This article is part of the Coal Issues portal

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(http://www.prwatch.org) .

From SourceWatch

To see a nationwide list of over 600 coal plants in the United States, click here. To see a listing of coal plants

in a particular state, click on the map:

This page provides information on existing U.S. coal-fired power plants. For a list of proposed coal plants and coal plants that are under construction,

click here.

Contents

1 Overview

2 U.S. Coal-Fired Power Production in the Global Context

3 Stagnant Capacity, Growing Output

4 State-by-State Capacity and Output

5 Ownership of Existing U.S. Coal-Fired Generating Stations

6 Cost of Electricity from Existing Coal Plants

7 External Costs of Existing Coal Plants

8 Impact of Climate Change Legislation on Existing U.S. Coal Plants

9 Retrofitting Existing Coal Plants for Carbon Capture

10 SO2 Pollution and Pollution Controls

11 Oldest existing coal plants

12 Plant Retirements

12.1 Howard Down Generating Station

12.2 Georgia Power plans to retire Harlee Branch units 1 and 2 by 2013

12.3 2010: Dominion proposes closing North Branch Station for approval of new natural gas plant

12.4 Dominion's Salem and State Line Plants

12.5 University of Illinois Abbott Power Plant

12.6 Richard H. Gorsuch Generating Station

12.7 Boardman Plant

12.8 Duke ordered to shut down three coal-fired units in Indiana

12.9 S.D. Warren Muskegon Power Plant

12.10 Will County and Waukegan in Illinois

12.11 Mohave Generating Station

12.12 Arapahoe Station and Cameo Station

12.13 Units at Cherokee and Valmont Generating Stations

12.14 TVA considering shutting down some aging coal plants

12.15 Closure Planned for W.N. Clark Station

12.16 Crystal River to close by 2020, replaced by nuclear plant

12.17 Progress Energy announces plan to close Lee coal plant

12.18 Progress Energy to shut four N.C. coal plants

12.19 Exelon to shut coal plants in Pennsylvania

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12.20 Alliant to close coal boilers at six sites

13 2010 Report: New EPA regulations could make old coal plants prohibitively expensive

14 Resources

14.1 References

14.2 Related SourceWatch Resources

14.3 External Links

Overview

In 2005, the Energy Information Administration's inventory of coal plants - which includes virtually all coal plants over 5 MW, and many below that

size - listed 614 coal-fired power plants in the U.S. These coal plants had a total of 1,522 coal-fired generating units (many plants have multiple

units), and a total of 335,831 MW (Megawatts) of production capacity.[1] Given total U.S. electric capacity of 1,075,677 MW, coal provided 31.2%

of U.S. electric capacity in 2005 – second only to natural gas (41.2%) in the share of U.S. power capacity, and far ahead of nuclear (9.8%),

hydroelectric (7.2%), oil (6.0%), or renewables (2.5%).[2]

That said, for many years - due to low cost and reliable production of coal, and the frequently unstable cost of natural gas - coal plants have been

used more heavily than other power plants, and the amount of power produced from coal grew from 1,594,011 Gigawatt-hours (Gwh) in 1990 to

1,994,305 Gwh in 2008. In 2005, coal provided 48.5% of U.S. electricity - far higher than coal's 31.2% share of electric generating capacity - due to

coal plants being run at higher capacity rates.

However, in recent years - partly because of increased investment in renewables, partly because aging coal plants are increasingly being taken

offline, and partly because the growing anti-coal movement is preventing many new plants from being built - the share of coal in U.S. power

generation has dropped: in 2004, coal's share of electricity production fell below 50% for the first time since 1979. (At its most recent peak, in 1988,

coal power plants produced 57.0% of U.S. power. For more information on coal plant capacity and generation, click here.)[3][4]

U.S. Coal-Fired Power Production in the Global Context

In 2008, the U.S. produced approximately 2,133,000 GWh (gigawatt hours) of electricity from coal (one GWh is the amount of power produced by a

1,000 MW power plant running for one hour), accounting for about a quarter of the world's coal-fired electricity:[5]

Country 2008 Coal Power Prod. % of World Total

China 2,733,000 GWh 33.1%

U.S.A. 2,133,000 GWh 25.8%

India 569,000 GWh 6.9%

Germany 291,000 GWh 3.5%

Japan 288,000 GWh 3.5%

South Africa 241,000 GWh 2.9%

Australia 198,000 GWh 2.4%

Russia 197,000 GWh 2.4%

Korea 192,000 GWh 2.3%

Poland 143,000 GWh 1.7%

All Other

Countries 1,278,000 GWh 15.6%

World Total 8,263,000 GWh 100%

In 2004, U.S. coal-fired power plants produced 2,154.6 million tons of CO2 – 35.8% of total U.S. CO2 emissions, and 8.0% of total world CO2

emissions. To put this in perspective, U.S. coal-fired power plants produced more CO2 in 2004 than was emitted by all sources in all of Africa, South

America, and Central America combined.[6]

Stagnant Capacity, Growing Output

From 1990 to 2007, the net capacity of the U.S. coal-fired power plant fleet remained virtually unchanged, increasing by only 7,617 megawatts

(MW) or 2.5% during the entire 17-year period. The output of these plants, however, increased from 1,594,011 Gigawatt hours (Gwh) in 1990 to

2,020,572 Gwh in 2007, a 27% increase. This means that although the existing fleet was not growing in size, plants were being run more intensively.

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This is reflected in the average capacity factor of the fleet, which rose from 60% to 74% from 1990 to 2007. (Capacity factor refers to the ratio of

the actual output of a plant to the theoretical maximum output if the plant ran continuously.)

Table 1: Coal-fired power plant capacity and generation[7][8]

Year Net Summer Capacity (Megawatts) Generation (Gigawatt hours) Capacity Factor

1950 N/A 154,520 N/A

1960 N/A 403,067 N/A

1970 N/A 704,394 N/A

1980 N/A 1,161,562 N/A

1990 302,296 1,594,011 60%

2000 310,198 1,966,265 72%

2005 309,000 2,013,179 74%

2007 309,913 2,020,572 74%

State-by-State Capacity and Output

Here's a sortable table of U.S. states, ranked by the total amount of electricity each state produced from coal in 2005. To sort the table, click on a

column header.[1]

Rank State 

# of

Plants Total Capacity (MW) 2005 Power Prod. (GWh) 

1 Texas 20 21,238 148,759

2 Ohio 35 23,823 137,457

3 Indiana 31 21,551 123,985

4 Pennsylvania 40 20,475 122,093

5 Illinois 32 17,565 92,772

6 Kentucky 21 16,510 92,613

7 West Virginia 19 15,372 91,601

8 Georgia 16 14,594 87,624

9 North Carolina 25 13,279 78,854

10 Missouri 24 11,810 77,714

11 Michigan 33 12,891 71,871

12 Alabama 11 12,684 70,144

13 Florida 15 11,382 66,378

14 Tennessee 13 10,290 59,264

15 Wyoming 10 6,168 43,421

16 Wisconsin 28 7,116 41,675

17 Arizona 7 5,861 40,730

18 South Carolina 16 6,469 40,545

19 Oklahoma 7 5,720 36,446

20 Utah 8 5,080 36,008

21 Colorado 15 5,309 35,671

22 Virginia 22 6,208 35,099

23 Iowa 28 6,506 34,729

24 Kansas 8 5,472 34,595

25 Minnesota 21 5,670 34,336

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26 New Mexico 4 4,382 29,990

27 North Dakota 10 4,246 29,813

28 Maryland 9 5,236 29,782

29 Arkansas 3 3,958 23,356

30 Louisiana 4 3,764 23,190

31 New York 18 4,273 22,018

32 Nebraska 8 3,194 20,175

33 Nevada 3 2,769 18,412

34 Montana 4 2,536 17,844

35 Mississippi 5 2,696 16,661

36 Massachusetts 6 1,776 12,095

37 New Jersey 7 2,237 12,090

38 Washington 1 1,460 10,483

39 Delaware 4 1,082 5,185

40 New

Hampshire 2 609 4,097

41 Connecticut 2 614 3,995

42 Oregon 1 601 3,588

43 California 8 439 3,024

44 South Dakota 2 481 2,999

45 Hawaii 1 203 1,548

46 Maine 1 103 754

47 Alaska 5 118 650

48 Idaho 2 19 51

49 Rhode Island 0 0 0

50 Vermont 0 0 0

The median family income of the top 15 coal-producing states was $44,922 in 2006 ($3,529 below the U.S. median); the median family income of the

bottom 15 coal-producing states was $52,833 ($4,382 above the U.S. median).

Here's a breakdown of existing U.S. coal-fired generating units by size:[1]

Unit Size # of Units Total Capacity

0-10 MW 37 192 MW

10-20 MW 25 345 MW

20-50 MW 75 2,427 MW

50-100 MW 73 5,269 MW

100-250 MW 85 14,000 MW

250-500 MW 97 34,396 MW

500-750 MW 69 42,655 MW

750-1,000 MW 28 23,612 MW

1,000-1,500 MW 59 72,366 MW

1,500-2,000 MW 38 66,657 MW

Over 2,000 MW 29 73,920 MW

Thus, the 29 plants that are larger than 2,000 MW have a greater generating capacity than the 392 plants that are smaller than 500 MW.

Here's a breakdown of existing U.S. coal-fired generating units (not overall plants) by age:[9]

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Years Built # of Units Total Capacity (MW)

2005-2009 21 6,785

2000-2004 13 1,382

1995-1999 24 4,372

1990-1994 67 8,638

1985-1989 102 23,734

1980-1984 117 56,105

1975-1979 125 55,879

1970-1974 137 66,466

1965-1969 158 41,656

1960-1964 157 25,310

1955-1959 209 28,883

1950-1954 213 17,518

1940-1949 93 2,583

1930-1939 20 132

1920-1929 10 69

Total 1,466 339,509

The median existing U.S. coal-fired generating station was built in January 1966.

Ownership of Existing U.S. Coal-Fired Generating Stations

In 2005, there were 1,522 coal-fired generating units in the U.S., with 335,891 MW of capacity. The following companies (with their current

subsidiaries) were the top producers of coal-fired electricity in the U.S. in 2005:[1][10]

Rank Company/Entity 

Number of

Coal

Plants

(2005) 

Total Coal

Capacity

(2005) 

Total Coal

Power Prod.

(2005) 

Total Coal

SO2 Emissions

(2005) 

Coal SO2

Emissions

Rate

(lb/MWh) 

2008

Revenue 

1 American Electric Power 23 27,636 MW 167,422 GWh 1,043,582 tons 12.47 $13.33 billion

2 Southern Company 22 26,610 MW 163,360 GWh 1,090,967 tons 13.36 $17.00 billion

3 Duke Energy 20 18,585 MW 111,571 GWh 839,361 tons 15.05 $12.93 billion

4 Tennessee Valley Authority 12 17,647 MW 98,919 GWh 461,016 tons 9.32 $9.11 billion

5 Ameren 11 10,719 MW 67,477 GWh 302,285 tons 8.96 $7.67 billion

6 MidAmerican Energy 12 10,282 MW 67,028 GWh 172,946 tons 5.16 $12.38 billion

7 Edison International 11 10,253 MW 61,521 GWh 265,778 tons 8.64 $14.05 billion

8 Xcel Energy 15 8,961 MW 56,616 GWh 149,108 tons 5.27 $11.13 billion

9 NRG Energy 8 8,657 MW 53,586 GWh 180,696 tons 6.74 $6.89 billion

10 Dominion 16 9,031 MW 52,845 GWh 214,038 tons 8.10 $16.29 billion

11 FirstEnergy 9 8,495 MW 52,291 GWh 300,414 tons 11.49 $13.20 billion

12 E.ON 12 8,251 MW 47,307 GWh 236,000 tons 9.98 $116.95 billion

13 Progress Energy 9 7,925 MW 47,006 GWh 315,746 tons 13.43 $9.17 billion

14 Reliant Energy 11 8,134 MW 46,217 GWh 401,943 tons 17.39 $12.55 billion

15 Luminant 4 6,137 MW 45,911 GWh 273,126 tons 11.90 $8.50 billion

16 Allegheny Energy 10 7,636 MW 43,769 GWh 339,724 tons 15.52 $3.39 billion

17 DTE Energy 8 7,998 MW 41,782 GWh 199,337 tons 9.54 $9.33 billion

18 PPL 5 5,940 MW 38,512 GWh 260,936 tons 13.55 $8.04 billion

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19 AES 14 5,371 MW 33,516 GWh 166,154 tons 9.91 $16.07 billion

20 Dynegy 6 3,755 MW 23,426 GWh 64,452 tons 5.50 $3.55 billion

21 Entergy 3 4,015 MW 23,038 GWh 70,502 tons 6.12 $13.09 billion

22 Alliant Energy 11 4,055 MW 21,456 GWh 97,114 tons 9.05 $3.68 billion

23 Great Plains Energy 4 3,462 MW 20,997 GWh 64,686 tons 6.16 $1.67 billion

24 CMS Energy 6 3,090 MW 20,367 GWh 91,317 tons 8.97 $6.82 billion

25 Westar Energy 3 2,958 MW 19,882 GWh 78,548 tons 7.90 $1.84 billion

These 25 largest operators of coal plants (all privately-owned corporations, with the exception of the TVA, which is a publicly-owned corporation)

own 264 out of the 614 coal-fired power plants in the U.S.; these 264 plants produced a total of 1,425,653 GWh of electricity in 2005 (70.8% of total

U.S. coal-fired power production). The coal plants owned by these 25 entities also produced 7,679,776 tons of SO2 in 2005, equivalent to 52.2% of

all U.S. SO2 emissions from all sources.

[1][11]

Additionally, these 25 entities had combined total revenues of $348.63 billion in 2007 (which is equivalent to 2.4% of the total U.S. GDP).[10] The

U.S. coal industry is a big, big business, and its main players – who control the vast majority of U.S. coal power production – are among the biggest

corporations in the country. (Dominion, Southern, AES, Duke, Edison, FirstEnergy, Entergy, Reliant, Progress, Xcel, DTE, Ameren, PPL, CMS, and

NRG are all among the Fortune 500; MidAmerican is owned by Berkshire Hathaway, the 13th biggest corporation in the U.S., and E.ON - based in

Germany - is the biggest electric utility in the world.[12])

Cost of Electricity from Existing Coal Plants

As of July, 2008, the average cost of coal supplied to existing coal plants in the United States was $2.09 per million BTU.[13] At 34.3% efficiency for

a typical coal plant, that translates to 2.08 cents per kilowatt hour for coal.[14] Operation and maintenance is approximately 0.75 cents per kilowatt

hour.[15] So total fuel and operating costs for a typical coal plant is 2.83 cents per kilowatt hour. Since the median age of existing coal plants is 44

years, most are already fully amortized. That means their owners have fully paid off the construction costs, and operating and fuel costs are the only

components of cost.

For more on the financial risks of coal energy investment, see Financial Risks of Coal Energy Investment.

External Costs of Existing Coal Plants

In economics, an external cost or externality is a negative effect of an economic activity on a third party.External costs of coal plants include the

following:[16]

Reduction in life expectancy (particulates, sulfur dioxide, ozone, heavy metal, benzene, radionuclides, etc.)

Respiratory hospital admissions (particulates, ozone, sulfur dioxide)

Congrestive heart failure (particulates and carbon monoxide)

Non-fatal cancer, osteroporosia, ataxia, renal dysfunction (benzene, radionuclines, heavy metal, etc.)

Chronic bronchitis, asthma attacks, etc. (particulates, ozone)

Loss of IQ (mercury)

Degradation and soiling of buildings (sulfur dioxide, acid deposition, particulates)

Reduction of crop yields (NOx, sulfur dioxide, ozone, acid deposition); some emissions may also have a fertilizing effect (nitrogen and sulfur

deposition)

Global warming (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide)

Ecosystem loss and degradation

Among the impacts of coal plants are the fine particulates released directly or produced indirectly by sulfur dioxide emissions.

[17] According to a

2004 study released by the Clean Air Task Force, fine particulates from power plants result in nearly 24,000 annual deaths, with 14 years lost on

average for each death.[17] Based on social decisions in other contexts such as transportation and medicine, researchers report (see below) that

American society is willing to spend $129,090 to avoid the loss of a year of life.[18] This suggests that society would be willing to spend at an

additional $40 billion (i.e., 24,000 annual deaths x 14 years lost x $129,000 per year lost) for alternative ways of generating electricity that did not

produce deadly pollution. With US coal plants generating about 2 billion Gigawatt hours annually, the expenditure of an additional $40 billion would

raise the cost of electricity by about two cents per kilowatt hour.[19]

For more on the external costs of coal, see External costs of coal.

Impact of Climate Change Legislation on Existing U.S. Coal Plants

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It remains unclear how the proposed Waxman-Markey Climate Bill, which passed the U.S. House of Representatives in June 2009 and heads to

discussion by the Senate in the Fall, will impact existing coal plants. Although the version of the American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACES)

that passed the House requires a 50 percent reduction in carbon emissions from new coal plants by 2025, it mandates no specific reduction

requirements for existing plants. Environmental groups and public health advocates are concerned that, by driving up the cost of new plants and

offering free emissions allowances or carbon offsets for older facilities, the bill may result in even heavier reliance on an aging fleet of coal plants.

Some groups have expressed concern that the climate change legislation may end up having similar issues to the 1977 Clean Air Act, which

grandfathered in older plants and largely exempted them from requirements that facilities use the best available pollution-control technologies.

Environmental advocates hope that the Senate will add regulations to ACES that will lead to the closure of older, highly polluting plants.[20]

Retrofitting Existing Coal Plants for Carbon Capture

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, it is not economical to retrofit existing coal plants with carbon capture technology:

Existing CO2 capture technologies are not cost-effective when considered in the context of large power plants. Economic studies

indicate that carbon capture will add over 30 percent to the cost of electricity for new integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)

units and over 80 percent to the cost of electricity if retrofitted to existing pulverized coal (PC) units. A recent study from the National

Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) confirms that additional alternatives need to be pursued to bring the cost of carbon capture

down. In addition, the net electricity produced from existing plants would be significantly reduced - often referred to as parasitic loss -

since 20 to 30 percent of the power generated by the plant would have to be used to capture and compress the CO2.[21]

SO2 Pollution and Pollution Controls

In 1970, the U.S. Congress passed the Clean Air Act, which regulated the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2), among other forms of pollution. SO2

contributes strongly to acid rain, and causes or exacerbates respiratory illnesses. However, the legislation allowed for exemptions for older power

plants. This legislation has been strengthened since then: in 1977, the New Source Review increased compliance by states, while the EPA's Clean Air

Interstate Rule, passed in 2005, requires a 57% cut in U.S. SO2 emissions by 2015. (Roughly 60% of U.S. SO2 emissions come from coal-fired power

plants.) Especially since 2005, many utilities have begun attaching SO2 scrubbers to their coal-fired generating stations. However, many plants still do

not have adequate - or even any - SO2 controls.[22][23][24]

According to data from the Energy Information Administration, the following proportions of coal-fired power plants with capacity over 100 MW had

SO2 scrubbers in 2005:[25]

SO2 Removal Rate # of Plants Total Capacity

Over 90% 94 46,734 MW

80-89% 49 21,613 MW

70-79% 52 20,950 MW

16-69% 11 3,825 MW

None 628 220,664 MW

It is possible that some coal-fired plants with SO2 scrubbers did not report their scrubbers to the EIA, and thus that the above table overstates the

number of plants without SO2 controls. However, out of 257 U.S. coal-fired power plants which produced more than 2,000 GWh of power in 2006,

86 had SO2 emissions that were higher than 10 lb/MWh – compared with an average of 1 lb/MWh for coal plants with state-of-the-art SO2 scrubbers.

