NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

5310

A STUDY OF THE TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN A NIKE INSTALLATION

DURING SIMULATED MISSILE-LAUNCHING OPERATIONS

by

C. W. Phillips

P. R. Achenbach

B. A. Peavy

Report to

Office of Chief of Engineers

Missiles Branch, Engineering Division

Military Construction

Washington 25, D. C.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS REPORT

NBS PROJECT NBS REPORT

1000-30-4801 May 29, 1957 5310

A STUDY OF THE TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN A NIKE INSTALLATION

DURING SIMULATED MISSILE-LAUNCHING OPERATIONS

by

C. W. Phillips

P. R. Achenbach

B. A. Peavy

Report to

Office of Chief of Engineers

Missiles Branch, Engineering Division

Military Construction

Washington 25, D. C.

IMPORTANT NOTICE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF S' intended for use within the

to additional evaluation and

listing of this Report, either the Office of the Director, N however, by the Governmen

to reproduce additional cop

Approved for public release by the

Director of the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST)

on October 9, 2015.

progress accounting documents

rmally published it is subjected

, reproduction, or open-literature

sion is obtained in writing from Such permission is not needed, prepared if that agency wishes

<NBS>

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

ABSTRACT

Field tests were conducted in a Nike installation near

Paoli, Pennsylvania, at the request of the Office of the

Chief of Engineers, to study the temperature changes in

such an underground chamber during simulated missile

launching operations with outdoor temperatures approximately 100 degrees below the chamber temperature. These

studies were planned to reveal how cold it would get in

such a chamber located in the Arctic when the outdoor

temperature was -50°F and the chamber temperature was

maintained at +50°F. Because these tests were made in

November, outdoor temperatures in Pennsylvania were near

32°F, and the chamber was heated to about l40°F to provide

the desired temperature difference. The chamber was heated

for nine days prior to starting tests to produce a suitable temperature in the chamber and the surrounding concrete walls and earth. Several tests were made simulating the firing of a single missile using the time

schedule proposed for actual use of the equipment, and

two tests were made employing ten consecutive cycles to

observe whether or not the temperatures in the chamber

became significantly lower under these conditions.

The tests showed that the air temperature in the underground chamber decreased from 21 to 35 degrees during the

40 seconds required to open the hatch doors and raise the

elevator. When the elevator was subsequently lowered

after launching the missile, the temperature decreased

during the 60 seconds required for this operation to a level from 47 to 56 degrees below the initial chamber

temperature. The data show that 11,000 to 18,000 cu ft

of outdoor air entered the chamber during the first

opening, and up to 54,000 cu ft during the second opening

and the two minutes immediately thereafter when the

scavenging exhaust blower was used.

The results showed that the temperature drop experienced

in the chamber during brief periods when the hatchway was

opened was limited primarily by the heat capacity of the

air in the chamber and was only affected to a small degree

by heat transfer from the walls and by a steady heat input

rate of 476,000 Btu/hr. However, the heat capacity of the

walls assisted materially in rewarming the air after a launching operation. Means for increasing the rewarming

rate and for reducing the air exchange between the chamber

and the outdoors are suggested.

- 2 -

INTRODUCTION

In accordance with a request from the Office of the Chief

of Engineers in a letter dated November 18, 1955, field tests

were made on an underground Nike installation at Nike Launcher

Site 82L near Paoli, Pennsylvania, during the period November 10,

1955 through November 21, 1955. The field tests were conducted

to observe temperature changes in an underground Nike installation

during simulated launching operations under special elevated temperatures. The tests were planned to indicate the magnitude of

the temperature changes within the structure under arctic conditions and also for comparison with the performance of a model

of the prototype chamber. Certain modifications of the prototype

underground structure and its heating plant were recommended to

representatives of the Office of the Chief of Engineers based

upon the analysis of the field test results. The investigation

was intended to provide design information that could be used to

avoid possible damage to operating equipment and deleterious

effects on personnel efficiency and to avoid condensation or ice

accumulation on critical parts of the equipment in arctic installations .

DESCRIPTION OF INSTALLATION

The Nike underground installation used in the tests consisted of a steel-reinforced concrete chamber, approximately 62

1/2 feet long, 62 feet wide and lb 1/2 feet deep, under a threefoot earth cover. An elevator opening, 52' x 95 in the center

top of the chamber extended to the ground level and was fitted

with two hinged doors. Also, a stairway, two escape hatchways,

and intake and exhaust vents were extended to the ground surface.

An elevator platform underneath the opening was capable of moving

its top surface from below the chamber floor to the ground surface level. The elevator pit was 6 1/2 feet below the floor

level and was 13 feet wide and 60 feet long. The pit provided

space for the elevator platform structure and part of the operating machinery. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 are simplified drawings of the

plan and elevation of the underground chamber. The control room

is designated as A, the north part of the chamber as B, the south

-3-

part of the chamber as C and the elevator section as D. The

underground chamber tested was constructed for single missile

launching. Fig. 3 shows part of the doors, power mechanism and

door gasket. Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 show the views of the structure

from above ground and the propane tanks installed for heating the

chamber during the test period.

During a typical firing operation, the hatch would be

opened to allow the elevator platform, with a mitesile in position

on the launcher, to rise to the ground surface. If required

after firing, a blower (designated as J in Fig. 1.) with a capacity of 12,000 cfm would be turned on to exhaust contaminated air

from the structure to the atmosphere. After the launching of the

missile the elevator would be lowered and the hatch doors closed.

Two fresh air intake vents are shown at E and G in Fig. 1.

