United States General Accounting Office

GAO Report to Congressional Requesters

March 1996 AT-RISK AND

DELINQUENT YOUTH

Multiple Federal

Programs Raise

Efficiency Questions

GAO/HEHS-96-34

GAO United States

General Accounting Office

Washington, D.C. 20548

Health, Education, and

Human Services Division

B-260743 

March 6, 1996

The Honorable William S. Cohen

Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight

 of Government Management and the

 District of Columbia

Committee on Governmental Affairs

United States Senate

The Honorable William F. Goodling

Chairman, Committee on Economic and

 Educational Opportunities

House of Representatives

The Honorable Nancy Landon Kassebaum

Chairman, Committee on Labor and

 Human Resources

United States Senate

The Honorable Sam Nunn

Ranking Minority Member

Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations

Committee on Governmental Affairs

United States Senate

Problems such as poverty, unemployment, teen pregnancy, child abuse,

violence, and substance abuse are common among the nation’s youth.

Many young people are considered at-risk1

 and many have also had

contact with the juvenile justice system. In response, the Congress has

passed legislation over the years creating numerous federal programs to

address the needs of delinquent and at-risk youth. While this commitment

on the part of the federal government is essential in helping such youth, in

the current period of ever-tightening budget constraints, questions have

been raised about potential waste from program overlap and duplication

of services.

This report responds to your request that we (1) identify federal programs

that serve at-risk or delinquent youth and provide information on the

amount of fiscal year 1995 appropriations dedicated toward youth;

1

The term “at-risk” can have different meanings in different contexts. We are using the term in a broad

sense to refer to youth who, due to certain characteristics or experiences, are statistically more likely

than other youth to encounter certain problems—legal, social, financial, educational, emotional, and

health—in the future.

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(2) provide information on various program characteristics, such as

services provided and target groups; and (3) assess the potential for

program overlap and duplication of services. To identify these programs,

we reviewed applicable laws, current literature, and previous GAO reports.

We also reviewed the 1994 Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance, which

contains detailed information on all federal domestic programs. To obtain

additional data, such as estimates of fiscal year 1995 appropriations

dedicated toward at-risk or delinquent youth, we contacted agency

officials knowledgeable about each program.

We included programs on our list on the basis of the services they

provided and their target groups. The services we focused on were

self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention, gang intervention,

mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling, substance abuse

intervention, job training assistance, support services, focused activities,

parental/family intervention, planning and program development, training

and technical assistance, research/evaluation, capital improvements, and

clearinghouses.2

 The target groups included youth who were economically

disadvantaged; abused or neglected; drug or alcohol abusers; missing,

exploited, or abducted; runaways or homeless; school dropouts; victims of

crime; minorities; juvenile offenders; delinquents; or considered at-risk or

high-risk.3

 We defined “youth” to include children at least 5 years old,

adolescents, and young adults up to 24 years old. Finally, we included not

only clearly established programs, but also funding streams that supported

specific youth-related activities, such as demonstration projects, pilot

projects, clearinghouses, research and evaluation efforts, and other

initiatives.4

We did our work between February and October 1995 in accordance with

generally accepted government auditing standards.

Results in Brief The federal government currently has 131 programs, administered by 16

different departments and other agencies, that may be used to benefit

at-risk or delinquent youth. For the programs on which we were able to

2

These services are defined in app. I. We also had a category for “other” services.

3

We also had a category for “all youth,” because some programs claim not to target any particular

youth subgroups, and a category for “other” groups.

4

However, we excluded general public education, Aid to Families With Dependent Children,

Supplemental Security Income, and general health programs (including Medicaid and nutrition) from

our list of programs because their purpose is not directly related to juvenile delinquents or at-risk

youth.

Page 2 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

obtain funding data (109 programs, or 83 percent), total estimated

appropriations used for youth in fiscal year 1995 exceeded $4 billion.

Many of the programs we identified were authorized to provide funding for

multiple services, ranging from counseling to job training assistance to

research and evaluation efforts. For example, we found that 23 percent of

the programs could fund seven or more services. The services most

commonly authorized were substance abuse intervention and training and

technical assistance (53 programs each). Many programs also had multiple

target groups, ranging from economically disadvantaged youth to

abused/neglected youth to school dropouts. For example, 33 percent

targeted three or more youth groups. The group most commonly targeted

was all youth (35 programs).

The current system of federal programs for at-risk or delinquent youth

creates the potential for overlap of services. Our analysis showed that, in

many cases, it was possible for two or more programs to provide similar

services to the same target group. While we cannot be certain whether

overlap is actually occurring, our analysis raises questions about the

overall efficiency of federal efforts to assist at-risk and delinquent youth.

Background The social environment in which many youth live today has substantially

increased the likelihood that they will become delinquent or experience

other negative outcomes. Consider, for example, the following statistics:

• About 20 percent of children in the United States live in poverty, and for

minority children the percentage is about twice as high. Moreover, poor

teens are more than three times as likely as other teens to drop out of

school.

• While the high-school dropout rate has been declining over the past two

decades, in 1993 it was still over 10 percent for all races combined, and

over 27 percent for Hispanics.

• The unemployment rate for youth is much higher than for adults. From

1991 to 1994, the average unemployment rate among males 16 to 24 years

old was 14.3 percent, compared with 5.7 percent for those aged 25 and

older. During the same period, the average unemployment rate among

females 16 to 24 years old was 12.3 percent, compared with 5.3 percent for

those aged 25 and older.

• In 1992, child protective service agencies received an estimated 1.9 million

reports of child abuse and neglect. In 41 percent of these reports,

investigation found the maltreatment substantiated or indicated.

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Furthermore, research indicates that being abused or neglected as a child

increases the likelihood of arrest as a juvenile by 53 percent, and as an

adult by 38 percent.

• The United States has the highest teen alcohol- and drug-abuse rate of any

industrialized nation. While student use of alcohol and other drugs has

declined since the early 1980s, a study found that in 1992 more than

75 percent of 12th graders reported using alcohol during the previous year,

and almost 25 percent reported using marijuana.

• Between 1988 and 1992, the juvenile arrest rate for violent crime increased

47 percent—more than twice the increase for people 18 years of age and

older. In addition, the number of violent crimes committed against youth

aged 12 to 17 increased 25 percent. In 1991, youth aged 12 to 23 were more

likely to be victims of a violent crime than were people past their mid-20s.

In 1992, roughly 1 out of every 13 juveniles reported being a victim of a

violent crime.

While the Congress has established numerous programs to respond to

problems such as these, it has also begun to look closely at the efficiency

and effectiveness of federal programs in many areas to see if

improvements can be made. For example, our past work on federal

employment training programs suggested that a major overhaul was

needed, in part because many such programs targeted the same clients,

shared the same goal, and provided similar services.5

Principal Findings

Federal Approach to

Helping At-Risk and

Delinquent Youth Consists

of Many Programs in

Numerous Agencies

We identified 131 federal programs that serve at-risk or delinquent youth.6

Over 60 percent of these programs are administered by two cabinet-level

departments—Health and Human Services (58 programs) and Justice (22

programs). An additional eight departments, three independent agencies,

one federal commission, one presidential council, and one “quasi-official”

5

See Multiple Employment Training Programs: Major Overhaul Needed to Reduce Costs, Streamline

the Bureaucracy, and Improve Results (GAO/T-HEHS-95-53), Jan. 10, 1995.

6

App. II lists the names of all 131 programs, along with the estimated amount of each program’s federal

appropriation dedicated for youth in fiscal year 1995. App. III provides more detailed descriptions of

each program, including the administering office, the same funding information presented in app. II,

legislative authorization, program objective, services provided, and target groups.

Page 4 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

agency7 administer at least one program serving at-risk or delinquent

youth. (See table 1.)

Table 1: Number of Federal Programs

for At-Risk or Delinquent Youth, by

Agency

Agency Number of programs

Department of Health and Human Services 58

Department of Justice 22a

Department of Education 10

Department of Labor 9b

Department of Agriculture 8c

Department of Housing and Urban Development 5

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities 4

Corporation for National and Community Service 3

Department of Transportation 3

Department of Defense 2

Department of the Interior 2

Appalachian Regional Commission 1d

Department of the Treasury 1

Environmental Protection Agency 1

President’s Crime Prevention Council 1

State Justice Institute 1

Total 131

aIncludes one program jointly administered by the Departments of Health and Human Services,

Housing and Urban Development, Labor, and Agriculture and the Corporation for National and

Community Service.

bIncludes one program jointly administered by the Department of Education.

cIncludes one program jointly administered by the Department of the Interior and one program

jointly administered by the Department of Justice.

dProgram jointly administered by the Department of Education.

Estimated Fiscal Year 1995

Appropriations Used for

Youth Exceeded $4 Billion

The estimated total amount of federal appropriations dedicated to at-risk

and delinquent youth in fiscal year 1995 was over $4 billion.8

 This is a

conservative estimate, however, because it is based on information for 109

(83 percent) of the programs we identified; for the remaining 22 programs,

7

Quasi-official agencies are not executive-branch agencies, but are required by statute to publish

certain information about their activities and programs in the Federal Register. The quasi-official

agency in our analysis is the State Justice Institute.

8

We present officials’ estimates of the amount used for youth services, rather than reporting the full

appropriation for a program, because some programs also serve individuals outside our defined age

range (5 to 24).

Page 5 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
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officials were unable to estimate the portion of total appropriations that

was dedicated to youth. Fifteen of the 109 programs reported using no

appropriated funds on youth in fiscal year 1995.9

 Of the 94 programs that

reported using some appropriated funds for youth, the estimated amount

ranged from $100,000 (for the Department of Agriculture’s Urban Tree

House Research Program) to about $1.1 billion (for Job Corps,

administered by the Department of Labor); the median amount used was

$10 million. About 31 percent of the programs estimated using from

$0.1 million to $4.9 million, while about 22 percent estimated using

$30 million or more (see fig. 1).

Figure 1: Estimated Amount of Fiscal

Year 1995 Appropriations Used to

Serve At-Risk and Delinquent Youth

15% • $5 to $9.9 Million

17% • $10 to $14.9 Million

15% • $15 to $29.9 Million

22%•

$30 Million or More

•31%

$0.1 to $4.9 Million

Note: Analysis based on 94 programs that reported using some amount of their FY 1995

appropriation on youth.

Most of the programs we identified use one of two methods to distribute

federal funds: project grants, in which funds are awarded to state, local, or

private service providers on a competitive or discretionary basis, and

formula grants, in which funds are distributed on the basis of factors such

9

Some of these programs did not receive an appropriation in fiscal year 1995; others had their

appropriation rescinded.

Page 6 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

as state population. Of the 131 programs we identified, 50 percent used

project grants to disseminate funds and 28 percent used formula grants.10

Most Programs Support

Multiple Services

In identifying programs serving at-risk or delinquent youth, we focused on

a total of 17 authorized services or activities, ranging from various direct

services to research and evaluation efforts to capital improvement

projects. We found that many programs were authorized to award grants

for several different types of services (see fig. 2). While 13 percent of the

programs were authorized to fund a single type of service, about twice as

many were authorized to provide 4 to 6 different services, and about

14 percent could provide funds for 10 or more services.

Figure 2: Many Programs Authorized

to Fund Multiple Services

37% • Two to Three Services

27%•

Four to Six Services

•

9%

Seven to Nine Services

•14%

10 or More Services

•13%

One Service

10As for the remaining 22 percent of programs, some used another type of funding mechanism or a

combination of mechanisms, some did not disseminate funds, and for some we were unable to

determine the funding mechanism.

Page 7 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

The services most commonly authorized were substance abuse

intervention and training and technical assistance (53 programs each), and

the service least commonly authorized was capital improvements (10

programs), as shown in figure 3.

Figure 3: Many Programs Fund Similar Services

Number of Programs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Substance Abuse Intervention

Training and Technical Assistance

Counseling

Self-Sufficiency Skills

Support Services

Parental/Family Intervention

Job Training Assistance

Research/Evaluation

Tutoring

Crime/Violence Intervention

Mentoring

Focused Activities

Conflict Resolution

Planning and Program Development

Gang Intervention

Clearinghouses

Capital Improvements

Services

53 53

47

44 44 43 42

37 37

35 35

33

30

26

21

14

10

Note: Forty-three programs were authorized to fund at least one other type of service not listed

above.

Programs Often Have More

Than One Target Group

In identifying programs serving at-risk or delinquent youth, we also

focused on a total of 12 target groups, ranging from economically

disadvantaged youth to drug/alcohol abusers to school dropouts. We

found that many programs target their services to several of these youth

groups (see fig. 4). Our analysis showed that about half the programs had

just one target group and about half had two or more target groups,

including 12 percent with five or more target groups.

Page 8 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

Figure 4: Many Programs Have

Multiple Target Groups

19% • Two Target Groups

21% • Three to Four Target Groups

12% • Five or More Target Groups

•48%

One Target Group

The group most commonly targeted among the programs we identified

was all youth (35 programs), while the group targeted by the fewest

programs was missing/exploited/abducted youth (2 programs), as shown

in figure 5.

Page 9 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
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Figure 5: Many Programs Have Similar Target Groups

Number of Programs

0

10

20

30

40

All Youth

At-Risk/High-Risk

Economically

Disadvantaged

Drug/Alcohol Abusers

Minorities

Abused/Neglected

Juvenile Offenders

Runaway/Homeless

Delinquents

School Dropouts

Victims of Crime

Missing/Exploited/ Abducted

Target Groups

35 34 34

30

28

26

22 21

15

12 11

2

Note: Forty-three programs had at least one target group not listed above.

Potential for Program

Overlap

The federal system for providing services to at-risk and delinquent youth

clearly creates the potential for program overlap. We identified numerous

instances in which two or more programs could be funding the same

service to the same target group (see table 2, pp. 12 and 13). For example,

we found 17 programs targeting at-risk/high-risk youth that were

authorized to fund counseling services. Similarly, we found 14 programs

targeting juvenile offenders that could fund substance abuse intervention.

With 17 services and 12 target groups in our analysis, 204

service/target-group combinations are possible. We found 117 instances in

which 6 or more programs had the same service/target group combination,

including 54 instances involving 10 or more programs.

Page 10 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
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Page 11 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

Table 2: Number of Programs That

Could Fund Similar Services for the

Same Target Groups

Services

Abused/

neglected

youth

All

youth

At-risk/

high-risk

youth Delinquents

Drug/

alcohol

abusers

Capital

improvements 0 2 3 1 1

Clearinghouses 4 6 3 1 3

Conflict resolution 4 11 16 8 6

Counseling 9 9 17 10 6

Crime/violence

intervention 6 13 16 8 13

Focused activities 3 11 17 6 6

Gang intervention 3 9 12 7 6

Job training

assistance 2 8 12 7 4

Mentoring 4 10 18 8 6

Parental/family

intervention 14 14 15 6 9

Planning and

program

development 6 11 11 4 4

Research/evaluation 12 14 8 4 6

Self-sufficiency skills 7 10 17 10 5

Substance abuse

intervention 8 15 17 8 25

Support services 10 8 13 7 5

Training and

technical assistance 11 17 20 8 16

Tutoring 5 11 18 9 6

Page 12 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

Target Groups

/

l

s

Economically

disadvantaged

youth

Juvenile

offenders Minorities

Missing/

exploited/

abducted youth

Runaways/

homeless

youth

School

dropouts Victims of crime

5 2 0 0 2 3 1

3 0 2 2 1 1 0 2

6 9 8 5 1 4 5 4

6 17 10 8 1 8 7 8

3 11 10 6 2 7 4 4

6 9 6 5 0 4 3 3

6 5 6 4 1 3 2 4

4 23 8 7 1 6 8 3

6 15 9 5 1 5 7 3

9 9 9 10 1 8 4 4

4 3 5 7 0 2 1 5

6 5 7 8 1 6 3 5

5 22 10 3 1 5 7 3

5 13 14 13 1 12 6 4

5 15 7 10 1 9 3 6

6 10 9 11 2 10 5 7

6 15 10 4 1 6 8 3

This analysis, however, must be interpreted cautiously for several reasons.

First, because two programs cover the same service/target-group

combination does not necessarily mean that both programs actually do

provide that particular service to that target group. As noted earlier, most

programs can fund multiple services and many have multiple target

groups, but in a given year a program might focus its efforts on a subset of

those services and target groups. Thus, two programs that are authorized

to fund the same service and that share the same target group might

actually provide the same service to different groups, different services to

the same group, or different services to different groups.

Page 13 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

Second, our approach combines programs with widely differing scopes

and objectives. For example, we did not distinguish between programs

that give formula grants to all states and agency efforts that support a

small number of service demonstration projects. In addition, this analysis

treats all minorities as a single target group, whereas two programs

serving minorities might actually target youth from different racial/ethnic

groups. Moreover, our analysis does not take into account other important

factors, such as the age range of the youth served or the geographical

location where the services are provided. Further, this analysis cannot

help determine whether a particular individual is receiving the same

service from more than one program. Finally, we have not included the

“other” categories for services and target groups in our analysis.

Therefore, without a more detailed review of the individual programs we

identified, it is impossible to say for certain whether or to what extent

program overlap is occurring; table 2 merely demonstrates some of the

ways in which overlap may be taking place.

Concluding

Observations

The federal response to the problems of delinquent and at-risk youth is

currently manifested in 131 separate programs administered by 16

departments and other agencies. Many of the programs are authorized to

fund multiple services and are targeted toward multiple youth groups,

creating the potential for program overlap and duplication of services.

On one hand, the current system may be appropriate for responding to the

needs of delinquent and at-risk youth. To the extent that many factors are

associated with becoming at-risk or delinquent, and to the extent that

youth may be at risk of numerous negative outcomes, the current set of

programs may be appropriate for dealing with a wide range of service

needs. This arrangement may also provide state, local, and other service

providers with a substantial degree of flexibility in making service

decisions based on the particular needs of their primary target groups.

On the other hand, the current system raises questions concerning

efficiency. Our work suggests that efficiencies might be gained by having a

smaller number of consolidated programs for at-risk or delinquent youth.

For example, it would probably be more efficient to have one program

covering a service/target-group combination, administered by a single

federal office, than several programs administered by several different

Page 14 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
B-260743 

offices.11 However, deciding what, if anything, should be done to reform

the system would require consideration of how individual programs

currently operate, with special attention to how consolidation could

reduce overall administrative costs. It would also require careful thought

about what such a system should look like and how it should function,

including its scope, design, goals, strategies, and so forth.

Agency Comments The information presented in this report was reviewed by officials from all

the departments and agencies that operate the programs we identified.

They generally verified that our information was accurate, although we

have made minor modifications to the report where appropriate.

We are sending copies of this report to the agencies responsible for

administering the programs we reviewed and to other interested parties. If

you or your staff have any questions concerning this report, please call me

at (202) 512-7014. Other GAO contacts and contributors to this report are

listed in appendix IV.

Cornelia M. Blanchette

Associate Director, Education

 and Employment Issues

11In fact, some of the programs we identified that provide employment training are currently targeted

for consolidation under legislation passed by the Congress. See H.R. 1617 and S. 143.

Page 15 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Contents

Letter 1

Appendix I 

Definitions of

Program Services

18

Appendix II 

List of Federal

Programs for At-Risk

or Delinquent Youth

20

Appendix III 

Descriptions of

Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent

Youth

26

Appalachian Regional Commission 26

Corporation for National and Community Service 27

Department of Agriculture 29

Department of Defense 33

Department of Education 34

Department of Health and Human Services 39

Department of Housing and Urban Development 69

Department of the Interior 72

Department of Justice 73

Department of Labor 86

Department of Transportation 91

Department of the Treasury 92

Environmental Protection Agency 93

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities 93

President’s Crime Prevention Council 95

State Justice Institute 96

Appendix IV 

GAO Contacts and

Staff

Acknowledgments

98

Tables Table 1: Number of Federal Programs for At-Risk or Delinquent

Youth, by Agency

5

Page 16 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Contents

Table 2: Number of Programs That Could Fund Similar Services

for the Same Target Groups

12

Table II.1: Federal Programs for At-Risk or Delinquent Youth, by

Agency

20

Figures Figure 1: Estimated Amount of Fiscal Year 1995 Appropriations

Used to Serve At-Risk and Delinquent Youth

6

Figure 2: Many Programs Authorized to Fund Multiple Services 7

Figure 3: Many Programs Fund Similar Services 8

Figure 4: Many Programs Have Multiple Target Groups 9

Figure 5: Many Programs Have Similar Target Groups 10

Abbreviations

CYFERNET Children, Youth and Family Education Research Network

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation

HHS Department of Health and Human Services

JOBS Job Opportunities and Basic Skills

JOLI Job Opportunities for Low-Income Individuals

JTPA Job Training Partnership Act

NIAAA National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse

PAVNET Partnerships Against Violence Network

RSVP Retired and Senior Volunteer Program

SPRANS Special Projects of Regional and National Significance

VISTA Volunteers in Service to America

Page 17 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix I 

Definitions of Program Services

In our review, we focused on 17 types of services or activities that

programs could potentially provide to at-risk or delinquent youth. We used

the following definitions for these services:

Capital Improvements. Funding for the purchase of property, facilities,

and equipment used in helping youth.

Clearinghouses. Gathering and disseminating research and other

information on youth.

Conflict Resolution. Assistance to individuals or groups in learning the

principles of nonviolent solutions to disputes, or providing trained leaders

to work with individuals or groups seeking nonviolent solutions to

disputes.

Counseling. Youth counseling services to help resolve problems or

difficulties stemming from emotional problems, home or family conflicts,

and interpersonal relationships.

Crime/Violence Intervention. Activities to reduce violence and crime

perpetrated by or against youth (except for gang violence).

Focused Activities. Activities for preventing juvenile delinquency by

offering positive, alternative ways for youth to spend their time, such as

recreation and sports.

Gang Intervention. Activities to help individuals, groups, or communities

deter youth from joining gangs, encourage youth to leave gangs, or reduce

gang violence.

Job Training Assistance. Activities focusing on helping youth prepare for

or find jobs. Job search assistance includes providing instructions on

job-seeking techniques, preparing a job-search plan, obtaining labor

market information, and increasing motivation and self-confidence. Job

placement assistance includes identifying job openings in the public or

private sector and referring individuals to employers with such openings.

On-the-job training is training provided to an employee in occupational or

other skills essential to performing a specific job or group of jobs. Such

training is generally used for entry-level employment and skill upgrades.

Mentoring. Using adult role models to assist youth in career or educational

planning, and to provide encouragement and motivation.

Page 18 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix I 

Definitions of Program Services

Parental/Family Intervention. Improving parenting skills and

communication within families, or otherwise promoting positive family

and home life. We include in this category programs on youth pregnancy,

youth parenting, and child abuse.

Planning and Program Development. Funding for planning and

development activities related to youth programs.

Research/Evaluation. Studies relating to innovative approaches for

planning and implementing youth programs, or evaluation of the

effectiveness of such programs.

Self-Sufficiency Skills. Individual or group training in life skills (such as

caring for a home, reading a bus schedule, and using a checking account)

and remedial or basic skills training in academic subjects (such as math or

English, English as a second language, and literacy training).

Substance Abuse Intervention. Services for drug and alcohol abusers,

including both prevention and treatment.

Support Services. Assistance to individuals in overcoming barriers to

participating in programs for at-risk and delinquent youth. Examples may

include subsidizing the cost of child care or transportation, or providing

financial support or reimbursement for medical expenses incurred by an

individual or the individual’s family, thereby facilitating program

participation.

Training and Technical Assistance. Training and technical assistance to

people responsible for program management or service delivery. This

could include information dissemination on youth programs.

Tutoring. Assistance to individuals or groups in mastering academic

subjects, such as reading or math, including help with homework or

school projects.

Page 19 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix II 

List of Federal Programs for At-Risk or

Delinquent Youth

Table II.1 lists the 131 programs we identified as serving at-risk or

delinquent youth. We also provide information on the estimated amount of

each program’s federal appropriation dedicated toward youth in fiscal year

1995.

Table II.1: Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth, by

Agency

Dollars in millions

Agency and program

Funding used for

youth during FY 1995

Appalachian Regional Commission (1)

Area Development Programa $0.7

Subtotal 0.7

Corporation for National and Community Service (3)

Foster Grandparent Program 67.8

Retired and Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP) 35.7

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) 13.7

Subtotal 117.2

Department of Agriculture (8)

4-H Youth Development Education—Cooperative Extension

System 63.0

Children, Youth, and Families at Risk Initiative—Cooperative

Extension System 10.0

Children, Youth and Family Education Research Network

(CYFERNET) N/A

Commencement 2000 0.1

Food Stamp Employment and Training Program N/A

Partnerships Against Violence Network (PAVNET)b N/A

Urban Tree House Research Program 0.1

Youth Conservation Corpsc 3.0

Subtotal 76.2

Department of Defense (2)

Child Development and Youth Programs—“At-Risk” Youth

Program 8.0

Community Outreach Pilot Program 8.0

Subtotal 16.0

Department of Education (10)

Civic Education Program 4.5

Drug Free Schools and Communities—National Programs 25.0

Education for Homeless Children and Youth 28.8

Family and Community Endeavor Schools Grant Program 0.0

Safe and Drug Free Schools, Part A, Subpart 1, State Grants for

Drug and Violence Prevention 441.0

(continued)

Page 20 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix II 

List of Federal Programs for At-Risk or

Delinquent Youth

Dollars in millions

Agency and program

Funding used for

youth during FY 1995

School Dropout Demonstration Assistance Program 12.0

Talent Search 78.4

Title I Program for Neglected and Delinquent Children 39.3

Upward Bound 172.0

Vocational Education—Community Based Organizations 0.0

Subtotal 801.0

Department of Health and Human Services (58)

Adolescent Family Life Demonstration and Research Grants 6.7

Capacity Expansion Program 1.2

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention—Public

Education/Dissemination 2.3

Child Abuse and Neglect State Grants 22.9

Child Abuse Discretionary Program 15.4

Child and Adolescent Service System Program 12.1

Child Welfare Services 292.0

Children’s Justice Grant Program 0.0

Community Economic Development N/A

Community Health Centers N/A

Community Prevention Coalitions Demonstration Grant Program N/A

Community Schools Youth Services and Supervision Program 10.0

Community Services Block Grant N/A

Comprehensive Community Treatment Program 0.6

Cooperative Agreements for Addiction Treatment and Recovery

Systems in Target Cities 1.8

Demonstration Grant Program for Model Comprehensive

Treatment for Critical Populations 8.0

Demonstration Grant Program for Residential Treatment for

Women and Their Children 2.0

Demonstration Partnership Program 0.0

Demonstration Programs for High Risk Youth 65.2

Drug Abuse Prevention for Runaway and Homeless Youth 14.5

Emergency Community Services Homeless Grant Program N/A

Family and Community Violence Prevention Program 5.9

Family Preservation and Support Services 150.0

Family Support Center and Gateway Demonstration Programs 7.3

Family Violence Prevention and Services N/A

Grants for Comprehensive Community Mental Health Services for

Children and Adolescents With Serious Emotional Disturbances 30.0

(continued)

Page 21 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix II 

List of Federal Programs for At-Risk or

Delinquent Youth

Dollars in millions

Agency and program

Funding used for

youth during FY 1995

Health Care for the Homeless Program N/A

Health Services for Residents of Public Housing 9.5

Homeless Demonstrations 0.0

Independent Living Program 70.0

Indian Child and Adolescent Mental Health Prevention and

Treatment Services 18.0

Indian Child Protection and Child Abuse Prevention

Demonstration Projects 1.3

Indian Health Service—Alcohol and Substance Abuse Programs 66.1

Indian Health Service Research Grants 0.0

Indian Youth Grant Program 0.5

Injury Prevention and Control Research and State Grant Projects 22.2

Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) N/A

Job Opportunities for Low-Income Individuals (JOLI) N/A

Maternal and Child Health Block Grant Services Program N/A

Maternal and Child Health Block Grant Services

Program—Special Projects of Regional and National Significance

(SPRANS) 3.4

Mental Health Block Grant N/A

Migrant Health Centers N/A

Model Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment for Incarcerated

Populations, Non-Incarcerated Populations, and Juvenile Justice

Populations 15.8

National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

(NIAAA)—Research Programs 20.3

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)—Research Programs 6.0

National Institute of Mental Health—Research Programs 7.2

National Youth Sports Program 12.0

Native American Programs N/A

Pregnant and Postpartum Women and Infants Demonstration

Projects 7.2

Projects for Assistance in Transition From Homelessness N/A

Runaway and Homeless Youth Programs—Basic Centers 40.5

Service Grant Program for Residential Treatment for Pregnant

and Postpartum Women 1.3

Social Services Block Grant N/A

Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant N/A

Transitional Living Program for Homeless Youth 13.7

Urban Indian Health Program 5.8

(continued)

Page 22 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix II 

List of Federal Programs for At-Risk or

Delinquent Youth

Dollars in millions

Agency and program

Funding used for

youth during FY 1995

Youth Initiatives/Youth Gangs 10.5

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System 1.4

Subtotal 980.6

Department of Housing and Urban Development (5)

4-H After-School Program/Demonstration 3.5

Youth Apprenticeship 0.4

Youth Development Initiative 10.0

Youth Sports/Public and Indian Housing Drug Elimination Program 13.9

Youthbuild 78.0

Subtotal 105.8

Department of the Interior (2)

Indian Child Welfare Act (Title II Grants) 23.8

Indian Child Welfare Assistance (Foster Care) 105.0

Subtotal 128.8

Department of Justice (22)

Boot Camps, Part H 0.0

Children’s Justice Act Discretionary Grants for Native American

Indian Tribes 0.0

Community Outreach Program 0.3

Community Relations Service Initiatives 10.0

Crime Victim Assistance/Discretionary Grants 0.0

Crime Victim Assistance Formula Grant Program 0.0

Crime Victim Compensation Formula Grant Program 0.0

Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement

Assistance Programs—Discretionary Grant 28.8

Edward Byrne Memorial State and Local Law Enforcement

Assistance Programs—Formula Grant 48.5

Gang-Free Schools and Communities—Community-Based Gang

Intervention 10.0

Justice Research, Development, and Evaluation Project Grants 4.8

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention—Allocation to

States (State Formula Grants) Part B 70.0

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention—Juvenile

Mentoring, Part G 4.0

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention National

Programs—Discretionary Grants, Part C 25.0

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention—State Challenge

Activities, Part E 10.0

Missing and Exploited Children Program (Title IV) 6.7

(continued)