[26][27] We can surmise that these 86 plants almost certainly have zero or extremely minimal SO2 scrubbers, or have SO2 scrubbers that were not

functioning in 2006.

A more recent survey (June 2008) of coal-fired power plants conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency found that 209,000 MW out of

329,000 MW of capacity, or 63.5%, had no scrubbers. Of the 120,000 MW fitted with scrubbers, 104,000 MW represented wet fluidized gas disposal

systems and 16,200 MW represented dry fluidized gas disposal systems.[28]

The following table summarizes the findings of the EPA survey (June 2008):[28]

Scrubber Status (2008)

Plants

Without

Scrubbers

Plants With

Scrubbers Total

Number of Plants 351 146 497

Number of Generating Units 990 290 1,280

Capacity (MW) 209,000 120,000 329,000

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In 2008, the Environmental Protection Agency released projections about future scrubber systems at coal-fired power plants. The following table

shows the EPA's projections for scrubbers in 2009 and 2010. The reason that the total capacity represented by these figures is lower than the figures

shown above (316,000 MW in 2009 and 318,000 MW in 2010, compared to the 329,000 MW shown above for of capacity survey in 2008), is that

these figures are based on a database that uses summer and winter capacity rather than nameplate capacity. [28]

Scrubber Status

Capacity

Without

Scrubbers

(MW)

Capacity With

Scrubbers

(MW)

Total Capacity

(MW)

2009 (projected) 159,000 157,000 316,000

2010 (projected) 134,000 184,000 318,000

The following table summarizes the data from EPA's 2008 survey and 2009/2010 projections:

Year

Percent of

Coal Capacity

with

Scrubbers

2008 (actual) 36%

2009 (projected) 50%

2010 (projected) 58%

Here is a comprehensive list of these 86 dirtiest large U.S. coal-fired power plants in 2006, in terms of SO2 emissions:[26][29]

Rank Plant Name State Year(s) Built Parent Company Capacity Total SO2

Emissions 

SO2 Rate 

1 R. Gallagher IN 1958-61 Duke Energy 600 MW 50,819 tons 40.38

lb/MWh

2 Muskingum River OH 1953-58, 1968 American Electric Power 1529 MW 122,984 tons 32.78

lb/MWh

3 Warrick IN 1960-70 Alcoa 755 MW 92,919 tons 32.69

lb/MWh

4 Hatfield's Ferry Power

Station PA 1969-71 Allegheny Energy 1728 MW 135,082 tons 28.91

lb/MWh

5 Portland PA 1958-62 Reliant Energy 427 MW 30,685 tons 28.30

lb/MWh

6 Wabash River IN 1953-56, 1968,

1995 Duke Energy 1165 MW 58,793 tons 27.66lb/MWh

7 Shawville PA 1954-60 Reliant Energy 626 MW 47,287 tons 26.96

lb/MWh

8 Cayuga IN 1970-72 Duke Energy 1062 MW 86,174 tons 26.68

lb/MWh

9 Morgantown MD 1970-71 Mirant 1252 MW 98,073 tons 26.08

lb/MWh

10 Keystone PA 1967-68 Reliant Energy 1872 MW 164,354 tons 25.83

lb/MWh

11 Avon Lake OH 1949, 1970 Reliant Energy 766 MW 43,479 tons 24.50

lb/MWh

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12 Harding Street IN 1958-61, 1973 AES 698 MW 46,346 tons 24.00

lb/MWh

13 Jefferies SC 1970 Santee Cooper 346 MW 26,299 tons 23.92

lb/MWh

14 E.W. Brown KY 1957-63, 1971 E.ON 739 MW 45,191 tons 23.75

lb/MWh

15 Montour PA 1972-73 PPL 1624 MW 129,357 tons 23.70

lb/MWh

16 Kammer WV 1958-59 American Electric Power 713 MW 119,369 tons 23.58

lb/MWh

17 Cheswick PA 1970 Reliant Energy 637 MW 32,373 tons 23.01

lb/MWh

18 E.C. Gaston AL 1960-62, 1974 Southern Company 2013 MW 130,494 tons 22.91

lb/MWh

19 Dickerson MD 1959-62 Mirant 588 MW 35,954 tons 22.82

lb/MWh

20 Johnsonville Fossil Plant TN 1951-59 Tennessee Valley Authority 1485 MW 86,793 tons 22.67

lb/MWh

21 Fort Martin Power

Station WV 1967-68 Allegheny Energy 1152 MW 87,565 tons 21.79lb/MWh

22 Yates GA 1950-58, 1974 Southern Company 1487 MW 75,476 tons 21.63

lb/MWh

23 Big Brown TX 1971-72 Luminant 1187 MW 96,221 tons 21.59

lb/MWh

24 Chalk Point MD 1964-65 Mirant 728 MW 49,591 tons 21.14

lb/MWh

25 Merrimack NH 1960-68 Northeast Utilities 459 MW 32,726 tons 20.70

lb/MWh

26 Leland Olds ND 1966, 1975 Basin Electric Power

Cooperative 656 MW 40,027 tons 20.50

lb/MWh

27 Brunner Island PA 1961-69 PPL 1559 MW 93,545 tons 20.49

lb/MWh

28 Walter C. Beckjord OH 1952-62, 1969 Duke Energy 1221 MW 62,480 tons 20.32

lb/MWh

29 Hammond GA 1954-55, 1970 Southern Company 953 MW 40,579 tons 20.25

lb/MWh

30 Conesville OH 1962, 1973-78 American Electric Power 1891 MW 90,540 tons 20.00

lb/MWh

31 Yorktown VA 1957-59 Dominion 375 MW 21,685 tons 19.86

lb/MWh

32 Gorgas AL 1951-58, 1972 Southern Company 1417 MW 81,268 tons 19.53

lb/MWh

33 Greene County AL 1965-66 Southern Company 568 MW 37,863 tons 18.99

lb/MWh

34 Eastlake OH 1953-56, 1972 FirstEnergy 1257 MW 82,705 tons 18.87

lb/MWh

35 Harllee Branch GA 1965-69 Southern Company 1746 MW 95,990 tons 18.73

lb/MWh

36 Miami Fort OH 1949, 1960,

1975-78 Duke Energy 1378 MW 62,028 tons 18.63

lb/MWh

37 Canadys Steam SC 1962-67 SCANA 490 MW 22,984 tons 18.58

lb/MWh

38 Kyger Creek OH 1955 American Electric Power and

FirstEnergy 1086 MW 67,157 tons 18.30lb/MWh

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39 Bowen GA 1971-75 Southern Company 3499 MW 206,442 tons 18.24

lb/MWh

40 Homer City PA 1969, 1977 Exelon 2012 MW 106,772 tons 17.42

lb/MWh

41 Philip Sporn WV 1950-52, 1960 American Electric Power 1106 MW 39,741 tons 15.69

lb/MWh

42 Chesterfield VA 1952-1969 Dominion 1353 MW 64,863 tons 15.55

lb/MWh

43 Wateree SC 1970-71 SCANA 772 MW 32,797 tons 15.30

lb/MWh

44 Jack McDonough GA 1963-64 Southern Company 598 MW 28,835 tons 15.29

lb/MWh

45 E.D. Edwards IL 1960, 1968-72 Ameren 780 MW 50,126 tons 15.28

lb/MWh

46 Wansley GA 1976-78 Southern Company 1904 MW 96,200 tons 15.25

lb/MWh

47 Herbert A. Wagner MD 1959, 1966 Constellation Energy 495 MW 19,646 tons 15.13

lb/MWh

48 Cardinal OH 1967, 1977 American Electric Power 1880 MW 86,880 tons 15.12

lb/MWh

49 Clifty Creek IN 1955-56 American Electric Power and

FirstEnergy 1303 MW 65,372 tons 14.32lb/MWh

50 Cliffside NC 1940-48, 1972 Duke Energy 781 MW 28,878 tons 14.30

lb/MWh

51 G.G. Allen NC 1957-61 Duke Energy 1155 MW 45,395 tons 14.13

lb/MWh

52 J.M. Stuart OH 1970-74 DPL 2441 MW 103,649 tons 14.11

lb/MWh

53 L.V. Sutton NC 1954-55, 1972 Progress Energy 672 MW 19,159 tons 13.85

lb/MWh

54 Gibson IN 1975-82 Duke Energy 3340 MW 155,057 tons 13.80

lb/MWh

55 Sioux MO 1967-68 Ameren 1100 MW 44,148 tons 13.80

lb/MWh

56 Mitchell WV 1971 American Electric Power 1633 MW 53,152 tons 13.67

lb/MWh

57 Trenton Channel MI 1949-50, 1968 DTE Energy 776 MW 29,066 tons 13.52

lb/MWh

58 Clinch River VA 1958-61 American Electric Power 713 MW 27,134 tons 13.17

lb/MWh

59 Marshall NC 1965-70 Duke Energy 1996 MW 85,050 tons 13.17

lb/MWh

60 Hudson NJ 1968 Public Service Enterprise Group 660 MW 19,709 tons 13.04

lb/MWh

61 Big Sandy KY 1963-69 American Electric Power 1097 MW 46,476 tons 12.96

lb/MWh

62 Roxboro NC 1966-73, 1980 Progress Energy 2558 MW 92,259 tons 12.55

lb/MWh

63 Williams SC 1973 SCANA 633 MW 28,147 tons 12.53

lb/MWh

64 Belews Creek NC 1974-75 Duke Energy 2160 MW 95,290 tons 12.30

lb/MWh

65 Sandow 4 TX 1981 Luminant 591 MW 23,747 tons 12.25

lb/MWh

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66 Indian River DE 1957-59, 1970,

1980 NRG Energy 782 MW 20,705 tons 12.24

lb/MWh

67 Tanners Creek IN 1951-54, 1964 American Electric Power 1100 MW 35,494 tons 12.08

lb/MWh

68 John Sevier Fossil Plant TN 1955-57 Tennessee Valley Authority 800 MW 30,126 tons 11.95

lb/MWh

69 Jack Watson MS 1968, 1973 Southern Company 750 MW 29,113 tons 11.94

lb/MWh

70 Bull Run Fossil Plant TN 1967 Tennessee Valley Authority 950 MW 27,987 tons 11.92

lb/MWh

71 John E. Amos WV 1971-73 American Electric Power 2933 MW 117,299 tons 11.68

lb/MWh

72 Paradise Fossil Plant KY 1963, 1970 Tennessee Valley Authority 2558 MW 83,926 tons 11.55

lb/MWh

73 Monroe MI 1970-74 DTE Energy 3280 MW 103,570 tons 11.52

lb/MWh

74 St. Clair MI 1953-54, 1961,

1969 DTE Energy 1547 MW 42,374 tons 11.39lb/MWh

75 Crist FL 1959-61,

1970-73 Southern Company 1135 MW 35,614 tons 11.34lb/MWh

76 Genoa WI 1969 Dairyland Power Cooperative 346 MW 11,420 tons 11.26

lb/MWh

77 Michigan City IN 1974 NiSource 540 MW 15,993 tons 11.21

lb/MWh

78 Mayo NC 1983 Progress Energy 736 MW 24,499 tons 11.20

lb/MWh

79 W.H. Sammis OH 1959-62,

1967-71 FirstEnergy 2456 MW 86,392 tons 11.08

lb/MWh

80 Milton R. Young ND 1970, 1977 Minnkota Power Cooperative 734 MW 26,879 tons 11.06

lb/MWh

81 Killen OH 1982 DPL 666 MW 22,825 tons 10.97

lb/MWh

82 Kingston Fossil Plant TN 1954-55 Tennessee Valley Authority 1700 MW 55,473 tons 10.69

lb/MWh

83 Winyah SC 1975-81 Santee Cooper 1260 MW 42,709 tons 10.68

lb/MWh

84 Colbert Fossil Plant AL 1955, 1965 Tennessee Valley Authority 1350 MW 39,942 tons 10.41

lb/MWh

85 Monticello TX 1974-78 Luminant 1980 MW 77,538 tons 10.37

lb/MWh

86 H.L. Spurlock KY 1977-81, 2005 East Kentucky Power

Cooperative 1279 MW 38,877 tons 10.22

lb/MWh

While the 86 plants shown in the table above have a capacity of 107.1 GW, or 9.9% of total U.S. electric capacity, they emitted 5,389,592 tons of

SO2 in 2006; this represents 28.6% of U.S. SO2 emissions from all sources.

[29]

These dirtiest big coal-fired power plants – many of which are among the oldest in the country (the median age of the 86 plants is 45 years) – are

mostly owned by the biggest U.S. coal energy companies. Here is a list of the owners of these 86 dirtiest big coal-fired power plants, ranked by total

capacity of the dirtiest coal plants that they own, and including a ranking of the company's position in the coal energy industry:

Rank Company/Entity 

Rank in U.S.

Coal Energy

Production 

# of Dirtiest Big

Coal Plants 

Total Capacity of

Dirtiest Big Coal

Plants 

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1 Southern Company 2 11 16,071 MW

2 American Electric Power 1 11 15,766 MW

3 Duke Energy 3 10 14,858 MW

4 Tennessee Valley Authority 4 6 8,843 MW

5 DTE Energy 14 3 5,602 MW

6 Reliant Energy 13 5 4,328 MW

7 FirstEnergy 10 3 4,203 MW

8 Progress Energy 15 3 3,966 MW

9 Luminant 17 3 3,757 MW

10 PPL 18 2 3,183 MW

11 DPL 24 2 3,107 MW

12 Allegheny Energy 16 2 2,880 MW

13 Mirant 20 3 2,568 MW

14 Exelon 7 1 2,012 MW

15 SCANA 34 3 1,894 MW

16 Ameren 5 2 1,880 MW

17 Dominion 11 2 1,728 MW

18 Santee Cooper 33 2 1,606 MW

19 East Kentucky Power Co-op N/A 1 1,279 MW

20 AES 19 1 842 MW

21 NRG Energy 9 1 782 MW

22 Alcoa N/A 1 755 MW

23 E.ON 12 1 739 MW

24 Minnkota Power Cooperative N/A 1 734 MW

25 Public Service Enterprise Group N/A 1 660 MW

26 Basin Electric Power Co-op 29 1 656 MW

27 NiSource 25 1 540 MW

28 Constellation Energy 36 1 495 MW

29 Northeast Utilities N/A 1 459 MW

30 Dairyland Power Cooperative N/A 1 346 MW

Thus, even though SO2 scrubbers have become significantly less expensive in recent years, many of the biggest coal energy companies in the country

– many of which have billions of dollars of annual revenues – have failed to install SO2 scrubbers on many of their oldest and dirtiest coal plants.

Oldest existing coal plants

These are the oldest existing coal plants in the U.S.:[30]

Rank State Plant Name

Date Plant

Began

Operation

2007 Power Prod.

1 IN Perry K Steam Plant Aug, 1938 72 GWh

2 WI Blount Street Station Dec, 1938 2,031 GWh

3 IA Sixth Street Generating Station Apr, 1940 321 GWh

4 NC Cliffside Plant (existing) Jul, 1940 4,336 GWh

5 IA Dubuque Generating Station Jun, 1941 338 GWh

6 NC Buck Steam Station Jul, 1941 1,847 GWh

7 MN High Bridge Generating Plant Jan, 1942 939 GWh

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8 IN Harding Street Station Apr, 1942 4,115 GWh

9 WI Pulliam Power Plant Jan, 1943 2,519 GWh

10 NY AES Westover Generation Plant Oct, 1943 496 GWh

11 OH Burger Plant Jan, 1944 1,297 GWh

12 WV Rivesville Power Station Jan, 1944 271 GWh

13 VA Glen Lyn Plant Jun, 1944 1,612 GWh

14 IN Edwardsport Plant Jul, 1944 254 GWh

15 NY Huntley Generating Station Jan, 1945 2,756 GWh

16 VA Potomac River Generating Station Oct, 1946 1,601 GWh

17 MD R. Paul Smith Power Station Jan, 1947 698 GWh

18 IL Havana Power Station Jul, 1947 3,460 GWh

19 KY Tyrone Generating Station Oct, 1947 429 GWh

20 IA Lansing Power Station Jan, 1948 1,724 GWh

21 PA Mitchell Plant Jan, 1948 952 GWh

22 IL Meredosia Power Station Jun, 1948 1,952 GWh

23 OH Hutchings Station Jul, 1948 691 GWh

24 MI Cobb Generating Plant Sep, 1948 2,339 GWh

25 NY Russell Station Dec, 1948 1,315 GWh

26 KS Riverton Power Plant Jan, 1949 672 GWh

27 MN Riverside Generating Plant (Minnesota) Jan, 1949 2,344 GWh

28 IN Eagle Valley Station Feb, 1949 1,577 GWh

29 AL Gadsden Steam Plant Apr, 1949 539 GWh

30 MI Trenton Channel Power Plant May, 1949 3,388 GWh

31 WI Stoneman Generating Station May, 1949 66 GWh

32 PA Sunbury Steam Station Aug, 1949 1,910 GWh

33 NC Weatherspoon Plant Sep, 1949 1,018 GWh

34 IL Wood River Station Nov, 1949 3,041 GWh

35 OH Avon Lake Power Plant Dec, 1949 3,078 GWh

36 OH Miami Fort Station Dec, 1949 7,399 GWh

37 NY Dunkirk Steam Station Jan, 1950 3,646 GWh

Plant Retirements

The following sortable table lists recent and upcoming (including probable) coal plant retirements in the United States. To sort the table by a column,

click on the column header. Clicking a second time on the header will reverse the order of the sort.

For more details, see Coal plant retirements.

