Trempealeau

National Wildlife Refuge

Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Table of Contents

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Chapter 1: Introduction, Purpose and Need, and Issues ........................................................................................1

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................1

Refuge History and Purpose ........................................................................................................................................1

Refuge Vision ..............................................................................................................................................................4

Purpose and Need for the Plan ...................................................................................................................................4

Purpose ................................................................................................................................................................4

Need ....................................................................................................................................................................5

The U.S Fish and Wildlife Service .............................................................................................................................7

The National Wildlife Refuge System .......................................................................................................................7

Legal and Policy Framework ......................................................................................................................................7

Compatibility Policy ............................................................................................................................................7

Biological Integrity, Diversity, and Environmental Health Policy ........................................................................7

Public Use Natural Area Policy ............................................................................................................................8

Chapter 2: Public Involvement and Decision Process ............................................................................................9

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................9

Issues Identified in Scoping ........................................................................................................................................9

Goal 1: Landscape ...........................................................................................................................................9

Goal 2: Wildlife and Habitat Issues ..............................................................................................................11

Goal 3: Public Use Issues ..............................................................................................................................16

Goal 4: Neighboring Landowner and Community Issues ..............................................................................18

Goal 5: Administration and Operations Issues .............................................................................................19

Review of the Draft EIS/CCP .....................................................................................................................................20

Final EIS/CCP and Record of Decision ......................................................................................................................20

Chapter 3: Affected Environment ..............................................................................................................................21

Ecosystem Setting .....................................................................................................................................................21

The Upper Mississippi River/Tallgrass Prairie Ecosystem ................................................................................21

Physical Environment ................................................................................................................................................21

Climate ...............................................................................................................................................................21

Hydrology ...........................................................................................................................................................22

Geology and Soils ..............................................................................................................................................26

Environmental Contaminants ............................................................................................................................27

Water Quality ....................................................................................................................................................27

Vegetation and Habitat Resources ...........................................................................................................................27

Habitats and Vegetation Types .........................................................................................................................27

Fisheries Habitats and Resources .............................................................................................................................30

General ..............................................................................................................................................................30
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Commercial Fishing ...........................................................................................................................................30

Forage Fish .........................................................................................................................................................30

Sport Fish ...........................................................................................................................................................31

Threatened and Endangered Fish ......................................................................................................................31

Invasive and Exotic Fish and Molluscs ..............................................................................................................31

Wildlife ......................................................................................................................................................................31

Waterfowl ..........................................................................................................................................................31

Waterbirds .........................................................................................................................................................32

Pelicans and Cormorants ..............................................................................................................................32

Herons, Bitterns and Egrets ..........................................................................................................................33

Cranes and Rails ............................................................................................................................................33

Gulls and Terns ..............................................................................................................................................33

Shorebirds ..........................................................................................................................................................33

Raptors ...............................................................................................................................................................33

Upland Game Birds ............................................................................................................................................34

Passerines (Songbirds) ......................................................................................................................................34

Mammals ...........................................................................................................................................................34

Reptiles and Amphibians ..................................................................................................................................35

Invertebrates .....................................................................................................................................................35

Invasive and Exotic Wildlife Species ...............................................................................................................35

Federally Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Species .................................................................................35

State Listed Species .........................................................................................................................................36

Special Uses ..............................................................................................................................................................36

Scientific Research ...........................................................................................................................................36

Utilities .............................................................................................................................................................36

Public Access, Education and Recreational Opportunities ......................................................................................37

Public Access ....................................................................................................................................................37

Recreation .........................................................................................................................................................37

Wildlife Dependent Recreation ....................................................................................................................37

Non-Wildlife Dependent Recreation ............................................................................................................40

Environmental Education ..................................................................................................................................40

Resource Protection ..........................................................................................................................................40

Cultural Resources and Historic Preservation ..........................................................................................................41

Native American Cultural History and Landscape ...........................................................................................41

Prehistoric ......................................................................................................................................................41

Historic Native American Groups .................................................................................................................42

Archaeological Resources .................................................................................................................................42

Euro-American Cultural History ........................................................................................................................42

Existing Facilities and Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................43

Socioeconomics .......................................................................................................................................................45

Socioeconomic Setting .....................................................................................................................................45

Population and Demographics ......................................................................................................................46

Employment and Income ..............................................................................................................................46

Transportation Patterns .................................................................................................................................47

Land Use ...........................................................................................................................................................47

General Land Use and Management ...........................................................................................................47

Special Status Lands .....................................................................................................................................48

Refuge Management Economics ......................................................................................................................48

Area Recreation Sector .....................................................................................................................................49

Trempealeau County .....................................................................................................................................49
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Buffalo County ..............................................................................................................................................51

Agricultural Sector ............................................................................................................................................51

Trempealeau County .....................................................................................................................................51

Buffalo County ...............................................................................................................................................51

Chapter 4: Management Direction ............................................................................................................................52

Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................52

Goals, Objectives and Strategies ..............................................................................................................................53

Chapter 5: Plan Implementation ................................................................................................................................77

Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................77

A Word About Priorities ............................................................................................................................................77

Actions – Existing Funding and Staffing ...................................................................................................................78

Appendix A: Record of Decision ...............................................................................................................................89

Appendix B: Glossary ..................................................................................................................................................97

Appendix C: Species Lists ........................................................................................................................................105

Appendix D: Compatibility Determinations ..........................................................................................................147

Appendix E: Applicable Laws and Executive Orders .........................................................................................151

Appendix F: Executive Order Establishing Trempealeau Migratory Waterfowl Refuge Wisconsin .........157

Appendix G: Distribution List ...................................................................................................................................161

Appendix H: Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................165
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List of Tables

Table 1: Species With Special State Designation, Trempealeau NWR .....................................................................36

Table 2: Management Strategies for Invasive and Non-indigenous Plant Species ...................................................63

List of Figures

Figure 1: Location of Trempealeau NWR in Wisconsin .................................................................................................2

Figure 2: Trempealeau NWR Boundary ..........................................................................................................................3

Figure 3: Watershed of the Trempealeau and Buffalo Rivers .....................................................................................13

Figure 4: Trempealeau NWR and Upper Mississippi River/Tallgrass Prairie Ecosystem ...........................................22

Figure 5: Portion of Trempealeau NWR Above the 100-Year Flood Elevation (1965) .................................................23

Figure 6: Existing Water Management, Trempealeau NWR .......................................................................................24

Figure 7: Landcover/Land Use Map, 1994, Trempealeau NWR ..................................................................................28

Figure 8: Current Public Use, Trempealeau NWR .......................................................................................................38

Figure 9: Facilities and Structures, Trempealeau NWR ...............................................................................................44

Figure 10: Adjacent Conservation Areas, Trempealeau NWR .......................................................................................50

Figure 11: Habitat and its Management Under the Comprehensive Conservation Plan ..............................................54

Figure 12: Visitor Services Under the Comprehensive Conservation Plan ....................................................................55

Figure 13: Visitor Services Close Up Under the Comprehensive Conservation Plan .....................................................56

Figure 14: Pre-European Settlement Vegetation, Trempealeau NWR ..........................................................................62

Figure 15: Staff Chart, Trempealeau NWR ....................................................................................................................88
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Chapter 1: Introduction, Purpose and Need, 

and Issues

 Introduction

This document is a Comprehensive Conservation 

Plan (CCP) for Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge (NWR or Refuge). It follows the basic and 

accepted format for a CCP and stems from an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) that was completed in 2008. 

Trempealeau NWR is located within the Mississippi River Valley in southwestern Wisconsin 

(Figure 1). This 6,226-acre Refuge in Buffalo and 

Trempealeau Counties is managed by the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service. The Refuge was established by 

Executive Order 7437 in 1936 as “a refuge and 

breeding ground for migratory birds and other wildlife” (Appendix E). Trempealeau NWR is part of the 

Upper Mississippi River NWR Complex with headquarters in Winona, Minnesota. The Complex 

includes Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife 

& Fish Refuge and Driftless Area NWR. 

Trempealeau NWR lies adjacent to Navigation 

Pool 6 of the Mississippi River and is strategically 

located on this important migration corridor, providing resting and feeding habitat for thousands of 

waterfowl and other birds during spring and fall. 

The Refuge also includes more than 700 acres of 

rolling native prairie and oak savanna, habitat types 

that are scarce in Wisconsin.

 Refuge History and Purpose

In the late 1800s a railroad was constructed along 

the Mississippi River. Today it forms the Refuge’s 

south boundary. In the early 1900s, a drainage district was formed with the intent of draining the area 

north of the railroad dike for farming. The district 

dug a channel diverting the Trempealeau River and 

Pine Creek into the Mississippi River about 3 miles 

downstream of the Trempealeau River’s original 

delta. Dredged material taken from the new channel 

was placed on the south bank to create barrier dikes 

to protect adjacent lands from flooding. Attempts to 

drain and farm within the dikes were largely unsuccessful and the drainage district eventually went 

bankrupt. Following the completion of Lock and 

Dam 6 at Trempealeau in the mid-1930s, water levels throughout Pool 6 were raised several feet and 

stabilized for navigation on the main river channel. 

Wetlands protected by the railroad and barrier 

dikes became part of a corporation known as Delta 

Fish and Fur Farm (Delta FFF). 

Trempealeau NWR was established in 1936 when 

706.9 acres were set aside by Executive Order 7437 

(Appendix E) (Figure 2 on page 3). The original Refuge consisted of an upland portion with open areas 

Northern Shoveler Hen / USFWS
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Figure 1: Location of Trempealeau NWR in Wisconsin
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Figure 2: Trempealeau NWR Boundary
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of former hay, pasture, and cropland. For more than 

40 years the Refuge remained small in spite of several attempts to purchase more than 5,000 acres of 

the surrounding Delta FFF. The Delta FFF yielded 

a variety of incomes to its owners from farming, timber harvest, commercial fishing, furbearer trapping, 

and turtle and bait fish harvest. In addition, a group 

of local sportsmen leased the marshes for waterfowl 

hunting. Under private ownership the area 

remained relatively unchanged. Of significance was 

the major flood in 1965 which breached dikes, inundated Refuge buildings, and caused irreparable 

damage to wetland plant communities.

In 1975, Dairyland Power Cooperative acquired 

the Delta FFF. Dairyland wanted to construct a rail 

loop for a coal off-loading facility near their power 

generating plant at Alma, Wisconsin. The land they 

would need was part of the Upper Mississippi River 

NW&FR. As part of a land exchange Dairyland 

divested 132 acres of the Delta FFF and sold an 

additional 4,778 acres to the Service in 1979. This 

addition, plus other recent acquisitions, has brought 

Trempealeau NWR to its present 6,226 acres.

The 1936 Executive Order and subsequent legislation established the purposes of the Refuge as 

listed in Need II on page 5. These purposes remain 

valid to this day and guide the planning management, administration, and use of the Refuge.

 Refuge Vision

The vision for Trempealeau NWR is:

“Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge is 

enjoyed and appreciated by the people of 

America as a beautiful, scenic place where a 

diversity of native plants and animals thrive in 

healthy prairies, forests, and wetlands.”

 Purpose and Need for the Plan 

Purpose

Comprehensive Conservation Plans are designed 

to guide the management and administration of 

National Wildlife Refuges for a period of 15 years 

and help ensure that each refuge meets the purpose 

for which it was established and contributes to the 

overall mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) (see Need I on page 5). The CCP helps 

describe a desired future condition of the Refuge, 

and provides both long-term and day-to-day guidance for management actions and decisions. It provides both broad and specific policy on various 

issues, sets goals and measurable objectives, and 

outlines strategies for reaching these objectives. A 

CCP also helps communicate the Refuge’s management direction to other agencies and the public.

The NWRS Refuge Improvement Act of 1997 

mandates that the Secretary of the Interior, and 

thus the Service, prepare CCPs for all units of the 

National Wildlife Refuge System by October 2012. 

In addition to this mandate, there are several reasons why preparation of a CCP is needed at this 

time. 

The last comprehensive plan (known as a Master 

Plan) was completed in 1983 (USFWS 1983). Since 

then, the Refuge environment has undergone 

change affecting habitat and wildlife, new laws and 

policies have been put in place, new scientific information is available, and levels of public use and 

interest have increased.

 The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 

(NEPA) requires that federal agencies follow basic 

requirements for major actions significantly affectAmerican Coot, USFWS
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ing the quality of the human environment. These 

requirements are: 

# Consider every significant aspect of the environmental impact of a proposed action.

# Involve the public in its decision-making process when considering environmental concerns. 

# Use a systematic, interdisciplinary approach to 

decision making. 

# Consider a reasonable range of alternatives. 

The EIS documents met those requirements and 

provided the necessary information and analysis to 

the decision-maker.

Finally, the planning process was an excellent 

way to inform and involve the general public, state 

and federal agencies, and non-government groups 

that have an interest, responsibility, or authority in 

the management or use of certain aspects of the 

Trempealeau NWR. 

Need

This CCP will help ensure that management and 

administration of the Refuge meet the mission of 

the Refuge System, the purpose for which the Refuge was established, and the goals for the Refuge. 

The mission, purpose, and goals are considered 

needs. These needs are summarized in the following 

paragraphs. More detail on issues related to these 

needs can be found in Chapter 2.

Need I: Contribute to the Refuge System Mission 

The mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System set forth in the Refuge Improvement Act of 

1997 is: 

“To administer a national network of lands and 

waters for the conservation, management, and 

where appropriate, restoration of the fish, 

wildlife, and plant resources and their habitats 

within the United States for the benefit of 

present and future generations of Americans.” 

Need II: Help Fulfill the Refuge Purpose

The purpose of the Refuge comes from the 

authority under which it was established and in the 

case of Trempealeau NWR, from the authorities 

under which subsequent major land additions to the 

Refuge were made. Purposes for Trempealeau 

NWR are as follows:

“ ...a Refuge and breeding ground for migratory 

birds and other wildlife”

Executive Order 7437, dated August 21, 1936. 

(Appendix F)

“suitable for-(1) incidental fish and wildlife 

oriented recreational development, (2) the 

protection of natural resources, (3) the 

conservation of endangered species ...”

Refuge Recreation Act of 1962 (16 U.S.C 460k460k-4), as amended

“...for the development, advancement, 

management, conservation, and protection of 

fish and wildlife resources.”

16 U.S.C. 742f(a)(4)(Fish and Wildlife Act of 

1956.) 

Need III: Help Achieve Refuge Goals

Goal 1: Landscape – We will strive to maintain and 

improve the scenic and wild character, and environmental health of the Refuge. 

Related needs are to:

# Complete acquisition within the approved 

boundary with the addition of 12 acres under 

the Regional Director’s authority. 

# Maintain the integrity of the Refuge 

boundary.

# Ensure integrity of lands designated as 

Natural Areas or with other special 

designations.

# Protect archeological and cultural resources 

and ensure consideration of preservation of 

historic properties.

# Protect Refuge habitats and facilities during 

flood events.

Goal 2: Wildlife and Habitat – Our habitat management will support diverse and abundant native fish, 

wildlife, and plants. 

Related needs are to:

# Evaluate and manage forest resources.

# Manage non-native trees and downed fuel.

# Restore and enhance wetlands. 

# Restore productivity to Refuge pools.

# Prepare for quick response to contaminant 

spills from train derailments or roadway 

accidents.

# Reduce sediment, nutrients, and 

contaminants in waters upstream of the 

Refuge.

# Restore and enhance prairie and oak savanna 

habitat. 
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# Understand and reduce invasive plants and 

animals. 

# Monitor the status of key fish and wildlife.

# Protect and enhance federally listed 

threatened, endangered, and candidate 

species and their habitats. 

# Manage deer herds to prevent over-browsing 

and loss of plant diversity.

# Manage beaver and muskrat populations to 

limit damage to dikes and structures. 

# Improve fishery conservation efforts. 

# Provide adequate undisturbed areas to meet 

the nesting, feeding and migration needs of 

waterfowl. 

# Protect and enhance habitat for forest birds. 

# Understand and be ready to respond to 

wildlife disease outbreaks. 

Goal 3: Public Use – We will manage public use 

programs and facilities to ensure sustainable, quality hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, wildlife 

photography, interpretation, and environmental 

education opportunities for a broad cross-section of 

the public; and provide opportunities for the public 

to use and enjoy the Refuge for traditional and 

appropriate non-wildlife dependent uses that are 

compatible with the purposes for which the Refuge 

was established and the mission of the Refuge System.

Related needs are to:

# Improve opportunities for wildlife 

observation and photography.

# Improve opportunities for interpretation. 

# Improve opportunities for environmental 

education. 

# Provide diverse, high quality, hunting and 

fishing opportunities for people of all abilities. 

# Provide opportunities for appropriate noncommercial harvest of plant parts.

# Improve opportunities for non-motorized 

biking.

# Respond to requests for other uses such as 

horseback riding, dog trials, camping, and 

special fundraising events.

# Update general public use regulations for 

clarity and effectiveness.

Goal 4: Neighboring Landowners and Communities –

We will communicate openly and work cooperatively 

with our neighbors and local communities to help all 

benefit from the aesthetic and economic values of 

the Refuge.

Related needs are to:

# Improve community outreach. 

# Establish a Refuge Friends group. 

# Promote an active and rewarding volunteer 

program.

# Improve communication and cooperation with 

other agency partners.

# Improve communication and cooperation with 

adjacent private landowners.

# Coordinate with utilities and transportation 

departments to minimize impacts of 

easements and rights-of-way to habitats.

Goal 5: Administration and Operations – We will 

seek adequate funding, staffing, and facilities; and 

improve public awareness and support to carry out 

the purposes, vision, goals, and objectives of the 

Refuge.

Related needs are to:

# Provide year-round access to the Refuge.

# Provide adequate office and maintenance 

facilities.

# Provide adequate staff to meet resource and 

public challenges and opportunities.

# Identify operational and maintenance needs.
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 The U.S Fish and Wildlife 

Service 

The Refuge is administered by the U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, Department of Interior. The Service is the primary federal agency responsible for 

conserving and enhancing the nation’s fish and wildlife populations and their habitats. Although the 

Service shares this responsibility with other federal, 

state, tribal, local, and private entities, the Service 

has specific trust responsibilities for migratory 

birds, threatened and endangered species, certain 

interjurisdictional fish and marine mammals, and 

the National Wildlife Refuge System. The mission of 

the Service is:

“Working with others to conserve, protect, and 

enhance fish and wildlife and their habitats for 

the continuing benefit of the American people.”

 The National Wildlife Refuge 

System 

The Refuge System had its beginning in 1903 

when President Theodore Roosevelt used an Executive Order to set aside tiny Pelican Island in Florida 

as a refuge and breeding ground for birds. From 

that small beginning, the Refuge System has 

become the world’s largest collection of lands specifically set aside for wildlife conservation. The administration, management, and growth of the Refuge 

System are guided by the following goals (USFWS 

2004, Section 601 FW1.8):

The Refuge System’s goals are to:

# Conserve a diversity of fish, wildlife, and plants 

and their habitats, including species that are 

endangered or threatened with becoming 

endangered.

# Develop and maintain a network of habitats for 

migratory birds, anadromous and interjurisdictional fish, and marine mammal populations 

that is strategically distributed and carefully 

managed to meet important life history needs of 

these species across their ranges.

# Conserve those ecosystems, plant communities, 

wetlands of national or international significance, and landscapes and seascapes that are 

unique, rare, declining, or underrepresented in 

existing protection efforts. 

# Provide and enhance opportunities to participate in compatible wildlife-dependent recreation (hunting, fishing, wildlife observation and 

photography, and environmental education and 

interpretation). 

# Foster understanding and instill appreciation of 

the diversity and interconnectedness of fish, 

wildlife, and plants and their habitats.

 Legal and Policy Framework 

Trempealeau NWR is managed and administered 

as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System 

within a framework of organizational setting, laws, 

and policy. Key aspects of this framework are outlined below. A list of other laws and executive orders 

that have guided preparation of the CCP and EIS, 

and guide future implementation, are provided in 

Appendix E.

Compatibility Policy 

No uses for which the Service has authority to 

regulate may be allowed on a unit of the National 

Wildlife Refuge System unless it is determined to be 

compatible. A compatible use is a use that, in the 

sound professional judgment of the Refuge Manager, will not materially interfere with or detract 

from the fulfillment of the National Wildlife Refuge 

System mission or the purposes of the National 

Wildlife Refuge. Managers must complete a written 

compatibility determination for each use, or collection of like-uses, that is signed by the Manager and 

the Regional Chief of Refuges in the respective Service region. Draft compatibility determinations 

applicable to uses described in this document were 

included in the Draft EIS/CCP and were available 

for public review. Compatibility determinations are 

available for review at Refuge Headquarters.

Biological Integrity, Diversity, and 

Environmental Health Policy

The Service is directed in the Refuge Improvement Act to “ensure that the biological integrity, 

diversity, and environmental health of the NWRS 

are maintained for the benefit of present and future 

generations of Americans...” The biological integrity 

policy of 2001 helps define and clarify this directive 

by providing guidance on what conditions constitute 

biological integrity, diversity, and environmental 

health; guidelines for maintaining existing levels; 

guidelines for determining how and when it is 

appropriate to restore lost elements; and guidelines 
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in dealing with external threats to biological integrity, diversity and health (66 CFRIO January 2004).

Public Use Natural Area Policy

The Refuge currently has one Public Use Natural 

Area, the Black Oak Island Public Use Natural 

Area. (See “Black Oak Island Natural Area” on 

page 48). The Service’s Refuge Manual (USFWS 

2004), Section 8 RM 11 provides guidance for management, administration and visitor use of Public 

Use Natural Areas and lists the following objectives 

of the designations:

# Assure preservation of a variety of significant 

natural areas for public use which, when considered together, illustrate the diversity of the 

NWRS natural environments.

# Preserve those environments that are essentially unmodified by human activity for future 

use.
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Chapter 2: Public Involvement and Decision 

Process

Introduction

Scoping of issues began in September of 2002 

with a public meeting in Centerville, Wisconsin to 

identify issues. Key issues identified at the meeting 

and by Refuge staff, were summarized in 12 “fact 

sheets” that provided the basis for discussion 

groups at an all-day workshop in March of 2003. 

Workshop participants were “managers for a day” 

making tough decisions about how to balance often 

conflicting Refuge uses. A website was maintained 

with up-to-date news about the process. Follow-up 

meetings with Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources and briefings with various commissions, 

associations, and Congressional offices occurred 

throughout the process. 

Issues Identified in Scoping

Issues, which are often synonymous with concerns and opportunities, were identified through the 

scoping and public involvement process. The issues 

below represent input from the public, other agencies and organizations, and Refuge managers and 

staff as well as the mandates and guidance.

Also, while these issues do not represent every 

challenge facing the Refuge, they do represent a 

reasonable and comprehensive set of issues. When 

converted to measurable objectives in Chapter 4, 

they create a meaningful plan of action to help meet 

the mission of the Refuge System and the purposes 

and goals of the Refuge.

Goal 1: Landscape

Land Acquisition 

Acquisition of land remains a key conservation 

tool for the well being of fish and wildlife resources, 

for providing public use opportunities, and for maintaining the wild and scenic character of the Refuge. 

Only 340 acres within the acquisition boundary 

approved in the 1983 Refuge Master Plan remain to 

be acquired. An additional 12 acres outside of the 

current approved boundary would be added under 

the Regional Director’s authority. Most of these 

lands are adjacent to the Trempealeau River and 

include important examples of historic bottomland 

forests. Present land use includes hunting, fishing, 

and some farming. All of these lands are subject to 

frequent flooding. The entrance road to the Refuge 

is also subject to flooding where it crosses the Trempealeau River. Construction of a bridge at the crossing may alter flows on adjacent properties, and if so, 

purchase of flood easements would be required. 

Tundra Swan. USFWS
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Acquiring these lands would alleviate issues with 

the entrance road, and allow the Refuge to restore 

and protect bottomland forest and emergent 

marshes. Additionally, the Trempealeau River could 

move freely within its floodplain regardless of land 

use issues. 

Refuge Boundary

Maintaining an accurate and clearly marked Refuge boundary is a critical basic need of resource 

protection. Brush cutting, dumping, mowing, illegal 

hunting and fishing, and vehicle trespass all occur 

along areas of the boundary, often intruding onto 

Refuge lands. The north boundary along highway 35 

is viewed by thousands of travelers daily, but its scenic beauty is sometimes compromised by illegal 

activities. While a good portion of the Refuge 

boundary is clearly delineated by dikes, other sections are less obvious and have missing, faded, or 

incorrectly placed signs. In addition, private landowners have complained about Refuge visitors 

crossing the boundary and trespassing on their 

lands. A clearly marked and maintained boundary 

would be a deterrent to encroachment and other 

illegal activities and would help to maintain positive 

relations with neighboring landowners.

Flood Protection

The Burlington Northern Sante Fe Railroad 

(BNSFR) dike separates the Refuge from the main 

channel of the Mississippi River. The dike, owned 

and maintained by the railroad, has been breached 

and overtopped by the Mississippi River only once 

in the 1965 flood. During the near-record flood in 

2001, floodwaters rose to the bottom of the rails putting severe pressure against the Mississippi River 

side of the dike. The BNSFR requested that the 

Service reduce the pressure by allowing floodwater 

to enter Trempealeau NWR through several water 

control structures. However, the amount of water 

that could be diverted into Refuge pools was insufficient to offer protection for the railroad dike, but 

damage to Refuge infrastructure and habitats 

occurred. The Refuge has no official policy for dealing with water management issues during major 

flood events, making it vulnerable to impacts from 

“emergency” actions.

Natural Areas and Special Designations

In 1986, Black Oak Island (see Figure 8 on page 

38) was designated a Public Use Natural Area as an 

example of undisturbed, mature, eastern deciduous 

forest. However, some of the biological characteristics on which the designation was based are threatened by invasive plants, especially European 

buckthorn. The site also contains important archeological resources that are not inventoried and are 

subject to shoreline erosion and potential theft. A 

management plan is needed to ensure the future 

integrity of the area. 

Refuge roads from the main entrance to the 

Marshland access are a designated part of the Great 

River State Trail. The popular bike trail traverses 

old railroad grades from La Crosse to Marshland, 

Wisconsin. Future plans are to continue the trail 

along the north boundary of the Refuge into 

Winona, Minnesota. Although more accurate counts 

are needed, an estimated 18,000 to 20,000 cyclists 

annually use the section of the trail that crosses the 

Refuge. However, little interpretation of the Refuge 

or its resources is available to this segment of the 

visiting public. In addition, cyclists are often confused due to lack of directional signing. Also, flooding at the main entrance road blocks the route for 

weeks each year, forcing cyclist to detour around the 

Refuge. 

Archeological Resources

Federal laws, executive orders, and regulations, 

as well as policies and procedures of the Department of Interior and the Service protect cultural 

resources on federal lands. The Service has a 

responsibility to protect the many known and 

unknown cultural resources located on the Refuge. 

Trempealeau NWR has been described as one of the 

most important archeological sites in the Midwest. 

Human use of the area dates back 12,000 years. 

Dozens of sites and more than 6,000 artifacts have 

been cataloged from various locations. However, 

most surveys have been conducted in a few areas on 

the east side of the Refuge. The majority of the 

lands have not had even baseline surveys conducted 

and the locations and extent of archeological 

resources are unknown. Habitat management activities that create any soil disturbance are delayed 

until archeological assessments can be completed. 

Additionally, protection of sites is difficult because of 

a lack of information about what resources are 

present. Trempealeau NWR has a history of looting 

and collectors are active in the area. While law 

enforcement efforts have been stepped-up over the 

years, problems persist. Opportunities to interpret 

the Refuge’s cultural resources must be integrated 

with the need to protect them. 
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Goal 2: Wildlife and Habitat Issues

Forest Management

Forests are classified into either upland or bottomland on the Refuge. Over 85 percent of the 

upland forests are dominated by non-native tree 

species, planted decades ago in an attempt to provide additional wildlife habitat. However, these 

plantings encroach on and fragment rarer prairie 

habitats, and prevent growth of native, mast-producing hardwoods. Over the past years, nearly all 

upland forests have been invaded by a dense understory of European buckthorn, limiting growth of 

native hardwoods, shrubs, and wildflowers. Black 

locust trees, extremely invasive in sandy soils, are 

dominant in forest stands and would quickly take 

over most of the prairie areas if left uncontrolled. 

Efforts to control invasive or non-native forest 

plants are limited by current funding and staffing 

levels. In addition, clearing large areas of pine 

plantings would impact species which use the 

groves, such as owls. Some citizens have also voiced 

concern over removing pine plantations from the 

Refuge. 

Bottomland forests lined most of the old river 

channels before impoundment. These forests, once 

abundant, were either cleared for farming or 

destroyed by prolonged flooding when Lock and 

Dam 6 went into operation. Much of the existing 

bottomland forest is degraded by reed canary grass 

or even-aged silver maple stands. Little of the bottomland forest is regenerating and large, old trees 

suitable for Bald Eagle nesting, Great Blue Heron 

rookeries, or Wood Duck nesting cavities are becoming less abundant. Some previously cleared and 

farmed fields could be restored by tree planting and 

aggressive weed control, but funding and staff 

would need to be redirected from other activities.

Some areas of the Refuge are littered with dead 

and downed trees, especially oaks that died of oak 

wilt. Down timber presents a fuel hazard and creates difficulty in some burn units. Other standing, 

dead trees present safety hazards. There is a 

demand for firewood from local people and the Refuge allows some fire wood removal under special use 

permit. However, for safety, staff cut the trees down 

and move them to an area that is accessible with a 

pickup. Staff time limits the amount of wood that 

can be removed. Commercial harvest of black locust 

for fence posts and non-native pines from pine plantations is a viable management tool for restoring 

prairies. However, cutting trees and skidding them 

to a road for transport disturbs the soil and possible 

archeological artifacts. In the past, tree harvest 

activities have been restricted to times when the 

ground was frozen. Archeological surveys of the 

prairies and adjacent forests need to be completed 

so that habitat management can proceed. Also, 

potential stands for commercial harvest need to be 

identified in an updated forest management plan. 

Forest Bird Management

The Mississippi River Valley is an important 

travel corridor for migrant songbirds. Little is 

known about the importance of protected stopover 

sites like Trempealeau NWR for migrating songbirds. How these birds are using the various habitats and the timing of different species groups 

moving through is a mystery. Likewise, management that alters habitats, like removal of invasive 

shrubs or conversion of forest to prairie, may have 

unintended impacts to some of these species. Some 

of these species may be slipping through the cracks 

simply because they are not being monitored or considered when management decisions are made. 

Much could be learned from long-term studies that 

focus on migrant forest birds. 

Wetland Management

Stable, deep water, and poor water clarity have 

led to a general declining trend in productivity in 

A volunteer pulling buckthorn. Trempealeau NWR
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impounded wetlands on the Refuge. Wind, waves 

and rough fish suspend bottom sediments, resulting 

in poor aquatic plant growth. Stands of emergent 

plants have declined dramatically over time. Invertebrate populations are especially poor, a consequence of poor plant growth. Invasive plants such as 

Eurasian milfoil and purple loosestrife are increasing. Cross dikes to break units into more manageable sizes, better water control and rough fish 

management would benefit most wetland areas. 

Water Quality

The Refuge Improvement Act of 1997 called upon 

the Secretary of the Interior to administer the Refuge System in a way that will “ensure that the biological integrity, diversity, and environmental health 

of the System are maintained for the benefit of 

present and future generations” and “assist in the 

maintenance of adequate water quantity and quality 

to fulfill the mission of the System and the purposes 

of each Refuge.” Water quality is a key to the overall 

health of the food chain that drives and sustains the 

multitude of fish, wildlife, and plant species that rely 

on the Refuge for critical parts, or all, of their life 

cycle requirements. Some areas of the Refuge, particularly areas directly fed by the Trempealeau 

River, are impacted by high sediment loads transported from upstream agricultural lands. Likewise, 

the habitats of the Mississippi River are degraded 

by sediments transported by the Trempealeau and 

Buffalo rivers (see Figure 3). The Service has programs to help restore eroding streams on private 

lands in Trempealeau and Buffalo Counties. Repairing these streams at the top of the watershed is critical to keeping sediments on the land rather than 

flowing into the Mississippi River. Staff and funding 

shortages preclude implementing a private lands 

program to fully address watershed concerns and 

potential benefits. 

Water clarity during the growing season is essential for the germination of aquatic plants. Wind and 

wave action often suspend the sediments in the 

large open pools, keeping the water muddy. In addition, rough fish (carp and buffalo) are abundant in 

the slow moving, warm waters of the impoundments. These fish grub for roots, disturbing aquatic 

plants and churning up sediments. Aquatic plants 

have virtually disappeared from hundreds of acres. 