Page 23 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix II 

List of Federal Programs for At-Risk or

Delinquent Youth

Dollars in millions

Agency and program

Funding used for

youth during FY 1995

Public Education on Drug Abuse 0.7

Title II: Part A—Concentration of Federal Efforts 0.2

Title V—Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention

Programs 20.0

Treatment for Juvenile Offenders Who Are Victims of Child Abuse

or Neglect, Part F 0.0

Victims of Child Abuse 11.2

Weed and Seed Program Fundd N/A

Subtotal 250.2

Department of Labor (9)

Job Training for the Homeless Demonstration Program 0.0

Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA)—Job Corps 1,099.5

JTPA Title II-B—Summer Youth Employment and Training 0.0

JTPA Title II-C—Year-Round Youth Program 126.7

Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker Programs N/A

Native American Programs N/A

School to Work Opportunitiesa 245.0

Targeted Jobs Tax Credit Program 10.3

Youth Fair Chance 0.0

Subtotal 1,481.5

Department of Transportation (3)

Alcohol Traffic Safety and Drunk Driving Prevention Incentive

Grants 5.1

State and Community Highway Safety 15.6

Youth Impaired Driving Projects 1.4

Subtotal 22.1

Department of the Treasury (1)

Gang Resistance Education and Training Projects 16.2

Subtotal 16.2

Environmental Protection Agency (1)

Environmental Education Grants 2.9

Subtotal 2.9

National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities (4)

Promotion of the Arts—Arts for Youth 0.4

Promotion of the Arts—Arts in Education—Art Corps 5.8

Promotion of the Arts—Expansion Arts—Arts Education Initiative 0.3

Promotion of the Arts—State and Regional Program 2.7

Subtotal 9.2

(continued)

Page 24 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix II 

List of Federal Programs for At-Risk or

Delinquent Youth

Dollars in millions

Agency and program

Funding used for

youth during FY 1995

President’s Crime Prevention Council (1)

President’s Crime Prevention Council 1.5

Subtotal 1.5

State Justice Institute (1)

State Justice Institute 1.5

Subtotal 1.5

Total $4,011.4

Note: N/A = funding data not available.

aAdministered jointly with the Department of Education.

bAdministered jointly with the Department of Justice.

cAdministered jointly with the Department of the Interior.

dAdministered jointly with the Departments of Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban

Development, Labor, and Agriculture and the Corporation for National and Community Service.

Page 25 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

In this appendix, we briefly describe the 131 federal programs that we

identified as serving at-risk or delinquent youth. We provide information

on each program’s administering office, estimated amount of fiscal year

1995 appropriation used for youth services, legislative authorization,

objectives, services provided, and target groups. The order in which we

list services and target groups does not reflect program priorities. The

programs are listed alphabetically, by the agencies that administer them.

Appalachian Regional

Commission

Area Development

Program

Administered by: Appalachian Regional Commission (in conjunction

with the Department of Education).

Federal funding for youth: $722,030.

Legislative authorization: Appalachian Regional Development Act of

1965, sections 211, 214, 302, Public Law 89-4, Mar. 9, 1965, as amended (40

App U.S.C. 211, 214, and 302).

Objective: To assist in the expansion and improvement of educational

opportunities and services for the people of the region, as well as to

provide technical assistance and research and demonstration projects that

further the purpose of this act.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, job training assistance, capital

improvements, general health care, leadership training, and community

service projects.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk youth, and

school dropouts.

Page 26 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Corporation for

National and

Community Service

Foster Grandparent

Program

Administered by: National Senior Service Corps.

Federal funding for youth: $67.8 million.

Legislative authorization: Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, title

II, part B, section 211, Public Law 93-113, Oct. 1, 1973, as amended (42

U.S.C. 5011).

Objective: To provide foster grandparents to work with children who

have drug abuse problems as well as those who are at risk of abusing

drugs. Volunteers are placed through existing drug prevention programs

and help children with special needs, including those who are neglected or

abused. During fiscal years 1993 and 1994, special emphasis was placed on

working with terminally ill children, juvenile delinquents, pregnant

teenagers, and boarder babies as well as on literacy enhancement for

runaway youth.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, and

parental/family intervention.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth, abused/neglected, and juvenile

offenders.

Retired and Senior

Volunteer Program (RSVP)

Administered by: National Senior Service Corps.

Federal funding for youth: $35.7 million.

Legislative authorization: Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, title

II, part A, section 201, Public Law 93-113, Oct. 1, 1973, as amended (42

U.S.C. 5001).

Objective: To provide children and adults a creative way to share with

each other through intergenerational activities. For example, volunteers

(aged 55 or older) participated in a range of community drug prevention

Page 27 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

activities, such as crisis hotlines, counseling, school dropout prevention

programs, and “Just Say No” programs.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence prevention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services,

parental/family intervention, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged; at-risk/high-risk youth;

abused/neglected; drug/alcohol abusers; missing/exploited/abducted;

delinquents; juvenile offenders; runaways/the homeless; school dropouts;

victims of crime; Native Americans; and persons with special needs, such

as physical or mental disabilities.

Volunteers in Service to

America (VISTA)

Administered by: Americorps*VISTA.

Federal funding for youth: $13.7 million.

Legislative authorization: Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, title

I, part A, sections 103 and 109, Public Law 93-113, Oct. 1, 1973, as amended

(42 U.S.C. 4953, 4959).

Objective: To combat poverty and poverty-related issues in urban and

rural areas. For example, volunteers helped communities establish and

expand drug prevention projects in schools, organize support groups for

low-income parents to address substance abuse issues, and develop

community service activities for youth as alternatives to drug use. During

fiscal year 1995, issues concerning hunger, homelessness, illiteracy, drug

abuse, and unemployment received special emphasis.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling, substance abuse

intervention, job training assistance, focused activities, parental/family

intervention, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk youth,

abused/neglected, drug/alcohol abusers, delinquents, juvenile offenders,

runaways/the homeless, school dropouts, victims of crime, and pregnant

teens.

Page 28 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Department of

Agriculture

4-H Youth Development

Education—Cooperative

Extension System

Administered by: Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension

Service.

Federal funding for youth: $63 million.

Legislative authorization: Smith-Lever Act, section 2, as amended (7

U.S.C. 342).

Objective: To develop youth potential by assisting them in acquiring

knowledge, developing life skills, and forming attitudes that enable them

to become self-directing, productive, and contributing members of society.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, conflict

resolution, counseling, and focused activities.

Target groups: All youth aged 5 to 19.

Children, Youth, and

Families at Risk

Initiative—Cooperative

Extension System

Administered by: Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension

Service.

Federal funding for youth: $10 million.

Legislative authorization: Smith-Lever Act, section 2, as amended (7

U.S.C. 342).

Objective: To ensure that (1) communities provide safe, secure

environments for families with children; (2) families promote positive,

productive, and contributing lives for all family members; (3) parents take

primary responsibility for meeting their children’s physical, social,

emotional, and intellectual needs and provide moral guidance and

direction; (4) youth demonstrate knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behavior

necessary for fulfilling, contributing lives; (5) babies are born healthy; and

(6) children have their basic physical, social, emotional, and intellectual

needs met.

Page 29 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling, job training

assistance, support services, focused activities, parental/family

intervention, planning and program development, training and technical

assistance, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth.

Children, Youth and Family

Education Research

Network (CYFERNET)

Administered by: National Agricultural Library.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. According to agency

officials, the program has no steady funding stream.

Legislative authorization: Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, title XIV,

section 1410A, Public Law 95-113, as amended (added by Food,

Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990, title XVI, sec. 1606(a),

P.L. 101-624, Nov. 28, 1990) (7 U.S.C. 3125a).

Objective: To provide state, community, and volunteer staff with

electronic access to training, curriculum, consultation, and research

information. CYFERNET links 80 percent of U.S. counties with national

networks on child care, collaborations, science and technology, and family

resiliency.

Services provided: Clearinghouse.

Target groups: All youth.

Commencement 2000 Administered by: Forest Service.

Federal funding for youth: $104,000.

Legislative authorization: Forest Service Cooperative Agreements Act,

section 1, Public Law 94-148, Dec. 12, 1975, as amended (16 U.S.C. 565a-1).

Objective: To inform and educate children in particular schools about

natural resources and foster interest in pursuing study and careers in

natural resources, particularly among Hispanic, African-American,

Asian-American, and Native American students. (This is a pilot initiative

limited to the West Coast.)

Page 30 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Services provided: Informational, educational, and experiential services.

Target groups: Minority students in kindergarten through 12th grade.

Food Stamp Employment

and Training Program

Administered by: Food and Nutrition Service.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the portion of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Food Stamp Act of 1977, section 6(d)(4),

Public Law 95-113, Aug. 31, 1964, as amended (7 U.S.C. 2015(d)(4)).

Objective: To improve Food Stamp recipients’ ability to gain employment,

increase earnings, and reduce their dependency on public assistance.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills and job training assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged.

Partnerships Against

Violence Network

(PAVNET)

Administered by: National Agricultural Library (in conjunction with the

Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs).

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not separate funds dedicated for youth.

Legislative authorization: Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, title XIV,

section 1410A, Public Law 95-113, as amended (added by Food,

Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990, title XVI, sec. 1606(a),

P.L. 101-624, Nov. 28, 1990) (7 U.S.C. 3125a); Omnibus Crime Control and

Safe Streets Act of 1968, section 102 (added by Comprehensive Crime

Control Act of 1984, title II, sec. 603(a)(4), P.L. 98-473, Oct. 12, 1984) (42

U.S.C. 3712(a)(4)).

Objective: To provide a link via Internet between federal, state, local, and

private organizations and services and information on community violence

and youth at risk.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, substance abuse

intervention, training and technical assistance, and clearinghouses.

Page 31 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Target groups: All youth, at-risk/high-risk youth, abused/neglected, and

drug/alcohol abusers.

Urban Tree House

Research Program

Administered by: Forest Service.

Federal funding for youth: $100,000.

Legislative authorization: Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources

Research Act of 1978, sections 3-7, Public Law 95-307, as amended (16

U.S.C. 1641-46).

Objective: To better understand effective techniques for conveying

information about forestry concepts and careers to inner-city children of

all ages.

Services provided: Research/evaluation and educational services.

Target groups: All youth and inner-city youth.

Youth Conservation Corps Administered by: Forest Service (in conjunction with the Department of

the Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Park Service).

Federal funding for youth: $3 million.

Legislative authorization: Youth Conservation Corps Act of 1970,

sections 1-6, Public Law 91-378, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1701-6).

Objective: To provide 15- to 18-year-olds summer employment and foster

an appreciation/understanding of the country’s natural environment and

heritage.

Services provided: Job training assistance and focused activities.

Target groups: All youth 15 to 18 years of age.

Page 32 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Department of

Defense

Child Development and

Youth

Programs—“At-Risk”

Youth Program

Administered by: Office of Family Policy, Support and Services.

Federal funding for youth: $8 million.

Legislative authorization: Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act,

title I, sections 101-14, Public Law 93-247, Jan. 31, 1974, as amended (42

U.S.C. 5101-6h); Public Law 87-651, title II, section 201(a), Sept. 7, 1962, as

amended (10 U.S.C. 125); Public Law 91-511, title VI, section 613(1),

Oct. 26, 1970, as amended (10 U.S.C. 2683).

Objective: To expand services to youth to include prevention-focused

programs that address the complicated social/emotional and mental health

needs of youth. Programs target preadolescents, adolescents, and their

parents. Also included are outreach programs for adolescents and mental

and social services for at-risk youth that focus on prevention of

delinquency, violence, gang involvement, and substance abuse.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, gang intervention,

counseling, substance abuse intervention, support services, and

parental/family intervention.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth and active duty military personnel

dependents, aged 18 and under.

Community Outreach Pilot

Program

Administered by: Drug Enforcement Policy and Support.

Federal funding for youth: $8 million. Agency officials informed us that

this program had been authorized to operate for 3 years and expired on

October 22, 1995.

Legislative authorization: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal

Year 1993, section 1045, Public Law 102-484, Oct. 23, 1992 (10 U.S.C. 410

note).

Objective: To establish pilot community outreach programs to reduce the

demand for illegal drugs (12 programs were selected).

Page 33 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, substance

abuse intervention, focused activities, adopt-a-school programs at military

installations, and summer camps.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth, drug/alcohol abusers, inner-city

youth, and youth aged 4 through 19.

Department of

Education

Civic Education Program Administered by: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, School

Improvement Programs.

Federal funding for youth: $4.5 million.

Legislative authorization: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of

1965, title X, part F, sections 10601-3 (added by Improving America’s

Schools Act of 1994, title I, P.L. 103-382, Oct. 20, 1994) (20 U.S.C. 8141-43).

Objective: To teach students in kindergarten through 12th grade and

adults about the legal system and its underlying principles and values.

Many projects promote personal responsibility and engage students in

community services. Examples of funded projects include (1) a project

designed to provide law-related education to administrators, teachers, and

students in a single school district and (2) a project for a local school

district to institutionalize a model intercity law-related education program

for students in kindergarten through 12th grade. (This program was

formerly known as Law Related Education.)

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

support services, planning and program development, training and

technical assistance, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: All youth, at-risk/high-risk youth, delinquents, and

juvenile offenders.

Page 34 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Drug Free Schools and

Communities—National

Programs

Administered by: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education.

Federal funding for youth: $25 million.

Legislative authorization: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of

1965, title IV, part A, subpart 2, sections 4121-3 (added by Improving

America’s Schools Act of 1994, title I, P.L. 103-382, Oct. 20, 1994) (20 U.S.C.

7131-3).

Objective: To provide assistance to eligible applicants to support drug

and violence education and prevention.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention.

Target groups: All youth, prekindergarten through college age.

Education for Homeless

Children and Youth

Administered by: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education,

Compensatory Education Programs.

Federal funding for youth: $28.8 million.

Legislative authorization: Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance

Act of 1987, sections 721-6, as amended and reauthorized by Improving

America’s Schools Act of 1994, title III, section 323, Public Law 103-382 (42

U.S.C. 11431-6).

Objective: To ensure that homeless children and youth in each

participating state have equal access to the same free, appropriate public

education; to ensure that homeless children and youth have access to the

education and other services they need to meet the same challenging state

student performance standards to which all students are held; to establish

or designate an office in each state, as provided to other children and

youth, for the coordination of education for homeless children and youth;

to develop and implement programs for school personnel to heighten

awareness of specific problems of homeless children and youth; and to

provide grants to local educational agencies.

Services provided: Tutoring, counseling, and support services.

Target groups: Runaways/the homeless.

Page 35 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Family and Community

Endeavor Schools Grant

Program

Administered by: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Safe

and Drug-Free Schools.

Federal funding for youth: $0. Appropriation rescinded.

Legislative authorization: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement

Act of 1994, title III, subtitle D, sections 30402-3, Public Law 103-322, Sept.

13, 1994 (42 U.S.C. 13792-3).

Objective: To improve the overall academic and social development of

at-risk children who reside in communities with significant levels of

poverty, violent crime, and juvenile delinquency.