State Plant Operator Boiler or Unit Year Built Capacity (MW) Retirement Year 

GA

Harllee

Branch

Generating

Plant

Georgia

Power

(Southern

Company)

1,2 1965, 1967 299, 359 2013

IA Lansing

Power Station

Alliant

Energy 2,3 1949, 1957 12, 38 2010

IA

Milton Kapp

Generating

Station

Alliant

Energy 1 1967 218 2010

Existing U.S. Coal Plants - SourceWatch http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Existing_U.S._Coal_Plants

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KY Henderson

Station One

Henderson

City Utility

Commission

1,2 1956, 1968 11.5, 32.3 2008

OR Boardman

Plant

Portland

General

Electric

1 1980 601 2020

NY

AES

Greenidge

Generation

Plant

AES 3 1950 50 2009

AK Chena Power

Plant

Aurora

Energy LLC 3 1952 2 2009

IN

Wabash River

Generating

Station

Duke Energy 2,3,5 1953,1954,1956 112 2009

NC Buck Steam

Station Duke Energy 3,4 1941,1942 80,40 2011

NC Dan River

Steam Station Duke Energy 1,2,3 1949,1950,1955 70,70,150 2011,2012,2013

IN

Edwardsport

Generating

Station

Duke Energy 7,8 1949,1951 40,69 2011

NC Cliffside Plant Duke Energy 1,2,3,4 1940,1940,1948,1948 40,40,65,65 2012

MA Salem Harbor

Station Dominion 1,2,3 1952,1952,1958 82 2017

IN State Line

Plant Dominion 1,2,3,4 1955,1955,1962,1962 100,125,180,209 2017

IN

Gallagher

Generating

Station

Duke Energy 1,3 1959.1960 150,150 2012

OH Burger Plant First Energy 4,5 1955,1955 156,156 2010

IA

Dubuque

Generating

Station

Interstate

Power and

Light

(Alliant)

2 1929 15 2010

IA

Prairie Creek

Generating

Station

Interstate

Power and

Light

(Alliant)

2 1951 23 2010

IA

Sixth Street

Generating

Station

Interstate

Power and

Light

(Alliant)

1,2,4,6,7,8 1921,1930,1942,1925,1945,1950 10,6,15,10,15,29 2010

IA

Sutherland

Generating

Station

Interstate

Power and

Light

(Alliant)

2 1955 38 2010

CO Cameo

Station

Public

Service

Company of

Colorado

1,2 1957,1960 25,50 2010

CO Clark Station Black Hills

Energy 1,2 1955,1959 18.7,25 2012

OH

Richard H.

Gorsuch

Generating

Station

American

Municipal

Power - Ohio

1,2,3,4 1988 50,50,50,50 2012

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IL Lakeside

Station

City Water,

Light and

Power

6,7 1961,1965 38,38 2009

MI

Whiting

Generating

Plant

Consumers

Energy 1,2,3 1952,1952,1953 106,106,133 2015

NY

Cornell

University

Central

Heating Plant

Cornell

University TG1,TG2 1988,1988 2,6 2011

MI Marysville

Power Plant

Detroit

Edison 7,8 1943,1947 75,75 2011

PA

Cromby

Generating

Station

Exelon 1 1954 188 2011

PA

Eddystone

Generating

Station

Exelon 1,2 1960,1960 354,354 2011

DE Indian River

Power Station NRG Energy 1,2,3 1957,1959,1970 82,82,177 2010

IL

Will County

Generating

Station

Midwest

Generation 1,2 1955 188,184 2012

NJ

Howard

Down

Generating

Station

Vineland

Municipal

Electric

1970 25 2010

IN

Dean Mitchell

Generating

Station

Northern

Indiana

Public

Service Co

4,5,6,11 1956,1959,1959,1970 138,128,128,128 2012

MN

Black Dog

Generating

Station

Northern

States Power

Company

3,4 1955,1960 114,180 2016

WV Philip Sporn

Power Plant Ohio Power 5 1960 496 2013

OH

Ohio

University

Lausche

Heating Plant

Ohio

University OUG1 1994 1 2009

NC Cape Fear

Steam Plant

Progress

Energy 5,6 1956,1958 141,188 2013

NC Lee Steam

Plant

Progress

Energy 1,2,3 1951,1952 75,75,252 2013

NC Sutton Steam

Plant

Progress

Energy 1,2,3 1954,1955,1972 113,113,447 2014

NC Weatherspoon

Plant

Progress

Energy 1,2,3 1949,1950,1952 46 2017

FL

Crystal River

Energy

Complex

Progress

Energy 1,2 1966,1969 440,524 2020

CO Arapahoe

Station

Public

Service

Company of

Colorado

3,4 1951,1955 46,112 2012

CO Cherokee

Station

Public

Service

Company of 1,2,3,4 1957,1959,1962,1968 125,125,170,381 2017,2017,2022,2022

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Colorado

CO Valmont

Station

Public

Service

Company of

Colorado

5 1964 192 2017

TN John Sevier

Fossil Plant

Tennessee

Valley

Authority

1,2 1955,1955 200,200 2015

KY Shawnee

Fossil Plant

Tennessee

Valley

Authority

10 1956 175 2015

AL

Widows

Creek Fossil

Plant

Tennessee

Valley

Authority

1,2,3,4,5,6 1952,1952,1952,1953,1954,1954 141,141,141,141,141,141 2011,2011,2015,2015,2015

PA Hunlock

Power Station

UGI

Development

Co

3 1959 50 2010

IL

University of

Illinois Abbott

Power Plant

University of

Illinois T6,T7,T10,T11,T12 195,1962,2004,2004,2004 8,8,7,13,13 2017

SC

Savannah

River D-Area

Power House

US

Department

of Energy

HP-1,HP-2 1952,1952 9,9 2013

MI

S.D. Warren

Muskegon

Power Plant

Sappi 1,2,3 1938,168,189 3.5,19.1,28.3 2009

NV

Mohave

Generating

Station

Southern

California

Edison

1,2 1971,1971 818,818 2005

MA

Somerset

Power

Generating

Station

NRG Energy 1,2 1951,1959 74,100 2010

VA North Branch

Station Dominion 1 1992 80 2014 or 2015

Howard Down Generating Station

According Bill O’Sullivan, administrator of air quality for the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, the Howard Down Generating

Station, a 25 MW coal plant operated by Vineland Municipal Electric in New Jersey, was scheduled to replace its last coal-fired generator with

natural gas in 2010.[31]

Georgia Power plans to retire Harlee Branch units 1 and 2 by 2013

In March 2011, Georgia Power announced that it expects to request approval from the Georgia Public Service Commission to decertify two

coal-generating units 1 and 2 at the Harllee Branch Generating Plant, totaling 569 megawatts. The company plans to ask for decertification of the

units as of the effective dates of the Georgia Multipollutant Rule, which are currently anticipated to be Dec. 31, 2013 for unit 1 and Oct. 1, 2013 for

unit 2. GP said the costs of upgrades would be uneconomical for its customers. The commission is expected to vote on the decertification request in

spring 2012.[32]

2010: Dominion proposes closing North Branch Station for approval of new natural gas plant

In a December 2010 accord reached with the National Park Service and the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Dominion volunteered to

close its North Branch Station when the proposed natural gas-fired Warren County Power Station near Front Royal begins commercial operations,

which is scheduled for late 2014 or early 2015. Emissions reductions credits from closing the station will be combined with various other offsets to be

applied as the emission mitigation plan for the new power station. The agreement is conditioned upon the Virginia Air Pollution Control Board's

approval of the air permit for the proposed station, other regulatory approvals and the construction and operation of the proposed station. The air

board is expected to vote on Dominion's application for the Warren County air permit at its Dec. 17, 2010 meeting. The company anticipates seeking

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permission from the Virginia State Corporation Commission in 2011 to build the new power station.[33]

North Branch was put in cold reserve status in August 2010, and has not been generating electricity. Without this agreement, the station could be

returned to service in a short time if needed.[33]

Dominion's Salem and State Line Plants

On November 18, 2010, Dominion said it expects to shut the Salem Harbor coal/oil-fired power plant in Massachusetts within seven years "as the

high cost of keeping up with ever more stringent pollution rules could make it uneconomic to keep operating the plant," a company executive said.