TEST PROCEDURE

In addition to the two electric heaters already installed in

the underground chamber, five portable propane-fired heaters were

used to warm the air in the chamber. This was done to obtain a

temperature difference between the chamber air and outdoor air

approximating that likely to occur in the Arctic. The locations

of the propane heaters at the beginning of the tests are shown in

Fig. 1 and are designated as H 1, through H 5- Fig. 6 shows one

of the heaters (H 1 in Fig. l) in position. The propane heaters

were located generally at the following positions:

H 1 North section (B)

H 2 Center of south section (C)

H 3 East end of pit (D)

H 4 West end of pit (D)

H 5 West half of south section (C)

Eight 16 M electric fans were used to increase air movement

and mixing of air in the chamber: (Fig. 1 shows the locations of

the fans designated as F 1 through F 8.

)
.
F 1 North wall 9 feet above floor (B)

F 2 North wall 9 feet above floor (B)

F 3 South wall 9 feet above floor (C)

F 4 South wall 9 feet above floor (C)

F 5 West end in pit (D)

F 6 East end in pit (D)

F 7 West end of north side of pit on floor (B)

F 8 East end of south side of pit on floor (C)

Locations of heaters and fans in the pit were changed during the

course of tests as will be shown later in test schedules . Fig.

6 shows one of the fans (F 2) situated on the wall facing downward at an angle. All wall fans were installed in this manner.

The total capacity of the heating by lights, electric heaters,

and fans was 12.8 k.w. (43,700 Btu/hr), and the gross heat input

of the propane-fired heaters averaged 432,000 Btu/hr.

During tests when the 12,000 cfm exhaust blower (J in Fig.

1) was not operated, the exhaust vent above the ground surface

was closed to prevent air flow by gravity. Fig. 7 shows the canvas enclosure over this exhaust vent. The 12,000 cfm exhaust

blower was in operation during the tests only where it is

indicated in the test schedule.

A ventilating blower with a capacity of approximately 650

cfm was installed above ground during operation of the unvented

propane heaters to supply fresh air for combustion and ventilation continuously from outdoors. The duct for this air

extended through the south air intake vent into the southwest

corner of the chamber. Fig. 8 shows the installation of this

blower. The other air intake vent located at northeast corner

was closed except when the exhaust blower was in operation.

The doors in the elevator opening and elevator were operated

on the established time schedule for the firing of single or

consecutive missiles up to the full storage capacity of the

battery. When the propane heaters and 16" electric fans were

located in the pit, the elevator platform rested three feet

above the floor level. Prior to the start of each test, the

elevator was lowered to the floor level. Then the elevator

was raised after opening the hatch. Test No. 0 in Table 1

shows the planned time schedule for all simulated missile

firings
.
-5-

Observations were made of changes in air temperatures during

the tests at the one- five- and nine-foot levels from the floor,

above the doors and at the southwest air discharge. Also observations were made of changes in surface temperatures of the simulated missiles and bottom of the first structural beam east of

the chamber center. Prior to and after each test, additional

surface temperature measurements were made of the walls, elevator

opening edge gasket, and metallic objects such as hatch wall,

hatch flange, elevator platform, control switches, and hydraulic

door-cylinder. Temperatures at 48 locations were measured every

hour by means of copper-constantan thermocouples using two electronic constant-balance type potentiometers. Air temperature

changes were rapid when the hatch doors were open, so temperatures

at 22 stations were measured cont jnlioUsTy, During the temperature

recovery period after the simulated firing of a missile and subsequent lowering of the elevator and closing of the doors, temperature measurements were made at 48 stations with increasing

time intervals of 5* 10 and 20 minutes as the rate of temperature change decreased. Table 2 is a list of thermocouple locations. In Fig. 1, 2 and 3, the thermocouple positions are designated as TC 1 through TC 48. Fig. 9 shows one of the simulated

guided missiles located on the rack.

TEST RESULTS

The underground chamber was heated for nine days before the

average inside air temperature reached a steady level of l42°F.

The outdoor air temperature measured five feet above the hatch

ranged from 32 °F to 79 °F during the same period. The average

rate of propane consumption at this temperature level for a period

prior to and during the tests, was approximately 20 pounds per

hour. At the end of this preliminary heating period, the average

observed wall temperature and outside air temperature were

126. 9°F and 40.4°F respectively. The heat input was approximately

12.8 kilowatts or 43,700 Btu/hr by electric heaters, lights and

fans and 432,000 Btu/hr by the propane-fired heaters. The heat

necessary to warm 650 cfm of outdoor air from 40°F to l42°F was

71,600 Btu/hr. Therefore, the effective heat input to the

installation was 432,000 + 43,700 - 71,600 = 404, 100 Btu/hr.

- 6 -

The heat transmission through the hatchway doors was computed to be 41,000 Btu/hr based on a temperature difference of

100 degrees and the resistance of two air films adjacent to the

horizontal steel doors with heat flow upwardo

The heat input to the concrete surfaces of the floor, walls,

and ceiling would then be 3 4. 5 Btu/hr (ft)2 by difference; and

the heat transmission coefficient for the air film would be

approximately 2,29 Btu/hr (ft) 2 (°F).

Table 1 shows the planned time schedule and actual time

schedules for each test. For Test No. I and Test No. II the

controls for lowering the elevator and closing the hatch doors

did not function properly and the controls had to be shunted to

continue these tests. The controls were repaired and functioned

properly for the remainder of the tests.

The test data are shown in graphic forms for each test as

follows

Test No. I. Single missile-firing cycle with all heaters

operating and floor-mounted fans stopped. Graph No. 1-1 shows

the average temperature differences between outside air and inside

air at north pit edge and south pit edge plotted against time.

The inside air temperatures plotted were the average of the temperatures at one-foot and five-foot levels from the floor for all

seven tests.

Test No. II. Single missile-firing cycle with pit heaters

and pit fans stopped. Graph 2-1 shows the changes with time in

temperature differences between outside' air and inside air at

north and south pit edges.

Graph 2-2 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and simulated missiles located near south

wall and south pit edge.

Test No. III. Single missile-firing cycle with all heaters

operating and floor-mounted fans stopped. Fan (F6) and heater

(H3) at east end of the pit were moved out of the pit to the

south side edge of the pit on the floor at the east end. Fan (F5)

-7-

and heater (H4) at the west end of the pit were moved out of the

pit to the north edge of the pit on the floor at the west end

These fans and heaters remained at the same positions for all

of the following tests.

Graph 3-1 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and inside air at north and south pit edges.

Graph 3-2 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and simulated missiles located near south

wall and south pit edge.

Test No. IV. Single missile-firing cycle with all heaters

operating and floor-mounted fans stopped. The exhaust blower

(J) was in operation for three minutes during the firing cycle.

Graph 4-1 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and inside air at north and south pit edges.

Graph 4-2 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and simulated missiles '"Ideated near south

wall and south pit edge.

Test No. V. Ten consecutive missile-firing cycles with

all heaters and fans operating. The exhaust blower (j) was in

operation three minutes for each cycle.

Graph 5-1 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and inside air at north and south pit edges.

Graph 5-2 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and simulated missiles near south wall and

south pit edge.

Graph 5-3 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and inside air in north section (b) and south

section (c). The air temperatures plotted were the averages

of those observed one and five feet above the floor near the edge

of the pit and near the far wall.

-8 -

Test No c VI, The operating conditions were the same as Test

No. V except sheets of canvas were installed around the elevator

hatchway to limit the entry of cold air into the missile storage

section of the structure. Pig. 10 shows part of one side of the

canvas enclosure.

Graph 6-1 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and inside air at north and south pit edges.

Graph 6-2 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and simulated missiles located near south

wall and south pit edge.

Graph 6-3 shows the change in temperature differences

between outside air and structure wall; also between outside air

and inside air.

Test No. VII. All floor fans and blowers turned off and all

heaters operating. Elevator platform was lowered to the bottom.

Elevator aperture was opened and left open for duration of test

to simulate conditions that would develop if the hatch doors

failed to close and the elevator platform could not be raised

again. Observations of temperature changes were made upon

opening of the hatch.

Graph 8-1 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and inside air near north and south pit

edges

Graph 8-2 shows the changes in temperature differences

between outside air and simulated missiles located near south

wall and south pit edge; also between outside air and interior

structure wall.

The temperature at each of 22 thermocouple locations was

observed approximately every 24 seconds during most of the tests.

Because some of the time intervals in the sequence of operations

of the simulated missile firing schedule were less than 24 seconds,

the maximum and minimum temperatures were probably not always

observed

-9-

Tests I, II 9 and III each simulated the firing of a single

missile and the recovery of temperature conditions in the underground chamber immediately thereafter , The temperature difference between outdoor air and the inside air varied during the

three-minute firing cycle from an initial value of about 105°F

to a minimum value of approximately 60°F o The only differences

between the operating conditions for the three tests were the

location of some of the circulating fans and propane heaters

and the number of fans and heaters that were in operation during

the firing cycle , The two propane heaters in the elevator pit,

H3 and H4-, were turned off during Test II, but no significant

difference in results was notedo The air temperatures in the

structure returned to their initial level about 15 minutes after

the start of the firing cycle , There was a maximum of 30

seconds difference in the duration of the three firing cycles

due to malfunctioning of some of the controls

,

Lengths of corrugated iron drain pipe were used to simulate Nike missiles during the test because the heat capacity

of such pipe was believed to be comparable to that of the Nike

housing o Fig, 2-2 and 3-2 show that the surface temperature of the simulated missiles dropped from seven to eight

degrees during the three-minute firing cycle. The simulated

missile near the pit edge was about three degrees colder than

that farthest from the elevator pit. More than 30 minutes

were required for the simulated missiles to return to the

initial temperature

The results of Test IV were significantly different from

those observed in Tests I, II, and III, probably because the

exhaust blower (J) was operated for three minutes after the

firing operation in Test IV to simulate the clearing of foul

gas from the structure. Fig, b - 1 shows that the air temperature in the chamber decreased about nine degrees more,

relative to the outdoor air in Test IV, than for the first three

tests, and the air temperature near the pit edge was 9°F lower

than that near the south wall at the lowest level of observation, one foot above the floor. As would be expected, the air

temperature did not rise as rapidly after closing the hatch

when the exhaust blower was in operation as for the first three

tests without the exhaust blower. Recovery to the initial air

temperature occurred in about the same length of time in all

four tests, however. The surface temperatures of the simulated missiles near the south edge of the pit and near the

south wall decreased 15 and 10 degrees, respectively, during

Test IV,
.