In addition, the Refuge has a history of fish kills 

during the winter when dissolved oxygen becomes 

critically low.

Water Level Management

The Refuge was once a backwater of the Mississippi River, but was essentially isolated in the early 

1900s by the construction of the Burlington Northern Sante Fe Railroad dike and the diversion of the 

Trempealeau River. The hydrology was further 

altered in the 1930s by the construction of Lock and 

Dam 6 on the Mississippi River. The result is a 

deeper, relatively stabilized water system. Over 

time, stable water levels have adversely affected 

aquatic plant abundance, diversity and distribution. 

Fish and wildlife dependent on these plant communities have also declined. Shorebirds are particularly dependent on mudflats and sandbars during 

migration, but these habitats have been mostly eliminated by higher water levels. Recently, a series of 

dikes and pumps were installed that permit water 

level management on about 1,500 acres of the Refuge. The remaining 4,000 acres of wetland are 

essentially unmanageable, subject to the effects of 

wind, waves, and rough fish that keep the water too 

cloudy to be fully productive.

Waterbird Management

The Mississippi River is critical to the life history 

of many species of waterbirds including waterfowl, 

herons, rails, terns, pelicans, and egrets. Many of 

these species are sensitive to disturbance during the 

breeding season and require large marsh areas to 

nest. Others stage in large flocks in the fall, feeding 

to build up fuel reserves for migration. Trempealeau 

NWR plays an important role in providing relatively 

undisturbed resting and breeding space along Pool 6 

of the Mississippi River. The Refuge is becoming 

increasingly important to migrating Tundra Swans 

as staging and feeding areas up river become silted 

in. However, some of the public would like to see 

more backwater marsh areas including the Refuge 

open to public hunting. In addition, non-motorized, 

electric motor-powered recreational boating is 

allowed during fall migration and sometimes disturbs large flocks of birds. Public use activities need 

to be reviewed in consideration of the larger role the 

Refuge plays as a part of the Mississippi River Flyway. 

Black Terns are a species of special interest 

because of declines in some parts of the country. 

Populations are expanding at the Refuge and habitat conditions are generally good at this time. However, monitoring is difficult and the Refuge relies on 

volunteers to do it. While annual monitoring may 

not be warranted at this time, the wildlife inventory 
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Figure 3: Watershed of the Trempealeau and Buffalo Rivers
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plan needs to be updated to include protocols that 

sufficiently monitor this species.

Wood Ducks and Hooded Mergansers were once 

more abundant on the Refuge and may be declining 

because of limited breeding habitat. These species 

need mature or over-mature trees near good brood 

habitats to successfully produce young. Mature forests are becoming less abundant on the Mississippi 

River as forests age and are replaced with invasive 

plants or silver maple. Many of the older forests on 

the Refuge are remnants from before the locks and 

dams were constructed and replacing them may not 

be possible with current hydrologic conditions. 

Furbearer Management

Trapping was implemented on the Refuge in 1981 

to help control damage to dikes and water control 

structures from muskrats and beavers. The area 

has a long tradition of furbearer harvest dating to 

the time when the land was owned by the Delta Fish 

and Fur Farm. The existing trapping program is 

regulated by issuing special use permits to individuals who purchase trapping rights to specified units 

through an auction. The program is conducted 

within the framework of the Wisconsin State trapping regulations and according to special Refuge 

regulations. Occasionally, raccoons and skunks must 

be removed to safeguard ducks at banding sites. 

While the Trapping Plan is relatively current (1999) 

it needs review and updating to reflect recent 

national policy and regulation changes governing 

compatibility of commercial uses on Refuges, current furbearer population estimates, habitat 

changes, and new management needs.

Emergency Response to Spills

Mishaps with chemicals on adjacent lands could 

cause severe damage to Refuge resources, especially sensitive wetlands. The Refuge is bounded on 

three sides by train tracks and a state highway. 

Train derailments or tanker accidents involving 

chemical spills could have catastrophic impacts to 

Refuge habitats and wildlife. Emergency response 

would require specialized equipment (airboats, helicopters), trained personnel, and the coordination of 

many agencies. The Refuge needs to have a system 

for responding to spills and needs to ensure specialized and ongoing training for staff. 

Grassland Management

Historical records indicate that the upland areas 

of the Refuge were once dominated by prairie and 

oak savanna habitats. Much of the uplands were 

converted to agriculture before the Refuge purchased the property in 1936. Under Refuge management in the 1940s through the 1960s, various pine 

species, black locust, Siberian pea, and honeysuckle 

were planted to reduce soil erosion and provide 

wildlife habitat in tune with the management practices of the time. In the 1970s, many of the oaks in 

the savanna were removed because of oak wilt disease. Today, forests on some uplands consist mostly 

of non-native pine trees, black locust, and shrubs. 

Grasslands are fragmented into small units surrounded by forest edge that support populations of 

species that prey on or parasitize grassland and forest birds. In addition, black locust saplings march 

across the prairies each year at an alarming rate. 

Control of invasive plants, especially black locust is 

limited by available staff, equipment, and restrictions on chemical use. Only remnant prairies still 

exist outside of the Refuge and these are likely to 

disappear as more private land is developed.

Prescribed fire is an important component of 

maintaining grassland vigor and health, and has 

been used at Trempealeau NWR for many years. 

About 335 acres are burned on a rotational system 

under prescriptions described in a Fire Management Plan (USFWS, 2008). 

Invasive Plants and Animals

Invasive plants continue to pose a major threat to 

native plant communities and the wildlife that 

depends on them. All habitats types on the Refuge 

have invasive plants of one variety or another. Biological control is available for some species, but 

mechanical removal is the mainstay of the control 

program. While volunteers, school groups and staff 

have made some headway, labor is a limiting factor. 

In addition, control has been hampered by funding 

for basic inventory, direct control, and research into 

species-specific biological control. 

Prescribed burning, Trempealeau NWR. USFWS
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Years of impoundment and stable water conditions have contributed to a fishery dominated by 

carp and other non-desirable rough fish. Invasion by 

other species of Asian carp may be imminent. These 

species are destructive to aquatic vegetation and 

generally keep impounded pools turbid and unproductive for plants or other wildlife. Removal of 

rough fish is difficult because water management 

facilities are insufficient to lower water levels 

enough to cause wide spread mortality. Some years, 

particularly with heavy snowfall, low dissolved oxygen levels do result in large fish kills. Local commercial fishermen have an interest in harvesting 

rough fish and in the past have been instrumental in 

rough fish control. However, commercial fishing is 

closely tied to market price and often the management needs of the Refuge and the economic needs of 

the fisherman do not coincide. The Fishery Management Plan (USFWS 1980) needs to be updated in 

consultation with fishery biologists from the La 

Crosse Fishery Resource Office.

Zebra mussels have not been found in Trempealeau waters, but are common in the adjacent rivers. 

Trempealeau has little defense against these invaders once they become abundant in the river systems. 

Monitoring Fish, Wildlife, and Plant Populations

 One of the directives in the Refuge Improvement 

Act of 1997 was to monitor the status and trends of 

fish, wildlife, and plants on national wildlife refuges. 

Although monitoring has been a part of managing 

the Refuge for many years, gaps remain in baseline 

population data for many species. A Wildlife Inventory Plan was completed in 1987, but needs updating to reflect changes in habitat, the status of many 

species, and new policies, procedures, and technologies for monitoring. In addition, management in a 

changing environment must be adaptive, which 

requires ongoing monitoring and thoughtful investigation as issues arise and change. Meeting these 

needs has been hampered by biological staffing and 

funding levels. 

Threatened and Endangered Species

Threatened or endangered species are issues due 

to their often precarious population status, and need 

for special management consideration or protection. 

The Bald Eagle was removed from the threatened 

list in 2007. However, they will continue to be monitored on the Refuge. One candidate species, the 

eastern Massasaugua rattlesnake, occurred as 

recently as the late 1970s, but is now found only at 

sites north and south of the Refuge. Suitable habitat 

may still be present for reintroduction. The State of 

Wisconsin lists 21 species of birds, one plant, two 

butterflies, and two turtles that occur on the Refuge 

as threatened, endangered or warranting special 

concern (see Table 1 on page 36). 

Deer Herd Management

The landscape of southwestern Wisconsin supports very abundant populations of white-tailed 

deer, in some areas exceeding 75 deer per square 

mile. Recently, chronic wasting disease has been 

detected within 70 miles of the Refuge, and efforts 

are under way by the State to reduce overabundant 

deer. Trempealeau NWR is bordered by agricultural 

lands along the length of its north boundary. Deer 

undoubtedly feed on these lands, then find shelter 

and safety from hunting pressure on the Refuge. 

The number of deer on the Refuge at any one time is 

unknown, and staff and funding shortfalls preclude 

intensive surveys. However, history has shown that 

when deer populations were estimated to be 

between 130-150 animals (1974), wintering populations depleted food resources on the Refuge. A clear 

browse line was visible and understory shrubs were 

absent in many areas. The Refuge gained the reputation of being a good place to see deer and even 

today there is some public interest in increasing 

deer to “viewable” numbers. 

Presently, deer numbers are low and browse surveys indicate that deer are not adversely impacting 

vegetation. However, some questions exist as to 

whether low deer numbers have allowed invasive 

shrubs to become prolific in the forest under story. 

Grazing pressure may be one method of controlling 

invasive shrubs. Deer herd surveys using the most 

current methods and technologies should be 

included in an updated wildlife inventory plan. Accurate population numbers are needed to determine 

appropriate harvest and browse levels. 

Deer Hunting

Deer hunting is an important form of wildlifedependent recreation and is also used to manage 

over-browsing or disease. Deer numbers are controlled using special gun and archery hunts. A set 

number of permits are available for the gun hunt 

and over-the-counter permits are available for late 

season archery. The hunt is an important management tool for managing deer numbers. However, 

without better deer population data, the staff has 

difficulty determining the appropriate level of harvest. Historically, gun permits have been capped at 

60, with 10 to 20 deer harvested each year. Recently, 

with the popularity of birding on the increase, conflicts have arisen over the use of the Refuge by 
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hunters and non-hunters at the same time. Both 

activities occur in the same areas and visitor safety 

is a concern. The gun hunt occurs over the Thanksgiving holiday (regulated by State law), the time 

when many visitors from outside the local area are 

coming to the Refuge to view wildlife. The Refuge 

hunt plan is out of date and should include options 

for addressing time and space concerns among various user groups.

Finally, because of the proximity of chronic wasting disease (CWD), close coordination with the 

State of Wisconsin and the creation of a CWD plan 

are warranted. Staff also need additional training 

and specialized equipment to deal with any outbreaks.

Wildlife Disease Management

A wide range of issues are currently in the public 

eye regarding wildlife disease and potential impacts 

to human populations. Wild animals play a role in 

the spread of west Nile virus, Lyme disease, meningitis, chronic wasting disease and avian influenza to 

name a few. The role wildlife plays in the transmission of these diseases to humans is not always clear. 

Even more unclear are the long-term impacts of diseases on wildlife populations. Recently waterfowl 

mortality from ingestion of an introduced faucet 

snail is of grave concern to managers of the Upper 

Mississippi River NW&FR. The public desires 

information about how they may be impacted by 

these immerging diseases. In addition, staff needs 

to be trained in the most current and best management practices for handling not only diseased animals, but also banding birds or participating in 

other hands-on wildlife management operations. A 

disease contingency plan needs to be developed in 

conjunction with other land management agencies. 

The management of mosquito populations may 

emerge as a future concern given the increased incidence of mosquito-borne illnesses in parts of the 

Midwest. The Service has a national policy on mosquito abatement on national wildlife refuges that 

allows control only in cases of documented human 

health emergencies. Mosquito control must be species specific, based on population sampling and identified population thresholds, and use the least 

intrusive means possible (USFWS 2005). 

Goal 3: Public Use Issues

Wildlife Observation and Photography

Wildlife observation and photography are very 

popular activities for visitors, and a source of economic growth for local communities. As priority 

public uses of the Refuge System, these uses are to 

be encouraged when compatible with the purposes 

of the Refuge. The Refuge provides outstanding 

wildlife viewing opportunities year round from 

many miles of trails and roads. The Great River 

Road and the Great River State Trail pass by the 

Refuge, making it highly visible and accessible to 

the public. However, access is generally restricted to 

able-bodied individuals. Some trails and observation 

points need to be improved to accommodate people 

with disabilities including those with hearing or 

vision impairments. While most of the Refuge habitats are easily accessible, emergent marsh presents 

a challenge. Access to an area of emergent marsh 

would provide opportunities to view wildlife in all 

representative habitat types. Also, winter is a 

unique opportunity to observe wildlife, but access to 

most of the refuge is limited by snowfall for 4 to 5 

months each year. The public and communities 

desire more opportunities for wildlife observation, 

while managers must balance opportunities with the 

need to limit disturbance to wildlife and archeological resources, and ensure safety of visitors. 

Wildlife photography opportunities are abundant 

along roads, trails and observation points without 

special facilities. In the past the staff has had little 

formal communication with area photography organizations. The needs of this user group are not 

known and efforts to develop facilities or programs 

should be predicated on consultation and partnering 

with area photographers. The Refuge needs to 

update the visitor services plan to establish clear 

guidelines for these programs. 

The Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act 

(HR 4818) passed Dec. 8, 2004, and became effective 

in 2006. It authorizes the Secretary of the Interior 

to collect entrance fees, and requires that the funds 

be spent on visitor services and facilities. With one 

entrance point, the Refuge is situated to collect fees. 

While the legislation does not mandate fee collection 

is does encourage the agency to review potential 

sites. Service guidance will be forthcoming. 

Interpretation 

Many signs and kiosks currently in place are outdated, not up to current Service standards, and do 

not interpret the mission of the Refuge System. 

Interpretive signs do not clearly communicate Refuge regulations to the public. There are no facilities 

for formal interpretive programming such as staff 

led talks or other special events. The visitor contact 

station has limited restroom facilities open only during business hours. A rented portable toilet must be 
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17

used after hours, on weekends or for special events. 

Vehicle pull-outs and boat launches are in need of 

upgrading and maintenance. Funding is generally 

not available to purchase interpretive supplies like 

binoculars, field guides or media equipment. An 

overall visitor services plan is needed to establish 

detailed guidelines for interpretive programming.

Biking is a popular activity because the Refuge 

connects with the Great River State Trail. Thousands of bicyclists pass through every year. Generally this activity is not disruptive and is a low impact 

way of observing plants and animals. The State has 

secured funding to extend the trail to Winona. The 

Refuge will become a stop along the trail, rather 

than an endpoint. This may change the way cyclists 

use the Refuge, with increased traffic and demand 

for more bike-friendly facilities. In addition, 

requests may arise for motorized use of the trail by 

ATVs or snowmobiles. The visitor services plan 

needs to address the needs of this user group and 

the potential for increased bike traffic.

Environmental Education

Trempealeau NWR is ideally situated to provide 

curriculum based programming. The demand for 

formal environmental education has been increasing 

and staff has few resources to accommodate the 

requests. Current programs are funded through 

partnerships and grants, but are difficult to continue year after year. Wisconsin has inclement 

weather many months of the year and the Refuge 

has no all-weather group facilities for teaching. 

Additionally, there are no restroom facilities that 

can accommodate groups. Although the staff has 

worked with many area educators, more outreach 

and networking is needed to formally develop Refuge-specific programs tailored to state and national 

curriculum standards. Training for teachers and volunteers, as well as teaching materials that could be 

used at the schools, would expand opportunities for 

environmental education. 

Hunting

Waterfowl hunting is one of the priority public 

uses of the Refuge System and remains a vital part 

of the cultural, social, and economic fabric of the 

communities around the Refuge. As habitats and 

wildlife decline and hunting pressure increases on 

surrounding lands, potential hunting opportunities 

within the Refuge become more valued. Within the 

context of a larger river system, the Refuge provides important sanctuary for migratory birds. Navigation Pool 6 on the adjacent Mississippi River has 

no areas closed to hunting where birds may find 

respite. With the exception of a limited hunt for people with disabilities, the Refuge has been closed to 

waterfowl hunting. The public desires more hunting 

opportunities, particularly in high quality habitats 

like those found on the Refuge. However, managers 

must balance hunting opportunities with the need to 

limit disturbance to wildlife and accommodate other 

visitor interests such as wildlife observation or photography.

Opportunities to hunt other species may be available. Small game (rabbits and squirrels), upland 

game birds (grouse, pheasant, partridge, crow), 

migratory game birds (Snipe, Sora, Mourning 

Doves, Woodcock, Virginia Rail) Turkey, coyote, raccoon and red fox have legal hunting seasons in Wisconsin and occur on the Refuge. Information on 

population size, habitat use and life requirements of 

most of these species is not known specifically for 

the Refuge. While hunting some of these animals 

may be feasible, there may be little management 

need to control these populations. More information 

needs to be collected, and some of these species may 

warrant an addition to the wildlife inventory plan. 

Likewise, if areas are to be open to new hunting programs the hunt plan and visitor services plan should 

include detailed review of the program’s benefits. 

Fishing

Over the years, the quality of the fishery has 

declined. Northern pike and yellow perch, popular 

sport fish, are no longer present in numbers that 

support recreational fishing. The sport fishery could 

be improved, however there may be conflicts with 

water drawdowns to promote growth of aquatic 

plants. Also, sediments have likely filled many overwintering holes needed by sport fish. Rough fish 

(carp and buffalo) and bullheads dominate the fishery and are not popular sport fish. The demand for 

fishing in the Refuge pools is relatively low. There is 

one fishing platform in Pool A, but the area around 

the platform is relatively poor fish habitat. The platform does not meet accessibility guidelines. The 

Trempealeau River may be more popular for fishing, but access can be difficult because of the steepness of the bordering dike and downed trees. Bow 

fishing for carp is allowed in Wisconsin, but not on 

the Refuge. Bow fisherman want to access the 

Trempealeau River from the Refuge and a conflict 

arises over allowing people with projectile weapons 

on the Refuge. Policy has been inconsistent in the 

past. The staff needs to update the fishing plan and 

investigate potential options for improving fishing 

access along the Trempealeau River. 
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Harvesting Fruit, Nuts, and Other Plant Parts

Some plants growing on the Refuge produce edible products such as fruit and nuts. In the past the 

Refuge has allowed the harvest of berries, nuts, 

mushrooms, and asparagus for personal consumption. Harvest is typically light. Recently, requests 

have been received for other plants like wild rice, 

sage and cone flower. Some of these requests are for 

personal consumption, others are for ceremonial or 

medicinal purposes. Other requests have been made 

to collect native grass and wildflower seeds. The 

Refuge needs to develop a clear policy on what the 

harvest policy is and what levels of harvest can be 

sustained without jeopardizing habitats or wildlife. 

Horseback Riding

As more and more hobby farms become established in the vicinity, interest in the use of the Refuge for horseback riding has increased. Horseback 

riding is considered a non-wildlife dependent activity and is subject to more scrutiny than other wildlife-dependent uses. Conflicts with other Refuge 

visitors, the need for larger parking facilities for 

trailers, maintenance of trails, and introduction of 

invasive plants are potential drawbacks that need 

careful consideration.

Domestic Pets

Unless specifically authorized, national wildlife 

refuges are closed to dogs, cats, livestock, and other 

domestic animals per federal regulations (50 CFR 

26). Domestic animals can harass and kill wildlife, 

and at times become a direct threat to people 

engaged in recreation. Dogs on a leash are permitted on the Refuge. Requests for opening areas to 

unleashed pets during the winter and for dog field 

trials necessitate careful consideration.

Non-Refuge Sponsored Events

Boy Scout jamborees, over night camping by 

school groups, weddings, family reunions, and fundraising walks or runs by charities are examples of 

non-refuge sponsored events that are considered 

non-wildlife dependent activities. Requests for hosting these events come in a few times each year. Each 

of these activities must be considered individually to 

determine if they are likely to impact Refuge 

resources and can be adapted to include some 

aspect of resource interpretation. Staff availability 

and scheduling are likely to limit these activities. 

Non-Refuge Sponsored Research

Refuges are interesting places and have many 

resources that are worthy of investigation. Requests 

for research projects by universities, other agencies, 

or individuals need to be considered. At times 

research projects, although interesting, do not further the management objectives of the Refuge and 

sometimes are disturbing to habitats and wildlife. 

Staff time is required to permit and monitor these 

activities. Clear guidelines need to be developed as 

to what research is in the best interest of the Refuge 

and how much staff resources should be committed.

General Public Use Regulations

General public use regulations include things like 

hours of operation, vehicle restrictions, use of fires, 

parking and other administrative or safety rules. 

The current public use regulations were last 

reviewed and updated in 1992. Regulations need to 

be reviewed to address new laws and policy and to 

help correct problems not specifically covered in 

current regulations governing the National Wildlife 

Refuge System (50CFR, subchapter C part 26). Refuge Officers and the public need to clearly understand what is and is not allowed on the Refuge.

Goal 4: Neighboring Landowner and Community 

Issues

Community Outreach

There is a general lack of awareness of the goals 

of the Refuge and the mission of the Refuge System. 

Citizen support is critical to a successful resource 

management program. Rebuilding society’s connection with its environment is an important component 

of long-term resource protection. Numerous oppor- Northern pike. USFWS tunities exist to build connections between the Ref-
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uge and the community. However, staff shortages 

and other priorities have limited efforts to work 

within the community. Refuge planning must 

include a strong component of community outreach 

and participation by Refuge staff.

Friends Groups

Friends groups play a critical role in helping the 

public understand the importance of protecting and 

preserving refuges. They provide critical support by 

volunteering, raising funds, and educating the public. Trempealeau NWR has not had its own Friends 

group, but instead has been a part of the Bob Pohl 

Chapter of the Friends of the Upper Mississippi 

River Refuge based in Winona, Minnesota. Trempealeau NWR does not have a presence in the local 

community and needs to establish its own Friends 

group that will provide an independent citizen voice 

for the protection, conservation, and enhancement 

of Refuge resources. 

Volunteers

Volunteers are a valuable asset providing thousands of hours of labor, completing tasks that otherwise would not be accomplished. Volunteers conduct 

biological surveys, lead interpretive programs, 

maintain equipment and facilities, and assist with 

special events. The Refuge has a core of dedicated 

volunteers who are committed to protecting the 

beauty of the Refuge. Staffing is unlikely to increase 

in the future and volunteers may be called upon to 

perform more of the surveys or maintenance tasks 

that go undone. Refuge staff must find ways to foster a sense of pride and ownership in the volunteers, 

while continuing to recruit new people. 

Partnerships

The Refuge administers the Partners for Wildlife 

Program for Trempealeau and Buffalo Counties. 

Opportunities for upper watershed improvement 

abound in the northern portions of these counties. 

These projects are immensely important to reducing sediments flowing to the Mississippi River. 

Expertise is available to assist landowners with control of invasive plants, and to restore and enhance 

wetlands and grasslands. Unfortunately, limited 

funding and staffing allow only a few of these 

projects to be completed each year. Projects are on a 

waiting list and landowners are continuing to 

request more assistance.

The Refuge shares its east boundary with Perrot 

State Park. The Refuge and the Park occasionally 

coordinate activities, but a stronger partnership 

would support both public facilities. Coordinating 

interpretive programming and recreational activities would benefit visitors that use both areas. There 

may also be opportunities to share staff and equipment for habitat management projects. 

Private Property Rights

Adjacent landowners have a variety of concerns 

about how their lands or their farming operations 

may be impacted by Refuge habitat, wildlife and 

recreation management. Crop damage by deer and 

waterfowl, flooding, trespass by hunters, and access 

across the Refuge to private land are issues that are 

frequently contentious. 

Easement and Right-of-Way Management

Two major dikes that are owned by the railroads 

cross the Refuge. Several power lines cross or border Refuge land, and State Highway 35/54 borders 

the Refuge on the north. All of these easements or 

right-of-ways present management challenges. 

Work crews and equipment need to cross Refuge 

lands for access to repair facilities, unknown numbers of wildlife collisions and bird strikes occur, accidental contaminant spills are a threat, and the need 

for road or power line expansion is imminent. The 

Refuge needs to develop a management plan for 

easement and rights-of-way that is consistent with 

current policies and management recommendations. 

Goal 5: Administration and Operations Issues

Entrance Road Flooding

The main Refuge entrance road, which is also 

part of the Great River State Trail, is a low-lying 

gravel road in the floodplain of the Trempealeau 

River. The entrance road floods frequently and is 

closed for 5-6 weeks each year, usually during the 

spring when songbird viewing is at its best. Ice-jams 

Canada Goose banding program at Trempealeau NWR. USFWS
Chapter 2: Public Involvement and Decision Process

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

20

close the road for months during some winters. An 

alternate, unimproved access for staff is available 

through the Marshland gate. The Wisconsin 

Department of Transportation has requested that 

this access not be promoted to the public because of 

safety concerns with its location on a curve, adjacent 

to a train crossing. The Refuge needs to develop a 

year-round access road for staff and visitors.

Facilities

Office facilities are too small to meet the needs of 

full staffing and especially summer hires and volunteers. Maintenance facilities that were constructed 

in 1936 are scheduled for replacement. Visitors need 

to have year-round access to restrooms, and there 

are no facilities to conduct formal interpretation or 

education programs. 

Staffing

Current staffing levels are below essential staffing needs and reflect gaps between what should be 

done and what can be done. The Refuge is fortunate 

to have a cadre of talented and giving volunteers 

who fill in some of the gaps in staffing. However, 

long-term programs are difficult to manage with 

short-term volunteer resources. Adequate staffing 

becomes more critical as public demand for recreation programs, biological information, and resource 

protection increases.

Operations and Maintenance Need

Plans and planning need to articulate the needs 

for staff and funding to manage and administer programs, facilities, and equipment. These needs must 

be represented in databases and other documents 

that are used in budget decision-making at the 

national and regional level.

Review of the Draft EIS/CCP

The Draft EIS/CCP was released for public 

review in June 2007 with a 60-day comment period. 

Summaries were mailed to 250 people, and full copies were provided to 52 people, agencies, and nongovernment organizations. Paper copies were also 

distributed to eight libraries in the area surrounding the Refuge. 

The full EIS/CCP was posted on the Refuge’s 

planning website. 

Twenty-six people participated in a public meeting hosted by the Refuge on June 28, 2007, in Trempealeau, Wisconsin. The purpose of the meeting was 

to give people an opportunity to comment in person 

on the Draft EIS/CCP. Comments were also 

accepted through the mail and via e-mail. Topics discussed included:

# The history of Trempealeau NWR management 

and current land conditions.

# The mission of the National Wildlife Refuge 

System and the purpose of Trempealeau NWR. 

# The comprehensive conservation planning 

process and development of alternatives.

# Objectives and strategies of the preferred 

alternative, Alternative C .

In addition, on July 10, 2007, the Refuge hosted a 

workshop focused on the waterfowl hunting objective (Objective 3.5) in the preferred alternative. Two 

people not associated with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife 

Service attended the workshop.

Final EIS/CCP and Record of 

Decision

Following the publication of the Final EIS/CCP 

in May 2008, the Regional Director, U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, Twin Cities, Minnesota, determined which alternative evaluated in the Final EIS 

would become the Final CCP. This decision has been 

recorded in a formal Record of Decision (Appendix 

A). Substantive comments from the public, agencies, 

and other groups that were received on the Draft 

EIS/CCP were included in the Final EIS, along with 

a Service response.

The Final EIS/CCP was distributed to local 

libraries and persons who requested the full document. The document was also posted on the 

Region’s planning website. A Notice of Availability 

of the Final EIS/CCP was published in the Federal 

Register by the Environmental Protection Agency 

on April 25, 2008.

One comment, which restated concerns that had 

been expressed in the Draft EIS comment period 

and had been responded to in the Final EIS, was 

received during the 30 days following publication of 

the Notice of Availability in the Federal Register.

The Regional Director signed a Record of Decision on June 17, 2008.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

21

Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Ecosystem Setting

The Upper Mississippi River/Tallgrass 

Prairie Ecosystem

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has adopted 

an approach to fish and wildlife conservation that is 

described as an ecosystem approach. This means 

that the Service is working to perpetuate dynamic, 

healthy ecosystems that ultimately will foster natural biological diversity. The strategy behind this 

effort is interdisciplinary and integrates the expertise and resources of all stakeholders.

Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge lies within 

the Upper Mississippi River/Tallgrass Prairie 

(UMR/TGP) Ecosystem (Figure 4). This large, ecologically diverse area encompasses land in the states 

of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin. The ecosystem is bisected into an east and west 

portion by the Mississippi River. Major rivers in this 

ecosystem include the Minnesota, Chippewa, Black, 

Wisconsin, Iowa, Rock, Skunk, Des Moines, Illinois, 

and Kaskaskia. The Refuge is located within two 

overlapping ecotypes within the ecosystem – these 

include the Driftless Area and the Oak Savanna and 

Forestland Area. The Driftless Area covers parts of 

Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois. Because it 

was not subject to glacial drift during the latter part 

of the Pleistocene epoch, the Driftless Area is characterized by highly dissected uplands with deeply 

cut valleys. Overlaying the Driftless Area in much of 

southern and western Wisconsin is a fire-dependent 

ecotype which once covered more than 30 million 

acres in the Region. Today, the oak savannas of the 

Midwest are considered by some to be the world’s 

most threatened communities. Conversion of oak 

savanna to agricultural lands, elimination of fire, 

invasion by exotic species, and human development 

have largely eliminated this ecotype from the UMR/

TGP Ecosystem. Trempealeau NWR is blessed with 

remnants of prairie/oak savanna habitats with 

opportunities for management to extend their life 

into the future.

Physical Environment

Climate

The Upper Mississippi River Watershed, which 

includes the Refuge, is characterized by great temperature extremes. Lows occur in January and February with extremes of minus 30 degrees 

Fahrenheit or lower and highs in the 90s occurring 

in July and August. Extreme maximum temperatures of 108 degrees Fahrenheit have been 

recorded. Some moderation in temperature 

extremes within the Upper Mississippi River valley 

have been observed. This is apparent in the spring 

Raccoon in a tree along Refuge Road, Trempealeau NWR. 

USFWS
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Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

22

when hardwood trees begin leafing out several days 

earlier than those on the plateaus flanking the valley.

Average annual precipitation is about 30 inches. 

About 80 percent occurs as rain from April through 

October with the remainder falling as snow from 

November to March. Winter moisture accumulates 

and can cause excessive runoff and flooding following the spring break-up.

Hydrology

With the closing of the culverts and bridges in the 

BNSFRR dike separating the Refuge from the 

main channel of the Mississippi River, and construction of the barrier dikes to divert the Trempealeau 

River in 1911, Refuge wetlands were essentially isolated. Floodwaters entered the Delta FFF marshes 

during the damaging flood in 1965 when the BNSFRR dike washed out. Floodwaters entered what is 

now the Refuge main pool. The upper limits of high 

water during the spring of 1965 define what is 

referred to as the “100-year flood” as depicted on 

Figure 5.

The BNSFRR dike protects Refuge wetlands 

from the impacts of barge traffic, oil spills, and 

other pollution that is occurring in the Mississippi 

River. Probably most significant is the much slower 

rate of siltation occurring in Trempealeau NWR 

wetlands. An abundance of wild rice and other sensitive species of aquatic plants on the Refuge that are 

becoming scarce in many river backwaters attests 

to the buffering influence of these dikes.

Construction of a series of locks and dams on the 

Mississippi River in the 1930s created a deeper, relatively stable water system, especially during the 

summer. Although flooding was not a serious problem at Trempealeau NWR because of barrier dikes, 

the low water cycle, so important to aquatic plants 

dependent on mud flats and sandbars for their 

reproduction, was virtually eliminated. With stable 

and higher water levels, wind and wave action gradually eliminated aquatic plant beds, particularly in 

the lower Refuge pools. 

Prior to 1994 water management in the 5,500-

acre Refuge pools consisted mainly of discharging 

flows into the adjacent Trempealeau River through 

a four-bay, gravity structure located in the Lower 

Diversion Dike near Trempealeau Mountain 

(Figure 6 on page 24). Water management by the 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at Lock and Dam 

No. 6 downstream from the Refuge can have a significant effect on the ability to manage water levels. 

The Trempealeau River enters Pool 6 of the Mississippi River about 1 mile downstream from the 

Figure 4: Trempealeau NWR and Upper Mississippi River/Tallgrass Prairie 

Ecosystem
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

23

Figure 5: Portion of Trempealeau NWR Above the 100-Year Flood Elevation (196
24

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Figure 6: Existing Water Management, Trempealeau NWR
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

25

Lower Diversion Dike. How the Corps manages 

water levels in Pool 6 determines the level of the 

Trempealeau River at this location. This determines 

the water head at the present discharge site and 

sets the upper limit on Pool A outflow.

