IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2005-CA-02082-SCT

CLYDE ANGLIN

v.

GULF GUARANTY LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 10/14/2005

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. PAUL S. FUNDERBURK

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LEE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: DANA GAIL DEATON

CHRIS H. DEATON

GRANT M. FOX

SARA MARTIN FOX

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: THOMAS WICKER

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - INSURANCE

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 04/19/2007

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE SMITH, C.J., CARLSON AND RANDOLPH, JJ.

RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. In conjunction with two separate loans, Clyde Anglin purchased credit life insurance

coverage and monthly disability insurance coverage underwritten by Gulf Guaranty Life

Insurance Company (“Gulf Guaranty”). The certificates of insurance were issued to Anglin

without a request to answer any health questions preprinted on the application or otherwise.

The certificates of insurance reserved the right for Gulf Guaranty to decline coverage within

ninety days of each loan. Because of information acquired in conjunction with a third loan

and purchase of credit life and monthly disability insurance coverage, and within ninety days
This same certificate encompasses Certificate Number 17467540, which is the credit 1

life insurance coverage and Certificate Number 17467547, which is the monthly disability

insurance coverage.

2

of the first two purchases, Gulf Guaranty declined Anglin’s monthly disability insurance

coverage (but only on the second certificate of insurance), and cancelled his credit life

insurance coverage on all certificates of insurance, including the third policy, which is not

at issue in this appeal. Subsequent to his receipt of the certificates of insurance, but before

the declination of one policy and cancellation of three others, Anglin was diagnosed with an

incurable, fast-progressing disease, amyotrophic lateral schlerosis (“ALS” or “Lou Gehrig’s

disease”). Prior to his death in May 2000, Anglin filed suit against Gulf Guaranty.

¶2. On September 13, 2005, Gulf Guaranty filed a motion for summary judgment

asserting it properly “cancelled and/or declined coverage within ninety (90) days of the date

of the loans in question . . . .” In response, Anglin’s estate argued that Gulf Guaranty had

only the right to decline coverage, not cancel coverage. The Circuit Court of Lee County

granted Gulf Guaranty’s motion for summary judgment. From that ruling comes this appeal.

FACTS

¶3. On July 31, 1998, Anglin refinanced two loans and purchased credit life and monthly

disability insurance coverage underwritten by Gulf Guaranty. The certificate of insurance

pertaining to the first loan provided $15,051.72 in credit life insurance coverage and $418.11

in monthly disability insurance coverage (Certificate Number 1746754) . The second 1

certificate of insurance provided $21,500.72 in credit life insurance coverage and $449.19
This same certificate encompasses Certificate Number 17467550, which is the credit 2

life insurance coverage and Certificate Number 17467557, which is the monthly disability

insurance coverage. The combined monthly disability insurance coverage purportedly

provided to Anglin via Certificates Number 17467547 and 17467557 was $867.30. Note,

however, that each certificate of insurance specifically states that “[t]he maximum aggregate

Total Disability benefit payable to any Insured Debtor under this and all other certificates

is . . . $300.00 per month for ages 51-65.”

On both applications, Anglin was listed as the “insured debtor” and People’s Bank 3

was listed as the “creditor beneficiary.”

This provision was contained on the back of the certificate of insurance. Note that

4

each certificate of insurance was on the same document as the application for insurance. For

reasons unexplained in the record, Gulf Guaranty claims it did not receive these applications

for insurance/certificates of insurance until September 9, 1998.

