FILED

December 10, 1997

Cecil Crowson, Jr.

Appellate Court Clerk

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

WESTERN SECTION AT KNOXVILLE

 ______________________________________________

TRACY WATSON and DEAN WATSON,

Individually and as Next Friends 

and Natural Guardians of TAYLOR 

WATSON, 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, Bradley Circuit No. V-96-590

Vs. C.A. No. 03-A-01-9704-CV-00129

FAYE AMEREDES, D.O., CHEROKEE

WOMEN’S CENTER, P.C., TED 

AMEREDES, D.O., CLEVELAND 

ANESTHESIOLOGISTS, INC., and

BRADLEY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________________________________________________________________

FROM THE BRADLEY COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

THE HONORABLE JOHN B. HAGLER, JR., JUDGE

Glenna W. Overton, Donald E. Overton;

Overton & Overton of Knoxville

For Appellants

Hugh J. Moore, Jr.; Philip B. Whitaker, Jr.

Witt, Gaither & Whitaker, P.C. of Chattanooga

For Appellee, Faye Ameredes

AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

Opinion filed:

W. FRANK CRAWFORD,

PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.

CONCUR:

ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE

WILLIAM H. WILLIAMS, SENIOR JUDGE

This is a T.R.A.P. 9 interlocutory appeal from the order of the trial court disqualifying

some of plaintiffs’ lawyers from further representation of plaintiffs in this case. 

The only issue for review is whether the trial court erred in disqualifying plaintiffs’
2

counsel. The parties relied on affidavits to establish the facts in the trial court, and there is very

little dispute.

Lawyer, Roger Jenne, of Cleveland, Tennessee, was retained by plaintiffs to handle a

medical malpractice case against the defendants, Faye Ameredes, D.O., Cherokee Women’s

Center, P.C., Ted Ameredes, D.O., Cleveland Anesthesiologists, Inc., and Bradley Memorial

Hospital. In February, 1996, Jenne associated the law firm of Montgomery and Thompson of

Knoxville, Tennessee to work with him on the case. Montgomery and Thompson is a

partnership of two lawyers; Dr. J. Tucker Montgomery and Debra A. Thompson, specializing

in handling plaintiff medical malpractice cases. Dr. Montgomery has an M.D. degree, and Ms.

Thompson is a graduate physical therapist. A complaint filed July 2, 1996, alleges acts of

malpractice against the various defendants prior to, during, and after the delivery of the infant

plaintiff, Taylor Watson, which resulted in personal injuries to the infant. In July, 1996,

the law firm of Robinson, Smith & Wells was retained by Faye Ameredes’s insurance carrier to

represent her and Cherokee Women’s Center in the case. Defendants, Ted Ameredes and

Cleveland Anesthesiologist, Inc., were represented by another law firm and Bradley Memorial

Hospital by yet another law firm. Robinson, Smith & Wells assigned the case to lawyers, James

D. Robinson and Timothy M. Pierce. Mr. Pierce began work on the case on July 19, 1996.

Earlier in July, 1996, Mr. Pierce began actively seeking employment outside the Chattanooga,

Tennessee area, and on July 12, 1996, sent a resume to Montgomery and Thompson in

Knoxville. Mr. Pierce met with Dr. Montgomery and Ms. Thompson on July 21, 1996, to

discuss employment possibilities, but on July 22, 1996, Mr. Pierce was informed by them that

they did not wish to expand their practice. On July 23, 1996, Mr. Pierce contacted the Board of

Professional Responsibility to inquire as to whether he should withdraw from the Watson case

since he had been in contact with Montgomery and Thompson concerning employment, and he

was advised that until there was a formal offer of employment he could continue to work on the

Watson case. On November 5, 1996, Dr. Montgomery, Ms. Thompson, and Mr. Pierce agreed

to form a new partnership named Montgomery, Thompson & Pierce to begin practice on January

