### APPENDIX A

BACKGROUND ON THE CLEAN WATER ACT AND
EFFLUENT GUIDELINES PROGRAMAppendix A



### A

- 1 APPENDIX A

BACKGROUND ON THE CL EAN WATER ACT
AND EFFLUENT GUIDELI NES PROGRAM

This appendix provides information on the Clean Water Act (CWA) and an explanation of different levels of controls for effluent limitations guidelines and standards (ELGs)

.

A.1 Effluent Limitation Guidelines and Pretreatment Standards Overview

The effluent guidelines program is one component of the Nation’s clean water program, established by the 1972 Clean Water Act and subsequent amendments

. The effluent guidelines program is authorized under S ections 30 1, 304, 306, and 307 , 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311, 1314, 1316,
1317 . In summary, t he CWA directs EPA to promulgate categorical regulations through six
levels of control:

1. Best p racticable c ontrol t echnology c urrently a vailable (BPT)

2. Best available technology economically achievable (BAT)

3. Best conventional control tech nology (BCT)

4. New source performance standards (NSPS)

5. Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES)

6. Pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS)

For point sources that discharge pollutants directly into surface waters (direct dischargers), the limitat ions and standards promulgated by EPA are implemented through National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits. See CWA S ections 301(a), 301(b), 402 ; 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311(a), 1311(b), 1342 . For sources that discharge to POTWs (indirect discharg ers), EPA promulgates pretreatment standards that apply directly to those sources and are enforced by POTWs and state and federal authorities. See CWA S ections 307(b )

, (c) ; 33 U.S.C. § 1317(b), (c). Figure A

- 1 illustrates the relationship between the regulation of direct and indirect dischargers.Appendix A



### A

- 2 Figure A

- 1 . Regulations of Direct and Indirect Wastewater Discharges

A.2 Best Practicable Control Technology Currently A vailable ( BPT )

— CWA Sections 301(b)(1)(A) and 304(b)(1)

EPA develops effluent limitations based on BPT for conventional, toxic, and nonconventional pollutants. CWA S ection 304(a)(4) designates the following a s conventional pollutants: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 

### ), total suspended solids, fecal coliform, pH, and any additional pollutants defined by the Administrator as conventional. The Administrator designated oil and grease as an additional conventional p ollutant on July 30, 1979 (s ee 44 FR 44501). EPA has identified 65 pollutants and classes of pollutants as toxic pollutants, of which 126 specific substances have been designated priority toxic pollutants. See Appendix A to Part 423, reprinted after 40 CFR Part 423.17. All other pollutants are considered to be
nonconventional.

In specifying BPT, EPA looks at a number of factors. EPA first considers the total cost of applying the control technology in relation to the effluent reduction benefits. The Agency a lso considers the age of the equipment and facilities, the processes employed and any required process changes, engineering aspects of the control technologies, non

- water

- quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements), and such other factors the EPA Administrator deems appropriate. See CWA S ection 304(b)(1)(B). Traditionally, EPA establishes BPT effluent limitations based on the average of the best performances of facilities within the industry of various ages, sizes, processes

, or other comm on characteristics. Where existing performance is uniformly inadequate, BPT may reflect higher levels of control than currently in place in an industrial category if the Agency determines that th e technology can be applied practically

. NSPS

• Conventional Pollutants

• Nonconventional Pollutants

• Priority Pollutants ( Toxics )

BPT

• Conventional Pollutants

• Nonconventional Pollutants

• Priority Pollutants ( Toxics ) BCT

• Conventional Pollutants BAT

• Nonconventional Pollutants

• Priority Pollutants ( Toxics ) 

### New
Sources

Existing
Sources Direct Dischargers

PSNS

• Nonconventional Pollutants

• Priority Pollutants ( Toxics )

PSES

• Nonconventional Pollutants

• Priority Pollutants ( Toxics ) 

### Indirect DischargersAppendix A



### A

- 3 A.3 Best Conventional Co ntrol Technology ( BCT )

— CWA Sections 301(b)(2)(E) and 304(b)(4)

The 1977 amendments to the CWA required EPA to identify effluent reduction levels for conventional pollutants associated with BCT for discharges from existing industrial point
sources. In add ition to the other factors specified in S ection 304(b)(4)(B), the CWA requires that
EPA establish BCT limitations after consideration of a two

- part “cost

- reasonableness” test. EPA explained its methodology for the development of BCT limitations in 1986 (s e e 51 FR 24974

, July 9, 1986).

A.4 Best Available Control Technology Economically Achievable ( BAT )

— CWA Sections 301(b)(2)(A) and 304(b)(2)

For toxic pollutants and nonconventional pollutants, EPA promulgates effluent guidelines
based on BAT. See CWA S ections 301(b)(2) (A), (C), (D), and (F). The factors considered in assessing BAT include the cost of achieving BAT effluent reductions, the age of equipment and facilities involved, the process employed, potential process changes, non

- water

- quality
environmental i mpacts ( including energy requirements ) , and such other factors the EPA Administrator deems appropriate. See CWA S ection 304(b)(2)(B). The technology must also be economically achievable ; s ee CWA S ection 301(b)(2)(A). In addition to end

- of

- pipe wastewater

t reatment, BAT limitations may be based on effluent reductions attainable through changes in a facility’s processes and operations. Where existing performance is uniformly inadequate , BAT may reflect a higher level of performance than is currently being ach ieved within a particular subcategory based on technology transferred from a different subcategory or category. BAT may be based upon process changes or internal controls, even when these technologies ar e not common industry practice.

A.5 New Source Performance Standards ( NSPS )

— CWA Section 306

NSPS reflect effluent reductions that are achievable based on the best available demonstrated control technology. New sources have the opportunity to install the best and most efficient production processes and wastewater treatment technologies. As a result, NSPS should represent the most stringent controls attainable through the application of the best available demonstrated control technology for all pollutants (i.e., conventional, nonconventional , and priority pollutants). In establishing NSPS, EPA take s into consideration the cost of achieving the effluent reduction and any non

- water

- quality environmental impacts and energy requirements. See CWA section 306(b)(1)(B).

A.6 Pretreatment Standards f or Existing Sources ( PSES )

— CWA Section 307(b)

PSES apply to indirect dischargers and are designed to prevent the discharge of pollutants that pass through, interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with the operation of POTWs, including wastewater co nveyance and sludge disposal. Pretreatment standards are technology

based and are analogous to BAT effluent limitations guidelines. See CWA section 301(b)(1)(A).

The General Pretreatment Regulations, which set forth the framework for implementing
national pretreatment standards, are found at 40 CFR Part 403

.Appendix A



### A

- 4 A.7 Pretreatment Standards f or New Sources ( PSNS )

— CWA Section 307(c)

Like PSES, PSNS apply to indirect dischargers and are designed to prevent the discharges of pollutants that pass through, interfere wit h, or are otherwise incompatible with the operation of POTWs. PSNS are to be issued at the same time as NSPS. See CWA Section 307(c). New indirect dischargers have the opportunity to incorporate into their plants the best available demonstrated technologie s. The Agency considers the same factors in promulgating PSNS as it considers in promulgating NSPS.

### APPENDIX B

EVALUATING DATA QUAL ITY OF SOURCES SUPPO RTING
THE 2014 ANNUAL REVI EW REPORTAppendix B



### B

- 1 APPENDIX B

EVALUATING DATA QUAL ITY OF SOURCES
SUPPORTING THE 2014 ANNUAL REVIEW REPORT

B.1 Background
For the 2014 Annual Review, EPA continued its review of three industrial categories that it identified as warranting additional review in the Final 2012 and Preliminary 2014 Plan Effluent Guidelines Program Plans (79 FR 55472). Specifically, EPA continued its preliminary review of the Metal Finishing Category (40 CFR Part 433); conducted a targeted review of pesticide active ingredients (PAIs) f or which the discharge from manufacturing is not currently regulated under the Pesticide Chemicals Manufacturing ELGs (40 CFR Part 455); and continued evaluating the use of wet air pollution controls within the brick and structural clay products
manufactur ing industry as a new potential source of industrial wastewater discharge. EPA also initiated an investigation of the manufacture and processing of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) as a new potential source of industrial wastewater discharge, and continued its review of
industrial wastewater treatment technology data for the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology (IWTT) Database.

EPA’s goals for these reviews were to identify new wastewater discharges or pollutants not previously regulated and to identif y wastewater discharges that can be eliminated or treated more effectively. For more information on the methodology for EPA’s 2014 Annual Review, see Part II (EPA’s 2014 Annual Review Methodology and Analyses) of this report.

EPA collected data, evaluated its usefulness for meeting these goals, and documented the usability and quality of the data from the categories of source s used to support these analyses. This appendix describes EPA’s evaluation of the types of data cited in this 2014 Annual Review Repo rt.

To evaluate data usability, EPA followed the specifications presented in two Quality Assurance Project Plan s (QAPPs):

1. Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations Programmatic Quality Assurance Project Plan (PQAPP) ( ERG, 2013a )

. 2. Supplemental Quality Assurance and Control Plan for the Development and Population of the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database ( ERG,
2013b )

.
In addition to the categories of sources listed in Section B.2 below, during the 2014 Annual Review, EPA used Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data and discharge monitoring report (DMR) data downloaded from the DMR Pollutant Loading Tool. EPA documents the quality
assurance and criteria of DMR and TRI data in the Revised Quality Assurance Project Plan for the 2009 Annual Screening

-Level Analysis of TRI, ICIS

- NPDES, and PCS Industrial Category Discharge Data ( ERG, 2009 ) . EPA has documented the quality assurance and criteria of the DMR Pollutant Loading Tool in Section 5 of the Technical Users Background Document for the Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) Pollutant Loading Tool ( U.S. EPA, 2012 )

.Appendix B



### B

- 2 The following sections provide information on the data sources for the 2014 An nual Review, and an evaluation of the data quality for each data source identified and used in the 2014
Annual Review.

B.2 Data Sources

EPA used the following categories of sources to characterize wastewater discharges during the 2014 Annual Review:

• 

### Data and i nformation from academic researchers (non

- published).

• 

### Conference proceedings, peer

- reviewed journals, industry

- specific organization
literature.

• 

### EPA, state, and local government information provided in telephone calls and email correspondence.

• 

### Federal, sta te, and local government publications.

• 

### Data and information obtained from industry.

• 

### Information obtained from the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI).

• 

### Other association data and information.

• 

### Data and information obtained from trade association contact s.

• 

### U.S. Economic Census data.

B.3 Data Quality Criteria

EPA used existing data to support analyses of the potential impact of industrial discharges on the environment. EPA obtained the existing data from publications and databases available from other EPA offices, directly from industry and regulators, and through online sources. EPA considered the accuracy, reliability, and representativeness of data sources to assess their usability for the 2014 Annual R eview, as described in Section 4.3.1 of the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) and as expanded upon below. EPA also referenced Table 4

- 2 in the Enviro nmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP to determine that the sources provided information sufficiently accurate and reliable for use in the 2014 Annual Review ( ERG, 2013a )

.
Accuracy . EPA assumed that the data and information contained in and supporting state and federal reports, selected conference proceedings, peer

- reviewed journal articles , and
information obtained directly from federal, state, or local government organiz ations were sufficiently accurate to support the characterization of industries, wastestreams, and the performance of specified treatment technologies. EPA also considered certain non

- peer

- reviewed industry publications

. T he accuracy of data and informatio n reported in these sources is potentially less certain than that in peer

- reviewed literature, but provided useful information for qualitative characterization of specific industrial discharges.

Reliability. E PA also evaluate d the reliability of collected existing data and information for use in qualitative analyses

, using the following criteria :

1. The scientific work is clearly written, so that all assumptions and methodologies
can be identified.Appendix B



### B

- 3 2. The variability and uncertainty (quantitative and qualitative ) in the information or in the procedures, measures, methods, or models are evaluated and characterized.

3. The assumptions and methodologies are consistently applied throughout the analysis as reported in the source.

4. Wastestreams, parameters, units, and dete ction limits (when appropriate) are clearly characterized.

EPA considered data sources that met these criteria sufficiently reliable to support the characterization of industries, wastestreams, and the performance of specified treatment technologies.

Repr esentativeness. EPA evaluated existing data and information for use in qualitative analyses based on whether the data provide a national perspective and are relevant to and representative of the industry to which the data are applied, using the following c riteria:

• Relevance: The data source is relevant to the industry or pollutant group of interest (e.g., the industry description or Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes provided in
the data source, when available, matches the industry or pollutant group of
interest ; the wastewater treatment technology is appropriate for the wastestream(s) generated at the facility ).

• 

### National applicability: The data can be applied broadly to provide a national perspective relative to the industry or pollutant group of interest (e.g., are the data characteristic of the industry or pollutant group as a whole ; can the treatment technology be applied generally to the treatment of wastewater (s) from the industry ? ).

EPA considered data sources that met these criteria sufficiently representative to support the characterization of industries, wastestreams, and the performance of specified treatment technologies.

EPA considered more detailed quality criteria specific to EPA’s development of the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology (IWTT) Database. These criteria are described in
the Supplemental Quality Assurance and Control Plan for the Development and Population of the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology D atabase ( ERG, 2013b )

.

B.4 Evaluating Data Quality

This section describes the sources and how they met the evaluation criteria listed above.
Tab le B

- 1 at the end of this section details the criteria applied and the conclusions reached on
each data source.

B.4.1 Academic Research (Non

- published)

EPA obtained data and information from academic researchers, including information on current research at U.S. universities related to the impact of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)Appendix B



### B

- 4 on human health and the environment , and the application of new metal finishing processes and
chemistries. EPA con siders non

- published academic research data or information provided in informal communications to be anecdotal. However, using the data quality criteria established in
the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a )

, EPA determined that the researchers were national experts in their respective fields and that the information they provided was therefore sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative for
iden tifying industrial sector trends and enhancing EPA’s understanding of the potential environmental impacts of industrial wastewater discharges.

B.4.2 Conference Proceedings, Peer

- reviewed Journals, Industry

- s pecific Organization

Literature

EPA reviewed selected conference proceedings, peer

- reviewed journals, and industry

specific organization literature in support of its continued review of th e metal finishing category
and its initial evaluation of ENMs in industrial wastewater. EPA applied the data quality crite ria
established in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) and determined that the data and information obtained from national conference proceedings, peer

- reviewed journals, and industry

- specific organization literature were sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative for characterizing industry operations, wastewater discharge practices, and a range of available treatment technologies. In some instances, EPA considered certain non

- peer

- reviewed industry publications. Using the data quality criteria established in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) EPA determined that the data supporting these sources are of less certain accuracy than data supporting peer

- reviewed literature . However, EPA determined that the information met the reliability and representativeness criteria and was therefore useful for capturing the full range of environmental impacts and available treatment technologies associated with pollutants resulting from metal finishing processes and ENMs in industrial

wastewater discharges.

EPA is also collecting, reviewing, and com piling data on the performance of new or improved wastewater treatment technologies into a searchable Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology (IWTT) Database. EPA obtained this industrial wastewater treatment technology data from conference proceedings, water

- related journals, and literature from industry

- specific organizations. For more information on EPA’s efforts to ensure that the data sources included in the IWTT database meet the data quality criteria, see the methodology documented in the Suppleme ntal Quality Assurance and Control Plan for the Development and Population of the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database ( ERG, 2013b )

.

B.4.3 EPA, State, and Local Government Information

As part of the 304(m) process, EPA’s Engineering and Analysis Division collected information from EPA Regional and Headquarters offices, as well as state and local government representatives, though telephone calls and email correspondence. EPA considers information provided from such informal communica tions to be anecdotal, but useful for qualitative descriptions, such as general information on industrial sector trends, characterization of industrial wastewater discharges, and available industrial wastewater treatment technologies.
From discussions with government representatives, EPA often obtained published information; however, EPA separately evaluated the quality of this published information against the criteriaAppendix B



### B

- 5 established in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) (see Federal, State, and Local Government Publications below).

B.4.4 Federal, State, and Local Government Publications

EPA reviewed federal, state, and local government publications, including regulations, reports, and supporting documentation. EPA used these publications to enhance its understanding of the impact of existing government programs and regulations on the indu stry or the pollutant group of interest. Using the criteria established in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) , EPA determined that data and
inform ation provided in government publications is sufficiently accurate, reliable, and could be applied nationally to characterize the particular industry or pollutant group of interest. For example , EPA determined that the information provided by the Alabama D epartment of Environmental Management could be applied nationally to represent the brick and structural clay products manufacturing sector, because a majority of the brick and structural clay product manufacturers reporting DMR data in 2009 were located in Alabama.

B.4.5 Industry Information

EPA obtained information from specific company websites, such as descriptions of facility operations, including, for example, the types of products they produce and the longevity of business operations. EPA applied the crite ria established in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) and determined this information was sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative of th e facilities of interest to use for characterizing facility

- specific operations. EPA did not apply specific company information to characterize the industry as a whole.

B.4.6 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)

The National Nanotechnology Initiative ( NNI ) is a collaborative, interagency U.S.

g overnment research and development initiative. The NNI provides a framework for individual and cooperative nanotechnology

- related activities for 20 f ederal department and agency units, including EPA, representing a ran ge of research and regulatory roles and responsibilities. EPA reviewed information from the NNI, including its 2014 Strategic Plan, to understand how the organization’s efforts will help fill critical data gaps related to characterizing and quantifying the impacts of ENMs in industrial wastewater. EPA applied the criteria established in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) and
determined that informati on from the NNI was sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative to use for identifying industrial sector trends and characterizing the environmental impact of ENMs in industrial wastewater discharge.

B.4.7 Other Association Data and Information

The Organ ization for Economic Co

- operation and Development (OECD) and the
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars are international institutions that conduct research and address public policy issues. EPA reviewed reports, databases, and supporting
documen tation prepared by these institutions about ENMs. EPA evaluated the quality of these data sources using the criteria established in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) . EPA determined that the reports are clearly writtenAppendix B



### B

- 6 and document methodologies and assumptions. EPA concluded that the supporting data presented in the reports were sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative to use for
evalu ating the current status of test method development and ENM characterization techniques.