Services provided: Mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

focused activities, parental/family intervention, planning and program

development, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth.

Safe and Drug Free

Schools, Part A, Subpart 1,

State Grants for Drug and

Violence Prevention

Administered by: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education.

Federal funding for youth: $441 million.

Legislative authorization: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of

1965, title IV, part A, subpart 1, sections 4011-18 (added by Improving

America’s Schools Act of 1994, title I, P.L. 103-382, Oct. 20, 1994) (20 U.S.C.

7111-18).

Objective: To support programs to meet the Seventh National Education

Goal by preventing violence in and around schools; by strengthening

programs that prevent the illegal use of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs; and

by involving parents. Programs are coordinated with related federal, state,

and community efforts and resources.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, gang intervention,

mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling, substance abuse

intervention, focused activities, parental/family intervention, planning and

program development, training and technical assistance,

research/evaluation, and capital improvements.

Target groups: All youth.

Page 36 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

School Dropout

Demonstration Assistance

Program

Administered by: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, School

Improvement Programs.

Federal funding for youth: $12 million.

Legislative authorization: Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965, title

V, part C, sections 5301-8 (added by Improving America’s Schools Act of

1994, title I, P.L. 103-382, Oct. 20, 1994) (20 U.S.C. 7261-68).

Objective: To provide federal financial assistance to demonstrate

effective programs to reduce the number of children who do not complete

elementary and secondary education.

Services provided: Mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

parental/family intervention, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: All youth, at-risk/high-risk youth, and school dropouts.

Talent Search Administered by: Office of Postsecondary Education.

Federal funding for youth: $78.4 million.

Legislative authorization: Higher Education Act of 1965, title IV, part A,

subpart 2, section 402B (added by Higher Education Amendments of 1992,

title IV, P.L. 102-325, July 23, 1992 (20 U.S.C. 1070a-12).

Objective: To identify disadvantaged youths with potential for

postsecondary education, encourage them in continuing in and graduating

from secondary school and in enrolling in programs of postsecondary

education, publicize the availability of student financial aid, and increase

the number of secondary and postsecondary school dropouts who reenter

an educational program.

Services provided: Mentoring, tutoring, and counseling.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged.

Title I Program for

Neglected and Delinquent

Children

Administered by: Office of Elementary and Secondary Education.

Federal funding for youth: $39.3 million.

Page 37 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Legislative authorization: Elementary and Secondary Education Act of

1965, title I, part D, sections 1411-18 (added by Improving America’s

Schools Act of 1994, title I, P.L. 103-382, Oct. 20, 1994) (20 U.S.C. 6431-38).

Objective: To meet the special educational needs of children in

institutions and community day school programs for neglected or

delinquent children and children in adult correctional institutions.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, tutoring, and counseling.

Target groups: Abused/neglected, delinquents, juvenile offenders, and

youth aged 5 through 21.

Upward Bound Administered by: Office of Postsecondary Education.

Federal funding for youth: $172 million.

Legislative authorization: Higher Education Act of 1965, title IV, part A,

subpart 2, section 402C (added by Higher Education Amendments of 1992,

P.L. 102-325, July 23, 1992) (20 U.S.C. 1070a-13).

Objective: To generate the skills and motivation necessary for success in

education beyond high school among low-income and potential

first-generation college students and veterans. The goal of the program is

to increase the academic performance and motivational levels of eligible

participants so that they can complete secondary school and successfully

pursue postsecondary educational programs.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, and

counseling.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged and youth 13 to 19 years old.

Vocational

Education—Community

Based Organizations

Administered by: Office of Vocational Education.

Federal funding for youth: $0. Appropriation rescinded.

Legislative authorization: Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied

Technology Education Act, title III, part A, sections 301-2, as amended

(added by P.L. 98-524, sec. 1, Oct. 19, 1984) (20 U.S.C. 2351-52).

Page 38 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
Appendix III 

Descriptions of Federal Programs for

At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

Objective: To provide educational assistance to severely economically

and educationally disadvantaged youth and individuals with disabilities

who are not being adequately served by regular vocational education

programs, through the collaboration of public agencies, community-based

organizations, and business concerns, enabling them to succeed in

vocational education, employment, or other training.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, tutoring, counseling, and job

training assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, school dropouts, and youth

16 to 21 years old.

Department of Health

and Human Services

Adolescent Family Life

Demonstration and

Research Grants

Administered by: Public Health Service, Office of Population Affairs.

Federal funding for youth: $6.7 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title XX, sections

2001-10, as amended (added by Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of

1981, title IX, sec. 955(a), P.L. 97-35, Aug. 13, 1981) (42 U.S.C. 300z through

300z-10).

Objective: To support community-based demonstration projects to

(1) find effective means of encouraging adolescents to abstain from sexual

activity through the provision of age-appropriate education on human

sexuality and decision-making skills and (2) establish comprehensive and

integrated approaches to the delivery of services to pregnant adolescents,

adolescent parents, and their children. The program also supports

research projects in an effort to improve understanding of the issues

surrounding adolescent sexuality, pregnancy, and parenting.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, conflict

resolution, counseling, support services, parental/family intervention,

research/evaluation, and health services.

Target groups: All youth.

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Capacity Expansion

Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

Federal funding for youth: $1.2 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title XIX, part C,

subpart I, section 1971, as amended (added by ADAMHA Reorganization

Act, P.L. 102-321, sec. 204, July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 300y).

Objective: To create new addiction treatment capacity in high-incidence

jurisdictions focusing on the needs of individuals within one or more of

the following high-risk populations: (1) adolescents, (2) racial and ethnic

minorities, (3) pregnant women, (4) female addicts and their children, and

(5) residents of public housing.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention.

Target groups: All youth, at-risk/high-risk youth, drug/alcohol abusers,

juvenile offenders, school dropouts, minority groups, pregnant women,

residents of public housing and rural areas, persons with mental illness,

migrants, and youth aged 10 to 18.

Center for Substance

Abuse Prevention—Public

Education/Dissemination

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $2.3 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section 515,

as amended (added by Alcohol and Drug Abuse Amendments of 1986, P.L.

99-570, sec. 4005(a), July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-21).

Objective: To provide a comprehensive, authoritative federal resource for

information on alcohol and other drugs and to promote the Center for

Substance Abuse Prevention goals and programs by developing and

distributing printed and audio/visual materials, publishing a bimonthly

newsletter, maintaining a national database of relevant published

literature, and providing technical support.

Services provided: Training and technical assistance, and

clearinghouses.

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Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers.

Child Abuse and Neglect

State Grants

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth, and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $22.9 million.

Legislative authorization: Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act,

title I, sections 107-8, as amended (added by the Child Abuse Prevention,

Adoption, and Family Services Act of 1988, title I, P.L. 100-294, Apr. 25,

1988) (42 U.S.C. 5106a and 5106b).

Objective: To help states improve their child protective services systems;

develop, strengthen, and carry out child abuse and neglect prevention,

treatment, and research programs; and develop, implement, and operate

programs and procedures for responding to reports of medical neglect of

disabled infants.

Services provided: Parental/family intervention, training and technical

assistance, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: Abused/neglected children aged 18 and under.

Child Abuse Discretionary

Program

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, National Center on Child

Abuse and Neglect.

Federal funding for youth: $15.4 million.

Legislative authorization: Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act,

title I, section 106(c), Public Law 93-247, Jan. 31, 1974, as amended (42

U.S.C. 5106(c)).

Objective: To improve national, state, community, and family activities

for the prevention, identification, and treatment of child abuse and neglect

through research, demonstration service improvements, information

dissemination, and technical assistance.

Services provided: Parental/family intervention, training and technical

assistance, and research/evaluation.

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Target groups: Abused/neglected children aged 18 and under.

Child and Adolescent

Service System Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.

Federal funding for youth: $12.1 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section

520A, as added by Public Law 100-690, section 2057, as amended by

ADAMHA Reorganization Act, Public Law 102-321, section 116 (42 U.S.C.

290bb-32).

Objective: To support the development of more accessible and

appropriate systems of care for children and adolescents who are

experiencing a serious emotional disturbance and their families.

Services provided: Planning and program development.

Target groups: Abused/neglected, drug/alcohol abusers, delinquents,

juvenile offenders, runaways/the homeless, victims of crime, children with

serious emotional disturbances, and youth under age 22.

Child Welfare Services Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Children’s

Bureau.

Federal funding for youth: $292 million.

Legislative authorization: Social Security Act, sections 420-25 and

427-28, as amended (42 U.S.C. 620-25, 627-28).

Objective: To establish, extend, and strengthen child welfare services for

abused, neglected, homeless, and otherwise troubled youth. The primary

goal of child welfare services is to keep the family together. However, if

children cannot remain at home, an alternative permanent home is

provided for them.

Services provided: Support services and parental/family intervention.

Target groups: Abused/neglected, runaways/the homeless, troubled

children, and youth under age 21.

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Children’s Justice Grant

Program

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth, and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $0. No federal dollars are appropriated;

funding is provided by the Department of Justice’s Crime Victims Fund.

Legislative authorization: Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act,

title I, section 109, as amended (added by the Child Abuse Prevention,

Adoption, and Family Services Act of 1988, title I, P.L. 100-294, Apr. 25,

1988) (42 U.S.C. 5106c).

Objective: To help states improve the handling of child abuse cases,

particularly cases of sexual abuse and exploitation, so that trauma to the

child is minimized. Funds can also be used to improve the investigation

and prosecution of child abuse cases.

Services provided: Planning and program development and

research/evaluation.

Target groups: Abused/neglected children aged 18 and under.

Community Economic

Development

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Program officials

were unable to separately identify the portion of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981,

title VI, section 681, Public Law 97-35, Aug. 13, 1981, as amended (42 U.S.C.

9910).

Objective: To provide competitively awarded grants to support

community economic development projects designed to create new jobs

for low-income people.

Services provided: Job training assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged.

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Community Health Centers Administered by: Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services

Administration, Bureau of Primary Health Care.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials were

unable to determine the portion of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, section 330, as

amended (added by P.L. 94-63, sec. 501(a), July 29, 1975 (42 U.S.C. 254c).

Objective: To provide access to family-oriented preventive and primary

health care services for people living in rural and urban medically

underserved areas. Services are tailored to meet the needs of the

community, including pregnant teens and their families.

Services provided: Mentoring, counseling, support services,

parental/family intervention, and primary medical care.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, minority groups, women of

childbearing age, and infants.

Community Prevention

Coalitions Demonstration

Grant Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the amount of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, sections

501(d)(5) and 516, as amended (42 U.S.C. 290aa(d)(5) and 290bb-22).

Objective: To support community prevention coalitions to demonstrate

and systematically study approaches to prevent and reduce alcohol,

tobacco, and other drug abuse and other drug-related problems through

the further development of coalitions and partnerships at the state,

regional, and local level.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention and substance abuse

intervention.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers.

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Community Schools Youth

Services and Supervision

Program

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $10 million.

Legislative authorization: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement

Act of 1994, title III, subtitle D, section 30401, Public Law 103-322 (42

U.S.C. 13791).

Objective: To provide a variety of services and activities, primarily related

to entrepreneurship and academic or tutorial programs for workforce

preparation. These activities are delivered as a part of a broader,

developmentally appropriate service that includes such activities as

mentoring and conflict resolution in keeping with the purpose of crime

prevention.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, substance

abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services, focused

activities, parental/family intervention, capital improvements,

entrepreneurship, and workforce preparation.

Target groups: All youth and youth 5 to 18 years old.

Community Services Block

Grant

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials were

unable to estimate the portion of funds directed to youth.

Legislative authorization: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981,

title IV, subtitle B, section 672, Public Law 97-35, Aug. 13, 1981, as

amended (42 U.S.C. 9901).

Objective: To provide a range of services and activities having a

measurable and potentially major impact on causes of poverty in the local

communities where poverty is an acute problem.

Services provided: Sell-sufficiency skills, job training assistance, support

services, housing assistance, and health and nutrition services.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged.

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Comprehensive

Community Treatment

Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

Federal funding for youth: $640,000.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section

510(b)(1), as amended (added by ADAMHA Reorganization Act, P.L.

102-321, sec. 109, July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-3(b)(1)).

Objective: To offer a wide variety of substance abuse treatment initiatives

designed to improve the effectiveness and comprehensiveness of

treatment services.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention.

Target groups: All youth, at-risk/high-risk youth, drug/alcohol abusers,

runaways/the homeless, Native Americans, Alaskan Natives, Hawaiians,

migrant workers, and residents of rural areas.

Cooperative Agreements

for Addiction Treatment

and Recovery Systems in

Target Cities

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

Federal funding for youth: $1.8 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section

510(b)(5), as amended (added by ADAMHA Reorganization Act, P.L.

102-321, sec. 109, July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-3(b)(5)).

Objective: To (1) support activities and programs designed to improve

the delivery, accessibility, and effectiveness of addiction treatment and

recovery services and (2) foster coordination among these programs and

related health, housing, welfare, job training, other social programs and

institutions, and the interdiction and legal systems.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention and training and

technical assistance.

Target groups: All youth, drug/alcohol abusers, juvenile offenders,

runaways/the homeless, minority groups, women, and people with mental

illness.

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Demonstration Grant

Program for Model

Comprehensive Treatment

for Critical Populations

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

Federal funding for youth: $8 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, sections

510(a), (b)(1), and (b)(5), as amended (added by ADAMHA Reorganization

Act, P.L. 102-321, sec. 109, July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-3(a), (b)(1), and

(b)(5)).

Objective: To enhance existing drug abuse treatment programs for

critical populations, including adolescents, residents of public housing,

and homeless women and children.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers, juvenile offenders, minority groups,

women, residents of public housing and rural areas, migrant farm workers,

and youth aged 10 through 21.

Demonstration Grant

Program for Residential

Treatment for Women and

Their Children

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

Federal funding for youth: $2 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section

510(a) and (b)(1), as amended (added by ADAMHA Reorganization Act,

P.L. 102-321, sec. 109, July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-3(a) and (b)(1)).

Objective: To enhance and/or expand residential addiction treatment

programs for women and their children that are consistent with

(1) implementing an effective substance abuse treatment approach for

women and (2) developing models of effective service delivery that can be

replicated elsewhere.

Services provided: Crime/violence prevention, substance abuse

intervention, parental/family intervention, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, abused/neglected,

drug/alcohol abusers, juvenile offenders, runaways/the homeless, minority

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groups, women involved in the foster care or welfare system, public

housing residents, and people with mental illness.

Demonstration Partnership

Program

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: $0. Appropriation rescinded.

Legislative authorization: Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1986,

title IV, section 408, Public Law 99-425, Sept. 30, 1986, as amended (42

U.S.C. 9910b).

Objective: To stimulate the development and implementation of new and

innovative approaches that address the critical needs of the poor and

promote economic self-sufficiency. Grants have funded projects that focus

on small business ventures, self-employment, minority youth life skills,

case management, comprehensive integrated services, and early

intervention and prevention.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services,

focused activities, parental/family intervention, training and technical

assistance, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk youth,

runaways/the homeless, minority males, teen parents, young fathers, and

female heads of households.

Demonstration Programs

for High Risk Youth

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $65.2 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section 517,

as amended (added by Alcohol and Drug Abuse Amendments of 1986, P.L.