.
10

The results plotted in Figo 5-1 for the ten consecutive

firing cycles performed in Test V show that the air temperature

inside the structure near the south edge of the pit decreased

58 degrees during the tenth firing operation as compared to the

initial temperature when the exhaust blower was operated for

three minutes during each cycle „ The lowest air temperature for

the tenth cycle was only about 7°F below the minimum observed

for the first cycle 0 The possible trend toward lower air temperatures inside the structure with repeated cycles may have

been somewhat obscured by variations in the timing of the temperature observations with respect to the physical motions of

the elevator and the hatch-doors 0 Both Figo 5-1 and 5-3

show no major changes in the temperature of the air in the

structure during repetitive firing cycles

The surface temperatures of the simulated missiles near

the south wall and the south edge of the elevator pit decreased

29 and 37 degrees respectively, during the first eight cycles

and levelled off for the remaining two cycles

„

The results of Test VI, plotted in Figo 6 - 1, 6 - 2, and

6-3? show that the canvas curtain enclosing the elevator-way

reduced the temperature changes of the air in the structure and

the simulated missiles approximately 10°F during ten consecutive

firing cycles as compared to Test V without the curtain a Presumably the curtain reduced the exchange of air between outdoors and the underground structure under the natural convection

forces o The exhaust blower was operated on the same time

schedule in both tests

„

The average temperature of the concrete surface in the

underground chamber decreased from 128 degrees to 123 degrees

during the first six firing cycles in Test VI and then remained

constant for the remaining four cycles o The average structure

air temperature during the last four cycles was 104°F o Using

the heat transfer coefficient developed earlier in this report

for the heat exchange between the air and concrete surfaces of

the chamber, the average rate of heat removal from the wall

surfaces during the last four cycles of Test VI would be;

Q = A U & T = 10,518 x 2 o 29 (123 - 104)

= 458 ? 000 Btu/hr
.
11 -

Since the average gross heat output of the propane heaters was

432,000 Btu/hr and of the electric heaters 43,700 Btu/hr , the

total heat available for warming the outdoor air entering the

underground chamber during the last four cycles of this test

would be 933? 700 Btu/hr «, Assuming that all of the air leaving

the chamber was at an average temperature of 104°F, these data

indicate that 68,000 cu ft of outdoor air entered the chamber

during the 1 minute 40 seconds that the hatchway was open or

partially open, and the period of exhaust blower operation

during each six minute interval, or an average of about 17? 000

cfm.

For the corresponding period in Test V when there were no

curtains around the elevator-way, the total heat available for

warming the outdoor air entering the chamber was 1,126,700

Btu/hr, based on an observed average air temperature of 97°F in

the chamber, and an average interior wall surface temperature

of 124°Fo Making the same assumptions as before regarding the

temperature of the exhaust air, these data indicate that 85,400

cu ft of outdoor air entered the chamber during the time in each

of the last four cycles of Test V when the hatchway was open

or the exhaust blower running, at an average rate of about

21,350 cfm.

This comparison indicates that the canvas curtains around

the elevator may have reduced the air exchange rate by about

4,400 cfm during repetitive firing cycle conditions .

A comparison of graphs 5-1 and 6-1 indicates a much

smaller change of air temperature in the chamber in Test VI

than in Test V during the second minute of each firing cycle,

i,e., from 7 to 8 minutes of elapsed time, from 13 to 14 minutes of elapsed time, etc. , in these two figures. This comparison indicates that the canvas curtain around the elevatorway significantly limited the entry of cold air into the main

portion of the underground chamber during the time required

for opening the doors and raising the elevator to ground level.

The results of Test VII, plotted in graphs 8-1 and 8-2,

show that the major decrease In interior air temperature and

simulated missile temperature occurred in the first 15 minutes

after opening the hatchway doors under conditions that would

prevail if the elevator could not be raised or the doors closed

to prevent air exchange between indoors and outdoors. The

initial decrease in air temperature during this 15-minute

period was about 60 degrees, whereas the continued slow decrease

during the succeeding four hours was only about 7° 5 degrees,

reflecting a gradual cooling of the interior wall surfaces.
'
- 12 -

The average interior surface temperature of the walls,

floor and ceiling decreased about five degrees during the first

15 minutes and an additional 9.5 degrees during the succeeding

four hours with the hatchway continuously open, as shown in

graph 8-2. This test illustrates the large heat capacity of

the concrete enclosure of the chamber and its ability to provide substantial amounts of heat to the chamber air during

extended cooling periods,,

The temperatures were observed periodically on a number of

components of the operating equipment that might be affected by

low temperatures in actual use. The differences, observed during

Test V, between these component temperatures and outdoor air are

plotted in graph 5 - 4 for two stations o.n the door gasket at

ground level, one on the switch box mounted on the elevator platform, one on a hydraulic cylinder on the south door, and one on

the limit switch of the north door.

Graph 5 - 4 shows that the top edge of the door gasket was

initially about 30 degrees above outdoor temperature and decreased

in temperature about ten degrees during the course of the ten

firing cycles, whereas the bottom edge of the same gasket was

initially about 70 degrees above outdoor temperature and cooled

about 15 degrees during the ten firing cycles. There was very

little wind outdoors when these temperatures were observed. The

temperature of the top edge of the gasket would be nearer to outdoor temperature in windy weather. The stations of temperature

measurement on the door gasket are identified in Fig. 3 . Graph 5 - 4 shows that the control switch mounted on a post

on the elevator platform cooled about 50 degrees during the ten

firing cycles. In its position on the elevator platform this

switch would be exposed directly to outdoor conditions for about

one minute out of every six minutes during repetitive firing

cycles. The station of temperature observation on this component

was on the switch box; the working parts on the inside probably

experienced somewhat less change than the case.

Graph 5 - 4 shows that the hydraulic cylinder on the south

door and the box of the limit switch on the north door were 100

degrees and 90 degrees above the outdoor temperature, respectively,

at the beginning of the test and decreased 17 degrees and 22

degrees, respectively, during the ten firing cycles. The location

of the thermocouple in the hydraulic cylinder is shown in Fig. 3 .