1, 1997. On November 6, 1996, Mr. Pierce notified his law firm, Robinson, Smith & Wells, of

his resignation with the request that he be insulated from any case involving Montgomery and

Thompson, including the Watson case. During the period of time from July 19, 1996 to
3

November 6, 1996, Dr. Ameredes met personally with Mr. Pierce on two occasions and had

telephone conversations with him on at least five occasions. During these meetings and

telephone conversations, she communicated information concerning the litigation. Mr. Pierce

used the information acquired from his client, Dr. Ameredes, to prepare the answer in defense

of the litigation. In addition to drafting the answer, Mr. Pierce had communications with other

physicians, other counsel for defendants and started preparing discovery matters.

Mr. Pierce’s discussions and negotiations with Montgomery and Thompson continued

during the period he was representing Dr. Ameredes, but Montgomery and Thompson and Pierce

maintain there was no discussion concerning the case and that it was clearly understood there

would be no discussion at any time concerning the case. They state further that when they

decided to form the new firm, they agreed that there would be a separate checking account for

the purposes of expenses associated with this case; that Montgomery and Thompson, a

partnership, would remain an active partnership for the purpose of handling this case; that Pierce

would have nothing at all to do with it; and that a “Chinese Wall” would be maintained to isolate

Mr. Pierce from any connection whatsoever with the Watson file. Opinions of Attorney William

Hunt, III, disciplinary counsel for the Board of Professional Responsibility and Professor Carl

Pierce from the University of Tennessee College of Law were filed to the effect that there were

no ethical violations by either Montgomery and Thompson or Mr. Pierce. Professor Pierce also

opined that he had reviewed the screening mechanism instituted by Montgomery and Thompson

and Mr. Pierce and that they were in compliance with Formal Ethics Opinion, 89-F-118. (March

10, 1989).

Defendant Ameredes’s motion to disqualify Montgomery and Thompson was argued on

February 3, 1997. The trial court granted the motion and disqualified Montgomery and

Thompson with respect to defendant Faye Ameredes only. Defendant Ameredes filed a

supplemental motion to disqualify Montgomery and Thompson from the case entirely, and that

motion, along with a plaintiffs’ motion for reconsideration, was heard on March 3, 1997.

Subsequently, the court entered its order disqualifying Montgomery and Thompson from further

representation of plaintiff in the case and certified an interlocutory appeal which was then

granted by this Court.

Plaintiffs first assert that the motion to disqualify was not timely filed and was made for
4

the purposes of delay. However, it appears that the motion was filed January 17, 1997, and

plaintiffs’ counsel was notified in the middle of December, 1996, that the motion would be filed

to disqualify them from further participation in the case. We do not see any inordinate delay in

the record in this case.

Plaintiffs next assert that the action by the court was the most drastic option the court

had, and that the court properly should have allowed the continued representation by

Montgomery and Thompson with the stringent conditions of isolation that had been instituted.

Plaintiffs argue that they should be able to rely upon the advice they received from disciplinary

board attorneys. Moreover, they assert that their compliance with Formal Ethics Opinion 89-F118 eliminates any reason for disqualification. 

Rule 8 of the Supreme Court of Tennessee establishes a Code of Professional

Responsibility consisting of three separate but interelated parts: Canon’s, Ethical

Considerations, and Disciplinary Rules. The Code’s Preliminary Statement provides that the

Canon’s, Ethical Considerations, and Disciplinary Rules “do define the type of ethical conduct

that the public has a right to expect not only of lawyers but also of their non-professional

employees and associates in all matters pertaining to professional employment.” Furthermore,

“[a]n enforcing agency, in applying the Disciplinary Rules, may find interpretative guidance in

the basic principles embodied in the Canons and in the objectives reflected in the Ethical

Considerations.”