99-570, sec. 4005(a), Oct. 27, 1986) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-23).

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Objective: To fund projects that develop innovative prevention,

intervention, and treatment programs for youth at risk of using alcohol,

tobacco, or illicit drugs.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk youth,

abused/neglected, drug/alcohol abusers, delinquents, school dropouts,

pregnant women/teenagers, and youth under age 21.

Drug Abuse Prevention for

Runaway and Homeless

Youth

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth, and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $14.5 million.

Legislative authorization: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, title III, sections

3511-15, Public Law 100-690, Nov. 18, 1988 (42 U.S.C. 11821-25).

Objective: To expand and improve drug abuse prevention services for

runaway and homeless youth and their families.

Services provided: Counseling, substance abuse intervention, training

and technical assistance, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: Runaways/homeless children under age 18.

Emergency Community

Services Homeless Grant

Program

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not separately identify funds for youth-related activities.

Legislative authorization: Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance

Act of 1987, sections 751-54 and 762, Public Law 100-77, July 22, 1987, as

amended (42 U.S.C. 11461-64 and 11472).

Objective: To provide services to the homeless. Funds can be used for

(1) referring homeless children and individuals to violence counseling and

(2) providing violence counseling training to support services staff.

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Services provided: Counseling, support services, training and technical

assistance, and capital improvements.

Target groups: Runaways/the homeless.

Family and Community

Violence Prevention

Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary

for Health.

Federal funding for youth: $5.9 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title XVII, section

1707(d)(1), as amended (added by Minority Health Improvement Act of

1990, P.L. 101-527, sec. 2, Nov. 6, 1990) (42 U.S.C. 300u-6(d)(1)).

Objective: To establish 19 Family Life Centers at consortium member

institutions to (1) assess local community resources dedicated to

addressing the problem of family and community violence, (2) coordinate

with local violence efforts currently in place to minimize duplication of

efforts and maximize the use of local resources, (3) design educational

curriculums that address interpersonal and family violence, and (4) design

and implement a mechanism to identify students from dysfunctional

families for the purpose of promoting effective coping strategies.

Services provided: Crime/violence prevention, substance abuse

intervention, and parental/family intervention.

Target groups: All youth aged 6 to 21.

Family Preservation and

Support Services

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth, and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $150 million.

Legislative authorization: Social Security Act, title IV, part B, subpart 2,

sections 420-35, as amended (42 U.S.C. 620-629e).

Objective: To fund community-based family support services that

promote the well-being of children and families by enhancing family

functioning and child development and to fund family preservation

services that serve families at risk or in crisis, through services such as

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reunification and adoption services, preplacement/preventive services,

follow-up services after return of a child from foster care, respite care, and

services designed to improve parenting skills.

Services provided: Support services and parental/family intervention.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth.

Family Support Center and

Gateway Demonstration

Programs

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: $7.3 million.

Legislative authorization: Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance

Act of 1987, sections 771-72, as amended (added by P.L. 101-645, sec. 651,

Nov. 29, 1990) (42 U.S.C. 11481-82).

Objective: To encourage and test integrated services delivery approaches

to reducing homelessness among families with children. The purpose of

this demonstration is to develop and operate Family Support Centers that

can intervene to prevent homelessness by providing intensive and

comprehensive supportive services to previously homeless individuals,

families residing in subsidized housing, and those at risk of homelessness.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling, substance abuse intervention, job

training assistance, support services, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged residents of public housing,

those at risk of becoming homeless, and families with children.

Family Violence

Prevention and Services

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine amount of money spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Family Violence Prevention and Services Act,

sections 302-3, Public Law 98-457, Oct. 9, 1984, as amended (42 U.S.C.

10401-2).

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Objective: To help states prevent family violence and to provide

immediate shelter and related assistance for victims of family violence and

their children. The program provides funds for training, technical

assistance, and data collection and supports the development of

educational, training, and public information materials on family violence.

The program also supports the Clearinghouse on Family Violence.

Services provided: Support services, parental/family intervention,

training and technical assistance, research/evaluation, clearinghouses, and

shelter.

Target groups: Abused/neglected youth and battered women.

Grants for Comprehensive

Community Mental Health

Services for Children and

Adolescents With Serious

Emotional Disturbances

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.

Federal funding for youth: $30 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section 561,

as amended (added by ADAMHA Reorganization Act, P.L. 102-321, sec.

119, July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 290ff).

Objective: To enable communities to develop local systems of care

highlighting service collaborations among mental health, child welfare,

education, juvenile justice, and other appropriate agencies. Each child

served receives an individualized service plan developed with the

participation of the family.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, parental/family intervention,

and community-based services.

Target groups: Abused/neglected, delinquents, juvenile offenders, and

youth under 22 years of age.

Health Care for the

Homeless Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services

Administration, Bureau of Primary Health Care.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the portion of funds spent on youth.

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Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title III, section

340, as amended (added by P.L. 100-77, sec. 601, July 22, 1987) (42 U.S.C.

256).

Objective: To deliver health care services to homeless people, including

children and adolescents, combining aggressive street outreach with

integrated systems of primary care, mental health and substance abuse

services, case management, and client advocacy.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention, primary health care,

and mental health services.

Target groups: Runaways/the homeless.

Health Services for

Residents of Public

Housing

Administered by: Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services

Administration, Bureau of Primary Health Care.

Federal funding for youth: $9.5 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title III, section

340A, as amended (added by Disadvantaged Minority Health Improvement

Act of 1990, P.L. 101-527, sec. 3, Nov. 6, 1990) (42 U.S.C. 256a).

Objective: To provide primary health care to improve the quality of life

for Americans living in housing developments.

Services provided: Crime/violence prevention, substance abuse

intervention, parental/family intervention, and primary health care.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, and public housing

residents.

Homeless Demonstrations Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.

Federal funding for youth: $0. According to agency officials, no awards

made in fiscal year 1995 specified youth among their target populations.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section 506,

as amended (added by Alcohol Abuse, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health

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Amendments of 1984, P.L. 98-509, sec. 206(a), Oct. 19, 1984) (42 U.S.C.

290aa-5).

Objective: To demonstrate effective assessment and treatment

interventions for local programs that serve homeless individuals who have

dual diagnoses of mental and substance abuse disorders and collaborate

with the Departments of Housing and Urban Development, Labor,

Education, Veterans Affairs, and Agriculture to test the effectiveness of

integrating housing, treatment, and support services for homeless mentally

ill people.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention and mental health

services.

Target groups: Runaways/the homeless and people with serious mental

illnesses.

Independent Living

Program

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth, and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $70 million.

Legislative authorization: Social Security Act, subtitle IV-E, section 477,

as amended (added by P.L. 99-272, sec. 12307(a), Apr. 7, 1986) (42 U.S.C.

677).

Objective: To assist children over the age of 16 in making the transition

from foster care to independent living through activities such as education

and employment training and training in daily living skills.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills and job training assistance.

Target groups: Current or former foster care children.

Indian Child and

Adolescent Mental Health

Prevention and Treatment

Services

Administered by: Public Health Service, Indian Health Service.

Federal funding for youth: $18 million.

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Legislative authorization: Indian Health Care Improvement Act, title II,

section 209, as amended (added by P.L. 101-630, sec. 503b, Nov. 28,

1990) (25 U.S.C. 1621h).

Objective: To provide mental health prevention and treatment services to

high-risk children and adolescents and their families.

Services provided: Parental/family intervention, planning and program

development, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: American Indians and Native Alaskans.

Indian Child Protection

and Child Abuse

Prevention Demonstration

Projects

Administered by: Public Health Service, Indian Health Service.

Federal funding for youth: $1.3 million.

Legislative authorization: Indian Child Protection and Family Violence

Prevention Act, title IV, section 411, Public Law 101-630, Nov. 28, 1990, as

amended (25 U.S.C. 3210).

Objective: To prevent child abuse and family violence, and to treat child

abuse victims.

Services provided: Planning and program development, training and

technical assistance, and integration of Native Americans’ culturally

specific treatment methodologies into current cases.

Target groups: Native Americans and Native Alaskans.

Indian Health

Service—Alcohol and

Substance Abuse Programs

Administered by: Public Health Service, Indian Health Service.

Federal funding for youth: $66.1 million.

Legislative authorization: Indian Health Care Improvement Act, title V,

sections 511, 702, 704, and 705, as amended (added by P.L. 102-573,

Oct. 29, 1992) (25 U.S.C. 1660a, 1665a, 1665c, 1665d).

Objective: To provide a broad range of treatment and prevention services

to rural and urban communities. The program focuses on rehabilitation of

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At-Risk or Delinquent Youth

an aging adult abuse population and authorizes the development of

treatment programs and services for Indian youth.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention, parental/family

intervention, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers, Native Americans and Native

Alaskans.

Indian Health Service

Research Grants

Administered by: Public Health Service, Indian Health Service.

Federal funding for youth: $0.

Legislative authorization: Indian Health Care Improvement Act, section

208, Public Law 94-437 (25 U.S.C. 1621g).

Objective: To conduct research and developmental activities in areas of

Indian health care that further the performance of the health

responsibilities of the Indian Health Service.

Services provided: Research/evaluation.

Target groups: Native Americans and Native Alaskans.

Indian Youth Grant

Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Indian Health Service.

Federal funding for youth: $500,000.

Legislative authorization: Indian Health Care Improvement Act, title II,

section 216, as amended (added by Indian Health Amendments Act of

1992, sec. 212, P.L. 102-573, Oct. 29, 1992) (25 U.S.C. 1621o).

Objective: To develop program services and activities to address

American Indian/Alaskan Native adolescent health issues through

culturally relevant education, counseling, and motivational techniques.

The goal is the prevention or resolution of high-risk behaviors and the

development of healthful and responsible practices for adolescents.

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Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, substance abuse

intervention, focused activities, general health services, and parenting

skills.

Target groups: Native Americans, Native Alaskans, and youth ages 12

through 19.

Injury Prevention and

Control Research and State

Grant Projects

Administered by: Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $22.2 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title III, sections

301 and 392, as amended (42 U.S.C. 241 and 280b-1).

Objective: The mission of the National Center for Injury Prevention and

Control is to prevent premature death and disability and reduce human

suffering and medical costs caused by nonoccupational injuries. The

Center focuses on the health aspects of injury, including those caused by

crime and violence. The Center’s Division of Violence Prevention is

responsible for developing a scientific approach to violence prevention in

two priority areas: interpersonal youth violence and family and intimate

violence. The Division of Violence Prevention also addresses suicide

prevention and a cross-cutting strategy to prevent firearm-related injuries

and deaths.

Services provided: Training and technical assistance,

research/evaluation, and information dissemination.

Target groups: All youth, abused/neglected, and drug/alcohol abusers.

Job Opportunities and

Basic Skills Training

(JOBS)

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Family Assistance.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency does not keep

data on the amount of money spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Social Security Act, title IV, section 482, as

amended (as added by Family Support Act of 1988, P.L. 100-485, Oct. 13,

1988) (42 U.S.C. 682).

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Objective: To ensure that needy families with children obtain the

education, training, and employment that will help them avoid long-term

welfare dependency.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, job training assistance, and

support services.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged.

Job Opportunities for

Low-Income Individuals

(JOLI)

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the amount of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Family Support Act of 1988, section 505,

Public Law 100-485, Oct. 13, 1988, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1315 note); Social

Security Act, title XI, section 1115, as amended (42 U.S.C. 1315).

Objective: To create new employment and business opportunities

through the expansion of existing businesses, self-employment, and new

business ventures to enable recipients of Aid to Families With Dependent

Children and other low-income individuals or families that meet

100 percent of the federal poverty guidelines to achieve self-sufficiency.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, counseling, job

training assistance, support services, parental/family intervention, child

care, and transportation.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged.

Maternal and Child Health

Block Grant Services

Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services

Administration, Maternal and Child Health Care Bureau.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine amount spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Social Security Act, title V, sections 501-9, as

amended (added by Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act of 1981, P.L.

97-35, Aug. 13, 1981) (42 U.S.C. 701-9).

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Objective: To support national efforts to improve and expand state and

local systems of maternal and child health. Block grants are awarded to

states, and states have the flexibility to determine how to use these federal

funds. States have used these funds for violence prevention activities that

ranged from prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect to

domestic violence to suicide prevention.

Services provided: Planning and program development,

research/evaluation, maternal and infant health care, and violence and

suicide prevention.

Target groups: Abused/neglected, youth at risk for abuse, and

populations with special needs.

Maternal and Child Health

Block Grant Services

Program—Special Projects

of Regional and National

Significance (SPRANS)

Administered by: Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services

Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau.

Federal funding for youth: $3.4 million.

Legislative authorization: Social Security Act, title V, section 502(a)(1),

as amended (added by Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act of 1981,

P.L. 97-35, Aug. 13, 1981) (42 U.S.C. 702(a)(1)).

Objective: To provide funding for programs that improve, expand, and

complement federal, state, and community efforts to provide systems of

comprehensive services for the target populations of women of

childbearing age, infants, children and youth, and children with special

health care needs and their families. SPRANS has several projects that

address at-risk youth.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, substance abuse

intervention, parental/family intervention, training and technical

assistance, research/evaluation, and child abuse/neglect prevention.

Target groups: All youth, women of childbearing age, parents, families,

and infants. (Client group served varies by individual project.)

Mental Health Block Grant Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.

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Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the portion of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title XIX, sections

1911-20 (added by ADAMHA Reorganization Act, P.L. 102-321, July 10,

1992) (42 U.S.C. 300x through 300x-9).

Objective: To support comprehensive, community-based services for

adults with serious mental illnesses and children with serious emotional

disturbances.

Services provided: Mental health services.

Target groups: All youth, adults, and populations with serious mental

illness and/or emotional disturbance.

Migrant Health Centers Administered by: Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services

Administration, Bureau of Primary Health Care.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine portion of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title III, section

329, as amended (42 U.S.C. 254b).

Objective: To provide a broad array of medical and support services to

migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their families, including preventive

health and acute and chronic care services. Emphasis is on case

management—the coordination of centers’ activities with appropriate

social, medical, or economic community services.

Services provided: Mentoring, counseling, substance abuse intervention,

support services, parental/family intervention, and primary health care.

Target groups: Migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their families.

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Model Criminal Justice

Drug Abuse Treatment for

Incarcerated Populations,

Non-Incarcerated

Populations, and Juvenile

Justice Populations

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

Federal funding for youth: $15.8 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section 511

(added by ADAMHA Reorganization Act, P.L. 102-321, sec. 110, July 10,

1992) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-4).

Objective: To enhance drug abuse treatment for criminal justice

populations, improve treatment outcomes for these populations, and

reduce the frequency with which these populations interact with the

criminal justice system or engage in criminal behavior because of their

addictive disorders.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers, juvenile offenders, minority groups,

probation/parolees, and youth aged 10 through 22.

National Institute of

Alcohol Abuse and

Alcoholism

(NIAAA)—Research

Programs

Administered by: Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health,

National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Federal funding for youth: $20.3 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, sections 301 and

464H, as amended (42 U.S.C. 241, 285n).

Objective: To develop a sound knowledge base that can be applied to the

development of improved methods of treatment and more effective

strategies for preventing alcoholism and alcohol related problems. NIAAA is

the lead federal agency for research on the causes, consequences,

treatment, and prevention of alcohol-related problems.