B.4.8 Trade Association Data and Information

EPA obtained information from one national trade association to support the 2014 Annual Review, the Brick Industry Association. The Brick Industry Association provided information on the prevalence of wet air pollution controls within the brick and structural clay products manufacturing industry. EPA determined, using criteria set in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) , that this information was sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative to use for characterizing wastewater discharge practices and industry operation s.

B.4.9 U.S. Economic Census Data

EPA used U.S. Economic Census data associated with specific Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes to identify the number of brick and structural clay products m anufacturing and metal finishing facilities in the U.S. U.S Economic Census data are published and maintained by the federal government using clear and documented methodologies. They provide a national accounting of establishments in the U.S. by various se ctors; therefore, applying the criteria established in the Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulations PQAPP ( ERG, 2013a ) , EPA determined that the data were sufficiently accurate , reliable, and representative to use for providing industry profile information.

B.5 References for Quality Assurance Activities Supporting the 2014 Annual Review Report

1. ERG. 2009. Eastern Research Group, Inc. Revised Quality Assurance Project Plan
for the 2 009 Annual Screening

- Level Analysis of TRI, ICIS

- NPDES, and PCS Industrial Category Discharge Data. Chantilly, VA. (September). EPA

- HQ

- OW

2008

- 0517

- 0507.

2. ERG. 2013a. Eastern Research Group, Inc. Environmental Engineering Support for Clean Water Regulation s Programmatic Quality Assurance Project Plan (PQAPP). Chantilly, VA. (May). EPA

- HQ

- OW

- 2010

- 0824

- 0229

.

3. ERG. 2013b. Eastern Research Group, Inc. Supplemental Quality Assurance and Control Plan for the Development and Population of the Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database. Chantilly, VA. (November 22). EPA

- HQ

- OW

2010

- 0824

- 0263

..

4. U.S. EPA. 2012. Technical Users Background Document for the Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) Pollutant Loading Tool. Version 1.0 . Washington, D.C. (January). Availabl e online at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/dmr/docs/Technical_Users_Background_Doc.pdf . EPA

- HQ

OW

- 2014

- 0170

- 0058

.Appendix B



### B

- 7 Table B

- 1

. Data Sources Supporting 2014 Annual Review Analyses

Data Source Data Quality Criteria Conclusions on Usability Accuracy and Reliability Representativeness
Academic Research (Non

- Published) Academic researchers provided information on current research at U.S. universities related to the impact of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) on human health and the environment and the application of new metal finishing processes and chemistries. EPA consid ers non

published academic research data or information provided in informal communications to be anecdotal, but determined the information is sufficiently accurate and
reliable to use for identifying industry sector trends and enhancing EPA’s understandin g of the potential environmental impacts of industrial wastewater discharges. EPA requests published information to support information provided in informal communications, when
available. Academic researchers provided perspective on the general applicatio n of their current
research. EPA determined this information could be applied nationally to the relevant industry sectors or pollutants of interest. Data are sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative to use for providing general
information on in dustrial sector trends, and to facilitate EPA’s understanding of the potential environmental impacts of
industrial wastewater discharges.

EPA evaluates the quality of published data from academic research separately (see Conference Proceedings, Peer

Revi ewed Journals, and Industry

- Specific Organization Literature, below).Appendix B



### B

- 8 Table B

- 1

. Data Sources Supporting 2014 Annual Review Analyses

Data Source Data Quality Criteria Conclusions on Usability Accuracy and Reliability Representativeness Conference Proceedings,
Peer

- Reviewed Journals, and Industry

- Specific Organization Literature Information is obtained from selected national conference proceedings, peer

- reviewed journal articles and industry

specific organization literature. Industry

- specific organization literature includes reports such as The Future of Finishing, a report writte n by Paul Chalmer of the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences that discusses recent trends in the surface finishing industry. All data sources are clearly written, document methodologies and assumptions, and where relevant, describe variability and

u ncertainty, and characterize wastestreams, parameters, units, and detection limits. EPA assumed these sources were sufficiently accurate and reliable to identify the range of potential risks and environmental impacts associated with industrial discharges a nd to characterize industry operations, wastewater discharge practices, and a range of available treatment technologies.

EPA determined that certain non

- peer reviewed industry publications are of less certain accuracy than peer

reviewed literature, but pr ovided useful information for capturing the full range of environmental impacts associated with, and treatment technologies available for, pollutants resulting from metal finishing processes and ENMs in industrial wastewater discharges. Data and informatio n are relevant to the industry or pollutant group to which the data are applied. Data also provide general information about industrial sector trends (e.g., new process operations or chemistries),
effectiveness of current or advances in
industrial wastewat er treatment, or the general impact of specific pollutants on human health
and the environment. EPA determined this information could be applied nationally to the relevant sectors or pollutants of interest. Data and information are sufficiently accurate, r eliable, and representative, and therefore usable to identify the range of potential risks and environmental impacts
associated with industrial discharges and to characterize industry operations, wastewater discharge practices, and a range
of available tre atment technologies.Appendix B



### B

- 9 Table B

- 1

. Data Sources Supporting 2014 Annual Review Analyses

Data Source Data Quality Criteria Conclusions on Usability Accuracy and Reliability Representativeness EPA, State, and Local
Government Information EPA Regional and Headquarters offices, as well as state and local government representatives provided information on programs at the federal, state, and local levels through telephone calls and email correspondence. Historic and policy information about government programs is considered representative of the programs only. For non

- published material provided from informal communication, EPA considers the information sufficiently accurat e and reliable for qualitative descriptions, but anecdotal. EPA requested published or written information to support information provided from informal communication, when available. Information obtained from government officials is considered representat ive of government programs. Federal, state, and local representatives may provide program information that guides EPA research. EPA
considers the information anecdotal, but useful for providing general information to identify industrial sector
trends and characterize
industrial wastewater discharges.

EPA evaluates the quality of any published documents from federal, state, or local governments separately (see Federal, State, and Local Government Publications, below). Federal, State, Local
Government
Publications EPA assumes that all data provided in federal, state, or local government reports and regulations are sufficiently
accurate and reliable.

All reports, regulations, and supporting documentation are clearly written and document methodologies and assumptions. All reports, regulations and supporting documentation provide a national perspective related to the industry to which the data are applied. EPA verified the representativeness of
the data to the industrial sectors of interest using indus try descriptions, or when available, applicable SIC or NAICS codes provided in the supporting documentation.

EPA evaluated the representativeness of all federal, state and local government data to determine if they could be applied nationally to
character ize the particular industry or pollutant group of interest. Data are sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative, and therefore usable to support industry and wastestream characterization, and to understand the impacts of the discharge of specific pollutants
on human health and the
environment.Appendix B



### B

- 10 Table B

- 1

. Data Sources Supporting 2014 Annual Review Analyses

Data Source Data Quality Criteria Conclusions on Usability Accuracy and Reliability Representativeness Industry Information:
Glen

- Gery Brick Corporation and
Interstate Brick Information was obtained directly from facility websites and included information regarding the types of products produced and longevity of business operations. EPA determined this information was sufficiently accurate and reliable for characterizing facility

- specific operations. Data were obtained from facility websites and are therefore directly representative of the
facilities of interest. EPA did not apply the information nationally to the industrial category; its analysis was specific to two brick and structural clay product manufacturing facilities identified as having wet air pollution
controls. Data are sufficiently accura te, reliable, and representative, and
therefore usable for characterizing corresponding facility

- specific operations.

National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) The NNI provides a framework for individual and cooperative nanotechnology

- related activities for 20 federal department and agency units. NNI disseminates information from peer

- reviewed journals and government research and reports. EPA assumed that information obtained from the NNI was sufficiently accurate and reliable for identifying sector trend s related to the production of ENMs and characterizing the potential environmental impact of ENMs in industrial wastewater discharge. NNI is a U.S. government research and development initiative related to nanotechnology, therefore EPA assumed that
the inf ormation obtained from NNI provided a national perspective relative to the characterization and potential environmental impacts of ENMs. Data are sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative, and therefore usable for identifying
industrial sector tr ends and characterizing the environmental impact of ENMs
in industrial wastewater discharge.

Other Association Data
and Information: Organization for
Economic Co

- Operation and Development (OECD), Woodrow
Wilson International
Center for Scholars OECD and Woodrow Wilson International Center for
Scholars are international institutions that conduct research and address public policy issues. Reports and programs are written and reviewed by researchers, government, industry and NGOs and are made publicly
availa ble through publications and over the internet. All reports, databases, and supporting documentation are clearly written and document methodologies and assumptions. OECD is an international institution that publishes information on measurement and
characte rization standards for ENMs. Scientific methods serve as guidance based on the current state of research, therefore, EPA assumed the information provided a national perspective.

The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars provides information on nanotechnology

- based consumer products across the U.S. and internationally. The country of origin, and names of the companies and products are clearly identified; therefore, EPA assumed the information provided a national perspective on nanotechnology

- base d consumer products. Data are sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative, and
therefore usable for characterizing industry trends
and measurement standards for
ENMs.Appendix B



### B

- 11 Table B

- 1

. Data Sources Supporting 2014 Annual Review Analyses

Data Source Data Quality Criteria Conclusions on Usability Accuracy and Reliability Representativeness
Trade Association Data
and Information: Brick Industry Association National tra de associations representing the specific industry sectors of interest provided data on industrial wastewater discharge practices and industry operations. EPA determined that data provided by the Brick Industry Association were sufficiently accurate and re liable to use for characterizing wastewater discharge practices and industry operations. Data are from national trade associations representing the industry sectors of interest; therefore, EPA determined the information provided could be applied nationally to characterize wastewater discharge practices and industry operations. Data are sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative, and
therefore usable for characterizing wastewater discharge practices and industry operations.

U.S. Economic Census
Da ta U.S. Economic Census data are published and maintained by the Federal Government using clear and documented methodologies and are therefore sufficiently accurate and reliable for the purpose of profiling specific industrial sectors (e.g., industry size, number of small and large businesses, and distribution among subsectors). U.S. Economic Census data provide a national accounting of establishments in the U.S. by various industry sectors. EPA used NAICS and SIC codes associated with specific sectors and
subsectors to ensure that the census data evaluated were representative of the industrial categories of interest. Data are sufficiently accurate, reliable, and representative, to use for profiling specific
industrial sectors.

### APPENDIX C

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE 46 UNIT OPERATIONS
IN THE METAL FINISHING INDUSTRYAppendix C



### C

- 1 APPENDIX C

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE 46 UNIT
OPERATIONS IN THE ME TAL FINISHING INDUST RY

Electroplating is the production of a thin surface coating of one metal upon another by electrodeposition. This surface coating is applied to provide corrosion protection, wear or erosion resistance, anti

- frictional characteristics, or for decorative purposes. The elect roplating of common metals includes the processes in which ferrous or nonferrous basis material is electroplated with copper, nickel, chromium, brass, bronze, zinc, tin, lead, cadmium, iron, aluminum or combinations thereof. Precious metals electroplating includes the processes in which a ferrous or nonferrous basis material is plated with gold, silver, palladium, platinum, rhodium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, or combinations thereof.

In electroplating, metal ions in either acid, alkaline or neutr al solutions are reduced on cathodic surfaces. The cathodic surfaces are the workpieces being plated. The metal ions in solution are usually replenished by the dissolution of metal from anodes or small pieces contained in inert wire or metal baskets. Reple nishment with metal salts is also practiced, especially for chromium plating. In this case, an inert material must be selected for the anodes. Hundreds of different electroplating solutions have been adopted commercially but only two or three types are uti lized widely for a particular metal or alloy. For example, cyanide solutions are popular for copper, zinc, brass, cadmium, silver, and gold. However, non

- cyanide alkaline solutions containing pyrophosphate have come into use recently for zinc and copper. Z inc, copper, tin and nickel are plated with acid sulfate solutions, especially for plating relatively simple shapes. Cadmium and zinc are sometimes electroplated from neutral or slightly acidic chloride solutions. The most common methods of plating are in barrels, on racks, and continuously from a spool or coil.

Electroless Plating is a chemical reduction process which depends upon the catalytic reduction of a metallic ion in an aqueous solution containing a reducing agent and the subsequent deposition of metal without the use of external electrical energy. It has found widespread use in industry due to several unique advantages over conventional electroplating. Electroless plating provides a uniform plating thickness on all areas of the part regardless of the configuration or geometry of the part. An electroless plate on a properly prepared surface is dense and virtually non

- porous. Copper and nickel electroless plating are the most common. The basic ingredients in an electroless plating solution are :

1. A source of metal, usually a salt.
2. A reducer to reduce the metal to its base state. 3. A complexing agent to hold the metal in solution (so the metal will not plate out indiscriminately). 4. Various buffers and other chemicals designed to maintain bath stability and increase bath life.

Electroless plating is an autocatalytic process where catalysis is promoted from one of the products of a chemical reaction. The chemistry of electroless plating is best demonstrated by examining electroless nickel platin g. The source of nickel is a salt such as nickel chloride or nickel sulfate, and the reducer is sodium hypophosphite. There are several complexing agents can be used, the most common ones being citric and glycolic acid. Hypophosphite anions in the presence of water are dehydrogenated by the solid catalytic surface provided by nickel to form acid orthophosphite anions. Active hydrogen atoms are bonded on the catalyst forming a hydride. Nickel ions are reduced to metallic nickel by the active hydrogen atoms w hich are in turn oxidized to hydrogen ions. Simultaneously, a portion of the hypophosphite anions are reduced by the active hydrogen and adsorbed on the catalytic surface producing elemental phosphorus, water and hydroxyl ions. Elemental phosphorus is bond ed to or dissolved in the nickel making the reaction irreversible. At the same time hypophosphite anions are catalytically oxidized to acid orthophosphite anions, evolving gaseous hydrogen. The basic plating reactions proceed as
follows:

The nickel salt i s ionized in water
NiS0 4 = Ni +2 + SO 4 - 2
There is then a reduction

- oxidation reaction with nickel and sodium hypophosphite.Appendix C



### C

- 2 Ni +2 + SO 4 - 2 + 2NaH 2 PO 2 + 2 H 2 0 = Ni + 2NaH 2 PO 3 + H 2 + H 2 SO 4 The sodium hypophosphite also reacts in the following manner:
2NaH 2 PO 2 + H 2 = 2P + 2NaOH + 2H 2 O

As can be seen in the equations above, both nickel and phosphorus are produced, and the actual metal deposited is
a nickel

- phosphorus alloy. The phosphorus content can be varied to produce different characteristics in the nickel plate.

When electroless plating is done on a plastic basis material, catalyst application and acceleration steps are necessary as surface preparation operations. These steps are considered part of the electroless plating unit operation.

Immersion platin g is a chemical plating process in which a thin metal deposit is obtained by chemical displacement of the basis metal. Unlike electroless plating, it is not an autocatalytic process. In immersion plating, a metal will displace from solution any other metal that is below it in the electromotive series of elements.

The lower (more noble) metal will be deposited from solution while the more active metal (higher in the series) will be dissolved. A common example of immersion plating is the deposition of copper on steel from an acid copper solution. Because of the simil arity of the wastes produced and the materials involved, immersion plating is considered part of the electroless plating unit operation.

Anodizing is an electrolytic oxidation process which converts the surface of the metal to an insoluble oxide.
These ox ide coatings provide corrosion protection, decorative surfaces, a base for painting and other coating processes, and special electrical and mechanical properties. Aluminum is the most frequently anodized material, while some magnesium and limited amounts o f zinc and titanium are also treated.

Although the majority of anodizing is carried out by immersion of racked parts in tanks, continuous anodizing is done on large coils of aluminum in a manner similar to continuous electroplating. For aluminum parts, t he formation of the oxide occurs when the parts are made anodic in dilute sulfuric acid or dilute chromic acid solutions. The oxide layer begins formation at the extreme outer surface, and as the reaction proceeds, the oxide grows into the metal. The last formed oxide, known as the boundary layer, is located at the interface between the base metal and the oxide. The boundary is extremely thin and nonporous. The sulfuric acid process is typically used for all parts fabricated from aluminum alloys except for parts subject to stress or containing recesses in which the sulfuric acid solution may be retained and attack the aluminum. Chromic acid anodic coatings are more protective than sulfuric acid coatings and have a relatively thick boundary layer. For these r easons, a chromic acid bath is used if a complete rinsing of the part cannot be achieved.

Coating

– This manufacturing operation includes chromating, phosphating, metal coloring and passivating. These coatings are applied to previously deposited metal or basis material for increased corrosion protection, lubricity, and preparation of the surface for additional coatings or formulation of a special surface appearance. In chromating, a portion of the base metal is converted to one of the components of the pro tective film formed by the coating solution. This occurs by reaction with aqueous solutions containing hexavalent chromium and active organic or inorganic compounds. Chromate coatings are most frequently applied to zinc, cadmium, aluminum, magnesium, coppe r, brass, bronze

, and silver. Most of the coatings are applied by chemical immersion although a spray or brush treatment can be used. Changes in the solutions can impart a wide range of colors to the coatings from colorless to iridescent yellow, brass, brown, and olive dra b. Additional coloring of the coatings can be achieved by dipping the parts in organic dye baths to produce red, green, blue, and other colors.

Phosphate coatings are used to provide a good base for paints and other organic coatings, to condition the
surf aces for cold forming operations by providing a base for drawing compounds and lubricants, and to impart corrosion resistance to the metal surface by the coating itself or by providing a suitable base for rust

- preventative oils or waxes. Phosphate conversi on coatings are formed by the immersion of iron, steel, or zinc plated steel in a dilute solution of phosphoric acid plus other reagents. The method of applying the phosphate coating is dependent upon the size and shape of the part to be coated. Small part s are coated in barrels immersed in the phosphating solution. Large parts, such as steel sheet and strip, are spray coated or continuously passed through theAppendix C



### C

- 3 phosphating solution. Supplemental oil or wax coatings are usually applied after phosphating unles s the part is to be painted.