Rule 9 of the Supreme Court of Tennessee pertains to discipline of lawyers and also

provides for the establishment of three regional Ethics Committees authorized to issue “Formal

Ethics Opinions.” Ethics Opinions “issued and published by the Supreme Court Ethics

Committee shall bind the committee, the person requesting and the Supreme Court Board of

Professional Responsibility, and shall constitute a body of principles and objectives upon which

members of the bar can rely for guidance in many specific situations.” Rule 9, Section 26.5 (a),

Rules of the Supreme Court.

The controversy before us emanates from Canons 4 and 9. Canon 4 provides: “A

lawyer should preserve the confidences and secrets of a client.” Canon 9 provides: “A lawyer

should avoid even the appearance of professional impropriety.” A lawyer cannot represent

someone against a former client when there is a substantial relationship between the subject
5

matter of the new action and the action in which the lawyer represented the former client.

Manning v. Fort Deposit Bank, 619 F. Supp. 1327 (D. Tenn. 1985); Mills v. Crane, C.A. No.

66, 1987 WL 9165 (Tenn. App., E.S., April 10, 1987). Formal Ethics Opinion 81-F-5 (April

17, 1981) concerns the disqualification of a law firm when one of the firm’s lawyers is

disqualified, and the committee opined that “when an attorney is barred from representation on

the grounds of knowledge actually or presumably acquired from a formal representation, then

his entire firm is similarly barred.” This rule was made applicable to paralegals in Formal Ethics

Opinion 87-F-110. In Formal Ethics Opinion 89-F-118 issued March 10, 1989, the committee

was answering an inquiry “concerning clarification of Formal Ethics Opinions 81-F-5 and 87-F110 and the application of screening procedures as a viable method to avoid the imputed

disqualification provision of DR 5-105(D) of the Code of Professional Responsibility.” The

Opinion states:

 The board adopts the Seventh Circuit’s three-step analysis,

outlined in Schiessle v. Stephens, 717 F.2d at 420-421,

concerning motions to disqualify counsel. That analysis requires

a determination of

 1. whether a substantial relationship exists between the subject

matter of the former and present representations;

 2. whether the presumption of shared confidences which

arises from its determination that the representations are

substantially related has been rebutted with respect to the former

representation;

 3. whether the presumption of shared confidences has been

rebutted with respect to the present representation.

* * *

 The comment to Rule 1.9 of the ABA Model Rules of

Professional Conduct suggests that the “underlying question [in

determining whether a substantial relationship exists] is whether

the lawyer was so involved in the matter that the subject

representation can be justly regarded as a changing of sides in the

matter in question.”

 Screening mechanisms should be aimed at confining

disqualification to the person who was involved in the

substantially related matter and therefore infected with or tainted

by privileged information which is the source of the ethical

problem. Isolation of the infected person would allow the other

lawyers and support personnel in the firm or office to assist in or

conduct the questioned representation free from any taint of

misuse of client confidences.

 The board approves the use of screening procedures as a viable
6

method to avoid the imputed or vicarious disqualification

provisions of DR 5-105 (D). The board has further determined

that the disqualificaiton rules and screening procedures are

applicable to lawyer, law clerk, paralegal and legal secretary. All

questions as to the sufficiency of the screening process are factual

issues to be resolved by “objective and verifiable evidence

presented to the trial court” and determined “on a case-by-case

basis.”

 Those factors which the board approves as appropriate for

consideration in determining whether “specific institutional

screening mechanisms” have been implemented “to effectively

insulate against any flow of confidential information from the

quarantined [person]” to other members of his or her new firm

include the following:

 1. the structural organization of the law firm or office

involved;

 2. the likelihood of contact between the “infected” person and

the specific attorneys and support personnel involved in the

present representation;

 3. the existence of law firm or office rules which prevent the

“infected” person

 a. from access to relevant files or other information

pertaining to the present litigation and

 b. from sharing in the fees derived from such litigation.