Through the Environmental Management Program a series of dikes and pump stations was completed in 1999. This system created three separate 

impoundments of 700, 225, and 600 acres within 

which water levels can be manipulated by gravity 

and/or pumping to enhance conditions for growth of 

desirable plants. However, the remaining 4,000 

acres of water in Pool B are essentially unmanageable. Water levels in this pool since 2001 have been 

above desirable levels but pumping and discharge to 

improve conditions are impractical due to its large 

area and depth. Subdividing this pool into smaller, 

more manageable units has been discussed.

The new water management system received its 

first “test” in 2000 when water level manipulation 

began. In Pool A water was drawn down by pumping 

to the maximum (3 feet) exposing about 15 to 20 percent of the bottom. Aquatic plant response on these 

areas, which had not been exposed for over 60 years, 

was excellent. By allowing a rise in water levels in 

the fall, important habitat for migrating waterfowl 

and marsh birds was provided. Experience gained 

during the 2000 drawdown showed that groundwater seepage in Pool A is considerable and would 

probably preclude maintaining low water levels 

throughout the winter months. In 2004, the Pool A 

pump station was modified to permit removal of 

additional water to expose a greater area of pool 

bottom during a drawdown.

The ability to draw down Pool A allows the Refuge to create mudflats and vegetated shallow water 

areas that attract thousands of shorebirds and hundreds of Blue-winged Teal and Northern Shovelers 

during late spring migration. Through the summer, 

Sandhill Cranes, Canada Geese, and Mallards feed 

on the mudflats, and White Pelicans, Great Egrets, 

and Great Blue Herons loaf in the shallows and feed 

on schools of fish. During a drawdown, the pool is 

held as low as possible into the winter when ice conditions prevent pumping. Waterfowl and other birds 

take advantage of the plentiful food source during 

fall migration.

 Flooding Pool C2 in the late winter attracts 

waterfowl when the remainder of the Refuge waters 

are still iced over. This provides limited ability for 

water level control because the water is released 

after three weeks to prevent swamp white oak trees 

in the southeast corner of the impoundment from 

being stressed. 

Pool E is lowered about 6 inches in early June to 

allow wild rice to grow. The rice attracts waterfowl 

in the fall. Typically there is an abundant rice crop 

every other year. 

Pool B is the largest pool and includes the wetlands from Kieps Dike west to the Canadian 

National Railroad and the wetlands west of the railroad outside of Oxbow Pool. This makes it difficult 

to manage and over the years the emergent marsh 

habitat and floating vegetation mats have declined 

in quantity due to high water levels.

As mentioned earlier, the BNSFRR dike forms 

an integral part of the barrier dike system which 

impounds water within Trempealeau NWR. This 

dike was breached and over-topped in 1965 and was 

repaired by the railroad. During the near-record 

flood in the spring of 2001, floodwaters rose to a 

level even with the bottom of the rails at several 

points but the dike held. Again, additional rock was 

added at several points. Railroad personnel were 

concerned about the large “head” of water against 

their dike and requested that the Service let water 

into Trempealeau NWR to equalize the pressure on 

the dike. In response, gates on the water control 

structure in Lower Diversion Dike near Trempealeau Mountain were opened as well as gates on the 

Marshland Road inlet structure, allowing water 

from the Trempealeau River to enter the Refuge 

pools. Water elevations on the Trempealeau River 

were several feet lower than on the Mississippi 

River at points upstream where pressure on the 

dike was greatest. As a result, the quantity of water 

Aerial view of Pool A looking south during the summer of 2002 

drawdown. USFWS
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

26

which could be diverted into the Refuge pool was 

insufficient to offer protection for the railroad dike 

at the critical locations.

From the Refuge’s perspective, opening the gates 

on the Lower Diversion and Marshland Road structures and allowing floodwaters to enter the Refuge 

caused serious damage to biological resources and 

infrastructure as follows:

1. High inflows damaged the electric weir and 

one lift gate on the water control structure 

with a repair cost of several thousand dollars.

2. Higher water levels in Refuge pools coupled 

with strong winds caused bank erosion on the 

Refuge side of the BNSFRR dike.

3. With damage to the electric weir, carp and 

other rough fish were allowed to enter Pool A. 

In the future, with big-headed and silver carp 

and other exotic species entering the 

Mississippi River, biological consequences 

from this action to aquatic systems in the 

Refuge pool could be severe.

4. Floodwaters uprooted or drowned out beds of 

emergent aquatic plants that had become 

established during the previous year’s 

drawdown in Pool A and those beds that were 

well established in the upper ends of Pool B 

between Pine Creek Dike and the Canadian 

National Railroad.

5. Interior Refuge roads and dikes suffered 

damage from high water. Kieps Island 

spillway was damaged from overtopping and 

needed extensive repairs. 

In summary, this incident clearly demonstrated 

that the present water management infrastructure 

at Trempealeau NWR affords little opportunity for 

management actions that can reduce Mississippi 

River flood impacts on the BNSFRR dike. Letting 

flood waters into Pool A through the lower diversion 

structure will damage emergent vegetation thereby 

countering the beneficial effects of drawdowns, and 

may accentuate bank erosion on the railroad and 

interior dikes while offering virtually no additional 

protection to the BNSFRR dike. 

If the BNSFRR placed a large, gated culvert or 

series of culverts through their dike upstream of the 

junction with the Canadian National Railroad 

(CNRR) dike, it might be possible to discharge 

enough water into the upper portion of Trempealeau 

NWR to save the dike during a disastrous flood 

event. Such a project could jeopardize the CNRR 

dike that bisects the Refuge pool and would 

undoubtedly cause considerable damage to Refuge 

habitats and infrastructure.

Water inflow into Refuge pools can occur through 

an inlet structure between the upper end of C2 Pool 

and the Trempealeau River backwaters and through 

a drainage ditch off the Buffalo Township Park. 

Other inflow comes from seepage through railroad 

and barrier dikes and from groundwater input. This 

latter source is probably considerable but has not 

been measured. A number of artesian wells drilled 

by the former owners of the Delta FFF are scattered throughout Refuge wetlands. The quantity of 

water inflow has not been measured but is believed 

to be relatively insignificant.

Flooding of the 0.2-mile township road that provides the main access to the existing auto-tour route 

occurs for up to 6 weeks annually during spring 

break-up and at other times following heavy rains. 

During this time, the surface gravel is washed from 

the road into the wetland downstream. This material is slowly filling the wetland from years of flooding. As part of a feasibility study to look at 

alternatives for providing all-weather access to the 

Refuge, a hydraulic analysis of Trempealeau River 

flows was conducted. These data are available in 

Refuge files. 

Geology and Soils

The Upper Mississippi River Valley was substantially influenced by the Pleistocene geologic age. 

During this period, heavy water flows caused substantial erosion and cut the present deep valley. As 

The main access road into Trempealeau NWR floods annually. 

USFWS
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

27

flows lessened, sediments composed of sand and 

gravel were deposited forming the basis for present 

Refuge soils.

Soils within the Refuge range from alluvial types 

in the wetlands to finely eroded sands on the steeper 

uplands. Varying levels of silt overlie sand and 

gravel sediments in the wetland bottoms. However, 

isolation of Refuge marshes from adjacent river 

floodwaters by the barrier dikes has reduced the 

degree of siltation compared to adjacent Mississippi 

backwater areas.

The 700-acre central upland portion is an area of 

rolling sand dunes formed from wind-blown material deposited in the valley during a former dry 

period.

Soils, to a great extent, influence the growth and 

type of vegetation which occur on a particular area. 

Soil also determines the suitability of a site for a 

particular use. Accordingly, soil characteristics as 

described in soil surveys from Buffalo and Trempealeau Counties (USDA 1962, 1977) were mapped and 

used in conjunction with other data to determine the 

suitability of various locations for Refuge management and development.

Environmental Contaminants

In February 1991, sediment samples were collected from several locations in the main Refuge 

pool. These were borings taken from 0 to 19 feet for 

bulk chemical testing to determine suitability of 

sand for dike construction. Samples were analyzed 

for heavy metals, organochlorine pesticides and 

PCBs and were found to be relatively clean. Complete results of the analysis are listed in Appendix A 

of the January 1994 Corps of Engineers Definite 

Project Report for the Trempealeau NWR HREP 

(USACE 1994). 

As mentioned earlier, Trempealeau NWR is bordered and bisected by active railroad grades. The 

BNSFRR in particular is a busy track with trains 

passing at 20 to 30 minute intervals during working 

hours. Railroads transport a variety of chemicals, 

fertilizers, and other materials, some of which would 

be harmful to fish and wildlife if a derailment 

occurred adjacent to the Refuge and contaminants 

entered the wetlands. 

Water Quality

Outbreaks of blue-green algae have been noted in 

Refuge pools during summer months, turning the 

water a pea-green color. Studies during July 2002 by 

USGS researchers from the Upper Mississippi 

Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) in La 

Crosse found that nitrogen concentrations in the 

Refuge pool were low relative to phosphorus. Low 

nitrogen levels can limit phytoplankton growth. 

Phytoplantkon such as blue-green algae that can fix 

atmospheric nitrogen, however, will have a competitive advantage over non-fixing species – hence the 

huge bloom noted. 

Refuge pools are shallow and fertile and receive 

no inflow from adjacent rivers during the winter 

months. As a result, dissolved oxygen levels become 

quite low during most winters particularly when 

snowfall is above normal.

Vegetation and Habitat 

Resources

Habitats and Vegetation Types

Vegetative cover type, density, and height are all 

important factors used in planning and managing 

the Refuge. The 1994 GIS habitat coverage maps 

from USGS and ground fieldwork were used to code 

all the vegetative types on the Refuge. Figure 7

illustrates these vegetative types. 

Using this system, the Refuge’s vegetation types 

can be grouped into the following categories: 2,574 

acres of marsh and aquatic vegetation; 1,446 acres 

of open water; 572 acres of wetland, shrub, and wet 

meadow; 227 acres of upland forest; 969 acres of 

bottomland forest; 408 acres of grassland; and 30 

acres of developed land. The total Refuge area is 

6,226 acres.

Marsh and aquatic vegetation occupies about

41 percent of the Refuge. The primary emergent 

species are cattail, burreed, sedges, bulrush, arrowhead, and phragmites. Wild rice, a particularly 

important fall food plant for migratory birds, is 

abundant, particularly in the western half of the 

Refuge. During some years this plant may occupy 

several hundred acres of the Refuge. Floating-leaf 

and submergent aquatics including American lotus, 

pickerelweed, water lily, pondweeds, waterweed, 

coontail, and water milfoil are present in varying 

levels of abundance. First noted in the mid-1980s, 

the invasive purple loosestrife has spread throughout the Refuge and now occurs in some stands that 

are several acres in size. Other invasive aquatic 

plants present include Eurasian milfoil and curlyleafed pondweed.
28

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Figure 7: Landcover/Land Use Map, 1994, Trempealeau NWR
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

29

Wetland shrub and wet meadow types comprise 

about 9 percent of the Refuge. Principal species 

within the wetland shrub type are willow, red-osier 

dogwood, and buttonbush. The wet meadow type 

includes various sedges and the invasive reed 

canary grass. There are indications that willow may 

be spreading and occupying areas formerly occupied by emergent and wet meadow species.

Upland forest covers about 4 percent and is dominated by red and black oaks, black locust, green 

ash, and black cherry with a few scattered pine 

plantations. Nearly 190 acres of this upland forest 

are dominated by non-native tree species in their 

overstory. The red and white pine found on the Refuge are not indigenous to this particular area of 

Wisconsin. Scotch pine and red cedar are not native 

to this area. All of these species were planted 

decades ago in an attempt to provide additional habitat niches. However, these plantings fragment prairie habitats that are becoming extremely rare in the 

region due to development and agriculture. 

Recently, nearly all upland forests have been 

invaded by European buckthorn which in many 

areas forms a dense, monotypic understory shading 

out native hardwood tree and shrub seedlings and 

wildflowers. An extensive effort to remove buckthorn, honeysuckle, Siberian pea and exotic elms 

was made in fall 2003 and winter 2003/2004 (see 

adjacent photographs). This was done in conjunction 

with an environmental education effort using over 

500 students and a few staff to clear most of the 

understory invasives and all of the mature exotics in 

the overstory within a 4.5-acre area. This level of 

effort likely could not be maintained at the current 

level of staffing. 

 The bottomland hardwood forest covers about 

16 percent of the Refuge and is dominated by silver 

maple, river birch, swamp white oak, cottonwood, 

willow, and ash. 

Prior to impoundment, much of the old river 

channels on the western portion of the Refuge were 

bordered with bottomland hardwoods. Some areas 

were cleared for farming and then later maintained 

by the Refuge as grasslands in order to create edge 

habitat. Now that the importance of bottomland 

hardwoods (and other habitats) in unfragmented 

condition is known, and the difficulty of maintaining 

these fields using fire is realized, the Refuge has 

recently begun to restore these areas to bottomland 

hardwoods. Some restoration has already occurred 

with planting of seedlings and direct seeding of various trees including swamp white oak, hackberry, 

and green ash. This restoration may make these 

areas more attractive to such species as the Redshouldered Hawk and Cerulean Warbler.

Grassland areas make up about 7 percent of the 

Refuge. Past management efforts have encouraged 

re-establishment of native grasses such as big and 

little bluestem, switchgrass, Indian grass, side-oats 

grama, Junegrass, and green needlegrass. In the 

last two decades, the importance of prairie wildflowers has been recognized including species such as 

purple prairie clover, lupine, prairie larkspur, goatsrue, spiderwort, leadplant, and yellow puccoon. 

Non-native, cool season grasses such as quackgrass, 

smooth bromegrass and bluegrass occur throughout 

the grasslands. Leafy spurge began invading grasslands on Trempealeau NWR in the mid 1980s and is 

now present throughout upland prairie habitats. 

This plant thrives from its persistent underground 

Oak stand with a dense understory of European buckthorn and 

honeysuckle. USFWS

The same area after removal of invasive woody shrubs. 

USFWS
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

30

root system, defying mowing and burning. Releases 

of flea beetles that attack and feed on leafy spurge 

plants began in the early 1990s and show promise 

for future control.

Prescribed burning has been an important part of 

prairie management on Trempealeau NWR. About 

335 acres within 17 grassland units are burned on a 

rotational system during the spring months under 

prescriptions described in a Fire Management Plan 

(USFWS, 2008).

 Black locust, a native of the southeastern U.S. 

was brought to the Refuge in the late 1930s and 

1940s to control erosion and provide wildlife cover. 

The species did well in sandy soil areas and became 

very invasive due to its aggressive, spreading root 

system. The Refuge has been “battling” black locust 

using mechanical and chemical means for many 

years with varying levels of success. At present, 

black locust stands of varying age occupy about 30 

percent of the upland area of the Refuge. 

Developed land accounts for less than 1 percent 

of the Refuge area and includes the headquarters 

area, maintenance and storage facilities, roads, 

parking areas, and water control structures.

Fisheries Habitats and 

Resources

General

Based on limited population sampling conducted 

in 1979, 1981, 1984, and 1994, the fishery resource of 

the Refuge can best be described as mixed, but 

dominated by non-game fish. Carp, buffalo, and 

bullheads are the most abundant species and may 

comprise as much as 85 percent of the standing crop 

by weight. These species are the most resistant to 

the partial and often severe winter-kills that occur 

regularly. Northern pike and yellow perch are the 

most abundant game species found in Refuge pools. 

Using a diversity of sampling techniques in 1994, a 

total of 23 species of fish were recorded (Appendix 

C).

Commercial Fishing

Commercial harvest of carp and buffalo on the 

Refuge has occurred sporadically over the past 25 

years. During the period from 1982 to 1986, more 

than 700,000 pounds of fish were taken. Attempts to 

utilize commercial harvest to control rough fish populations to improve aquatic plant growth and survival have met with limited success. Unstable 

pricing and market conditions have often reduced 

incentives for harvest at times when rough fish populations are high and resource impacts most severe. 

However, with completion of the interior dikes and 

pump stations in 1999, commercial salvage for carp 

in Pool A prior to a drawdown year can significantly 

reduce the population. This improves conditions for 

growth of both emergent and submersed aquatic 

vegetation by reducing the amount of carp foraging 

in the sediment. It also allows a quicker drawdown 

to occur because fewer fish are present to reduce 

the flow of water to the pumping station by blocking 

the intake culvert. Pumps can then run continuously.

Forage Fish

Little is known about this component of the fish 

population in Refuge pools. However, its importance 

to many fish-eating birds that frequent the Refuge 

is substantial. White Pelicans and Double-crested 

Cormorants, for example, arrive in April and are 

present until late October in numbers often exceeding 500 birds of each species. Hundreds of Ringbilled Gulls and Bald Eagles roost and feed on the 

Refuge during both spring and fall migrations. 

Great Blue Herons and Great Egrets from a rookery 1 mile west of the Refuge number more than 500 

nesting pairs and use the Refuge as a major feeding 

area during breeding season. In short, Trempealeau 

NWR pools provide an enormous food source for 

many hundreds of fish-eating birds for 8 to 9 months 

of the year. This food base is comprised of young-ofthe-year carp and buffalo, gizzard shad, and an 

undetermined number of other species. 

Refuge staff planting Swamp white oak trees on a former 

cropfield. October 2003. USFWS
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

31

Sport Fish

Trempealeau NWR supports a meager sport fishery with bullheads comprising the majority of the 

catch by bank fishermen. Limited numbers of 

northern pike are taken with a few large fish (over 

10 pounds) usually reported each year. Other game 

fish including bass, bluegill, crappie and yellow 

perch are present. Their numbers tend to fluctuate 

depending on severity of the most recent winterkills.

Threatened and Endangered Fish

No federally listed species are known to occur 

within the Refuge. However, state listed species 

including the American eel (special concern) and the 

river and greater redhorse, both threatened, are 

known to occur in the Trempealeau River. There are 

also records of the pirate perch collected on the 

former Delta FFF in 1947 although the species has 

not been encountered recently.

Invasive and Exotic Fish and Molluscs

Several non-native species have been introduced 

into Wisconsin waters either accidentally or, in some 

cases, on purpose. Some have become “invasive” in 

that they overwhelm native species and take over a 

body of water. Aquatic invasive species threaten the 

diversity and productivity of the Mississippi River 

System and Trempealeau NWR.

Common carp have been present in the Refuge 

pool system for many years. Their numbers have 

somewhat stabilized and tend to fluctuate depending on the severity of winterkills. Two other species 

of carp are cause for serious concern, however. Bighead carp and silver carp were first brought to the 

U.S. in the 1970s by Arkansas fish farmers to consume algae in fish production ponds. They escaped 

and began to appear in the southern Mississippi 

River in the 1980s and now occur in large numbers 

below Lock and Dam 19 in Iowa. A bighead was 

caught in Pool 4 (Lake Pepin) about 25 miles 

upstream from Trempealeau NWR in the fall of 

2003. Both species are large-bodied filter feeders 

that compete directly with native mussels and other 

fish for food. There is great concern about their 

potential effect on fish communities if they become 

established in Wisconsin waters. Both bighead and 

silver carp are known to jump out of the water in 

response to boat motors. Continued maintenance 

and operation of the electric barrier in the Lower 

Diversion Dike water control structure is essential 

to ensure that exotic fishes like the silver and bighead carp do not enter Trempealeau NWR from the 

Trempealeau River when the gates are open and 

water is being discharged. 

Zebra mussels, native to Eastern Europe and 

Western Asia, are now found in the entire Wisconsin 

portion of the Mississippi River. These hardy and 

prolific mollusks, which can clog water-intakes and 

decimate native mussel populations, as yet have not 

been found in Trempealeau NWR pools. 

Wildlife

Trempealeau NWR habitats provide potential 

resting and feeding areas for migratory and resident wildlife. Wooded river bluffs are used by songbirds while many species of raptors take advantage 

of updrafts created by the valley slopes for their 

migrations. The diverse mix of wetland, forest, and 

prairie habitats within and adjacent to Trempealeau 

NWR support a great variety of birds, mammals, 

reptiles, and amphibians as described in the following sections.

Refuge wildlife monitoring is an important priority with results used to support adaptive management techniques that can be used to benefit a 

variety of wildlife species. Various techniques are 

used as specified in the stations current Wildlife 

Inventory Plan (USFWS 1987).

Waterfowl

Waterfowl usually begin arriving in mid-March as 

ice break-up occurs in Refuge pools. Migrants, 

which include Goldeneyes and Common and Hooded 

Mergansers, show up earlier on adjacent Mississippi River backwaters where river currents and 

water level fluctuations cause ice-out to occur before 

Trempealeau NWR. Essentially all diving and dabRed fox. USFWS
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

32

bling ducks common to the Mississippi Flyway can 

be seen at Trempealeau NWR during the spring 

migration. Canada Geese are a common spring 

migrant – Snow Geese are rarely seen. Tundra 

Swans move through by the thousands in mid to late 

March on their way to sub-arctic nesting grounds. 

Flocks numbering into the hundreds can be seen on 

the Refuge for brief periods in the spring. Bluewinged Teal are usually the last waterfowl species to 

arrive.

Canada Geese, Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, and 

Wood Ducks are the principal nesting waterfowl. All 

four are listed as Resource Conservation Priority 

(RCP) species based on their recreational and economic value (Appendix C). Families of Canada 

Geese are conspicuous during summer months when 

flightless molting adults and their young congregate 

in Refuge marshes. An annual roundup in July coordinated by Wisconsin DNR usually results in over 

100 goslings and flightless adults being banded on 

the Refuge. Wood Ducks are the most abundant 

nesting duck on Trempealeau NWR and adjacent 

Mississippi River backwaters using cavities in bottomland hardwood forest stands for nesting.

Fall migration begins in late August coinciding 

with the ripening of wild rice in stands on the upper 

pools. During bumper years, this plant may occupy 

hundreds of acres in the western half of Trempealeau NWR providing a tremendous food source utilized by Wood Ducks, Mallards, Sora and Virginia 

Rails, Coots, and thousands of Black Birds. Flocks 

of Blue-winged Teal are apparent at this time preparing for their early fall departure.

Trempealeau NWR is important as a fall waterfowl feeding and resting area for the complex of 

wetlands occurring in the general area. Neither 

adjacent Pool 6 within the Upper Mississippi River 

NW&FR nor state-managed wetlands in Trempealeau Bay include any areas closed to waterfowl hunting. By maintaining only limited waterfowl hunting 

for disabled persons and restricting human entry 

and modes of access during fall migration, adequate 

sanctuary has been provided on Trempealeau NWR 

to protect and hold large numbers of waterfowl. 

This has improved waterfowl hunting and wildlife 

viewing opportunities on surrounding areas over the 

years.

Diving ducks including Ring-necked Ducks and 

Canvasback ducks are attracted to Trempealeau 

NWR pools during the fall migration. More than 

two-thirds of the mid-continent population of Canvasbacks are believed to pass through the “Upper 

Miss” and Trempealeau NWR during fall migration.

In recent years it has been estimated that more 

than 30,000 Tundra Swans move through the Upper 

Mississippi River Valley during fall migration, staging on closed areas within the Upper Mississippi 

River NW&FR and on Trempealeau NWR. These 

birds begin to arrive in late October and may stay 

for a month or more. Peak numbers in excess of 

1,000 on the Refuge have been recorded. Thousands 

of visitors enjoy watching these spectacular birds as 

they brighten our lives for a few brief weeks in the 

fall (and spring).

Canada Geese and Mallards are usually the last 

waterfowl to depart. During years when snow comes 

late and birds can feed in harvested crop fields 

nearby, hundreds of geese and thousands of Mallards can be seen roosting on pool ice well into 

December.

Waterbirds

Pelicans and Cormorants 

White Pelicans began appearing on Trempealeau 

NWR and vicinity in the mid-1980s. Since then numbers have increased with peaks of up to 1,000 birds 

recorded. Flocks are assumed to consist of nonbreeding adults and sub-adults since nesting 

occurred for the first time in 2007 on the Mississippi 

River navigation Pool 9. These birds find ample forage fish for their diet as flocks of pelicans can usually be seen on the Refuge from ice-out to freeze-up. 

Formerly listed as endangered in Wisconsin, 

Double-crested Cormorant numbers have 

rebounded dramatically in the Upper Midwest. 

Until 1985, a small nesting population was maintained on man-made structures located west of 

Refuge and Wisconsin DNR staff and volunteers round up 

flightless geese for banding on the Refuge. July 2002. USFWS
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

33

Delta Point. This effort was discontinued as Cormorant numbers increased and it became obvious that 

major recruitment was occurring elsewhere. The 

large flocks that now stage on the Refuge and adjacent Mississippi River backwaters in late summer 

and fall are causing consternation among anglers 

regarding their potential impacts on gamefish numbers. As with pelicans, main food sources within 

Trempealeau NWR are likely young carp, buffalo, 

and gizzard shad. 

Herons, Bitterns and Egrets

Serious declines in numbers of nesting Great 

Blue Herons and Great Egrets have occurred on the 

adjacent Upper Mississippi River in recent years. 

For example, of four known rookeries active in 1987 

on Pools 4, 5, and 6 of the Winona District, only the 

Mertes Slough rookery in Pool 6 remains viable. 

This colony located only 1 mile upstream of Trempealeau NWR contained an estimated 600 Great 

Blue Heron and 100 Great Egret nests in the year 

2000. Vegetation losses and general decline in foraging habitat are believed to be at least partly responsible for the demise of these rookeries.

Studies demonstrate that many nesting Great 

Blue Herons and Great Egrets that were followed 

by aircraft traveled from the Mertes Slough rookery to Trempealeau NWR for feeding (Custer, 

1999). It is likely that Trempealeau NWR marshes 

play a critical role in the survival of this rookery. 

Other heron species found on the Refuge include the 

Green Heron, Black-crowned Night Heron, and 

Least Bittern. Sightings/records of the American 

Bittern on or near the Refuge are extremely rare.

Cranes and Rails

Sandhill Crane numbers have increased in recent 

years with six to 10 nesting pairs on the Refuge. 

Flocks of up to 30 birds on and near the Refuge are 

common.

Sora and Virginia Rails become apparent when 

wild rice begins to mature. Many birds can be heard 

calling from stands of wild rice and other emergent 

vegetation in the western two-thirds of the Refuge 

from late August into early October. Both species 

nest on Trempealeau NWR.

Gulls and Terns

Flocks of Ring-billed Gulls winging their way up 

through the Mississippi River Valley are a sure sign 

that spring and flocks of waterfowl are not far 

behind. These birds move through by the thousands, 

but do not nest.

Trempealeau NWR provides one of the largest 

nesting populations of Black Terns on the Upper 

Mississippi River. These birds build their nests on 

floating vegetation. Nesting pairs peaked in the 

mid- to late-90s between 60 and 100 pairs. The population bottomed out at 15 pairs during the high 

water year of 2001. Since then numbers recovered 

and stabilized at about 30 nesting pairs. Clearly, 

more stable water levels within Trempealeau NWR 

provide more secure nesting conditions for Black 

Terns than adjacent Mississippi River backwaters 

where water level fluctuations are more severe. 

Black Terns are a Regional Resource Conservation 

Priority Species and are listed as a species of Special Concern in Wisconsin. (Appendix C).

Shorebirds

Shorebird habitat is generally scarce on Trempealeau NWR except during years when drawdowns are conducted on Pool A, exposing mudflats 

for shorebird foraging. Shorebirds took advantage 

of the Pool A drawdown in 2000 which coincided with 

their northward migration in the spring. Twentythree species of shorebirds used the Refuge during 

this time. Greater and Lesser Yellowlegs were the 

first to arrive in mid to late April. Dunlins came in 

the hundreds from early to late May peaking at 

about a thousand. Unusual species included a Red 

Knot, Hudsonian and Marbled Godwits, American 

Avocets, and Ruddy Turnstones. Though the fall 

migration was less spectacular, a few hundred 

shorebirds made use of low water levels in the pool.

The American Woodcock is a common migrant 

and a nesting species on Trempealeau NWR.

Raptors

Bald Eagle (see Section on page 35) and Osprey, 

which is listed as threatened in Wisconsin, nest on 

the Refuge. A pair of Ospreys have nested most 

American White Pelicans. © Sandra Lines
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

34

years on a platform on top of a transmission line 

support structure along the Canadian National Railroad dike. This nest was first discovered in 1975 and 

at that time was the only known nest in the area. 

Since then at least three other nests have appeared 

within 5 miles west of the Refuge. A pole and nesting platform placed near Kiep’s Island has received 

limited use by Ospreys. Nesting occurred in 1998, 

1999, 2000, 2001 and 2007 but only two young were 

fledged in 2000 and 2007.

There are previous nesting records for the Redshouldered Hawk on Trempealeau NWR but sightings of this species have been few in recent years. 

Red-shouldered Hawks seem to prefer large tracts 

of mature bottomland forest within the Mississippi 

River floodplain for nesting. This kind of habitat is 

present but limited on Trempealeau NWR.

The Peregrine Falcon, a state-listed endangered 

species in Wisconsin, has nested on bluff outcrops 

within 2 miles of the Refuge and on man-made 

structures in towns and cities nearby. The species is 

observed occasionally at Trempealeau NWR and 

has been seen taking waterfowl.

Upland Game Birds

Wild Turkeys were reintroduced into southwestern Wisconsin in the mid-1980s. Since then Wild 

Turkey sightings have become more frequent and at 

present a population of 20-25 birds on the Refuge is 

estimated. Although few in number, the birds are 

often conspicuous providing visitors with many wildlife observation opportunities. Spring and fall turkey hunting seasons are offered in Wisconsin but 

the Refuge is closed to Wild Turkey hunting.

Ruffed Grouse are an uncommon resident of forest edges and shrub habitats on Trempealeau NWR.

Passerines (Songbirds)

The most recent bird list for Trempealeau NWR 

includes 266 recorded species of which 143 are passerines. This great diversity of species is a response 

to the variety of habitats on and near the Refuge. 

Riverine wetlands with a mix of emergent marshes, 

shrub swamps and bottomland forest combined with 

upland forest and “goat prairies” on the valley 

slopes attract many species during spring and fall 

migrations. The period from late April to mid-May 

in particular is a high point for visitors who come to 

Trempealeau NWR to watch the spring warbler 

migration. During the summer few warblers nest 

here, but many other passerines do. The woodlands 

support a number of woodpecker species, Vireos, 

Black-capped Chickadees, White-breasted 

Nuthatches, House Wrens and other songbirds 

nesting there. The prairie is home to Eastern Meadowlarks, Grasshopper Sparrows, Dickcissels, Field 

Sparrows, and Orchard Orioles. In the wetlands 

there are Sedge Wrens, Red-winged Blackbirds, 

and Yellow-headed Blackbirds. Yellow-headed 

Blackbirds were observed frequently prior to the 

1990s before the cattail beds were destroyed in Pool 

B. Very few were found on the Refuge until spring 

2003 when they began nesting in cattails that 

became established after the Pool A drawdown in 

2000.

A series of point count surveys were made on 

Trempealeau NWR from spring to fall in various 

habitats. A total of 76 species were recorded, of 

which 60 were passerines (Appendix C).

Mammals

A resident white-tail deer herd estimated at 

between 50 and 75 animals occurs on the Refuge and 

provides both wildlife viewing and hunting opportunity for the public. Since the early 1980s managed 

hunts including some "antlerless only" seasons have 

reduced the herd to a level which is currently at or 

below carrying capacity of Refuge habitats. Many 

people would like to see more deer on the Refuge, 

but higher deer numbers could cause negative 

impacts on hardwood forest reproduction through 

over-browsing.

Beaver and muskrats are the most conspicuous of 

the furbearers. Beaver lodges with food piles and 

cuttings, and the presence of the animals themselves, provide enjoyment for many visitors. When 

colonies are situated near roads, culverts, and dikes, 

however, they can cause serious problems. Selected 

harvest of problem beaver by permittee trapping 

has been conducted in the past and is recommended 

where necessary. Harvest of muskrats through permittee trapping is allowed with an annual harvest of 

1,000 to 1,500 animals. Trapping of muskrats 

reduces the number of these animals, which burrow 

into dikes and cause structural damage. Beaver and 

muskrat trapping units are awarded through an 

auction held each year prior to the opening of the 

season.

The Refuge and surrounding area seems to support high numbers of raccoons, based on observations of tracks and other sign and numbers of 

roadkills. During Wood Duck trapping and banding 

operations in late summer, placement of corn for 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

35

bait at trap sites immediately attracts raccoons, 

which must be live-trapped and relocated or 

excluded from banding sites with electric fencing. 

