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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

ARBOR CROSSINGS APT LLC, ARBOR 

CROSSINGS KEARNEY TIC LLC, and READ 

PROPERTY GROUP,

Petitioners-Appellants,

UNPUBLISHED

October 26, 2017

v No. 334318

Tax Tribunal

TOWNSHIP OF MUSKEGON, LC No. 16-003125-TT

Respondent-Appellee.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and MURPHY and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

Petitioners appeal as of right the order of the Tax Tribunal dismissing their tax petition as 

untimely. This case arises from a dispute over what type of postage mark establishes the date of 

filing for a petition filed with the Tax Tribunal. Pursuant to MCL 205.735a(6), a petitioner must 

file “a written petition on or before May 31 of the tax year involved” to invoke the relevant 

jurisdiction of the Tax Tribunal. Petitioner sent an envelope to the Tax Tribunal that bore a 

meter postmark dated May 31, 2016, and a United States Postal Service (USPS) postmark dated 

June 1, 2016. The Tax Tribunal held that only the USPS postmark was the official date of filing. 

We affirm. 

We review de novo the Tax Tribunal’s interpretation of statutes. Wexford Med Group v 

City of Cadillac, 474 Mich 192, 202; 713 NW2d 734 (2006). The Tax Tribunal’s decision to 

“dismiss a petition for failure to comply with its rules or orders” is reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion. Prof Plaza, LLC v City of Detroit, 250 Mich App 473, 475; 647 NW2d 529 (2002). 

An abuse of discretion occurs when a decision falls outside the range of reasonable and 

principled outcomes. Maldonado v Ford Motor Co, 476 Mich 372, 388; 719 NW2d 809 (2006). 

The timeliness of a filing with the Tax Tribunal is determined by MCL 205.735a(7), 

which provides as follows: 

A petition is considered filed on or before the expiration of the time period 

provided in this section or by law if 1 or more of the following occur: 
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(a) The petition is postmarked by the United States postal service on or 

before the expiration of that time period. 

(b) The petition is delivered in person on or before the expiration of that 

time period. 

(c) The petition is given to a designated delivery service for delivery on or 

before the expiration of that time period and the petition is delivered by that 

designated delivery service or, if the petition is not delivered by that designated 

delivery service, the petitioner establishes that the petition was given to that 

designated delivery service for delivery on or before the expiration of that time 

period. 

The Tax Tribunal has interpreted MCL 205.735a(7) to mean that “[s]ubmissions by mail are 

considered filed on the date indicated by the U.S. postal service postmark on the envelope 

containing the submissions.” Mich Admin Code R 792.10219(5), TTR 219(5). Here, there is no 

dispute that petitioners attempted to file their petition through the USPS pursuant to MCL 

205.735a(7)(a). Therefore, the dispute in this case is whether the Tax Tribunal properly 

interpreted MCL 205.735a(7)(a) in finding that petitioners’ petition was untimely. 

We generally defer to interpretations given by the Tax Tribunal to statutes it is delegated 

to administer, but in the event of a conflict between a statute and an administrative rule, the 

statute prevails. Grimm v Treasury Dep’t, 291 Mich App 140, 145; 810 NW2d 65 (2010); Grass 

Lake Improvement Bd v Dep’t of Environmental Quality, 316 Mich App 356, 366; 891 NW2d 

884 (2016). Clear and unambiguous language in a statute establishes the intent of the 

Legislature, which this Court then effectuates as written. Lash v City of Traverse City, 479 Mich 

180, 187; 735 NW2d 628 (2007). “Terms used in a statute must be given their plain and 

ordinary meaning, and it is appropriate to consult a dictionary for definitions.” EldenBrady v 

City of Albion, 294 Mich App 251, 254-255; 816 NW2d 449 (2011). We “may read nothing into 

an unambiguous statute that is not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as derived from 

the words of the statute itself.” Snead v John Carlo, Inc, 294 Mich App 343, 355; 813 NW2d 

294 (2011). 

The operative language of the statute is “postmarked by the United States postal service.” 

Thus, the statute unambiguously treats “postmarked” as a verb, or in other words, an action 

undertaken by the USPS. Petitioners rely on treating the word as a noun, which would 

impermissibly rewrite the statute to read something in effect, “bearing a postmark from the 

United States postal service.” Although perhaps a subtle distinction, we are not permitted to 

deviate from what the Legislature actually wrote. “Postmark,” when used as a verb, means “to 

put a postmark on.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed). Consequently, the 

statute unambiguously requires the postmark to have been applied “by the United States postal 

service.” 