* * *

Although the ethics opinions are not binding on the Court, State v. Jones, 726 S.W.2d

515, 519 (Tenn. 1987), they are important as representing the acknowledged standards of the

profession. However, it is clear and the ethics committee recognizes that the determination of

disqualification is to be made by the trial court on a case by case basis.

We are mindful of the competing public policy interests of preserving client confidences

on the one hand and on the other hand of permitting parties to have counsel of their choice. 

Plaintiffs correctly argue that the presumption of shared confidences can be rebutted by

instituting adequate screening procedures commonly termed “a Chinese Wall.” In the instant

case, the trial court found that the lawyers involved implemented a “Chinese Wall” but felt that

because of the small size of the firm, it could not be effective to the extent required. We must

bear in mind that the problem before us in this case was caused entirely by the attorneys that now

seek to continue representing plaintiffs. Mr. Pierce, the lead attorney for one defendant, prepared

the original answer to the complaint, and we must conclude that he conformed to the
7

requirements of Rule 11 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure and obtained all necessary

information concerning his client’s case. Thus, we have a lawyer that knows more about the

defendant’s case than anybody else, is privy to every bit of confidential information available

from his client and then joins forces with the lawyers suing his client for twelve million dollars.

These attorneys had to know when they made their arrangements that the presumption of shared

confidence would exist and that this sharp scrutinty would come to pass. This is somewhat

different from the situation where a lawyer is on the periphery of a case as an associate member

of a firm. Mr. Pierce was the defendant’s lawyer and is now a partner with the lawyer for the

plaintiff. 

Judge Koch’s concurring opinion in the unpublished case of King v. King states:

 However, except in the rarest of cases, the appearance of

impropriety alone is “simply too slender a reed on which to rest

a disqualification order.” To warrant disqualificaiton, a lawyer’s

conflict of interest must tend to taint the trial’s fairnes either by

undermining the court’s confidence in the attorney’s ability to

vigorously represent the client or by creating a reasonable

concern that the attorney will give the present client an unfair

advantage by using otherwise privileged information obtained

while employed by the former client. Board of Education v.

Nyquist, 590 F.2d at 1246-47.

King v. King, No. 89-46-11, 1989 WL 122981, at *13 (Tenn. App. M.S. Oct. 18, 1989). 

We do not disagree with Judge Koch but perhaps this is “the rarest of cases.” We can’t

emphasize too strongly that we are dealing with the lawyer for the defendant, the one in the

trenches, the one that acquired all of the confidences of the client in order to further the client’s

interest. In our opinion, the appearance of impropriety in this case is not “too slender a reed.”

 In Cardona v. General Motors Corp., 942 F.Supp. 968 (D.N.J. 1996), the Court was dealing

with a motion to disqualify a law firm representing plaintiffs against General Motors after the

law firm hired General Motors’ former counsel in various lemon-law cases. The Court

disqualified plaintiff’s law firm even in the face of screening mechanisms that had been

instituted. The Court said:

 Counsel for Appellants has advanced the proposition that the

“appearance of impropriety doctrine” embodies “an arbitrary and

vague standard.” Appellants’ Letter Brief, dated July 23, 1996,

at 1. This challenge to the doctrine has frequently been made.

See, e.g., Cynthia M. Jacob, A Polemic Against R.P.C. 1.7(c)(2):

The “Appearance of Impropriety” Rule, N.J. Lawyer Magazine,

June 1996, at 23. This argument, however, underestimates the

capacities of the “ordinary knowledgeable citizen” who elects our
8

federal, state and local governments, sits on our juries, and

educates our children. What would such a citizen think upon

discoverying that a lawyer, Mr. London, who had represented

GM at two separate law firms, over a period of five years, and

had become familiar with its litigation and settlement strategies,

and had formed a close professional relationship with GM’s legal

personnel, suddenly “switched sides” to join a law firm which

regularly sued GM and had, in fact, been on the other side of

cases in which London had represented GM.