The impacts of this high raccoon population on nesting waterfowl and other ground-nesting birds on the 

Refuge is unknown but may be significant. Trappers 

remove a small number (7-10) of raccoons during 

the fall season. 

Coyote numbers have also increased throughout 

southwest Wisconsin. Sightings on Trempealeau 

NWR are now becoming more frequent. Other 

mammals known to occur include minks, otters, 

striped skunks, weasels, red and gray foxes, cottontail rabbits, gray and fox squirrels, and a variety of 

small mammals including ground squirrels, moles, 

pocket gophers, voles, mice, and shrews.

Reptiles and Amphibians 

According to the Wisconsin Herpetological Society, 59 species of reptiles and amphibians are known 

to be indigenous to Wisconsin. Forty-nine of these 

species may occur on Trempealeau NWR – 15 have 

been recorded to date (Appendix C). Three species 

are of special significance and are listed in Wisconsin. The wood turtle and Blanding’s turtle are both 

classified as threatened while the eastern Massasauga rattlesnake is listed as endangered by the 

State. The Blanding’s turtle is frequently observed 

during the egg-laying season.

Frog and toad call surveys have been conducted 

on the Refuge since 1981 by staff and volunteers. 

Species recorded include the American toad, green 

frog, wood frog, leopard frog, chorus frog, spring 

peeper, Eastern gray treefrog and Cope's gray treefrog. A reptile and amphibian list covering the 

Upper Mississippi River NW&FR includes 35 

recorded species with 10 additional recorded from 

adjacent counties. Since the Upper Mississippi 

River NW&FR stretches north and south 261 miles 

downstream into northwest Illinois, the list includes 

a few species that would not be expected to occur at 

Trempealeau. The bullfrog, for example, has not 

been found north of LaCrosse, Wisconsin.

Invertebrates 

A lack of benthic invertebrates in bottom sediments has been noted in Trempealeau NWR pools. 

Studies were conducted by USGS to determine if 

toxic sediment ammonia or fish predation was 

responsible for the scarcity of aquatic invertebrates 

(Richardson, pers. comm). Using comparisons 

within and outside of fish exclosures, it was concluded that fish predation probably limits invertebrate populations. This is not surprising in view of 

the large standing crop of black and brown bullheads in Refuge pools. 

Invasive and Exotic Wildlife Species 

European Starlings are uncommon on the Refuge 

during most seasons of the year. There is potential 

for their early nesting behavior to compete with 

Bluebirds, Tree Swallows, Wood Ducks, Kestrels, 

and probably many other species for nest cavities. 

Mute Swans are occasionally seen on the Refuge 

and vicinity. A native invasive species is the Brownheaded Cowbird, which is common and parasitizes 

nest of other songbirds.

Federally Endangered and Threatened 

Wildlife Species 

The Bald Eagle was recently removed from the 

federal threatened and endangerd species list. The 

eastern Massasauga rattlesnake is currently a candidate species being considered for federal listing. 

Formerly, this species was found at numerous sites 

in bottomland forests and emergent marsh habitats 

on the Upper Mississippi River NW&FR. It is now 

known to occur only on state and Refuge lands along 

the lower Chippewa River near Nelson, Wisconsin 

and at a site in the Van Loon Bottoms in Pool 7. 

There are no recent records of the eastern Massasauga rattlesnake on Trempealeau NWR, however, 

former owners of the Delta FFF reported having 

killed several Massasaugas prior to 1975 while cutting hay on fields adjacent to what is now Delta 

Leopard frog. © Sandra Lines
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

36

Road. Karner Blue butterflies have not been seen 

on the Refeuge but suitable habitat may exist.

Three Bald Eagle nesting territories were active 

in the spring of 2006 on Trempealeau NWR. Bald 

Eagles pass through during migration often in large 

numbers particularly during ice break-up in the 

spring. Peak numbers of more than 100 birds are 

common during the month of March when ice-out 

exposes an abundance of carcasses from the most 

recent winter fish kill.

State Listed Species 

Table 1 lists vertebrate species receiving special 

designation as Endangered, Threatened, or Special 

Concern Species pursuant to the Wisconsin Endangered Species Act. 

Special Uses

Scientific Research 

A number of research projects have been conducted on the Refuge since 1995. Most of these are 

studies designed to better understand ecological 

processes occurring on the Refuge and to assist in 

developing effective management strategies. A few 

have been carried out by local universities to 

address research interests not directly related to 

Refuge management questions.

Research has included Black Tern nesting, frog 

deformities, White Pelicans, Cormorants, Tundra 

Swans, and aquatic ecology in Refuge pools. 

Utilities 

Several electric transmission lines border and 

cross the Refuge. These structures and the wires 

stretching between them cause an undetermined 

number of bird strikes and they impact aesthetics 

by disrupting views of the natural landscape. On the 

other hand, of four known Osprey nests in the area, 

all were built on powerline structures. Eagles and 

other raptors are often observed using these structures for perches. Utility companies have easements 

from the Refuge for right-of-way maintenance and 

structure repair, however, all entry and work is done 

via Special Use Permit with Special Conditions 

regarding mode of access, herbicide use, etc.

Table 1: Species With Special State 

Designation, Trempealeau NWR

Species Status

Plants

Brittle Prickly Pear 

Cactus

State Threatened

Butterflies

Karner Blue 

Butterfly

Endangered

Fritillary Butterfly Endangered

Birds

American Bittern Special Concern

Least Bittern* Special Concern

Trumpeter Swan State Endangered

American Black 

Duck

Special Concern

Peregrine Falcon State Endangered

Red-shouldered 

Hawk*

State Threatened

Osprey* State Threatened

Northern Harrier Special Concern

Great Egret State Threatened

Great Blue Heron Special Concern

Black-crowned Night 

Heron

Special Concern

American White 

Pelican

Special Concern

Caspian Tern State Endangered

Forster’s Tern State Endangered

Black Tern* Special Concern

Red-headed 

Woodpecker*

Special Concern

Prothonotary 

Warbler*

Special Concern

Grasshopper 

Sparrow*

Special Concern

Lark Sparrow* Special Concern

Dicksissel* Special Concern

Orchard Oriole* Special Concern

Reptiles

Blanding’s Turtle State Threatened

Wood Turtle State Threatened

*Breeding on Trempealeau NWR
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

37

Public Access, Education and 

Recreational Opportunities 

This section describes existing public access, educational and recreational opportunities on Trempealeau NWR. Recreational features and access points 

on the Refuge are shown in Figure 8.

Public Access 

Trempealeau NWR is open to the public during 

daylight hours throughout the year. The main Refuge entrance, which also serves as part of the Great 

River State Trail, is a low-lying gravel road in the 

backwaters of the Trempealeau River. Approximately 1,800 feet of this road is subject to frequent 

flooding and lies below the elevation of the entrance 

road bridge that was replaced in 1994. The entrance 

road and parts of the auto tour route are closed for 

about 4 or 5 weeks each year due to high water. Typically this occurs in the spring and summer months 

when visitation is greatest due to opportunities to 

observe migrating birds in the spring and warmer 

temperatures in the summer.

The existing entrance road north of the Trempealeau River bridge is owned by the Township of 

Trempealeau but maintained by the Refuge under a 

Cooperative Agreement. There are no entrance fees 

charged at Trempealeau NWR at this time.

Alternate access to the Refuge during flooding is 

available via the Marshland entrance; however, Wisconsin Department of Transportation has requested 

that this alternate entrance not be promoted due to 

its location on a curve of State Highway 35 and close 

proximity to a signed railroad crossing (Figure 8).

A third Refuge access point is from Highway 35 

via a parking area at the north end of River Bottoms 

Road (Figure 8). From this parking area visitors can 

hike or bike to areas of the Refuge west of the Canadian National Railroad dike. 

The old railroad right-of-way on the north side of 

the Refuge is bordered by private property on the 

north and south sides. These properties are currently owned by the same owner. The Refuge constructed two crossings to allow the private 

landowner to move cattle and farm machinery back 

and forth. This special use permit will continue to be 

renewed as long as there are no violations of the 

permit conditions

Recreation 

Wildlife Dependent Recreation 

Between 60,000 and 70,000 people visit Trempealeau NWR annually to participate in the variety of 

wildlife-dependent recreational and educational 

opportunities offered. These include wildlife observation and photography, interpretation, environmental education, fishing, and hunting. These 

activities are supported by a number of facilities 

including a 5-mile, self-guided auto tour route which 

is also open to bicycles, a visitor contact area in the 

Refuge office, a boat access for hand-powered and 

electric-motor equipped boats, a bank fishing structure, an observation platform for wildlife viewing, 

two interpretive trails, and several miles of dikes 

and roads closed to motor vehicles but open to hiking and biking. 

Wildlife Observation and Photography. Wildlife viewing at Trempealeau NWR is best in spring 

and fall as migrating birds pass through. The observation platform near Refuge headquarters provides 

an expansive view of the main pool area where Bald 

Eagles, Tundra Swans, geese, and ducks can be seen 

from mid-March well into April. A walk on one of 

River Education Days at Trempealeau NWR. USFWS
38

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Figure 8: Current Public Use, Trempealeau NWR
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

39

many miles of trails, roads, and dikes open to hiking 

in late April or early May can be rewarding for visitors wanting to view migrating warblers, vireos, and 

other songbirds that may only be seen at Trempealeau NWR for a few weeks each year. Driving the 5-

mile auto tour route or biking that portion of the 

Great River State Trail passing through the Refuge 

affords visitors an opportunity to see Wild Turkeys, 

deer, and an abundance of wild flowers blooming on 

sand prairies.

During years when Pool A is drawn down, an 

abundance of exposed mudflats attract a variety of 

shorebirds not normally seen. Excellent viewing 

opportunities of this pool are available to visitors 

that hike on the Kieps Island or Lower Diversion 

dikes (Figure 6 on page 24).

Beginning in late summer (August), a ripening 

crop of wild rice on the western portion of Trempealeau NWR offers visitors some unique wildlife 

observation opportunities. The wild rice crop 

attracts large numbers of Mallards, Wood Ducks 

and teal and other birds, especially Soras and Virginia Rails. Opportunities for photography from 

either River Bottoms Road or Oxbow dike are usually very good. Both these areas are accessible via a 

short hike from River Bottoms Road parking area 

just off Highway 35 (Figure 6).

For visitors who want a closer view of birds on the 

marsh, a boat landing at Kieps Island provides visitor access via canoes, kayaks or boats with electric 

motors.

Two interpretive trails are available on the Refuge. The 1-mile Woods Trail winds through upland 

forest beginning at an observation deck parking lot 

across from Refuge Headquarters. The Prairie View 

Trail is one-half mile in length, surfaced with 

screened gravel and is accessible to persons with 

disabilities. This looped trail begins at a parking 

area just off the wildlife drive (Figure 6 on page 24) 

and affords excellent views of rolling sand prairie 

habitat and close-ups of native grasses and wild 

flowers in season.

Interpretation. Refuge Headquarters constructed in 1998 includes a small visitor contact area 

with public restrooms. A 4-by-8-foot table top topographic model of the Refuge is popular with visitors 

providing both orientation as well as demonstrating 

how Trempealeau NWR fits into the surrounding 

landscape. The office is staffed from 7:30 a.m. 

through 4:00 p.m. weekdays and some Saturdays. 

Refuge brochures, maps, bird lists, etc., are available to visitors.

About 25 qualified Refuge volunteers assist visitors on the observation platform on weekends from 

May to October. They help answer questions and 

assist with wildlife identification. In recent years 

more than 1,400 visitors were contacted annually. 

A 5-mile self-guided wildlife drive winds through 

the upland portion of Trempealeau NWR. A leaflet 

provides explanation for visitors regarding management programs and habitats and wildlife featured at 

several numbered stops along the drive. Prairie 

management, prescribed fire, invasive species, and 

unique wildlife species are high-lighted. The wildlife 

drive is also included as a portion of the Great River 

State Trail, which is open to bicycles through the 

Refuge. Approximately 18,000 bikers have used this 

trail annually since it was opened in 1990. The 

Woods Trail and Prairie View Trails have interpretive signs along the route.

Refuge staff conduct several interpretive programs annually both on and off Refuge. Opportunities for these activities are currently somewhat 

limited by staff and group facility availability. 

Fishing. Because rough fish (carp and buffalo) 

and bullheads dominate the fish population in Refuge pools, the demand for angling on Trempealeau 

NWR is relatively low. Most anglers fish for bullheads from shore. Bullheads are quite plentiful and 

easy to catch but not large in size. Refuge pools are 

open to boat fishing (electric motors only) via the 

ramp at Kieps Island boat landing. A bank fishing 

structure on Kieps Island dike is used regularly by 

anglers. A limited number of canoeists and kayakers 

use the Refuge, mostly on weekends.

Songbird banding for a Girl Scout program at Trempealeau 

NWR. USFWS
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

40

Hunting. Trempealeau NWR is not open to public hunting for waterfowl. However, for the past 14 

years a special hunt for sportspersons with disabilities has been held on a portion of Refuge lands west 

of the Canadian National Railroad (CNRR) dike. 

From 1988 to 2001 the hunt was conducted on one 

weekend only in an area between the CNRR and 

River Bottoms Road. The waterfowl hunt was 

expanded to include new acquisition of 500 acres 

west of River Bottoms Road (Figure 6 on page 24). 

After 2001, hunting was permitted from two blinds 

for two additional weekends. In 2003, 20 hunters 

with disabilities participated in the hunt along with 

25 volunteer helpers. The hunting program is coordinated, managed, and financed by volunteers, particularly members of Wisconsin Water fowl 

Association and Wisconsin DNR, with Refuge staff 

providing equipment and administrative and logistical support. During the two-day weekend hunt in 

October 2003, a total of six geese and 103 ducks 

were harvested.

The Refuge is open to the public by special use 

permit for firearms (rifles prohibited) deer hunting 

during the regular nine-day Wisconsin season which 

begins the Saturday before Thanksgiving. In recent 

years, 35 to 60 individuals were selected by random 

drawing for the either-sex hunt. Archery deer hunting is permitted in the Refuge during the late 

archery season. An unlimited number of permits is 

issued to archery hunters. All hunting permits cost 

$10.00.

The number of deer harvested from the Refuge 

from all hunts in recent years has averaged about 

20.

Non-Wildlife Dependent Recreation 

People look for (hunt) and pick morel mushrooms 

in late April and early to mid-May. Morel crops are 

sporadic depending on spring rainfall and soil temperature. Red and black raspberries, locally called 

“black caps” are sought by wildlife and a small number of visitors. Mushroom and berry picking for personal use is allowed without a permit. 

Bicyclists riding that portion of the Great River 

State Trail passing through Trempealeau NWR 

probably consist of two kinds of users: those who 

come because of the opportunity to see wildlife; and 

those who are riding strictly for the exercise or for 

general enjoyment of the outdoors. At present the 

Great River State Trail ends at Trempealeau NWR, 

so the Refuge is, to a degree, an end point or destination. Therefore, at present the assumption is that 

bicyclists come to the Refuge to see wildlife and 

they are counted as wildlife observation the same as 

people driving the 5-mile auto tour route in their 

motor vehicle. In the future, however, the proposed 

bike trail extension from Marshland, Wisconsin, into 

Winona, Minnesota, could result in the Refuge 

becoming more of a rest stop or wayside for bicyclists passing through. This could change the way 

this activity is viewed in terms of wildlife-dependent 

versus non-wildlife-dependent recreation. For the 

present, we recognize that some level of non-wildlife-dependent bicycling occurs on Trempealeau 

NWR. 

Environmental Education 

Programs for school groups, scouts and other 

organized groups are conducted by Refuge staff 

both on and off Trempealeau NWR. In recent years 

between 800 and 1,200 students/scouts have participated in Refuge-led environmental education programs. Regularly scheduled events include a spring 

birding festival and a Refuge Week activity in the 

fall. There appears to be plenty of demand for further use of Trempealeau NWR as an outdoor classroom.

Resource Protection 

During certain times of the year, some areas are 

closed to limit disturbance to wildlife. Access 

beyond the water control structures at Oxbow and 

Delta Dikes is prohibited March through midNovember to prevent disturbance to all wildlife in 

those areas. Access around eagle nests is posted as 

closed to prevent disturbance to eagles during the 

breeding season.

Bicycling on the Great River State Trail generates more than 

one-fourth of all public visits to the Refuge. USFWS
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Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

41

Those persons participating in hunting or fishing 

are expected to comply with Refuge and state regulations. Several general regulations are in place to 

reduce disturbance to wildlife while visitors participate in public use programs. These include: 

# All pets must be confined by a leash 6 feet or 

shorter.

# The Refuge is closed during night time hours 

(dusk to dawn) to reduce disturbance to wildlife.

# Bicycles are restricted to service roads to 

prevent habitat damage including erosion 

caused by off trail riding.

Cultural Resources and 

Historic Preservation

Cultural resources are important parts of the 

Nation’s heritage. The Service is committed to protecting valuable evidence of human interactions with 

each other and the landscape. Protection is accomplished in conjunction with the Service’s mandate to 

protect fish, wildlife, and plant resources. Cultural 

resources management in the Service is the responsibility of the Regional Director and is not delegated 

for the Section 106 process when historic properties 

could be affected by undertakings, for issuing archeological permits, and for Indian tribal involvement. 

The Regional Historic Preservation Officer advises 

the Regional Director about procedures, compliance, and implementation of the several cultural

resources laws. The Refuge Manager protects 

archeological sites and historic properties on Service managed and administered lands, by monitoring archeological investigations by contractors and 

permittees, and by reporting violations.

The following information was taken from a 

report by Michael M. Gregory et al. entitled “A Cultural History Summary and Cultural Resources 

Management Planning Resource for the Upper 

Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge and the Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge.” (Great Lakes Archaeological Research Ctr. 

2003)

Native American Cultural History and 

Landscape 

Prehistoric

The combined cultural history sequence for the 

Upper Mississippi River NW&FR and Trempealeau 

NWR reflects a continuous human occupation that 

began 12,000 or more years ago. The earliest evidence of human use of the area surrounding Trempealeau NWR dates to the Paleoindian period from 

12000 Before Present (B.P.) to 7500 B.P. Paleoindians are characterized as nomadic hunters and gatherers whose substructure base depended heavily 

upon the exploitation of Pleistocene mammals, for 

example, mammoth, mastodon, bison, and caribou. 

Much of what is known about this period is derived 

especially from kill sites excavated in other parts of 

the region. Site 47-TR-85 on the Refuge contains a 

Paleoindian component as do three sites in the vicinity of the Refuge. Undisturbed sites from this culture are very rare and thus very important to 

archaeologists.

The Archaic period followed the Paleoindian 

from about 9000 B.P. to 3000 B.P. and is marked by a 

subsistence strategy that incorporated smaller 

game and a broader range of plant species. This 

subsistence base was linked to climatic conditions, 

which became more moderate as the glaciers 

retreated. Two sites on the Refuge have components 

from late in the Archaic period, although none with 

human remains.

Adaptations that characterized Archaic traditions 

carried into Woodland traditions (3000 to 700 B.P.). 

Well defined traits marking the tradition are the 

presence of ceramics, the construction of earthen 

mounds for burials, and the cultivation of plants. 

However, hunting and gathering continued to dominate the subsistence strategy. Ten sites on the Refuge are from the Woodland culture. The Refuge 

may contain a mound group near the Trempealeau 

River. Human remains have been excavated from 

non-mound sites.

Middle Mississippian (1000 to 500 B.P.) cultures 

occupied the fertile alluvial land of the Mississippi 

River and its tributaries. Together, the arrival of 

corn and interaction with Middle Mississippian cultures eventually led to the disappearance of the 

Woodland peoples and gave rise to a group known at 

the Oneota. Oneota sites of the Upper Mississippi 

traditions are distributed throughout the Upper 

Midwest and were occupied by farmers pursuing a 

subsistence economy based on cultivating corn, supplemented by fishing and hunting. The present day 

Winnebago, including the HoChunk, are believed to 

be descendants of the Oneota. Two sites on the Refuge contain evidence from the late prehistoric 

Oneota culture.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

42

Historic Native American Groups

The Upper Mississippi River Valley Region associated with the “UMRNWFR” and Trempealeau 

NWR has been utilized or inhabited primarily by 

twelve historical Native American groups. They are 

the Ioway, Winnebago, Ottawa, Huron, Miami, Eastern Dakota, Menominee, Mascouten, Kickapoo, 

Sauk, Meshwaki, and Potowatomi. Several of these 

groups trace their origin to the region, while others 

immigrated into it as a result of political and economic events linked to interactions with French, 

British, and American interests. Constant warring 

and displacement of groups continued into the midnineteenth century. Indian tribes listed in Chapter 6 

have a potential concern for traditional cultural 

resources, sacred sites and cultural hunting and 

gathering areas in the counties in which the Refuge 

is located. The tribal concern was identified by federal government recognition, self identification, or 

presumption from the historical record.

Archaeological Resources

A number of recorded archaeological sites are 

located on Trempealeau NWR. More sites probably 

exist. During an archaeological survey in September 1990, Robert Boszhardt from Mississippi Valley 

Archaeology Center (MVAC) collected a number of 

diagnostic ceramic sherds from the Early, Middle, 

and late Woodland traditions that span a time range 

of circa 250 B.C. - A.D. 1200. During this survey, he 

noted that severe bank erosion was threatening cultural resources. Since then, extensive bank stabilization work with rock has been conducted to protect 

cultural resources at those sites.

Illegal collecting of artifacts along eroded shorelines has occurred in the past and law enforcement 

patrolling emphasis has been increased in response 

to the problem. In January 1984, an anonymous 

“collector” reported a human skull protruding from 

an exposed bank. A team of archaeologists from 

MVAC excavated the remains which proved to be an 

adult male Native American about 30 years of age at 

death. The remains were estimated to be between 

50 and 1,000 years old.

An upland location includes a grave marker or 

headstone dated 1895. The marker has the inscription “Jim Yellowbank” with the accompanying date. 

A core sample did not reveal evidence of a human 

burial associated with this marker. However, further 

excavation is needed to determine if indeed a burial 

is associated with the site.

Since the Refuge was established, 18 cultural 

resources studies, reports, or collections have surveyed 82 acres of the Refuge, identified 48 sites, and 

produced 6,906 artifacts. Most of these artifacts are 

stored and curated at the Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center under terms of a cooperative agreement. The Federal Government owns the artifacts, 

and the Regional Historic Preservation Officer may 

recall them for exhibits or other Refuge purposes. 

The prehistoric artifacts are currently not associated with any modern tribe. The artifacts include 

human remains but no funerary objects, sacred 

objects or objects of cultural patrimony as defined 

in the Native American Graves Protection and 

Repatriation Act. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Saint Paul District, is thought to have the 724 

artifacts from the 1991 O’Mack collection. Private 

collectors have additional artifacts from the Refuge. 

The Refuge manages museum property under 

terms of the Region-wide scope of collections statement dated October 31, 1994. The Refuge has no onsite museum property such as archeological collections, artwork, historical documents, or natural history collections.

Euro-American Cultural History 

The Fur Trade. The French first established the 

fur trade in the Upper Mississippi River Valley and 

maintained it from about 1610 through the early 

1760s, when control passed to the British, who dominated it until the War of 1812, after which Americans controlled the regional trade until it collapsed 

in the late 1840s and early 1850s. The Trempealeau 

area developed into a strategic fur trading location. 

However, the exact location of forts, posts, homes, 

and settlements is not well known as little archaeological research has been directed there.

Transportation and Settlement. Between 1830

and 1890 the adjacent Mississippi River served as a 

transportation route for moving huge rafts of logs 

from the pineries of northern Wisconsin and Minnesota to St. Louis for distribution. Steamboats were 

the chief means of transporting goods up and down 

river until the advent of the railroads during the late 

19th century. The grade that is now the Burlington 

Northern Santa Fe Railroad was constructed in 

1895 and formed the beginnings of isolation of wetlands within what would become the Delta FFF and 

later Trempealeau NWR.

The upland portion of Trempealeau NWR was 

settled sometime after the General Land Office surveys were completed in the late 1840s. An 1896 Plat 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

43

Book for Trempealeau County shows that S.A. 

Hamilton owned much of the bottomland portion of 

what is now Refuge. By 1910, H.E. Clark, a surveyor for one of the railroads purchased most of the 

land from Hamilton and established the Trempealeau Drainage District.

On April 11, 1911, rerouting of the Trempealeau 

River began. Both the Trempealeau River and Pine 

Creek were rerouted near Marshland and channeled to flow along the east boundary of present 

Refuge lands. A huge levee was constructed to 

retain the waters of the rerouted Trempealeau 

River. The rerouting, culverts, ditches, and additional dikes were built by the newly formed 

LaCrosse Dredging Company.

In 1915, two large pumps were installed at the 

lower end of the levee, just north of Trempealeau 

Mountain, to pump during periods of high water and 

dike seepage. This attempt to convert the bottomlands into farmland failed and the area later became 

the Delta Fish and Fur Farm. Michael Lipinski and 

later his son Richard managed the Delta FFF from 

the 1930s until the property was sold to Dairyland 

Power Cooperative in 1975. A number of dwellings 

and farm buildings remained on the property when 

the Service acquired the Delta FFF in 1979. These 

buildings were sold, materials salvaged and the 

remainder buried on-site. Prior to Refuge establishment, 707 acres of land were purchased from H.E. 

Clark by the U.S. Biological Survey with the intention of acquiring the surrounding wetlands of the 

Delta FFF. Administrative buildings consisting of a 

residence, pump house, service building/office and a 

small barn were constructed. A large lodge/laboratory was constructed on the site of the H.E. Clark 

home, which formerly stood near the existing observation platform. Policy changes caused this building 

to be unused and it was later used by the Girl Scouts 

as a campsite and meeting place. Both the lodge and 

former residence were demolished in the early 

1980s.

In 1935 a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 

Camp was maintained on the Refuge for several 

months. Remnants from structures associated with 

the camp still remain. The CCC aided in construction of roads, trails, bridges, and fences and planted 

trees, shrubs, and food plots. During the late 1930s, 

Works Progress Administration (WPA) workers did 

further improvements including construction of several miles of split-rail fence using salvaged timber. 

As of December 2006, the National Register of 

Historic Places does not include any properties in 

the immediate vicinity of the Refuge. On the Refuge, the National Park Service has determined that 

site 47-TR-86 is eligible for the National Register. 

The State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) 

considers all the sites on Kieps Island as eligible. 

For the rest of the Refuge, the SHPO has determined 4 sites are eligible and 9 are not eligible. The 

SHPO considers any remaining sites as eligible until 

determined otherwise.

Existing Facilities and 

Infrastructure 

Major facilities on the Refuge are shown in 

Figure 9 and described below. 

Buildings. The existing Refuge office building 

was constructed in 1998 on a site above the 100-year 

flood elevation. It includes a visitor contact and display area, offices for five Refuge staff, a conference 

room and restrooms. The former headquarters 

building is now used as a shop and office for maintenance staff. A 60-foot by 100-foot pole building and 

three-stall garage on the site are used for vehicle 

and equipment storage. 

Bridges. A concrete bridge spanning the Trempealeau River on the entrance road was constructed 

in 1994, replacing an iron structure that had a 

restricted load capacity. (Figure 9).

Dikes. About 2.5 miles of barrier dikes separate 

Refuge pools from the man-made channel of the 

Trempealeau River. Lower Diversion Dike is about 

1.5 miles long and ties into Trempealeau Mountain 

on its lower end (Figure 9). Marshland Dike spans 

about 1 mile from the wildlife drive to the Marshland access. Both dikes were originally constructed 

in 1911. They have been repaired and added to over 

the years but received major reconstruction in 1995 

when they were raised and widened considerably. 

Interior dikes include the Kieps Island dike (0.75 

mile), Oxbow dike (1 mile), and the C2 dike (1.25 

miles). About 7 miles of the BNSFRR dike borders 

Trempealeau NWR on the south and separates Refuge pools from the Mississippi River. The 2.5-mile 

long CNRR dike crosses the Refuge. A large box 

culvert under this dike allows water levels to equalize on the upstream and downstream sides (Figure 6 

on page 24). 

Water Control Structures (WCSs). There are 

five water control structures on the Refuge. These 

include the lower diversion structure, Pool A pump 

station, C2 pool WCS and portable pump station, C2 
44

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Figure 9: Facilities and Structures, Trempealeau NWR
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

45

pool inlet structure, and the E Pool WCS and portable pump station (Figure 6 on page 24). 

The lower diversion structure is a four-bay structure with steel lift gates. Constructed in 1984, this 

structure has no pumping capability and is used primarily to discharge water from Pool A by gravity 

flows when Trempealeau River levels permit. The 

structure is equipped with an electric weir to prevent entry of rough fish from the Trempealeau 

River when the gates are open. 

The Pool A pump station is located in the south 

end of Kieps Island dike. It is equipped with two 

permanent pumps with a combined capacity of 

22,000 gallons per minute. An outlet pipe under the 

BNSFRR dike allows discharge of water by pumping into the Mississippi River. The pump station has 

the capability of removing water from Pool A or Pool 

B. There is also an attached water control structure 

that allows gravity flow of water between Pools A 

and B when the pumps are not being used (Figure 6 

on page 24).

Both the C2 and E WCSs may be used to manage 

water by gravity flow or portable electric pumps 

with a combined pumping capacity of 9,000 gallons 

per minute. Pumps are stored at the Refuge shop 

and installed in the structures only when needed.

The C2 inlet structure is located in the Marshland Dike and is used in the early spring to divert 

water from the Trempealeau River and Pine Creek 

into C2 pool. 

Roads. There are nearly 14 miles of roads on 

Trempealeau NWR. Of these, only the 1-mile 

entrance road is black-topped. All other roads are 

surfaced with gravel. Of the 14 miles of roads, about 

7 miles are open to private vehicles. This includes 

the entrance road and the 4.5-mile wildlife drive. All 

surfaced roads are open to the public for hiking and 

bicycling. The 0.25-mile gravel access road between 

West Prairie Road and the concrete bridge over the 

Trempealeau River is owned by the Township of 

Trempealeau but maintained by the Refuge under a 

Cooperative Agreement.

Socioeconomics 

This section provides an overview of the local 

demographic, land use and economic setting in the 

vicinity of Trempealeau NWR and its watershed, 

with emphasis on issues specific to the CCP. It is 

estimated that the majority of annual recreational 

visitors (approximately 85 percent) to the Refuge 

reside within a 30-mile radius. Thus, the “local area” 

described here includes the lower Trempealeau 

River watershed and an area bounded on the north 

by Arcadia and Alma, Wisconsin; on the west by 

Winona, Minnesota; and on the south by La Crosse, 

Wisconsin. (Figure 1 on page 2). Socioeconomic data 

for both Trempealeau and Buffalo Counties are 

included in this section.

Socioeconomic Setting 

Trempealeau NWR is located in southwest Wisconsin with about one-third of the Refuge (2,100 

acres) in Buffalo County and two-thirds (4,100 

acres) in Trempealeau County. The largest population center nearby with more than one million people is the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area 

located a distance of about 125 miles to the northwest. Smaller cities within the local area include La 

Crosse, Wisconsin and Winona, Minnesota, with 

populations of 51,800 and 27,100 respectively.

Light industry and government provide the 

greatest share of employment in the vicinity of the 

Refuge. Major private sector employers include 

Fastenal Corporation and Peerless Chain in Winona; 

Ashley Furniture in Arcadia with 2,800 employees; 

and Trane Company, City Brewing, and St. Francis 

and Gundersen-Lutheran Medical Centers in La 

Crosse. Collectively, government offices including 

federal, state, County, and City jurisdictions within 

the Refuge’s local area employ a significant number 

of people.

Four universities are located within the local area 

of the Refuge. These include Winona State and St. 

Mary’s University in Winona and Viterbo University and the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse in 

La Crosse. The influx of several thousand university 

students for 9 months each year has a significant 

positive impact on local economies.

Bush chipping and clearing dikes at Trempealeau NWR. 

USFWS
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Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

46

Population and Demographics

From 1980 to 2001 the human population in the 

State of Wisconsin went from 4.7 to 5.4 million, an 

increase of almost 15 percent (Henderson, 2004). 

During this period, Trempealeau County showed a 

3.3 percent increase and Buffalo County a 3.7 percent decrease (Henderson, 2004). However, major 

population growth is occurring nearby, notably in 

areas between the Refuge and La Crosse. Large 

tracts of land are being developed for residential 

subdivisions in formerly rural townships in northwestern La Crosse County.