-13-

analysis AND DISCUSSION

The temperatures observed in the underground chamber

and in the air at ground level over the hatchway indicated

that outdoor air moved downward into the chamber around the

edges of the opening to replace warm air that was traveling

upward through the central portion of the hatchway when the

doors were open and natural convection forces were free to

motivate the air. In actual practice, the swinging action

of the doors when they were opened and the piston action

of the elevator as it was raised or lowered controlled the

air motion briefly during each firing cycle. The temperatures observed in the chamber when the doors were open also

indicated rather good mixing of the chamber air and incoming

cold air.

Analysis of the air exchange between the outdoors and

the chamber is further complicated by use of the exhaust

blower which was provided to scavenge combustion products of

the missile from the chamber after firing. This blower was

rated at 12,000 cfm and sucked air through grilles in the

walls of the elevator pit and from the top of the elevator

section, and exhausted the air above ground level. The

operation of the blower would cause the inward flow of air

through the hatchway to exceed the outward flow and would

increase the total exchange of air in the chamber, but probably not by an amount equal to the capacity of the blower.

The operation of the blower prolonged the cooling period of

the chamber when the hatchway was opened the second time in

a cycle by lowering the elevator. The computation earlier

in this report of the air exchange rate required to cause

the heat loss observed during the last few cycles of Tests

V and VI indicates that the air delivery rate of the exhaust

blower may have been 56 to 70 percent of the average air

exchange rate during the period when the hatch was open or

the exhaust blower was running.

Graphs U- - 1 and 5-1 show that the temperature of the

air in the chamber began to rise after the elevator was

lowered and the doors were closed at the end of the firing

period even while the exhaust blower was still running.

Although operation of the exhaust blower produced a lower

minimum temperature in the chamber during the time the hatch
I—1 '
-lb~

was open and probably delayed full recovery of the chamber

temperature a little, a rise in air temperature was noted

before the exhaust blower was stopped in these two tests.

This same rise in temperature before stopping the blower

is not evident in Graph 6-1, when the hatchway was surrounded with canvas curtains, probably because the curtains

provided a time lag in mixing the cold air in the hatchway

and the chamber.

A computation can be made of the approximate amount of

outdoor air entering the chamber during each of the two

periods in each firing cycle when the hatch was open on the

basis of the quantity of heat lost by the air and by the

chamber walls, and the quantity of heat generated by the

heaters during these intervals. These quantities can be

expressed as follows:

Enthalpy change of chamber air, Btu:

E = Vc

p

d

2

T

2

- Vc

p

d

3

T

3 = Vc

p

(d

2

T

2

- d T^ (1)

Heat input by the propane heaters and electric heaters,

Btu:

. = 4-75.700 (f+l)t

H 60 2 (2)

Heat given up by the concrete walls to the air, Btu:

„ = Afi (T w - Tq )ft

w

w 60 2

H

* = Ml < T w

w 6CT

( 3 )

Volume of outside air required to remove heat, cu ft:

E + HH + Hw H

*o >£ + T

( 13 _ T ) C d ( T 2-iJL3 - T )c d ^ 2

i

l

;c

p

a

l ^ 2 VC

p

Q

l

(5)

2

-15-

T

1 = outside air temperature, °F.

To = initial steady state air temperature in the chamber,

°Fo

Tp = air temperature inside the chamber after hatch has

^ been open for time interval, t, to raise elevator,

°F

T^' = air temperature inside chamber just before doors

are opened to lower elevator, °F,

Tp' = air temperature inside chamber when hatch is

closed after lowering elevator, °F.

T, r = temperature of interior surface of chamber enclosure,

°F.

d, do, dp, dp’, dp* = density of air at temperatures, T-. , T 2 , T 3 , T2! , TtJ, lb/ft3.

c D

= specific heat of air = 0.24.

= volume of Nike chamber, ft3, = 55,700 ft3

t,t" = time intervals hatch doors are open during first

and second periods, min.

A = interior surface area of Nike chamber, ft 2 , =10, 520 sq ft.

fi = surface conductance from interior walls of chamber

to chamber air, computed from heat loss data to be

2 . 29 Btu/hr ( ft

2 ( °F )

f = fraction of time interval, t or t ' , during which

chamber air temperature was below the wall

temperature

H = E + Hh

+ Hw , Btu o Primed symbols refer to the second period when hatchway was

open in each cycle.

The value of A, interior surface of the chamber, was

computed without allowance for beams, projections, interior

fixtures, etc,

From the time the hatchway doors began to open to permit

raising the elevator until the elevator sealed the opening t

minutes later, heat was lost from the air in the chamber and

from the wall surfaces, while heat continued to be supplied

by the propane and electric heaters. Air exchange between

the chamber and outdoors was the only means by which this

heat was dissipated during this period. Consequently, the

amount of air required to carry away this heat can be computed on the assumption that the air was exhausted at the

mean chamber temperature from moment to moment.
I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

R

R

R

I

R
16 -

Table 3 shows the computed values of the air exchange in

cubic feet, V G , between the prototype Nike chamber and outdoors

during the period when the doors were opened to raise the elevator in Tests I, III, IV, and V, and corresponding values V 0

' during the period when the elevator was lowered and the doors

were closed in Tests I and IV. These data show that the amount

of air exchanged between the chamber and outdoors ranged from

11,000 cu ft to 18,000 cu ft during the time required to open

the doors and raise the elevators, a period which averaged 43

seconds in lengths No specific reason was found for the difference in magnitude between Tests I and III, and Tests IV and

V, other than possible differences in the time of observing the

minimum air temperature and possible differences in outdoor

wind velocity and direction during the several tests. Complete

records were not made of wind velocity during the tests. The

exhaust fan was not in operation during this time, in any of

the four tests.