Dominion CFO Mark McGettrick also told investors that, in addition to the 738-megawatt Salem Harbor, the company may also close the 515 MW

State Line Plant in Indiana. The first of the coal units still operating at both plants entered service more than half a century ago. The environmental

regulations McGettrick referred to was the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's planned one-hour ozone rule for 2015-2017, known as the

Transport Rule: "If that rule goes into effect, we do not plan to install expensive environmental controls at either of those two stations," Dominion

spokesman Dan Genest told Reuters.[34]

Independent System Operator (ISO) New England, which operates the regional power grid, could again decide Salem Harbor is needed for

"reliability" -- as the ISO has over the past couple of years. Dominion recently asked the ISO to withdraw the plant from the grid's June 2011 forward

capacity auction for 2014-15. The ISO is not expected to decide on the request until 2011. Dominion reportedly wants to withdraw from the auction

not because the company wants to shut the plant but because the capacity price has been coming down over the past few years. The capacity auction

pays power suppliers (and demand response customers who agree to reduce usage) to remain available to maintain the long-term reliability of the

grid.[34]

University of Illinois Abbott Power Plant

In May 2010, the University of Illinois pledged to stop using coal within seven years as part of a plan to reduce energy use and cut carbon emissions:

the Illinois Climate Action Plan, finalized that month. The plan was developed by the campus Sustainability Council. It was submitted to the

American College and University Presidents' Climate Commitment, signed by more than 600 schools. The UI is the first Big Ten school to formally

submit a climate plan.[35]

To meet its goals, UI is considering alternative fuels that could be used by University of Illinois Abbott Power Plant or another central generation

facility, officials said. University buildings – which account for 85 percent of the campus's energy use – are primarily heated by steam produced at

Abbott. The plant also produces electricity as a byproduct, with the UI buying additional electricity from private suppliers. Abbott runs primarily on

natural gas and coal, with the fuel mix decided by market costs, according to UI officials. The sustainability team concluded that Abbott's natural gas

capacity can provide almost enough steam to meet campus demand by itself and should be able to do so in a few years if conservation trends

continue. The campus burned 94,171 tons of coal in fiscal 2009, although that figure has dropped 30 percent in fiscal 2010 so far, said Tom Abram,

sustainability coordinator in UI Facilities and Services.[35]

Richard H. Gorsuch Generating Station

On May 18, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Justice Department announced that AMP would be permanently

retiring American Municipal Power - Ohio's 200 MW Richard H. Gorsuch Generating Station in Kansas by Dec. 31, 2012, under a settlement to

resolve violations of the Clean Air Act's New Source Review requirements. Interim sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emission limits will be

implemented until that date. Also part of the settlement, AMP will spend $15 million on an environmental mitigation project and pay a civil penalty

of $850,000.[36]

Boardman Plant

On January 14, 2010 it was announced that Portland General Electric will be closing its 601 MW Boardman Plant twenty years ahead of schedule.

The plant will close in 2020 instead of 2040. The plant was originally going to invest more than a half billion dollars in pollution controls (scrubbers)

by 2017 to comply with EPA and state clean air regulations, then keep it running until 2040.

Instead, the company wants regulators to allow it to make a $45 million investment by 2011 to partially clean up its emissions of mercury and oxides

of nitrogen, then operate the plant until 2020.[37] The Oregon Sierra Club and Friends of the Columbia Gorge argue, that while a 2020 close date is

better than a 2040 closure, it is still more economical for the plant to shut its doors in 2014. [38]

On February 1, 2010 it was announced that PGE was considering using biomass to continue operating the plant after it ends its use of coal in the

future. PGE is said to be considering if it can replace all of the millions of tons of coal it burns every year at Boardman with plant based material that

has been pre-treated through a process called torrefaction. While still in experimental phases, torrefaction produces a substance similar to coal, and is

also energy intensive to produce. Critics on the other hand cite that no commercial size torrefaction facilities exist and it is still not clear how much

carbon will be used in the process of torrefaction.[39]

Duke ordered to shut down three coal-fired units in Indiana

On May 29, 2009, U.S. District Judge Larry J. McKinney ordered Duke to shut down three units of the Wabash River Generating Station in Indiana

for violations of the federal Clean Air Act. In 2008, a jury found that Duke-owned Cinergy had modified the facilities without installing

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TVA at the Crossroads, produced by Southern Alliance for

best-available pollution control technology. In his ruling, Judge McKinney cited increased sulfur dioxide emissions from the units and gave a deadline

of September 30, 2009 for closing them. Duke's Chief Legal Officer Marc Manly said the company was disappointed with the court's decision to

"accelerate the shutdown." The units, which supply 39 percent of the station's power, were slated to be taken off line in 2012.[40]

S.D. Warren Muskegon Power Plant

S.D. Warren Muskegon Power Plant was a 51-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station owned and operated by Sappi, a South African multinational

pulp & paper corporation, in Muskegon, Michigan. The plant provided power to Sappi's Muskegon pulp & paper mill until the entire facility was shut

down in 2009.

Will County and Waukegan in Illinois

As part of a 2006 agreement with the state of Illinois, Midwest Generation said it plans to shut down the three smallest generating units in its fleet --

two units at the Will County Generating Station in Romeoville and one at its Waukegan Generating Station -- between the end of 2007 and the end of

2010. The company also has committed that its smallest plant -- the single-unit Fisk Generating Station in Chicago -- will either have additional

controls for sulfur dioxide emissions or be shut down by the end of 2015. The same agreement to shut down or install additional controls applies to

the Waukegan Generating Station by the end of 2014 and to the Crawford Generating Station in Chicago by the end of 2018.[41]

Mohave Generating Station

In 2005, the Mohave Generating Station ceased operations due to a Clean Air Act lawsuit and because Navajo and Hopi tribes passed resolutions

ending Peabody’s use of the Black Mesa aquifer. According to the EPA, the coal plant was the dirtiest in the Western U.S., emitting up to 40,000 tons

of sulfur dioxide per year.[42]

Arapahoe Station and Cameo Station

In August 2008, Colorado regulators approved Xcel Energy’s plan to shut down two coal plants: the Arapahoe Station (Denver) and the Cameo

Station (east of Grand Junction). According to Western Resource Advocates, "The utility’s decision to shut down the plants has been praised as the

nation’s first voluntary effort to cut coal power generation in an attempt to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In its decision to support Xcel’s plan,

the Colorado Public Utilities Commission (PUC) cited public health benefits and shared concerns about carbon emissions as major selling-points in

the company’s groundbreaking proposal. The verdict marks a collective effort to move the state and its utilities toward the carbon reduction goals

outlined in Governor Bill Ritter’s Climate Action Plan."[43]

Xcel plans to replace the combined 229 MW of coal power with 850 MW of wind power and a 200 MW utility-scale solar power plant with storage

capacity by 2015. Another key component of Xcel’s proposal, to build a 480 MW natural gas plant at the Arapahoe station, has been postponed

pending approval by the Colorado PUC.[43]

Units at Cherokee and Valmont Generating Stations

The Cherokee Station 4 coal-fired plant is also scheduled to be shuttered in 2022. However, Xcel Energy announced in November 2010 its intent to

close the plant, located north of Denver, in 2017, five years earlier than expected. The change of plans comes on the heels of the recently enacted

Colorado Clean Air-Clean Jobs Act. As part of the legislation, Xcel receives financial incentives in exchange for a $1.3billion program of phasing out

coal-fueled plants in favor of natural gas. The program targets plants in Boulder and Denver for conversion while facilities in Brush and Hayden

would be upgraded to reduce pollution.[44]

As of November 2010, Xcel is also considering shutting down its Valmont Station Unit 5.[45]

TVA considering shutting down some aging coal plants

In August 2009, CEO Tom D. Kilgore announced that TVA was studying the possibility of

closing its John Sevier Fossil Plant in Tennessee and the oldest six units at its Widows Creek

Fossil Plant in Alabama. A federal judge has ordered TVA to install pollution equipment on

the plants by the end of 2013, at an estimated cost of more than $1 billion. However, the

company has not yet budgeted any money for the improvements. In 2010 TVA is planning to

begin building an $820 million gas-powered plant to replace the generation at its John Servier

Plant. The agency has already reduced power production from the oldest six units at Widows

Creek. Environmental groups want TVA to shut down or convert to cleaner fuels the oldest

and least efficient of its coal plants, including Widows Creek, John Sevier, and Johnsonville

plants.[46]

Closure Planned for W.N. Clark Station

It was announced in the fall of 2010 that Black Hills Energy proposed retiring its two

coal-fired units at the Clark Station in Canon City and would build a unit in Pueblo, Colorado

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that would be powered by natural gas. The retirement would be part of the company's Clean Energy

proposal to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. The proposal will be decided on by the

Colorado Public Utilities Commission by the middle of December, 2010. The company

originally stated it would consider using biomass to replace the coal at the plant, but later stated that it would cost too much to run the units on

biomass.[47] On December 15 2010, the Public Utilities Commission approved Black Hills Energy's plan to close its coal-fired power plant in Canon

City as well as an associated rate increase for customers estimated at about 5 percent. Black Hills opted to expand its gas-fired plant presently under

construction in Pueblo to replace the load generated by the Clark plant. The Pueblo plant is expected to be operational by the end of 2012, and could

replace the Canon City plant immediately at that point.[48]

Crystal River to close by 2020, replaced by nuclear plant

In December 2008, Progress Energy Florida announced it will close two of the state's worst polluting coal-fired generators when its new Levy County

nuclear plant is up and running in 2020. The company said the closure of two units at its Crystal River Energy Complex in Citrus County represents

the equivalent of removing 830,000 vehicles from Florida's roads. The decision follows months of talks with state officials, including Gov. Charlie

Crist and Department of Environmental Protection Secretary Michael W. Sole, said Progress Energy Florida chief executive Jeff Lyash. Crist has

hoped to reduce state carbon dioxide emissions to the 1990 level by 2025. The scheduled closure of the two Crystal River plants means the company

would be 60 percent of the way toward the governor's goal, according to Progress Energy officials. Independent studies have listed the two coal

plants among the nation's top 50 polluters.[49]

The energy created by the two Crystal River coal plants, which opened in 1966 and 1969, will be replaced by the new nuclear plant set to be built at

a cost of $17-billion in Levy County. Two coal-fired power generators will remain in operation at the Citrus County site, as will a nuclear reactor.