Trempealeau County

Trempealeau County is about 734 square miles in 

size with the community of Whitehall as county seat. 

County population trends have changed during the 

past 20 years. From 1980 to 1990 the population 

went from 26,214 to 25,317, a decrease of 3.5 percent 

(Henderson, 2004). From 1990 to 2000, however, a 

6.9 percent increase from 25,317 to 27,010 occurred. 

This trend was more apparent for the Township of 

Trempealeau which includes all of the Refuge lands 

in the southern portion of Trempealeau County. 

From 1990 to 2000 the population of Trempealeau 

Township increased by 20.6 percent from 1,341 to 

1,618 (Town of Trempealeau, 2002). Projections for 

the year 2010 are for the township population to 

increase by an additional 13 percent. The job center 

of the La Crosse area has shifted and expanded 

northward towards Trempealeau County. U.S. 

Highway 53 was recently reconstructed to a four 

lane, 65 mph highway which leads directly from the 

expanding job center of La Crosse and Onalaska to 

the Town of Trempealeau via State Highway 35 

(Town of Trempealeau, 2002).

In 2000, county population was 98.8 percent Caucasian compared to 88.9 percent for the state as a 

whole and 75.1 percent for the U.S.A. Persons of 

Hispanic or Latino origin constitute the largest nonwhite population group at 0.9 percent.

Buffalo County

Buffalo County is about 685 square miles in size 

with the county seat located at Alma, Wisconsin. 

Population trends have shown a similar pattern to 

Trempealeau County with a 5.7 percent decrease 

from 14,337 to 13,558 from 1980 to 1990, and a 1.9 

percent percent increase from 13,558 to 13,819 from 

1990 to 2000. Again, recent growth in Buffalo 

County is well below the state and national levels. 

All Refuge lands within Buffalo County are 

included within Buffalo Township which is located at 

the southern tip of Buffalo County. Since 1980 the 

township population has declined steadily from 821 

to 667 people, a decrease of 18.8 percent (Buffalo 

County Outdoor Recreation Plan, 2002). Projections 

through 2010 show a continued decline in population. 

Employment and Income 

Trempealeau County

In 1980, over four-fifths of Trempealeau County’s 

employment was concentrated in five sectors: farming (22 percent), retail trade (16 percent), services 

(16 percent), manufacturing (15 percent), and government (14 percent). In 2001, employment in manufacturing increased to 32 percent, while services 

(20 percent) and government (13 percent) remained 

strong. However, farming experienced a noticeable 

decline, where employment represented only 13 

percent of total employment in Trempealeau 

County. Between 1980 and 2001, dramatic employment decreases were exhibited in farming, retail 

trade, and finance, insurance, and real estate. 

Employment in Trempealeau County between 

1980 and 2001 increased by 22 percent, which is 

comparable to the employment growth in Wisconsin 

Wild bergamot. USFWS
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

47

(29 percent). While the Trempealeau County population has grown only by 3.2 percent over the last 20 

years, the rise in employment has outpaced population growth. 

Total employment earnings from the major business sectors in Trempealeau County increased 

about 30 percent from $292 million in 1980 to $417 

million in 2001 (Henderson, 2004). During that 21-

year period, per capita income increased from 

$18,085 to $24,010, an increase of 24.7 percent based 

on 2003 dollars. This is close to the 25.2 percent 

increase in per capita income for the State of Wisconsin as a whole.

Buffalo County

Buffalo County’s employment growth between 

1980 and 2001 has far outpaced its population 

growth. Employment remained relatively constant 

between 1980 and 1990, and then increased over the 

following 10 years.

In 1980, nearly one-third of employment was represented by the farming sector. Other predominant 

employment sectors included services (14.2 percent), government (14.1 percent), and retail trade 

(13.5 percent). Between 1980 and 2001, the composition of employment has moved away from the farming sector (28.2 percent decrease) and retail trade 

sector (20.1 percent decrease). While the farming 

sector still comprised 16.6 percent of employment in 

2001, the services sector accounted for 24.3 percent.

Buffalo County earnings from the major business 

sector increased 32.1 percent from $160 million in 

1980 to $233 million in 2001. During this same 

period, per capita personal income (adjusted for 

2003 dollars) went from $19,452 to $27,385, an 

increase of 29 percent. This was slightly more than 

the 25.2 percent increase for Wisconsin as a whole 

during this period (Henderson, 2004). 

Transportation Patterns

The Refuge Office is 2 miles from State Highway 

35-54. This two-lane highway provides the main 

route of travel in Wisconsin between Winona and La 

Crosse. It is 10 miles from the City of Winona to the 

office via Highway 35-54 and the Minnesota-Wisconsin bridge. La Crosse is about 25 miles away. A new, 

expanded section of Highway 53 now provides a 

double-lane connection between Highway 35 near 

Holmen, Wisconsin and Interstate 90 at La Crosse.

State Highway 35-54 borders the north boundary 

of Trempealeau NWR in Buffalo County between 

Marshland and the turn-off to the interstate bridge 

at Winona. Traffic on this road can be heavy with an 

average daily traffic of 3,000 vehicles per day at 

Marshland, Wisconsin (Buffalo County Outdoor 

Recreation Plan, 2002). This highway provides 

many thousands of travelers and commuters an 

opportunity to enjoy scenic views of the Trempealeau NWR.

Land Use 

This section presents an overview of land uses 

within the local area of Trempealeau NWR. Because 

the Refuge covers portions of both Trempealeau and 

Buffalo Counties, the land use practices and regulations of both are included. This section also emphasizes the lands comprising the Black Oak Island 

Public Use Natural Area and portions of the Great 

River State Trail.

General Land Use and Management 

Historically, the area surrounding Trempealeau 

NWR supported a variety of land uses (see Section

on page 37 and Section on page 40). These included 

subsistence hunting and gathering, fur trapping, 

logging, commercial fishing and clamming and agriculture. Today, low-density residential and agriculture constitute the principal land uses within the 

local area of the Refuge. Within the Trempealeau 

NWR, visitors can enjoy open space while viewing 

wildlife and habitats that are becoming rare elsewhere in the vicinity.

A number of observed changes in the land use 

patterns have occurred in the local area since the 

Refuge Master Plan was completed in 1983 

(USFWS 1983). Some may indirectly affect Refuge 

habitats and/or programs while others may potentially affect wildlife habitat, water quality or viewscapes in the local area.

Bluffland development. New homes are continually being built on the wooded valley bluffs. Viewscapes in some areas are changing from a more 

pristine natural landscape to a more structured, 

suburban look.

Increased land prices. Land prices are being 

driven higher by an increased demand for rural 

housing and hunting land. Leasing of farms or 

woodlots for hunting and higher timber prices have 

resulted in woodland and property values exceeding 

that of cropland in many areas. Landowners often 

split off and sell the woodland portion of their farm 

for hunting land while continuing to farm the 

remaining cropland.
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Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

48

Increase in non-resident land ownership. Nonlocal and non-residents are purchasing land in Buffalo and Trempealeau Counties for hunting land and 

cabin sites.

Decline in dairy operations. The number of 

farms milking cows in Buffalo and Trempealeau 

Counties has declined significantly in recent years. 

From 1987 to 1997, the number of dairy herds in 

Trempealeau County decreased by 40.8 percent 

(Town of Trempealeau, 2002).

Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). Retiring cropland and planting of permanent grass/forb 

cover or trees has created blocks of valuable wildlife 

habitat on private lands in the Refuge vicinity.

Trempealeau County

Trempealeau County is primarily a rural county 

with about 25 percent of the land in forests and scattered woodlots. The remainder of the landscape is 

farmland with scattered towns and a few housing 

developments. In December 2000, the Town of 

Trempealeau adopted a revised Trempealeau 

County Zoning Ordinance. This document implemented the Town of Trempealeau Land Use Plan 

(Trempealeau County 2002). The objectives of the 

land use plan were to develop zoning and land use 

categories, including a land use map, determine a 

minimum lot size for the township, preserve farmland, and develop policies to guide future development. Land use and agricultural preservation 

policies developed for the township included the following:

1. Promote forest management through the 

County Forester’s office.

2. Create and maintain tourism opportunities.

3. Do not offer incentives for development.

4. Develop criteria that the Town of Trempealeau and the County Zoning Committee can 

utilize when analyzing a property owner’s 

land use change request (Town of Trempealeau, 2002).

Buffalo County

Buffalo County is located on the western border 

of Wisconsin and is characterized by a topography 

consisting of broad rolling uplands and deep valleys. 

About 43 percent of the County is covered by forest 

land with 37 percent devoted to harvestable agricultural crops and 14 percent in pasture or idle cropland. The remaining 6 percent is in rural home sites, 

roads, farm sites, towns, and cities. Although Buffalo County is a typical Wisconsin dairy county, the 

number of milking herds is declining. Still farming 

continues to employ the largest number of people, 

with nearly 20 percent of the work force engaged 

directly in farming. It is not surprising that in a 

county with 43 percent of the area forested, timber 

harvest and lumber processing are important activities on the land (Mississippi River Regional Planning Commission, 2002).

Special Status Lands

The Service manages one Public Use Natural 

Area and a portion of a State Recreation Trail on the 

Refuge. These areas are shown on Figure 8 on 

page 38 and are described below.

Black Oak Island Natural Area

This 46-acre island complex is located in Pool A 

within the Trempealeau NWR (Figure 9 on 

page 44). The unit was designated a Public Use Natural Area in October, 1986 based on its unique and 

relatively undisturbed character. The complex 

includes one large and three small islands covered 

with mature stands of red and black oaks. Many of 

the trees are quite large, exceeding 24 inches in 

diameter breast height (d.b.h.). The islands are 

accessible only by canoe or kayak and receive very 

little use by visitors. The unit is open to the public 

for staff-guided wildlife observation, hiking, and 

photography.

Great River State Trail

See Section on page 40 for a description of the 

Great River State Trail.

Refuge Management Economics 

The existing Refuge staff consists of four permanent employees who account for an annual payroll 

(including salaries and benefits) of approximately 

$203,608. Trained volunteers are part of the Refuge’s volunteer program. In 2003, volunteers on 

Trempealeau NWR contributed about 1,676 hours 

assisting with visitor services, invasive species control, facility and grounds maintenance and administration of the Refuge. 

In addition to providing salaries and benefits, the 

Refuge purchased goods and services totaling 

approximately $107,008 in 2003. Some of these 

expenditures (e.g. for flood damage restoration and 

maintenance management system projects) were 

one-time costs and are not expected to be repeated.

Trempealeau NWR contributes funds to local 

units of government (townships) in Wisconsin for 

revenue sharing payments. The federal government 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

49

makes payments in lieu of taxes of up to 0.075 percent of the appraised value of Refuge lands out of 

the Refuge Revenue Sharing Fund. In 2003, $7,520 

were paid to Trempealeau Township and $4,868 to 

Buffalo Township. 

Area Recreation Sector

The natural beauty and abundant wildlife of the 

Upper Mississippi River (UMR) attracts millions of 

boaters, anglers, hunters, and other individuals 

seeking recreation. Recreational resources along 

the UMR within the local area of Trempealeau 

NWR include the Upper Mississippi River 

NW&FR, Great River State Trail, Perrot State 

Park, and the Trempealeau Lakes area (Figure 10).

Portions of the Upper Mississippi River National 

Wildlife and Fish Refuge lie adjacent to Trempealeau NWR and include most backwater and main 

channel habitat on Navigation Pool 6. In addition to 

being an important fish and wildlife refuge, the 

“Upper Miss” also supports both wildlife dependent 

recreation including fishing, hunting, wildlife observation and interpretation. Open water and main 

channel areas adjacent to sand beaches are also 

popular for non-wildlife dependent uses such as 

power boating, water skiing, swimming, and camping. Annual visits on the 50-mile stretch of Mississippi River from Lock and Dam 6 at Trempealeau 

upstream to the mouth of the Chippewa River may 

exceed 750,000. 

The Great River State Trail connects with the La 

Crosse River State Trail near Onalaska, Wisconsin 

and continues 24 miles north and west on an abandoned railroad grade to Marshland, Wisconsin. The 

Trail crosses 18 bridges and is surfaced with compacted gravel screenings for most of its length. It 

enters Trempealeau NWR where bikers can follow 

the 4.5-mile wildlife drive and exit the Refuge at the 

Marshland gate or return to the main trail at the 

Refuge entrance. It is estimated that 18,000 to 

20,000 bikers use the Refuge portion of the Great 

River State Trail annually.

Perrot State Park lands border the Refuge on the 

east (Figure 10). This 1,400-acre property administered by Wisconsin DNR has several miles of hiking 

and cross-country ski trails that wind through 

mature upland forest and native grasslands called 

“goat prairies.” Spectacular views of the Mississippi 

River and Trempealeau NWR are available from 

places like Trempealeau Mountain, Brady’s Bluff 

and Perrot Ridge. The Park also features a 98-unit 

campground, nature center and boat launch ramp 

which provides access to the Mississippi and Trempealeau Rivers. Unique cultural and historic 

resources are also found in the Park including 

Native American burial mounds and stone buildings 

and structures built by the Civilian Conservation 

Corps in the 1930s. Perrot Park staff also manage 

state lands within the Three Lakes Recreation Area 

located east of the village of Trempealeau, Wisconsin. This property includes shoreline on First, Second, and Third Lakes which are popular fishing 

areas. 

Trempealeau County

The southern portion of Trempealeau County 

offers many outdoor recreation opportunities due to 

the scenic qualities of lands bordering the Mississippi River and an abundance of public lands. Portions of two national wildlife refuges, a recreational 

trail, a state park, and a recreational fishing area 

occur within the county. Many miles of rural roads 

within Trempealeau County provide opportunities 

for sight-seeing and biking. The Trempealeau Township Land Use Plan reflected the importance given 

to protecting and maintaining the rural and scenic 

character of the landscape, both for local residents 

and as a basis for tourism. (Town of Trempealeau, 

2002). 

Trempealeau NWR volunteers planting swamp white oak. 

USFWS
50

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Figure 10: Adjacent Conservation Areas, Trempealeau NWR
Chapter 3: Affected Environment

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

51

Buffalo County

The Great River Road passes through Buffalo 

County between the Pepin and Trempealeau County 

lines adjacent to the Mississippi River. This road, 

also designated State Highway 35, was recently 

named a National Scenic Byway allowing the 

County and individual communities to compete for 

funds to enhance the cultural, scenic, natural and 

recreational features related to the natural beauty 

and features of the road.

The 2002-2005 Wisconsin State Comprehensive 

Outdoor Recreation Plan recognized pleasure driving as the second most popular form of outdoor recreation, engaged in by 69 percent of respondents to 

a statewide survey. Buffalo County also recognized 

the importance of resource protection to support 

this activity when they wrote:

“Because this activity is almost entirely related 

to the scenic, historic, or natural resource 

attractions available, it is necessary to maintain 

the integrity of the attractions to serve the 

anticipated demand. This will necessitate the 

protection of these attractions from changes in 

land use and from incompatible uses. The 

county’s various land use and zoning ordinances 

that together make up the county’s 

environmental protection tools are among the 

best friends outdoor recreationalists have as 

they work towards protecting the 

outdoors.”Buffalo County Outdoor Recreation 

Plan, 2002-2005

Agricultural Sector 

Trempealeau County

Principal cash crops in the county are corn and 

soybeans with acreage on the increase. Soybean 

acreage increased by 48 percent from 1987 to 1997. 

Hay and alfalfa acreage declined by 29 percent during the same period (Town of Trempealeau, 2002). 

Harvested cornfields in the local area of the Refuge 

are used by field feeding waterfowl, principally Mallards and Canada Geese, particularly late in the 

hunting season. This trend provides some unique 

waterfowl hunting opportunities on private lands in 

the area.

Buffalo County

About 37 percent of the land area of Buffalo 

County is devoted to harvestable crops, principally 

corn and soybeans. Another 14 percent is in pasture, 

cover crop or set-aside/CRP (Buffalo County Outdoor Recreation Plan, 2002). The mix of forest, hay, 

and cropland in the county provides excellent habitat which supports good populations of Wild Turkeys, Ruffed Grouse, gray and fox squirrels, and 

white-tailed deer.
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52

Chapter 4: Management Direction

Summary

Over the course of the next 15 years, management will focus on returning upland areas to preEuropean settlement habitats, increasing flexibility 

in wetland management within impoundments, and 

increasing public use opportunities.

Boundary issues will be addressed with annual 

inspections, new surveying and installation of an 

automatic gate at the main entrance. The remaining 

340 acres within the approved acquisition boundary 

and 12 acres outside the current boundary will be 

purchased as opportunities arise.

Prairie and oak savanna restoration will be a high 

priority. Increased efforts to control invasive species 

will be made using biological, mechanical, and chemical methods. Prescribed fire and mowing will be 

used to manage 11 prairie units totaling 435 acres. 

Half of the trees in the pine plantations will be 

removed through selective thinning. 

Additional dikes and water control structures will 

be placed within existing impoundments. The C2 

impoundment will be divided into three separate 

units to allow for moist soil management. The 

remaining three impoundments (Pools C1, D, and F) 

will reduce the size of Pool B to a manageable unit as 

well as create additional emergent habitat. Islands 

will be built in Pools A and B. Water level management in Pools A and E will continue on their present 

course. Rough fish, particularly carp, will be managed in specified pools using commercial fishing and 

water level management.

Researchers will be actively sought to conduct 

studies that will determine effects of management 

strategies. Grasslands, aquatic vegetation, and the 

extent of invasive plant species will be monitored. 

The deer hunt will continue as in the past, except 

harvest levels will be based on population and habitat monitoring. Furbearer trapping will continue 

and the number of beaver and muskrat taken will be 

determined based on annual monitoring of harvest 

and of dike damage and interference with water 

control structures. 

Public use opportunities will be expanded. Environmental education programs will be promoted at 

local schools and to community groups and the general public. A multi-purpose room will be added to 

the office/visitor contact station to accommodate 

Blazing star. USFWS
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Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

53

larger groups and provide a place for orientation. 

Waterfowl hunting opportunities will be expanded 

by opening the area west of the Canadian National 

Railroad dike to a limited hunt. Ski trails will be 

maintained when conditions permit. Options to alleviate flooding of the entrance road to provide yearround access to the Refuge will be explored.

Use of volunteers will be expanded in all programs. A Trempealeau NWR Friends Group will be 

started. Outreach will be expanded to provide 

opportunities for awareness and understanding of 

Refuge management and the National Wildlife Refuge System. Traveling exhibits that bring the Refuge to the people will be developed. 

The staff will include the addition of three seasonal positions, including a biological technician, a 

tractor operator, and a park ranger. Law enforcement duties will be covered by a new position shared 

with Winona District. A private lands biologist will 

also be shared with Winona District.

Goals, Objectives and 

Strategies

Goal 1 Landscape

We will strive to maintain and improve the scenic and wild 

character, and environmental health of the Refuge.

Figure 11 represents habitat and its management 

under this CCP and Figure 12 on page 55 represents visitor services. Figure 13 on page 56 represents a closer view of visitor services under this 

CCP.

Objective 1.1: Land Acquisition

By 2022, acquire from willing sellers the 

remaining 340 acres within the approved 

boundary as delineated in the 1983 Master Plan 

(USFWS 1983). The proposed acquisition 

includes 340 acres within the approved 

boundary of the Refuge and approximately 12 

acres outside of the current approved boundary. 

These latter acres would be added under the 

Regional Director’s authority. (See acquisition 

boundary Figure 2 on page 3.) 

Rationale: Land acquisition can be a cost effective tool to ensure protection of important fish and 

wildlife habitat and to close gaps in the existing 

boundary. All of the properties in question are in the 

floodplain and subject to sporadic flooding. The system of dikes, constructed in the early 1900s to divert 

the Trempealeau River and now part of the Refuge, 

tend to exacerbate flooding on adjacent properties. 

Acquiring these lands would alleviate conflicts with 

flooding on adjacent private property and allow the 

Trempealeau River to move more freely within its 

existing floodplain. Additionally, some of these lands 

are remnants of pre-lock and dam floodplain forest, 

a rare resource worthy of protection.

Strategies:

1. Maintain contact with landowners within 

approved boundary to keep them informed 

of the Refuge’s interest in acquiring their 

property. 

2. Keep Regional Realty Specialist informed 

of any changes to property status.

3. Seek Land and Water Conservation Fund 

appropriations (approximately $510,000 at 

$1,500 per acre)

Objective 1.2: Refuge Boundary

Maintain the integrity of the Refuge boundary 

by inspecting signs bi-annually, and by 2010 

correct deficiencies in signage, and install an 

automatic gate at the main entrance. 

Rationale: Maintaining and enforcing a boundary is one of the basic and critical components of 

Refuge management to ensure the integrity of 

an area over time. Without attention to this 

basic task, there is a tendency for adjacent 

development and use to creep onto Refuge 

lands and waters. This encroachment includes 

tree cutting, dumping, construction, storing 

equipment and materials, and mowing. In addition, there are a few boundaries that remain 

unclear creating confusion by the public using 

these lands especially for hunting and trapping. 

Strategies:

1. Travel the boundary every other year to 

inspect signs and correct deficiencies.

2. Request a survey of the north boundary 

along Highway 35 between Marshland and 

River Bottoms Road. Correctly post.

3. Correctly post west boundary of River Bottoms property, surveying if necessary.

4. Install an automatic gate that will close and 

open at sunset and sunrise to protect facilities and discourage illegal, after-hours 

activities. 
54

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Figure 11: Habitat and its Management Under the Comprehensive Conservation P
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

55

Figure 12: Visitor Services Under the Comprehensive Conservation Plan 
56

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Figure 13: Visitor Services Close Up Under the Comprehensive Conservation Pla
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Objective 1.3: Flood Protection

In 2008, implement the following flood 

management policy: “When the Mississippi 

River is in flood stage, do not allow water to 

enter Refuge pools through the lower diversion 

dike structure, the Marshland Road inlet or any 

other facilities.” 

Rationale: The BNSFRR dike forms an integral part of the barrier dike system which 

impounds water within Trempealeau NWR. 

This dike was breached and over-topped in 1965 

and was repaired by the railroad. During the 

near-record flood in the spring of 2001, floodwaters rose to the bottom of the rails at several 

points, but the dike held. Additional rock was 

added at several points. Railroad personnel 

were concerned about the large head of water 

against their dike and requested that the Service let water into the Refuge to equalize the 

pressure. In response, gates on the water control structure in the lower diversion dike near 

Trempealeau Mountain were opened, as well as 

gates on the Marshland Road inlet structure, 

allowing water from the Trempealeau River to 

enter the Refuge pools. Water elevations on the 

Trempealeau River were several feet lower than 

on the Mississippi River at points upstream 

where pressure on the dike was greatest. As a 

result, the quantity of water that could be let 

into the Refuge pools was insufficient to offer 

protection for the railroad dike at the critical 

locations. 

Opening the gates and allowing floodwaters to 

enter the Refuge caused serious damage to biological resources and infrastructure as follows:

1. High inflows damaged the electric weir 

and one lift gate on the lower diversion 

dike water control structure.

2. Higher water levels in Refuge pools 

coupled with strong winds caused bank 

erosion.

3. Without the electric weir, carp and other 

rough fish entered the Refuge pools. 

4. Floodwaters uprooted and destroyed beds 

of emergent wetland.

5. Interior Refuge roads and dikes suffered 

damage from high water. 

6. Kiep’s Island spillway was damaged and 

required extensive repairs. 

This incident clearly demonstrated that the 

water management infrastructure at Trempealeau NWR affords little opportunity for management actions that can reduce Mississippi 

River flood impacts on the BNSFRR dike. Letting flood waters into Pool A through the lower 

diversion structure damaged emergent vegetation, and may have accentuated bank erosion on 

the railroad and interior dikes while offering 

virtually no additional protection to the BNSFRR dike. Portions of the Mississippi River 

floodplain have been isolated from the main 

river by the construction of dikes and other 

structures that maintain the navigation channel. 

During floods, water can no longer spread 

across the floodplain as it once did. Rising water 

sometimes results in severe damage to structures and properties. Enhanced public information programs about the function and 

importance of floodplains would facilitate support for restoring connections between the main 

stem of the river and its backwaters.

Strategies:

1. Meet with BNSFRR officials to explain the 

policy and explore other alternatives to protect their dike.

2. Incorporate information on the importance 

of flood plains to the Mississippi River system into interpretive and educational programs. 

Objective 1.4: Natural Area Management

By 2010 develop a management plan, including 

a habitat survey and archeological resource 

inventory and protection for Black Oak Island. 

Rationale: The Refuge has done little in the 

way of monitoring or research of the existing 

Public Use Natural Area on Black Oak Island. 

Although the main goal of the area is the preservation of mature, eastern deciduous forest, 

preservation is a form of management. A management plan needs to be written to guide monitoring and research of current habitat 

conditions and changes since the area was designated 20 years ago. The plan would identify 

monitoring protocols; any habitat management 

needed to retain original biological values or 

address threats; address special public use considerations; and identify ways to foster public 

awareness and appreciation of these unique 

areas.
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58

Strategies:

1. By 2010 develop a Management Plan for 

Black Oak Island.

2. Map vegetation on Black Oak Island.

3. Remove all invasive plants from Black Oak 

Island.

4. Solicit an archeologist to inventory and document archeological resources present on 

Black Oak Island. 

5. Determine if further shoreline protection is 

needed to prevent erosion of artifacts from 

Black Oak Island.

6. Protect archeological resources on Black 

Oak Island by increasing law enforcement 

surveillance and closing the island to unsupervised public access. 

Objective 1.5: Archeological Resources

By the end of 2008, improve protection of 

cultural resources by developing an 

Archeological Resource Protection Plan and 

implementing a variety of administrative 

changes to protect known sites.

Rationale: Federal laws, executive orders, and 

regulations, as well as policies and procedures 

of the Department of Interior and the Service 

protect cultural resources on federal lands. 

Trempealeau NWR has been described as one 

of the most important archeological sites in the 

Midwest. Human use of the area dates back 

12,000 years. Dozens of sites and over 6,000 artifacts have been cataloged from various locations. However, the majority of the lands need 

baseline surveys to document the locations and 

extent of archeological resources. Habitat management activities involving soil disturbance are 

often delayed until archeological assessments 

can be completed. Additionally, protection of 

sites is difficult because of a lack of information 

about what resources are present. Trempealeau 

NWR has a history of looting and collectors are 

active in the area. While law enforcement 

efforts have been stepped-up over the years, 

problems persist. Opportunities to interpret the 

Refuge’s cultural resources must be integrated 

with the need to protect them.

Strategies: 

1. Hire a permanent, full-time law enforcement officer (shared with Winona District) 

to increase law enforcement surveillance of 

known sites and suspicious activities.

2. Provide Archeological Resource Protection 

Act training for all staff.

3. Improve the relationship and coordination 

with the Mississippi Valley Archeology Center.

4. Inventory resources on shoreline and 

upland sites subject to disturbance

5. Restrict public access to the top of the road 

on Kiep’s Island.

6. Work with Wisconsin DNR and Perrot 

State Park to close access to Trempealeau 

Mountain from the Refuge.

7. Close unsupervised access to Black Oak 

Island.

8. Develop an interpretive program about the 

ancient people of the area and the need to 

protect their historic sites.

Goal 2: Wildlife and Habitat 

Our habitat management will support diverse and abundant 

native fish, wildlife, and plants.

Objective 2.1: Forest Management

By 2010 develop a Habitat Management Plan 

incorporating forest management. By 2015 

enhance 50 acres of upland hardwood forest; 

and 500 acres of floodplain hardwood forest in 

three separate blocks. Remove all Scotch pine 

and selectively thin all pine plantings by 50 

percent.

Rationale: Hardwood forests on the Refuge 

have been altered by a number of factors including invasion by exotic species, oak wilt, and 

agriculture. The forest canopy in many areas is 

dominated by black locust, and the native shrub 

component which should include species such as 

dogwoods, hazel, viburnums and others, has 

been replaced by European buckthorn, black 

locust, Siberian pea, and Tartarian honeysuckle. 

Bottomland forests are not regenerating and 

large nesting trees and cavities are becoming 

less abundant. A Habitat Management Plan is 

needed to integrate forest and wildlife objectives, and to identify management prescriptions 

such as harvest, planting, fire and invasive plant 
Chapter 4: Management Direction

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59

control. This objective calls for an aggressive 

program to remove invasive plants and replant 

appropriate native trees.

Strategies:

1. Survey upland forest stands for archeological resources.

2. Continue restoration of River Bottoms 

Road sites by planting new age classes of 

swamp white oak seedlings every 3 years 

until natural regeneration is occurring. 

3. At River Bottoms Road sites inter-plant 

other native seedlings as available, focusing 

on mast-producing species. Coordinate seed 

collection from local floodplain sites and 

seedling production with Army Corps of 

Engineers foresters. 

4. Annually treat 5 acres each of upland and 

floodplain forest using mechanical and 

chemical means as appropriate, to remove 

black locust and European buckthorn. 

Black locust and European buckthorn will 

occupy <10 percent of the canopy in upland 

forest and <20 percent in floodplain forest. 

5. Work with Army Corps of Engineers foresters to identify stands and prescriptions 

for timber sales. Permit commercial harvest of black locust and pine.

6. By 2010, clear down timber from burn units 

by permitting firewood cutting. 

7. Protect swamp white oak in pool C2 by lowering water level during the growing season 

to avoid prolonged flooding.

8. With others, seek research on floodplain 

forest regeneration and restoration of forest habitats to benefit cavity dependent 

species.

Objective 2.2: Wetland Management

Working with others and through a more 

aggressive Refuge program, seek a continuous 

improvement in the quality of water flowing into 

and out of the Refuge in terms of long-term 

monitoring of dissolved oxygen, major plant 

nutrients, suspended material, turbidity, pH, 

temperature, sedimentation and contaminants. 

By 2022, develop and maintain infrastructure to 

allow management of 5,500 acres of wetlands as 

described below: 

Two out of every 5 years, provide an average of 

275 acres of moist soil/mudflat habitat primarily 

for shorebirds, waterfowl, and wading birds.

By 2022, provide an average of 2,750 acres of 

emergent marsh habitats on the Refuge. This 

habitat will be characterized by water depths 

ranging from 3 to 30 inches interspersed with 

stands of cattail, bulrush, phragmites, 

arrowhead, pickerelweed, water lily and 

American lotus. Submerged aquatic plants such 

as coontail and sago pondweed will usually be 

present. Emergent marsh habitat will be 

apportioned among the Refuge pools as follows:

# Pool A –250 acres

# Pool B – 1,050 acres

# Pool C1 –500 acres

# Pool C2– 150 acres

# Pool D –300 acres

# Pool E –300 acres

# Pool F – 200 acres

Continue to provide approximately 1,550 acres 

of deepwater marsh habitat among Refuge 

pools. This habitat will generally consist of open 

water greater than 30 inches in depth. 

Submerged vegetation such as coontail, sago 

pondweed, and wild celery is desired. These 

habitats will provide open water rafting areas 

for diving ducks and foraging habitat for 

pelicans, cormorants, Bald Eagles, and other 

fish-eating birds. Deepwater habitat would be 

distributed among Refuge pools roughly as 

follows: 

# Pool A –350 acres

# Pool B – 1,000 acres

European buckthorn in understory, Trempealeau NWR. 

USFWS
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60

# Pool D – 150 acres

# Pool F –50 acres

Rationale: Trempealeau NWR includes 6,226 

acres, of which about 5,500 acres, or 90 percent, 

are wetlands. These wetlands have benefited 

from many years of protection afforded by railroad and barrier dikes which exclude damaging 

floods so devastating to aquatic plants in adjacent Mississippi River backwaters. As a result, 

wild rice, cattail, and other plants important to 

marsh wildlife have flourished in many areas.

Construction of a series of locks and dams on 

the Mississippi River in the 1930s created a 

deeper, relatively stable water system, especially during the summer. Although flooding 

was not a serious problem at Trempealeau 

NWR because of barrier dikes, the low water 

cycle, so important to aquatic plants dependent 

on mud flats and sandbars for their reproduction, was virtually eliminated. With stable and 

higher water levels, wind and wave action gradually eliminated aquatic plant beds, particularly 

in the lower Refuge pools. Additionally, rough 

fish, primarily common carp, are present 

throughout the pool system. Carp have a major 

impact on aquatic plant growth by rooting out 

plants and suspending sediments while feeding. 

Strategies:

1. By 2010, write a Habitat Management Plan 

that includes strategies for managing water 

levels in each impoundment.