We conclude that it was not, and petitioners do not appear to seriously contend that it was

so applied. A postage meter is “a device or system of components a customer uses to print 

evidence that postage required for mailing has been paid.” Mailing Standards of the United 

States Postal Service, Domestic Mail Manual (DMM), § 604.4.1.1. Postage meters imprint 
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postage under license of the USPS, DMM § 604.4.2, and are regulated by the USPS to ensure 

they are properly used, DMM §§ 604.4.4, 705.19.0. Thus, the petition in this case could not 

have literally been “postmarked” by the USPS because it was postmarked by petitioners. At 

best, the petition was postmarked under license of the USPS. The statute unambiguously 

mandates that only petitions that are “postmarked by the United States postal service” fall within 

the provisions of MCL 205.735a(7)(a). 

“It is a well-known principle that the Legislature is presumed to be aware of, and thus to 

have considered the effect on, all existing statutes when enacting new laws.” Walen v Dep’t of 

Corr, 443 Mich 240, 248; 505 NW2d 519 (1993). Further, “[w]hen the Legislature enacts laws, 

it is presumed to know the rules of statutory construction and therefore its use or omission of 

language is generally presumed to be intentional.” Carson City Hosp v Dep’t of Community 

Health, 253 Mich App 444, 447-448; 656 NW2d 366 (2002). Thus, the Legislature is presumed 

to have been aware of the laws allowing for the use of postage meters to send mail through the 

USPS, see Walen, 443 Mich at 248, yet it used the phrase “postmarked by the United States 

postal service” in MCL 205.735a(7)(a), thereby intentionally excluding mail postmarked by 

postage meters under license of the USPS, see Carson City Hosp, 253 Mich App at 447-448. 

Moreover, to interpret MCL 205.735a(7)(a) as permitting mail postmarked by postage meters 

would render the phrase “by the United States postal service” surplusage and, therefore, not give 

full effect to the Legislature’s intent. See Jesperson v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 499 Mich 29, 37; 878 

NW2d 799 (2016). 

Petitioner cites several cases from other jurisdictions for the proposition that meter 

postmarks have been considered postmarks by the USPS, but none of those authorities held that a 

meter postmark constituted a postmark by the USPS. We hold that the Tax Tribunal did not err 

in its interpretation of MCL 205.735a(7)(a) because, by its clear language, MCL 205.735a(7)(a) 

requires that the petition be postmarked by the United States postal service. Accordingly, the 

tribunal did not abuse its discretion by denying petitioners’ petition for lack of jurisdiction 

because only the USPS postmark, and not the meter postmark, on the petition was relevant to its 

filing date under MCL 205.735a(7)(a), and the USPS postmark was dated after the filing 

deadline in MCL 205.735a(6). 

Petitioners finally argue that the Tax Tribunal’s interpretation of MCL 205.735a(7)(a) 

would violate the Equal Protection Clauses of the United States and Michigan Constitutions; US 

Const, Am XIV and Const 1963, art 1, §2; by creating two classes of people and unjustifiably 

treating them in a disparate manner. Although petitioner raises this issue for the first time on 

appeal, the Tax Tribunal would not have had the power to address it, so it is proper for us to 

consider it. Electronic Data Sys Corp v Twp of Flint, 253 Mich App 538, 549; 656 NW2d 215 

(2002). The two classes to which petitioner refers are people who do and do not use postage 

meters. This is not the sort of “largely innate” considered protected or otherwise subject to 

heightened scrutiny under the Equal Protection Clause. Crego v Coleman, 463 Mich 248, 258-

261; 615 NW2d 218 (2000). Petitioner must therefore establish that the requirement is 

“‘arbitrary and wholly unrelated in a rational way to the objective of the statute.” Electronic 

Data Sys Corp, 253 Mich App at 552 (quotation omitted). 

The purpose of the filing requirements in MCL 205.735a is to invoke the jurisdiction of 

the Tax Tribunal, and the purpose of MCL 205.735a(7) in particular is “to provide a record of 
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the date of mailing, because mailing is the event that invokes the jurisdiction of the Tax Tribunal, 

and to prevent stale claims.” Electronic Data Sys Corp, 253 Mich App at 549-550. Regulating 

how to invoke the Tax Tribunal’s jurisdiction is a legitimate government interest. Id. at 553. 

Requiring an official postmark by the USPS, and not allowing meter postmarks, rationally relates 

to this purpose because meter postmarks are susceptible to biases that USPS postmarks are not, 

and USPS postmarks are inherently more reliable than meter postmarks. Moreover, a petitioner 

that sends a petition using metered mail is, in fact, different from a person that does not use 

metered mail, and “those things which are different in fact or opinion [are not required] to be 

treated in law as though they were the same.” Electronic Data Sys Corp, 253 Mich App at 551 

(alteration in original; citation and quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, because MCL 

205.735a(7)(a), as interpreted by the Tax Tribunal, was rationally related to a legitimate 

government purpose, petitioners’ Equal Protection claim fails. 

Affirmed. 

/s/ Stephen L. Borrello 

/s/ William B. Murphy 

/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause