The Effects of Ultra-Low Sulfur 


Gasoline on Emissions from Tier 2 


Vehicles in the In-Use Fleet 


Final Report
 

Appendix E
 

Plots of All Pollutants and Bags
 

Assessment and Standards Division 

Office of Transportation and Air Quality 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

NOTICE 

This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or 

positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data that 

are currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical developments. 

EPA-420-R-14-002 

March 2014 
 

 

Appendix E. Plots of all pollutants and bags 

E.1. Effect of Clean-out at 2 8pp m 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(NOx) 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NOx Bag 2) 

PRE POST
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-14 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2

ln(NOx) 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NOx Bag 3) 

PRE POST
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2 

ln(NOx) 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NOx Bag1-Bag3) 

PRE POST
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

ln(NOx) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd NOx) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

-1.5 

-1.0 

-0.5

ln(THC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (THC Bag 1) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2

ln(THC) 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (THC Bag 2) 

PRE POST
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2

ln(THC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (THC Bag 3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

-1.5 

-1.0 

-0.5

ln(THC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (THC Bag1-Bag3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-4.0 

-3.5 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

ln(THC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd THC) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-2 

0 

2 

ln(CO) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CO Bag 1) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-10.0 

-7.5 

-5.0 

-2.5 

0.0 

ln(CO) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CO Bag 2) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-10.0 

-7.5 

-5.0 

-2.5 

0.0 

ln(CO) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CO Bag 3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-6 

-4 

-2 

0 

2 

ln(CO) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CO Bag1-Bag3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-4 

-2 

0 

ln(CO) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd CO) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

-1.5 

-1.0 

-0.5

ln(NMHC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NMHC Bag 1) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(NMHC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NMHC Bag 2) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(NMHC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NMHC Bag 3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3.5 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

-1.5 

-1.0 

-0.5

ln(NMHC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NMHC Bag1-Bag3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-4.5 

-4.0 

-3.5 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0

ln(NMHC) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd NMHC) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-5 

-4 

-3 

ln(CH4) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CH4 Bag 1) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(CH4) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CH4 Bag 2) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

ln(CH4) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CH4 Bag 3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(CH4) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CH4 Bag1-Bag3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

ln(CH4) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd CH4) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

Vehicle 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

ln(PM) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (PM Bag 1) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

Vehicle 

-6 

-4 

-2 

0 

ln(PM) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (PM Bag 2) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

Vehicle 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

2

ln(PM) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (PM Bag 3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-4 

-2 

0 

2 

ln(PM) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (PM Bag1-Bag3) 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

Vehicle 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

2

ln(PM) 

PRE POST

Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd PM) 
E.2. Effect of Clean-out at 5ppm 

Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(NOx Bag 2) 

-4 

ln(NOx)

-6 

-8 

-10 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag 2)
 

ln(NOx)

-4 

-6 

-8 

-10 

Vehicle 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(NOx Bag 3)
 

ln(NOx)

-2 

-4 

-6 

-8 

-10 

-12 

-14 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag 3)
 

ln(NOx)

-2 

-4 

-6 

-8 

-10 

-12 

-14 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2 

Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(NOx Bag1-Bag3) 

ln(NOx)

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag1-Bag3)
 

ln(NOx)

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(Wtd NOx)
 

ln(NOx)

-3 

-4 

-5 

-6 

-7 

-8 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-8 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd NOx)
 

ln(NOx)

-3 

-4 

-5 

-6 

-7 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(THC Bag 1)
 

ln(THC)

-0.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 1)
 

ln(THC)

-0.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-8 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(THC Bag 2)
 

ln(THC)

-4 

-5 

-6 

-7 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-8 

-6 

-4 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 2)
 

ln(THC)

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-8 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(THC Bag 3)
 

ln(THC)

-3 

-4 

-5 

-6 

-7 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(THC)

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 3) 

-2 

-4 

-6 

-8 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(THC)

Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(THC Bag1-Bag3) 

-0.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(THC)

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag1-Bag3) 

-0.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(Wtd THC)
 

ln(THC)

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

-3.5 

-4.0 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd THC)
 

-2.0 

ln(THC)

-2.5 

-3.0 

-3.5 

-4.0 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(CO Bag 1)
 

ln(CO)

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 1)
 

ln(CO)

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

0 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(CO Bag 2)
 

ln(CO)

-2 

-4 

-6 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-6 

-4 

ln(CO)

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 2) 

0 

-2 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(CO)

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(CO Bag 3) 

0 

-2 

-4 

-6 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(CO)

2 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 3) 

0 

-2 

-4 

-6 

-8 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-2 

0 

2 

Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(CO Bag1-Bag3) 

ln(CO)

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-2 

0 

2 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag1-Bag3)
 

ln(CO)

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(CO)

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(Wtd CO) 

1 

0 

-1 

-2 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd CO)
 

ln(CO)

1 

0 

-1 

-2 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(NMHC)

-0.5 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(NMHC Bag 1) 

-1.0 

-1.5 

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(NMHC)

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 1) 