Metal coloring by chemical conversion methods produces a large group of decorative finishes. This operation covers only chemical methods of coloring in which the metal surface is converted into an oxide or similar
metallic co mpound. The most common colored finishes are used on copper, steel, zinc, and cadmium.

Application of the color to the cleaned basis metal involves only a brief immersion in a dilute aqueous solution. The colored films produced on the metal surface are e xtremely thin and delicate. Consequently, they lack resistance to handling and the atmosphere. A clear lacquer is often used to protect the colored metal surface. A large quantity of copper and brass is colored to yield a wide variety of shades and colors. Shades of black, brown, gray, green and patina can be obtained on copper and brass by use of appropriate coloring solutions. The most widely

- used colors for or blue colors. A number of colors can be developed on zinc depending on the length of
immersion i n the coloring solution. Yellow, bronze, dark green, black and brown colors can be produced on cadmium. Silver, tin, and aluminum are also colored commercially. Silver is given a gray color by immersion in a polysulfide solution such as ammonium polysulfid e. Tin can be darkened to produce an antique finish of pewter by immersion in a solution of nitric acid and copper sulfate.

Passivation refers to forming a protective film on metals, particularly stainless steel and copper, by immersion in
an acid solution. Stainless steel is passivated in order to dissolve any imbedded iron particles and to form a thin oxide film on the surface of the metal. Typical solutions for passivating stainless steel include nitric acid and
nitric acid with sodium dichromate . Copper is passivated with a solution of ammonium sulfate and copper sulfate forming a blue

- green patina on the surface of the metal.

Etching and Chemical Milling

- These processes are used to produce specific design configurations and
tolerances or surf ace appearances on parts (or metal

- clad plastic in the case of printed circuit boards)

- by controlled dissolution with chemical reagents or etchants. Included in this classification are the processes of chemical milling, chemical etching and bright dipping. Chemical etching is the same process as chemical milling except the rates and depths of metal removal are usually much greater in chemical milling. Typical solutions for chemical milling and etching include ferric chloride, nitric aci d, ammonium persulfat e, chromic acid, cupric chloride, hydrochloric acid and combinations of these reagents. Bright dipping is a specialized form of etching and is used to remove oxide and tarnish from ferrous and nonferrous materials and is frequently performed just prior to anodizing. Bright dipping can produce a range of surface appearances from bright clean to brilliant depending on the surface smoothness desired for the finished part. Bright dipping solutions usually involve mixtures of two or more of sulfuric, chromic, ph osphoric, nitric

, and hydrochloric acids. Also included in this unit operation is the stripping of metallic coatings.

Cleaning involves the removal of oil, grease and dirt from the surface of the basis material using water with or without a detergent or o ther dispersing agent. Alkaline cleaning (both electrolytic and non

- electrolytic) and acid cleaning are both included.

Alkaline cleaning is used to remove oily dirt or solid soils from workpieces. The detergent nature of the cleaning solution provides mo st of the clea n ing action with agitation of the solution and movement of the workpiece being of secondary importance. Alkaline cleaners are classified into three types: soak, spray, and electrolytic. Soak cleaners are used on easily removed soil. This type of cleaner is less efficient than spray or electrolytic cleaners. Spray cleaners combine the detergent properties of the solution with the impact force of the spray which mechanically loosens the soil. Electrolytic cleaning produces the cleanest surface a vailable from conventional methods of alkaline cleaning. The effectiveness of this method results from the strong agitation of the solution by gas evolution and oxidation

- reduction reactions that occur during electrolysis. Also, certain dirt particles beco me electrically charged and are repelled from the surface. Direct current (cathodic) cleaning uses the workpiece as the cathode, while for reverse current (anodic) cleaning the workpiece is the anode. In periodic reverse current cleaning, the current is pe riodically reversed from direct current to reverse current. Periodic reverse cleaning gives improved smut removal, accelerated cleaning and a more active surface for any subsequent surface finishing operation.Appendix C



### C

- 4 Acid cleaning is a process in which a solutio n of an inorganic (mineral) acid, organic acid, or an acid salt, in combination with a wetting agent or detergent, is employed to remove oil, dirt, or oxide from metal surfaces. Acid cleaning is done with various acid concentrations can be referred to as p ickling, acid dipping, descaling, or desmutting. The solution may or may not be heated and can be an immersion or spray operation. Agitation is normally required with soaking, and spray is usually used with complex shapes. An acid dip operation may also
fo llow alkaline cleaning prior to plating. Phosphoric acid mixtures are also in common use to remove oils and light rust while leaving a phosphate coating that provides a paint base or temporary resistance to rusting. Strong
acid solutions are used to remove rust and scale prior to surface finishing.

Machining is the general process of removing stock from a workplace by forcing a cutting tool through the workpiece, removing a chip of basis material. Machining operations such as turning, milling, drilling, bo ring, tapping, planing, broaching, sawing and cutoff, shaving, threading, reaming, shaping, slotting, bobbing, filing, and chamfering are included in this definition.

Grinding is the process of removing stock from a workpiece by the use of a tool consisti ng of abrasive grains held by a rigid or semirigid binder. The tool is usually in the form of a disk (the basic shape of grinding wheels}, but may also be in the form of a cylinder, ring, cup, stick, strip, or belt. The most commonly used abrasives are
alu minum oxide, silicon carbide, and diamond. The processes included in this unit operation are sanding (or cleaning to remove rough edges or excess material}, surface finishing, and separating (as in cut

- off or slicing operations}.

Polishing is an abrading operation used to remove or smooth out surface defects (scratches, pits, tool marks, etc.} that adversely affect the appearance or function of a part. Polishing is usually performed with either a belt or
wheel to which an abrasive such as a luminum oxide or silicone carbide is bonded. Both wheels and belts are flexible and will conform to irregular or rounded areas where necessary. The operation usually referred to as buffing is included in the polishing operation.

Barrel Finishing or tumbli ng is a controlled method of processing parts to remove burrs, scale, flash, and oxides as well as to improve surface finish. Widely used as a finishing operation for many parts, it obtains a uniformity of surface finish not possible by hand finishing. For large quantities of small parts it is generally the most economical method of cleaning and surface conditioning. Parts to be finished are placed in a rotating barrel or vibrating unit with an abrasive media, water or oil, and usually some chemical compoun d to assist in the operation. As the barrel rotates slowly, the upper layer of the work is given a sliding movement toward the lower side of the barrel, causing the abrading or polishing action to occur. The same results may also be accomplished
in a vibra ting unit, in which the entire contents of the container are in constant motion.

Burnishing is the process of finish sizing or smooth finishing a workpiece (previously machined or ground} by displacement, rather than removal, of minute surface irregularit ies. It is accomplished with a smooth point or line

contact and fixed or rotating tools.

Impact Deformation is the process of applying an impact force to a workp1ece such that the workpiece is permanently deformed or shaped. Impact deformation operations include shot peening, peening, forging, high energy forming, heading, and stamping.

Pressure Deformation is the process of applying force (at a slower rate than an impact force) to permanently deform or shape a workpiece. Pressure deformation includes ope rations such as rolling, drawing, bending, embossing, coining, swaging, sizing, extruding, squeezing, spinning, seaming, staking, piercing, necking, reducing, forming, crimping, coiling, twisting, winding, flaring

, or weaving.

Shearing is the process of s evering or cutting a workpiece by forcing a sharp edge or opposed sharp edges into the workpiece stressing the material to the point of shear failure and separation.Appendix C



### C

- 5 Heat Treating is the modification of the physical properties of a workpiece through the a pplication of controlled heating and cooling cycles. Such operations as tempering, carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding, annealing, normalizing, austenizing, quenching, austempering, siliconizing, martempering, and malleabilizing are included
in this definiti on.

Thermal Cutting is the process of cutting, slotting or piercing a workpiece using an oxyacetylene oxygen lance or electric arc cutting tool.

Welding is the process of joining two or more pieces of material by applying heat, pressure or both, with or without filler material, to produce a localized union through fusion or recrystallization across the interface. Included in this process are gas welding, resistance welding, arc welding, cold welding, electron beam welding, and laser beam welding.

Brazing is the p rocess of joining metals by fill ing a thin, capillary thickness layer of nonferrous filler metal into the space between them. Bonding results from the intimate contact produced by the dissolution of a small amount of base metal in the molten filler metal, without fusion of the base metal. The term brazing is used where the temperature exceeds 425°C (800°F).

Soldering is the p rocess of joining metals by fill ing a thin (capillary thickness) layer of nonferrous filler metal into the space between them. Bonding results from the intimate contact produced by the dissolution of a small amount of base metal in the molten filler metal, without fusion of the base metal. The term soldering is used where the temperature range falls below 425°C (800° F).

Flame Spraying is the process of applying a metallic coating to a workpiece using finely powdered fragments of wire, together with suitable fluxes, are proj ected through a cone of flame onto the workpiece.

Sand Blasting is the process of removing stock, including surface f1lms, from a workpiece by the use of abrasive grains pneumatically impinged against the workpiece. The abrasive grains used include sand, metal shot, slag, silica, pumice, or natural materials such as walnut shells.

Abrasive Jet Machining is a mechanical process for cutt1ng hard brittle materials. It is similar to sand blasting but uses much finer abrasives carried at high velocities (500

- 3 000 fps} by a liquid or gas stream. Uses include frosting glass, removing metal oxides, deburring, and drilling and cutting thin sections of metal.

Electrical Discharge Machining is a process which can remove metal with good .dimensional control from any metal. It cannot be used for machining glass, ceramics, or other nonconducting materials. The machining action is caused by the formation of an electrical spark between an electrode, shaped to the required contour, and the workpiece. Since the cutting tool has no contact with the workpiece, it can be made from a soft, easily worked material such as brass. The tool works in conjunction with a fluid such as mineral oil or kerosene, which is fed to the work under pressure. The function of this coolant is to se rve as a dielectric, to wash away particles of eroded metal from the workpiece or tool, and to maintain a uniform resistance to flow of current.

Electrical discharge machining is also known as spark machining or electronic erosion. The operation was developed primarily for machining carbides, hard nonferrous alloys, and other hard

- to

- machine materials.

Electrochemical Machining is a process based on the same pr1nc1ples used 1n electroplating except the workpiece is the anode and the tool is the catho de. Electrolyte is pumped between the electrodes and a potential applied with the result that metal is rapidly removed.

In this process, electrode accuracy is important since the surface finish of the electrode tool will be reproduced in
the surface of t he workpiece. While copper is frequently used as the electrode, brass, graphite, and copper

tungsten are also used. The tool must be an electrical conductor, easy to machine, corrosion resistant, and able to conduct the quantity of current needed. Although there is no standard electrolyte, sodium chloride is more generally used than others.Appendix C



### C

- 6 Electron Beam Machining is a thermoelectric process. In electron beam machining, heat is generated by high velocity electrons impinging on part of the workpiece. At th e point where the energy of the electrons is focused, it is transformed into sufficient thermal energy to vaporize the material locally. The process is generally carried out
in a vacuum. While the metal

- removal rate of electron beam machining is approximat ely 0.01 milligrams per second, the tool is accurate and is especially adapted for micro

- machining. There is no heat affected zone or pressure on the workpiece and extremely close tolerances can be maintained. The process results in X

- ray emission which re quires that the work area be shielded to absorb radiation. At present the process is used for drilling holes as small as 0.0508 mm (0.002 in.) in any known material, cutting slots, shaping small parts, and machining sapphire jewel bearings.

Laser Beam Mac hining is the process where by a highly focused monochromati c collimated beam of light is used to remove material at the point of impingement on a workpiece. Laser beam machining is a thermoelectric process, and material removal is largely accomplished by e vaporation although some material is removed in the liquid state at high velocity. Since the metal removal rate is very small, they are used for such jobs as drilling microscopic holes in carbides or diamond wire drawing dies and for removing metal in the balancing of high

speed rotating machinery.

Lasers can vaporize any known material. They have small heat affected zones and work easily with nonmetallic
hard materials.

Plasma Arc Machining is the process of material removal or shaping of a workpiece by a high velocity jet of high temperature ionized gas. A gas (nitrogen, argon, or hydrogen) is passed through an electric arc causing it to become ionized and raised to temperatures in excess of 16,649°C (30,000°F). The relatively narrow plasma jet
melts and displaces the workpiece material in its path. Because plasma machining does not depend on a chemical reaction between the gas and the work material and because plasma temperatures are extremely high, the process can be used on almost any metal, includ ing those that are resistant to oxygen

- fuel gas cutting. The method is of commercial importance mainly for profile cutting of stainless steel and aluminum alloys.

Ultrasonic Machining is a mechanical process designed to effect1vely mach1ne hard, brittle m aterials. It removes material by the use of abrasive grains which are carried in a liquid between the tool and the work and which bombard the work surface at high velocity. This action gradually chips away minute particles ·of material in a pattern control led by the tool shape and contour. A transducer causes an attached tool to oscillate linearly at a frequency of 20,000 to 30,000 times per second at an amplitude of 0.0254 to 0.127 mm (0.001 to 0.005 in). The tool motion is produced by being part of a soun d wave energy transmission line which causes the tool material to change its normal length by contraction and expansion. The tool holder is threaded to the transducer and oscillates linearly at ultrasonic frequencies, thus driving the grit particles into t he workpiece. The cutting particles, boron carbide and similar materials, are of a 280

- mesh size or finer, depending upon the accuracy and the finish desired. Operations that can be performed include drilling, tapping, coining, and the making of openings i n all types of dies. Ultrasonic machining is used principally for machining materials such as carbides, tool steels, ceramics, glass, gem stones, and synthetic crystals.

Sintering is the process of forming a mechanical part from a powdered metal by fusing the particles together under pressure and heat. The temperature is maintained below the melting point of the basis metal.

Laminating is the process of adhesive bonding layers of metal, plastic, or wood to form a part.

Hot Dip Coating is the process of c oating a metallic workpiece with another metal by immersion in a molten bath to provide a protective film. Galvanizing (hot dip zinc) is the most common hot dip coating.

Sputtering is the process of covering a metallic or nonmetallic workpiece with thin f ilms of metal. The surface to be coated is bombarded with positive ions in a gas discharge tube, which is evacuated to a low pressure.Appendix C



### C

- 7 Vapor Plating is the process of decomposition of a metal or compound upon a heated surface by reduction or decomposition of a volatile compound at a temperature below the melting point of either the deposit or the basis
material.

Thermal Infusion is the process of applying a fused zinc, cadmium, or other metal coating to a ferrous workpiece by imbuing the surface of the workpiece with metal powder or dust in the presence of heat.

Salt Bath Descaling is the process of removing surface oxides or scale from a workpiece by immersion of the workpiece in a molten salt bath or a hot salt solution. Molten salt baths are used in a salt bath

- water quench

- acid dip sequence to clean hard

- to

- remove oxides from stainless steels and other corrosion

- resistant alloys. The work is immersed in the molten salt (temperatures range from 400

- 540 degrees C), quenched with water, and then dip ped in acid. Oxidizing, reducing, and electrolytic baths are available, and the particular type needed is dependent on the oxide to be removed.

Solvent Degreasing is a process for removing oils and grease from the surfaces of a workpiece by the use of

org anic solvents, such a s aliphatic petroleums (e.g., kerosene, naptha), aromatics (e.g., benzene, toluene), oxygenated hydrocarbons (e.g., ketones, alcohol, ether ), halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., 1,1,1

- trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride) , and combinations of these classes of solvents. Solvent cleaning can be accomplished by either the liquid or vapor phase. Solvent vapor degreasing is normally quicker than solvent liquid degreasing. However, ultrasonic vibration is sometimes used with liq uid solvent so as to decrease the required immersion time with complex shapes. Solvent cleaning is often used as a precleaning operation such as prior to the alkaline cleaning that precedes plating, as a final cleaning of precision parts, or as a surface

p reparation for some painting operations.

Emulsion cleaning is a type of solvent degreasing that uses common or ganic solvents (e.g., kerosene, mineral oil, glycols, and benzene) dispersed in an aqueous medium with the aid of an emulsifying agent. Depending on the solvent used, cleaning is done at temperatures from room temperature to 82°C (180°F). This operation uses less chemical than solvent degreasing because of the lower solvent concentration employed. The process is used for rapid superficial cleaning and is usually performed as emulsion spray cleaning.

Paint Stripping is the process of removing an organic coating from a workpiece. The stripping of such coatings is usually performed with caustic, acid, solvent, or molten salt.

Painting is the process of applying an organic coating to a workpiece. The application of coatings such as paint, varnish, lacquer, shellac, and plastics by processes such as spraying, dipping, brushing, roll coating, lithographing, and wiping are included. Spray paintin g is by far the most common and can be used with nearly all varieties of paint. The paint can be sprayed manually or automatically, hot or cold, and it may be atomized with or without compressed air to force the paint through an orifice. Other processes in cluded under this unit operation are printing, silk screening

, and stenciling.

Electrostatic Painting is the application of electrostatically charged paint particles to an oppositely charged workpiece followed by thermal fusing of the paint particles to f orm a cohesive paint film. Usually the paint is applied in spray form and may be applied manually or automatically, hot or cold, and with or without compressed
air atomization. Both waterborne and solvent

- borne coatings can be sprayed electrostatically.

E lectropainting is the process of coating a workpiece by either making it anodic or cathodic in a bath that is generally an aqueous emulsion of the coating material. The electrodeposition bath contains stabilized resin, dispersed pigment, surfactants, and s ometimes organic solvents in water. Electropainting is used primarily for primer coats because it gives a fairly thick, highly uniform, corrosion resistant coating in relatively little time.

Vacuum Metalizing is the process of coating a workpiece with met al by flash heating metal vapor in a high

vacuum chamber containing the workpiece. The vapor condenses on all exposed surfaces.Appendix C



### C

- 8 Assembly is the fitting together of previously manufactured parts or components into a complete machine, unit of a machine, or structure.

Calibration is the application of thermal, electrical, or mechanical energy to set or establish reference points for a component or complete assembly.

Testing is the application of thermal, electrical, or mechanical energy to determine the suitability or functionality of a component or complete assembly.

Mechanical Plating is the process of depositing metal coatings on a workpiece via the use of a tumbling barrel, metal powder, and usually glass beads for the impaction media. The operation is subject to the same cleaning and rinsing operations that are applied before and after the electroplating operation.

Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing involves the formation of a circuit pattern of conductive metal (usually copper) on nonconductive board materials such as plastic or glass. There are five basic steps involved in the manufacture of printed circuit boards: cleaning and surface preparation, catalyst and electroless plating, pattern printing and masking, electroplating, and etching.

After the initial cutting, drilling and sanding of the boards, the board surface is prepared for plating electroless copper. This surface preparation involves a n etchback (removal of built

- up plastic around holes) and an acid and alkaline cleaning to remove grime, oils, and fingerprints. The board is then etched and rinsed. Following etching, the catalyst is applied and rinsing operations following catalyst appli cation. The entire board is then electroless copper plated and rinsed.

Following electroless copper plating, a plating resist is applied in non

- circuit areas. Following application of a resist, a series of electroplates are applied. First the circuit is copper plated. A solder electroplate is applied next followed by a rinse. For copper removal in non

- circuit areas, an etch step is next. After the etch operation, a variety of tab plating processes can be utilized depending on the board design requirements . These include nickel electroplating, gold electroplating, rhodium electroplating, and tin immersion plating. There are presently three main production methods for printed circuit boards: additive, semi

- additive, and subtractive. The additive method

uses pre

- sensitized, unclad material as the starting board: the semi

- additive method uses unclad, unsensitized material as the starting board: and the subtractive method begins with copper clad, unsensitized material.

### APPENDIX D:

U.S. COMPANY INFORMA TION FOR
PRIMARY PRODUCERS OF ENGINEERED NANOMATER IALSAppendix D



### D

- 1

APPENDIX D 1



### U.S. COMPANY INFORMA TION FOR PRIMARY PRODUCERS OF ENGINEE RED NANOMATERIALS Adapted from Hendren et al. (2011) S upplemental I nformation

.

Table D

- 1. Nano

- TiO 2 

### Company Information

Company Product Website Other Sources
Altair Nano Nano

- TiO 2 http:// www.altairnano.com U.S. Patent Number 6974566, http://www.edgar

- online.com

DuPont Several TiO 2 products including DuPont TS

- 6200, fine powders that may
include nano

- TiO 2 http://www2.dupont.com/Titanium_Te chnologies/en_US/index.html http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30554/000104746
910000945/a2196441z10

- k.htm

, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2006/s napshots/451.html
NanoAmor Nano

- TiO 2 http:// www.nanoamor.com http://www.139001.net/company.asp?id

- 535458
NanoGram Nano

- TiO 2

— http://www.linkedin.com/companies/nanogram

- corporation Sigma Aldrich 8 nano

- TiO 2 products: 6 nanopowders, 1 dispersion, and 1 paste http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials

- science/material

- science

products.html?TablePage=16376 794 Email techserv@sial.com

Sky Spring
Nanomaterials 4 nano

- TiO 2 powders http://www.ssnano.com/inc/sdetail/316 http://www.globalspec.com/supplier/proficle/SkySpring_N
anomaterials

1 The tables in this appendix, adapted from the cited literature source , provide a snapshot of U.S. manufacturers of nanomaterials as identified through patents, company websites

, and requests for information . EPA has not confirmed whether the companies listed continue to manufacture ENMs.Appendix D



### D-2 Table D

- 2. Nanosilver Company Information

Company Product Website Other Sources
American BioTech Labs Nanosilver solutions

— wound care, supplements,

etc. http://www.americanbiotechlabs.c
om/

Blue Nano Inc. Nanosilver particles 100 nm http://www.bluenanoinc.com http://www.linkedin.com/companies/blue

nano?trk=co_search_results&goback=.cps_127178486489 7_1
NanoAmor Polymer

- coated nanopowder http:// www.nanoamor.com http://www.139001.net/company.asp?id=535458
NanoHorizons Inc. SmartSilverTM http:// www.nanohorizons.com http://www.linkedin.com/profile?viewProfile=&key=63857 163&authToken=ZvLv&authType=OUT_OF_NETWORK &locale=en_US&srchindex=38pvs=ps& goback=.fps_*1_* 1_*1_*1_*1_*1_NanoHorizons_C_Y_*1_*1_*1_false_1_ R_true_N%2CG%2CI%2CED%2CFG%2CL%2CDR%2C CC%2CPC_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_* 2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2_*2 NanoMas Technologies,
Inc. NanoSilverTM http://www.nanomastech.com/inde
x.html http://www.linkedin.com/companies/363757

Quantum Sphere QSI

- Nano silver nanopowder http://www.qsinano.com/ about.php http://www.qsinano.com/products.php

Sigma Aldrich 2 silver nanopowders http:// www.sigmaaldrich.com http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/Lookup.do?N5=All &N3=mode+matchpartialmax&N4=silver+nano&D7=0&D
10=sil ver+nano&N1=S_ID&ST=RS&N25=0&F=PR Silver Nanotechnologies,
Inc. NanoSilver Solutions

— http://snti.en.ec21.com/Appendix D



### D

- 3 Table D

- 3. CNT Company Information

Company Product Website Other Info Sources
Alfa Aesar 11 types of nanotubes http://www.alfa.com/en/GP140W

.pgm http://www.manta.com/c/mtkhc1b/alfa

- aesar

American Elements 4 types of CNTs, some single,

some double, and some multi

walled http://www.americanelements.co
m/nanotech.htm http://www.manta.com/c/mmcmm64/american

elements

- corporation

Carbon Solutions, Inc. 7 SWCNT products at various purities and solubilities http://carbonsolution.com/ http://www.manta.com/c/mm2jknd/carbon

- solutions

- inc

Catalytic Materials LLC 1 grade of MWCNTs http://www.catalyticmaterials.co
m/ http://www.azonano.com/Suppliers.asp?SupplierID=674 http://www.catalyticmaterials.com/patentportfolio.html
Cnano Techn ology Single, double, and multi

walled CNTs http://www.cnanotechnology.co m/en/pro.html http://www.pangaeaventures.com/news/41

- cnano

technology

- commissions

- worlds

- largest

- carbon

nanotube

- manufacturing

- plant

- with

- a

- capacity

- of

- 500

- tons

- per

- year Helix Material Solutions 2 types of S WCNTs, 1 DWCNT, and 3 types of
MWCNTs http://www.helixmaterial.com/pr
oduct.html —

Hyperion Catalysis Hyperion FIBRIL MWCNTs http://www.hyperioncatalysis.co m/emerging2.htm http://www.manta.com/c/mm3ht3h/hyperion

- catalysis

intl http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/priva te/snapshop.asp?privcapId=29658 Mer Corporation Various single, double, and
multi

- walled CNTs http://www.mercorp.com/product
s2. htm http://www.linkedin.com/companies/mer

- corporation

MicroTech Nano Various single, double, and
multi

- walled CNTs http://www.microtechnano.com /

—

Nano

- C SWCNTS in 2 purity grades http://nano

- c.com/nanoprod.html http://www.spoke.com/info/c5ZZAgi/Nano

- CInc Nanocs, Inc. SWCNTs and MWCNTs with a variety of diameters http://www.nanocs.com/nanotube
.htm http://dnb.powerprofiles.com/profile/931146 919/NANO CS+INTERNATIONAL,+INC

- MALDEN

- MA NanoLab, Inc. 6 varieties of single, double,
and multi

- walled CNTs http://www.nano

- lab.com/swnt

apj

- a.html http://www.manta.com/c/mmgjlkw/nanolab

- inc

Nanostructured & Amorphous Materials, Inc. Over 70 varieties of CNTs http://www.nanoamor.co m/inc/p detail?v=1&pid=602 http://www.139001.net/company.asp?id=535458

NanoTechLabs MWCNTs with a variety of
diameters htt p://www.nanotechlabs.com/pa ges/products/nanotubes.html http://www.manta.com/c/mtbzf4y/nanotechlabs

- incAppendix D



### D

- 4 Table D

- 3. CNT Company Information

Company Product Website Other Info Sources
SES Research 8 types of MWCNTs, 2 types of SWCNTs, and 1 type of
DWCNT http://sesres.com/Nanotubes.asp http://www.manta.com/c/mm6h4zs/ses

- research

Sky Spring Nanomaterials 8 types of single and multi

walled CNTs and many
functionalized CNTs http://www.ssnano.com/inc/sdeta
il/869 http://www.globalspec.com/supplier/profile/SkySpringN

anomater ials

SouthWest Nanotechnologies 4 types of SWCNT products and 1 specialty MWCNT product http://www.swentnano.com/ http://www.crunchbase. com/company/southwest

nanotechnologies http://www.linkedin.com/companies/southwest

nanotechnologies

- inc Unidym, now merged with
CNI 3 purity grades of SWCNTs http://www.unidym.com/product
s/materials.html http://www.hoovers.com/company/Unidym_Inc/rfjfyci

1.html Xintek, Inc., or “A pplied Nanotechnologies” “Few

- wall” CNTs, DWCNTs,
and MWCNTs http://www.xintek.com/products/
materials/index.htm h ttp://www.manta.com/c/mm8z7g0/applied

nanotechnologies

- inc

DWCNT: double

- walled carbon nanotube
MWCNT: multi

- walled carbon nanotube SWCNT: single

- walled carbon nanotube

### APPENDIX E

KEY WORDS USED FOR P ETROLEUM, METAL FINI SHING, ELECTROPLATING, AND METALS REMOVAL
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY LITERATURE SEARCHESAppendix E



### E

- 1 APPENDIX E

KEY WORDS USED FOR P ETROLEUM, METAL FINI SHING, ELECTROPLATIN G
, AND METALS REMOVAL T REATMENT TECHNOLOGY L ITERATURE SEARCHE S

Master Terms Industrial w astewater Industrial wastewater treatment Privately o wned t reatment w orks
Metals r emoval

General Terms Case study
Control Efficiency
Effluent
Elimination
Field

- scale
Full

- scale Improvement Influent Percent (%)
Performance
Pilot

- scale Pollution prevention Recovery/recycle
Reduce/reduction
Removal

Pollutant Terms Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium Copper Cyanide Heavy metals
Iron Lead Manganese Mercury Molybdenum
Nickel

2 Source: 40 CFR Part 433.10. 

### Oil and g rease Phosphate
Selenium
Silver
Tin Total organic carbon Total suspended solids
Zinc
Zirconium o xide

Industry Terms Aluminum forming Battery manufacturing Coil coating Copper forming Metal coating Metal finishing
Metal forming Metal painting Petroleum refinery Porcelain enameling Specialty steel

Metal Finishing Operations 2 

### Anodizing
Chemical e tching and m illing Coating Chromating Phosphating Coloring Electroless plating Electroplating
Printed circuit board manufacture

Process Operations 3 

### Brazing Burnishing Flame spraying

3 Ibid.Appendix E



### E

- 2 Grinding Heat treating Hot dip coating
Iron p hosphate pretreatment 4 

### Laminating Machining

E lectric discharge
Electrochemical
Electron beam

L aser beam Other abrasive jet

P lasma arc
Ultrasonic Mechanical plating Paint stripping Painting Electropainting Electrostatic painting Polishing

4 Not included in 40 CFR Part 433.10. 

### Pressure or i mpact d eformation Salt bath descaling
Sand b lasting Shearing Sintering Soldering Solvent degreasing Sputtering Thermal cutting
Thermal infusion Tumbling Vacuum metalizing Vapor plating Welding
Zirconization 5

5 Ibid.

### APPENDIX F

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTICLES ENTERED INTO IWTTAppendix F



### F

- 1 APPENDIX F

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTI CLES ENTERED INTO IW TT

T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry A Pilot Study of the
Treatment of Waste Rolling Emulsion Using
Zirconia Microfiltration
Membranes Peer

reviewed journal Pei Wang, Nanping Xu, Jun Shi
2000 Journal of
Membrane Science 8 Metal finishing

Nitrogen and DOC
Removal from Wastewater
Streams of the Metal

working Industry Peer

reviewed journal R. Schuch, R. Gensicke, K. Merkel, J. Winter 2000 Water Research 9 Metal finishing

Treatment of Rinsing
Water from Electroless Nickel Plating with a Biologically Active Moving

- bed Sand Filter Peer

reviewed journal T. Pumpel, C. Ebner, B. PernfuB, F. Schinner, L. Diels, Z. Keszthelyi, A. Stankovic, J.A. Finlay, L.E. Macaskie, M. Tsezos, H . Wouters 2001 Hydrometallurgy 11 Metal finishing

Optimization of Oily
Wastewater Membrane
Bioreactor Treatment: Pilot
to Full Scale Results Conference proceeding Paul M. Sutton, Prakash N. Mishra, Jeff A. Roberts, Luis Abreu, Paul Gignac 2001 WEFTEC 24 Metal finishing

Reverse Osmosis Applied to Metal Finishing
Wastewater Peer

reviewed journal Y. Benito, M.L.
Ruiz 2002 Desalination 6 Ferroalloy manufacturing

A Pilot Study on a
Membrane Process for the Treatment and Recycling of Spent Final Rinse Water from Electroless Plating Peer

reviewed journal F.S. Wong, J.J. Qin, M.N. Wai, A.L. Lim, M. Adiga 2002 Separation and Purification Technology 11 Metal finishing

Microsand Ballasted
Flocculation and
Clarification: Effects on Removal of TSS, Oil & Grease, and Metals From a
Steel Mill Waste Stream Conference proceeding Carol Kessler, Luke Wood, Joe Gober, Barry Hendley 2002 WEFTEC 16 Iron and steel manufacturingAppendix F



### F

- 2 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry Heavy Metals Removal by
Sand Filters Inoculated with Metal Sorbing and Precipitating Bacteria Peer

reviewed journal L. Diels, P.H. Spaans, S. Van Roy, L. Hooyberghs, A. Ryngaert, H. Wouters, E. Walter, J. Winters, L. Macaskie, J. Finlay, B. Pernfuss, H. Woebking, T. Pumpel, M. Tsezos 2003 Hydrometallurgy 7 Nonferrous
metals manufacturing

Treatment of Oily Wastes by Membrane Biological
Reactor Conference proceeding Jim Buckles, Art Kuljian, Kevin Olmstead, Jason
Merritt 2003 WEFTEC 13 Metal finishing

A Pilot Study for
Reclamation of a
Combined Rinse from a
Nickel

- plating Operation Using a Dual

- membrane
UF/RO Process Peer

reviewed journal Jian

- Jun Qin, Maung Nyunt Wai, Maung Htun Oo, Hsiaowan
Lee 2004 Desalination 13 Metal finishing

NF and RO Membranes for the Recovery and Reuse of
Water and Concentrated
Metallic Salts from Waste
Water Produced in the Electroplating Process Peer

reviewed journal Jasmine Castelblanque,
Francesco Salimbeni 2004 Desalination 9 Metal finishing

Metal Recovery from Electroplating Wastewater Using Acidophilic Iron Oxidizing Bacteria: Pilot

Scale Feasibility Test Peer

reviewed journal Donghee Park, Dae Sung Lee, Jong Moon Park, Hee Dong Chun, Sung Kook Park, Ikuo Jitsuhara, Osamu Miki, Toshiaki Kato 2005 Industrial & Engineering

Chemistry
Research 6 Metal finishing

Physical/Chemical Treatment for Refinery
Wastewater Conference proceeding William Conner,
Mohammed Al Hajri, John Liu 2005 WEFTEC 25 Petroleum refining

The Use of Liquid

- Liquid Extraction for Heavy
Metals Recovery and Reuse from Plating
Wastewaters Conference proceeding Paul Usinowicz, Bruce Monzyk, H. Nicholas Conkle, J. Kevin Rose, Satya
Chauhan 2005 WEFTEC 11 Metal finishing

Pilot Study on the Treatment of Spent Solvent Cleaning Rinse in Metal Plating Peer

reviewed journal Jian

- Jun Qin, Maung Htun Oo, Fook

- Sin Wong 2006 Desalination 6 Metal finishingAppendix F



### F

- 3 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry

Electrochemical Treatment Applied to Food

Processing Industrial
Wastewater Peer

reviewed journal Carlos Barrera

- Dıaz,
Gabriela Roa

Morales, Liliana
Avila

- Cordoba,
Thelma Pavon

- Silva, Bryan Bilyeu 2006 Industrial & Engineering

Chemistry
Research 5 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Treatment of High

Strength Pharmaceutical
Wastewater and Removal
of Antibiotics in Anaerobic
and Aerobic Biological
Treatment Processes Peer

reviewed journal Ping Zhou, Chengyi Su, Binwei Li, Yi Qian 2006 Journal of
Environmental

Engineering 8 Pharmaceutical manufacturing

Copper Recovery and Spent Ammoniacal Etchant Regeneration Based on Hollow Fiber Supported Liquid Membrane Technology: From Bench

scale to Pilot

- scale Tests Peer

reviewed journal Qian Yang, N.M. Kocherginsky

2006 Journal of
Membrane Science 9 Metal finishing

Performance of an Up

- flow Anaerobic Stage Reactor (UASR) in the Treatment
of Pharmaceutical Wastewater Containing
Macrolide Antibiotics Peer

reviewed journal Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Thomas Wilby, Paul J. Sallis 2006 Water Research 10 Pharmaceutical manufacturing