2. Once every 5 years when funding for pumping is available, reduce water levels in Pool 

A by pumping to expose 50 percent (350 

acres) of the bottom. Drawdown would 

begin in May, coinciding with shorebird 

migration, and continue through the fall 

until freeze-up. Low water conditions would 

create conditions for a partial kill of rough 

fish. Water levels would return to full pool 

over the winter through dike and groundwater seepage. 

3. Once every 5 years when funding for pumping is available (alternating with Pool A), 

reduce water elevations in Pool E when wild 

rice has reached the floating leaf stage in 

late May or early June. Maintain water 

level as low as possible through late August, 

and then gradually restore levels to maximize food availability for waterfowl, rails, 

and wading birds.

4. Avoid prolonged flooding of swamp white 

oaks in Unit C2 by lowering water level 

below the root mass of these trees during 

the growing season.

5. Maintain stable or declining water levels in 

pools B and E, June through August to 

accommodate over-water nesting species, 

especially Black Terns.

6. Construct a dike with a spillway and water 

control structure between Delta Point and 

Pine Creek dike. Raise and widen Delta and 

Pine Creek roads to serve as dikes for a 

new sub-impoundment C1 totaling about 

375 acres. 

7. Construct a water control structure in the 

former “Green Bay culvert” thereby creating impoundment D, about 450 acres. 

8. Construct a water control structure in 

River Bottoms Road dike to create 

impoundment F of about 450 acres. Raise 

and widen River Bottoms Road south of its 

junction with Oxbow dike. 

9. Subdivide C2 into three manageable units. 

10. When conditions allow, drawdown Pool B 

using gravity flow through Pool A into the 

Trempealeau River. Once every 7 years 

pump Pool B as low as possible with existing pumps to improve aquatic plant growth. 

11. Hire one permanent seasonal tractor operator to perform annual maintenance of dikes, 

pumps and water control structures.

Swamp white oak tree planting area, Trempealeau NWR. 

USFWS
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61

12. Hire a Private Lands Biologist (shared half 

time with Winona District) to fully implement the Partners for Wildlife Program in 

the Trempealeau and Buffalo River Watersheds to improve water quality entering the 

Refuge.

13. Construct five islands each, in the eastern 

portion of Pools A and B. Material for the 

islands would be dredged from within each 

pool or from the Mississippi River and 

pumped through the BNSFRR dike. In 

addition to providing nesting habitat for 

various species, islands would break wind 

and wave energy and decrease turbidity 

14. Continuously monitor water quality at six 

locations using dataloggers.

15. When feasible, use commercial fishing and 

winter drawdowns to reduce populations of 

rough fish in pools A and B.

16. Work with USGS and the National Weather 

Service to re-establish a permanent 

weather station.

17. Continue to stress the importance of water 

quality in public information and interpretation, and environmental education programs.

Objective 2.3: Grassland Management

Maintain existing 335 acres of prairie and by 

2022 restore 100 acres of prairie /oak savanna 

habitat. Prairie component will have native cool 

and warm season grasses and wild flowers 

typical of undisturbed sand prairie in western 

Wisconsin. Oak savanna will comprise 20 to 40 

percent of the prairie area with an open canopy 

of native, uneven aged oaks.

Rationale: The Fish and Wildlife Service is 

interested in maintaining and/or restoring ecological diversity to the lands managed in the 

National Wildlife Refuge System. The goal for 

many refuges is to restore habitats to pre-European settlement conditions, understanding that 

modern day circumstances or refuge purposes 

may preclude this in many areas. Native vegetation that was originally in place prior to various 

attempts at habitat improvement is likely the 

vegetation that will do best on the land. Historical records (1895-1976) and records from the 

U.S. General Land Office (1840s and 50s), indicate that prior to settlement, upland areas 

within the Refuge were predominantly prairie 

and oak savanna (see Figure 14). Much of the 

upland area had been converted to agriculture 

before the Refuge purchased the property in 

1936. Under Refuge management from the 

1940s through 1960s, various pine species, Siberian and Chinese elms, black locust, Siberian 

pea, and honeysuckle were planted to reduce 

soil erosion and provide wildlife habitat in tune 

with the wildlife management practices of that 

era. In the 1970s, many of the oaks in the 

savanna were removed when oak wilt disease 

killed them. 

Today the invasive nature of black locust and 

the addition of other invasives such as buckthorn, have created forested areas on the 

upland sections of the Refuge consisting primarily of non-native species. Three hundred acres 

of the original 700 acres of prairie/oak savanna 

remain on the Refuge today. The mature black 

locusts in the forested areas provide a continual 

seed source, resulting in a continuous invasion 

of black locusts on the prairie. Oak wilt disease 

is still present and has killed many of the 

mature oaks remaining in the uplands. Likewise, prairies and oak savannas on private lands 

are becoming scarce as land is rapidly developed. The remnant prairies on the Refuge may 

soon be the only examples in southern Wisconsin. 

Prairie and oak savanna restoration in these 

areas will benefit many species listed as 

Regional Resource Conservation Priority 

(RRCP) species including Mallards, Bluewinged Teal, Grasshopper Sparrow, Orchard 

Oriole, Red-headed Woodpecker, and Eastern 

Meadowlark. Many species of birds, mammals, 

reptiles, and amphibians will forage in, and 

meet all or part of their life requirements in 

prairie and oak savanna habitats. 

Strategies:

1. Use prescribed fire as described in the 

approved Fire Management Plan (USFWS, 

2008) to control encroachment by cool season exotic grasses, forbs and woody shrubs. 

Modify existing firebreaks where necessary 

to incorporate timber stands targeted for 

restoration to oak savanna.

2. Expand flea beetle release program to 

reduce leafy spurge in all prairie/oak 

savanna habitats. Leafy spurge will occupy 

<10 percent of any prairie/oak savanna unit 

by 2022.
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62

3. Annually, convert a minimum of 5 acres of 

black locust to prairie using mechanical and 

chemical means as appropriate. Use commercial harvest to remove merchantable 

trees where practical. If necessary plant 

native grasses and forbs to enhance restoration. 

4. Remove understory of invasive shrubs from 

oak savanna habitats. By 2022, invasive 

plants will occupy <10 percent of oak 

savannas. 

5. By 2022, plant at least 2 acres of oaks and 

other hardwood seedlings where natural 

regeneration is insufficient to restore oak 

savanna. Emphasize bur oaks over red and 

black oaks to minimize further losses from 

oak wilt. 

6. By 2022, decrease “edge” habitat by removing all pine plantings from within prairie 

units. 

7. Hire a permanent, full-time seasonal biological technician to oversee prairie/oak 

savanna restoration including monitoring 

and invasive plant control. 

8. Use volunteers and school groups to collect 

and redistribute native grass and wildflower seed.

9. Develop interpretive and education programs on prairies and invasive plants. 

Objective 2.4: Invasive Plants and Animals

Reduce abundance of invasive and nonindigenous plants as specified in Table 2. If 

conditions allow, once every 5 years prior to 

Figure 14: Pre-European Settlement Vegetation, Trempealeau NWR
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drawdown of Pool A, remove invasive carp and 

other rough fish using commercial fishing. 

Rationale: Invasive plants continue to pose a 

major threat to native plant communities on the 

Refuge and beyond. Invasive plants displace 

native species and often have little or no food or 

habitat value for wildlife. The result is a decline 

in the carrying capacity of the Refuge for native 

fish, wildlife and plants, and a resulting decline 

in the quality of wildlife-dependent recreation. 

This objective addresses invasive plants 

through mapping and monitoring, and through 

mechanical and biological control. Invasive 

plant control is labor intensive and potentially 

costly. New staff are proposed in addition to 

relying on volunteers and out-side funding. 

Invasive animals such as zebra mussels and 

Asian carp pose a looming threat to native 

aquatic ecosystems.These species are not yet 

found on the Refuge, but careful monitoring, 

maintenance of the electric weir, installation of 

additional fish barriers and commercial fishing 

are tactics to slow down their introduction.

Strategies:

1. Conduct an inventory and prepare baseline 

maps of invasive plant infestations, and to 

undertake mechanical removal of invasive 

plants. 

2. As part of a Habitat Management Plan, 

write an invasive plant control and management step-down plan (Integrated Pest ManTable 2: Management Strategies for Invasive and Non-indigenous Plant Species 

Non-indigenous 

Plant Species

Prairie and Oak Savanna Upland Forest Floodplain Forest Wetlands

Leafy Spurge Expand flea beetle release 

program. Reduce infestation 

to 10% or less of prairie 

habitats by 2022.

Black Locust Convert a minimum of 5 acres 

of Black Locust to prairie 

using mechanical and chemical 

methods. Prevent any new 

spread into existing prairie 

areas.

Remove Black 

Locust from canopy 

and understory. 

Reduce occurrence to 

10% or less of upland 

forest.

European 

Buckthorn, 

Siberian Pea, 

Tartarian 

Honeysuckle

Remove understory of these 

species from oak stands 

targeted for oak savanna 

restoration using appropriate 

mechanical and chemical 

means. Reduce occurrence to 

10% or less of oak savanna 

habitat by 2022.

Remove these 

species from 

understory using 

appropriate 

mechanical and 

chemical means. 

Reduce occurrence to 

10% or less of 

understory by 2022.

Remove understory of 

European Buckthorn 

from stands using 

appropriate 

mechanical and 

chemical means. Treat 

5 acres per year.

Scotch Pine Remove all trees. Remove all trees.

Red and White 

Pine

Remove all trees from prairie 

and oak savanna habitats.

Conduct selective 

thinning using 

commercial harvest 

where appropriate. 

Manage stands for 

natural appearance.

Purple Loosestrife Raise 200 pots of 

defoliating beetles 

annually for release at 

5 new sites on the 

Refuge. Use 

volunteers when 

available. 

Same as for 

Floodplain 

Forest.
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agement Plan) that identifies priority areas 

and methods of control. Emphasize 

mechanical and biological control.

3. Seek seasonal staff and funding to accelerate current control and applied research 

through interagency partnerships, volunteer programs, and public education. 

4. Continue to work with the Department of 

Agriculture, other agencies, the state, and 

other refuges in securing insects for release 

on the Refuge and on private lands within 

the Trempealeau and Buffalo River watersheds.

5. Seek grants, cost-sharing, or special funding opportunities for invasive plant 

removal.

6. Conduct public information efforts including media, brochures, signs, and programs 

to increase awareness of the threats posed 

by invasive plants and what citizens can do 

to minimize the introduction or spread of 

invasive species.

7. Build a GIS database of invasive plants and 

update it every 3 years.

8. If conditions allow, permit commercial fishing for rough fish in Pool A prior to each 

drawdown.

9. Monitor all pools for invasive fish, aquatic 

plants and mollusks. 

10. Investigate feasibility of implementing an 

exchange program for gardeners with loosestrife planted in ornamental gardens.

11. Secure outside funding to set up rearing 

cages on private lands and begin distribution of beetles to landowners within the 

Trempealeau and Buffalo River Watersheds. 

12. Continue to serve as a source of flea beetles 

for other agencies and landowners who 

have infestations of leafy spurge.

13. Explore the installation of fish barriers at 

all water control structures.

14. Determine the distribution of reed canary 

grass and phragmites and investigate methods of control.

Objective 2.5: Monitor and Investigate Fish, Wildlife and 

Plants and their Habitats

By 2010 update the Wildlife Inventory Plan to 

include all federal and state listed species, 

species of regional conservation concern, 

furbearers, and deer. Increase partnerships 

with agencies and universities and encourage 

applied research on the Refuge.

Rationale: Monitoring is essential to understanding the status and trends of selected species groups and habitats. This in turn provides 

some indication of overall biological integrity, 

diversity, and environmental health of the Refuge, and is critical in planning habitat management and public use programs. This objective 

represents a more aggressive biological program on the Refuge and will help meet directives in the Refuge Improvement Act requiring 

monitoring the status of fish, wildlife, and plant 

species. Better biological information is also 

critical to making sound and integrated 

resources and public use management decisions. The Refuge would continue to support, 

use, and contribute to monitoring done by the 

state, U.S. Geological Survey, the Army Corps 

of Engineers, neighboring refuges and others to 

help fill the gaps in status and trends information for fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, invasive plants, invertebrates, land cover and other 

environmental factors like water quality.

Strategies:

1. Engage other experts and partners to 

develop and implement a Wildlife Inventory 

Plan that includes all federal and state 

listed species, regional conservation species, furbearers, and deer. Also include 

Invasive black locust taking over prairie, Trempealeau NWR. 

USFWS
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“species of greatest conservation need” as 

identified in the Wisconsin Comprehensive 

Wildlife Conservation Plan.

2. Work with partners, volunteers, students 

and staff to store, summarize and, as appropriate, analyze survey data annually. 

3. Continue to work with universities, states, 

USGS, and the COE to share data on species and habitats.

4. Participate in formal coordination meetings 

with USGS to share biological data, monitoring and monitoring expertise.

5. Work with the Upper Mississippi NWFR 

GIS biologist and the Winona District biologist to coordinate equipment, staff, survey 

schedules, and data analysis.

6. Foster partnerships with colleges and universities to encourage graduate research 

projects.

7. Continue to use volunteers to complete certain surveys like waterbird counts, and deer 

surveys.

8. By 2010, complete a Habitat Management 

Plan that integrates monitoring results 

with habitat management actions.

9. Working with partners, develop a Herptile 

Management Plan by 2010.

Objective 2.6: Threatened and Endangered Species Management

Continue to monitor Bald Eagle use of the 

Refuge. Complete an evaluation of state-listed 

species using the Refuge.

Rationale: It is Service policy to give priority 

consideration to the protection, enhancement, 

and recovery of threatened and endangered 

species on national wildlife refuges. This objective represents a more aggressive approach to 

achieving this policy, and also reflects the high 

public interest in these species. Currently there 

are no federally listed species occurring on the 

Refuge. Efforts would be expanded to determine the status of Massasagua rattlesnakes 

(candidate) and appropriate state listed species.

Strategies:

1. Consider the needs of threatened, endangered, and candidate species in all habitat 

and public use management decisions.

2. Continue to consult with the Service’s Ecological Services Office on all actions which 

may affect listed species.

3. In the Wildlife Inventory Plan address 

monitoring for all listed or candidate species, and other species of management concern to help preclude listing.

4. In the Habitat Management Plan, identify 

steps needed to ensure populations of listed 

or candidate species are sustained in support of delisting or to preclude listing.

5. Continue to monitor Bald Eagle nesting 

and success.

6. Close 100 meter radius around active Bald 

Eagle nests to public entry February 1 to 

July 1.

7. Where feasible, protect large nest trees 

from prolonged flooding and erosion.

8. Work with Wisconsin DNR to assess the 

potential for reintroduction of Massassagua 

rattlesnakes.

9. Increase education and outreach targeting 

threatened and endangered species and 

their needs.

10. Work with partners to assess the potential 

for reintroduction of Karner blue butterflies. 

Objective 2.7: Deer Management

By 2010, update the Wildlife Inventory Plan and 

Habitat Management Plan to include 

management and monitoring of white-tailed 

deer and related browse impacts. Base harvest 

levels of deer on annual population monitoring 

and evaluation of habitat quality. 

Rationale: In general, Refuge management 

practices emphasize the protection of plants and 

wildlife to ensure a diversity of species that naturally or historically occurred. White-tailed 

deer present a special situation in that harvest 

and the vast expanses of agricultural lands 

around the Refuge greatly influence population 

levels and resulting vegetation impacts. Deer 

tend to move on and off the Refuge in response 

to hunting pressure and food availability on surrounding lands. Browse impacts have been 

severe on the Refuge especially prior to the 

1980s after which expanded Refuge hunts were 

implemented to reduce deer and allow the vegetation to recover. Deer numbers are unnaturally 
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66

high in surrounding lands and the State of Wisconsin has been in an active herd reduction program since the discovery of chronic wasting 

disease (CWD) in 2003. The special interests of 

the State in the management of resident big 

game animals are recognized and management 

actions are coordinated with State objectives 

where possible. Harvest on surrounding lands 

would be hampered if coincident pressure does 

not occur on the Refuge. This objective represents a balanced approach to limiting overbrowsing and assisting the State in managing 

the distribution of hunting pressure and harvest 

rates. 

Strategies:

1. Update Wildlife Inventory Plan to include 

white-tailed deer monitoring, including 

fawn counts.

2. Include monitoring of browse impacts in 

Habitat Management Plan.

3. With partners, investigate the most current, efficient and appropriate technologies 

and protocols to monitor browse and herd 

size.

4. Investigate funding mechanisms and partnerships to contract aerial, forward looking 

infra-red (FLIR) surveys to count deer 

once every 5 years. 

5. Model percent change in browse impacts 

over time.

6. Encourage research by universities and 

partner agencies on deer-habitat interactions including implications to invasive 

plant abundance.

7. Work closely with Wisconsin DNR to coordinate information exchange, planning, and 

management of CWD on nearby lands. 

8. Continue to use a managed public hunt of 

white-tailed deer to maintain acceptable 

levels of browse.

9. Update the Hunt Plan to include whitetailed deer hunting. 

10. Seek expert advice to model white-tailed 

deer population dynamics to determine 

appropriate harvest levels.

11. Base sex and age ratio of harvest requirements on population modeling and advice 

from Wisconsin DNR.

12. Update Visitor Service Plan to improve 

safety and require all pedestrians to wear 

blaze orange during the gun hunt.

13. Investigate options for closing the Refuge 

to non-hunting visitors during key hunting 

times.

14. Improve signage and develop a Refuge-specific hunting safety brochure.

15. Continue issuing over-the-counter permits 

for late season archery.

16. Continue to operate a check station on 

opening weekend.

17. Require mandatory reporting of hunter 

success or loss of 1 year hunting privileges.

18. Continue to follow Wisconsin guidelines for 

season dates and times.

Objective 2.8: Furbearer Management

Update the Furbearer Management Plan by 

2009 and continue to manage muskrat, beaver, 

and raccoon populations at levels where damage 

to dikes and interf erence with water 

management and bird banding operations is 

limited.

Rationale: A furbearer trapping program is in 

place for muskrat, mink, raccoon, opossum, and 

beaver. The Refuge is divided into 15 muskrat 

and four beaver units. Trapping units are 

awarded to the highest bidder at an auction held 

in October. The entire Refuge is open to trapWhite-tailed deer. © Sandra Lines
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ping with the exception of an area inside and 

immediately adjacent to the wildlife drive. Harvest of muskrats by trappers helps reduce damage to Refuge dikes from tunneling and den 

building. Beaver trapping reduces plugging of 

culverts and water control structures and prevents excessive damage to desirable trees adjacent to wetlands. The trapping plan needs to be 

updated to include proper harvest reporting 

procedures and to clarify unclear boundary 

descriptions and procedures for using data to 

regulate harvest.

Strategies:

1. Work with public to update Furbearer Management Plan by 2009.

2. Update Wildlife Inventory Plan to include 

muskrats, beavers, and otters.

3. Use harvest data to determine appropriate 

harvest levels to minimize damage to dikes 

and structures.

4. As needed adjust trapping activities to 

avoid conflicts with other hunts or Refuge 

management. 

5. Remove problem animals from banding 

sites as needed to meet banding objectives.

6. Work with Wisconsin Trapping Association 

to provide training for all trappers using 

the Refuge. Encourage communication and 

cooperation among trappers.

Goal 3: Public Use

We will manage public use programs and facilities to ensure 

sustainable, quality, hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, 

wildlife photography, interpretation, and environmental education opportunities for a broad cross-section of the public; and 

provide opportunities for the public to use and enjoy the Refuge for traditional and appropriate non-wildlife dependent 

uses that are compatible with the purposes for which the Refuge was established and the mission of the Refuge System.

Objective 3.1: Wildlife Observation and Photography

Provide year-round opportunities to observe 

and photograph wildlife and habitat by 

improving and maintaining two existing hiking 

trails, a 4.5-mile auto tour route, and the 

existing observation deck. Develop a new hiking 

trail, a new canoe trail and a cross-country 

skiing trail system. Promote wildlife 

photography by working with local 

photographers to develop at least 1 annual 

workshop and assist with Upper Mississippi 

River NWFR photo contest. 

Rationale: Wildlife observation and photography are priority public uses of the Refuge System and are to be encouraged when compatible 

with the purposes of the refuge. The Refuge 

provides outstanding wildlife observation 

opportunities. Improving, maintaining, and 

enhancing accessibility of existing facilities will 

increase opportunities for all people to view 

wildlife throughout the year. Opportunities for 

wildlife photography are abundant without special facilities, but working with area photographers will foster more interest and allow the 

staff to develop targeted programming for this 

user group. Finally, an entrance fee may help to 

provide resources for improving visitor services, but careful consideration must be given to 

the cost and benefits for both the Refuge and 

visitors. 

Strategies:

1. Develop a Visitor Services Plan by 2009.

2. Provide a general brochure with maps and 

information for all trails.

3. Update and design new signing at trailheads and along trails.

4. Enhance website information for compatible, wildlife-dependent recreational opportunities. 

5. Maintain and enhance the 4.5-mile auto tour 

loop – upgrade and enhance signage; redesign booklet per Service standards.

Bird banding, Trempealeau NWR. USFWS
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6. Designate and enhance specific observation 

points along hiking trails conducive to wildlife observation and investigate installation 

of benches. 

7. Monitor and maintain existing Woods Trail 

– update existing trail panels as habitat 

changes and new developments arise along 

the trail.

8. Update Prairie View Trail as a universally 

accessible trail according to Service standards for trail surface, signage and other 

required details and enhancements.

9. Upgrade and re-design current parking 

area at Prairie View Trail.

10. Redesign and landscape the existing native 

plant garden; create a living guide by adding interpretive panels and identification 

markers for plants. 

11. Explore the potential of connecting the 

Prairie View trail to the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) historic site (off the wildlife drive), and develop an interpretive site 

with signs at CCC location.

12. Develop a Birding by Ear trail, designed 

for birders with visual impairments; install 

sound activated trail panels

13. Develop a birding by ear audio tape/CD to 

accompany the trail users.

14. Establish a three-quarter-mile Marsh Discovery Trail linking with existing trails to 

connect three major habitats as one trail 

system. 

15. Establish an un-groomed Winter Wonders 

Cross-country Ski Trail on fire breaks and 

trails and develop a simple one-page trail 

map with guidelines.

16. Seek funding to purchase 30 pairs of snowshoes for use by the public.

17. Continue to prohibit all ATVs and snowmobiles from Refuge lands.

18. Contact and establish a relationship with 

local photographers – seek input on needs 

and facilities.

19. Offer wildlife and outdoor photography 

workshops at special Refuge events such as 

the Bird Festival in May and the Refuge 

Week Celebration in October.

20. Continue to work with Upper Mississippi 

River NW&FR to promote a photo contest.

21. Investigate the cost/benefit ratio of implementing an entrance fee program.

Objective 3.2: Great River State Trail (Bicycling)

By 2010 improve the Great River State Trail by 

adding a variety of visitor services, including 

bike racks, potable water source, restrooms, 

and interpretive signs and brochures. By 2008, 

work with the Wisconsin DNR and partners to 

facilitate extension of bike trail to Winona.

Rationale: The Great River State Trail is a popular bike trail and is likely to become more popular as the public eye turns more toward health 

and fitness activities. Bicycling is a low impact 

way of experiencing nature and this objective 

reflects an improvement in facilities and interpretation to encourage more visitors to consider 

traveling by bike. 

Strategies:

1. Work closely with the Wisconsin DNR and 

any advisory committee to facilitate extension of the bike trail to Winona, while minimizing impacts to Refuge lands.

2. Improve directional signs and install 

“watch for bikes” signs along the auto tour 

route.

3. Improve the Great River State Trail by 

adding bike racks at the Marshland and 

main entrances, near the kiosk at the 

entrance to the auto tour route, and at the 

observation deck. 

4. Add a year-round restroom facility at either 

the new shop or the office location.

5. Add a potable water source at the new shop.

6. Develop interpretive signs specifically for 

bikers along the Marshland Road portion of 

the trail. 

7. Develop a brochure with map specific to 

bikers and what they may see along the 

trail. 

8. Investigate providing a “Blue Goose Bike 

Program” to encourage visitors to park 

autos and ride Refuge bikes.
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Objective 3.3: Interpretation

At 3-year intervals, random surveys indicate at 

least 90 percent of visitors report they felt 

welcome and enjoyed their visit, that they have 

an understanding of the Refuge as a place 

where wildlife comes first and appreciate the 

role of the Refuge System in preserving our 

Nation’s wildlife heritage.

Rationale: Interpretive programming is the 

looking glass through which visitors experience 

the Refuge. It is also a priority public use of the 

Refuge System, to be encouraged when compatible with the purposes of the refuge. Interpreting the resources and challenges of the Refuge 

to the general public is important to influencing 

the future well-being of the Refuge and the natural world. Only through understanding and 

appreciation will people be moved to personal 

and collective action to ensure a healthy Refuge 

for the future. Interpretation is also key to 

changing attitudes and behavior which affect 

the Refuge through off-Refuge land use decisions and on-Refuge conduct and use. This 

objective reflects an improvement in the quality 

and availability of interpretive materials and 

programs, and reflects the importance of these 

programs in an integrated resource management alternative. It provides for the basic needs 

necessary to inform and educate visitors, and 

help them make the most of their Refuge visit 

while protecting sensitive resources. The facilities and programs proposed are detailed in the 

strategies. 

Strategies:

1. By 2009, include interpretation in the Visitor Services Plan and develop procedures 

for conducting visitor surveys.

2. Design and install updated kiosks at all Refuge entry areas (main entrance, Marshland, 

and River Bottoms), boat landing, the 

observation deck, Hwy. 35 scenic overlook, 

and the West Prairie Road wayside park.

3. Improve agency identity by including on 

each kiosk, an interpretive panel on the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the 

National Wildlife Refuge System. 

4. Include Refuge regulations on all kiosks.

5. Update signs on all trails and along the 

wildlife drive auto tour.

6. Improve directional signs and interpretive 

materials for bicyclists. 

7. Update and reprint to Service standards a 

self-guided booklet that corresponds with 

auto tour route stops. Explore the possibility of enhancing some stops by adding a 

“sound post” with digital recordings of common wildlife sounds, calls, songs, and their 

sources. 

8. Update all brochures in accordance with 

Service standards. Develop a “series” of 

brochures for the Refuge relating to the big 

six priority public uses. 

9. Develop and publish a list of interpretive 

events and environmental education opportunities annually.

10. Produce the following brochures: plant list, 

invasive plant management, winter wildlife, 

hiking guide with trail maps, biking guide.

11. Develop a traveling pop-up exhibit for use 

at special events to highlight the Refuge 

mission and key resources including Refuge 

history and recreational opportunities.

12. Update and maintain current events on the 

Refuge website quarterly. Include current 

events, trail information, and seasonal bird 

sightings. 

13. Investigate an internet link to a bird cam 

(eagle cam).

14. Publish a seasonal interpretive schedule. 

Interpretation book reading at a local library. USFWS
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70

15. Continue to hold an annual birding festival 

each spring; participate in the Mississippi 

Valley Birding Festival sponsored by Audubon.

16. Develop at least three ranger-led interpretive programs for visitors – some would be 

year-round and others seasonal in nature. 

At least one cultural or historical interpretation program would be offered.

17. Hire a permanent, seasonal park ranger to 

develop and lead interpretive programs and 

assist with other aspects of the public use 

program.

18. Purchase 30 pairs of binoculars and field 

guides, and provide an annual budget for 

interpretive supplies.

19. Explore opportunities to develop volunteerled interpretive programs by involving volunteers in program development and training them as docents. 

20. Establish a Junior Ranger program.

21. Continue to issue news releases on special 

events or temporary changes to regulations.

22. Investigate developing a Master Naturalist 

program.

23. Participate in local area expos, sportsman 

shows, and other outdoor events to promote 

the Refuge.

24. Prepare a bi-annual column for area newspapers highlighting Refuge news, events 

and wildlife sightings.

25. Work closely with local community groups, 

like chamber of commerce, tourism board, 

library, Great River Road Committee, and 

Perrot State Park to share resources and 

coordinate programming.

26. Construct a dividable, multi-purpose classroom addition to the office building, (1,000 

square feet), to conduct year-round interpretive programs and special events.

Objective 3.4: Environmental Education

Improve delivery of environmental education 

programs, and by 2010 have in place a 

comprehensive environmental education 

program that includes the following elements:

# A grade-specific curriculum that meets 

local, state and national guidelines. 

# A Refuge Educator’s Guide. 

# A 900-square-foot outdoor learning shelter, 

with restrooms.

# Special annual programs, lending library, 

and educational partnerships as noted in 

the following strategies. 

Rationale: Young people, like adults, learn best 

when they are actively engaged in the learning 

process and when they are having a good time. 

They are naturally curious and when invited 

outdoors become explorers and questioners, 

artists and poets. Refuge environmental education programs help people develop important 

skills they can use throughout their lives, such 

as asking meaningful questions, making careful 

observations, finding ways to test their ideas, 

and sharing their thoughts and observations 

with others. The goal of environmental education is to encourage curiosity and concern about 

the natural world and to provide experiences 

from which people gain an understanding of the 

way natural systems function. What people 

learn and how much they care will affect the 

Refuge through changes in attitudes and behaviors both on and off Refuge lands. This alternative represents a marked increase in 

environmental education programming and 

associated facility development. Since environmental education is curriculum-based and labor 

intensive, efforts will be focused on training 

teachers, volunteers and other experts to use 

the Refuge and its facilities.

Strategies:

1. Work with local teachers to develop gradespecific environmental education curricula 

that meet local, state and national education 

standards.

2. Construct an outdoor environmental education learning shelter (roughly 900 square 

feet) at a site to be determined by elevation 

surveys. The three-season shelter would 

have restrooms capable of handling small 

groups, electricity, and running water.

3. Continue to offer River Education Days 

(RED) targeting 5th grade students from 

surrounding Wisconsin and Minnesota 

schools. 

4. Develop specific education programs for 

trappers and hunters using the Refuge.
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5. Develop environmental educational opportunities for people with special needs, like 

birding for visually impaired people or 

waterfowl hunting for youth and new hunters.

6. Promote collaboration and partnerships 

with area teachers, schools, colleges, other 

wildlife agencies, and natural resource and 

conservation groups to increase environmental education opportunities focused on 

Refuge and river corridor ecosystems

7. Offer environmental education workshops 

for teachers.

8. Train volunteers to provide environmental 

education programs for school groups.

9. Contact schools annually notifying them of 

the Refuge’s facilities, resources and educational opportunities by means of fliers or 

letters to principles and individual teachers.

10. Develop a lending library of videos, books, 

and educational trunks available for teachers to accompany their environmental education subject matter.

11. Update the Trempealeau NWR Educators 

Guide by 2010.

12. Encourage additional partnerships with 

high school science or biology classes to 

assist with research, wildlife surveys, or 

bird banding. 

13. Encourage high schools and universities to 

utilize the Refuge facilities for curriculum 

based programs.

Objective 3.5: Waterfowl Hunting

By 2009, amend the Refuge Hunt Plan to 

include a managed waterfowl hunt west of the 

Canadian Pacific Railroad dike that assures 

high quality hunting opportunities for people 

with disabilities, youth, and other hunters new 

to the sport.

Rationale: Urbanization, changing lifestyles, 

and shifting cultural priorities have contributed 

to a steady decline in the number of people who 

hunt. The opportunities, skills, and traditions of 

the hunter are slowly being replaced by other 

interests, demands, and pursuits. Evidence suggests that recruitment of hunters may be a 

problem as there has been a decline in participation by younger age groups and declines in 

the number of hunter education graduates 

(Enck et al. 2000). The ability to recruit and 

retain hunters has serious implications for fish 

and wildlife conservation. A strong argument 

can be made that an expected outcome of providing and nurturing waterfowl hunting opportunities should be a waterfowl hunting 

community with a strong sense of stewardship 

for not only a sustained waterfowl harvest, but 

for the associated ecosystem as well (Case 

2004). This objective reflects the need to recruit 

new hunters, promote long-term hunter participation and encourage land stewardship. In addition, the Refuge would continue to provide 

opportunities for hunters who would otherwise 

be excluded from hunting because of limited 

mobility.

The Refuge looked at several options for providing a sustainable, quality hunting program. 

