AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed April 26, 2023 

S 

In The 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

No. 05-22-00659-CV 

KENNETH CERNAK, Appellant 

V. 

JILL STUDLEY AND DAVID POLLOCK, Appellee 

On Appeal from the 416th Judicial District Court 

Collin County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. 416-03116-2021 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Before Justices Pedersen, III, Garcia and Kennedy 

Opinion by Justice Garcia 

This case involves the alleged negligent handling of a puppy. The trial court 

granted a no-evidence summary judgment in favor of Jill Studley and David Pollock 

(together, “Studley-Pollock”) on Kenneth Cernak’s (“Cernak”) negligence claim. 

Cernak now argues the summary judgment is erroneous because it was foreseeable 

that the puppy would escape from the house and the backyard, run into the street, 

startle him, and cause him to fall. As discussed below, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment. 
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I. Background 

On the day in question, Cernak was walking his 100-pound dog Riley across 

the street from the Studley-Pollock’s home. Cernak carried a baton. 

Studley’s father was visiting the Studley-Pollock residence and a third party 

was in their backyard to pick up a swing set. The third party left the gate open, and 

when Studley’s father opened the back door to the residence, Grayson, a five-monthold twenty-five to thirty pound puppy, darted out the door, out of the backyard and 

into the street. Grayson did not bark or growl, but instead, ran in circles in the street. 

Cernak and Riley were on the opposite side of the street and had passed the 

Studley-Pollock residence. Cernak heard yelling and when he saw Grayson, he 

unsheathed his baton and pointed it at Grayson. Grayson ran toward Cernak and 

stopped about six feet from the baton. Grayson did not bark, growl, attack, or 

otherwise make contact with Cernak or Riley. 

Studley, her father, and the person taking the swing set tried to collect 

Grayson. Grayson moved to the right side of Cernak and Cernak moved. He was 

standing in what he described as a “severely sloped yard” with a five to six inch 

“grass curb.” Cernak’s foot hit the “hard dirt that was holding the grass,” lost his 

balance, and fell. Cernak sustained a shoulder injury as a result of the fall. 
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Cernak sued Studley and Pollock for negligent handling of an animal, strict 

liability, negligence per se, and gross negligence.1

 Studley and Pollock moved for 

traditional and no-evidence summary judgment on Cernak’s claims. The noevidence section of the motion argued, inter alia, that Cernak was not entitled to 

recover on his negligence claim because there was no evidence that the incident was 

foreseeable. 

Prior to the court’s summary judgment ruling, Cernak conceded that his strict 

liability, negligence per se, and gross negligence claims were not viable because 

Grayson had no “vicious propensities.” Cernak responded to the summary judgment 

motion and included his deposition, the Pollock and Studley depositions, and a 

picture of an unknown dog in support.2

 Studley-Pollock objected to and moved to 

strike some of Cernak’s evidence, but our record does not include a ruling on those 

objections. 

After a hearing, the trial court granted Studley-Pollock’s summary judgment 

motion and dismissed Cernak’s claims with prejudice. Cernak moved for 

reconsideration and the trial court denied the motion. This appeal followed. 

1

 Cernak’s petition also named a John Doe defendant described as an unknown contractor or contracting 

company, but Cernak subsequently nonsuited his claims against this defendant. 

2

 The picture is not authenticated, but purports to be a full-grown Thai Ridgeback, the same breed as 

Grayson. 
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II. Analysis 

Standard of Review and Applicable Law 

Although Studley-Pollock initially moved for summary judgment on all of 

Cernak’s claims, Cernak conceded all but the negligence claim as a matter of law. 

Accordingly, we review the no-evidence summary judgment on Cernak’s negligence 

claim. 

After an adequate time for discovery, a party may move for summary 

judgment on the ground that there is no evidence of one or more essential elements 

of a claim or defense on which an adverse party would have the burden of proof at 

trial. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). When reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment, 

we examine the entire record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging 

every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts against the motion. Sudan v. 

Sudan, 199 S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex. 2006). In our review, we apply the same legal 

sufficiency standard as a directed verdict. Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 

S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tex. 2013). Under this standard, the nonmovant has the burden to 

produce more than a scintilla of evidence to support each challenged element of its 

claims. Id. Evidence is no more than a scintilla if it is “so weak as to do no more 

than create a mere surmise or suspicion” of a fact. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 

118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003) (quoting Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 

61, 63 (Tex. 1983)). 
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The alleged negligence at issue here is negligent handling. A person injured 

by a dog or other domestic animal may bring suit for negligent handling against the 

animal’s owner. See Marshall v. Ranne, 511 S.W.2d 255, 258 (Tex. 1974). To 

recover on such a claim, a plaintiff must prove: (1) the defendant was the owner or 

possessor of an animal; (2) the defendant owed a duty to exercise reasonable care to 

prevent the animal from injuring others; (3) the defendant breached that duty; and 

(4) the defendant’s breach proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury. Thompson v. 

Curtis, 127 S.W.3d 446, 451 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). Unlike strict 

liability, the plaintiff need not prove that the animal was vicious or dangerous. 

Dunnings v. Castro, 881 S.W.2d 559, 562 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, 

writ denied). 

 The threshold inquiry in a negligence case is whether the defendant owes a 

legal duty to the plaintiff. Boerjan v. Rodriguez, 436 S.W.3d 307, 310 (Tex. 2014). 

In a case such as this, to establish breach of duty, a plaintiff “must present some 

evidence showing [the defendant] did not act as a reasonable prudent person would 

have acted in the same or similar circumstances in the handling of the dog.” Stein v. 

Reger, No. 01-15-00470-CV, 2016 WL 3162589, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] June 2, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.). 

Proximate cause consists of two elements: (1) cause in fact, and (2) 

foreseeability. Allen v. Albin, 97 S.W.3d 655, 668 (Tex. App. —Waco 2002, no pet.). 

“Cause in fact means the negligent act or omission was a substantial cause in 
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bringing about the injury and without which no harm would have been incurred.” 

Searcy v. Brown, 607 S.W.2d 937, 941 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1980, no 

writ). An incident is foreseeable if a person of ordinary intelligence would have 

anticipated the danger created by a negligent act or omission. See Read v. Scott 

Fetzer Co., 990 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex. 1998). A party is not held responsible for the 

consequences of an act that cannot be reasonably foreseen. Labaj v. VanHouten, 322 

S.W.3d 416, 421 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. denied). 

Was Cernak’s Injury Foreseeable? 

Our negligence analysis here turns on foreseeability. Cernak argues the 

incident was foreseeable, relying on testimony that Grayson has a lot of energy, likes 

to run around, and has previously jumped on strangers. He further relies on StudleyPollock’s admission that they read that a Thai Ridgeback dog “should not be your 

first dog,” and that the breed “can have the propensity to be aggressive.” In addition, 

the Studley-Pollock’s admitted that they have a duty to confine their dog and 

intentionally unlocked and opened the back gate for the retrieval of the swing set. 

But the evidence also shows that Grayson was not in the yard at the time of 

the incident. He was securely inside the home when the gate was unlocked and had 

never escaped the home or backyard in the eleven to twelve weeks he resided with 

the family. There is no evidence to suggest that Studley-Pollock knew the man 

removing the swing set would leave the gate open, nor is there evidence that they 

were aware that the gate was open at the time of the escape. There is also nothing to 
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establish that anyone in the Studley-Pollock home was aware that Cernak and Riley 

were walking by the home. In short, there is no evidence that Studley-Pollock should 

reasonably anticipated that a third-party would leave the gate open and Studley’s 

father would open the back door to inadvertently facilitate Grayson’s escape out of 

the home and then the yard as Cernak and Riley walked by on uneven terrain. 

Moreover, despite Cernak’s arguments concerning the general characteristics 

of Grayson’s breed, there is nothing to establish that Grayson had these 

characteristics. The foreseeability element requires more than conjecture, guess or 

speculation. W. Invs. Inc. v. Urena, 162 S.W.3d 547, 551 (Tex. 2005). 

 Although Grayson had previously jumped on strangers, it was in a playful 

manner and prior to his training. Grayson was a happy, friendly playmate to 

Studley’s young son. Grayson never barked, growled, or displayed aggressive or 

vicious behavior toward any person or dog, nor did he engage in this behavior with 

Cernak or Riley.3

 

We reject Cernak’s argument that it is “common sense” that “a dog escaping 

a yard through an open gate and running towards a passerby” is foreseeable. See 

Garza v. Sancen, No. 05-15-00666-CV, 2016 WL 1469345, at *3 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Apr. 14, 2018, pet. denied) (mere assertion that it was foreseeable that leaving 

3

 Although evidence of vicious or dangerous propensity is not required in a negligent handling case, 

see Dunnings, 881 S.W.2d at 562, Grayson’s disposition is nonetheless relevant to whether a reasonable 

person would anticipate that his escape could potentially cause harm. See Gorman v. Murali, No. 02-17-

00232-CV, 2018 WL 2727825, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (animal’s vicious 

tendencies may be factors in determining foreseeability and proximate cause). 
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gate open could lead to the dog getting out did not constitute competent summary 

judgment evidence). The summary judgment evidence here does not establish that 

the incident was foreseeable. See Williams v. Sable, No. 14-09-00806-CV, 2011 WL 

238288, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 25, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) 

(no foreseeability when dog owner did not know plaintiff was there, was not the one 

who opened the gate, and dog had never done anything similar before). 

Cernak insists that foreseeability is a fact issue to be determined by a jury. 

While this is sometimes true, it is not a foregone conclusion. If a nonmovant fails to 

meet his burden, nothing precludes summary judgment on the foreseeability element 

of a negligence case. See, e.g., Smith v. Province, No. 07-18-00026-CV, 2019 WL 

1870105, at *4 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 25, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (granting 

summary judgment on foreseeability). Indeed, when a party moves for no-evidence 

summary judgment, there is no issue to submit to a jury unless the nonmovant brings 

forward more than a scintilla of probative evidence that raises a genuine issue of 

material fact. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Jones v. Gill, No. 02-03-298-CV, 2005 

WL 503182, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 3, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.). There 

is no such evidence of probative force here. 

 
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Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on 

Cernak’s negligence claim. We resolve Cernak’s issue against him and affirm the 

trial court’s judgment. 

220659F.P05 

 

/Dennise Garcia/ 

DENNISE GARCIA 

JUSTICE 
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S 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

JUDGMENT 

KENNETH CERNAK, Appellant 

No. 05-22-00659-CV V. 

JILL STUDLEY AND DAVID 

POLLOCK, Appellee 

 On Appeal from the 416th Judicial 

District Court, Collin County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. 416-03116-

2021. 

Opinion delivered by Justice Garcia. 

Justices Pedersen, III and Kennedy 

participating. 

 In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial 

court is AFFIRMED. 

 It is ORDERED that appellee JILL STUDLEY AND DAVID POLLOCK 

recover their costs of this appeal from appellant KENNETH CERNAK. 

Judgment entered this 26th day of April 2023.