Three Years of Full

- Scale Treatment of an Oily Wastewater Using an
Immersed Membrane Biological Reactor Industry publication Jim Buckles, Art Kuljian, Kevin Olmstead, Tom Galloway 2007 WEFTEC 12 Transportation equipment

cleaning

Best Arsenic Technology:
A Power

- generating Facility Upgrades its
Wastewater Treatment System to Meet Stricter
Limits Industry publication Jean

- Claude Younan, Joseph
Chwirka 2008 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 6 Steam electric

power generating

No Spikes: Allowed Better
Chemical Feed Controls
Eliminate Unwanted Effluent Spikes Industry publication Allan Erickson

2008 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 4 Meat and poultry products

Tough Treatment Technology
Membrane Bioreactors
Can Handle Wastewater with Very High Salt, Chloride, and Total
Dissolved Solids Levels Industry publication Joseph Lala, Shannon R. Grant,
and Scott J.
Christian 2008 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 6 Miscellaneous
foods and beveragesAppendix F



### F

- 4 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry

Twofold Solution Industry publication George Patrick, Don Deemer, Loren McCune, Terry Snell 2008 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 5 Aluminum forming

Aquatic Toxicity
Reduction and Water Reuse at a Metal Finishing
Plant Conference proceeding George Patrick, Don Deemer, Loren McCune, Terry Snell 2008 WEFTEC 12 Aluminum forming

Enhancing Nitrification in an Oil Refinery WWTP
with IFAS Conference proceeding Wayne J. Flournoy, Russ Grillo, Sarah B. Hubbell, Ramesh Kalluri, Casey
Mueller 2008 WEFTEC 9 Petroleum refining

Footprint and O&M Cost
Reductions with Actiflo System

- A Pilot Study for Gold Mining Effluent
Treatment Conference proceeding Zhifei Hu, Brian Edwards, Jes Alexant, Jamie Quesnel 2008 WEFTEC 10 Ore mining and dressing

Treatment of Beverage Production Wastewater by
Membrane Bioreactor Peer

reviewed journal Marin Matošić, Ivana Prstec, Helena Korajlija Jakopović, Ivan Mijatović 2009 Desalination 9 Miscellaneous
foods and beverages

Treatment of Textile
Wastewater with an
Anaerobic Fluidized Bed
Reactor Peer

reviewed journal Mahdi Haroun, Azni
Idris 2009 Desalination 10 Textile mills

Novel Single Stripper with
Side

- Draw to Remove
Ammonia and Sour Gas Simultaneously for Coal

Gasification Wastewater
Treatment and the Industrial Implementation Peer

reviewed journal Dachun Feng, Zhenjiang Yu, Yun Chen, Yu Qian
2009 Industrial & Engineering

Chemistry
Research 8 Oil and gas
extraction

A Powerful Challenge: Treatment Plant Upgrade
Aims to Minimize Electrical Conductivity While Nearly Doubling Capacity Industry publication James C. Young, Madan Arora, Lewis Nelson, and Richard
Bono 2009 Industrial
Wastewater 7 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Just Plane Better: Water Reuse Improves Aircraft Washing Operations at Texas Military Base Industry publication Richard Milhollon

, Greg Braddy, Thomas Coffey, and Bill Morgan 2009 Industrial
Wastewater 3 Airport deicing

Manage Water Better:
Membrane Bioreactors Can Help Companies
Make the Most of Their
Water Resources Industry publication Jeff Peeters, Andrew Sparkes, Sven Baumgarten 2009 Industrial
Wastewater 3 Grain mills,
Miscellaneous

foods and beveragesAppendix F



### F

- 5 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry Sludge Handling and Processing: A Taste for
BOD5 Removal Industry publication Chandler Johnson,
Neil McAdam 2009 Industrial
WaterWorld 3 Miscellaneous
foods and beverages
Transforming CBM
Produced Water into a
Valuable Resource Industry publication Juzer Jangbarwala
2009 Industrial
WaterWorld 3 Oil and gas
extraction

Selenium Removal from Refinery Wastewater via
Iron Co

- precipitation in a
Mobile Clarifier Conference proceeding Charles McCloskey, Tom Jettinghoff 2009 Microconstituents/I
ndustrial Water quality 7 Petroleum refining

Treatment of Metal Finishing Wastewater from
Aircraft Maintenance Operations Using an Electrocoagulation
Treatment Process Conference proceeding Forough Firouzi, Mark Ross, Gordon Champneys,
Michael McFarland 2009 Microconstituents/I
ndustrial Water Quality 8 Metal finishing

Easy Upgrade: A
Membrane Bioreactor
Enables a Meat Processor to Upgrade its Wastewater Treatment System with
Little Fuss Industry publication Ralph Teckenberg, Sandra Schuler, Andreas Böhm, Torsten Hackner, Markus Roediger 2009 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 4 Meat and poultry products

Mix It Up: A Gas

– energy Mixing System Helps Improve Moving

- bed
Biofilm Reactor
Performance Industry publication Miroslav Colic, Wade Morse, Ariel Lechter, Jason Hicks, Steve Holley,
Carl Mattia 2009 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 7 Meat and poultry products

Quenching the Thirst in
China Industry publication Angela Yeung,
Robert Chu, Steven Rosenberg, and Thomas Tong 2009 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 5 Iron and steel manufacturing

Too Many Causes Industry publication Naomi Jones, Adam Smith, Gang Xin 2009 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 6 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Two Fine Fluids: A
Membrane Bioreactor Treats Winery Wastewater Effectively and Leaves More Room for Grapes Industry publication Anu Shah, John Bulleri, Richard Ross, John Carter, Michael Long 2009 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 6 Miscellaneous
foods and beverages

Innovative Approaches to Complying with Very Low
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit
Limits for Metals Conference proceeding William Payne

2009 WEFTEC 13 Inorganic
chemicals manufacturing,
Nonclassifiable
establishments

Innovative Technology for Biological Nitrification

Denitrification of Oil Refinery Wastewaters Conference proceeding Carl E. Adams, Jr., Ryan Kirkland, John D. Driver, Andrew
W. Edwards 2009 WEFTEC 20 Petroleum refiningAppendix F



### F

- 6 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry Lessons Learned on Long

Term Operation of MBBR for Refinery Wastewater
Treatment Conference proceeding Christian Cabral, Eoin Syron, Ray C. Asencio, Chandler
Johnson 2009 WEFTEC 16 Petroleum refining

Liquid

- Liquid Extraction
for Acid Mine/Acid Rock Drainage Processing for
Water Purification and Recovery of Sulfate Metals Without Sludge or Brine
Production Conference proceeding Paul Usinowicz, Bruce Monzyk, H. Nicolas Conkle, F.
Michael VonFahnestock,
Todd Beers 2009 WEFTEC 16 Coal mining

Pilot Testing and Modeling of a Membrane Biological Reactor System for Refinery Wastewater Conference proceeding Mauro Marinetti, Carlo Zaffaroni, Glen T. Daigger, Silas Givens, Ronald Ballard, C. P. Leslie Grady Jr., Savas Soydaner 2009 WEFTEC 20 Petroleum refining

Treatment of Metal Finishing Wastewaters in the Presence of Chelating
Substances Conference proceeding Forough Firouzi, Mark Ross, Gordon Champneys,
Michael McFarland 2009 WEFTEC 6 Metal finishing

Water Reuse in an Oil Refinery: An Innovative Solution Using Membrane Technology Conference proceeding Boris Ginzburg,
Ross Cansino 2009 WEFTEC 11 Petroleum refining

A Full

- scale Biological Treatment System Application in the Treated
Wastewater of
Pharmaceutical Industrial
Park Peer

reviewed journal Ge Lei, Hongqiang Ren, Lili Ding,
Feifei Wang, Xingsong Zhang 2010 Bioresource Technology 10 Pharmaceutical manufacturing

Pilot

- scale Removal of
Chromium from Industrial Wastewater Using the ChromeBac System Peer

reviewed journal Wan Azlina Ahmad,
Zainul Akmar Zakaria, Ali Reza Khasim, Muhamad Anuar Alias, Shaik
Muhammad
Hasbulla Shaik
Ismail 2010 Bioresource Technology 8 Metal finishing

TDS Removal in Wastewater Using Roughing Filters Peer

reviewed journal O I Nkwonta, G M Ochieng 2010 Chemical Sciences
Journal 6 Coal miningAppendix F



### F

- 7 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry

Process Development, Simulation, and Industrial Implementation of a New
Coal

- Gasification
Wastewater Treatment
Installation for Phenol and
Ammonia Removal Peer

reviewed journal Zhenjiang Yu, Yun Chen, Dachun Feng, Yu Qian
2010 Industrial & Engineering

Chemistry
Research 8 Oil and gas
extraction

Ultrafiltration and RO
Treatment Consolidates
Water Treatment Process for Indian Refinery Industry publication Unknown

2010 Industrial
Wastewater 2 Petroleum refining

What Nitrate?

Industry publication Carl Adams Jr, Ryan Kirkland, John Driver, Andrew Edwards, Ruth Cade, Chad Louque, Wally Dows 2010 Industrial
Wastewater 6 Petroleum refining

Biological Treatment Helps Remove Nitrate,
Sulfate from Mine Runoff Industry publication Mark Reinsel
2010 Industrial
WaterWorld 2 Coal mining

Historic Mine Uses Ion Exchange for Copper,
Cobalt Removal Industry publication Paul Egder, Adam Szczesniak, Mark
Korzenecki 2010 Industrial
WaterWorld 2 Ore mining and dressing

Treatment System Extracts
Value from Acid Mine Drainage Industry publication Unknown
2010 Industrial
WaterWorld 1 Coal mining

Turnkey Treatment System
Tackles Food

- Processing
Wastewater Industry publication Unknown

2010 Industrial
WaterWorld 2 Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables

processing
Zero Liquid Discharge
Installation is the First
Permit

- Free Chromium Plating Operation Industry publication David Delasanta

2010 Industrial
WaterWorld 2 Metal finishing

Use of Ozone in a Pilot

Scale Plant for Textile
Wastewater Pre

- treatment: Physico

- chemical Efficiency, Degradation By

- products Identification
and Environmental Toxicity of Treated
Wastewater Peer

reviewed journal Cleder A. Somensi,
Edésio L. Simionatto, Sávio L. Bertoli, Alberto Wisniewski Jr.,
Claudemir M.
Radetski 2010 Journal of
Hazardous
Materials 6 Textile mills

A Carbonless, Total Nitrogen Removal Process Industry publication Chandler Johnson 2010 Pollution Engineering 4 Nonclassifiable
establishmentsAppendix F



### F

- 8 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry Stripping Cleans Up: Research on the stripping performance of wastewater containing high

concentration ammonia

nitrogen and zinc from a refinery plant Industry publication Jiang Linshi, Li Wei, Ma Hongfei, Li Na

2010 Pollution Engineering 4 Petroleum refining

Wastewater Helps Run
Your Car Industry publication Dr. Marcus Allhands

2010 Pollution Engineering 1 Organic chemicals, plastics and synthetic fibers

Characterization and
Treatment of Selenium in Water Discharged from Surface Coal Mining Operations in West Virginia Conference proceeding T. Harrison, T. Sandy, K. Leber, R. Srinivasan, J. McHale, J. Constant 2010 SME Annual Meeting 5 Coal mining

Clear Results: Magnetic Ion Exchange Could Enable Pulp and Paper
Mills to Reuse More
Water. Industry publication Michael Bourke and Abigail Holmquist
2010 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 4 Pulp, paper and paperboard

Food Wastes? No
Problem! Full

- scale
Anaerobic Membrane
Bioreactor Proves it Can Handle High

- Strength
Industrial Wastewater Industry publication Scott Christian, Shannon Grant, Dwain Wilson, Peter McCarthy, Dale Mills, Mike
Kolakowski 2010 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 4 Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables

processing

High Strength? No Problem: Variable, High

strength Wastewater Not a
Problem for Static
Granular Bed Reactors Industry publication Jaeyoung Park, Michael F. Lally, Jin Hwan Oh, Timothy
G. Ellis 2010 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 7 Meat and poultry products

Needs More Work

Industry publication Forough Firouzi, Mark A. Ross,
Gordon Champneys,
Michael J.
McFarland 2010 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 3 Metal finishing

Suitable for Reuse

Industry publication Elisângela Schneider, Ana Cláudia Figueiras
Pedreira de Cerqueira, Geraldo Sant’Anna Jr.,
Marcia Dezotti 2010 WEF Industrial
Wastewater 4 Petroleum refiningAppendix F



### F

- 9 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry A Coordinated Approach to Achieving NPDES Permit Compliance for Mercury and Selenium in a Refinery Effluent Conference proceeding Greg Pulliam, Anthony Congram, Hal Davis, Bob Davis, Patricia
Nelson 2010 WEFTEC 16 Petroleum refining

Evaluation of Activated Sludge Microfiltration for Refinery Wastewater
Reuse Conference proceeding Christian Cabral, Erica Blumenschein,
Carla Robinson 2010 WEFTEC 18 Petroleum refining

Wastewater Reuse Considerations at a Petroleum Refinery Conference proceeding Lucy Pugh, Alan Burghart, Carl Finlay 2010 WEFTEC 16 Petroleum refining

NPDES #WV1003763,
Outlet #2 Selenium Treatment System Evaluation Report Industry publication Coal Mac, Inc.

2011 Consent Decree Report 3 Coal mining

Desalinating Produced
Water For Beneficial Re

Use Industry publication Lnsp Nagghappan
2011 Industrial
WaterWorld 3 Oil and gas
extraction

High Recovery Reverse
Osmosis for Treatment of
Produced Water Industry publication Bob Kimball, Ken
Klinko 2011 Industrial
WaterWorld 2 Oil and gas
extraction

A Review of the Cooling
Water Methods for Sodium Hypochlorite Activation of
Sodium Bromide into a Hypobromous Acid

– Hypobromite Biocide Conference proceeding Liz Harrelson, Jonathan Howarth, Courtney Mesrobian, Todd
Shaver 2011 IWC 10 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Absorbent Technology for
Removal of Soluble Mercury at the Trace Contaminant Level (Low Part Per Trillion) Conference proceeding Gina Sacco, Cheryl
Soltis

- Muth
2011 IWC 10 Centralized

waste treatment

Anti

- Fouling Membrane System for Industrial
Wastewater Treatment and Recovery Conference proceeding Joon Min, Daeik Kim, Yong Eum, Gi T. Park, Sang W. Kim, Jang K. Kim,
Dae H. Rhu 2011 IWC 11 Miscellaneous
foods and beverages, Oil and gas extraction,

Organic chemicals, plastics and synthetic fibers
Case Study on Selenium
Removal from a Combined
FGD Wastewater and
Landfill Leachate for a
Power Plant on the Ohio
River Conference proceeding Michael Soller, PE,
CPC

, James
Harwood

, Tim
Pickett 2011 IWC 12 Steam electric

power generatingAppendix F



### F

- 10 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry

Ceramic Membranes: De

oiling and Produced Water Recovery, Operating Performance, Successes
and Failures Conference proceeding R. Gay

- de

- Montella, Worley Parsons, T. Harding, V. Martez 2011 IWC 8 Oil and gas
extraction

Chemical Treatment and
Fill Selection Methods to Minimize Scaling/Fouling in Cooling Towers Conference proceeding Brad Buecker, Ray Post, Rich Aull 2011 IWC 10 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Concepts in Zero

- Liquid Discharge Conference proceeding Christian, Melches; Matthias, Lowenberg; Gunter,
Hofmann 2011 IWC 17 Steam electric

power generating

Demonstration Test of Iron
Addition to a Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)
Absorber to Enhance Flue
Gas Selenium Removal Conference proceeding Thomas E. Higgins, Karen Meade, Denis
Fink 2011 IWC 14 Steam electric

power generating

Enzymatic Removal of Selenocyanate from Sour Water Stripper Bottoms Conference proceeding Greg DeLozier, Ph.D., Yakup Nurdogan, Ph.D.,
P.E. 2011 IWC 9 Petroleum refining

Evaluation of Carbon
Sources for the Anaerobic
Treatment of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Wastewaters for Heavy
Metals Removal Conference proceeding Antonio O. Lau, Rudy Labban, Sunil Mehta, A. Paul Togna 2011 IWC 16 Steam electric

power generating

Hydrodynamic Cavitation for Cooling Water Treatment: A Technology Update Conference proceeding Philip Vella

2011 IWC 10 Miscellaneous
foods and beverages

In Search of the Highest Purity Ion Exchange Resin Available Stretching the
Limit of Microelectronics Conference proceeding Alan Knapp, Slava
Libman 2011 IWC 10 Electrical and
electronic components

Organic Removal with
Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) from Distillate
Water with Bio

- Fouling Tendency, and associated
issues: A Follow

- up Report
on a Power Plant Case

Study Conference proceeding Emmanuel Quagraine

2011 IWC 26 Steam electric

power generatingAppendix F



### F

- 11 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry Piloting Conventional and Emerging Industrial
Wastewater Treatment Technologies for the
Treatment of Oil Sands
Process Affected Water Conference proceeding Richard Mah, Rodney Guest,
Pritesh Kotecha 2011 IWC 16 Oil and gas
extraction

Preliminary Assessment of a Thermal Zero Liquid Discharge Strategy for
Coal

- Fired Power Plants Conference proceeding H.A. Nebrig; Xinjun (Jason) Teng; David
Downs 2011 IWC 13 Steam electric

power generating

Produced Water Softener Regeneration Using Boiler
Blowdown Conference proceeding Francis Boodoo, Stephen Moylan 2011 IWC 9 Oil and gas
extraction

Recovery and Recycling of
Industrial Side

- stream
Wastewater Conference proceeding Michael Chan
2011 IWC 6 Metal finishing