The FWS Manual (parts 600-699) defines “quality” wildlife-dependent recreation as having the 

following 11 characteristics:

# Promotes safety of participants, other 

visitors, and facilities;

# Promotes compliance with applicable laws 

and regulations and responsible behavior;

# Minimizes or eliminates conflict with fish 

and wildlife population or habitat goals or 

objectives in an approved plan;

# Minimizes or eliminates conflicts with other 

compatible wildlife-dependent recreation;

# Minimizes conflicts with neighboring 

landowners;

# Promotes accessibility and availability to a 

broad spectrum of the American people;

# Promotes resource stewardship and 

conservation;

# Promotes public understanding and 

increases public appreciation of America’s 

natural resources and our role in managing 

and protecting these resources;

# Provides reliable and reasonable 

opportunities to experience wildlife;

# Uses facilities that are accessible and blend 

into the natural setting; and

# Uses visitor satisfaction to help define and 

evaluate programs.

The “quality” criteria are factors to consider 

when developing wildlife-dependent recreational use programs. They are guidelines for 

refuge managers to use when starting, analyz-
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72

ing, or evaluating a wildlife-dependent recreational use. Nothing in the policy requires that 

any of the wildlife-dependent recreational uses 

meet all of the goals listed under the “quality” 

definition. The term “quality” is used as a standard we strive to achieve in our wildlife-dependent recreational use programs. This objective 

reflects the need and opportunity to consider 

these guidelines to ensure that a new hunt program on the Refuge is indeed a “quality” program that develops and promotes a strong 

sense of stewardship within an expanding community of new hunters. 

Strategies:

1. Allow ample time for public review, and 

comment on any changes to hunting programs. 

2. With partners conduct an annual “learn to 

hunt” program. Participate in the state 

“youth” hunting program.

3. Investigate opportunities to partner with 

the state’s “Becoming an Outdoorswoman” 

program.

4. Investigate options for developing a “learning to hunt” program. 

5. Expand and improve the hunt for people 

with disabilities by providing more hunting 

opportunities and accessible facilities.

6. Publish a Refuge Hunting brochure that 

informs the public of hunting opportunities 

and Refuge-specific regulations.

7. Annually review Refuge hunting regulations to ensure clarity and to address 

emerging issues or concerns, and to give 

the public an opportunity to review and 

comment on any changes.

8. Improve the general hunting experience by 

continuing to improve habitat quality and 

enforcement of regulations.

9. Clearly sign boundaries of areas closed to 

hunting.

Objective 3.6: Fishing

Continue to provide fishing opportunities on the 

Refuge and by 2010 enhance the existing fishing 

platform and boat launch facilities. By 2022, 

construct one new fishing platform along the 

Trempealeau River and work with partners to 

improve the county boat launch. 

Rationale: Fishing is one of the priority uses of 

the National Wildlife Refuge System and is to 

be encouraged when compatible with refuge 

purposes. The demand for fishing at Trempealeau is small because the sport fishery is mainly 

comprised of bullheads and excellent fishing can 

be found just off the Refuge on the Mississippi 

River. Rough fish and management of shallow 

water impoundments precludes the development of a viable sport fishery in the interior 

units. However, the Trempealeau River offers 

better fishing opportunities and this objective 

would promote fishing by adding additional 

facilities along the river. Fishing in general 

would be promoted through interpretive materials, educational programs, as well as assisting 

with fishing events on the Mississippi River. 

Strategies:

1. Consult with the La Crosse Fishery 

Resource Office to update the Fishery Management Plan by 2010.

2. By 2009, develop a Visitor Services Plan 

that includes fishing.

3. Improve existing boat ramp, parking and 

fishing platform at Kiep’s Island.

4. Remove sediment and milfoil from around 

existing fishing platform to improve habitat 

for fish.

5. Coordinate with Trempealeau County to 

improve their boat launch on the Trempealeau River. 

6. All new and existing facilities would conform to Service standards for accessibility.

7. Install a new fishing platform along the 

Trempealeau River, upstream from the 

entrance road.

Waterfowl hunt for people with disabilities at Trempealeau 

NWR. USFWS
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8. Install new information panels on fishing at 

boat landing and two fishing platforms.

9. Promote fishing through interpretive posters and exhibits. 

10. Include fish biology and management in 

environmental education events and curriculums.

11. Work with staff of Upper Mississippi 

NWFR to provide an annual fishing event 

for young people.

See Objective 2.4, Invasive Plant and Animals, 

for additional fishery management objectives.

Goal 4: Neighboring Landowners and Communities

We will communicate openly and work cooperatively with our 

neighbors and local communities to help all benefit from the 

aesthetic and economic values of the Refuge.

Objective 4.1: Community Outreach

Beginning in 2008, increase opportunities for 

positive interaction with local community 

groups by implementing the following 

strategies.

Rationale: Rebuilding society’s connection with 

their environment is an important component of 

long-term resource protection and citizen support is critical to a successful resource management program. This objective reflects an 

emphasis on building connections between the 

Refuge and the community by promoting active 

involvement by Refuge staff in local events and 

community development organizations.

Strategies:

1. Participate in two local expos, three community festivals, at least one career fair, 

and one sportsman show or outdoor event.

2. Join the Trempealeau County Tourism 

Council and Trempealeau Chamber of Commerce and attend meetings.

3. Attend meetings of the Great River Road 

Promotion Committee, Mississippi River 

Parkway Commission and Scenic Byways 

Commission.

4. Develop relationships with Galesville, 

Trempealeau, and Ettrick libraries to hold 

evening programs and set up seasonal 

exhibits.

5. Continue to issue news releases to local 

newspapers, radio and television stations 

for public events, environmental education 

programs, changes to Refuge regulations, 

management activities of interest to the 

public and special wildlife viewing opportunities. 

6. As opportunities arise, work with Western 

Wisconsin Cable Television to produce programs about the Refuge and its resources 

for public access TV.

7. Develop an “It’s your backyard” program 

for local landowners and citizens, inviting 

them to the Refuge for a special day of programs and events tailored to their interests 

as Refuge “neighbors.” Ensure opportunities for communication between staff and 

citizens. 

Objective 4.2: Friends Group

By the end of 2008 help establish a “Friends of 

Trempealeau Refuge” group to provide an 

independent citizen voice for the protection, 

conservation, and enhancement of Refuge 

resources.

Rationale: The Refuge staff is tasked with managing resources within the laws, policies, guidelines and goals set forth for the Refuge. Citizens 

who have concerns about issues impacting the 

Refuge are free to voice their opinions and are 

often in a better position to do so when they 

come together as a Friends group. Friends 

groups also provide support by volunteering, 

fund raising, and educating the public. Friends 

can be an effective voice for the Refuge within 

the community. This objective focuses on assisting local citizens in forming an effective Friends 

group for the Refuge.

Strategies:

1. Invite key individuals to coordinate establishment of a Friends group by setting 

goals, writing bylaws and establishing 

501C3 tax exempt status.

2. Assist new members with mentoring and 

applications for start-up grants with the 

National Fish and Wildlife Foundation.

3. Suggest a list of membership and team 

building projects that would benefit the 

Refuge. 

4. Assist Friends with contacts and introduction to state and federal legislative staffs.
Chapter 4: Management Direction

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74

5. Assist Friends group with inventory, set up, 

and operation of a Refuge bookstore.

Objective 4.3: Volunteers

Continue to support an active volunteer 

program and increase volunteer hours and 

number of volunteers by an average of 5 

percent per year through 2022. Recruit 

volunteers from a variety of backgrounds. Keep 

volunteers active in all Refuge programs. 

Rationale: Volunteers are a valuable asset providing thousands of hours of labor completing 

tasks that would otherwise go undone. The Refuge has a corps of dedicated volunteers that is 

committed to protecting and enhancing the Refuge. Staff is unlikely to increase in the future 

and volunteers may be called upon to perform 

more of the surveys or maintenance tasks that 

the staff can not accomplish. This objective 

reflects an increase in recruiting, retaining and 

rewarding volunteers. 

Strategies:

1. Keep volunteer contact information current. Contact each volunteer at least once 

annually whether they participated that 

year or not.

2. Have clear expectations and instructions 

for each volunteer and each task.

3. Train volunteers to effectively conduct educational and interpretive programs, biological surveys, and maintenance operations. 

Ensure that volunteers receive the same 

safety training as paid staff.

4. Provide an identity for volunteers with uniforms and standard nametags.

5. Recruit volunteers with a diversity of backgrounds and skills, matching them with 

tasks that complement their interests and 

abilities.

6. Keep volunteers active in all programs: 

administration, biology, maintenance, and 

public use.

7. Recognize and thank volunteers for their 

efforts. Ensure that they feel they are a 

contributing part of the staff team.

8. Hold an annual volunteer appreciation banquet.

9. Keep a current volunteer news and recognition bulletin board in the office building.

Objective 4.4: Partnerships

By 2010, hire a private lands biologist (shared 

with Winona District) to work on reducing 

erosion on private land in Buffalo and 

Trempealeau Counties. At least annually meet 

with area universities, local sportsman and 

conservation groups, and Perrot State Park.

Rationale: Opportunities for upper watershed 

improvements in northern Trempealeau and 

Buffalo Counties are abundant. These projects 

are important to reducing sediments flowing 

into the Trempealeau and Buffalo Rivers, and 

ultimately the Mississippi River. Landowners 

are supportive and many are on a waiting list of 

projects. Adding a shared position to focus on 

private land projects would improve the ability 

to complete more projects and provide assistance on other land management issues like 

control of invasive plants. The objective also 

would focus on better communication and coordination with partners that would result in sharing expertise, labor, funds, and equipment. 

Trempealeau NWR volunteer collecting plants for purple 

loostrife beetle rearing. USFWS
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Strategies:

1. Share a new permanent full-time private 

lands biologist with Winona District. Biologist would work on Upper Mississippi River 

tributary headwaters in Buffalo and Trempealeau Counties to reduce sediment 

inputs.

2. Meet twice a year with Perrot State Park 

staff to coordinate land management, and 

public use issues.

3. Develop partnerships with University of 

Wisconsin and the University of Minnesota 

and other local colleges to share resources 

and to implement graduate level, adaptive 

management research.

4. Improve coordination and communication 

with local sportsman and conservation 

groups. 

5. Develop a program for invasive plant control, especially purple loosestrife, on private 

lands. 

6. Monitor three conservation easements 

annually for compliance and to assess habitat management needs.

Goal 5: Administration and Operations

We will seek adequate funding, staffing, and facilities; and 

improve public awareness and support to carry out the purposes, vision, goals, and objectives of the Refuge.

Objective 5.1: Entrance Road Flooding

By 2015 replace existing road with a bridge that 

can accommodate at least a 10-year flood event. 

Rationale: Options for alleviating the access 

road flooding problems have been thoroughly 

investigated over past years. The decision to 

construct a new bridge to span the section of the 

road that floods was arrived at after careful consideration and input from engineers, consultants, citizens, and community leaders. Potential 

designs for the new bridge are under consideration and have been distributed for review by 

nearby landowners. This objective represents a 

continued pursuit of funds and support for constructing a bridge at the entrance road. 

Strategies:

1. Continue with design work on a bridge that 

meets all state and federal regulations, and 

will accommodate at least a 10-year flood.

2. Contact all adjacent landowners to discuss 

potential impacts to their lands.

3. Seek Department of Transportation Act 

Road Enhancement funding

4. Keep Congressional staffers apprised of 

progress.

5. Communicate and coordinate with Trempealeau County. 

Objective 5.2: Facilities

By 2009, replace the existing shop with a 

similar-sized building, and by 2015 construct a 

1,500-foot office addition.

Rationale: This objective represents a balanced 

approach to replacing the 70-year-old shop 

building and expanding office facilities to 

accommodate new volunteers, biological technicians, and increased visitor services. 

Strategies:

1. Replace existing shop with a similar sized 

facility that includes a tornado shelter, fully 

accessible rest room, lockers for staff, storage, office, workshop, and vehicle maintenance facilities.

2. Add a 1,500-foot addition to the office building to provide space for five offices for new 

staff, a volunteer workspace, expanded 

storage and utility room, and additional 

space for office equipment.

3. Ensure that Refuge office and maintenance 

needs are reflected in budget needs databases. 

4. Continue to maintain Service-owned facilities using annual maintenance budget allocations.

Objective 5.3: Staffing

By 2022, add three seasonal and two shared 

staff in a range of disciplines to benefit the 

wildlife and habitat management, and public use 

objectives in this alternative (see Appendix H, 

Figure 1 on page 288 for a proposed staffing 

chart). 

Rationale: This objective reflects a balanced 

approached to Refuge management by providing operations and maintenance staff deemed 

necessary to meet the goals and objectives of 

this alternative. Like all land management, Refuge management is labor intensive and labor 

costs represent over 95 percent of the base 
Chapter 4: Management Direction

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76

operations funding received each year. As public 

demand for educational programs, biological 

information, and resource protection increases 

adequate staffing becomes more critical. These 

staffing needs are documented in the strategies 

for various objectives in this alternative. 

Strategies:

1. Ensure that staffing needs are incorporated 

in budget needs databases.

2. Hire a permanent-seasonal park ranger, 

biological technician, and tractor operator.

3. Share a new permanent full-time law 

enforcement position and a private lands 

biologist position with the Winona District 

of the Upper Mississippi NWFR. 

Objective 5.4: Operations and Maintenance Needs

Complete annual review of Refuge Operations 

Needs (RONS) and Service Assessment and 

Maintenance Management System (SAMMS) 

databases to ensure they reflect needs of the 

integrated public use and wildlife focus 

alternative.

Rationale: The RONS and SAMMS databases 

are the chief mechanisms for documenting 

ongoing and special needs for operating and 

maintaining a national wildlife refuge. These 

databases are part of the information used in 

the formulation of budgets at the Washington 

and Regional levels, and for the allocation of 

funding to the field. It is important that the 

databases be updated periodically to reflect the 

needs of the Refuge, and in particular the objectives and strategies elsewhere in this alternative. 

Strategies:

1. Update databases as needed or at least 

once annually.

Equipment and facilities maintenance, Trempealeau NWR. 

USFWS
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Chapter 5: Plan Implementation

Introduction

This appendix summarizes the actions, funding, 

coordination, and monitoring required to implement 

the Comprehensive Conservation Plan. As noted in 

the inside cover, these plans do not constitute a commitment for staffing increases, operational and 

maintenance increases, or funding for future land 

acquisition. These decisions are at the discretion of 

Congress in overall appropriations, and in budget 

allocation decisions made at the Washington and 

Regional levels of the Service.

A Word About Priorities

In the Refuge Improvement Act of 1997, Congress established a three-tiered hierarchy, or three 

priorities, for refuge management. As a first priority, every refuge is to be managed to fulfill its purposes and the Refuge System mission, namely 

conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants. Secondly, 

refuges are to facilitate wildlife-dependent or “Big 

6” public uses, namely hunting, fishing, wildlife 

observation and photography, and interpretation 

and environmental education. Of lowest priority is 

managing other uses and activities such as general 

recreation.

However, setting priorities in a linear or in-order 

fashion (e.g. implementing from top to bottom on a 

list of prioritized actions) is generally not realistic 

when dealing with the complexities and multi-program nature of managing a national wildlife refuge. 

In practice, a linear approach is not always workable. Below are a few of the reasons why some 

actions identified in this Implementation Plan must 

be done simultaneously, or why some general recreation actions are done before other resource-related 

actions.

# Funding streams from Congress may not follow 

an established hierarchy. For example, there 

may be no appropriations for land acquisition or 

habitat restoration in a given year, but 

Congress may choose to fund visitor services 

enhancement packages.

# A high priority such as habitat restoration is 

costly on a major river and dependent on 

funding from other sources, such as the 

Environmental Management Program 

administered by the Corps of Engineers. Thus, 

habitat restoration may be the highest priority 

for the Refuge, but if the funding is lacking, it 

cannot be accomplished. 

Trempealeau Mountain. © Sandra Lines
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# The states or Corps of Engineers may have 

year-to-year priorities that benefit visitors to 

the Refuge and meet a Refuge objective. An 

example would be state funding for recreation 

enhancement such as extension of the state bike 

trail that must be spent in a given year or lost. 

In this case it is an urgent need in a fiscal sense, 

although a lower priority resource-wise.

# The public or other units of government may 

strongly urge actions that may not be high 

resource priorities, or staff may be confronted 

with health, safety, or societal needs that must 

be addressed. Examples include a right-of-way 

expansion for a utility or highway project, 

protection of archeological resources, or 

entrance road flooding.

# Many actions are integrated with other actions. 

For example, during migration, waterfowl stage 

in large flocks, resting and feeding in 

preparation of energy demanding flight. 

Disturbance from public uses can severely 

impact the birds’ ability to put on enough 

reserve energy (body fat) to successfully 

migrate. It is important to limit disturbance to 

migrating waterfowl, which leads to guidelines 

or regulations for public use during critical 

times. Thus, many actions must be enacted 

simultaneously to achieve objectives. 

# Some actions must be sequenced. For example, 

Objective 2.2 calls for using commercial fishing 

to reduce rough fish abundance. Rough fish 

control is most effective in coordination with a 

pool drawdown the following spring. 

Drawdowns are scheduled at 5-year intervals, 

so commercial fishing would likely also occur at 

a 5-year interval.

Given the above, the actions listed below are in 

two categories: those that can be completed with 

existing funding and staffing, and those that will 

take additional resources. Target dates for completion give an indication of the priority and are useful 

for planning workloads in any given year. Many 

actions are ongoing as noted, and some of these may 

also be included in a step-down plan (see list, page 

83). If an action has the date of 2022, this means the 

action will be done no later than 2022, the 15-year 

planning horizon for the CCP. It is hoped that many 

of these actions will be completed well ahead of that 

date. This list is not all inclusive and details in specific objectives, along with all the strategies, will be 

used as applicable in implementing the CCP.

Actions – Existing Funding and 

Staffing

The following actions are derived from objectives 

and strategies in the CCP and represent those 

actions that can be accomplished with existing 

resources. Some of these actions reflect current, 

ongoing efforts, but most require a new initiative 

and/or redirection of existing Refuge funding and 

staff effort. This list will help focus annual work 

planning and performance plan preparation during 

the 15-year life of the plan. Details of these actions 

are found in Chapter 4.

Goal 1: Landscape

1. Maintain contact with landowners within the 

approved acquisition boundary.

2. Keep Regional Realty Specialists informed of 

any changes to property status.

3. Seek Land and Water Conservation Fund 

appropriations for land acquisition.

4. Travel the boundary every other year to inspect 

signs and correct deficiencies.

5. Request a survey of the north boundary along 

Highway 35 between Marshland and River 

Bottoms Road. Correctly post.

6. Correctly post west boundary of River Bottoms 

property, surveying if necessary.

7. Implement the following flood management 

policy: “When the Mississippi River is in flood 

stage, do not allow water to enter Refuge pools 

through the lower diversion dike structure, the 

Marshland Road inlet or any other facilities.”

Prairie habitat, Trempealeau NWR. USFWS
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8. Meet with BNSFRR officials to explain the 

policy and explore other alternatives to protect 

their dike.

9. Develop a Management Plan for Black Oak 

Island.

10. Determine if further shoreline protection is 

needed to prevent erosion of artifacts from 

Black Oak Island.

11. Protect archeological resources on Black Oak 

Island by incre asing law enforcement 

surveillance and closing the island to 

unsupervised public access. 

12. Improve relationship and coordination with the 

Mississippi Valley Archeology Center.

13. Restrict public access to the top of the road on 

Kiep’s Island.

14. Work with Wisconsin DNR and Perrot State 

Park to protect cultural resources on 

Trempealeau Mountain.

Goal 2: Wildlife and Habitat

1. Develop a Habitat Management Plan.

2. Annually treat 5 acres each of upland and 

floodplain forest to remove black locust and 

European buckthorn. 

3. Work with Army Corps of Engineers foresters 

to identify stands and prescriptions for timber 

sales. Permit commercial harvest of black locust 

and pine.

4. By 2008, clear down timber from burn units by 

permitting firewood cutting. 

5. Protect swamp white oak in Pool C2 by lowering 

the water level during the growing season to 

avoid prolonged flooding.

6. With others, seek research on floodplain forest 

regeneration and restoration of forest habitats 

to benefit cavity-dependent species. 

7. Once every 5 years reduce water levels in pool 

A by pumping to expose 50 percent (350 acres) 

of the bottom. 

8. Once every 5 years (alternating with Pool A), 

reduce water elevations in Pool E. Avoid 

prolonged flooding of swamp white oaks in Unit 

C2 by lowering water level below the root mass 

of these trees during the growing season.

9. Maintain stable or declining water levels in 

Pools B and E, June through August.

10. Use commercial fishing and winter drawdowns 

to reduce populations of rough fish in Pools A 

and B.

11. Work with USGS and the National Weather 

Service to re-establish a permanent weather 

station.

12. Continue to stress the importance of water 

quality in public information and interpretation, 

and environmental education programs.

13. Maintain existing 335 acres of prairie.

14. Use prescribed fire as described in the 

approved Fire Management Plan (USFWS 

2001).

15. Expand the flea beetle release program to 

reduce leafy spurge in all prairie/oak savanna 

habitats.

16. Removing all pine plantings from within prairie 

units.

17. Use volunteers and school groups to collect and 

redistribute native grass and wildflower seed.

18. Develop interpretive and education programs 

on prairies and invasive plants.

19. Write an Integrated Pest Management Plan.

20. Seek seasonal staff and funding to accelerate 

current control of invasives. 

21. Continue to work with the Department of 

Agriculture, other agencies, the state, and other 

refuges in securing insects for release on the 

Refuge and on private lands within the 

Trempealeau and Buffalo River Watersheds.

22. Seek grants, cost-sharing, or special funding 

opportunities for invasive plant removal.

23. Conduct public information efforts including 

media, brochures, signs, and programs to 

increase awareness of the threats posed by Bald Eagle. USFWS
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80

invasive plants and what citizens can do to 

minimize the introduction or spread of invasive 

species.

24. Monitor all pools for invasive fish, aquatic 

plants and mollusks.

25. Investigate feasibility of implementing an 

e xchange program for gardeners with 

loosestrife planted in ornamental gardens.

26. Continue to serve as a source of flea beetles for 

other agencies and landowners who have 

infestations of leafy spurge.

27. Update the Wildlife Inventory Plan to include 

all federal and state listed species, species of 

regional conservation concern, furbearers, and 

deer.

28. Participate in formal coordination meetings 

with USGS to share biological data, monitoring 

and monitoring expertise.

29. Work with the Upper Mississippi NW&FR GIS 

biologist and the Winona District biologist to 

coordinate equipment, staff, survey schedules, 

and data analysis.

30. Foster partnerships with colleges and 

universities to encourage graduate research 

projects.

31. Continue to use volunteers to complete wildlife 

surveys. 

32. Evaluate all state listed species for potential 

occurrence on the Refuge and the need for 

monitoring or management action. 

33. Continue to monitor Bald Eagle nesting and 

success.

34. Close a 100-meter radius around active Bald 

Eagle nests to public entry February 1 to July 

1.

35. Where feasible, protect large nest trees from 

prolonged flooding and erosion.

36. Work with Wisconsin DNR to assess the 

potential for reintroduction of Massassagua 

rattlesnakes in the River Bottoms Road area.

37. Increase education and outreach on threatened 

and endangered species and their needs.

38. Encourage research by universities and partner 

agencies on deer-habitat interactions including 

implications to invasive plant abundance.

39. Work closely with Wisconsin DNR to coordinate 

infor mation exchange, planning, and 

management of chronic wasting disease (CWD) 

on nearby lands.

40. Continue to use a managed public hunt of whitetailed deer to maintain acceptable levels of 

browse.

41. Update the Hunt Plan to include white-tailed 

deer hunting. 

42. Update the Visitor Service Plan to improve 

safety and require all pedestrians to wear blaze 

orange during the gun hunt.

43. Investigate options for closing the Refuge to 

non-hunting visitors during key hunting times.

44. Continue issuing over-the-counter permits for 

late season archery.

45. Continue to operate a check station on opening 

weekend.

46. Require mandatory reporting of hunter success 

or loss of 1-year hunting privileges.

47. Continue to follow Wisconsin guidelines for 

season dates and times.

48. Update the Furbearer Management Plan.

49. Continue to manage muskrat, beaver, and 

raccoon populations at levels where damage to 

dikes and interference with water management 

and bird banding operations is limited.

50. Use furbearer harvest data to determine 

appropriate levels to minimize damage to dikes 

and structures.

Goal 3: Public Use

1. Improve and maintain two existing hiking trails, 

a 4.5-mile auto tour route, and the existing 

observation deck.

2. Promote wildlife photography by working with 

local photographers to develop at least one 

annual workshop and assist with Upper 

Mississippi NW&FR photo contest. 

3. Develop a Visitor Services Plan. 

4. Investigate the cost/benefit ratio of 

implementing an entrance fee program.

5. Work closely with the Wisconsin DNR and 

advisory committee to facilitate extension of the 

bike trail to Winona, while minimizing impacts 

to Refuge lands.

6. Improve directional signs and install “watch for 

bikes” signs along auto tour route.
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81

7. Add bike racks at the Marshland and main 

entrances, near the kiosk at the entrance to the 

auto tour route, and at the observation deck.

8. Improve directional signs and interpretive 

materials for bicyclists. 

9. Develop and publish a list of interpretive events 

and environmental education opportunities.

10. Update and maintain current events on the 

Refuge website quarterly. Include current 

events, trail information, and seasonal bird 

sightings. 

11. Continue to hold an annual birding festival each 

spring; participate in the Mississippi Valley 

Birding Festival sponsored by Audubon.

12. Explore opportunities to develop volunteer-led 

interpretive programs by involving volunteers 

in program development and training them as 

docents. 

13. Establish a Junior Ranger program.

14. Continue to issue news releases on special 

events or temporary changes to regulations.

15. Investigate developing a Master Naturalist 

program.

16. As practical, participate in local area expos, 

sportsman shows, and other outdoor events to 

promote the Refuge.

17. Prepare a bi-annual column for area 

newspapers highlighting Refuge news, events 

and wildlife sightings.

18. Work closely with local community groups, like 

the Chamber of Commerce, tourism board, 

library, Great River Road Committee, and 

Perrot State Park to share resources and 

coordinate programming.

19. Work with local teachers to develop gradespecific environmental education curricula that 

meet local, state and national education 

standards.

20. Continue to offer River Education Days (RED) 

targeting 5th grade students from surrounding 

Wisconsin and Minnesota schools. 

21. Promote collaboration and partnerships with 

area teachers, schools, colleges, other wildlife 

agencies, and natural resource and conservation 

groups to increase environmental education 

opportunities focused on Refuge and river 

corridor ecosystems.

22. Offer environmental education and other 

related topic workshops for teachers.

23. Contact schools annually, notifying them of the 

Refuge’s facilities, resources and educational 

opportunities by means of fliers or letters to 

principles and individual teachers.

24. Update the Trempealeau NWR Educators’ 

Guide by 2010.

25. Encourage additional partnerships with high 

school science or biology classes to assist with 

research, wildlife surveys, or bird banding.

26. Encourage high schools and universities to 

utilize the Refuge facilities for curriculum based 

programs.

27. Develop a hunting program that provides 

opportunities for people with disabilities, youth, 

and other first time hunters, and allow ample 

time for public review and comment.

28. Investigate opportunities to partner with the 

s tate’s “Becoming an Outdoorswoman” 

program.

29. Investigate options for developing a “learning 

to hunt” program. 

30. Annually review Refuge hunting regulations to 

ensure clarity and to address emerging issues 

Hunt Program for person with disabilities, Trempealeau NWR. 

USFWS
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or concerns, and to give the public an 

opportunity to review and comment on any 

changes.

31. Improve the general hunting experience by 

continuing to improve habitat quality and 

enforcement of regulations.

32. Clearly sign boundaries of areas closed to 

hunting.

33. Consult with the La Crosse Fishery Resource 

Office to update the Fishery Management Plan 

by 2009.

34. Remove sediment and milfoil from around the 

existing fishing platform to improve habitat for 

fish.

35. Coordinate with Trempealeau County to 

improve their boat launch on the Trempealeau 

River. 

36. Promote fishing through interpretive posters 

and exhibits. 

37. Include fish biology and management in 

environmental education events and 

curriculums.

38. Work with staff of Upper Mississippi NW&FR 

to provide an annual fishing event for young 

people. 

Goal 4: Neighboring Landowners and 

Communities

Existing Funding and Staffing

1. Join the Trempealeau County Tourism Council 

and Trempealeau Chamber of Commerce and 

attend meetings.

2. Attend meetings of the Great River Road 

Promotion Committee, Mississippi River 

Parkway Commission and Scenic Byways 

Commission.

3. Develop relationships with Galesville, 

Trempealeau, and Ettrick libraries to hold 

evening programs and set up seasonal exhibits.

4. Continue to issue news releases to local 

newspapers, radio and television stations for 

public events, environmental education 

programs, changes to Refuge regulations, 

management activities of interest to the public 

and special wildlife viewing opportunities.

5. Work with Western Wisconsin Cable Television 

to produce programs for public access TV.

6. Invite key individuals to coordinate 

establishment of a Friends group.

7. Assist new Friends members with mentoring 

and applications for start-up grants. 

8. Suggest a list of Friend’s team building projects 

that would benefit the Refuge.

9. Assist Friends with contacts and an 

introduction to state and federal legislative 

staffs.

10. Assist Friends with inventory, set up, and 

operation of a Refuge bookstore.

11. Increase volunteer hours and number of 

volunteers by an average of 5 percent per year.

12. Keep volunteer contact information current. 

Contact each volunteer at least once annually 

whether they participated that year or not.

13. Have clear expectations and instructions for 

each volunteer and each task.

14. Train volunteers to effectively conduct 

educational and interpretive programs, 

biological surveys, and maintenance operations.

15. Ensure that volunteers receive the same safety 

training as all staff.

16. Provide an identity for volunteers with 

uniforms and standard nametags.

17. Recruit volunteers with a diversity of 

backgrounds and skills, matching them with 

tasks that complement their interests and 

abilities.

18. Keep volunteers active in all programs: 

administration, biology, maintenance, and public 

use. Refuge Week school group visit, Trempealeau NWR. USFWS
Chapter 5: Plan Implementation

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19. Recognize and thank volunteers for their 

efforts. Ensure that they feel they are a 

contributing part of the staff team.

20. Hold an annual volunteer appreciation banquet.

21. Keep a current volunteer news and recognition 

bulletin board in the office building.

22. Meet twice a year with Perrot State Park staff 

to coordinate land management, and public use 

issues.

23. Develop partnerships with Universities of 

Wisconsin and Minnesota, and other local 

colleges to share resources and to implement 

graduate level, adaptive management research.

24. Improve coordination and communication with 

local sportsman and conservation groups.

25. Monitor three conservation easements annually 

for compliance and to assess habitat 

management need.

26. Ensure opportunities for communication 

between staff and area citizens. 

Goal 5: Administration and Operations

1. Ensure that Refuge office and maintenance 

needs are reflected in budget needs databases.

2. Continue to maintain Service-owned facilities 

using annual maintenance budget allocations.

3. Ensure that staffing needs are incorporated in 

budget needs databases.

4. Update databases as needed or at least once 

annually.

1. Actions – New Funding and 

Staff

The actions in the following charts are derived 

from objectives and strategies in the CCP and represent those actions that can be accomplished if new 

funding and/or staffing is allocated to the Refuge. 

The completion target for these actions is generally 

2022 given the unknown nature of funding. Details 

of these actions are identified in Chapter 4. 

Costs are estimates and will likely be higher or 

lower based on detailed project planning and timing 

of implementation. Staff costs reflect 2006 salary 

and benefit rates at grades normal for the positions 

described. These needs will be reflected in key Refuge System databases such as the Refuge Operating 

Needs System, Maintenance Management System, 

and Service Assessment and Maintenance Management System, which provide information used in 

budget formulation and allocation. The Refuge will 

also seek other project funding such as cost share 

agreements with partners, agency grant programs, 

grants from non-profit groups, and cost-saving or 

reprogramming measures within existing budget 

allocations. 

Total funding needs for the 15-year life of the 

CCP equals the one-time or project-specific costs 

plus the recurring costs per year times 15 years 

($4.5 million), or a total of $16.2 million. Of this total, 

$10 million, or 62 percent, is directly related to habitat improvements and land acquisition. 

2. Summary of Step-Down 

Plans Needed

Below is a list of step-down plans called for in the 

CCP or required by Service policy. The planned 

completion date is in parenthesis, as well as a notation as to whether the step-down plan is new or is a 

revision of an existing plan. These Refuge-specific 

plans provide the details of implementing the 

respective program or initiative described in broad 

terms in the objectives and strategies. These plans 

will be developed in consultation with other agencies, states, and partners. The public will be given 

ample opportunity for plan review and comment. 

Environmental assessments or other documentation 

may also be needed to comply with National Environmental Policy Act or other requirements. 

