claim for Relief--Tortious Interference with

Expectancy;

Fourth Claim for Relief--Constructive Trust; and

Fifth Claim for Relief--Punitive Damages.

Each of the claims for relief contained or incorporated 

allegations (1) that Mr. Stevens "was mentally incompetent and/or

did not possess sufficient mental comprehension to understand his

actions in signing the Trust documents"; (2) petitioner and Sedra

"caused, induced, deluded, misled, forced, and/or unduly

influenced [Mr. Stevens] into signing" the Trust documents; and

(3) the Trust documents "are invalid testamentary documents and

void as a matter of law". None of the claims for relief in the

lawsuit contained any allegation that petitioner improperly

distributed Trust income, failed to carry out a provision of the

Trust Agreement, failed to render an accounting to Trust

beneficiaries, or otherwise failed to administer the Trust

properly.

Petitioner was advised by her attorneys that it was her

duty, as Trustee, to defend against the lawsuit and to take a

position in support of the validity of the Trust Agreement.
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Petitioner diligently defended against the lawsuit on behalf of

the Trust.

The District Court of Caddo County, State of Oklahoma (the

trial court), dismissed the third claim for relief prior to

trial. Following a nonjury trial, the trial court sustained

petitioner's demurrer to the evidence of undue influence,

determined that the Trust was valid, enforced the no-contest

clause, and ordered Garland to return all property he had

received from the Trust. Garland appealed the trial court's

ruling to the Oklahoma Supreme Court, which affirmed the decision

of the trial court. 

On her Federal income tax returns for the taxable years 1993

and 1994, petitioner deducted professional fees incurred in

connection with the lawsuit. After concessions, the fees

remaining at issue are $350 deducted on the 1993 return and

$53,014 deducted on the 1994 return. 

ULTIMATE FINDINGS OF FACT

The lawsuit was brought by Garland as an heir to Mr.

Stevens’ estate and not as a beneficiary of the Trust. The

lawsuit did not allege mismanagement of the Trust but, instead,

sought to invalidate the Trust. Garland's claims in the lawsuit

and his demand of an accounting originated in his desire to gain

a larger share of Mr. Stevens’ estate than was provided under the

terms of the Trust Agreement. The lawsuit was defended by
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5SEC. 212. EXPENSES FOR PRODUCTION OF INCOME.

In the case of an individual, there shall be

allowed as a deduction all the ordinary and necessary

expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year--

(1) for the production or collection of

income;

(2) for the management, conservation, or

maintenance of property held for the

production of income; or

(3) in connection with the

determination, collection, or refund of any

tax. 

petitioner to protect the validity of the Trust and the Trust's

title to Trust property.

OPINION

Section 212 authorizes a deduction for ordinary and

necessary expenses paid or incurred for, inter alia, the

management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the

production of income.5 To satisfy the requirements of section

212, the expenditure must be reasonable in amount and must bear a

reasonable and proximate relationship to the management,

conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production

of income. See Bingham Trust v. Commissioner, 325 U.S. 365, 370

(1945).

The terms "management", "conservation", and "maintenance"

have been construed to refer to the protection, safeguarding, or

upkeep of physical assets and not to the taxpayer's retention of
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ownership of the property. See United States v. Gilmore, 372

U.S. 39, 44 (1963); Reed v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 32, 42 (1970);

Duntley v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1987-579. Therefore, to be

deductible under section 212, professional expenses must be

directly connected or proximately related to the management,

conservation, or maintenance of the property. See Bingham Trust

v. Commissioner, supra at 375; Duntley v. Commissioner, supra.

Conversely, expenditures paid or incurred in defending or

perfecting title to property, such as legal expenses in a suit to

quiet title to real estate and expenses paid to protect one's

right to property of a decedent as a beneficiary under a

testamentary trust, constitute a part of the cost of property and

are not deductible expenses. See Woodward v. Commissioner, 397

U.S. 572, 575 (1970); Boagni v. Commissioner, 59 T.C. 708, 711-

712 (1973); sec. 1.212-1(k), Income Tax Regs.; see also sec.

1.263(a)-2(c), Income Tax Regs., which classifies "The cost of

defending or perfecting title to property" as a capital

expenditure.