Table 3 shows that the amount of air exchanged between the

chamber and outdoors ranged from about 30>000 to 32,000 cu ft

for Tests I and IV during the time required to lower the elevator and close the doors. Normally about 60 seconds would be

required for these operations, but 84 seconds were required in

Test I because of faulty control operation. This is the primary reason for the higher air exchange in Test I. The exhaust

blower was in operation during the entire time the elevator was

being lowered in Test IV, and for two minutes after the doors

were closed. The operation of the blower while lowering the

elevator undoubtedly explains why V’ was so large in Test IV.

However, the value of V 0

! for Test IV in Table 3 only accounts

for the air exchange during the time the hatchway was open.

If the reported rating of 12,000 cfm for the exhaust blower

was accurate for the conditions existing after the hatch was

closed, an additional 24,000 cu ft of outdoor air would have

been drawn into the chamber in Test IV during a single firing

cycle. If 24,000 cu ft are added to the sum of V 0 and V 0

' in

Test IV, the total air exchange for the single cycle of this

test would be computed to be 72,700 cu ft, as compared to an

average of 68,000 cu ft computed earlier in this report for

each of the last four cycles of Test V”, based on substantially

a repetitive air temperature pattern in each cycle. It is to

be expected that the air exchanged during the first cycle would

-17-

exceed that in later cycles under a consecutive firing schedule

because the average temperature difference between chamber air

and outdoor air would decrease after the first firing cycle.

The data in Table 3 show that a large fraction of the heat

lost during the periods when the hatch was open was heat stored

in the air in the chamber . The chamber had a volume of about

55,700 cu ft or about 4000 lb, depending somewhat on its temperature. Under the conditions of the tests at Paoli, Pa., the

heat capacity of the air in the chamber was about 100,000 Btu

relative to the outdoor air temperature, whereas the propane

heaters delivered from 4200 to 5400 Btu and the walls transferred from 900 to 2800 Btu to the air during the time required

to open the doors and raise the elevator. Thus, the heat output of the heaters had a relatively small effect on the minimum

air temperature resulting in the chamber during a single or multiple firing schedule. It can be shown from the data that the

minimum air temperature would have been only about 5 degrees

lower if the heaters had not been operating during the time

the hatch was open, and that the heating capacity would have

to be doubled approximately to raise the minimum temperature 5

degrees. Similar analysis shows that the heat output of the

heaters during the period of lowering the elevator only raised

the minimum air temperature in the chamber about 5 degrees.

The data in Table 3 can be used to compute the anticipated

recovery of temperature in the chamber during the one minute

period while the elevator is up and the missile is actually

being fired. This recovery would depend on the rate of heat

transfer from the walls to the chamber air and the rate of heat

supply by the heaters. For Test I, approximately 4100 Btu were

transferred from the walls to the air and about 8500 Btu were

supplied by the heaters. The corresponding values in Test V

were about 7200 Btu and 7700 Btu, respectively.

Comparison of the values of V 0 and Vo" in Table 3 indicates that the door and elevator movements inhibited natural

air exchange somewhat more when the elevator was being raised

than when it was being lowered. It might be theorized that the

elevator helped to establish a chimney action in the elevator

opening when it was lowered and did not when it was being

raised, but the data observed during the test are not adequate

to explain the relative magnitudes of V 0 and V 0

'. The computed

air exchange shown in Table 3 is less than would be determined

- 18 -

by the chimney equation, assuming that air enters through half

of the door area and leaves through the remaining half with an

effective chimney height of 6 feet corresponding to the height

of the enclosed upper end of the elevator shaft.

CONCLUSIONS

Table 3 shows that the air temperature in the underground

chamber decreased from 21 to 35 degrees during the time required

to open the doors and raise the elevator for an indoor-outdoor

temperature difference in the range from 100 to 110 degrees and

a heat input rate of ^76,000 Btu/hr. The total decrease in

chamber temperature when the elevator was lowered, relative to

the initial chamber temperature before starting the missilelaunching operation, ranged from 4-7 to 55-5 degrees in Table 3?

with the higher value occurring when the exhaust blower was

used. The air temperature in the chamber recovered from 11 to

16 degrees during the one minute period after the elevator was

raised to close the hatch and before it was subsequently

lowered.

It is estimated from the analysis of these tests that an

instantaneous heating rate in the range from 5 million to 10

million Btu/hr would be required to maintain a temperature of

50°F in a Nike underground structure of the type tested when

the outdoor temperature was -50°F during a missile-launching

operation. Since a heat input rate of this magnitude would be

difficult to provide, it is considered more practical to limit

the decrease in chamber air temperature by taking advantage of

the stored heat in the surrounding concrete surfaces and in the

fixtures, and by decreasing the air exchange with the outdoors

when the hatchway is open.

Under Arctic conditions, thermal insulation between the

chamber and the surrounding permafrost is necessary to prevent

melting the permafrost over a period of time. The results of

these tests Indicate that the insulation should be placed

between the permafrost and the concrete, thus permitting the

concrete to attain a temperature nearer to the chamber air temperature than in the prototype tested. One foot thickness of

concrete surrounding the chamber would constitute a reservoir

of heat on the order of 30,000,000 Btu with respect to outdoor

air 100 degrees cooler than the concrete. If the insulation

were placed on the inside of the chamber, the concrete would be
I
-19-

near the temperature of the permafrost, and there would be much

less stored heat available for rewarming the air.

The heat stored in the concrete Would be available for

warming the chamber air at the rate of about 20,000 Btu/hr per

degree temperature difference between concrete surface and the

air under normal air velocity conditions in the storage area.

The rate of heat transfer could be increased a little by using

fans to move the air over the walls more rapidly, or by providing more surface area for heat exchange. More area could be

provided by roughening the surface, or by building passages or

lattices into the walls and using fans to circulate air through

them when the hatch was open and during recovery. However, the

computations in Table 3 indicate that the heat transfer from the

walls would have to be increased by at least tenfold to make an

important change in the temperature drop experienced when the

hatch was open. It appears, therefore, that the principal benefit of the heat storage in the walls is for rewarming the air

in a relatively short time after the missile launching is completed, and for limiting the capacity of the heating units

required for rewarming

The amount of air exchange between the chamber and outdoors could be reduced by the use of curtains around the elevator pit. Such curtains were shown to reduce the air exchange

in the missile storage area somewhat, but they would undoubtedly

increase the difficulty of moving the missiles from the storage

racks to the elevator platform.

The exhaust blower should be operated only when required

to scavenge combustion products from the chamber since it

increased the exchange of air between the chamber and outdoors.

The use of an above-ground blower to drive the combustion gases

laterally from the door area before lowering the elevator might

reduce the need for using the exhaust blower in the chamber

considerably.

There is a possibility that a horizontal air curtain,

forced across the bottom of the elevator doorway, might

materially reduce the air exchange caused by chimney action.

The results of the tests in the full scale chamber indicated that the temperature drop experienced in the chamber

during brief periods when the hatchway was open was primarily

- 20-

limited by the heat capacity of the approximately hOOO lb of

air in the chamber and was only affected to a small degree by

heat transfer from the walls and by a steady heat input rate

or *+76,000 Btu/hr from the electric and propane heaters. The

minimum temperature attained in the chamber when the hatchway

was open for ^0 to 60 seconds at a time was closely related to

the mixed air temperature resulting from combining 55,700 cu ft

of chamber air and 11,000 to 32,000 cu ft of outdoor air

approximately 100 degrees colder than the chamber air.


TABLE

TIME SCHEDULES FOR SIMUTEST NO • °c) I II

Item of Simulated Elapsed Time Elapsed Time Elapsed

Firing Schedule Time Interval Time Interval Time

Min:Sec Sec Min: Sec Sec Min: Sec

Signal to Open Doors 0:00 0:00

12

0:00

Doors Start to Open 0:12

8

Doors Fully Open

22

0:20

4

0: 14

Elevator Starts Up 0:22

32

0:24

28

0:17

Elevator on Locking Bars 0: 54 0:52

60

0:45

Signal to Lower Elevator

60

1:52

7

1:45

Elevator Starts Down 1: 54 1:59b) 1 : 49-

Start Ventilating Blower - -

' 35

Elevator Down 2:34

14

2:30

Signal to Close Doors

45

2:48b)

26

2:35

Doors Start to Close 2:39

8

3:14

9

2:46

Doors Fully Closed 2:47

133

3:23 2: 52

North Vent Closed ) Stop Ventilating Blower) 5:00 - -

a) See Graphs 5-1 and 6-1

b) Controls did not function;

c) Planned Schedule.

for each

controls

cycle

.

were shunted
I LATED MISSILE FIRING

II Ill IV V

Average of

VI

10 cycles-,')

Time

Interval

Sec

Elapsed Time

Time Interval

Min:Sec Sec

Elapsed Time

Time Interval

Min:Sec Sec

Elapsed Time

Time Interval

Min:Sec Sec

Elapsed Time

Time Interval

Min:Sec Sec

0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00

- 0:08

8

0:08

8

0 : 07.5

7.5

0:07

7

14

0:16

8

0:15

7

0:15

8

0 : l4

7

3

0:23

n( 0:24

9

0:20

5

0:20

6

28

0:50

27

0:57

33

0:48

28

0:48

28

60

2:05

75 - -

4

2:10

5

2:07

70

1:48

60

1:48

60

— — 1:57

— 2:00

12

1:59

11

4l

2:49

39

2:48

51

2:32

32

2 : 31.5

32.5

5

2:53

4

2:52

4

2:34

2

2 : 37.5

6

11

2:55

2 — 2:41

7

—

6

3:05

10

3:01

9

2:47

6

2:47

10

- - 119 131 131

5:00 4 : 57 4:58

SUMMARY

OF

STATIONS

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TEMPERATURE

MEASUREMENT

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TABLE 3

COMPUTED AIR EXCHANGE BETWEEN NIKE

CHAMBER AND OUTDOORS DURING A SINGLE FIRING CYCLE

Test No 0 I III IV V

op 32 “35“ 29 29

Op 139. 5 138.3 141.5 140.3

Op 115.8 117.8 106 105.3

Op 131.0 129.5 130 c 7 130.9

lb/ft3 .0810 .0802 .0812 .0812

n

. 0662 0 0664 .0660 0 0662

it .0689 0O687 .0701 .0703

sec 40 42 49 40.5

Btu 16700 14430 25510 25130

If 4340 3-370 5490 4630

u 1360 940 2830 2550

u 22400 19740 33830 32310

ft3 12000 11000 18300 17800

Op 126o8 133.5 121 118

Op 92.5 86

lb/ft3 o06?6 . 0684

n o07l8 o0727

sec 84 54

Btu 25920 27130

ii 11100 7140

ii 12000 9810

ii 49020 44080

ft3 32460 30400



TC24

CM

e?