-0.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(NMHC) 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(NMHC Bag 2) 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(NMHC) 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 2) 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(NMHC Bag 3)
 

-4 

ln(NMHC)

-6 

-8 

-10 

-12 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 3)
 

ln(NMHC)

-4 

-6 

-8 

-10 

-12 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(NMHC)

Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(NMHC Bag1-Bag3) 

-0.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(NMHC)

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag1-Bag3) 

-0.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

-2.0 

-2.5 

-3.0 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(NMHC)

-2.0 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(Wtd NMHC) 

-2.5 

-3.0 

-3.5 

-4.0 

-4.5 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(NMHC)

-2.0 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd NMHC) 

-2.5 

-3.0 

-3.5 

-4.0 

-4.5 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(CH4 Bag 1)
 

ln(CH4)

-3.0 

-3.5 

-4.0 

-4.5 

-5.0 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 1)
 

ln(CH4)

-3.0 

-3.5 

-4.0 

-4.5 

-5.0 

-5.5 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(CH4 Bag 2) 

-4 

ln(CH4)

-6 

-8 

-10 

-12 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 2) 

-4 

ln(CH4)

-6 

-8 

-10 

-12 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(CH4)

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(CH4 Bag 3) 

-4 

-5 

-6 

-7 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-8 

-7 

-4 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 3)
 

ln(CH4)

-5 

-6 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(CH4 Bag1-Bag3)
 

ln(CH4)

-3 

-4 

-5 

-6 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-8 

-6 

-4 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag1-Bag3)
 

ln(CH4)

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(Wtd CH4)
 

-4.0 

ln(CH4)

-4.5 

-5.0 

-5.5 

-6.0 

-6.5 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

ln(CH4)

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd CH4) 

-3.5 

-4.0 

-4.5 

-5.0 

-5.5 

-6.0 

-6.5 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(PM Bag 1)
 

ln(PM)

1.0 

0.5 

0.0 

-0.5 

-1.0 

-1.5 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-1 

0 

1 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 1)
 

ln(PM)

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(PM Bag 2)
 

ln(PM)

0 

-1 

-2 

-3 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 2)
 

ln(PM)

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-2 

-1 

0 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(PM Bag 3)
 

ln(PM)

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 3)
 

ln(PM)

1 

0 

-1 

-2 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry 

ln(PM)

1 

Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm 

(PM Bag1-Bag3) 

0 

-1 

-2 

-3 

-4 

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

ln(PM)

1 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag1-Bag3) 

0 

-1 

-2 

-3 

-4 

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm
 

(Wtd PM)
 

ln(PM)

Vehicle
 

Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout
 

at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd PM)
 

ln(PM)

Vehicle
 

Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm 
E.3. Effect of sulfur level 

NOx Bag 1: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(NOx) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NOx Bag 2) 
by sulfur level (NOx Bag 2) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-10 

-4 

-10 

-4 

-10 

-4 

-10 

-4 

-10 

-4 
NOx Bag 2: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-14 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2 

ln(NOx) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NOx Bag 3) 
by sulfur level (NOx Bag 3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123... vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031... vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-12.5 

-2.5 

-12.5 

-2.5 

-12.5 

-2.5 

-12.5 

-2.5 

-12.5 

-2.5 
NOx Bag 3: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2 

ln(NOx) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NOx Bag1-Bag3) 
by sulfur level (NOx Bag1-Bag3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-8 

-2 

-8 

-2 

-8 

-2 

-8 

-2 

-8 

-2 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

ln(NOx) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd NOx) 
by sulfur level (Wtd NOx) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-8 

-3 

-8 

-3 

-8 

-3 

-8 

-3 

-8 

-3 
Wtd NOx: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

-1.5 

-1.0 

-0.5 

ln(THC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (THC Bag 1) 
by sulfur level (THC Bag 1) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 
THC Bag 1: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(THC) 

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (THC Bag 2) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm
by sulfur level (THC Bag 2) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-8 

-4 

-8 

-4 

-8 

-4 

-8 

-4 

-8 

-4 
THC Bag 2: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-8 

-6 

-4 

-2 

ln(THC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (THC Bag 3) 
by sulfur level (THC Bag 3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-8 

-2 

-8 

-2 

-8 

-2 

-8 

-2 

-8 

-2 
THC Bag 3: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

-1.5 

-1.0 

-0.5 

ln(THC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (THC Bag1-Bag3) 
by sulfur level (THC Bag1-Bag3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 
THC Bag1-Bag3: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-4.5 

-4.0 

-3.5 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

ln(THC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd THC) 
by sulfur level (Wtd THC) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-4.5 

-2.0 
Wtd THC: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

ln(CO) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CO Bag 1) 
by sulfur level (CO Bag 1) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-1 

2 

-1 

2 

-1 

2 

-1 

2 

-1 

2 
CO Bag 1: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

3 

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-6 

-4 

-2 

0 

ln(CO) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CO Bag 2) 
by sulfur level (CO Bag 2) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-6 

0 

-6 

0 

-6 

0 

-6 

0 

-6 

0 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-6 

-4 

-2 

0 

ln(CO) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CO Bag 3) 
by sulfur level (CO Bag 3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-6 