This was corroborated by Porter. 5

3

in monthly disability insurance coverage (Certificate Number 1746755) . Each certificate 2

of insurance clearly and unambiguously states that “[Gulf Guaranty] agrees to insure the

Insured Debtor(s)[ ] as specified in this Certificate, subject to the provisions contained in the 3

Group Credit Insurance policy.” Each certificate of insurance further provided that “[i]f

[Gulf Guaranty] finds the Insured Debtor is not an insurable risk, it reserves the right to

decline the Insurance within 90 days of the Date of Loan by mailing notice of declination

directly to the Creditor Beneficiary and returning all premiums collected for this

Certificate.” (Emphasis added). The deposition testimony of Ellen Methvin, vice president 4

and office manager of Gulf Guaranty, revealed that agents such as loan officer Brian Porter

receive no training or guidelines as to underwriting criteria in processing applications for

insurance. While the preprinted application for insurance form contained health questions, 5

Gulf Guaranty did not require those questions to be asked or answered. Furthermore, the

parties agree that Porter asked him no health questions. Porter furnished Anglin a copy of
The monthly disability insurance coverage of Certificate Number 1746759 was of 6

no value. See footnote 2 supra.

4

the certificates of insurance. Anglin further asserted that Porter told him as he left the office

that “you’re covered.” Porter denied telling Anglin that he was “covered” or otherwise

implying that Anglin’s coverage was guaranteed. By contrast, Porter claimed that he

informed Anglin that “[b]ecause the loan amounts were over $10,000 . . . he could probably

expect a . . . health questionnaire [from] Gulf Guaranty.”

¶4. On August 25, 1998, Anglin borrowed an additional $60,000.00 for the purpose of

buying an excavating machine. Anglin purchased credit life and monthly disability

insurance. The certificate of insurance pertaining to the August 25, 1998, loan purported on

its face to provide $80,010.64 in credit life insurance coverage and $1,666.89 in monthly

disability insurance coverage (Certificate Number 1746759). The certificate of insurance 6

stated that “[Gulf Guaranty] agrees to insure the Insured Debtor(s) as specified in this

Certificate, subject to the provisions contained in the Group Credit Insurance policy.” For

reasons unexplained in the record, Gulf Guaranty claims it did not receive this certificate of

insurance until October 14, 1998. After receipt, and prior to cancelling, Methvin testified

that Gulf Guaranty reduced the credit life insurance coverage to $64,311.00 “because it was

so much over the maximum allowed for [Anglin’s] age . . . .” This testimony is contrary to

the policy language, which stated in a limitation provision that for insureds between the age

of 50-61, “[t]he aggregate amount of life insurance . . . under this and all other [c]ertificates

shall not exceed” $50,000.00. Accordingly, this coverage which Anglin purchased was of
In deposition testimony, Anglin claimed he first learned that he had ALS on 7

September 14, 1998. He further asserted that when he was offered and applied for insurance

from Gulf Guaranty, he did not know that he had ALS. Gulf Guaranty has not raised

misrepresentation or preexisting condition as an issue in this appeal.

According to Anglin’s deposition testimony, he received a health questionnaire in 8

September.

5

limited value, although the premium was based on stated coverage, since he already held

certificates of insurance totaling in excess of $36,000.00 of credit life insurance coverage.

¶5. On October 20, 1998, both credit life insurance coverage and monthly disability

insurance coverage were cancelled on Certificate Number 1746759 and the premiums were

returned to the bank. However, this suit involves only the two July 31, 1998, certificates of

insurance.

¶6. On September 14, 1998, Anglin was admitted to Baptist Memorial Hospital

complaining of muscle weakness. The office notes of The Neurology Clinic from that same

day indicate that “[Anglin] has probable diagnosis of [ALS].” By October 6, 1998, the 7

outpatient record of Anglin at North Mississippi Medical Center definitively diagnosed

Anglin as suffering from “ALS with increasing shoulder and arm pain.”

¶7. Regarding Certificate Number 17467557, on October 16, 1998, Gulf Guaranty sent

a letter to People’s Bank, with a copy to Anglin, stating that “[w]e must regretfully inform

you that our company will not be able to accept the disability coverage under the above

mentioned certificate for the following reason shown. INFORMATION SUBMITTED ON

HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE.[ ] We are enclosing our check covering the full disability 8

premium received.” (Emphasis added). Subsequently, on October 20, 1998, Gulf Guaranty

sent three letters to People’s Bank related to Certificates Number 17467540, 17467550, and
She follows no standard references, medical regulations, or industry guidelines in 9

making underwriting decisions on acceptable or unacceptable risks.