Progress Energy will spend $1.3-billion installing air emission-reduction equipment at the two remaining coal-fired plants. Early in 2007, Progress

Energy won approval to raise bills 25 percent starting in January to pay for higher 2008 fuel costs and for early costs of the $17-billion nuclear

project. The nuclear charge will add about $13 a month to the bill of the average residential customer, about 10 percent more.[49]

Progress Energy announces plan to close Lee coal plant

On August 18, 2009, Progress Energy announced a plan to close 3 units at its Lee Steam Plant in North Carolina. The company is seeking regulatory

approval to build a new natural gas-fired plant at the site. As proposed, the new plant would increase generation capacity at the site by about 550

megawatts, while still reducing overall emissions, including carbon dioxide. The project will cost an estimated $900 million, and is expected to be

operational in 2013.[50] North Carolina State regulators approved the plan on October 1.[51]

Progress Energy to shut four N.C. coal plants

On December 1, 2009, Progress Energy Carolinas announced that by the end of 2017 it would permanently close all of its North Carolina coal plants

without sulfur dioxide scrubbers. The 11 units at L.V. Sutton, Cape Fear, Weatherspoon, and Lee total almost 1,500 megawatts and represent about a

third of the utility's coal-fired power generation in N.C. The retirement plan includes the following:

Lee is scheduled for retirement in 2013.

Sutton is slated for closure in 2014. Progress hopes to replace it with a natural gas-fired power plant.

Cape Fear and Weatherspoon will be shut down between 2013 and 2017. The company is considering converting 50 to 150MW of the total

capacity to burn wood waste.

The closure plan was filed in response to a request by the N.C. Utilities Commission, which ordered Progress to provide its retirement schedule for

"unscrubbed" coal-fired units in North Carolina. The request was a condition of the commission's approval of Progress' plan to close Lee and build a

950-MW natural gas plant at the site.[52][53]

Exelon to shut coal plants in Pennsylvania

On December 2, 2009, Exelon announced that it would retire Cromby Generating Station and two units at Eddystone Generating Station in 2011. The

closures include 144 MW of coal-fired power at Cromby and another 588 MW at Eddystone. Eddystone will continue to operate 820 MW of natural

gas- and oil-fired generation. Exelon senior vice president Doyle Beneby said the retirements were due to "decreased power demand, over supply of

natural gas and increasing operating costs," adding that, "these aging units are no longer efficient enough to compete with newer resources."[54] The

announcement comes just one day after Progress Energy said it would shut 11 aging coal-fired power units totaling almost 1,500 MW in North

Carolina.[55]

Alliant to close coal boilers at six sites

According to plans filed with the Minnesota Public Service Commission on November 1, 2010, Alliant Energy plans to close coal-fired boilers at six

sites in Iowa:[56]

Sixth Street Generating Station (all units) (Cedar Rapids)

Prairie Creek Generating Station Unit 2 (Cedar Rapids)

Dubuque Generating Station Unit 2

Lansing Power Station Units 2 and 3

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Milton Kapp Generating Station Unit 1 (Clinton)

Sutherland Generating Station Unit 2 (Marshalltown)

The plan also designates two boilers at Dubuque Generating Station and another at the Sutherland Generating Station for retirement in 2015. Of this

list, only one boiler (Lansing 3) is currently operational, and the replacement generation will come in significant part from running newer coal boilers

at higher capacity.[56]

2010 Report: New EPA regulations could make old coal plants prohibitively expensive

According to the 2010 report "Impact of EPA Rules on Power Markets," (http://op.bna.com/env.nsf/id/jstn-8actja/$File/suisse.pdf) by Credit Suisse,

tougher federal air pollution rules that will be coming in the next few years could prompt electricity companies to close as many as 1 in every 5

coal-burning power plants in America, primarily facilities more than 40 years old that lack emissions controls.[57]

The regulations being crafted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), expected to go into force in April and November 2011 in accordance

with the Clean Air Act, are aimed at reducing mercury, acid rain, and smog-forming emissions from utility smokestacks. The study found that the

EPA rules, combined with a recent drop in the price of natural gas, could over the next four to five years cause the utility industry to accelerate

retirement of old coal-fired power plants rather than spend to upgrade the plants' emissions controls.[57]

After expected emissions upgrades, the coal fleet will continue to have plants, producing about 103,000 megawatts, that are still "lacking any major

emission controls," the study says. The oldest, smallest coal plants with few emissions controls make up an "at-risk" of closure portion that account

for about 20 percent of total US coal-fired generating capacity, or 69,000 megawatts. The cost to cut sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx),

and mercury emissions could run $50 billion to $70 billion, not counting the oldest plants. Upgrading those would cost another $80 billion to $110

billion.[57]

Resources

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2005" (http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html) ,

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1.

↑ "Existing Capacity by Energy Source" (http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf

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2.

↑ Net Generation by Energy Source: Total (All Sectors), 1995 through

January 2009 (http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity

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3.

↑ Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector, 1949-2007

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4.

↑ “Key World Energy Statistics 2010” (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf

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25.

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↑ Emissions of Greenhouse Gases Report” (http://www.eia.doe.gov

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↑ "Electricity Net Generation: Electric Power Sector, 1949-2007,"

(http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html) U.S. Energy Information

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↑ "Electric Net Summer Capacity: Electric Power Sector by Plant Type,

1989-2007," (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/elect.html) U.S. Energy

Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, Table 8.11c

8.

↑ Energy Information Agency, "Existing Electrical Generating Units in the

United States, 2008 (By Energy Source)" (http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf

/electricity/page/capacity/capacity.html) , Preliminary Data; Figures for

2009 from National Energy Technology Laboratory, "Tracking New

Coal-Fired Power Plants," (http://www.netl.doe.gov/coal/refshelf/ncp.pdf)

January 8, 2010

9.

↑ 10.0 10.1 Company Insight Center (http://investing.businessweek.com

/research/company/overview/overview.asp) , BusinessWeek website,

accessed April 2008.

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↑ National Emissions Trends (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends

/trends06/nationaltier1upto2007basedon2005v1.xls) , Energy Information

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↑ Industries: Utilities: Gas & Electric (http://money.cnn.com/magazines

/fortune/fortune500/2008/industries/143/index.html) , Fortune 500

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12.

↑ "Average Cost of Coal Delivered for Electricity Generation by State,"

(http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table4_10_a.html) U.S.

13.

Energy Information Administration, October 28, 2008

14. ↑ The conversion factor is 3413 BTUs per kilowatt hour

↑ "The Future of Coal," (http://web.mit.edu/coal/) MIT, Table 3.1, p. 19,

2007

15.

↑ "Damages assessed," (http://www.externe.info/) ExternE website,

accessed March 2009

16.

↑ 17.0 17.1 Conrad G. Schneider, Abt Associates, "Dirty Air, Dirty Power:

Mortality and Health Damage Due to Air Pollution from Power Plants,"

(http://www.catf.us/publications/view/24) Clean Air Task Force, June

2004 (Synopsis)

17.

↑ "Cost-effective Medical Treatment: Putting an Updated Dollar Value on

Human Life," (http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu

/article.cfm?articleid=1949) Knowledge@Wharton, April 30, 2008

18.

19. ↑ Coal-fired power plant capacity and generation

↑ Kari Lydersen, "'The Clunkers of the Power-Plant World': Old

Coal-Fired Facilities Could Escape New Rules,"

(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08

/16/AR2009081601806.html?wpisrc=newsletter) Washington Post,

August 17, 2009.

20.

↑ "Retrofitting the Existing Coal Fleet with Carbon Capture Technology,"

(http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/pollutioncontrols

/Retrofitting_Existing_Plants.html) U.S. Department of Energy, accessed

December 2008

21.

↑ A Timeline of the Clean Air Act (http://www.edf.org/documents

/2695_cleanairact.htm) , Environmental Defense Fund, accessed April

2008.

22.

↑ "Utilities amassing landfills: Tougher air standards send tons of plants'

sludge, coal ash into ground" (http://www.columbusdispatch.com

/live/content/local_news/stories/2008/04

/14/Powerfills.ART_ART_04-14-08_B1_FF9TI0U.html?sid=101) ,

Columbus Dispatch, April 14, 2008.

23.

↑ Coal Combustion Residues and Mercury Control (http://www.epa.gov

/nrmrl/pubs/600r01109/600R01109chap9.pdf) , EPA Interim Report on

the Control of Mercury Admissions from Coal-Fired Electric Boilers,

April 2002.

24.

↑ Form EIA-767 Database (http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity

/page/eia767.html) , Energy Information Administration website, 2005.

25.

↑ 26.0 26.1 Dirty Kilowatts 2007 Report Database

(http://www.dirtykilowatts.org/) , Environmental Integrity Project,

accessed May 2008.

26.

Existing U.S. Coal Plants - SourceWatch http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Existing_U.S._Coal_Plants

20 of 22
↑ Environmental Integrity Project, "Dirty Kilowatts: America’s Most

Polluting Power Plants" (http://www.dirtykilowatts.org

/Dirty_Kilowatts2007.pdf) , July 2007, p. 8.

27.

↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category:

2007/2008 Detailed Study Report," (http://nepis.epa.gov/EPA/html

/DLwait.htm?url=/Adobe/PDF/P1001I4V.PDF) U.S Environmental

Protection Agency, August 2008, Table 3-1, page 3-9

28.

↑ 29.0 29.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Technology Transfer

Network: State Emission Index" (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/ozone

/areas/state/stindex.htm) , accessed May 2008.

29.

↑ "America's Biggest Polluters: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Power

Plants in 2007" (http://www.environmentamerica.org/home/reports/reportarchives/global-warming-solutions/global-warming-solutions/americasbiggest-polluters-carbon-dioxide-emissions-from-power-plantsin-2009#tduTppMOy9H6e9Y0dyCUeg) Environment America,

November 24, 2009

30.

