# Patent

## Title
Asymmetric mapping for tactile and non-tactile user interfaces

## Abstract

A method, including receiving, by a computer, a sequence of signals indicating a motion of a hand of a user within a predefined area, and segmenting the area into multiple regions. Responsively to the signals, a region is identified in which the hand is located, and a mapping ration is assigned to the motion of the hand based on a direction of the motion and the region in which the hand is located. Using the assigned mapping ratio, a cursor on a display is presented responsively to the indicated motion of the hand.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/603,949, filed Feb. 28, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to user interfaces for computerized systems, and specifically to user interfaces that are configured to interact with tactile and non-tactile input devices.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Many different types of user interface devices and methods are currently available. Common tactile interface devices include the computer keyboard, mouse and joystick. Touch screens detect the presence and location of a touch by a finger or other object within the display area. Infrared remote controls are widely used, and “wearable” hardware devices have been developed, as well, for purposes of remote control.
Computer interfaces based on three-dimensional (3D) sensing of parts of the user's body have also been proposed. For example, PCT International Publication WO 03/071410, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a gesture recognition system using depth-perceptive sensors. A 3D sensor provides position information, which is used to identify gestures created by a body part of interest. The gestures are recognized based on a shape of a body part and its position and orientation over an interval. The gesture is classified for determining an input into a related electronic device.
As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,963, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes an interactive video display system, in which a display screen displays a visual image, and a camera captures 3D information regarding an object in an interactive area located in front of the display screen. A computer system directs the display screen to change the visual image in response to changes in the object.
Documents incorporated by reference in the present patent application are to be considered an integral part of the application except that to the extent any terms are defined in these incorporated documents in a manner that conflicts with the definitions made explicitly or implicitly in the present specification, only the definitions in the present specification should be considered.
The description above is presented as a general overview of related art in this field and should not be construed as an admission that any of the information it contains constitutes prior art against the present patent application.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
There is provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a method, including receiving, by a computer, a sequence of signals indicating a motion of a hand of a user within a predefined area, segmenting the area into multiple regions, identifying, responsively to the signals, a region in which the hand is located, assigning a mapping ratio to the motion of the hand based on a direction of the motion and the region in which the hand is located, and presenting, using the assigned mapping ratio, a cursor on a display responsively to the indicated motion of the hand.
There is also provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention an apparatus, including a sensing device, and a computer executing a mixed modality user interface, and configured to receive, from the sensing device, a sequence of signals indicating a motion of a hand of a user within a predefined area, to segment the area into multiple regions, to identify, responsively to the signals, a region in which the hand is located, to assign a mapping ratio to the motion of the hand based on a direction of the motion and the region in which the hand is located, and to present, using the assigned mapping ratio, a cursor on a display responsively to the indicated motion of the hand.
There is further provided, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention a computer software product, including a non-transitory computer-readable medium, in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer, cause the computer to receive a sequence of signals indicating a motion of a hand of a user within a predefined area, to segment the area into multiple regions, to identify responsively to the signals, a region in which the hand is located, to assign a mapping ratio to the motion of the hand based on a direction of the motion and the region in which the hand is located, and to present, using the assigned mapping ratio, a cursor on a display responsively to the indicated motion of the hand.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The disclosure is herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic, pictorial illustration of a computer system implementing a mixed modality user interface, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram that schematically illustrates a method of asymmetric mapping for a tactile pointing device coupled to the computer system, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