Later, however, she insisted that “[t]here’s not a difference” between declining and 10

cancelling coverage.

Specifically: 11

Q. Can you tell me what, if any, reason there would be one letter which

6

17467590, with copies to Anglin, each of which stated “[c]redit [i]nsurance for this insured

has been cancelled as of the original date of the loan and full refund of all premium paid for

this coverage is being returned.” (Emphasis added). There is no evidence in the record that

the monthly disability insurance coverage on the first certificate of insurance was declined

or cancelled.

¶8. Methvin was responsible for underwriting “all of the credit life, disability and some

of the Gulf [Guaranty] term coverages.” She testified that Gulf Guaranty has no written

operating procedures on underwriting the credit life or monthly disability insurance

coverage. Gulf Guaranty bases its underwriting decisions on her personal knowledge, skill,

9

and the information provided in the application process. As to Anglin, she decided to cancel

credit life insurance coverage after examining his medical records.

¶9. Methvin initially distinguished the term “decline” from “cancel,” stating that

“[d]eclined is when we inform the insured that we cannot accept his coverage.” She could 10

not explain why the October 16, 1998, letter stated that monthly disability insurance coverage

on Certificate Number 17467557 was “not . . . able to [be] accept[ed,]” while the October 20,

1998, letters provided that the credit life insurance coverage on Certificates 17467540,

17467550, and 17467590 were “cancelled.” Furthermore, Methvin testified that the credit 11
states the company cannot accept coverage and the other letters

cancel[ling] coverage.

A. No.

Additionally, Anglin maintained that “[i]n reliance upon the issuance of these 12

certificates of insurance, [he] forewent the opportunity to obtain alternate insurance

coverage.”

Thereafter, Paula Anglin was appointed as administrator of his estate and by order 13

of the Chancery Court of Lee County, Mississippi was “substituted as . . . Plaintiff.” We

refer to both Anglin and Anglin’s estate as “Anglin.”

7

life insurance coverage on Certificate Number 17467540, in the amount of $15,051.72, had

been reinsured by Gulf Guaranty.

¶10. At the time he received these letters, Anglin testified that he “was fixing to file a claim

on them[,]” but had not yet filed any claims. Following “cancellation,” Porter testified that

People’s Bank “receive[d] the premium back and credit[ed] them to the balance of the loan.”

¶11. On June 9, 1999, Anglin filed his complaint against Gulf Guaranty claiming that:

26. Gulf Guaranty breached the contracts between it and Anglin. . . .

29. Alternatively, the actions of Gulf Guaranty, by and through its agent,

created a justifiable reliance on the part of Anglin requiring reinstatement of

the contracts at question.[ ]

12

In its answer, Gulf Guaranty responded that:

[p]ursuant to the application submitted to [Anglin], Gulf Guaranty had ninety

(90) days from the date of the loan to decline to insure [Anglin] if Gulf

Guaranty found him not to be an insurable risk. Within ninety (90) days from

the date of the loans Gulf Guaranty determined that [Anglin] was not [an]

insurable risk and properly declined to insure [Anglin]. . . . Because Gulf

Guaranty properly exercised its right to decline to insure [Anglin], no contract

existed after the date Gulf Guaranty exercised its right.

(Emphasis added). On May 13, 2000, Anglin died of ALS.13
8

¶12. By September 13, 2005, when Gulf Guaranty filed its motion for summary judgment,

it asserted that “cancelled” and “declined” were synonymous terms and declared “[a]ll of

[the] coverage for credit life and disability insurance was cancelled and/or declined within

ninety (90) days of the dates of the loans in question per the terms of the [c]ertificates in

question.” (Emphasis added). Therefore, Gulf Guaranty maintained that “[it] is entitled to

summary judgment as a matter of law.” In response, Anglin asserted that Gulf Guaranty

“only reserved the right to ‘decline’ coverage, not to cancel coverage.” (Emphasis added).