Fig, ^



Fig. 6

Fig. 7



Fig. 9

JZ

Fig 10



TEMPERATURE

DIFFERED

CE

BETWEEN

OUTSIDE

AIR

AND

STRUCTURE

AIR,

DEG.

F.

TEMPERATURE CHANGES IK NIKE ONDERQBOnHr)

STRUCTURE DURING ONE FIRING CYCLE


I
TEKPERATURE

DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN

OUTSIDE

AIR

AND

STRUCTURE

AIR,

DEG.

F.

TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN NIKE UNDERGROUND

STRUCTURE DURING ONE FIRING CTCLE

TEST II

TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN

OUTSIDE

AIR

AND

SIMULATED

MISSILES,

DEG.

F.

TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN

OUTSIDE

AIR

AND

SIMULATED

MISSILES,

DEG.

F.

TEMPERATURE CHANGE It: NIKE UNDERGROUND

STRUCTURE DURING ONE FIRING CYCLE

TEST II

"I T ' I

1

I

120

110

100

ELAPSED TIKE IN MINUTES FROM START OF CYCLE

GRAPH 2-2

"1 ;.j!V-|

E

tr I Ml

TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN

OUTSIDE

AIR

AND

STRUCTURE

AIR,

DEG.

F.

TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN

OUTSIDE

AIR

AND

STRUCTURE

AIR,

DEG.

F.

TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN NIKE UNDERGROUND

STRUCTURE DURING ONE FIRING CYCLE

TEST III

ELAPSED TIME IN MINUTES FROM START OF CYCLE

GRAPH 3-1



TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN

OUTSIDE

AIR

AND

SIMULATED

MISSILES,

DEG.

F.

TEMPERATURE CHANGE IK NIKE UNDERGROUND

STRUCTURE DURING ONE FIRING CYCLE

130

120

110

100

90

SO

m

y.f

m

If

70

MiSSil e dear

Ki&a£l« Bear

i X

South

South

TEST, III

Wall j

:

•fit lib:

Fit Edge

; F:

muj

Titae Schedule for Test 111]

Elapsed Titae

Min. 1 Sec.l

6:00 Signal to Dpen door

Q:08 Doors start to open

Oilfe Boors fully open : 0:23 Elevator sjearts up

0:50 Blevetor on locking baps

2:05 Signal to lower elevator

2;lp TJlevator starts down

2:i»9 Elevator down

2:53 Signal to close doora

Doora-atart to close

3:05 Doora fully closed

,15, _20 3g

ELAPSED TIKE IN MINUTES FROM START OF CYCLE

GRAPH 3-2



TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN

OUTSIDE

AIR

AND

STRUCTURE

AIR,

DEG.

F.

TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN NIKE UNDERGROUND

STRUCTURE DURING ONE FIRING CYCLE

TEST IV

ELAPSED TIME IN MINUTES FROM START OF CYCLE

GRAPH 1»-1



TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCE

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TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN NIKE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE DURING TEH FIRING CYCLES TEST V

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ELAPSED TIME IN MINUTES FROM START OF FIRST CYCLE

GRAPH 5-1



TEMPERATURE CHANGE IK NIKE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE DURING TEN FIRING CYCLES

no

100

90

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70

60

50

ELAPSED TIME IN MINUTES FROM START OF FIRST CYCLE



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TEMPERATURE CHANGE IN NIKE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE DURING TEN FIRING CYCLES

TEST

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TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN NIKE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE

TEST VII

100

CLOCK TIME

GRAPH 8-2

9 US
.
U. S. DEPART MI NT OF COMMERCE

Sinclair \\ n-k.i, Srcmluiy

NATIONAL HIREAl 1 OF STANDARDS

A. V. A slin. Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its headquarters in Washington,

D. C., and its major field laboratories in Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of

the divisions and sections engaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out spe- cialized research, development, and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief

description of the activities, and of tbe resultant reports and publications, appears on the

inside front cover of this report.

WASHINGTON, D. C,

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance ami Reactance. Electron Tubes. Electrical Instruments. Magnetic Measurements, Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation.

Electrochemistry,

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Optical Instruments, Photographic

Technology. Length. Engineering Metrology,

Heat and Power, Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics, Cryogenic Physics. Rheology

and Lubrication. Engine Fuels.

Atomic and Radiation Physieg, Spectroscopy, Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State

Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Nuclear Physics. Radioactivity. X-rays. Betatron. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment. AEC Radiation Instruments. Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Gas Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Sound. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics.

Mass and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber, Textiles. Paper, Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Organic Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy Chemical Metallurgy Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Metal Physics.

Mineral Products, Engineering Ceramics. Glass Refractories Enameled Metals. Concreting

Materials. Constitution and Microstructure

Building Technology, Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Heating and Air Condi-’

tioning. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Specifications.

Applied Mathematics Numerical Analysis, Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics,

Data Processing Systems, SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital

Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analogue Systems. Application Engineering.

• Office of Basic Instrumentation • Office of Weights and Measures

BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction,

Radio Propagation Physics, Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Propagation Ser\ices. Sun-Earth Relationships.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Modulation Systems.

Navigation Systems. Radio Noise Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Radio

Systems Application Engineering

Radio Standards. Radio Frequencies. Microwave Frequencies. High rrcquencj Electrical

Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. High Frequency Impcdunce Standards. Calibration

Center. Microwave Physics Microwave Circuit Standards.