FIG. 3 is a first schematic top view of a two dimensional (2D) surface comprising an inner 2D region and an outer 2D region, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a second schematic top view of the 2D surface comprising the inner and the outer 2D regions, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a third schematic top view of the 2D surface comprising historical positions of a mouse for use in a statistical model, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic pictorial illustration of a touchpad comprising the inner and the outer 2D regions, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram that schematically illustrates a method of asymmetric mapping for three dimensional (3D) gestures performed by a user interacting with the mixed modality user interface, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an inner three dimensional (3D) region, surrounded by an outer 3D region, that are used by the mixed modality user interface when interpreting gestures performed by the user, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 shows first schematic pictorial illustrations of the user interacting with a virtual keyboard by performing a side-to-side gesture within the inner and the outer 3D regions, in accordance with an embodiment of the current invention;
FIG. 10 shows second schematic pictorial illustrations of the user interacting with the virtual keyboard by performing a side-to-side gesture within the inner and the outer 3D regions, in accordance with an embodiment of the current invention; and
FIG. 11 shows third schematic pictorial illustrations of the user interacting with the virtual keyboard by performing a side-to-side gesture within the inner and the outer 3D regions, in accordance with an embodiment of the current invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
When interacting with a computer executing a tactile two dimensional (2D) user interface, a user typically manipulates a physical input device such as a mouse positioned on a two-dimensional surface (e.g., a table or a desktop) comprising a horizontal X-axis and a depth Z-axis. Based on the configuration of the 2D surface, the computer system can dynamically map a virtual motion of a cursor presented on the display screen to the physical motion of the mouse.
Alternatively, when interacting with a computer executing a non-tactile three dimensional (3D) user interface, the user may perform gestures in mid-air, and perform the gestures from different positions within a field of view of a 3D sensor coupled to the computer. The gestures may include moving a limb (e.g., a hand) up and down, forward and backward, and side to side, and the computer can dynamically map a virtual motion of a cursor presented on the display screen to the physical motion of the limb.
Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems for a computer executing a mixed modality user interface to asymmetrically map input from a user when presenting a cursor on a display. In the embodiments described herein, the mixed modality user interface can be configured to accept signals from both tactile and non-tactile input devices. Examples of tactile input devices include, but are not limited to pointing devices such as keyboards, mice and touchpads. An example of a non-tactile input device comprises a 3D sensor configured to detect a user performing non-tactile 3D gestures.
In some embodiments, the computer receives a sequence of signals indicating a motion of a hand of a user within a predefined area. In the disclosure and in the claims, reference to an area is to be taken as reference to an extent of space, so that an area may be considered as a two-dimensional (2D) region or as a three-dimensional region. The motion of the hand may comprise a motion of the whole hand or any part of the hand, including fingers. The signals may be received from a 3D sensing device configured to generate signals that indicate the motion of the hand, or from a tactile pointing device configured to generate signals that indicate the motion of the hand that is holding or operating the device.
Upon receiving the signals indicating the motion of the hand, the computer can segment the area into multiple regions (either 2D or 3D), identify a region in which the hand is located, and assign, based on a direction of the motion and the region in which the hand is located, a mapping ratio to the motion of the hand. The computer can then present, using the assigned mapping ratio, a cursor on a display responsively to the indicated motion of the hand.
The mapping ratio may comprise a ratio between the user's motion and a corresponding motion of a cursor on a display. For example, if the mapping ratio is 1:1, then for every centimeter the user moves a mouse, the computer responsively moves the cursor one centimeter on a display, and if the mapping ratio is 1:2 then for every centimeter the user moves a mouse, the computer responsively moves the cursor two centimeters on the display.
In some embodiments, the mapping ratio can be inversely related to a difficulty of performing the motion of the hand. For example, as a user moves the hand further from the body, the user may extend joints in her/his elbow and/or shoulder, making the motion more difficult. The computer can compensate for the difficulty by assigning more significance to the motion (i.e., a lower mapping ratio) as the motion becomes more difficult. Likewise, the user returning the hand closer to the body comprises an easier motion, and the computer can assign less significance (i.e., a higher mapping ratio) to the motion as the motion becomes easier.
Therefore, as explained hereinbelow, a mixed modality user interface implementing embodiments of the present invention may define the regions with either symmetric mapping ratios (where any motion within the region is mapped using a single mapping ratio), or asymmetric mapping ratios (where different motions within the region are mapped with different mapping ratios).
System Description
