MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 

BETWEEN 

THE ENERGY MARKET AUTHORITY OF 

THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE 

1 ENERGY - 

MARKET 

AUTHORITY 

Smart Energy, Sustainable Future 

AND 

THE FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION 

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

1 
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING 

BETWEEN 

THE ENERGY MARKET AUTHORITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF 

SINGAPORE 

AND 

THE FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION 

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 

The Energy Market Authority (EMA) of the Republic of Singapore and the 

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) of the United States of America 

(hereinafter referred to as the "Participants" or a "Participant"); 

DESIRING to promote cooperation and share information about the 

markets they oversee and their regulatory experiences and practices; 

HAVE REACHED the following understandings: 

SECTION 1 

AREAS OF COOPERATION 

1. The areas of cooperation under this Memorandum of Understanding 

(hereinafter referred to as the "MOU") may include the following: 

a) Planning and reliability of the electricity system, including in the area of 

cybersecurity; 

b) Regulation of wholesale energy markets, including the role of Energy 

Storage Systems (ESS) and Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in 

competitive energy markets; 

c) Cooperation at multilateral fora, such as the Asia Pacific Energy 

Regulators (APER) Forum; and 

d) Any other area of cooperation which the Participants may mutually decide 

in writing. 

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SECTION 2 

SCOPE OF COOPERATION 

1. The scope of cooperative activities ("Activities" or an "Activity") under 

this MOU may include the following: 

a) Sharing of knowledge, ideas and expertise; 

b) Technical cooperation, including training, exchange of personnel and 

information, conducting joint research, workshops, seminars, and 

symposia; 

c) High-level consultations, dialogues and exchanges between the 

Participants, which could involve participation from other related agencies 

as appropriate; and 

d) Any other forms of cooperation which the Participants may mutually 

decide in writing. 

SECTION 3 

GENERAL PROVISIONS 

1. The Participants recognise that this MOU does not create any legally 

binding rights or obligations under domestic or international law. 

2. The Participants expect to carry out Activities under this MOU in 

accordance with the respective laws and regulations of the two countries and 

subject to the availability of financial and human resources of the Participants. 

SECTION 4 

CONSULTATIONS 

1. It is the intention of the Participants to resolve amicably any issue or 

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disagreement that arises in relation to the interpretation or implementation of this 

MOU through consultations. 

SECTION 5 

OPERATIVE DATE, DURATION, DISCONTINUATION AND 

MODIFICATION 

1. This MOU becomes operative on the date of signing by the Participants. 

2. This MOU may be modified upon the mutual written consent of the 

Participants. 

3. This MOU is intended to remain in effect until discontinued by either 

Participant, which should endeavor to provide three (3) months' written notice to 

the other Participant. 

4. The discontinuation of this MOU is not intended to affect the Activities 

embarked upon pursuant to this MOU. 

This MOU is signed in Washington DC, the United States of America, on 22 

April 2019, in duplicate, in the English language. 

NGIAM SHIH CHUN NEIL CHATTERJEE 

CHIEF EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN 

for and on behalf of for and on behalf of 

EMA FERC 

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