Services provided: Research/evaluation.

Target groups: All youth, minorities, women, and people with disabilities.

National Institute on Drug

Abuse (NIDA)—Research

Programs

Administered by: Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health,

National Institute on Drug Abuse.

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Federal funding for youth: $6 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, sections 301, 405,

464L, 464N, and 464P, as amended (42 U.S.C. 241, 284, 285o, 285o-2,

285o-4).

Objective: To support research to develop new knowledge and

approaches related to the prevention; treatment; causes; and

consequences, including HIV/AIDS, of drug addiction. NIDA is responsible

for coordinating federal research activities in drug abuse, dependency, and

addiction research.

Services provided: Research/evaluation.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers.

National Institute of

Mental Health—Research

Programs

Administered by: Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health,

National Institute of Mental Health.

Federal funding for youth: $7.2 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title III, section 304

(added by P.L. 69-182, July 28, 1955) (42 U.S.C. 242b).

Objective: To support and conduct research to improve mental illness

diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Services provided: Research/evaluation.

Target groups: All youth, economically disadvantaged, at-risk/ high-risk

youth, abused/neglected, delinquents, juvenile offenders, school dropouts,

victims of crime, and minorities.

National Youth Sports

Program

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: $12 million.

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Legislative authorization: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981,

section 682, as amended (added by P.L. 103-352, sec. 205, May 18, 1994) (42

U.S.C. 9910c).

Objective: To provide low-income youth aged 10 to 16 with a summer of

supervised sports instruction and enrichment activities on participating

college and university campuses across the country. The primary goal of

the program is to motivate disadvantaged youth to earn and learn

self-respect through a program of sports instruction and competition.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, substance abuse intervention,

job training assistance, support services, and focused activities.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged children aged 10 through 16.

Native American Programs Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration for Native Americans.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Officials were unable

to determine the portion of total funding that went to youth.

Legislative authorization: Native American Programs Act of 1974,

section 803, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2991b).

Objective: To promote the goal of social and economic self-sufficiency of

American Indians; Alaska Natives; Native Hawaiians; and other Native

American Pacific Islanders, including American Samoans. This program

provides grants, training, and technical assistance to eligible tribes and

Native American organizations representing 1.6 million individuals.

Services provided: Conflict resolution, job training assistance, planning

and program development, training and technical assistance,

clearinghouses, environmental regulatory enhancement, environmental

mitigation, and Native American language preservation.

Target groups: American Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians,

and other Native American Pacific Islanders.

Pregnant and Postpartum

Women and Infants

Demonstration Projects

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.

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Federal funding for youth: $7.2 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section

509F (added by Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, sec. 2054, P.L. 100-690, Nov.

18, 1988) (42 U.S.C. 290aa-13). Notwithstanding that legislation was

repealed effective Oct. 1, 1992, the program may continue until funds

received prior to that date have been expended (P.L. 102-321, sec.

801(d)(2)(A), July 10, 1992).

Objective: To develop innovative, community-based models for the

coordination of service systems for linking health promotion and

treatment services for substance abusing pregnant women and their small

children.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers, women, infants of drug-using

mothers, and low-income women.

Projects for Assistance in

Transition From

Homelessness

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the amount of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, part C,

section 521, as amended (added by Stewart B. McKinney Homeless

Assistance Act, P.L. 100-77, July 22, 1987) (42 U.S.C. 290cc-21).

Objective: To support mental health and other services for individuals

with serious mental illnesses, as well as for individuals with serious mental

illnesses and co-occurring substance use disorders, who are homeless or

at risk of becoming homeless. Among the services provided are outreach

services, community mental health services, alcohol or drug treatment

services, and case management services.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention, job training assistance,

support services, training and technical assistance, capital improvements,

and mental health services.

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Target groups: Runaways/the homeless and populations with serious

mental illness or emotional disturbance.

Runaway and Homeless

Youth Programs—Basic

Centers

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth, and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $40.5 million.

Legislative authorization: Runaway and Homeless Youth Act, title III,

sections 311-12, Public Law 93-415, Sept. 7, 1974, as amended (42 U.S.C.

5711 and 5712).

Objective: To establish and operate local centers to address the

immediate needs of runaway and homeless youth and their families.

Services provided: Counseling, support services, focused activities,

parental/family intervention, training and technical assistance, and

research/evaluation.

Target groups: Runaways/homeless children under age 18.

Service Grant Program for

Residential Treatment for

Pregnant and Postpartum

Women

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

Federal funding for youth: $1.3 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section 508,

as amended (added by ADAMHA Reorganization Act, P.L. 102-321, sec.

108(a), July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-1).

Objective: Program has several objectives, including (1) to decrease

alcohol and drug use and (2) to decrease involvement in and exposure to

crime, interpersonal violence, child abuse and neglect, and sexual abuse.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, substance abuse

intervention, support services, and parental/family intervention.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, abused/neglected,

drug/alcohol abusers, juvenile offenders, runaways/the homeless, minority

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groups, women involved in foster care/welfare system, public housing

residents, and populations with mental illness.

Social Services Block

Grant

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families, Office of

Community Services.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials were

unable to determine the portion of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Social Security Act, title XX, sections 2001-7,

as amended (42 U.S.C. 1397-1397f).

Objective: To fund social services that prevent, reduce, or eliminate

dependency; prevent neglect, abuse, or exploitation of children and adults;

prevent or reduce inappropriate institutional care; and provide admission

or referral for institutional care when other forms of care are

inappropriate.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention, support services, and

parental/family intervention.

Target groups: All youth, abused/neglected, and drug/alcohol abusers.

Substance Abuse

Prevention and Treatment

Block Grant

Administered by: Public Health Service, Substance Abuse and Mental

Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the portion of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title XIX, part B,

subpart II, sections 1921-35 (added by ADAMHA Reorganization Act, P.L.

102-321, sec. 202, July 10, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 300x-21 through 300x-34).

Objective: To expand and enhance the availability and delivery of quality

addiction prevention and treatment services nationally. The grant provides

federal support but empowers states to design solutions to specific

addiction problems they are experiencing locally.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention.

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Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers, pregnant women, and dependent

children.

Transitional Living

Program for Homeless

Youth

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $13.7 million.

Legislative authorization: Runaway and Homeless Youth Act, title III,

part B, sections 321-22, as amended (added by Anti-Drug Abuse Act of

1988, P.L. 100-690, sec. 7273(f), Nov. 18, 1988) (42 U.S.C. 5714-1 and

5714-2).

Objective: To provide resources to assist homeless youth in making a

successful transition toward a productive adulthood and self-sufficiency.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills and job training assistance.

Target groups: Runaways/the homeless and youth aged 16 through 21.

Urban Indian Health

Program

Administered by: Public Health Service, Indian Health Service.

Federal funding for youth: $5.8 million.

Legislative authorization: Indian Health Care Improvement Act, title V,

section 502, Public Law 94-437, Sept. 30, 1976, as amended (25 U.S.C.

1652).

Objective: To provide grant and contract programs to urban Indian

organizations, including information and referral, dental services,

comprehensive primary care services, limited primary care services,

community health, substance abuse, behavioral health services,

immunizations, HIV activities, health promotion and disease prevention,

case management, and outreach services.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention, parental/family

intervention, direct outpatient primary care, mental health services,

outreach and referral, health promotion, and disease prevention.

Target groups: Native Americans and Native Alaskans.

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Youth Initiatives/Youth

Gangs

Administered by: Administration for Children and Families,

Administration on Children, Youth, and Families.

Federal funding for youth: $10.5 million.

Legislative authorization: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, title III, sections

3501-5, Public Law 100-690, Nov. 18, 1988, as amended (42 U.S.C. 11801-5).

Objective: To prevent and reduce the participation of youth in gangs that

engage in illicit drug-related activities; promote involvement of youth in

lawful activities; prevent the abuse of drugs by youth; support

coordination of activities of local police departments and education,

employment, and social service agencies; provide information on the

treatment and rehabilitation options available to youth; coordinate support

between schools and state and federal governments; and provide technical

assistance to eligible organizations. (This program was formerly known as

the Youth Gang Drug Prevention Program.)

Services provided: Gang intervention, substance abuse intervention, and

training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers, gangs, and children under age 18.

Youth Risk Behavior

Surveillance System

Administered by: Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $1.4 million.

Legislative authorization: Public Health Service Act, title V, section 517,

as amended (added by Alcohol and Drug Abuse Amendments of 1986, P.L.

99-570, sec. 4005(a), Oct. 27, 1986) (42 U.S.C. 290bb-23).

Objective: To monitor priority health risk behaviors that contribute to the

leading causes of mortality, morbidity, and social problems among youth

in the United States. The survey focuses on the following categories of

behaviors: intentional and unintentional injuries; tobacco, alcohol, and

other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended

pregnancies and sexually transmitted disease infection; dietary behavior;

and physical activity.

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Services provided: Conduct survey and develop database on youth

behavior.

Target groups: All youth.

Department of

Housing and Urban

Development

4-H After-School

Program/Demonstration

Administered by: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public and Indian

Housing, Office of Community Relations and Involvement.

Federal funding for youth: $3.5 million.

Legislative authorization: United States Housing Act of 1937, section 22,

as amended (added by Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing

Act, P.L. 101-625, title V, sec. 515(a), Nov. 28, 1990) (42 U.S.C. 1437t).

Objective: To develop and expand effective after-school programs that

provide safe environments that help children develop their full potential.

Additionally, to demonstrate ways to promote, through supervised

activities and joint community and private-sector collaboration, the

long-term welfare of children 7 through 13 years old living in public

housing. This demonstration creates environments where children can

develop skills, knowledge, and competencies to assist in their positive

development. Adults are linked with children to build self-confidence and

provide homework counseling, tutoring, and mentoring support as an

alternative to gang-related activities.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, support services, focused activities,

parental/family intervention, planning and program development, and

training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk youth,

abused/neglected, drug/alcohol abusers, runaways/the homeless, victims

of crime, residents of public housing, and children ages 7 through 13.

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Youth Apprenticeship Administered by: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Public and Indian

Housing, Office of Community Relations and Involvement.

Federal funding for youth: $358,000.

Legislative authorization: Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968,

section 3(c)(2)(B), Public Law 90-448, Aug. 1, 1968, as amended (42 U.S.C.

1701u(c)(2)(B)).

Objective: To provide grants to public housing agencies to initiate, with a

joint labor/management organization (union), a Youth Apprenticeship

Program in certain communities. Training is provided for Department of

Labor-approved apprenticeship programs. The program has an ensured

employment component: participants are guaranteed a job for at least 30

months, and help is provided in getting a union card. About 500 youths in

eight programs are being served.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, conflict

resolution, counseling, job training assistance, support services, and

research/evaluation.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, residents of public housing,

and young adults aged 16 through 30.

Youth Development

Initiative

Administered by: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Public and Indian

Housing, Office of Community Relations and Involvement.

Federal funding for youth: $10 million.

Legislative authorization: United States Housing Act of 1937, section 22,

as amended (added by Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing

Act, P.L. 101-625, title V, sec. 515(a), Nov. 28, 1990) (42 U.S.C. 1437t).

Objective: To provide families living in public housing with better access

to educational and employment opportunities to achieve self-sufficiency

and independence by (1) developing facilities in or near public housing for

training and support services; (2) mobilizing public and private resources

to expand and improve the delivery of such services; (3) providing funding

for essential training and support services that cannot otherwise be

funded; and (4) improving the capacity of management to assess the

training and services needs of families, coordinate the provision of training

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and services that meet these needs, and ensure the long-term provision of

training and services.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling, substance abuse

intervention, job training assistance, support services, focused activities,

and capital improvements.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk youth,

delinquents, juvenile offenders, school dropouts, noncustodial parents

with children living in public housing who have child support agreements

with the county or state, residents of public housing, and youth aged 13

through 25.

Youth Sports/Public and

Indian Housing Drug

Elimination Program

Administered by: Crime Prevention and Security Division.

Federal funding for youth: $13.9 million.

Legislative authorization: Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable

Housing Act, title V, section 520, Public Law 101-625, Nov. 28, 1990, as

amended (42 U.S.C. 11903a).

Objective: To provide sports, cultural, educational, recreational, or other

activities to youth to prevent drug-related crime. In addition, funds can be

used to rehabilitate/construct buildings within or near the housing

authority of such programs. The program requires housing authorities to

develop a strategy to respond to crime. The housing authorities must

demonstrate the need, assess the degree of the problem, and show their

programmatic response to addressing the problem.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, job training, focused activities, training and

technical assistance, and capital improvements.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk youth,

residents of public housing, and youth aged 15 through 21.

Youthbuild Administered by: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Community

Planning and Development, Office of Economic Development.

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Federal funding for youth: $78 million.

Legislative authorization: Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable

Housing Act, title IV, sections 451-60, as amended (added by Housing and

Community Development Act of 1992, P.L. 102-550, sec. 164, Oct. 28,

1992) (42 U.S.C. 12899-12899i).

Objective: To expand the supply of affordable housing and assist

economically disadvantaged youth in obtaining the education and

employment skills necessary to achieve economic self-sufficiency.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring,

counseling, job training assistance, training and technical assistance,

research/evaluation, and capital improvements.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, school dropouts, and youth

aged 16 through 24.

Department of the

Interior

Indian Child Welfare Act

(Title II Grants)

Administered by: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Office of Tribal Services,

Division of Social Services.

Federal funding for youth: $23.8 million.

Legislative authorization: Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, title II,

sections 201-4, Public Law 95-608, Nov. 8, 1978, as amended (25 U.S.C.

1931-34).

Objective: To promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and

families by establishing minimum federal standards for the removal of

Indian children from their families and the placement of such children in

foster or adoptive homes, and by providing assistance to Indian tribes in

the operation of child and family service programs.

Services provided: Counseling, support services, focused activities, and

parental/family intervention.

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Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth, abused/neglected, Native

Americans, and children under age 18.

Indian Child Welfare

Assistance (Foster Care)

Administered by: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Office of Tribal Services,

Division of Social Services.

Federal funding for youth: $105 million.

Legislative authorization: Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978, title I,

sections 101-5, Public Law 95-608, Nov. 8, 1978 (25 U.S.C. 1911-15); Snyder

Act of 1921, Nov. 2, 1921 (25 U.S.C. 13).

Objective: To provide foster home care and appropriate institutional

(nonmedical) care for dependent, neglected, and handicapped Indian

children residing on or near reservations who are in need of protection,

including those children living in Bureau of Indian Affairs service area

jurisdictions in Alaska and Oklahoma, when these services are not

available from state or local public agencies.

Services provided: Support services.

Target groups: Native American children under age 18.

Department of Justice

Boot Camps, Part H Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $0. Agency officials said this program has

had no funding since fiscal year 1992.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title II, part H, sections 289-89C (added by P.L. 102-586, sec. 2,

Nov. 4, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 5667f through 5667f-3).

Objective: To authorize grants to establish up to 10 military-style boot

camps for delinquent juveniles.

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Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, counseling, substance abuse

intervention, job training assistance, and support services.

Target groups: Delinquents and juvenile offenders (ages vary as defined

by state laws).