 The answer, I respectfully suggest, would be the same answer

given by Magistrate Judge Kugler. At the heart of every “sideswitching attorney” case is the suspicion that by changing sides,

the attorney has breached a duty of fidelity and loyalty to a

former client, a client who had freely shared with the attorney

secrets and confidences with the expectation that they would be

disclosed to no one else. It is for this reason that the “appearance

of impropriety doctrine” was adopted to protect the public, our

profession, and those it serves. In short, this much maligned

doctrine exists to engender, protect and preserve the trust and

confidence of clients. 

Id. at 974-75.

Canon 9 was accorded great weight in Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Cleveland

Mall Associates, 841 F. Supp. 815 (E.D. Tenn. 1993), where the Court had for consideration a

motion to disqualify plaintiff’s counsel after the merger of the law firm representing plaintiff

with the law firm representing the defendant. In reaching the decision that plaintiff’s counsel

should be disqualified, the Court said:

 While it has been said that Canon 9's admonition that lawyers

should avoid even the apperance of impropriety is “too slender a

reed on which to rest a disqualification order,” Freeman v.

Chicago Musical Instrument Co., 689 F.2d 715, 725 (7th Cir.

1982), there is nevertheless a legitimate concern about the

appearance of impropriety here which lends weight to the

proposition that the merged Heiskell firm should be disqualified.

The defendants were closely advised by lawyers of the firm of

Heiskell, Donelson, Bearman, Adams, Williams & Kirsch. After

the defendants were sued, a law firm dominated by that same

firm, and bearing virtually the same name -- Heiskell, Donelson,

Bearman, Adams, Williams & Caldwell -- showed up on the other

side of the dispute. For all practical purposes, the lawyers have

switched sides. Clients must feel free to share confidences with

their lawyers. This will not occur if we permit lawyers to be

today’s confidants and tomorrow’s adversaries. See Analytica,

Incorporated v. NPD Research, 708 F.2d 1263, 1269 (7th Cir.

1983). 

Penn. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 841 F. Supp. at 818. (emphasis added).

We recognize, as argued by plaintiffs, that there are diverse opinions on the weight to be

given to Canon 9 in disqualification cases. Disqualification is a drastic measure, and it is not to
9

be taken lightly. However, we are not unmindful of what has become in some instances rather

poor public perception of lawyers. This could be attributed in part, at least, to the profession’s

relaxation of many of its rules of conduct that historically separated the profession from others.

In the case before us, the lawyers carefully planned their joinder -- a calculated and

deliberate act with full knowledge that Pierce possessed the most intimate confidence of his

client concerning the case. They argue that the screening procedures rebut the presumption of

Pierce sharing these confidences. The new firm is small, and we hope the firm has the

collegiality that typifies the brotherhood of the profession. In such an atmosphere, it is certainly

conceivable that at best inadvertent references to the case could crop up from time to time. Who

knows what effects such references might have on plaintiffs’ lawyers in perhaps following some

lead that was innocently, perhaps, fostered by some comment made without any improper

motive. Leaving aside the possibility of divulged confidences, we are still faced with the

appearance of impropriety. As in the Penn Mutual case, the lawyers in the case before us

“switched sides.”

We, like the Court in Cardona, believe that Canon 9 is essential to engender, protect, and

preserve the trust and confidence of the client. In the case before us with these peculiar facts,

we cannot say that the trial court erred in disqualifying plaintiffs’ lawyers from further

participation in the case. The profession demands, and the public deserves, no less.

Accordingly, the order of the trial court is afffirmed, and the case is remanded for such

further proceedings as are necessary. Costs of the appeal are assessed against the appellants.

_________________________________

W. FRANK CRAWFORD, 

PRESIDING JUDGE, W.S.

CONCUR:

____________________________________

ALAN E. HIGHERS, JUDGE

____________________________________

WILLIAM H. WILLIAMS,

SENIOR JUDGE