FIG. 1 is a schematic, pictorial illustration of a mixed modality user interface 20 (also referred to herein as user interface 20) for operation by a user 22 of a computer 24, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As explained in detail hereinbelow, user interface 20 is configured to accept input from user 22 in a tactile modality via tactile devices (e.g., a keyboard and/or a mouse) and/or via 3D gestures, in a non-tactile modality, performed by the user. In embodiments described below, computer 24 is configured to process the inputs received from the user in order to control a cursor 26 presented on a display 28.
The non-tactile modality is based on a 3D sensing device 30 coupled to the computer, which captures 3D scene information of a scene that includes the body (or at least a body part, such as one or more of hands 32) of the user. Device 30 or a separate camera/optical sensor (not shown in the figures) may also capture video images of the scene. The information captured by device 30 is processed by computer 24, which drives display 28 accordingly.
Computer 24, executing mixed modality user interface 20, processes data generated by device 30 in order to reconstruct a 3D map of user 22. The term “3D map” refers to a set of 3D coordinates measured, by way of example, with reference to a generally horizontal X-axis 34 in space, a generally vertical Y-axis 36 in space and a depth Z-axis 38 in space, based on device 30. The 3D coordinates represent the surface of a given object, in this case the user's body. In one embodiment, device 30 projects a pattern of spots onto the object and captures an image of the projected pattern. Computer 24 then computes the 3D coordinates of points on the surface of the user's body by triangulation, based on transverse shifts of the spots in the pattern. Methods and devices for this sort of triangulation-based 3D mapping using a projected pattern are described, for example, in PCT International Publications WO 2007/043036, WO 2007/105205 and WO 2008/120217, whose disclosures are incorporated herein by reference. Alternatively, interface 20 may use other methods of 3D mapping, using single or multiple cameras or other types of sensors, as are known in the art.
The tactile modality of user interface 20 processes input from tactile input devices such as a keyboard 40 and a mouse 42. As explained in detail hereinbelow, computer 24 may be configured to process signals generated by device 30 in order to determine a position of mouse 42 on a two dimensional area such as a desktop 44. While the example shown in FIG. 1 shows computer 24 configured to determine a position of mouse 42 on desktop 44 by processing images received from 3D sensing device 30, in an alternative configuration, the computer may be configured to determine the position of the mouse on the desktop by processing images received from a two dimensional optical sensor (not shown).
Additionally, computer 24 may be configured to process signals generated by device 30 in order to determine a position of mouse 42 relative to relative to physical obstacles (e.g., keyboard 40) and edges 46 of the desktop. In the embodiments described herein, the edges and physical obstacles such as the keyboard may collectively be referred to as impediments.
In some embodiments, mouse 42 may comprise one or more sensing devices 48 (e.g., optical or ultrasonic sensors) positioned on the sides and/or the top of the mouse, and computer 24 can be configured to process signals from sensing devices 48 in order to determine a position of the mouse relative to the physical obstacles and the edges. In the configuration shown in FIG. 1, each sensing device 48 comprises an optical sensor having a field of view 50.
Computer 24 typically comprises a general-purpose computer processor, which is programmed in software to carry out the functions described hereinbelow. The software may be downloaded to the processor in electronic form, over a network, for example, or it may alternatively be provided on non-transitory tangible media, such as optical, magnetic, or electronic memory media. Alternatively or additionally, some or all of the functions of the image processor may be implemented in dedicated hardware, such as a custom or semi-custom integrated circuit or a programmable digital signal processor (DSP). Although computer 24 is shown in FIG. 1, by way of example, as a separate unit from sensing device 30, some or all of the processing functions of the computer may be performed by suitable dedicated circuitry within the housing of the sensing device or otherwise associated with the sensing device.
As another alternative, these processing functions may be carried out by a suitable processor that is integrated with display 28 (in a television set, for example) or with any other suitable sort of computerized device, such as a game console or media player. The sensing functions of device 30 may likewise be integrated into the computer or other computerized apparatus that is to be controlled by the sensor output.
Asymmetric 2D Mapping for a Tactile User Interface
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram that schematically illustrates a method of asymmetrically mapping a physical motion of mouse 42 to a corresponding motion of cursor 26 on display 28, and FIG. 3 is a first schematic top view desktop 44 comprising an inner 2D region 80 within an outer 2D region 82, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiments described herein, inner 2D region 80 may also be referred to as inner region 80 and outer 2D region 82 may also be referred to as outer region 82.
In a presentation step 60, computer 24 presents cursor 26 at a first position on display 28, and in a receive step 62, the computer receives a sequence of signals indicating a motion of mouse 42 on desktop 44. In some embodiments, mouse 42 may comprise an optical mouse or a laser mouse, and the sequence of signals may be generated by an optical sensor (not shown) positioned on the bottom of the mouse in response to hand 32 manipulating the mouse. In alternative embodiments, the signal may be generated by sensing devices 48 mounted on sides of the mouse, as shown in FIG. 1.