Petitioner contends that the disallowed professional fees at

issue in this case are deductible under section 212, because (1)

defending against the lawsuit protected her taxable income

stream, and (2) the fees were ordinary and necessary expenses

incurred in that effort. Petitioner also contends that the

disallowed professional fees qualify as ordinary and necessary
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litigation expenses incurred in connection with the performance

of her duties of administration within the meaning of section

1.212-1(i), Income Tax Regs. Respondent contends that the

disallowed professional fees represent capital expenditures

within the meaning of section 263, because the fees were incurred

to defend the validity of the Trust and its title to Trust

property. We agree with respondent. 

Whether professional fees incurred in connection with

litigation are deductible expenses under section 212, or are

capital expenditures under section 263, requires an examination

of the origin of the claims giving rise to the professional fees. 

See United States v. Gilmore, supra at 49 ("the origin and

character of the claim with respect to which an expense was

incurred, rather than its potential consequences upon the

fortunes of the taxpayer, is the controlling basic test of

whether the expense was 'business' or 'personal'"); Boagni v.

Commissioner, supra at 712-713. 

This Court has applied the origin-of-the-claim test to

evaluate the deductibility of litigation expenses under both

section 162 and section 212 and has extended the origin-of-theclaim test to cases involving the defense or perfection of title

to property. See Boagni v. Commissioner, supra at 713 (citing

Reed v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 32, 39-41 (1970)); see also sec.

1.212-1(k), Income Tax Regs., which provides in pertinent part: 
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 (k) Expenses paid or incurred in defending or

perfecting title to property, in recovering property

(other than investment property and amounts of income

which, if and when recovered, must be included in gross

income), or in developing or improving property,

constitute a part of the cost of the property and are

not deductible expenses. * * * Expenses paid or

incurred in protecting or asserting one's rights to

property of a decedent as heir or legatee, or as

beneficiary under a testamentary trust, are not

deductible. 

Petitioner contends that respondent mischaracterizes the

professional fees incurred to defend Garland's lawsuit as costs

to defend title to Trust property and/or to protect rights to

property within the meaning of section 1.212-1(k), Income Tax

Regs., because, according to petitioner, none of the claims for

relief involved the acquisition or defense of title to property.

Petitioner cites Estate of Kincaid v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1986-543, in support of her contention that, where the origin of

the claim was the prevention of conduct which would be

detrimental to her interest as income beneficiary, the litigation

costs are deductible. Petitioner argues that, just like the

taxpayer in Estate of Kincaid, she defended the lawsuit in her

capacity as income beneficiary to prevent impairment of the

production and collection of income from Trust assets.

Petitioner misapplies our decision in Estate of Kincaid v.

Commissioner, supra. In Estate of Kincaid, the taxpayer's

husband established a trust for which a bank was trustee. Under

the terms of the trust agreement, the bank was required to pay
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the taxpayer monthly installments of income from the trust

property and, at the taxpayer's direction, to distribute limited

amounts of principal. Because the taxpayer believed that she was

not receiving the amount of income from the trust to which she

was entitled, she sued the bank, alleging in her complaint

conflicts of interest, breach of fiduciary duty, and trust

mismanagement.

In Estate of Kincaid, we quoted Boagni v. Commissioner,

supra at 713, which described the objective of the "origin-ofthe-claim" analysis and the manner in which it was to be

conducted as follows:

the 'origin-of-the-claim' * * * inquiry is directed to

the ascertainment of the 'kind of transaction' out of

which the litigation arose. Consideration must be

given to the issues involved, the nature and objectives

of the litigation, the defenses asserted, the purpose

for which the claimed deductions were expended, the

background of the litigation, and all facts pertinent

to the controversy.

Estate of Kincaid v. Commissioner, supra. Applying this

analysis, we concluded that the litigation costs incurred by the

taxpayer were deductible under section 212, since "The origin and

character of the 'claim' or protection sought by * * * [the

taxpayer] had its source in the management and conservation of

income-producing property in which * * * [the taxpayer] held an

interest as an income beneficiary." Id. We arrived at this

conclusion based on evidence that the taxpayer "believed that she

was receiving less than her anticipated amount of income because
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of mismanagement and waste of the Trust assets by the trustee". 