On September 22, 2005, the Circuit Court of Lee County heard Gulf Guaranty’s motion for

summary judgment. At the hearing, Gulf Guaranty notably stated:

[t]here was no claim that was presented prior to their decision not to accept the

risk. If there had been, we would be here talking about an entirely different

case. . . . They probably would have just paid him, because every insurance

company is familiar with the fact that post-claim underwriting is prohibited,

but the Supreme Court has never said that pre-claim underwriting is

prohibited.

(Emphasis added). Following the hearing, the Circuit Court of Lee County entered its order

dismissing Anglin with prejudice, finding that “there is no genuine issue of material fact with

regard to the claims presented in the [c]omplaint, and . . . [Gulf Guaranty] is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” On November 3, 2005, Anglin filed notice of appeal.

ISSUES

¶13. This Court will consider:
Stated otherwise, will this Court grant an insurance company greater rights than

14

those it reserved for itself in the contract?

9

(1) Whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for Gulf

Guaranty because it “cancelled” rather than “declined” Anglin’s credit life

insurance coverage.14

(2) Whether Mississippi law prohibited Gulf Guaranty from cancelling credit

life insurance coverage on the ground that Anglin was uninsurable, where it

initially issued the coverage without asking health questions.

(3) Whether Mississippi law estops Gulf Guaranty from cancelling credit life

insurance coverage after the onset of a disabling and fatal illness.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶14. This Court:

employs a de novo standard in reviewing a trial court’s grant of summary

judgment. O’Neal Steel, Inc v. Millette, 797 So. 2d 869, 872 (Miss. 2001).

In conducting the de novo review, this Court looks at all evidentiary matters,

including admissions in pleadings, answers to interrogatories, depositions, and

affidavits. Lee v. Golden Triangle Planning & Dev. Dist., Inc., 797 So. 2d

845, 847 (Miss. 2001). This evidence must be viewed in the light most

favorable to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment has

been made. [Citations omitted].

Noxubee County School Dist. v. United National Ins. Co., 883 So. 2d 1159, 1163 (Miss.

2004). “If any triable issues of fact exist, the trial court’s decision to grant summary

judgment will be reversed. Otherwise the decision is affirmed.” Price v. Purdue Pharma

Co., 920 So. 2d 479, 484 (Miss. 2006). See also Miss. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
See also Provident Life and Accident Ins. Co. v. Goel, 274 F. 3d 984, 991 (5 Cir.

15 th

2001) (“Mississippi courts strictly construe any ambiguity in an insurance policy against the

insurer.”).

10

ANALYSIS

I. Whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for Gulf

Guaranty because it “cancelled” rather than “declined” Anglin’s credit

life insurance coverage.

¶15. “The interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law, not one of fact.”

United National, 883 So. 2d at 1165. Questions of law are reviewed de novo by this Court.

See Spears v. State, 942 So. 2d 772 (Miss. 2006).

¶16. “Insurance policies are contracts, and as such, they are to be enforced according to

their provisions. . . . When parties to a contract make mutual promises (barring some defense

or condition which excuses performance), they are entitled to the benefit of their bargain.”

United National, 883 So. 2d at 1166. This Court has stated that:

[g]enerally, under Mississippi law, when the words of an insurance policy are

plain and unambiguous, the court will afford them their plain, ordinary

meaning and will apply them as written. Paul Revere Life Ins. Co. v. Prince,

375 So. 2d 417, 418 (Miss. 1979). Under Mississippi law, ambiguous and

unclear policy language must be resolved in favor of the non-drafting party –

the insured. Harrison v. Allstate Ins. Co., 662 So. 2d 1092, 1094 (Miss.