In additional embodiments, sensing device 30 may generate a sequence of 3D maps that indicate positions of mouse 42 on desktop 44. While the embodiments disclosed herein describe 3D sensing device 30 capturing 3D depth maps indicating the motion of mouse 42 on desktop 44, other optical sensors configured to capture two dimensional images indicating the motion of the mouse are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
In a segmentation step 64, computer 24 segments desktop 44 into multiple regions. In the example shown in FIG. 3, computer 24 segments desktop 44 into inner region 80 that is surrounded by outer region 82. In an assign step 66, computer 24 assigns one or more mapping ratios to each of the regions, and in an identification step 68, the computer identifies a location and a direction of the motion of mouse 42. As described hereinbelow, computer 24 can assign the one or more mapping ratios for each of the multiple regions based on the direction of the motion of the mouse. Finally, in a repositioning step 70, computer 24 uses the mapping ratio associated with the location (i.e., region) and the direction of the motion of mouse 42 to responsively reposition cursor 26 on display 28.
For example, if the received sequence of signals indicates that either the user is moving the mouse in any direction within inner 2D region 80 (as indicated by arrows 84), or that the user is moving the mouse within outer 2D region 82 and toward the inner 2D region (as indicated by arrows 86) then computer 24 can assign uses a first mapping ratio when positioning cursor 26 on display 28. However, if the received sequence of 3D maps indicates that the user is moving the mouse within outer 2D region 82 and away from inner 2D region 80 (as indicated by arrows 88), then the computer uses a second mapping ratio when positioning cursor 26 on display 28. In some embodiments, if the user moves the mouse in non-radial directions within outer region 82 (i.e., not away or toward the inner 2D region), computer 24 can symmetrically map the mouse motion using an additional mapping ratio.
As user 22 moves mouse 42 within outer 2D region 82 and away from inner 2D region 80, the motion typically becomes more difficult as the user extends joints in her/his elbow and/or shoulder. Computer 24 can compensate for the difficulty by assigning more significance to the motion as the motion becomes more difficult. For example, computer 24 can set the first mapping ratio to 1:1 and the second mapping ratio to 1:2. In other words, if user 22 moves mouse 42 one centimeter while performing an “easy” motion (i.e., a motion indicated by arrows 84 and 86), then computer 24 can reposition cursor 26 one centimeter in response to the mouse movement. However, if user 22 moves mouse 42 one centimeter while performing a “difficult” motion (i.e., a motion indicated by arrows 88), then computer 24 can reposition cursor 26 two centimeters in response to the mouse movement.
In operation, upon detecting that the user is moving the mouse toward an impediment (e.g., an edge of the 2D surface or an obstacle such as a keyboard), computer 24 can utilize the second mapping ratio to increase the “speed” of cursor 26 on display. By speeding up cursor 26, computer 24 “encourages” user 22 to slow down the physical motion of mouse 42 so that the mouse does not reach the impediment.
While the configuration shown in FIG. 3 shows inner 2D region 80 and outer 2D region 82 comprising concentric circles around a center 90, other shapes of the inner and outer 2D regions are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Additionally or alternatively, while the configuration described herein comprises a single outer 2D region 82 surrounding inner 2D region 80, in alternative embodiments, computer 24 may define multiple outer 2D regions surrounding the inner 2D region, with each of the outer 2D regions having an associated mapping ratio.
In further embodiments, computer 24 may define the mapping ratio in outer 2D region 82 as a function, typically a relatively smoothly graded function, of the distance from inner center 90. Alternatively, computer 24 may implement a continuous model, where the mapping ratio in proximity to center 90 is symmetric, and the mapping ratio gradually becomes more asymmetric with any radial motion outward from the center.
FIG. 4 is a schematic top view of a second embodiment of inner 2D region 80 and outer 2D region 82 on desktop 44, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the configuration shown in FIG. 4, computer 24 receives, in step 62, a sequence of signals indicating positions of keyboard 40 (or any other obstacle such as a coffee cup), edges 46, and mouse 42.
As user 22 moves mouse 42 toward edges 46 and obstacles such as keyboard 40, the user typically slows down the speed of the mouse movement in order to avoid the mouse touching the keyboard or moving the mouse off desktop 44. Therefore, based on the position of edges 46 and obstacles such as keyboard 40, computer 24 can define inner 2D region 80 and outer 2D region 82 based on the received positions of the keyboard and the edges. In the example shown in FIG. 4, the inner 2D region and the outer 2D region may be dynamic, since user 22 may move keyboard 40 and/or place additional obstacles (e.g., a cup) on the desktop.