Id. In fact, the taxpayer's attorney in the lawsuit testified

that "a goal of his law firm was to 'get what was considered a

fair administration of the trust to those people who were

intended to be the beneficiaries of the trust'". Id.

The belief that the trust in Estate of Kincaid was being

mismanaged to the detriment of the taxpayer's interest as income

beneficiary was the origin of the claims made in the lawsuit, and

we so found, holding that the expenses were deductible for the

management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the

production of income under section 212. See id.

In the case before us, however, it is clear that the lawsuit

had nothing to do with alleged abuses in the administration of

the Trust. In fact, the lawsuit was a direct attack on the

validity of the Trust. Garland's claims--undue influence, lack

of capacity, conversion, fraud, etc.--were all alternate theories

to invalidate the Trust and gain a larger share of his father's

estate. Each claim for relief was based on allegations that Mr.

Stevens was mentally incompetent and that petitioner caused,

induced, deluded, misled, forced, and/or otherwise unduly

influenced Mr. Stevens to execute the Trust. None of the claims

included allegations of mismanagement or waste of Trust assets,

or diversion of Trust income. 
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Garland's claims originated in his attempt, albeit

unsuccessful, to invalidate the Trust and acquire an interest in

the Trust assets. Unlike the Estate of Kincaid case, the

professional fees were incurred by petitioner in a dispute over

title to property between Garland and the Trust. Such expenses

are nondeductible capital expenditures. See secs. 1.212-1(k) and

1.263(a)-2(c), Income Tax Regs.; see also Boagni v. Commissioner,

59 T.C. at 713; Arthur H. DuGrenier, Inc. v. Commissioner, 58

T.C. 931, 938 (1972); Seidler v. Commissioner, 18 T.C. 256

(1952); Duntley v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1987-579.

Petitioner bases a second argument for deductibility of her

professional fees on the fact that she incurred the expenses in

her role as Successor Trustee. Petitioner argues that her

fiduciary duty to defend the Trust renders the professional fees

deductible as ordinary and necessary expenses of Trust

administration, citing section 1.212-1(i), Income Tax Regs. 

There is no higher or more important duty than defending a trust

against attack, petitioner contends, and thus her legal fees must

be deductible. Respondent counters that, since the legal fees

associated with petitioner's duties of administration originated

in the defense of the Trust, the fees are capital expenditures

under the origin-of-the-claim test. 

Section 1.212-1(i), Income Tax Regs., provides: 

(i) Reasonable amounts paid or incurred by the

fiduciary of an estate or trust on account of
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6We accept, arguendo, petitioner's contention that she owed

a fiduciary duty to defend the Trust against Garland's lawsuit. 

See First Natl. Bank v. Stricklin, 347 P.2d 652 (Okla. 1959).

administration expenses, including fiduciaries' fees

and expenses of litigation, which are ordinary and

necessary in connection with the performance of the

duties of administration are deductible under section

212 notwithstanding that the estate or trust is not

engaged in a trade or business * * * [Emphasis added.] 

The phrase "duties of administration" is not defined in section

1.212-1(i), Income Tax Regs. Petitioner would have us define it

in this case to include the defense of a lawsuit in which a

trustee is sued, regardless of the nature of the claims asserted,

arguing that a trustee has a fiduciary duty to defend any lawsuit

which threatens the integrity and operation of the Trust. 

Petitioner relies on our decisions in Moore Trust v.

Commissioner, 49 T.C. 430 (1968) and Estate of Barnhart v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1959-42, to support her argument.6

Again, we must reject petitioner's position. An examination

of the cited cases reveals why. 

In Moore Trust, a trustee sought judicial interpretation of

the trust instrument to determine whether the remainder interests

could be accelerated following the life tenant's renunciation of

her interest in the trust. The litigation at issue did not

involve any claim that the trust was invalid but was filed to

resolve an interpretive issue raised by the trust agreement

impacting directly on the manner in which the trust would be
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7Although we no longer use the primary-purpose test,

application of the origin-of-the-claim test in that case would

not have materially changed our decision. See Moore Trust v.

Commissioner, 49 T.C. 430, 443-446 (1968) (Tannenwald, J.,

concurring). 