1995).[ ] Further, provisions that limit or exclude coverage are to be 15

construed liberally in favor of the insured and most strongly against the

insurer. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Garriga, 636 So. 2d 658, 662 (Miss.

1994).

United National, 883 So. 2d at 1165. This Court is “bound to enforce contract language as

written and give it its plain and ordinary meaning if it is clear and unambiguous. [Citations

omitted].” Mississippi Farm Bureau Cas. Ins. Co. v. Britt, 826 So. 2d 1261, 1266 (Miss.

2002).
11

¶17. This Court relies upon the express language of the certificates of insurance. In so

doing, we shall not accord either party greater or different rights than they agreed upon at the

time of contract formation. In the case sub judice, the express language in each certificate

of insurance is plain and unambiguous. It explicitly provides that “[i]f [Gulf Guaranty] finds

the Insured Debtor is not an insurable risk, it reserves the right to decline the Insurance

within 90 days of the Date of Loan by mailing notice of declination directly to the Creditor

Beneficiary and returning all premiums collected for this Certificate.” (Emphasis added).

The controversy here arises because, within ninety days of the date of the loan, Gulf

Guaranty mailed notice of cancellation directly to People’s Bank regarding the credit life

insurance coverage and returned all premiums. As cancellation and declination are clearly

not synonymous terms, focusing upon the clarity of the contractual provision is a red herring.

See State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Scitzs, 394 So. 2d 1371, 1372 (Miss. 1981) (this Court

will not create ambiguities where they do not exist). Instead, the plain and unambiguous

term “decline” must be afforded its “plain, ordinary meaning” and be applied “as written.”

United National, 883 So. 2d at 1165.

¶18. Anglin maintains that the provision at issue merely gave Gulf Guaranty “the right to

‘decline’ coverage under certain circumstances. It did not give Gulf Guaranty the right to

‘cancel’ insurance. Nevertheless and contrary to policy terms, Gulf Guaranty cancelled all

three credit life insurance policies which it issued to [Anglin,]” but never declined within the

ninety day window provided. In reply, Gulf Guaranty asserts that Anglin is elevating form

over substance. In its estimation, “[t]o the extent that there is a difference in meaning

between the terms ‘cancelled’ and ‘declined,’ the focus should center on the substance of
Gulf Guaranty alternatively argued that use of the term “declined,” as opposed to 16

“cancelled,” was a distinction without a difference.

Gulf Guaranty further asserts that its conditional acceptance of Anglin as an

17

insurable risk was permissible under Mississippi law. Without question, conditional

acceptance is permissible. See American Nat. Ins. Co. v. Walters, 230 Miss. 616, 634, 93

So. 2d 616, 623 (1957). However, the permissibility of conditional acceptance obscures the

true issue over which this Court must deliberate, namely, was cancellation of Anglin’s credit

life insurance coverage equivalent to declination? If there is a distinction between

cancellation and declination, discussed supra, then a conditional acceptance may only be

cancelled, not declined, as only cancellation presupposes an earlier acceptance (conditional

or otherwise).

12

Gulf Guaranty’s action in terminating the coverage in question.” Gulf Guaranty argues that 16

the terms of coverage in the certificates of insurance “reserved the right to pursue

underwriting for a period of ninety (90) days. In the interim, coverage was conditionally

provided until such time, if any, as it was determined that the insured risk was not

acceptable.” As such, Gulf Guaranty maintains that “the substance of what Gulf Guaranty

did with regard to the July 31, 1998 [c]ertificates was to decline to finalize its conditional

acceptance[ ] of [Anglin] as an insurable risk.” 17

¶19. “[W]here the insurance policy does not provide the definition for a term or phrase,

those words are afforded their ordinary and popular meaning.” United National, 883 So. 2d

at 1165 (citing Blackledge v. Omega Ins. Co., 740 So. 2d 295, 298 (Miss. 1999)). In

determining the ordinary meaning, this Court will often consult leading dictionaries. See