In embodiments where mouse 42 includes optical sensors 48, computer 24 can process signals from sensing devices 48 to determine if the mouse is positioned within inner 2D region 80 or within outer 2D region 82. If the signals received from sensing devices 48 indicate that the mouse is near keyboard 40 or edges 46, then computer 24 can determined that mouse 42 is within a given section of outer region 82, and the computer can use the second mapping ratio to reposition cursor 26 on display 28 responsively to the mouse movement. However, if the signals received from sensing devices 48 do not indicate that the mouse is near keyboard 40 or edges 46, then computer 24 can determine that the mouse is within inner region 80, and the computer can use the first mapping ratio when repositioning cursor 26 on display 28 responsively to the mouse movement.
FIG. 5 is a schematic top view of surface 44 comprising historical positions 100 of mouse 42, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In operation, computer 24 captures positions 100 as user 22 moves mouse 42 on surface 44. Computer 24 can capture positions 100 from sensing device 30 or sensing devices 48, as described supra. After collecting positions 100, computer 24 can apply a statistical model that analyzes the positions in order to define inner 2D region 80 and outer 2D region 82.
FIG. 6 is a schematic pictorial illustration of user 22 interacting with mixed modality user interface 20 by moving a finger 110 along a touchpad 112, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the example shown in FIG. 6, computer 24 can define, based on signals received from tactile sensors (not shown) positioned within the touchpad, inner region 80 and outer region 82 on touchpad 112, so that the computer 26 can position cursor 26 using a smaller mapping ratio (e.g., 1:2) that applies greater significance to the finger movement as finger 110 moves closer to an impediment, e.g., one of touchpad edges 114.
Asymmetric 3D Mapping for a Non-Tactile User Interface
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram that schematically illustrates a method of asymmetrically mapping a 3D gesture performed by hand 32 to a corresponding motion of cursor 26 on display 28, and FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a 3D area 144 comprising an inner 3D region 140 within an outer 3D region 142, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. In the embodiments described herein, user 22 can perform 3D gestures by moving hand within 3D area 144. Additionally, inner 3D region 140 may also be referred to as inner region 140 and outer 3D region 142 may also be referred to as outer region 142.
In a presentation step 120, computer 24 presents cursor 26 at a first position on display 28, and in a receive step 122, the computer receives, from sensing device 30, a sequence of images indicating a motion of hand 32 within area 144 that includes the hand. In a segmentation step 124, computer 24 segments area 144 into multiple regions. In the example shown in FIG. 8, computer 24 segments area 144 into inner 3D region 140 that is surrounded by outer 3D region 142.
In an assign step 126, computer 24 assigns one or more mapping ratios to each of the regions, and in an identification step 128, the computer identifies a location and a direction of the motion of hand 32. As described hereinbelow, each of the multiple regions may have multiple mapping ratios that are selected based on the direction of the motion of hand 32.
Finally, in a repositioning step 130, computer 24 uses the mapping ratio associated with the location (i.e., region) and the direction of the motion of the hand to responsively reposition cursor 26 on display 28. To reposition cursor 26, computer 24 can extract, from the sequence of 3D maps, 3D coordinates indicating a motion of the user's hand in one of the multiple 3D regions, and map a physical position of the hand to a virtual position in a virtual space defined by the computer.
FIGS. 9, 10 and 11 are schematic pictorial illustrations of user 22 interacting with a virtual keyboard 150 (presented on display 28) by performing, with hand 32, a 3D gesture within inner 3D region 140 and outer 3D region 142, in accordance with an embodiment of the current invention. In the example shown in FIGS. 9-11, user 22 performs side-to-side gestures by moving hand 32 along X-axis 34. As user 22 moves hand 32, computer 24 constructs, using the sequence of images received in step 122, a corresponding sequence of 3D maps indicating a position of the user, including the hand.
In FIG. 9, as user 22 moves hand 32 between a position 160 and a position 162 (as indicated by a double-headed arrow 164), computer 24 identifies that positions 160 and 162 are within inner 3D region 140, and uses a first mapping ratio when repositioning cursor 26 between a position 166 and a position 168 (as indicated by a double-headed arrow 170) in response to the hand movement. For example, if the first ratio is 1:1, then computer 26 moves the cursor one centimeter in response to the received sequence of 3D maps indicating that the user moved the hand one centimeter.
In FIG. 10, as user 22 moves hand 32 from a position 180 to a position 182 (as indicated by a single-headed arrow 184), computer 24 identifies that positions 180 and 182 are within outer 3D region 142, and uses a second mapping ratio when repositioning cursor 26 on display 28. While in outer 3D region 142, it typically becomes more difficult to move the hand away from inner 3D region 140 as the user extends his arm. To compensate for the difficulty of moving hand 32 from position 180 to position 182, computer 24 can assign greater significance to hand motion in the second mapping ratio. For example, the computer can assign 1:1 to the first mapping ratio, and 1:2 to the second mapping ratio.
In other words, computer 24 can assign a mapping ratio that is inversely related to a difficulty of moving the hand in a direction of a motion within a given one of the regions. As described herein, the difficulty may comprise:

    
    
        User 22 moving hand 32 so that muscles and tendons in the arm extend.
        User 22 pulling hand 32 back toward the user's body, so that the user's forearm presses against an obstacle such as the user's arm or body.
        While performing a 3D gesture, user 22 moving hand 32 toward an obstacle (described in detail hereinbelow).
    
    


Continuing the example described supra (i.e., the first mapping ratio being 1:1), if the second ratio is 1:2, then computer 24 repositions the cursor two centimeters in response to the received sequence of 3D maps indicating that the user moved the hand one centimeter. Therefore as shown in FIG. 10, a relatively small motion of moving hand 32 from position 180 to position 182 results in computer 24 moving cursor 26 a greater distance on display 28, from a position 186 to a position 188, as indicated by a single-headed arrow 190.
In FIG. 11, user 22 moves hand 32 in a motion indicated by a single-headed arrow 192 in order to reposition cursor 26 back to position 186. However, since computer 24 identifies that the motion starts in outer 3D region 142 and moves toward inner 3D region 140, the computer can use the first mapping ratio when positioning cursor 26 on display 28, since the motion is “easy,” i.e., has less difficulty than other motions. Therefore, when user 22 moves hand 32 back to position 180, computer 24 moves cursor 26 in a motion indicated by an arrow 194 to a position 196, which is in-between positions 188 and 186.
To move cursor 26 back to position 186, user 22 continues moving hand 32 in the motion indicated by arrow 192 until hand 32 reaches a position 198. Note that when user 22 started moving hand 32 from position 180 in FIG. 10, computer 24 presented cursor 26 at position 186. Due to the asymmetric mapping embodiments described herein, after moving hand to position 182 (i.e., a “difficult” motion), the user needs to move hand greater distance (albeit via an easier motion) to position 198 in order to have computer 24 reposition the cursor back to position 186.
As user 22 performs a gesture by extending hand 32 into outer 3D region 142, the asymmetric mapping embodiments of the present invention help compel user 22 to “drift” hand 32 back to a more comfortable position within inner 3D region 140. In a similar manner, embodiments of the present invention can be used to enable user 22 to keep mouse 42 positioned within inner 2D region 80. Therefore, ongoing interaction with mixed modality user interface 20 typically drives user 22 to “drift” hand 32 back to a more comfortable position, i.e., inner 3D region 140.
As shown in FIG. 10, when user 22 initially positions hand 32 at position 180 (within region 142), computer 24 presents cursor 26 at position 186. However, as shown in FIG. 11, to reposition cursor 26 back to position 186, user 22 moves hand 32 to position 198, which is in the center of region 140. Therefore, computer 24 “preserves space” for motion within region 140, but does not preserve space once user 22 moves hand 32 out to region 142.
Although the configuration shown in FIGS. 8-11 shows inner 3D region 140 comprising concentric cubes, other shapes of the inner and outer regions are considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Additionally or alternatively, while the configuration described herein comprises a single outer 3D region 142 surrounding inner 3D region 140, in some embodiments, computer 24 may define multiple outer 3D regions surrounding the inner 3D region, with each of the outer 3D regions having an associated mapping ratio. In further embodiments, computer 24 may define the mapping ratio in outer 3D region 142 as a function of the distance from inner 3D region 140.
In additional embodiments, computer 24 may dynamically define the inner and the outer 3D regions as non-uniform regions, depending on obstacles identified in the area (i.e., via the 3D maps captured by sensing device 24) that may restrict movement of the user's hand. Obstacles may include the user's head, the user's body, or any fixed object in the room (e.g., a wall or furniture). Dynamically defining the inner and the outer 3D regions can “encourage” the user to gradually “drift” hand 32 away from the identified objects.
In further embodiments, computer 24 can identify the inner and the outer 3D regions by tracking, over time, the movement of hand 32 (or any other limb of user 22). In other words, based on the tracked (i.e., historical) motion of hand 32, the computer can define the inner and the outer 3D regions. For example, computer 26 can process captured depth maps in order to track positions of hand 32. Tracking hand points is described in further detail in PCT International Publication WO IB2010/051055, which is incorporated herein by reference.
It will be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.