Solidification of FDG Wastewater with Fly Ash: Feasibility and Fate Analysis Conference proceeding Rudy Labban, Denise Horner,
Mark Owens 2011 IWC 11 Steam electric

power generating

Sulfate Removal from Acid Mine Drainage for
Potential Water Re

- use Conference proceeding Alex West, David Kratochvil, Phil
Fatula 2011 IWC 15 Mineral mining and processing, Ore mining and dressing

The Use of Constructed
Wetlands in the Treatment
of Flue Gas
Desulfurization
Wastewater Conference proceeding Jared Morrison, Christopher Snider, Dennis Haag 2011 IWC 14 Steam electric

power generating

Using Permeate Suction to
Reduce Concentration Polarization in Spiral
Wound Nanofiltration
Module Conference proceeding Awad El

- Shamy, Robert Carnahan, Mahmoud Nachabe, Mark Ross, Ayden Sunol, Ahmed Said 2011 IWC 11 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Generating 'Light Work' Removing Heavy Metals Industry publication Rob Aldave, Steven Buday 2011 Pollution Engineering 4 Steam electric

power generating
Regenerative Turbine Aeration Technology Industry publication Stuart Ward 2011 Pollution Engineering 4 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Pilot Field

- scale
Demonstration of a Novel Alum Sludge

- based
Constructed Wetland System for Enhanced
Wastewater Treatment Peer

reviewed journal Y.Q. Zhao, A.O. Babatunde, Y.S. Hu, J.L.G. Kumar, X.H.
Zhao 2011 Process Biochemistry 6 Agricultural
servicesAppendix F



### F

- 12 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry

Enhancement of Start

- up of Pilot

- scale Granular
SBR Fed with Real
Wastewater Peer

reviewed journal Yong

- Qiang Liu, Yunhua Kong, Joo

Hwa Tay, Jianrong
Zhu 2011 Separation and Purification Technology 7 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Petroleum Refinery Stripped Sour Water Treatment Using the Activated Sludge Process Peer

reviewed journal Rion Merlo, Matthew Gerhardt, Fran Burlingham, Carla De Las Casas, Everett Gill, T. Houston Flippin 2011 Water
Environment

Research 12 Petroleum refining

Removal of Organics and
Nutrients from Food Wastewater Using
Combined Thermophilic
Two

- phase Anaerobic Digestion and Shortcut Biological Nitrogen
Removal Peer

reviewed journal Fenghao Cui, Seungho Lee,
Moonil Kim

2011 Water Research 8 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Activated Anaerobic Digestion with a
Membrane Filtration System Conference proceeding S. Joh Kang, Kevin Olmstead, Oliver Schraa, Dai Hwan Rhu, Young Jin Em, Jang Kyu Kim, Joon H. Min, 2011 WEFTEC 19 CAFO

Chemical Treatment for Nitrite Nitrogen Removal
from Stainless Steel Pickling Liquor
Wastewater Conference proceeding Ryan A. Kirkland, A. Todd Lusk, Dr. Meint Olthof, David
G. Gilles 2011 WEFTEC 7 Iron and steel manufacturing

Coal Seam Gas Water
Treatment and Reuse Options Conference proceeding Graeme R. Lewis,
Peter Baudish 2011 WEFTEC 16 Oil and gas
extraction

Conceptual Design and Evaluation of Zero Liquid Discharge Systems for Management of Industrial
Wastewater Conference proceeding Kristen Jenkins, Tom Higgins, Jim Mavis, Tom Sandy, Laura Reid, Ken
Martins 2011 WEFTEC 10 Steam electric

power generating

Extreme Water Reuse: Recycling in a Food Products Industry Conference proceeding Nicholas B. Cooper, Tracy Barker, A.G.
Fishbeck 2011 WEFTEC 8 Wholesale trade

- durable goods

Framework for a Mixed

Culture Biofilm Model to
Describe Oxidized Nitrogen, Sulfur, and
Selenium Removal in a
Biofilm Reactor Conference proceeding Joshua P. Boltz, Doris Brockmann, Thomas Sandy, Bruce R. Johnson, Glen T. Daigger, Kristen Jenkins, Kar
Manirathinam 2011 WEFTEC 12 Nonclassifiable
establishmentsAppendix F



### F

- 13 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry

Industrial Waste Waters
Re

- use: Application of 3FM High Speed Filtration and High Rate Softening as
Pre

- Treatment of Wastewaters from the High Water Consuming Pulp & Paper Sector Conference proceeding Marie

- Pierre Denieul, Stephanie Mauchauffee, Eric Barbier, Gilles Le Calvez, Aurore De Laval, Marielle
Coste 2011 WEFTEC 15 Pulp, paper and paperboard

Membranes for
Wastewater Reclamation
and Reuse for
Petrochemical and Petroleum Refining
Industries Conference proceeding Joseph Wong

2011 WEFTEC 12 Petroleum refining

Pretreatment of Electronics
Wastewater for Reuse: Removal of Calcium Using Controlled Hydrodynamic
Cavitation Conference proceeding Sunjip Kim, Jin

Young Park, Yong

Woo Lee, Jae

- Jin Lee, Yun

- Kyu Choi, Kyu

- Won Hwang, Philip Vella, Won

Kwon Lee 2011 WEFTEC 16 Electrical and
electronic components

Process Design for Simultaneously Removing Arsenic and Manganese Conference proceeding H. C. Liang, Samuel J. Billin, Joseph R.
Tamburini 2011 WEFTEC 6 Coal mining

Process Optimization of a Petroleum Refinery
Wastewater Treatment Facility Using Process modeling and Site Specific
Biokinetic Constants Conference proceeding Hank Andres, David Kujawski, Oliver Schraa, Che

- Jen Lin, Arthur Wong 2011 WEFTEC 15 Petroleum refining

Purification of High Copper and TDS Acid Mine Drainage Water Using F

- LLXTM AMD VEPTM Liquid

- Liquid Extraction Technology Conference proceeding Paul J. Usinowicz, Bruce F. Monzyk, Ann E. Lane, Tenisha Highsmith,
Niharika Chauhan 2011 WEFTEC 9 Ore mining and dressing

Selenium Treatment of
Mine Water Effluent in a
Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) Conference proceeding Kar Munirathinam, Rangesh Srinivasan, Jeff J. Tudini, Tom A. Sandy, Tim D.
Harrison 2011 WEFTEC 21 Coal mining

Soluble and Total
Aluminum after NaOH
Neutralization of Acid Rock Discharges Conference proceeding Ronald Neufeld, Xunchi Pu, Oscar Martinez Vazquez 2011 WEFTEC 8 Coal mining

Steel Slag Filtration for
Extensive Treatment of Mining Wastewater Conference proceeding Dominique Claveau

Mallet, Scott Wallace, Yves
Comeau 2011 WEFTEC 14 Coal miningAppendix F



### F

- 14 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry Treatment of Acrylic Acid
Production Wastewater Using a Submerged
Anaerobic Membrane
Bioreactor Conference proceeding Michael Allison, Kripa Singh, Jonathan Webb,
Shannon Grant 2011 WEFTEC 11 Organic chemicals, plastics and synthetic fibers

Uranium (VI) Reduction
Under Facultative
Anaerobic Conditions Conference proceeding Simphiwe Chabalala, Evans M.
N. Chirwa 2011 WEFTEC 9 Ore mining and dressing

Use of Dissolved Gas
Flotation for Clarification of Biological Solids from a Petroleum Refinery Activated Sludge System Conference proceeding Brian Foy, Dr. Enos Stover, Charles C. Ross, J. Patrick
Pierce 2011 WEFTEC 14 Petroleum refining

Use of Softening

Enhanced High Density Sludge Treatment to
Recover Mine Water for Beneficial Irrigation Reuse Conference proceeding Jim Stefanoff, Darby Stacey, James Almaas, Greg Pulliam, Karen
Meade 2011 WEFTEC 9 Ore mining and dressing

A Simultaneous Removal of Beryllium and
Ammonium

– nitrogen from Smelting Wastewater in
Bench

- and Pilot

- scale Biological Aerated Filter Peer

reviewed journal Fang Sun, Wei

- Ling
Sun

2012 Chemical Engineering

Journal 8 Nonferrous
metals manufacturing

Hospital Wastewater Treatment by Membrane
Bioreactor: Performance and Efficiency for Organic Micropollutant Elimination Peer

reviewed journal Lubomira Kovalova, Hansruedi Siegrist, Heinz Singer, Anita Wittmer, Christa S.
McArdell 2012 Environmental
Science & Technology 10 Hospital

Biosorption and Recovery
of Chromium from Industrial Wastewaters By Using Saccharomyces
cerevisiae in a Flow

Through System Peer

reviewed journal Giovanni Colica,
Pier Cesare Mecarozzi, Roberto De Philippis 2012 Industrial & Engineering

Chemistry
Research 6 Metal finishing

Removal of Cr(VI) and Humic Acid by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in a Laboratory Reactor and a
Pilot Reactor Peer

reviewed journal Lucía d. C. Cid, María d. C. Grande, Eduardo O. Acosta, Berta Ginzberg 2012 Industrial & Engineering

Chemistry
Research 7 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Use of Constructed Wetland Systems with
Arundo and Sarcocornia for Polishing High Salinity Tannery Wastewater Peer

reviewed journal Cristina S.C. Calheiros, Paula V.B. Quitério

, Gabriela Silva, Luís F.C. Crispim, Hans Brix, Sandra C. Moura, Paula M.L.
Castro 2012 Journal of
Environmental Management 6 Leather tanning and finishingAppendix F



### F

- 15 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry Study of Permeate Flux in
Micellar

- enhanced
Ultrafiltration on a Semi

Pilot Scale: Simultaneous Removal of Heavy Metals from Phosphorous Rich
Real Wastewaters Peer

reviewed journal Piia Hayrynen,
Junkal Landaburu

Aguirre, Eva Pongracz, Riitta L.
Keiski 2012 Separation and Purification Technology 8 Fertilizer manufacturing

Acid Mine Drain (AMD) Treatment to Achieve Very Low Residual Heavy Metal
Concentrations Conference proceeding Miroslav Colic, Jack Hogan 2012 WEFTEC 23 Ore mining and dressing

Bench

- and Pilot

- Scale Testing of Ion Exchange
and Zero Valent Iron Technologies for Selenium
Removal from a Surface
Coal Mine Run

- Off Water Conference proceeding Ken Martins, Jeremy Johnson, Karen Leber, Rangesh Srinivasan, Bo
Heller 2012 WEFTEC 21 Coal mining

Breakpoint Chlorination of Petroleum Refinery
WWTP Effluent Conference proceeding Carla L. De Las Casas, Matthew B. Gerhardt, Rion P. Merlo, T. Houston Flippin, Fran B. Burlingham, David S. Murray 2012 WEFTEC 14 Petroleum refining

Comparison of COD and Toxicity Removal during Activated Sludge and

MBBR Treatment of Kraft Pulp Mill Effluent Conference proceeding Natália R. de Rezende, Ann H. Mounteer, Geovana C. Mozer, Eduarda
O. Reis 2012 WEFTEC 11 Pulp, paper and paperboard

Development of a Site Specific Toxicity

- based Operating Guideline for
Nitrite Nitrogen in a Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Discharge Conference proceeding David W. Johnston, Scott M. Anderson,
David R. Marrs 2012 WEFTEC 11 Petroleum refining

Dissolved Air Flotation as Secondary Clarification Conference proceeding Houston Flippin, Larry Cuomo and Lynn Petersen 2012 WEFTEC 6 Dairy products processing

Evaluation Of PEG Biodegradability Using
MBR And MBBR Conference proceeding Daniel B. Wilkinson, Katie L. Jones, Angela J. Walsh, Laura R.
Crisman 2012 WEFTEC 11 Pharmaceutical manufacturing

Fate and Effect of Naphthenic Acids on Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems in Oil
Refineries Conference proceeding Spyros G. Pavlostathis, Teresa Misiti, Ulas Tezel,
Madan Tandukar 2012 WEFTEC 10 Petroleum refiningAppendix F



### F

- 16 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry

Fluidized Bed Bioreactor Technology: Implementation and Operation for Industrial
Contaminated Water
Treatment Conference proceeding Todd S. Webster, Dave Enegess, Sam
Frisch

2012 WEFTEC 12 Centralized
waste treatment,

Coal mining,

Inorganic
chemicals manufacturing,

Petroleum

refining

Industrial Water Treatment and Resource Recovery Using Anti

- Fouling Membrane System for Brewery Wastewater Conference proceeding Joon H. Min, Young J. Eum, Charles Wardle, Allen Chen, Jarod Limke, Gi T. Park, Sang U. Kim, Jang K. Kim, Dae H. Rhu 2012 WEFTEC 8 Miscellaneous
foods and beverages

Management of Soluble Organics in Produced and
Flowback Waters with Swellable, Absorbent
Glass Conference proceeding Paul Edmiston, Justin Keener, Shawn McKee, Scott Buckwald, Gregory Hallahan, Michael
Grossman 2012 WEFTEC 14 Oil and gas
extraction

MBBR to MBR

– Unique Process Configuration for
Pharmaceutical
Wastewater
Treatment/Reuse Conference proceeding Katie L. Jones,
Daniel B. Wilkinson, Angela J. Walsh, Laura R.
Crisman 2012 WEFTEC 12 Pharmaceutical manufacturing

MBR for Wastewater Recycling in Textile Industry The Experiences of an Operator from Idea to Implementation Conference proceeding R. Teckenberg, T. Pohlers, A. Ghazinuri, M.Hoffmeister, S.
Schuler 2012 WEFTEC 8 Textile mills

Pilot Study of Pulp & Paper Mill Effluent
Treatment with MBR

- RO System Conference proceeding Vetrivel Dhagumudi, Dr. Dongxu Yan 2012 WEFTEC 13 Pulp, paper and paperboard

Pilot Testing of Selenium
Removal in a Surface Coal Mine Water Containing High Nitrate and Selenium
Concentrations Conference proceeding Matthew Gay, Rangesh Srinivasan,
Kar Munirathinamm, Tom A. Sandy 2012 WEFTEC 18 Coal mining

Remote High

- Altitude Pilot Treatment System for Mining

- Impacted Waters Conference proceeding Christina Progess, Ram Ramaswami, John DeAngelis,
Tom Rutkowski 2012 WEFTEC 4 Ore mining and dressing

Removal of Selenium in Refinery Effluent with Adsorption Media Conference proceeding Missy Hayes, Nancy
Sherwood 2012 WEFTEC 12 Petroleum refiningAppendix F



### F

- 17 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry

Selenium Removal from Oil Refinery Wastewater Using Advanced Biological Metal Removal (ABMet®) Process Conference proceeding Yakup Nurdogan, Patrick Evans, Jill Sonstegard 2012 WEFTEC 13 Petroleum refining

Selenium Treatment in Refinery Wastewater Conference proceeding Sudini Padmasiri, Ronald Olivacce, Charles Meyer 2012 WEFTEC 13 Petroleum refining

Treatment of Fatty
Wastewater from Food and Beverage Processing
Industries Conference proceeding Markus Roediger, Ralph Teckenberg

, Alexander Ghazinuri 2012 WEFTEC 9 Dairy products processing, Meat and poultry

products
Water Chemistry
Considerations for Improving Molybdenum
Removal at a Mine Water Treatment Facility Conference proceeding H. C. Liang, Glenn Wright, Joseph R. Tamburini, W.
Brinson Willis 2012 WEFTEC 6 Ore mining and dressing

Use of High

- Pressure CO2 for Concentrating CrVI from Electroplating Wastewater by Mg−Al Layered Double Hydroxide Peer

reviewed journal Xiangying Lv, Zhi Chen, Yongjing Wang, Feng Huang, Zhang Lin 2013 Applied Materials and Interfaces 5 Metal finishing

Optimization of
Continuous Reactor at
Pilot Scale for Olive

- oil
mill wastewater treatment by Fenton

- like process Peer

reviewed journal Gassan Hodaifa,
J.M. Ochando

Pulido, S. Rodriguez

- Vives, A.
Martinez

- Ferez 2013 Chemical Engineering

Journal 8 Miscellaneous
foods and beverages

Treatment of Copper Wastewater Using Optimal
Current Electrochemical

– Coagulation Peer

reviewed journal Kyungtae Kim, Fenghao Cui, Hyunsik Yoon,
Moonil Kim 2013 Environmental Technology 8 Electrical and
electronic components

Complete Removal of Organic Contaminants from Hypersaline Wastewater by the Integrated Process of
Powdered Activated Carbon Adsorption and
Thermal Fenton Oxidation Peer

reviewed journal Weijun Zhang, Xiaoyin Yang, Dongsheng Wang

2013 Industrial & Engineering

Chemistry
Research 7 Organic chemicals, plastics and synthetic fibers

Nitrification Performance
in a Membrane Bioreactor Treating Industrial
Wastewater Peer

reviewed journal Lukas Dvorak, Jan Svojitka, Jirı Wanner, Thomas Wintgens 2013 Water Research 10 Nonclassifiable
establishments

Coke Oven Wastewater Treatment Using on
Immersed Membrane Biological Reactor Conference proceeding Art Kuljian , Jr, Ben Mutton, Greg
Shamitko 2013 WEFTEC 21 Petroleum refiningAppendix F



### F

- 18 T able F

- 1. Articles Entered into IWTT

Title Document Type Author ( s ) Date Journal or
Publisher Page Industry Design and Performance of
the First Full Scale
Membrane Bioreactor Plant Treating Oil Refinery
Effluent in Brazil Conference proceeding Ana Claudia Cerqueira, Tiago Lopes, Vania Santiago, Marcus Vallero, Joubert Trovati, Brian Arntsen, Wajahat Syed 2013 WEFTEC 12 Petroleum refining