↑ Michael Miller, "New Jersey's coal-fired power plants come clean

ahead of pollution crackdown," (http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com

/news/press/new_jersey/new-jersey-s-coal-fired-power-plantscome-clean-ahead/article_b0b1782f-28f2-5eaa-bf21-74f0b5b1817a.html)

Press of Atlantic City, July 8, 2010

31.

↑ "Georgia Power Announces Plans to Decertify Two Coal Generating

Units" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/georgia-powerannounces-plans-to-decertify-two-coal-generating-units-118074374.html)

PR Newswire, March 16, 2011.

32.

↑ 33.0 33.1 "Dominion Virginia Power Offers to Close Coal-Fired Station

in Accord Over Proposed Gas-Fired Power Station; Closing Would Help

Regional Air Quality" (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases

/dominion-virginia-power-offers-to-close-coal-fired-station-in-accordover-proposed-gas-fired-power-station-closing-would-help-regionalair-quality-111197529.html) PR Newswire, Dec. 3, 2010.

33.

↑ 34.0 34.1 "Dominion to shut Mass. Salem Harbor coal/oil plant"

(http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1811822820101118) Reuters, Nov.

18, 2010.

34.

↑ 35.0 35.1 Julie Wurth, "UI promises to stop coal use by 2017, take other

steps to lower energy use" (http://www.news-gazette.com

/news/agriculture-and-environment/2010-05-25/ui-promises-stop-coaluse-2017-take-other-steps-lower-en) The News Gazette, May 25, 2010.

35.

↑ "Ohio Utility to Settle Clean Air Act Violations Emissions to be cut by

more than 34,000 tons annually" (http://yosemite.epa.gov

/opa/admpress.nsf/0/B3BD495020489ED7852577270072AA6E) EPA

Website, May 18, 2010.

36.

↑ "PGE moves to close Boardman by 2020"

(http://www.oregonbusiness.com/high-five/10-high-five/2876-boardmanplant-to-close-sooner) , OregonBusiness.com, accessed January 15,

2010.

37.

↑ "PGE moves to close Boardman by 2020" (http://www.sierraclub.org

/coal/or/default.aspx) , Oregon Beyond Coal Campaign, accessed

January 19, 2010.

38.

↑ Matthew Preusch, "http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2010/01

/coal-burning_power_plant_in_bo.html" Boardman coal-burning power

plant may have a future after all: biomass>OregonLive.com, accessed

February 1, 2010.

39.

40. ↑ Andrew M. Harris, "Duke Energy Ordered to Shut Indiana Coal-Fired

Units," (http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&

sid=awcG5uWwJwOA&refer=us) Bloomberg, May 29, 2009.

↑ "Midwest Generation, Governor Agree On Long-Range Emissions

Reduction Plan" (http://www.thefreelibrary.com

/Midwest+Generation,+Governor+Agree+On+LongRange+Emissions+Reduction...-a0155781203) BusinessWire, 2008.

41.

↑ “Making a Just Transition” (http://www.sierraclub.org/planet/200605

/justtransition.asp) Timothy Lesle, Sierra Club newsletter, May 2006

42.

↑ 43.0 43.1 "Clean Energy Accomplishments,"

(http://www.westernresourceadvocates.org/energy

/coal/cleanenergyaccomplishments.php) Western Resource Advocates,

accessed April 2009

43.

↑ Maryalene LaPonsie, "Green energy jobs are coming to Colorado"

(http://www.utilitiesjobsblog.com/) Utilities, Nov. 8, 2010.

44.

↑ Mark Jaffe, "Nation watching Xcel's plans for aging coal-fired power

plants" (http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_16539428) The Denver

Post, Nov. 7, 2010.

45.

↑ "TVA may shutter aging coal-fired plants,"

(http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2009/aug/24/tva-may-shutter-agingcoal-fired-plants/?local) Chattanooga Times Free Press, August 24,

2009.

46.

↑ "Colo. hears on utility's emissions-reduction plan"

(http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9JIOTVO1.htm)

Associated Press, November 20, 2010.

47.

↑ "PUC approves closure of Canon City plant" (http://www.chieftain.com

/news/local/article_653f91e4-08dc-11e0-be39-001cc4c002e0.html) The

Pueblo Chieftain, December 16, 2010.

48.

↑ 49.0 49.1 Aaron Sharockman, "Progress Energy to close two coal-fired

generators in 2020" (http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/energy

/article942758.ece) St. Petersburg Times, Dec. 19, 2008.

49.

↑ "Utility will build natural gas-fueled units to be in service by 2013,"

(http://www.progress-energy.com/aboutus/news/article.asp?id=22342)

Progress Energy, August 18, 2009.

50.

↑ "Progress plan to replace NC coal unit approved,"

(http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSN0222027920091002)

Reuters, October 2, 2009.

51.

↑ "Progress Energy Carolinas Plans to Retire Remaining Unscrubbed

Coal Plants in N.C.," (http://sanfrancisco.bizjournals.com/prnewswire

/press_releases/North_Carolina/2009/12/01/CL18913) PRNewswire,

December 1, 2009.

52.

↑ Tina Casey, "Progress Energy Joins Stampede Away from Coal,"

(http://www.reuters.com/article/mnEnergy/idUS414152905220091202)

Reuters, December 2, 2009.

53.

↑ "Exelon to retire 933 MW of capacity in 2011,"

(http://pepei.pennnet.com/display_article/371466/6/ARTCL/none/none

/1/Exelon-to-retire-933-MW-of-capacity-in-2011/) Power Engineering,

December 2, 2009.

54.

55. ↑ Progress Energy

↑ 56.0 56.1 Carrie Lowry La Seur, "Alliant to Close Coal Boilers at 7 Sites

Across Iowa" (http://plainsjusticeblog.wordpress.com/2010/11/08/alliantto-close-coal-boilers-at-7-sites-across-iowa/) Plains Justice Today, Nov.

8, 2010.

56.

↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Ken Stewart, "Is coal power headed for a downsizing in

US?" (http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2010/1020/Is-coal-powerheaded-for-a-downsizing-in-US) CS Monitor, October 20, 2010.

57.

Related SourceWatch Resources

Campus coal plants

Climate impacts of coal plants

Coal

Coal and jobs in the United States

Coal and transmission

Coal-fired power plant capacity and generation

Coal moratorium

Coal phase-out

Coal plant conversion projects

Coal plant retirements

Coal plants near residential areas

Coal waste

Comparative electrical generation costs

Existing U.S. Coal Plants - SourceWatch http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Existing_U.S._Coal_Plants

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Dispelling the myths of the acid rain story

Divestment and shareholder action on coal

Environmental impacts of coal

Former coal plants

Global warming

Google Renewable Energy Cheaper Than Coal initiative

Gore zero-carbon proposal

Mercury and coal

Oldest existing coal plants

Opposition to existing coal plants

Retrofit vs. Phase-Out of Coal-Fired Power Plants

Scrubber Retrofits at Existing Coal Plants

Sulfur dioxide and coal

United States and coal

U.S. Coal Capacity by Year

External Links

Courtney Abrams, "America's Biggest Polluters: Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Power Plants in 2007," (http://cdn.publicinterestnetwork.org

/assets/935e22b3277135e3f541a58c664ae2a8/EA_web.pdf) Environment America Research & Policy Center, November 2009.

Ted Nace, "Meet the Boomers: What's the best way to phase out the huge fleet of aging coal plants?" (http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/11

/10/151814/44) , Grist, November 11, 2008.

Ted Nace, "Death of a Thousand Cuts: A Messy But Practical Strategy for Phasing out the U.S. Coal Fleet," (http://www.grist.org/article/deathof-a-thousand-cuts) Grist, March 20, 2010.

"Innovations for Existing Power Plants," (http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/pollutioncontrols/) Department of Energy

"Benchmarking Air Emissions of the 100 Largest Electric Power Producers in the U.S. - 2006," (http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution

/benchmarking/default.asp) Natural Resources Defense Council

"Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category: 2007/2008 Detailed Study Report," (http://nepis.epa.gov/EPA/html

/DLwait.htm?url=/Adobe/PDF/P1001I4V.PDF) U.S Environmental Protection Agency, August 2008

"Impact of EPA Rules on Power Markets," (http://op.bna.com/env.nsf/id/jstn-8actja/$File/suisse.pdf) Credit Suisse, September 23, 2010

Technical Support Document for the Powerplant Impact Estimator Software Tool (http://www.catf.us/resources/publications/files

/Abt-Technical_Support_Document_for_the_Powerplant_Impact_Estimator_Software_Tool.pdf) , prepared by Abt Associates for the Clean

Air Task Force, July 2010 (state-by-state mortality and morbidity figures - Table 37, page 97)

Metin Celebi, "Potential Coal Plant Retirements Under Emerging Environmental Regulations" (http://www.brattle.com/_documents

/UploadLibrary/Upload898.pdf) The Brattle Group, December 8, 2010

"Ensuring a Clean, Modern Electric Generating Fleet while Maintaining Electric System Reliability," (http://grist.s3.amazonaws.com/eparegs

/MJBAandAnalysisGroupReliabilityReportAugust2010.pdf) M.J. Bradley & Associates LLC, August 2010

"Coal-Fired Electric Generation Unit Retirement Analysis," (http://www.ingaa.org/File.aspx?id=10371) ICF International for The INGAA

Foundation & INGAA, May 18, 2010

"Growth from Subtraction," (http://epw.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=Files.View&FileStore_id=b42de70d-b814-4410-831d34b180846a19) Credit Suisse, September 23, 2010

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