Merrimack Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. McDill, 674 So. 2d 4, 8-9 (Miss. 1996); American

Guarantee and Liab. Ins. Co. v. The 1906 Co., 273 F. 3d 605, 618-19 (5 Cir. 2001). In so th

doing, this Court finds that the terms “cancel” and “decline” are distinguishable. To “cancel”
According to Black’s Law Dictionary, to “cancel” means “2: [t]o terminate a 18

promise, obligation, or right.” Black’s Law Dictionary 218 (8 ed. 2004). th

According to Black’s Law Dictionary, “declination” means “2: [a]n act of refusal.” 19

Black’s Law Dictionary at 439.

Additionally, the record reflects that Gulf Guaranty failed to “decline” monthly 20

disability insurance coverage on Certificate Number 17467547.

13

means “2. [t]o annul or invalidate.” Webster’s II New College Dictionary 161 (2001). By 18

contrast, to “decline” means “1. [t]o refuse to do, consider, or accept something.” Webster’s

II New College Dictionary at 293. Clearly, to “cancel” presumes prior validation or 19

acceptance, whereas to “decline” does not. See Malta Life Ins. Co. v. Washington, 552 So.

2d 827, 829 (Miss. 1989) (“[i]t should also be noted that the master policy provides not that

the Company may reject the excess coverage, but that it may cancel the excess coverage

within thirty days after receipt of notice of the granting of the insurance. The use of the word

‘cancel’ clearly contemplates a policy that has already become effective.”) (emphasis added).

While Gulf Guaranty asserts that the distinction elevates form over substance, with respect

to this contractual provision, the form and the substance are inextricably connected. As

summary judgment was granted for Gulf Guaranty, this Court must view the evidence “in the

light most favorable” to Anglin. United National, 883 So. 2d at 1163. The plain language

of the provision gave Gulf Guaranty the right to “decline” coverage within ninety days of the

loan, not accept then “cancel,” or accept and reinsure, then “cancel.” Gulf Guaranty failed

to “decline” credit life insurance coverage within ninety days of each loan. Therefore, this 20

Court concludes that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment for Gulf Guaranty

because under the plain and unambiguous language of the certificate of insurance it
It stated only that “our company will not be able to accept the disability coverage.” 21

(Emphasis added).

14

improperly sought to “cancel,” rather than “decline,” Anglin’s credit life insurance coverage

on Certificates Number 17467540 and 17467550.

¶20. Moreover, even assuming arguendo that the policy language is ambiguous, such

provisions are to “be resolved in favor of the non-drafting party – the insured,” id. at 1165

(citing Harrison, 662 So. 2d at 1094), and if they “limit or exclude coverage [they] are to be

construed liberally in favor of the insured and most strongly against the insurer.” Id. (citing

Garriga, 636 So. 2d at 662). The monthly disability insurance coverage on Certificate

Number 17467557 was declined by Gulf Guaranty. The credit life insurance coverage in 21

Certificates 17467540, 17467550, and 17467590, however, were cancelled. Gulf Guaranty

has no explanation for the linguistic form difference in the monthly disability insurance

coverage letter and the credit life insurance coverage letter. Additionally, Gulf Guaranty

admits that it reinsured the credit life insurance coverage of Certificate Number 17467540.

To “reinsure” means “1. [t]o insure again. 2. To insure by contracting to transfer in whole

or in part a risk or contingent liability already covered under an existing contract.”

Webster’s II New College Dictionary at 934 (emphasis added). In order to contract to

transfer all or part of Anglin’s certificate of insurance, Gulf Guaranty had accepted and then

contracted to transfer a portion of the risk to another insurer, thus nullifying its right to

decline. After such an obvious act of acceptance, only cancellation, not declination, would

be permissible. However, Gulf Guaranty, the drafter of the provisions, contractually reserved

for itself only the right to decline. Therefore, this provision ought to be “construed liberally
15

in favor of” Anglin “and most strongly against” Gulf Guaranty. United National, 883 So.