EcoRight MBR Pilot Study Investigating Treatability
of a Saudi Aramco Refinery Wastewater Conference proceeding William Cunningham, Chad
Felch , Duane Smith,
Thomas Vollstedt 2013 WEFTEC 21 Petroleum refining

Electrocoagulation:
Performance in Treatment of Slop Water and Other
Wastewaters Conference proceeding Alena Tetreault

Haarstad, Peter Dold, Tore Oian 2013 WEFTEC 17 Oil and gas
extraction

Fracking Wastewater
Treatment at Collection Facility Conference proceeding Miroslav Colic, Ray Guthrie, Ariel
Lechter 2013 WEFTEC 13 Oil and gas
extraction

MBR Based Treatment of Tractor Manufacturing
Wastewater Conference proceeding Miroslav Colic, Ray Guthrie, Ariel
Lechter 2013 WEFTEC 20 Metal finishing

Selenium Recovery for
Beneficial Reuse from Zinc Smelting Processing at Low pH conditions Conference proceeding Jang K. Kim, Joon H. Min, Young Jin Eum, Eui J. Yang, Myeong J. Yu, Jungwoo Lee 2013 WEFTEC 11 Nonferrous
metals manufacturing

Selenium Removal from a Refinery Wastewater: Integrated Approach from
Source Control to
Wastewater Treatment Conference proceeding Marinetti Mauro, Ciongoli Bernardino, Zaffaroni Carlo,
Munirathinam Kar 2013 WEFTEC 18 Petroleum refining

Treatment of Refinery Wastewater Containing High Concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand
and Total Sulfides for Low Odor Processing through a Capacity

- Challenged
Bioreactor Conference proceeding Rich Clasen, Stan Heimburger, Mike Fagan, Mostafa
Jahanian 2013 WEFTEC 13 Petroleum refining

### APPENDIX G

PERFORMANCE DATA IN IWTTAppendix G



### G

- 1 APPENDIX G

PERFORMANCE DATA IN IWTT

Table G

- 1. Parameters with Performance Data in IWTT

Parameter a Frequency
Acetic acid, 2

- bromo

- 2

- chloro 1
Acids, volatile fatty (as acetic acid) 1
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 2
Alkalinity, bicarbonate (as CaCO3) 1
Alkalinity, total (as CaCO3) 2

Aluminum 3

Ammonia 4

Ammonia (as N) 9
Ammonia (as NH3) 10
Ammonia (as NH4) 4
Ammonia, total 6

Ammonia

- nitrogen 5
Ammonium, nonvolatile 1
Ammonium, volatile 1

Ammonium

- nitrogen 3
Ampicillin 1

Arsenic 6
Arsenic, total (as As) 1
Azithromycin 1

Barium 1
Barium, total 1

Benzene 2
Benzo(a)pyrene 1
Beryllium 1

BOD 21
BOD, carbonaceous, 05 day, 20 C 1
BOD, total 1

BOD5 9

Boron 2

BTEX 4

Cadmium 10

Calcium 8
Carbon dioxide (as CO2) 2
Carbon, dissolved organic (as C) 3
Carbon, tot organic (TOC) 13Appendix G



### G

- 2 Table G

- 1. Parameters with Performance Data in IWTT

Parameter a Frequency Chemical oxygen demand 43
Chemical oxygen demand, dissolved 1
Chemical oxygen demand, soluble 5
Chemical oxygen demand, total 12

Chloride 11

Chlorinated VOCs 1

Chlorine 1
Chlorine, total residual 1

Chloroform 1
Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin) 1

Chromium 9
Chromium, hexavalent 5
Chromium, total 4
Ciprofloxacin 1

Cobalt 1
Color, concentration at wavelength 4
Conductivity 11
Copper 9
Copper, total 2
Cyanide 3
Cyanide, total (as CN) 2
Cyanide, weak acid, dissociable 1
Dibromoacetic acid (DBAA) 1

Dichloromethane 1
Dissolved oxygen (DO) 6
Ethylbenzene 2
Fats, oils and grease (FOG) 7
Fats, oils and grease, total (TFOG) 2

Fluoride 3
Haloacetic acids (HAA5) 1
Hardness (as CaCO3) 1
Hardness, Ca calculated (mg/L as CaCO3) 1
Hardness, Mg calculated (mg/L as CaCO3) 1
Hardness, total (as CaCO3) 1
Hydrogen sulfide 2

Iron 7
Iron, total 3

Lead 4
Magnesium 5
Manganese 4Appendix G



### G

- 3 Table G

- 1. Parameters with Performance Data in IWTT

Parameter a Frequency Manganese, total 1
Mercury 4
Morphine 1
Naphthalene 1
Naphthenic acid 5

Nickel 12
Nickel, total 1

Nitrate 5
Nitrate (as N) 6
Nitrate (as NO3) 1
Nitrite (as N) 3
Nitrite (as NO2) 1
Nitrogen, inorganic total 1
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl total (TKN) 9
Nitrogen, total 10

n

- Propylbenzene 1

Oil 2
Oil and grease 10
Oil and grease, hexane extr method 3

ORP 2
Oxygen demand, chem. (COD), dissolved 2
Oxygen demand, total 2
Perchlorate (ClO4) 1

Phenol 5
Phenol, nonvolatile 1
Phenol, volatile 1
Phenolic compounds, total 1

Phenols 4
Phosphate 2
Phosphate (as P) 1
Phosphate, ortho (as P) 1
Phosphate, total (as PO4) 1
Phosphorus 5
Phosphorus, total 12
Phosphorus, total (as P) 1
Selenate (VI) 2
Selenite (IV) 2

Selenium 5
Selenium, dissolved 3
Selenium, dissolved 0.45 um filter 1Appendix G



### G

- 4 Table G

- 1. Parameters with Performance Data in IWTT

Parameter a Frequency
Selenium, total 10
Silica, dissolved (as SiO2) 1
Silica, total (as SiO2) 2

Silver 2

Sodium 5
Sodium, total (as Na) 1
Solids, total 2
Solids, total dissolved (TDS) 17
Solids, total volatile 2
Solids, volatile suspended 5
Strontium, total (as Sr) 1

Sulfate 9
Sulfate, total (as SO4) 1

Sulfide 4

Surfactants 1
Suspended solids 3
Thiocyanate 2

Tin 2

Toluene 2
Total petroleum hydrocarbons 2
Total phenols 1
Total suspended solids 38
Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) 1
Turbidity 8

Vanadium 1
Xylene 2

Zinc 9

a Parameter names are only as specific as the names stated in each article.

### APPENDIX H

IWTT DATA ELEMENT DICTIONARY
A ND REFERENCE TABLESAppendix H



### H

- 1 APPENDIX H

IWTT DATA ELEMENT DI CTIONARY AND REFEREN CE TABLES

Table H

- 1. Data Element Dictionary

Field Name Description Data Type Associated Data Tables

Authors All authors listed in same order as the article. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Main Author First author’s organization or affiliation. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information
Ref_Date A rticle publication year

. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Title Article title

. Memo 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Journal_Publisher The name of the journal

, conference proceedings, or publisher of the
article. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Volume_or_Pages Article page length or volume number (if available). Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Abstract A copy of the article’s abstract. Memo 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Key_Findings A summary of wastewater treatment system implementation and performance. Memo 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Motivation A brief description of the motivation to evalua te or implement the wastewater treatment system. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

PSC_ref If treatment system is lab scale, the Point Source Category (PSC) code selected from KEY_PSCSIC_Crosswalk. PSC codes are assigned in a separate table for each pilot

- or full

- scale treatment system; see the field “PSC_Code.” Number 1_INPUT_Reference_Inform ation

SIC_ref If treatment system is lab scale, the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code selected from KEY_PSCSIC_Crosswalk. SIC codes are assigned in a separate table for each pilot

- or full

- scale treatment system; see the field “SIC_Code.” Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

MainParameter The main parameters or classes of parameters focused on or targeted
for removal in the article. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Waste_Stream The type of wastewater undergoing treatment. Default value is "process wastewater." Text 1_INPUT_Reference_InformationAppendix H



### H

- 2 Table H

- 1. Data Element Dictionary

Field Name Description Data Type Associated Data Tables

Article_TT_Codes If treatment system is lab scale, the treatment technology code(s) are entered, listed in unit order for the treatment system. Treatment technology codes are defined in KEY_Treatme ntTechCode. See
Table H

- 6 for descriptions of the treatment technology codes. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

1_Notes Any notes about relevant or unique aspects of the article

, as a whole

, which are not captured in another field. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Pilot_or_Field_Study Displayed as “True/False.” Select “True” if the article describes pilot

- or full

- scale treatment system(s). Yes/No 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Empirical_Data Displayed as “True/False.” Select “True” if there are measured, numerical (and not modeled) data about the wastewater treatment system(s). Yes/No 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Performance_Data_Available Displayed as “True/False.” Select “True” if influent and effluent data (numerical values) or percent removal only (no numerical concentrations) are presented in the article. Yes/No 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Selected_for_Review Displayed as “True/False.” Select “True” if Pilot_or_Field_Study

, Empirical_Data, and Performance_Data_Available are all checked. Yes/No 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Country Country in which the described treatment system was implemented,
either USA or International. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information

Industry The industry name selected from KEY_PSCSIC_Crosswalk. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information; 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Ref ID The u nique ID for each article. Number 1_INPUT_Reference_Information; 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology; 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology_Codes; 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits; 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Scale The treatment system’s scale (i.e., lab, pilot, or full scale). User may
select more than one. See Table H

- 3. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information; 2_INPUT_Treatmen t_Technology; Key_Lab_Scale

Doc_ID The unique ID for each document type. See Table H

- 2 for document type values. Number 1_INPUT_Reference_Information; KEY_Document_Types

Motivation_Cat The g eneral motivation category for evaluation or implementation of the wastewater treatment system . User may select more than one. Text 1_INPUT_Reference_Information; KEY_MotivationAppendix H



### H

- 3 Table H

- 1. Data Element Dictionary

Field Name Description Data Type Associated Data Tables

PSC_Code The PSC or Industry code. Numbers in the 400s are promulgated effluent guidelines and correspond to the 40 CRF Part Number

. Number 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Treatment_Tech_Description D etailed description of the treatment system. Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Discharge_Designation The type of wastewater discharge. Values are "direct" discharge to
surface waters or "indirect" discharge to POTWs for further

treatment. Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Media_Type Any relevant media used in a treatment system unit. This typically applies to filters and membranes. Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Low_pH_Range The m inimum value for the operating pH range. Number 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology
High_pH_Range The m aximum value for the operating pH range. Number 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

pH_Descriptor A general value for pH, matching the level of detail stated in the article or a description of the operating pH range. Values may be "Low" for pH < 7 and "High" for pH > 7. Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Chemical_Addition The type, dose

, and location ( i.e., the specific treatment unit) of chemicals added to the system

. Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Addt_System_Parameters Any additional notes about the system parameters not captured in other fields, e.g., residence time, footprint, or energy requirements Memo 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Process_Diagram Figures, pictures, and process diagrams that show the treatment system may be included in the database as attachments. Attachment 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

Manufacturer Name of the manufacturer of the treatment units in the system (if available). Text 2_INPUT_T reatment_Technology

Capital_Cost Estimated or actual capital cost of part of or the entire system. Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

OandM_Cost Estimated or actual operation and maintenance costs of part of or the entire system. Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

2_Notes Any notes about relevant or unique aspects of the wastewater treatment system not captured in another field. Memo 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology

HasPerfData Displayed as “True/False.” Select “True” to indicate that the system described in the article includes removal performance data. Yes/No 2_INPUT_Treatment_TechnologyAppendix H



### H

- 4 Table H

- 1. Data Element Dictionary

Field Name Description Data Type Associated Data Tables

System_Name Unique ID for each system described in an article. An article can have more than one system. The system _name is generated by the following convention: REF ID, followed by “ T ,” and a unique number, starting at 1, and increasing sequentially for each system (e.g., If the assigned REF ID for an article is 10 and two systems are described, the system names are “10T1” and “10T2”.) Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology; 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology_Codes; 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits; 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

NAICS_Cod e The 6

- digit code that identifies North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industries. See the U.S. Census
website for more information (U.S. Census , 2012). Number 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology; KEY_NAICS

SIC_Code The 4

- digit SIC code. Number 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology; KEY_PSCSIC_Crosswalk
TT_Code_Order The order of each unit within the treatment system. Number 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology_Codes

TT_Code A code to describe each treatment technology or unit process, as
defined in KEY_TreatmentTechCode. See Table H

- 6 for descriptions of the technologies. Each wastewater treatment system may have several treatment technologies. Text 2_INPUT_Treatment_Technology_Codes; KEY_TreatmentTechCode

Analytical Method Measurement method as described in each article. If method is not stated, value entered is "None described." Text 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits

Influent DL Detection limit for measurement of parameter in influent wastewater. Number 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits

Influent DL Units Units of influent detection limit. Text 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits

Effluent DL Detection limit for measurement of effluent wastewater

. Number 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits

Effluent DL Limits Units of effluent detection limit. Text 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits

3_Notes Any notes about relevant or unique aspects of the analytical methods not captured in another field. Memo 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits

ParamID A 5

- character code in ICIS

- NPDES that identifies the regulated pollutant parameter and specifies both the pollutant name and pollutant form (e.g., dissolved or suspended) when available. Number 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits; 4_INPUT_Performance_Data; KEY_Parameter_Code

Parameter The name of the parameter measured, corresponding to a parameter ID. The name is only as specific as stated in each article. Text 3_INPUT_Detection_Limits; 4_INPUT_Performance_Data; KEY_Parameter_Code

PramScope Displayed as “True/False.” Select “True” to indicate that the performance data applies to the entire treatment system

. Yes/No 4_INPU T_Performance_DataAppendix H



### H

- 5 Table H

- 1. Data Element Dictionary

Field Name Description Data Type Associated Data Tables

Influent Flag Value qualifier for the influent concentration. Value may be ">

, "

">=

, " "<

, ""<=

, " "~

, " or "ND

. " "ND" is non

- detect. Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Influent Concentration Value of measured influent concentration. Number 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Influent Units Units of influent concentration in mass/volume wastewater (e.g., mg/L, ppm). Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Effluent Flag Value qualifier for the effluent concentration. Value may be ">", ">=", "<","< =", "~", or "ND". "ND" is non

- detect. Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Effluent Concentration Value of measured influent concentration. Number 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Effluent Units Units of influent concentration in mass/volume wastewater ( e.g., mg/L, ppm). Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

% Removal Flag Value qualifier for the percent removal reported in the article. Value may be ">

, " ">=

, " "<

, ""<=

, " or "~

. " Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Report % Removal The percent of pollutant removal by the treatment system, as reported
in the article. Number 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Effluent Limit Value of effluent limit as stated in the article. Number 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

EL Units Units of the effluent limit. Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

EL Description Description or type of limit. Preferably a permit limit, but can include proposed limits or targeted goals (e.g ., maximum daily, average monthly ). Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

EL 2 Value of additional effluent limit as stated in the article. Number 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

EL Units 2 Units of the effluent limit. Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

EL Description 2 If more than one limit is described, description or type of the additional limit. Preferably a permit limit, but can include proposed limits or targeted goals (e.g ., maximum daily, average monthly ). Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

EL 3 Value of additional effluent limit as stated in the article. Number 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

EL Units 3 Units of the effluent limit. Text 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

EL Description 3 If more than one limit is described, description or type of the additional limit. Preferably a permit limit, but can include proposed limits or targeted goals (e.g ., maximum daily, average monthly ). Text 4_INPUT_Performance_DataAppendix H



### H-6 Table H -1. Data Element Dictionary

Field Name Description Data Type Associated Data Tables

AddtData Displayed as “True/False.” Select “True” if there is additional performance data in the article from what is captured in the database. For example, average value is entered in the database, but maximum
and minimum values were also reported in the article. Yes/No 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

4_Notes Any notes about relevant or unique aspects of the measured parameter not captured in another field. Memo 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

Effluent_Graph Figures or graphs that show parameter removal or effluent quality may be included in the database as attachments. Attachment 4_INPUT_Performance_Data

PerformStatID Unique ID number of the statistical measurement type. Also serves
as the order in which PerformStat values are displayed in the form. Number 4_INPUT_Performance_Data; Key_PerformStat

DocumentType Article reference type. Document types include government report,

peer

- reviewed journal, conference proceeding, and industry publication. See Table H

- 2. Text KEY_Document_Types

DocumentType_Order The order of document types displayed in a form. See Table H

- 2. Number KEY_Document_Types

ScaleID Unique ID for the scale of treatment system. Values are defined as the following: “1” is lab scale, “2”is pilot

- scale, and “3” is full

- scale.
See Table H

- 3. Number Key_Lab_Scale

Motivation_ID Unique ID for the motivation category. See Table H

- 4 for descriptions of each ID number. Number KEY_Motivation

Motivation_sort The order in which motivation categories are displayed in the form.
See Table H

- 4. Number KEY_Motivation

NAICS_Desc The name of the NAICS Industry. See the U.S. Census website for more information (http://www.census.gov/cgi

bin/sssd/naics/naicsrch?chart=2 012). Text KEY_NAICS

CAS_NMBR A Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number assigned by the American Chemical Society that uniquely identifies a chemical. Number KEY_Parameter_Codes

Category Categories of different types of pollutants, as identified by the DMR Pollutant Loading Tool. These categories include Conventional, Metals, and Nutrient. If pollutant is not included in a category in this
field or “C ategory 2 ,” then classified as "Non

- con ventional

. " Text KEY_Parameter_Codes

Category 2 Category identifying CWA Priority Toxic Pollutants, see Appendix
A to 40 CFR Part 423. Text KEY_Parameter_CodesAppendix H



### H

- 7 Table H

- 1. Data Element Dictionary

Field Name Description Data Type Associated Data Tables

PerformStat The statistical measurement type for the performance data entered (i.e., average, minimum, median, mode, maximum, unspecified, or individual). See Table H

- 5. Text Key_PerformStat

SICDesc The industry description of the SIC code

. Text KEY_PSCSIC_Crosswalk

PSC PSC or industry code. Numbers in the 400s are promulgated effluent guidelines and correspond to the 40 CRF Part Number

. Number KEY_PSCSIC_Crosswalk

PointSourceCategory Description of the Point Source Category (PSC) or industry. Text KEY_PSCSIC_Crosswalk

TypeofGroup A code for the type of industry group listed in PointSourceCategory.
PSC is Point Source Category; SIC is Standard Industrial Classification System Industry; REV is regulation under development; and PNC is Potential new industrial category. Text KEY_PSCSIC_Crosswalk

TT_ID Unique ID of the treatment technology name and code in the
database. Number KEY_TreatmentTechCode

TT_Name T reatment technology name

. Text KEY_TreatmentTechCode

TT_Category General category of treatment process. Categories include Biological, Physical, and Chemical. See Table H

- 7 for descriptions of the categories. Text KEY_TreatmentTechCode

TT_Variation Other common names or variations of the treatment technology. Text KEY_TreatmentTechCodeAppendix H



### H

- 8 IWTT R EFERENCE 

### T ABLES



### Table H

- 2: KEY_Document Types

Doc_ID DocumentType DocumentType_Order

1 Government report 1

2 Peer

- reviewed journal 2

3 Conference proceeding 3

4 Industry publication 4



### Table H

- 3: KEY_Lab_Scale

ScaleID Scale

1 Lab

2 Pilot

3 Full



### Table H

- 4 : KEY_Motivation

Motivation_ID Motivation_Cat Motivation_sort

1 Effluent limit 1

2 Cost savings 2

3 Water reuse 3

5 Capacity increase 4

6 Zero liquid discharge 5

7 Environmental impairment 6

8 Material recovery 7



### Table H

- 5: KEY_PerformStat

PerformStatID PerformStat

1 Average

2 Median

3 Mode

4 Maximum

5 Minimum

6 Unspecified

7 IndividualAppendix H



### H

- 9 IWTT T REATMENT 

### T ECHNOLOGY 

### C ODE 

### D ESCRIPTIONS



### The Treatment Technology Code Guidance table contains a listing of every identified treatment system unit, their assigned codes, and synonymous treatment systems. Reviewers assign a treatment technology code to each unit within the treatment system. Treatm ent technology codes may be added in cases where novel technologies are described in articles or where technology performance comparisons may benefit from additional specificity. Table H

- 6 provides guidance to assist in assigning the treatment technology c odes. Table H

- 7 provides descriptions of the general treatment technology categories.