## Claims

1. A method, comprising:
receiving, by a computer, a sequence of signals indicating a motion of a hand of a user within a predefined area;
segmenting the area into multiple regions;
identifying, responsively to the signals, a region in which the hand is located;
assigning a mapping ratio to the motion of the hand based on a direction of the motion and the region in which the hand is located; and
presenting, using the assigned mapping ratio, a cursor on a display responsively to the indicated motion of the hand.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the signals indicate the hand manipulating a mouse, and wherein the predefined area comprises a two dimensional area including the mouse, and wherein the region comprises a two dimensional region within the two dimensional area.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein receiving the signals comprises receiving the signals from one or more sensing devices mounted on the mouse, each of the one or more sensing devices selected from a list comprising an optical sensor and an ultrasonic senor.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein receiving the signals comprises receiving the signals from a sensing device configured to collect images of the area, the sensing device selected from a list comprising a two dimensional optical sensor and a three dimensional optical sensor.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the region comprises a two dimensional region within a touchpad, and wherein receiving the signals comprises collecting the signals from tactile sensors positioned within the touchpad.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the motion of the hand comprises a three dimensional gesture performed by the hand, and wherein the predefined area comprises a three dimensional area including the hand, and wherein the region comprises a three dimensional region within the three dimensional area.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein receiving the signals comprises collecting, from a three dimensional sensing device, three dimensional information of the area.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mapping ratio is inversely related to a difficulty of moving the hand in the direction of the motion within the region.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the difficulty comprises an impediment positioned in proximity to the hand and in the direction of the motion, the impediment selected from a list comprising an edge of the area and an obstacle positioned within the area.

10. An apparatus, comprising:
a sensing device; and
a computer executing a mixed modality user interface, and configured to receive, from the sensing device, a sequence of signals indicating a motion of a hand of a user within a predefined area, to segment the area into multiple regions, to identify, responsively to the signals, a region in which the hand is located, to assign a mapping ratio to the motion of the hand based on a direction of the motion and the region in which the hand is located, and to present, using the assigned mapping ratio, a cursor on a display responsively to the indicated motion of the hand.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10, and comprising a mouse, and wherein the signals indicate the hand manipulating a mouse, and wherein the predefined area comprises a two dimensional area including the mouse, and wherein the region comprises a two dimensional region within the two dimensional area.

12. The apparatus according to claim 11, and comprising one or more sensing devices mounted on the mouse, and wherein the computer is configured to receive the signals from the one or more sensing devices, each of the one or more sensing devices selected from a list comprising an optical sensor and an ultrasonic senor.

13. The apparatus according to claim 11, and comprising a sensing device configured to collect images of the area, and wherein the computer is configured to receive the signals from the sensing device, the sensing device selected from a list comprising a two dimensional optical sensor and a three dimensional optical sensor.

14. The apparatus according to claim 10, and comprising a touchpad having tactile sensors positioned within the touchpad, wherein the area is comprised in the touchpad, and wherein the region comprises a two dimensional region on the touchpad, and wherein the computer is configured to receive the signals from the tactile sensors.

15. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the motion of the hand comprises a three dimensional gesture performed by the hand, and wherein the predefined area comprises a three dimensional area including the hand, and wherein the region comprises a three dimensional region within the three dimensional area.

16. The apparatus according to claim 15, and comprising a three dimensional sensing device configured to collect three dimensional information of the area, and wherein the computer is configured to receive the signals from the three dimensional sensing device.

17. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the mapping ratio is inversely related to a difficulty of moving the hand in the direction of the motion within the region.

18. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the difficulty comprises an impediment positioned in proximity to the hand and in the direction of the motion, the impediment selected from a list comprising an edge of the area and an obstacle positioned within the area.

19. A computer software product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable medium, in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer, cause the computer to receive a sequence of signals indicating a motion of a hand of a user within a predefined area, to segment the area into multiple regions, to identify responsively to the signals, a region in which the hand is located, to assign a mapping ratio to the motion of the hand based on a direction of the motion and the region in which the hand is located, and to present, using the assigned mapping ratio, a cursor on a display responsively to the indicated motion of the hand.