Children’s Justice Act

Discretionary Grants for

Native American Indian

Tribes

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime.

Federal funding for youth: $0. No federal dollars are appropriated;

funding is provided by the Department of Justice’s Crime Victims Fund.

Legislative authorization: Victims of Crime Act of 1984, title II, section

1402(g)(1), Public Law 98-473, Oct. 12, 1984, as amended (42 U.S.C.

10601(g)(1)).

Objective: To create and sustain Children’s Justice Act programs that

deal with cases of child sexual and physical abuse during the investigation,

prosecution, and treatment phases; strengthen existing programs; and

establish systemic improvement in a community’s overall response to

child sexual abuse.

Services provided: Gang intervention, counseling, support services,

planning and program development, training and technical assistance, and

research/evaluation.

Target groups: Abused/neglected, victims of crime, and Native

Americans.

Community Outreach

Program

Administered by: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Criminal

Investigative Division.

Federal funding for youth: $281,000.

Legislative authorization: Public Law 89-554, section 4(c), Sept. 6, 1966,

as amended (28 U.S.C. 533(1)); Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets

Act of 1968, section 701 (added by the Comprehensive Crime Control Act

of 1984, title II, sec. 609A(a), P.L. 98-473, Oct. 12, 1984) (42 U.S.C. 3771(a)).

Objective: To alert America’s youth, community, organization, and

business leaders to the dangers of drug abuse, crime, and violence and to

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educate them about the FBI’s role in the war against crime, drugs, gangs,

and violence. Further, to assist youth, community, organization, and

business leaders in understanding the dangerous effects of these illegal

activities on their health and on society as a whole.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, gang intervention,

mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, substance abuse intervention,

focused activities, parental/family intervention, clearinghouses, teen

pregnancy intervention, and citizens’ academies.

Target groups: All youth.

Community Relations

Service Initiatives

Administered by: Community Relations Service.

Federal funding for youth: $10 million.

Legislative authorization: Civil Rights Act of 1964, title X, section 1002,

Public Law 88-352, July 2, 1964 (42 U.S.C. 2000g-1).

Objective: To prevent or resolve community conflicts and tensions

arising from actions, policies, and practices perceived to be discriminatory

on the basis of race, color, or national origin. This program provides

conciliation, mediation, technical assistance, and training. It also offers

special programs for schools, such as peer mediation services, student

conflict resolution teams, student problem identification resolution

programs, school/community-based programs for conflict management,

cultural awareness training, and management of school disruptions and

violence.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, gang intervention,

conflict resolution, parental/family intervention, and training and technical

assistance.

Target groups: All youth, at-risk/high-risk youth, and delinquents.

Crime Victim

Assistance/Discretionary

Grants

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime.

Federal funding for youth: $0. No federal dollars are appropriated;

funding is provided by the Department of Justice’s Crime Victims Fund.

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Legislative authorization: Victims of Crime Act of 1984, title II, section

1404(c), Public Law 98-473, Oct. 12, 1984, as amended (42 U.S.C. 10603(c)).

Objective: To fund crucial victim services, support training for the

diverse professionals who work with crime victims, and develop projects

to enhance victims’ rights and services.

Services provided: Counseling, support services, planning and program

development, training and technical assistance, research/evaluation, and

clearinghouses.

Target groups: Abused/neglected, victims of crime, and Native

Americans.

Crime Victim Assistance

Formula Grant Program

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime.

Federal funding for youth: $0. No federal dollars are appropriated;

funding is provided by the Department of Justice’s Crime Victims Fund.

Legislative authorization: Victims of Crime Act of 1984, title II, section

1404(a), Public Law 98-473, Oct. 12, 1984, as amended (42 U.S.C. 10603(a)).

Objective: To provide services to victims of crime through public and

private nonprofit organizations, such as domestic violence shelters; child

abuse programs; rape crisis centers; and victim services in law

enforcement agencies and prosecutors’ offices, hospitals, and social

service agencies.

Services provided: Counseling, support services, crisis intervention,

court notification, case information, and referrals.

Target groups: Abused/neglected and victims of crime.

Crime Victim

Compensation Formula

Grant Program

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime.

Federal funding for youth: $0. No federal dollars are appropriated;

funding is provided by the Department of Justice’s Crime Victims Fund.

Legislative authorization: Victims of Crime Act of 1984, title II, section

1403, Public Law 98-473, Oct. 12, 1984, as amended (42 U.S.C. 10602).

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Objective: To help support state compensation programs for crime

victims that reimburse victims of violent crime for expenses like lost

wages and medical, counseling, and funeral costs that are not covered by

other sources, such as medical insurance or workers’ compensation.

Services provided: Counseling and support services.

Target groups: Victims of crime.

Edward Byrne Memorial

State and Local Law

Enforcement Assistance

Programs—Discretionary

Grant

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice

Assistance.

Federal funding for youth: $28.8 million.

Legislative authorization: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

of 1968, title I, part B, sections 510-18, as amended (added by Anti-Drug

Abuse Act of 1988, sec. 6091(a), P.L. 100-690, Nov. 18, 1988) (42 U.S.C.

3760-3764).

Objective: To provide funds to assist states and units of local government

in carrying out specific programs that offer a high probability of improving

the functioning of the criminal justice system, and to enhance drug control

efforts at the state and local levels. The program places special emphasis

on nationwide and multijurisdictional projects and programs that address

the drug problem and advance national drug control priorities.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, gang intervention,

mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling, substance abuse,

focused activities, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth, drug/alcohol abusers, delinquents,

and juvenile offenders.

Edward Byrne Memorial

State and Local Law

Enforcement Assistance

Programs—Formula Grant

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice

Assistance.

Federal funding for youth: $48.5 million.

Legislative authorization: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

of 1968, title I, part A, sections 501-9, as amended (added by Anti-Drug

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Abuse Act of 1988, sec. 6091(a), P.L. 100-690, Nov. 18, 1988) (42 U.S.C.

3751-59).

Objective: To provide funds to assist states and units of local government

in carrying out specific programs that offer a high probability of improving

the functioning of the criminal justice system, and to enhance drug control

efforts at the state and local levels. The program places special emphasis

on state-directed projects and programs that address the drug problem

and advance national drug control priorities.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, gang intervention,

conflict resolution, counseling, substance abuse intervention, job training

assistance, focused activities, parental/family intervention, planning and

program development, training and technical assistance,

research/evaluation, and capital improvements.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers, juvenile offenders, and victims of

crime.

Gang-Free Schools and

Communities—CommunityBased Gang Intervention

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $10 million.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title II, part D, sections 281-83, as amended (added by P.L.

102-586, sec. 2(i), Nov. 4, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 5667-5667b).

Objective: To prevent and reduce the participation of juveniles in the

activities of gangs that commit crimes. Activities include (1) individual,

peer, family, and group counseling, including life skills training and

preparation for living independently; (2) education and social services to

address the social and developmental needs of juveniles; (3) crisis

intervention and counseling for juveniles at risk of gang involvement and

their families; (4) support and implementation of neighborhood and

community groups to work closely with parents and schools and law

enforcement and other agencies in the community; (5) training for adults

who have significant relationships with juveniles to provide constructive

alternatives to gang activities; and (6) research and evaluation of gang

prevention, intervention, and suppression strategies.

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Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services,

focused activities, parental/family intervention, planning and program

development, training and technical assistance, research/evaluation, and

clearinghouses.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth, delinquents, juvenile offenders,

gang members, and youth under age 22.

Justice Research,

Development, and

Evaluation Project Grants

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of

Justice.

Federal funding for youth: $4.8 million.

Legislative authorization: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

of 1968, title I, sections 202-3, as amended (added by Justice System

Improvement Act of 1979, sec. 2, P.L. 96-157, Dec. 27, 1979) (42 U.S.C.

3722-23).

Objective: To encourage and support research, development, and

evaluation to further understanding of the causes and control of crime and

to improve the criminal justice system.

Services provided: Training and technical assistance,

research/evaluation, and clearinghouses.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth, abused/neglected, drug/alcohol

abusers, juvenile offenders, and victims of crime.

Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency

Prevention—Allocation to

States (State Formula

Grants) Part B

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $70 million.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title II, part B, sections 221-23, Public Law 93-415, Sept. 7,

1974, as amended (42 U.S.C. 5631-33).

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Objective: To assist states and units of general local government or

combinations thereof in planning, establishing, operating, coordinating,

and evaluating projects, directly or through grants and contracts with

public and private agencies, for the development of more effective

education, training, research, prevention, diversion, treatment, and

rehabilitation programs in the area of juvenile delinquency, and programs

to improve the juvenile justice system.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services,

focused activities, parental/family involvement, planning and program

development, training and technical assistance, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: All youth, at-risk/high-risk youth, drug/alcohol abusers,

delinquents, juvenile offenders, school dropouts, minorities, and children

under age 18.

Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency

Prevention—Juvenile

Mentoring, Part G

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $4 million.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title II, part G, sections 288-88H, as amended (added by P.L.

102-586, sec. 2(i)(1)(C), Nov. 4, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 5667e through 5667e-8).

Objective: To establish mentoring programs for at-risk youth to reduce

juvenile delinquency and gang participation, improve academic

performance of youth, and reduce the dropout rate. A “mentor” is defined

as a person who works with an at-risk youth on a one-to-one basis,

establishing a supportive relationship, helping improve the student’s

academic performance, and enhancing his or her good citizenship

potential.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, gang intervention, mentoring,

tutoring, counseling, job training assistance, support services, focused

activities, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk youth,

delinquents, and school-aged children.

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Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention

National

Programs—Discretionary

Grants, Part C

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $25 million.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title II, part C, sections 261-62, as amended (added by

Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, sec. 7263, P.L. 100-690, Nov. 18, 1988) (42

U.S.C. 5665 and 5665a).

Objective: To develop and implement programs that design, test, and

demonstrate effective approaches, techniques, and methods for preventing

and controlling juvenile delinquency, such as community-based

alternatives to institutional confinement; effective means of diverting

juveniles from the traditional juvenile justice and correctional systems;

programs stressing advocacy activities aimed at improving services to

youth affected by the juvenile justice system; model programs to

strengthen and maintain the family unit, including self-help programs;

prevention and treatment programs relating to juveniles who commit

serious crimes; programs to prevent hate crimes; and a national

law-related education program of delinquency prevention.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling, substance

abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services, focused

activities, parental/family intervention, planning and program

development, training and technical assistance, research/evaluation, and

clearinghouses.

Target groups: All youth (ages vary as defined by state laws).

Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency

Prevention—State

Challenge Activities, Part E

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $10 million.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title II, part E, section 285 (added by P.L. 102-586, sec.

2(i)(1)(C), Nov. 4, 1992) (42 U.S.C. 5667c).

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Objective: To provide incentives for states participating in the Formula

Grants program to develop, adopt, and improve policies and programs in 1

or more of 10 specific Challenge Activities, including developing and

adopting policies and programs to provide basic health, mental health, and

education services for youth in the juvenile justice system; provide access

to counsel; increase community-based alternatives to incarceration;

provide secure settings for the placement of violent juvenile offenders;

prohibit gender bias in placement and treatment; establish a state

ombudsman; remove, where appropriate, status offenders from the

jurisdiction of the juvenile court, to prevent secure detentions; serve as

alternatives to suspension and expulsion from school; increase aftercare

services; and establish a state administrative structure to provide

comprehensive coordinated services for juveniles and their families.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, job training assistance,

planning and program development, training and technical assistance, and

research/evaluation.

Target groups: All youth under age 18.

Missing and Exploited

Children Program (Title IV)

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $6.7 million.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title IV, sections 402-7, as amended (added by P.L. 98-473, sec.

660, Oct. 12, 1984) (42 U.S.C. 5771-76).

Objective: To provide training, technical assistance, research, and

information relating to missing and exploited children and to establish a

network of programs and services that benefit missing and exploited

children and their families by assisting in the location, recovery, and

return of and provision of follow-up care for missing and exploited

children.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, training and technical

assistance, research/evaluation, and clearinghouses.

Target groups: Missing/exploited/abducted children and runaways/the

homeless.

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Public Education on Drug

Abuse

Administered by: Drug Enforcement Administration, Demand Reduction

Section.

Federal funding for youth: $650,000.

Legislative authorization: Controlled Substances Act, title II, section

502, Public Law 91-513, Oct. 27, 1970, as amended (21 U.S.C. 872).

Objective: To provide leadership in coordinating and facilitating the

involvement of law enforcement and the community in drug prevention

and education in six broad areas: antilegalization, law enforcement

training, youth programs, drugs in the workplace, sports drug awareness,

and community coalitions.

Services provided: Substance abuse intervention, focused activities,

planning and program development, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth, youth athletes, law enforcement,

community groups, employers, educators, and health professionals.

Title II: Part

A—Concentration of

Federal Efforts

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $200,000.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title II, part A, section 204, Public Law 93-415, Sept. 7, 1974, as

amended (42 U.S.C. 5614).

Objective: To promote interagency cooperation and collaborative

programs among federal, state, and local programs by fostering

communication among agencies involved in juvenile justice, delinquency

prevention, and missing children’s programs to eliminate duplication of

effort and provide for the most effective use of federal funds to benefit

juveniles, particularly at-risk youth and youth in the juvenile justice

system.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services,

focused activities, parental/family intervention, planning and program

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development, training and technical assistance, research/evaluation, and

clearinghouses.

Target groups: All youth.

Title V—Incentive Grants

for Local Delinquency

Prevention Programs

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $20 million.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title V, sections 502-6 (added by P.L. 102-586, sec. 5(a), Nov. 4,

1992) (42 U.S.C. 5781-85).

Objective: To reduce delinquency and youth violence by supporting

communities in providing their children, families, neighborhoods, and

institutions with the knowledge, skills, and opportunities necessary to

foster a healthy and nurturing environment that supports the growth and

development of productive and responsible citizens.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services,

focused activities, parental/family intervention, planning and program

development, training and technical assistance, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: All youth and juveniles (as defined by state laws).

Treatment for Juvenile

Offenders Who Are Victims

of Child Abuse or Neglect,

Part F

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $0. Agency officials said this program has

had no funding since fiscal year 1992.

Legislative authorization: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Act of 1974, title II, part F, sections 287-87C (added by P.L. 102-586, sec.

2(i)(1)(C), Nov. 4, 1992 (42 U.S.C. 5667d through 5667d-3).

Objective: To authorize grants to public and nonprofit private

organizations for treatment of juvenile offenders who are victims of child

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abuse or neglect, provide transitional services to juvenile offenders, and

conduct research.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, conflict resolution, counseling,

parental/family intervention, and research/evaluation.

Target groups: Abused/neglected children under age 18.

Victims of Child Abuse Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice

and Delinquency Prevention.

Federal funding for youth: $11.2 million.

Legislative authorization: Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990, title II,

sections 211-31, Public Law 101-647, Nov. 29, 1990, as amended (42 U.S.C.

13001-41).

Objective: To improve the prosecution, investigation, and court handling

of child abuse and neglect cases by providing training and technical

assistance to practitioners and court personnel, and to foster and

strengthen community-based multidisciplinary approaches to the

prosecution, investigation, and management of child abuse and neglect

cases. Also, to ensure that the interests of child victims are represented to

and protected by the courts and to assist communities in developing

programs to improve the resources for children and families and to

enhance coordination among community entities.