Table H

- 6. Treatment Technology Code Guidance

Treatment Name Code Synonyms Description

Alkaline
Chlorination AC N/A Used to destroy cyanides. Most often the process is operated in two stages, with separate tanks for each stage. Destruction of dilute solutions of cyanide by chlorination can be accomplished by direct addition of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), or by addition of chlorine gas plus sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to th e wastewater.

Aerobic Biological
Treatment AD Aerated B iological
R emoval , Aerobic Digestion Biodegradable organic compounds in wastewater are consumed by microorganisms. This process is aerated.

Adsorptive Media ADSM N/A New materials used to remove pollutants via surface adhesion. Do not use this code for packed

- bed or any granular

- filtration process. Expect these to have copyrighted names. This code exclu d es GAC.

Aerobic Fixed Film Biological
Treatment AFF Attached G rowth,
Fixed Bed R eactor, Rotating B iological
C ontactor, Trickling Filter,
Fluidized Bed

R eactor Microorganisms attach to inert media. This process is
aerated.

Aeration AIR Aeration Channel,
A erobic Polishing
C ell Providing contact with air or pure oxygen to increase dissolved oxy gen ( DO ) in wastewater.

Hydrolysis , Alkaline
or Acid AKH N/A Addition of an acid or base (e.g.

, sodium or potassium hydroxide) to enhance biodegradability of organic substances. Used as a pretreatment step before biological treatment and to reduce the toxicity of pesticides.

Anaerobic Biological
Treatment AND Non

- A erated,
Facultative A biological t reatment process that is non

- aerated, hence, without oxygen.

Anaerobic Fixed Film Biological
Treatment ANFF Attached Growth, Fixed Bed Reactor, Rotating B iological Contactor, Trickling Filter,
Fluidized Bed
R eactor Microorganisms attach to inert media.Appendix H



### H

- 10 Table H

- 6. Treatment Technology Code Guidance

Treatment Name Code Synonyms Description

Anaerobic
Membrane
Bio r eactor AnMBR Combination of suspended growth biological treatment
under low or zero dissolved oxygen conditions and
ultrafiltration.

Anaerobic Suspended Growth ANSG A naerobic L agoon Biodegradable organic compounds in wastewater are consumed by microorganisms. The microorganisms are suspended within the wastewater, creating a sludge that is separated from the water.

Advanced Oxidation Processes, Not Classified Elsewhere ( NEC ) AOP Supercritical Water Oxidation, Catalytic Oxidation, Photo Cataly sis (UV +
TiO 2 ) , Fenton's Reagent Various mechanisms to oxidize organic materials not
classified elsewhere.

Aerobic Suspended
Growth ASG Activated Sludge, Aerobic Lagoon Biodegradable organic compounds in wastewater are consumed by microorgan isms. The microorganisms are suspended within the wastewater, creating a sludge that is separated from the water (during clarification

– CLAR) . This process is aerated.
Biological Activated
Carbon Filters BAC Granular media that support microbial growth,

su

bmerged aerated
filter GAC, sand

, or other filter media with microbial growth that can remove residual pollutants via filtration, adsorption, biodegradation, and bioregeneration.

Biofilm Airlift Suspension Reactor BASR Airlift B ioreactor Pneumatic device with defined channels for fluid flow. Air pumped into the unit forces the fluid to flow through channels (internal or external loops). Usually will contain gas, solid

, and liquid phase s

. Bag and Cartridge
Filtration BCF N/A Used to remove suspended solids, typically in systems with lower flow rates. Filter media are shaped as bags or cylindrical cartridges.

Ballasted
Clarification BCLAR BioMag, CoMag, Enhanced Settling, High Rate S ettling,
Actiflo Improve s gravitational set tling rates by addition of a weighing agent to the clarifier, typically magnetite or sand.

Biological
Treatment BIO N/A Biodegradable organic compounds in wastewater are consumed by microorganisms. This is a general term that
should only be used for unspecified biological treatments.
Biological Nutrient
Removal BNR Modified Ludzack

Ettinger (MLE)
Process General term for technologies designed to remove nitrogen species from wastewater.

Chemical
Disinfection CD Hydroxyl Radical, Oxygen, Hydrogen Peroxide, Chlorine
S pecies, Halogens Use of chemicals to disinfect (destroy pathogens in)

wastewater. Use CO when referring to oxidation of pollutants.

Cloth Filtration CF Cloth Media (Disc)
Filter Water is passed through a cloth medi um to remove solids. Cloth is often shaped into discs.Appendix H



### H

- 11 Table H

- 6. Treatment Technology Code Guidance

Treatment Name Code Synonyms Description

Controlled Hydrodynamic

Cavitation CHC M echanical Energy
D evice Device that uses mechanical energy to prevent biofouling,
scale

, and corrosion. The h igh temperatures and physical forces generated promot e chemical reactions, oxid ize organic compounds

, and kill pathogens. Cavitation is the formation and implosion of cavities (bubbles) in a liquid.

Chemical Precipitation Chem
Pre C oagulation and

F locculation Process to remove suspended solids from water. Chemical addition first neutralizes charged particles (coagulation) and promotes particle adhesion to form large, visible clumps (flocculation) that can then settle out of the wastewater.
This term is also used for the addition of lime, alum, ferric
sulfit e, or other precipitants to remove soluble metals from solution by forming insoluble compounds.

Clarification CLAR Settling,
Sedimentation Separation of suspended particles from water by gravitational settling.
Chemical Nitrogen
Removal CNR N/A Redox reaction to remove nitrogen from water or convert between different forms of nitrogen.

Chemical Oxidation CO Hydrogen Peroxide, Permanganate, Chlorine, Bleach Addition of chemicals (in any phase) to oxidize organic compounds. This code excludes ozo ne.

Chemical Phosphorous

Removal CPR N/A Addition of metal

- salts , most commonly alum, to precipitate phosphorus species out of solution.

Centrifugal Separators CS ( Liquid)
H ydrocyclone Mechanical separation of liquids or particles of different densities. Used to separate oil from water and separate light
from dense solids.
Crystallization CYS Fluidized B ed
C rystallization Crystallization describes the formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution. It can be applied post

evaporation (EVAP) to create a solid waste product or to recover a product in the wastewater. When used for product

recovery, c rystallization combines four treatment steps

– coagulation, flocculation, sludge/water separation

, and dewatering. H igh

- purity , reusable water is also produced

. Dissolved Air

Flotation DAF N/A Air is dissolved under pressure and then released at atmospheric pressure in a tank. The released air creates bubbles which adhere to suspended solids, causing the solids to float to the surface where they can be removed by skimming. Removes suspended solids, oil

, and grease

Dechlorination DCL N/A The process of removing residual chlorine from disinfected wastewater prior to discharge into the environment. Sulfur dioxide is most commonly used. Not to be co nfused with degradation of chlorinated organics.
Capacitive
Deionization DEI E lectro

- sorption Removal of dissolved ions through an electrochemical
mechanism.

Dissolved Gas
Flotation DGF Same process as DAF, but uses gases other than air (e .g. , natural gas, nitrogen ).Appendix H



### H

- 12 Table H

- 6. Treatment Technology Code Guidance

Treatment Name Code Synonyms Description

Degasification DGS M embrane
D egasification,

F orced D raft

D egasification Remov al of dissolved gases from water by pressure reduction, membrane degasification, or an unspecified method. This includes heating to remove a gas. If heat ing is used to vaporize water, use EVAP.

Distillation DST N/A C ontaminated water is heated to form steam, leaving inorganic compounds and large, non

- volatile organic molecules behind. The steam is then condensed, forming purified water. Distillation requires input of energy and collection of the purified water.
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus

Removal EBPR Enhanced
B iological

P hosphorus U ptake Use of phosphate

- accumulating organisms to store phosphate within the cell. Phosphate removed in waste sludge.
Electrocoagulation EC N/A Entails passing the wastewater across metal electrodes. EC is used to remove colloids, heavy metals, and emulsified
oils. The direct current solubilizes metal ions and destabilizes charged particles, promoting coagulation and
flocculation.
Electrodialysis ED Electrodialysis Reversal (EDR) I nvolves moving ions in a potential field across alternating polymeric anion

- and cation

- exchange membrane s . A potential difference applied across the membranes traps
ions and separates a brine waste stream from purified water. Electrodialysis works best for removing low molecular weight charged species.
Flow Equalization EQ B uffer tank, F low
C ontrol, F low

B alance A b asin, lagoon, tank

, or reactor that serves to control a
vari able flow of wastewater to achieve a near constant flow into the treatment system or between units.
Evaporation EVAP N/A Water is vaporized and sometimes condensed for reuse. The remaining product is concentrated brine containing the dissolved solids from the original wastewater. The process may be carried out naturally in solar (shallow) evaporation ponds or through the use of commercially available evaporation equipment. The brine may be further

conc entrated during the crystallization process (CYS).

Denitrification
Filters FDN N/A Granular

- media filtration beds that support growth of denitrifying bacteria. These units reduce nitrate to nitrogen gas and remove suspended solids.

Granular

- Media
Filtra tion FI Conventional,
Multi

- M edia , or Sand Filtration Removal of suspended solids is accomplished by passing wastewater through a filter bed of granular media. Media may include sand, walnut shells

, and steel slag.

Forward Osmosis FO E ngineered or Manipulated
O smosis Water transfer through a selectively permeable membrane driven by the osmotic pressure difference across the
membrane. Water is drawn across a membrane to a solution with a higher concentration (relative to the wastewater).
The resultin g separated water must then be further treated to produce a high quality effluent.Appendix H



### H

- 13 Table H

- 6. Treatment Technology Code Guidance

Treatment Name Code Synonyms Description

Granular Activated
Carbon Adsorption GAC N/A Uses the physical/chemical adsorption process to remove
soluble contaminants from wastewater. GAC is a highly
effective a d sorbent due to its large surface area and high porosity. Used to remove organics and some metals and for
taste and odor control.

Gasification GAS D owndraft, Updraft
or Fluidized Bed
G asifier Thermo

- chemical process to convert carbon

- containing
biosolids i nto gas ( carbon dioxide and methane) and energy. Resulting e nergy can be used for heating. Gases are use d to generate fuels, electricity

, and heat. GAS a lso reduces the volume of solids for disposal.
Granular Sludge Sequencing Batch
Reactor GSBR N/A Aerob ic biological treatment with enhanced sludge settling by formation of granular sludge, without the use of carrier materials. Granular sludge developed by selection of biomass with short settling times.
Integrated Fixed
Film Activated Sludge IFAS N/A Carrier media added to an activated sludge system to increase loadings without increasing the plant footprint.
Often used for retrofits.
Ion Exchange ION S oftening,

D eionization Ion exchange is a physical

- chemical process in which ions are swapped between a solution phase and a solid resin phase. Different resins are used to target different charged particles. Commonly used for softening (removing dissolved calcium and magnesium) and nitrate removal.
Liquid Extraction LE (F lotation) Liquid

Liquid E xtraction,
S olvent E xtraction Separation of chemicals based on different solubilit ies in two solutes. Allows recovery of the chemical from

wastewater. Moving Bed

Bio r eactor MBBR N/A A hybrid suspended

, growth

- fixed film system. “ Biocarrier ” media are pr ovided in the unit for the microorganisms to grow on. Increases the effective surface area for reaction while reducing the footprint of the system.

Membrane
Bio r eactor MBR N/A Combination of aerobic suspended growth biological

treatment and ultrafiltrati on. Ultrafiltration replaces the use of secondary clarifiers (solids separation) in conventional WWTPs. Can be used to reduce BOD, TSS, nitrogen

, and phosphorus.

Membrane Filtration MF Microfiltration,
U ltrafiltration Filtration methods that remove particles as small as 100 nm (microfiltration) and 10 nm (ultrafiltration). Many molecules are within this size range.

Mechanical Pre

Treatment MPT Screen, B ar, R ack,
G rit Chamber,
C omminuter,
G rinder,
P reliminary

T reatment Physical removal of debris and coarse solids. This is the first step in wastewater treatment, which serves to protect downstream treatment equipment.

Nanofiltration NANO N/A A membrane filtration method used to remove particles as
small as 1 nm from wastewater. This includes divalent and large monovalent ions (e.g.

, heavy metals). Used for desalination and softening.Appendix H



### H

- 14 Table H

- 6. Treatment Technology Code Guidance

Treatment Name Code Synonyms Description

Oil/Water Separation OW API Separators Removal of gross quantities of oil and suspended solids by skimming and collecting oil from the surface of the

wastewater.

Ozonation OZ Advanced
Oxidation P rocess Ozone is a highly unstable gas used to either oxidize organic substances or disinfect wastewater. It must be produced onsite for immediate use in a contact chamber.

Powdered Activated
Carbon PAC N/A Same removal mechanisms as GAC, but finer particles (<=
1.0 mm dia meter ).

Reverse Osmosis RO Desalination A membrane filtration method used t o remove small ions (e.g., Na + ) from water. Requires a high pressure hydraulic pressure gradient to counteract the osmotic pressure gradient that would otherwise favor movement of water into (instead of out of) the concentrated wastewater or saltwater

. Stripping ST A ir or G as S tripping The removal of substances with equilibrium vapor pressures at ambient temperatures, such as ammonia and many volatile organic compounds ( VOCs )

. Ultrasound US Sonication High frequency bandwidth of sound applied to agitat e particles in solution and disrupt cell membranes. Used in water storage facilities to suppress algal growth and biofilm
formation.

UV UV Ultraviolet Light or

R adiation Ultraviolet radiation penetrates into the wastewater to oxidize organics and/or disinfect. Used as a last, polishing step in waste water treatment. May be used with chemical oxidants such as peroxide and ozone.

Wet Air Oxidation WAO N/A The oxidation of soluble or suspended components in water using oxygen as the oxidizing agent. Air is used as the source of oxygen.

Constructed

Wetlands WET Reed B ed, Artificial Wetland,
Peat L and Application of natural processes and use of vegetation to remove BOD, nutrients, and suspended solids. "Green" technology that can minimize energy use d for water

treatment.

Zero Valent Iron ZVI nZVI Granular or nanoscale ZVI is used to remove metals by adsorption and reductive precipitation mechanisms. Utilized through a separate reactor unit. Similar configuration to granular

- media filtration.
Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) A multi

- unit process that produces solid, but not liquid waste. The main technologies enabling ZLD are EVAP and CYS

. The facility can also choose to reu se all wastewater after
a certain amount of treatment. Th e decision to fully reuse wastewater is not considered a
treatment technology. Indicate ZLD as a motivation category in Form 1.

Blowdown Boiler Wastewater is fed to the boiler, which vaporizes water and generates concentrated brine. Not
a direct treatment process . Use EVAP.

N/A : Not applicable.Appendix H



### H-15 Table H -7: Treatment Technology Categories

Category Description
Biological Any process utilizing microorganisms to remove or transform pollutants.

Chemical A process that changes the chemical composition of the wastewater or uses chemicals to promote solids separation (coagulation and flocculation).

Physical Filtration A process in which suspended or colloidal particles are separated from water by passing through a porous medium.

Membrane A process in which particles are separated from water by passing water through a semi

permeable membrane.

Sorption A process in which pollutants are removed from wastewater by absorbing or adsorbing to

a non

- biological medium.

Physical, NEC A process that changes the state but not the molecular composition of chemicals in the wastewater, often used for solids separation.