0 

-6 

0 

-6 

0 

-6 

0 

-6 

0 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-6 

-4 

-2 

0 

2 

ln(CO) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CO Bag1-Bag3) 
by sulfur level (CO Bag1-Bag3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-6 

2 

-6 

2 

-6 

2 

-6 

2 

-6 

2 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

ln(CO) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd CO) 
by sulfur level (Wtd CO) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-2 

1 

-2 

1 

-2 

1 

-2 

1 

-2 

1 
Wtd CO: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

2 

3 

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

-1.5 

-1.0 

-0.5 

ln(NMHC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NMHC Bag 1) 
by sulfur level (NM HC Bag 1) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-0.5 
NMHC Bag 1: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(NMHC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NMHC Bag 2) 
by sulfur level (NM HC Bag 2) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-12 

-4 

-12 

-4 

-12 

-4 

-12 

-4 

-12 

-4 
NMHC Bag 2: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4

ln(NMHC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NMHC Bag 3) 
by sulfur level (NM HC Bag 3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-12 

-4 

-12 

-4 

-12 

-4 

-12 

-4 

-12 

-4 
NMHC Bag 3: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3.5 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

-1.5 

-1.0 

-0.5 

ln(NMHC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NMHC Bag1-Bag3) 
by sulfur level (NM HC Bag1-Bag3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-3.5 

-2.0 

-0.5 

-3.5 

-2.0 

-0.5 

-3.5 

-2.0 

-0.5 

-3.5 

-2.0 

-0.5 

-3.5 

-2.0 

-0.5 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-4.5 

-4.0 

-3.5 

-3.0 

-2.5 

-2.0 

ln(NMHC) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd NMHC) 
by sulfur level (Wtd NM HC) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-4.5 

-2.0 
Wtd NMHC: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-5.0 

-4.5 

-4.0 

-3.5 

-3.0 

ln(CH4) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 1) 
by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 1) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-5 

-3 

-5 

-3 

-5 

-3 

-5 

-3 

-5 

-3 
CH4 Bag 1: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-12 

-10 

-8 

-6 

-4 

ln(CH4) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 2) 
by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 2) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-12 

-8 

-4 

-12 

-8 

-4 

-12 

-8 

-4 

-12 

-8 

-4 

-12 

-8 

-4 
CH4 Bag 2: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

ln(CH4) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 3) 
by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-7 

-5 

-3 

-7 

-5 

-3 

-7 

-5 

-3 

-7 

-5 

-3 

-7 

-5 

-3 
CH4 Bag 3: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

ln(CH4) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CH4 Bag1-Bag3) 
by sulfur level (CH4 Bag1-Bag3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-6 

-3 

-6 

-3 

-6 

-3 

-6 

-3 

-6 

-3 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-6 

-5 

-4 

ln(CH4) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd CH4) 
by sulfur level (Wtd CH4) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-6 

-4 

-6 

-4 

-6 

-4 

-6 

-4 

-6 

-4 
Wtd CH4: Data vs Predicted
 

Data 

-12 

-11 

-10 

-9 

-8 

-7 

-6 

-5 

-4 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

Model Prediction 

sulfur High Sulfur Low Sulfur 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

ln(PM) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (PM Bag 1) 
by sulfur level (PM Bag 1) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-2 

1 

-2 

1 

-2 

1 

-2 

1 

-2 

1 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0

ln(PM) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (PM Bag 2) 
by sulfur level (PM Bag 2) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-3 

0 

-3 

0 

-3 

0 

-3 

0 

-3 

0 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0 

1 

ln(PM) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (PM Bag 3) 
by sulfur level (PM Bag 3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-3 

-1 

1 

-3 

-1 

1 

-3 

-1 

1 

-3 

-1 

1 

-3 

-1 

1 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

Vehicle 

-4 

-2 

0 

ln(PM) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (PM Bag1-Bag3) 
by sulfur level (PM Bag1-Bag3) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 1011S 

vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0148... vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L 

vehID = 0026L vehID = 0031E vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0023L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-4 

0 

-4 

0 

-4 

0 

-4 

0 
Toyota-Corolla 

Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

Vehicle 

-3 

-2 

-1 

0

ln(PM) 

High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm

Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd PM) 
by sulfur level (Wtd PM ) 

Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles 

sulfurlevel High Sulfur at 28ppm Low Sulfur at 5ppm 

miles 

lnE 

vehID = 0194L vehID = 0264L vehID = 0280S vehID = 0329... vehID = 1011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 2011S 

vehID = 0146... vehID = 0148... vehID = 0162S vehID = 0165S vehID = 0178L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0179S 

vehID = 0075L vehID = 0089S vehID = 0101S vehID = 0104... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0123E vehID = 0131S 

vehID = 0023L vehID = 0026L vehID = 0026... vehID = 0031E vehID = 0039S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0074S 

vehID = 0003L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0009S vehID = 0010S vehID = 0021L vehID = 0022L 

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 

-3 

0 

-3 

0 

-3 

0 

-3 

0 

-3 

0