2d at 1165. Gulf Guaranty had only the contractual right to “decline” Anglin’s credit life

insurance coverage, not “cancel” it. Therefore, even if the policy language is ambiguous, this

Court concludes that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment because Gulf

Guaranty improperly acted to “cancel,” rather than “decline,” Anglin’s credit life insurance

coverage on Certificates Number 17467540 and 17467550.

II. Whether Mississippi law prohibited Gulf Guaranty from cancelling

credit life insurance coverage on the ground that Anglin was uninsurable,

where it initially issued the coverage without asking health questions.

¶21. The July 31, 1998, certificates of insurance (Certificates Number 17467540 and

17467550) were issued without any health questions by Porter or the requirement for a health

questionnaire. Thus, Anglin argues that Gulf Guaranty “manifested its intent, under

Mississippi law, to ‘insure the world.’ For this reason, Gulf Guaranty could not legally

cancel [Anglin’s] insurance on the basis of a health condition.” See Southern United Life

Ins. Co. v. Caves, 481 So. 2d 764, 768 (Miss. 1985) (“[w]here an insurance company makes

no effort to establish clear and meaningful guidelines to assist its agents in discerning persons

eligible for coverage, but merely relies on the agents’ judgment to select those persons

appearing to be healthy, that company by its actions manifests an intention to ‘insure the

world.’”).

¶22. Caves, however, is distinguishable from the case sub judice. There, Caves’s loan

officer issued him a certificate of insurance for credit life insurance coverage in conjunction

with an automobile loan. See id. at 765-66. The certificate of insurance contained a

condition that Caves must be in insurable health at the time of issuance and that the insurer
Furthermore, in its memorandum brief in support of the motion for summary 22

judgment, Gulf Guaranty stated, “[Anglin] was ‘covered’ until the certificates were

terminated in October.”

16

“had 31 days from the receipt of their copy in the home office to investigate and accept or

reject the insurance.” Id. at 766. Twenty-two days after the certificate of insurance was

issued, and before the first loan payment was made, Caves died of “a heart attack associated

with his pre-existing heart condition.” Id. After receiving Caves’s claim, the insurer

postponed payment pending investigation and “[a]fter obtaining medical records and reports

of [Caves] . . . rejected the claim, finding that [Caves] was not in insurable health at the

issuance of the policy. The company then refunded the . . . premium . . . .” Id. Here,

however, Anglin had not yet filed any claims before People’s Bank’s receipt of the

cancellation letters from Gulf Guaranty. That fact is significant because even Gulf Guaranty

admitted that had there been a claim, “we would be here talking about an entirely different

case . . . [Gulf Guaranty] probably would have just paid him . . . .”

¶23. Gulf Guaranty contractually had the right to decline the insurance coverage within

ninety days regardless of whether health questions were asked by Porter or answered on the

application for insurance form. The problem is that Gulf Guaranty asserts that it

conditionally accepted Anglin, with the right to cancel insurance coverage within ninety

days. That assertion is implicit in its statement at the summary judgment hearing that had

Anglin filed a claim, the case would be entirely different. However, the plain language of 22

the provision permits Gulf Guaranty only to decline insurance coverage. That which is

conditionally accepted may not be declined, but only cancelled, because only cancellation
Except in situations where the proof of claim or proof of loss requirement has been 23

waived. See New Hampshire Ins. Co. v. Robertson, 352 So. 2d 1307, 1311 (Miss. 1977);

Soso Trucking Inc. v. Central Ins. Agency, 236 So. 2d 398, 401-02 (Miss. 1970).

17

presupposes an acceptance (conditional or otherwise). Therefore, prior to a claim being

filed, an insurer may conditionally accept an insured, reserving the right to cancel credit life 23

insurance coverage on the ground that the insured is uninsurable, regardless of whether or

not health questions were posed. See Gulf Guaranty v. Kelley, 389 So. 2d 920, 922 (Miss.