8See supra note 7. 

administered. There, we held that the lawsuit primarily7

involved claims related to the trust's administration, rather

than title, and thus a deduction under section 212 was allowed. 

See Moore Trust v. Commissioner, supra. 

In the Estate of Barnhart case, the underlying lawsuit

involved nine specific claims which can be grouped into two

general sets of claims. Under the first set of claims, the

plaintiffs charged the taxpayer with waste and mismanagement of

the trust, seeking to have her removed as trustee and have the

wasted assets restored. The second set of claims alleged that

the taxpayer lacked the power to appoint beneficiaries of the

trust by will, and that the plaintiffs, as heirs at law, were

entitled to the corpus upon the death of the taxpayer. The

validity of the trust and the taxpayer's right to receive all the

income therefrom were unchallenged. As the taxpayer was elderly

and without descendants, we concluded that her principal purpose

in challenging the plaintiffs’ assertion of remainder rights was

to preclude their challenge to her continued administration of

the trust.8 Therefore, we held that, because the suit was

principally related to the trust's management and not its title
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9The present case is appealable to the Court of Appeals for

the Tenth Circuit.

to trust assets, the legal expenses incurred in defense of the

lawsuit were deductible. 

Moore Trust v. Commissioner, supra, and Estate of Barnhart

v. Commissioner, supra, are distinguishable from the present case

because the principal focus of Garland's lawsuit was to

invalidate the Trust. Distilled to their essence, Garland's

claims originated in his attempt to obtain a larger share of Mr.

Stevens’ estate. The claims required the trial court to address

whether the Trust received title to the corpus validly or by

virtue of undue influence. The origin of the claims in Garland's

lawsuit was Garland's desire to eliminate the Trust. Only then

could he assert a claim to the assets as Mr. Stevens’ heir.

In a final effort to salvage some part of a deduction for

the litigation costs which she incurred, petitioner argues that,

at a minimum, we should allocate the costs among the various

claims for relief contained in Garland's complaint and then allow

a deduction for that portion of the costs that qualifies for

deduction under section 212. She cites Dye v. United States, 121

F.3d 1399, 1406 (10th Cir. 1997),9 in support. Although the

decision in Dye v. United States stands for the proposition that

an allocation must be made among different causes of action in

appropriate cases, this is not such a case. The claims for
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relief asserted in Garland's lawsuit were not separate and

distinct causes of action but, instead, were an amalgam of

theories for invalidating the Trust (e.g., undue influence and

fraud) and remedies to enhance his potential recovery (e.g.,

constructive trust and punitive damages). This is confirmed by

the testimony of petitioner's attorney who testified at trial

that "the first claim, the second claim, and the fourth claim

basically merge. They're the same issues factually. They're

just different theories, pled in the alternative * * * involving

an element of fraud".

Petitioner's attorney also testified that 75 percent of his

fees were allocated to the first, second, and fourth claims and

that 25 percent was allocated to the third claim for relief which

alleged tortious interference with an expectancy and was

dismissed prior to trial. Petitioner's attorney confirmed that

the allocation was not based on precise recordkeeping but rather

was an estimate. The allocation is not controlling here for

several reasons. The first is that the allocation was made among

claims for relief which suffer from the same infirmity--each one

is grounded in an attempt to invalidate the Trust. Regardless of

whether an allocation is made, none of the costs so allocated are

deductible because they do not satisfy the standard for

deductibility under section 212. The second reason is that

petitioner has failed to prove that the allocation is anything
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more than a guess made to salvage some part of a deduction out of

that which is simply not deductible. The professional fees at

issue were incurred in defending a lawsuit which sought to

invalidate the Trust. An allocation with respect to the various

claims for relief, even if made, would not change our conclusion

or the result that flows from it. The professional fees are not

deductible under section 212; they are capital expenditures under

section 263.

We have carefully considered all remaining arguments made by

petitioner for a result contrary to that expressed herein, and,

to the extent not discussed above, we find them to be irrelevant

or without merit.

Conclusion

The professional fees incurred by petitioner in connection

with the Trust litigation had their origin in a dispute over

title to property. Therefore, those fees must be capitalized. 

To reflect the foregoing and the concessions by both

parties,

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.