Services provided: Planning and program development, training and

technical assistance, research/evaluation, clearinghouses, and regional

technical resource centers.

Target groups: All youth.

Weed and Seed Program

Fund

Administered by: Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice

Administration, National Institute of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention, and the Executive Office of Weed and Seed (in

conjunction with the Department of Housing and Urban Development,

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public and Indian Housing;

Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service and

Administration for Children and Families; Department of Labor,

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Employment and Training Administration; Department of Agriculture,

Assistant Secretary of Science and Education; and the Corporation for

National and Community Service, AmeriCorps).

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the amount of funds spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Balanced Budget Downpayment Act, title II,

section 201(a), Public Law 104-99, Jan. 26, 1996.

Objective: To develop a comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategy to

control and prevent violent crime, drug trafficking, and drug-related crime

in targeted high-crime neighborhoods; coordinate and integrate existing

and new federal, state, local, and private-sector initiatives, criminal justice

efforts, and human services; concentrate resources in project sites to

maximize impact on reducing and preventing violent crime, drug

trafficking, and drug-related crime; mobilize community residents in

targeted sites to assist law enforcement in identifying and removing

violent offenders and drug traffickers from their neighborhoods and assist

other human service agencies in identifying and responding to service

needs of the target area; and promote neighborhood restoration and

revitalization through economic development.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, crime/violence intervention,

gang intervention, mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

substance abuse intervention, job training assistance, support services,

focused activities, parental/family intervention, planning and program

development, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth.

Department of Labor

Job Training for the

Homeless Demonstration

Program

Administered by: Employment and Training Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $0. Appropriation rescinded.

Legislative authorization: Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance

Act of 1987, as amended, title VII-C (42 U.S.C. 1130, 11441 and the

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following). The program was terminated on Oct. 1, 1995 (P.L. 103-239, sec.

701(b), May 4, 1994 (42 U.S.C. 11450)).

Objective: To award grants to public and private agencies to demonstrate

innovative and replicable approaches to providing job training to the

homeless.

Services provided: Research/evaluation.

Target groups: Runaways/the homeless aged 14 and older.

Job Training Partnership

Act (JTPA)—Job Corps

Administered by: Employment and Training Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $1.1 billion.

Legislative authorization: Job Training Partnership Act, title IV, part B,

sections 421-39, Public Law 97-300, Oct. 13, 1982, as amended (29 U.S.C.

1691-1709).

Objective: To assist young people who need and can benefit from an

unusually intensive program, operated primarily in the residential setting

of a Job Corps center, to become more responsible, employable, and

productive citizens. The program is highly targeted to the most severely

disadvantaged youth facing multiple barriers to employment.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, counseling, substance abuse

intervention, job training assistance, support services, focused activities,

and capital improvements.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged and youth aged 14 through

22.

JTPA Title II-B—Summer

Youth Employment and

Training

Administered by: Employment and Training Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $0. Appropriation rescinded.

Legislative authorization: Job Training Partnership Act, title II, part B,

sections 251-56, as amended (added by Job Training Reform Amendments

of 1992, sec. 204, P.L. 102-367, Sept. 7, 1992) (29 U.S.C. 1630-35).

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Objective: To enhance the basic educational skills of youth, encourage

school completion or enrollment in supplementary or alternative school

programs, provide exposure to the world of work, and enhance the

citizenship of youth.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, job training assistance, and

support services.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged youth aged 14 through 21.

JTPA Title

II-C—Year-Round Youth

Program

Administered by: Employment and Training Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $126.7 million.

Legislative authorization: Job Training Partnership Act, title II, part C,

sections 261-66, as amended (added by Job Training Reform Amendments

of 1992, sec. 206-8, P.L. 102-367, Sept. 7, 1992 (29 U.S.C. 1641-46).

Objective: To improve the long-term employability of youth; enhance the

citizenship and educational and occupational potential of youth;

encourage school completion or enrollment in alternative school

programs; increase the employment and earnings of youth; reduce welfare

dependency; and assist youth in addressing problems that impair their

transition from school to work, apprenticeships, the military, or

postsecondary education and training.

Services provided: Mentoring, tutoring, and job training assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, juvenile offenders,

runaways/the homeless, school dropouts, populations with basic skill

deficiencies, pregnant teens and young women, populations with

disabilities, and youth aged 14 through 21.

Migrant and Seasonal

Farmworker Programs

Administered by: Employment and Training Administration.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine amount of money spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Job Training Partnership Act, title IV, part A,

section 402, Public Law 97-300, Oct. 13, 1982, as amended (29 U.S.C. 1672).

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Objective: To provide job training, job search assistance, and other

supportive services for those individuals who suffer chronic seasonal

unemployment and underemployment in the agricultural industry. To

enable farmworkers and their dependents to obtain or retain employment.

Services provided: Job training assistance and support services.

Target groups: Disadvantaged migrants.

Native American Programs Administered by: Employment and Training Administration.

Federal funding for youth: Amount not available. Agency officials could

not determine the amount of money spent on youth.

Legislative authorization: Job Training Partnership Act, title A, section

401, Public Law 97-300, Oct. 13, 1982, as amended (29 U.S.C. 1671).

Objective: To provide job training to Native Americans facing serious

barriers to employment who are in special need of such training to obtain

productive employment, reduce the economic disadvantages among

Indians and others of Native American descent, and advance the economic

and social development of such people.

Services provided: Job training assistance and support services.

Target groups: Native Americans.

School to Work

Opportunities

Administered by: Employment and Training Administration (in

conjunction with the Department of Education, Office of Vocational and

Adult Education).

Federal funding for youth: $245 million.

Legislative authorization: School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994,

Public Law 103-239, May 4, 1994 (20 U.S.C. 6101-51). The program is to

terminate Oct. 1, 2001 (P.L. 103-239, sec. 802 (20 U.S.C. 6251)).

Objective: To help states and communities build comprehensive

school-to-work systems. Such systems offer young Americans

opportunities to prepare for high-skill, high-wage careers; to receive

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top-quality academic educations; and to pursue further education or

training.

Services provided: Planning and program development and training and

technical assistance.

Target groups: All youth.

Targeted Jobs Tax Credit

Program

Administered by: Employment and Training Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $10.3 million.

Legislative authorization: Internal Revenue Code, section 280C, as

amended (added by Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977, title II,

sec. 202(c)(1), P.L. 95-30, May 23, 1977) (26 U.S.C. 280C).

Objective: To provide tax credits for employers who hire from nine target

groups that traditionally find it difficult to obtain and hold a job. These

groups include economically disadvantaged youth and welfare recipients.

Services provided: Job training assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged youth aged 16 through 22.

Youth Fair Chance Administered by: Employment and Training Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $0. Appropriation rescinded.

Legislative authorization: Job Training Partnership Act, title IV, part H,

sections 491-98A, as amended (added by Job Training Reform

Amendments of 1992, sec. 406, P.L. 102-367, Sept. 7, 1992) (29 U.S.C.

1782-82h).

Objective: To ensure access to education and training assistance for

youth residing in high-poverty urban and rural areas, provide a

comprehensive range of services to disadvantaged youth who are not

currently served or are underserved by federal education and job training

programs, enable communities with high concentrations of poverty to

establish and meet goals for improving the opportunities available to

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youth within the community, and facilitate the coordination of

comprehensive services to youth in such communities.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills and job training assistance.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged young adults aged 14

through 30.

Department of

Transportation

Alcohol Traffic Safety and

Drunk Driving Prevention

Incentive Grants

Administered by: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $5.1 million.

Legislative authorization: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, title IX, section

9002(a), Public Law 100-690, Nov. 18, 1988, as amended (23 U.S.C. 410).

Objective: To encourage states to adopt effective programs to reduce

crashes resulting from people driving while under the influence of alcohol

and other controlled substances.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, substance abuse

intervention, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers aged 15 through 20.

State and Community

Highway Safety

Administered by: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $15.6 million.

Legislative authorization: Highway Safety Act of 1966, title I, section

101, Public Law 89-564, Sept. 9, 1966, as amended (23 U.S.C. 402).

Objective: To provide a coordinated national highway safety (including

youth alcohol safety) program to reduce traffic accidents, deaths, injuries,

and property damage.

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Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, substance abuse

intervention, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers aged 15 through 20.

Youth Impaired Driving

Projects

Administered by: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Federal funding for youth: $1.4 million.

Legislative authorization: Highway Safety Act of 1966, title I, section

101, Public Law 89-564, Sept. 9, 1966, as amended (23 U.S.C. 403).

Objective: To provide federal discretionary funds used for technical

assistance and direct project grants to organizations such as Mothers

Against Drunk Driving.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, substance abuse

intervention, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: Drug/alcohol abusers aged 15 through 20.

Department of the

Treasury

Gang Resistance

Education and Training

Projects

Administered by: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; National

Programs Division; G.R.E.A.T. Branch.

Federal funding for youth: $16.2 million.

Legislative authorization: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement

Act of 1994, title III, subtitle X, section 32401, Public Law 103-322 (42

U.S.C. 13921).

Objective: To provide training to grade school children to resist the

pressure to join a gang. To provide children with alternatives to violence

when resolving a conflict, provide short- and long-term goals, and teach

children to make sound choices and be responsible for their actions.

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Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, gang intervention,

focused activities, parental/family intervention.

Target groups: All youth in grades seven and eight.

Environmental

Protection Agency

Environmental Education

Grants

Administered by: Office of Communications, Education, and Public

Affairs; Environmental Education Division.

Federal funding for youth: $2.9 million.

Legislative authorization: National Environmental Education Act,

section 6, Public Law 101-619, Nov. 16, 1990, as amended (20 U.S.C. 5505).

Objective: To support projects to design, demonstrate, or disseminate

practices, methods, or techniques related to environmental education and

training.

Services provided: Job training assistance, planning and program

development, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: All youth, economically disadvantaged, at-risk/high-risk,

and minorities.

National Foundation

on the Arts and

Humanities

Promotion of the

Arts—Arts for Youth

Administered by: National Endowment for the Arts.

Federal funding for youth: $350,000.

Legislative authorization: National Foundation on the Arts and the

Humanities Act of 1965, section 5, Public Law 89-209, Sept. 29, 1965, as

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amended (20 U.S.C. 954); Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of

1990, section 318, Public Law 101-512, Nov. 5, 1990 (20 U.S.C. 954a).

Objective: To focus and strengthen efforts to use the arts as a tool to

reach and educate at-risk youth.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, conflict

resolution, and focused activities.

Target groups: At-risk/high-risk youth and students in prekindergarten

through 12th grade.

Promotion of the

Arts—Arts in

Education—Art Corps

Administered by: National Endowment for the Arts.

Federal funding for youth: $5.8 million.

Legislative authorization: National Foundation on the Arts and the

Humanities Act of 1965, section 5, Public Law 89-209, Sept. 29, 1965, as

amended (20 U.S.C. 954); Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of

1990, section 318, Public Law 101-512, Nov. 5, 1990 (20 U.S.C. 954a).

Objective: To encourage state and local arts agencies in developing and

supporting cultural activities, art programs, art education, and art research

for children, adults, and communities.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills and focused activities.

Target groups: All youth, at-risk/high-risk youth, and students in

prekindergarten through 12th grade.

Promotion of the

Arts—Expansion

Arts—Arts Education

Initiative

Administered by: National Endowment for the Arts.

Federal funding for youth: $275,000.

Legislative authorization: National Foundation on the Arts and the

Humanities Act of 1965, section 5, Public Law 89-209, Sept. 29, 1965, as

amended (20 U.S.C. 954); Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of

1990, section 318, Public Law 101-512, Nov. 5, 1990 (20 U.S.C. 954a).

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Objective: To provide activities for school-age youth in underserved

(rural, inner-city, and ethnically diverse) populations to encourage cultural

understanding, enhance personal growth, and foster mentoring

partnerships.

Services provided: Self-sufficiency skills, mentoring, tutoring, conflict

resolution, counseling, and focused activities.

Target groups: Economically disadvantaged, inner-city youth, rural

populations, ethnically diverse, youth with physical and mental

disabilities, and students in kindergarten through 12th grade.

Promotion of the

Arts—State and Regional

Program

Administered by: National Endowment for the Arts.

Federal funding for youth: $2.7 million.

Legislative authorization: National Foundation on the Arts and the

Humanities Act of 1965, section 5, Public Law 89-209, Sept. 29, 1965, as

amended (20 U.S.C. 954); Arts, Humanities, and Museums Amendments of

1990, section 318, Public Law 101-512, Nov. 5, 1990 (20 U.S.C. 954a).

Objective: To develop arts programs and build audiences in underserved

communities. Initiatives such as Art Corps in creative work—music,

dance, theater, and visual arts—help to create pride in cultural heritage

and engender a sense of self-worth.

Services provided: Mentoring, tutoring, conflict resolution, counseling,

job training assistance, and focused activities.

Target groups: Minority youth, inner-city youth, and rural youth.

President’s Crime

Prevention Council

President’s Crime

Prevention Council

Administered by: President’s Crime Prevention Council

Federal funding for youth: $1.5 million.

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Legislative authorization: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement

Act of 1994, title III, part A, sections 30101-4, Public Law 103-322, Sept. 13,

1994 (42 U.S.C. 13741-44).

Objective: To help coordinate the administration of crime prevention

programs authorized by the Violent Crime Control Act. In addition, the

Council is responsible for publishing a comprehensive catalog of

prevention programs, coordinating planning, and providing training and

technical assistance to communities and community organizations. Under

its Ounce of Prevention grant program, the Council distributes grants to

Empowerment Zone/Enterprise Community areas to support the

coordination and, where possible, the integration of public safety and

youth development services, including summer and after-school care;

mentoring and tutoring; job training and placement; and prevention and

treatment targeting substance abuse, child abuse, and adolescent

pregnancy.

Services provided: Crime/violence intervention, planning and program

development, and training and technical assistance.

Target groups: All youth, economically disadvantaged, and

at-risk/high-risk youth.

State Justice Institute

State Justice Institute Administered by: State Justice Institute.

Federal funding for youth: $1.5 million.

Legislative authorization: State Justice Act of 1984, title II, sections

206-7, Public Law 98-620, Nov. 8, 1984, as amended (42 U.S.C. 10705-6).

Objective: To improve the quality of justice in the state courts; facilitate

better coordination and information sharing between state and federal

courts; and foster innovative, efficient solutions to common problems

faced by all courts.

Services provided: Training and technical assistance,

research/evaluation, and clearinghouses.

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Target groups: Judges and court personnel, including those hearing cases

involving youth and families at risk.

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Appendix IV 

GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments

GAO Contacts Timothy W. Silva, Senior Evaluator, (202) 512-7041

Tamara A. Lumpkin, Evaluator, (202) 512-5699

Acknowledgments The following team members contributed significantly to this report: Sarah

Colson, Valerie S. Dumas, Jacqueline Harpp, Sharon Jizmejian, Richard B.

Kelley, John Leahy, Laura Miner-Kowalski, and Audley Smith, evaluators;

Damaris Delgado-Vega and Dayna Shah, attorneys; Edmund Price,

technical specialist; and Judith White, information processing assistant.

(104812) Page 98 GAO/HEHS-96-34 Multiple Youth Programs
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