1980) (in a suit asserting failure to fulfill an obligation to provide insurance coverage, a

recognizable defense is the non-absolute right of the insurance company, under the terms of

its policy, to cancel the certificate of insurance issued within the number of days specified

in the policy for the exercise of such right). Here, however, Gulf Guaranty reserved only the

right to decline, not cancel, coverage. See Issue I. supra.

III. Whether Mississippi law estops Gulf Guaranty from cancelling credit

life insurance coverage after the onset of a disabling and fatal illness.

¶24. Anglin asserts that “Gulf Guaranty’s cancellation of [Anglin’s] policy after the onset

of his fatal illness was unconscionable. Clearly, a person diagnosed with the fatal Lou

Gehrig’s disease could not obtain insurance from any other source much less any other

reputable source.” In support thereof, he cites Kelley, 389 So. 2d at 920. In that case, Kelley

was issued a certificate for credit life insurance coverage in connection with an automobile

loan on June 28, 1975. See id. at 921. The certificate of insurance provided that the terms

of the unattached master policy applied. See id. The master policy provided that:

[t]he company may, within ninety (90) days from date of issue of a certificate

to a borrower . . . cancel the insurance on the life of such borrower five (5)

days after written notice has been mailed to the creditor together with the
18

company’s check for the unearned portion of the premium actually paid

therefor.

Id. (emphasis added). On June 24, 1975, Kelley had been examined by his personal

physician and deemed in good health. See id. On July 1, 1975, Kelley suffered a heart

attack. See id. When Gulf Guaranty learned of the heart attack on July 18, 1975, it

“cancelled the policy[,] . . . notified the bank which was the named beneficiary by mail, and

refunded the unearned premium.” Id. Kelley died on July 24, 1975. See id. Based upon

that set of facts, this Court stated:

Defendant argues it had the absolute right under the terms of its master policy

to cancel the certificate of insurance issued to Kelley within 90 days from the

date of issue. Ordinarily, this defense would be upheld; however, in this case

the onset of Kelley’s fatal illness occurred after the policy was in effect and

continued without remission until his death. Considerations of public policy

persuade us that, exercise by the insurer of its right to cancel should not be

permitted after the onset of a fatal illness and death therefrom, upon the ground

of estoppel. . . .

. . . Allowing defendant to cancel the policy after Kelley became uninsurable

would be unconscionable because Kelley had then reached such a physical

condition that he was unable to obtain desirable insurance in any reputable

company before his death.

Id. at 922 (emphasis added).

¶25. In response, Gulf Guaranty initially argues that “[e]ven if [Anglin’s] argument in this

regard had merit, which it does not, [Anglin] did not plead estoppel or public policy in his

Complaint. Neither did [Anglin] argue this theory in the court below.” Even assuming that

the argument is not procedurally barred, however, Gulf Guaranty insists that “the conditional

nature of the insurance coverage was clearly communicated on the [c]ertificate of [i]nsurance

itself, knowledge of which is imputed to the insured.”
19

¶26. This Court has “been consistent in holding that we need not consider matters raised

for the first time on appeal, which practice would have the practical effect of depriving the

trial court of the opportunity to first rule on the issue, so that we can then review such trial

court ruling under the appropriate standard of review.” Alexander v. Daniel, 904 So. 2d 172,

183 (Miss. 2005). For this reason, this Court concludes that consideration of this issue on

appeal is procedurally barred. However, since this case is being remanded for trial, the

procedural bar for purposes of consideration on appeal is not a prohibition upon the parties

to litigate this issue.

CONCLUSION

¶27. Based upon the aforementioned analysis, this Court finds that the Circuit Court of Lee

County erred in granting summary judgment for Gulf Guaranty. Therefore, this Court

reverses and remands to the circuit court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶28. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., DIAZ, EASLEY, CARLSON, GRAVES AND

DICKINSON, JJ., CONCUR. COBB, P.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.