# Fire Management Plan (revise, 2013) 

# Public Use Natural Area Management Plan 

(new, 2010)

Observation deck, Trempealeau NWR. USFWS
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Goal 1: Landscape

Action

Short-term or 

project-specific 

costs (thousands)

Recurring cost 

per year 

(thousands)

1. Acquire from willing sellers 340 acres within approved boundary $510

2. Install automatic gate a entrance $30 $1

3. Develop interpretive program on importance of flood plains $5

4. Map vegetation on Black Oak Island $5

5. Remove invasive plants from Black Oak Island $15 $5

6. Inventory archeological resources on Black Oak Island $25

7. Develop a Cultural Resources Management Plan $15

8. Develop interpretive program on ancient people of refuge $12

9. Hire PFT law enforcement officer , shared 1⁄2 time w/Winona District $70 $30

10. Provide archeological resource protection training for all staff $6

11. Inventory archeological resources on sensitive sites $15 $5

Goal 2: Wildlife and Habitat

Action

Short-term or 

project-specific 

costs 

(thousands)

Recurring 

cost per year 

(thousands)

1. Enhance 500 acres of floodplain forest $250

2. Remove all Scotch pine and thin pine plantations by 50% $100

3. Continue restoration of swamp white oaks at river bottoms site $10

4. Once every 7 years pump pool B $5

5. Develop infrastructure to manage 5,500 acres of wetlands $6,000 $50

6. Hire seasonal tractor operator to maintain pumps dikes, structures $40

7. Continuously monitor water quality at 6 locations $20 $2

8. Restore 100 acres prairie/oak savanna $20

9. Annually convert 5 acres black locust to prairie $10

10. Annually plant 2 acres of oaks and hardwoods $10

11. Hire seasonal biological technician to oversee prairie/oak savanna 

restoration and invasive plant removal

$40

12. Build and maintain GIS database on invasive plants $10 $2

13. Explore installation of fish barriers at all structures $50

14. Summarize and analyze survey data $50

15. Every 5 years count deer/model browse impacts $20

16. Improve signs and develop hunting safety brochure $10

17. Provide Refuge-specific training for trappers $3
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Goal 3: Public Use 

Action

Short-term or 

project-specific 

costs 

(thousands)

Recurring 

cost per year 

(thousands)

1. Develop a canoe trail $10 $2

2. Develop trail guide and maps $5

3. Update and add new trail signs $10 $2

4. Maintain and enhance auto-tour loop $20 $2

5. Develop observation points along hiking trails; install benches $80 $2

6. Update signs on Woods Trail $15

7. Improve and upgrade accessibility at Prairie View Trail $100 $5

8. Update and enhance the native plant interpretive garden $15 $1

9. Interpret the historic CCC camp site $75 $1

10. Develop an accessible trail and interpretive program for people with 

vision impairments

$150 $2

11. Develop a Marsh Discovery Trail and connect 3 existing trails $250 $5

12. Establish a system of cross-country ski trails and trail maps $10 $2

13. Purchase 30 pairs of snowshoes $10

14. Replace existing observation deck $125 $1

15. Install bird cam w/internet link $10 $1

16. Construct an outdoor, fully accessible restroom to accommodate 

groups

$80 $5

17. Add an outside drinking fountain/water source to shop $25

18. Develop interpretive signs for Marshland portion of bike trail $5

19. Develop interpretive materials for bicyclists $5

20. Develop a Blue Goose Bike program, to encourage park and bike on 

Refuge

$25 $5

21. Update 3 and add 6 new kiosks with interpretive panels $180 $2

22. Update and reprint self-guided tour route brochure; enhance stops 

with sound posts

$30

23. Develop brochures on Big 6 public uses, plant list, invasives, winter 

wildlife and others

$30

24. Develop a traveling, pop-up display about Refuge $10

25.Develop 3 ranger-led interpretive programs $10

26. Hire seasonal park ranger to lead programs $40

27. Purchase 30 binoculars, field guides and misc. interpretive supplies $10 $3

28. Add a multi-purpose classroom addition (1,000ft2)to office $300 $5

29. Construct a 3 season outdoor learning shelter (900 ft2) $400 $5

30. Develop a lending library of books, videos, trunks $10 $2

31. Conduct annual “learn to hunt” program $5

32. Expand hunt for people with disabilities $150 $2

33. Improve boat ramp, parking, and existing fishing platform $200

34. Install a new fishing platform on the Tremp. River $75
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86

Goal 4: Neighboring Landowners and Communities

Action

Short-term or 

project-specific 

costs 

(thousands)

Recurring 

cost per year 

(thousands)

1. Participate in 2 local expos, 3 festivals, 1 sportsmen show and 1 career 

fair annually

$6

2. Develop an “It’s your backyard” program for local landowners and 

citizens

$3

3. Hire a private lands biologist (shared 1⁄2 time w/ Winona District) $30 $70

4. Develop an invasive plant control program for private landowners $10 $2

Goal 5: Administration and Operations

Action

Short-term or 

project-specific 

costs (thousands)

Recurring 

cost per year 

(thousands)

1. Continue design work on bridge for entrance road $150

2. Replace existing shop $1,200 $2

3. Add a 1500 ft2 office addition for new staff, volunteers, and storage $500

5.New Funding Summary

New Funding Summary by Major Category to Fully 

Implement the CCP

Short-term or 

project-specific 

costs 

Recurring cost 

per year 

Land Acquisition within approved boundary $0.5 million 0

Habitat Improvement $6.5 million $0.2 million

Improved and expanded public use programs $2.4 million $0.1 million

General operations and maintenance $2.3 million $0.1 million

TOTAL $11.7 million $0.3 million
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87

# Wildlife Inventory and Monitoring Plan (revise, 

2008)

# Habitat Management Plan (new, 2010)

# Cultural Resources Management Plan (new, 

2008)

# Threatened, Endangered and Candidate 

Species (new, 2009) 

# Fishery Management Plan (revise, 2009)

# Hunting Plan (revise, 2009)

# Visitor Services Plan (revise, 2009)

# Trapping Plan (revise, 2009)

# Spill Response Plan (revise, 2009)

# Educator’ Guide (new, 2010)

# Easement/ROW Management Plan (new, 2010)

# Disease Contingency Plan (new, 2010)

# Herptile Management Plan (new, 2010) 

3. Monitoring and Evaluation

Objectives and strategies implemented will be 

continually monitored and evaluated during the 15-

year life of the plan. The wildlife inventory and monitoring plan update will be critical since fish and 

wildlife are important barometers of habitat condition and health. Many of the objectives in the plan 

deal directly with better monitoring and evaluation, 

and in this regard, adequate staffing and continued 

partnerships with the Corps of Engineers, states, 

U.S. Geological Survey, and others will be important. Many actions inherent in the plan are new 

directions, and monitoring will help understand the 

effects of the actions on habitat, fish and wildlife 

populations, and public use patterns and levels. In 

addition, the Mississippi River and its watershed 

will certainly change, and likely in ways unforeseen. 

Land use changes, invasive species, floods, disease 

outbreaks, and climate may alter expected outcomes, and monitoring will be critical to detecting 

and reacting to such change. 

4. Plan Review and Revision

As noted previously, environmental change and 

unforeseen effects may call for changes in the plan. 

The Refuge will practice adaptive management, 

using monitoring, evaluation, and experimentation 

to learn and change aspects of the plan as needed. 

Since the CCP will be a constant reference and 

guide for Refuge staff, internal review will be continuous. In addition, it is expected that the public 

and partners will offer continuous feedback. At least 

every 3 years, representatives of the Corps of Engineers, the state, other agencies, and non-profit and 

citizen groups will be invited to meet and provide 

more formal input into what is working, what is not, 

and possible changes the Refuge should consider. 

Revisions will be undertaken as needed by amendments to the CCP. There will be an opportunity for 

public review and comment prior to making any 

substantive changes. A major plan review and rewrite will occur after 15 years.

5. Partnerships

Refuge staff works with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources in designing and carrying out projects and programs. The Corps of 

Engineers is often a partner due to its dominant 

role in navigation, water level management, forestry, and the planning and construction of environmental restoration projects. Much of the large scale 

habitat restoration and enhancement work is done 

through the Environmental Management Program 

administered by the Corps, and this work could 

accelerate should Congress approve and fund the 

Navigation and Environmental Sustainability Program (NESP). 

The U. S. Geological Survey, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Agriculture, and 

state-level counterpart agencies all play a role in 

biological monitoring, research, environmental regulation, and policy making on the river, and thus the 

Refuge. Other U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service programs such as fisheries and ecological services also 

River Education Days, Trempealeau NWR. USFWS
Chapter 5: Plan Implementation

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

88

play a key role, both as leaders for certain projects 

and programs, and in support. The Service’s Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program will continue to 

play a critical role in working with private landowners to improve the watersheds of the Refuge. 

Conservation organizations are active in policy 

issues and/or land acquisition affecting the Refuge 

and include Audubon, The Nature Conservancy, 

Ducks Unlimited, Trout Unlimited, Boys and Girls 

Scouts, and American Rivers. A host of local conservation and sporting organizations like the Wisconsin 

Waterfowl Association and the Associated Sportsman’s Clubs of Trempealeau County are active. 

Lastly, many citizen conservationists help the Refuge as volunteers and as members of the Friends of 

the Upper Mississippi River Refuges, a citizen support group.

The forum for bringing together such a diversity 

of partners, who often have different missions and 

agendas, is both formal and informal. Established 

associations, commissions, committees, and working 

groups bring people together; plans, planning, and 

public meetings allow input from everyone. Specific 

projects and events let citizens lend a helping hand. 

These partnerships will remain an important part of 

plan implementation, both in gaining and maintaining public and partner understanding and support, 

and through the joint funding of specific actions.

6. Proposed Staff Chart 

Please see Figure 15.

Figure 15: Staff Chart, Trempealeau NWR
Appendix A: Record of Decision

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

89

Appendix A: Record of Decision

Appendix A: Record of Decision

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

91

Record of Decision

for

Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Trempealeau 

National Wildlife Refuge

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Division of Conservation Planning

Bishop Henry Whipple Federal Building

Room 530

1 Federal Drive

Ft. Snelling, Minnesota 55105

Appendix A: Record of Decision

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

93

Record of Decision for the Comprehensive 

Conservation Plan for Trempealeau National 

Wildlife Refuge

Introduction

This Record of Decision (ROD) has been developed 

by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) in 

compliance with agency decision-making 

requirements of the National Environmental Policy 

Act of 1969, as amended. It documents the decision 

of the Service, based on the information contained 

in the Final Environmental Impact Statement 

(FEIS) for the Comprehensive Conservation Plan 

and the entire administrative record. The Service 

has selected the preferred alternative (Alternative 

C) as described in the FEIS as the best alternative 

for the Comprehensive Conservation Plan for the 

Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge (NWR). A 

notice of this decision will be published in the 

Federal Register and a news release will be sent to 

the media.

Purpose of Action

The purpose of this action is to specify and adopt a 

long-term management direction for the 

Trempealeau NWR that will achieve the Refuge 

purpose and the mission of the National Wildlife 

Refuge System.

Need for Action

A long-term management direction does not 

currently exist for Trempealeau NWR. A 

Comprehensive Conservation Plan will help ensure 

that management and administration of the Refuge 

will meet the need of achieving the mission of the 

Refuge System, the purpose for which the Refuge 

was established, and the goals for the Refuge. In 

addition, the Refuge Improvement Act of 1997 

mandates that the Secretary of the Interior, and 

thus the Service, prepare Comprehensive 

Conservation Plans for all units of the National 

Wildlife Refuge System by October, 2012. 

Key Issues

Through public scoping and with input from various 

agencies and publics, key issues and possible 

solutions were identified. The issues were grouped 

into five categories: 1) landscape, 2) wildlife and 

habitat, 3) public use, 4) neighboring landowners 

and community, and 5) administration and 

operations. These issues were thoroughly examined 

in the Draft and Final EIS.

Alternatives Considered

Three alternatives and their consequences were 

described in detail in the Draft and Final 

Environmental Impact Statement. Under all 

alternatives threatened and endangered species 

would be protected; cultural resources would be 

protected; the Refuge’s Fire Management Plan 

would guide prescribed fire and wildfire 

suppression; mosquito control would only be allowed 

in cases of a documented human health emergency; 

appropriate control of fish and wildlife disease 

would be undertaken if warranted, feasible, and 

effective; an emergency response plan and training 

would be developed to address possible contaminant 

spills; regulations regarding harvesting of fruit, 
Appendix A: Record of Decision

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

94

nuts, and other plant parts would be clarified; 

neighboring landowners would be contacted 

frequently to discuss issues of concern; an easement 

and rights-of-way management plan would be 

developed; and general public use regulations would 

be annually reviewed and updated.

Alternative A. No Action (Current 

Direction)

Present management practices would continue 

under this Alternative. The No Action alternative is 

a status quo alternative where current conditions 

and trends continue. The alternative served as the 

baseline to compare and contrast with the other 

alternatives.

Alternative B. Wildlife and Habitat 

Focus

This alternative favors minimal disturbance to 

wildlife from public use and increased level of effort 

on fish and wildlife habitat management. Boundary 

issues would be addressed with annual inspections, 

new surveying and installation of an automatic gate 

at the main entrance. The remaining 340 acres 

within the approved acquisition boundary and 12 

acres outside the current boundary would be 

purchased as opportunities arose. Habitat 

management would be a high priority. Invasive 

species control in the forested habitats would allow 

restoration of prairie and oak savanna. Pine 

plantations would be eliminated. Prescribed fire and 

mowing would be used to manage the resulting 11 

prairie units totaling 585 acres. Researchers would 

be actively sought to conduct research to determine 

effects of management strategies. Monitoring of 

grasslands, aquatic vegetation, and extent of 

invasive plant species would be conducted. 

Additional dikes and water control structures would 

be placed within existing impoundments. The C2 

impoundment would be divided into three separate 

units to allow for moist soil management. Three 

other impoundments would be carved out of Pool B 

to create manageable units as well as additional 

emergent habitat. Islands would be built in Pools A 

and B. Water level management in Pools A and E 

would continue on their present course. Rough fish 

would be intensively managed in all pools using 

commercial fishing and water level management. 

The managed deer hunt would continue, but harvest 

levels would be regulated based on deer population 

and vegetation monitoring. Furbearer trapping 

would continue with harvest levels based on 

population estimates and habitat monitoring. No 

waterfowl hunting would be allowed. Public use 

opportunities would be reduced. Environmental 

education programs would be limited to those that 

explain Refuge regulations. To reduce disturbance 

to migrating birds, all pools would be closed to 

water craft during fall migration (from September 

15 through November 15). The staff would include 

the addition of a permanent full-time biologist and a 

private lands biologist and a seasonal biological 

technician and tractor operator. The Refuge would 

maintain its present entrance road, which is open to 

all traffic except for an average of 6 weeks each year 

when the road is flooded. The Refuge office would 

remain as is, but the 70-year-old shop would be 

replaced. Staff would include the addition of two 

seasonal and two permanent full-time positions in a 

range of disciplines which would benefit the wildlife 

and habitat management objectives in this 

alternative.

Alternative C. Integrated Public Use 

and Wildlife and Habitat Focus 

(Preferred Alternative)

This alternative focuses on returning upland areas 

to pre-European settlement habitats, increasing 

flexibility in wetland management within 

impoundments, and increasing public use 

opportunities. Boundary issues would be addressed 

as in Alternative B. Prairie and oak savanna 

restoration would be a high priority. Increased 

efforts to control invasive species would be made 

using biological, mechanical, and chemical methods. 

Prescribed fire and mowing would be used to 

manage 11 prairie units totaling 435 acres. Half of 

the trees in the pine plantations would be removed 

through selective thinning. Additional dikes and 

water control structures would be placed within 

existing impoundments. The C2 impoundment 

would be divided into three separate units to allow 

for moist soil management. The remaining three 

impoundments (Pools C1, D, and F) would reduce 

the size of Pool B to a manageable unit as well as 

create additional emergent habitat. Islands would 

be built in Pools A and B. Water level management 

in Pools A and E would continue on their present 

course. Rough fish, particularly carp, would be 

managed in specified pools using commercial fishing 

and water level management. Researchers would be 

actively sought to conduct studies that would 

determine effects of management strategies. 
Appendix A: Record of Decision

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

95

Grasslands, aquatic vegetation, and the extent of 

invasive plant species would be monitored. The 

deer hunt would continue as in the past, except 

harvest levels would be based on population and 

habitat monitoring. Furbearer trapping would 

continue and the number of beaver and muskrat 

taken would be determined based on annual 

monitoring of harvest and of dike damage and 

interference with water control structures. Public 

use opportunities would be expanded. 

Environmental education programs would be 

promoted at local schools and to community groups 

and the general public. A multi-purpose room would 

be added to the office/visitor contact station to 

accommodate larger groups and provide a place for 

orientation. Waterfowl hunting opportunities would 

be expanded by opening the area west of the 

Canadian National Railroad dike to a limited hunt. 

Ski trails would be maintained when conditions 

permit. Options to alleviate flooding of the entrance 

road to provide year-round access to the Refuge 

would be explored. Use of volunteers would be 

expanded in all programs. A Trempealeau NWR 

Friends Group would be started. Outreach would be 

expanded to provide opportunities for awareness 

and understanding of Refuge management and the 

National Wildlife Refuge System. Traveling exhibits 

that bring the Refuge to the people would be 

developed. The staff would include the addition of 

three seasonal positions, including a biological 

technician, a tractor operator, and a park ranger. 

Law enforcement duties would be covered by a new 

position shared with Winona District. A private 

lands biologist would also be shared with Winona 

District.

Environmentally Preferable 

Alternative

Based on a review of the environmental 

consequences of each alternative (Chapter 4, Final 

EIS), Alternative C is judged to be the 

environmentally preferable alternative. All 

alternatives have positive physical and biological 

environmental consequences since all contain 

similar emphasis on increasing habitat quantity and 

quality. However, Alternative C also addresses a 

variety of social and economic issues in balancing 

the needs of fish and wildlife and the needs of 

people. 

Basis for the Decision

The Service selected Alternative C, as described in 

the FEIS, as the best alternative for the 

Comprehensive Conservation Plan to guide refuge 

management for the next 15 years. Alternative C is 

the most environmentally preferable alternative. 

Chapter 1 of the Final EIS identified three broad 

needs: 1) contribute to the Refuge System mission, 

2) fulfill the purposes of the Refuge, and 3) achieve 

Refuge goals. Alternative C meets these needs 

through the most balanced and integrated approach 

compared to the other alternatives. The rationale 

for choosing the selected alternative as the best 

alternative for the Comprehensive Conservation 

Plan is based on the impact of this alternative on the 

issues and concerns that surfaced during the 

planning process. The environmental impacts of the 

alternatives were analyzed as to how they would 

impact: 1) landscape, 2) wildlife and habitat, 3) 

public use, 4) neighboring landowners and 

community, and 5) administration and operations. 

Alternative C has long-term benefits to the natural 

and human environment. Alternative C will 

increase water quality and more effectively control 

invasive plants. Alternative C ensures abundant 

opportunity for all current recreational uses (e.g. 

hunting, fishing, observation and photography, 

interpretation and environmental education). 

Alternative C will have a positive economic impact. 

Alternative C will increase the capacity of the 

Refuge to meet its purposes and mission of the 

Refuge System. The alternative identifies staffing 

needs tied to objectives and strategies to increase 

the capacity of the Refuge to meet its purpose and 

the Refuge System mission. It also addresses 

infrastructure needs for effective and efficient 

administration and management of the Refuge 

while serving the needs of the visiting public. 

Alternative C is also expected to lead to improved 

communication and problem solving with 

neighboring land owners.

Public Comments to FEIS

The Service filed the FEIS for the Comprehensive 

Conservation Plan for Trempealeau National 

Wildlife Refuge with the Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA, which published a notice of 

availability of the FEIS on April 25, 2008. In 

compliance with agency decision-making 
Appendix A: Record of Decision

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

96

requirements of the National Environmental Policy 

Act of 1969, as amended, the Service is required to 

circulate the FEIS for 30 days after filing with the 

EPA before issuing a Record of Decision on the 

Comprehensive Conservation Plan.

During the 30-day circulation period, which ended 

May 27, 2008, the Service received one comment, 

which expressed opposition to hunting. The Service 

had responded to this comment in the FEIS.

Mitigation

Because all practicable means to avoid or minimize 

environmental harm have been incorporated into 

the preferred alternative, no mitigation measures 

have been identified.

Conclusion

Based on a thorough review of the Administrative 

Record for this project, and careful consideration of 

the full range of impacts from the Comprehensive 

Conservation Plan on all aspects of the human 

environment, including the social, economic, 

cultural, and natural resources of the area, I have 

decided to implement the Comprehensive 

Conservation Plan for the Trempealeau National 

Wildlife Refuge as described in Alternative C in the 

FEIS (April 2008).

Robyn Thorson Date

Regional Director

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Appendix B: Glossary

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

97

Appendix B: Glossary

Appendix B: Glossary

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

99

Appendix B: Glossary

Alluvial

Sand, silt and mud left by flowing water; a river 

delta

Alternative

A set of objectives and strategies needed to 

achieve refuge goals and the desired future condition

Big 6 Priority Public Uses

The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997 defines and establishes that 

wildlife dependent recreational uses (hunting, 

fishing, wildlife observation and photography, 

and environmental education and interpretation) 

are the priority public uses of the System and, if 

found compatible, will receive enhanced and priority consideration in refuge planning and management over other general public uses.

Biocontrol

The use of naturally occurring agents such as 

insects, fungus, or bacteria to eradicate or suppress invasive plants or animals.

Biological Diversity

The variety of life forms and its processes, including the variety of living organisms, the genetic 

differences among them, and the communities 

and ecosystems in which they occur.

Biological Integrity

The composition, structure, and functioning of 

living organisms processes and systems consistent with natural conditions.

Bottomland Hardwood Forest

See Floodplain Forest in this appendix.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population of a species able to be 

supported by a habitat or area.

Closed Area

Areas on the refuge closed to waterfowl hunting.

Compatible Use

A wildlife-dependent recreational use or any 

other use of a refuge that, in the sound professional judgment of the Director, will not materially interfere with or detract from the fulfillment 

of the Mission of the System or the purposes of 

the refuge (Draft Service Manual 603 FW 3.6). A 

compatibility determination supports the selection of compatible uses and identifies stipulations 

or limits necessary to ensure compatibility.

Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP)

A document that describes the desired future 

conditions of the refuge and specifies management actions to achieve refuge goals and the mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System.

Conservation Easement

Establishes certain preservation restrictions on a 

property while maintaining private procession 

and use of the property.

Cool Season Grasses

Grasses that complete their maximum growth 

and set seed early in the growing season and are 

dormate by late summer. Examples include June 

grass and green needle grass.

 Cultural Resources

“those parts of the physical environment – natural and built – that have cultural value to some kind 

of sociocultural group ... [and] those non-material 

human social institutions....” (King 1998). Cultural 

resources include historic sites, archeological sites 

and associated artifacts, sacred sites, traditional cultural properties, cultural items (human remains, 

funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects of cultural patrimony), and buildings and structures. 

(McManamon, Francis P. DCA-NPS; letter 12-23-97 

to Walla Walla District, COE.)

Deciduous Forest

Forest dominated by trees and shrub that lose 

their leaves for part of the year.
Appendix B: Glossary

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

100

Deepwater Marsh

Areas with water depths over 30 inches and dominated by aquatic submergent or floating leaved 

plants.

Drawdown

To reduce the water depth in a pool or impoundment for a specific amount of time during the 

growing season to promote plant growth.

Ecosystem

A dynamic and interrelated complex of plant and 

animal communities and their associated non-living environment.

Ecosystem Management 

Management of a broad area that includes all ecological, social, and economic components that 

make up the whole system.

Emergent

Plant species able to withstand flooding of their 

root systems during the growing season. Cattails, 

bulrush and arrowleaf are examples of emergent 

vegetation.

Endangered Species

Any species of plant or animal defined through 

the Endangered Species Act as being in danger 

of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range, and publish in the Federal Register.

Environmental Health

The physical and chemical factors that function 

independently of living organism and effect the 

functioning of natural environments.

Environmental Quality Incentive Program 

Reauthorized in the Farm Security and Rural 

Investment Act of 2002 (Farm Bill) to provide a 

voluntary conservation program for farmers and 

ranchers that promotes agricultural production 

and environmental quality as compatible national 

goals.

Environmental Impact Statement

A systematic analysis to determine if proposed 

actions would result in a significant effect on the 

quality of the environment.

Exotic Species

With respect to a particular ecosystem, any species that is not native to that system.

Extirpation

The local extinction of a species that is no longer 

found in a locality or country, but exists elsewhere in the world.

Federal Trust Species

Trust species include endangered and threatened 

species, migratory birds, inter-jurisdictional species of fish, marine mammals, and other species 

listed in individual refuge establishing legislation 

or Executive Orders.

Flea Beetle

Foliage and root boring beetles of genus Aphthona used to suppress and eradicate leafy 

spurge.

 Floodplain Forest

Low lying forest with tree species defined mostly 

by their ability to survive various levels of flooding. Species include willow, cottonwood, silver 

maple and green ash in low wet areas, and oaks 

and hickories in higher sites.

Forb

A broad-leaved, herbaceous plant.

Goals

Descriptive, open-ended, and often broad statement of desired future conditions that conveys a 

purpose but does not define measurable units.

Goat Prairie

Remnant native prairies on the steep sides of 

bluffs along the Upper Mississippi River.

Grassland

A region of vegetation consisting mainly of grass 

and grass-like plants.

Hardwood Species

Tree species characterized by broad, flat leaves, 

as distinguished from coniferous or needle-leaved 

trees. Oak, cherry, maple, and hickory are examples.
Appendix B: Glossary

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

101

Impoundment

Areas of water enclosed by man-made dikes and 

usually containing some type of water control 

structure.

Indigenous

Growing or living naturally in a specific region.

Interjurisdictional Fish 

Fish that occur in waters under the jurisdiction of 

one or more states, for which there is and interstate fishery management plan or which migrates 

between the waters under the jurisdiction of two 

or more states.

Invasive Species 

An alien species whose introduction does or is 

likely to cause economic or environmental harm, 

or harm to human health.

Issue 

Any unsettled matter that requires a management decision. For example, a resource management problem, concern, a threat to natural 

resources, a conflict in uses, or in the presence of 

an undesirable resource condition.

Land And WaterConservation Funds

Created by Congress in 1964 to provide money to 

federal, state and local governments to purchase 

land, water, and wetlands for the benefit of all 

Americans.

Landbird

A category of bird that obtains at least part of 

their food from the land and nests in mainland 

areas. Landbirds include raptors and songbirds 

among others.

Moist Soil Habitat

Wet areas usually created by periodically removing water to allow plants to germinate; provides 

excellent food resources for birds. 

Mudflat

Areas of wet soil exposed when water levels in a 

given area decline.

National Scenic Byway

Recognition given by the U.S. Secretary of 

Transportation for roads with archeological, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, or scenic 

qualities.

National Wildlife Refuge System

All lands, waters, and interests therein administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as 

refuges, wildfire ranges, wildlife management 

areas, waterfowl production areas, and other 

areas for the protection and conservation of fish, 

wildlife and plant resources.

Native Species

A species that has not been introduced to an area 

and historically occurred in that ecosystem.

Native Prairie

Areas dominated by non-introduced, historically 

occurring grasses and forbs.

Natural Cavities

Holes in standing trees or downed logs resulting 

from ageing, disease, trauma, or animal activity.

 Neotropical Migrant

Birds that breed in North America, but migrate 

to the tropical regions of Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean in the winter.

Non-Indigenous

Species that did not historically or naturally 

occur in an area.

Oak Savanna 

See Savannah in this appendix.

Oak Wilt

Oak wilt is a fungal infection affecting oak trees. 

All species of oak are susceptible with red oaks 

being particularly vulnerable. In red oaks, oak 

wilt is almost always lethal and death can occur in 

as little as one month. There is currently no 

known cure.

Objectives

Actions to be accomplished to achieve a desired 

outcome. 

Passerine

Perching birds that are mostly small and living 

near the ground, with feet having 4 toes arranged 

to allow for gripping a perch.

PCB 

Poly-chlorinated biphenyl, a family of chemicals 

used to produce plastics and fire retardants.
Appendix B: Glossary

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

102

Pleistocene Epoch

The 6th epoch of the Cenozoic era , beginning 1.8 

million years ago and ending 11,000 years ago.

Pine Plantation

A grouping of coniferous pine trees, usually 

planted in rows to accommodate harvest machinery.

Pool

An area of the Mississippi between 2 lock and 

dams; or an area impounded by man-made dikes.

Pre-European SettlementHabitats

Areas containing plant and animal species and 

processes that occurred before European settlers 

arrived.

Preferred Alternative 

The Service’s selected alternative identified in 

the Draft Comprehensive Conservation Plan.

 Prescribed Fire

Controlled fires set intentionally to achieve specific habitat management objectives.

Regional Resource Conservation Priority Species243

A species in Region 3 of the USFWS considered 

to be in the greatest need of attention under the 

USFWS’s full span of authorities.

Riverine Wetlands

Land adjacent to or effected by river hydrology, 

that are dominated by water loving plants and 

have soils that are inundated for part of the growing season.

Rough Fish

Species not monitored or stocked by the state for 

sport; any of a number of unwanted fish caught 

by anglers; usually referring to carp species.

Sand Prairie Habitat

Wide-open grasslands with dry, sandy soil and 

few trees or shrubs; dominated by dry land 

grasses like big and little bluestem.

Savannah

A rolling grassland scattered with shrubs and isolated oak trees.

Scoping

A process for determining the scope of issues to 

be addresses by a comprehensive conservation 

plan and for identifying the significant issues. 

Federal, state and local agencies, and private 

organizations and individuals are involved in the 

scoping process.

Seabird

A group of birds that obtain at least some of their 

food from the ocean by traveling some distance 

over its surface. They typically breed on islands 

and along coastal areas. Seabirds include gulls, 

alcids, pelicans, albatrosses, storm-petrels, and 

cormorants among others.

Shorebird

Any of numerous wading birds that frequent the 

wet edges of water bodies, foraging for insects 

and crustaceans in the wet mud.

Shrub-Scrub

Habitats dominated by low growing woody brush.

Species

A distinctive kind of plant or animal having distinguishable characteristics, and that can interbreed and produce young.

Strategies

A general approach or specific actions to achieve 

objectives.

Submergent 

Aquatic plants that are adapted to live completely 

or partially under water during the entire growing season.

Threatened Species

Those plant or animal species likely to become 

endangered species throughout all of or a significant portion of their range within the foreseeable 

future. A plant or animal identified and defined in 

accordance with the 1973 Endangered Species 

Act and published in the Federal Register.

Trust Species

See Federal Trust Species in this appendix.

Undertaking

“a project, activity, or program funded in whole or 

in part under the direct or indirect jurisdiction of 

a Federal agency, including those carried out by 
Appendix B: Glossary

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

103

or on behalf of a Federal agency; those carried 

out with Federal financial assistance; those 

requiring a Federal permit, license or 

approval...,” i.e., all Federal actions. (36 CFR 

800.16(y); 12-12-2000)

Upland

Dry land dominated by grasses, shrubs, forbs, 

and trees that do not tolerate wet conditions.

USGS Quick Response Research Program

A funding program established to match U.S. 

Geological Survey expertise with USFWS 

research needs.

Vegetation

Plants in general, or the sum of the plant life in an 

area.

Vegetation Type

A category of land based on potential or existing 

dominant plant species of a particular area.

Wading Bird 

Any of many long-legged birds that wade in 

water in search of food.

Warm Season Grasses

Grasses that reach their maximum growth and 

produce seed in late summer. Species include big 

and little bluestem and switch grass.

Water-Level Management

The practice of lowering water depth in an 

impoundment or pool to promote the growth of 

aquatic and emergent plants.

Watershed

The entire land area that collects and drains 

water into a stream or stream system.

Wet Meadow

Grassland with waterlogged soil near the surface 

but without standing water for most of the year.

Wetland

Areas such as lakes, marshes, and streams that 

are inundated by surface or ground water for a 

long enough period of time each year to support, 

and that do support under natural conditions, 

plants and animals that require saturated or seasonally saturated soils.

Wildlife Diversity 

A measure of the number and relative abundance 

of species in and area.

Wildlife-dependent Recreational Use

See Big 6 Priority Uses in this appendix.

Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

105

Appendix C: Species Lists

Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

107

Species Lists

The attached lists are not complete, since no scientific surveys have been conducted. To the best of 

our knowledge, species on these lists have been 

sighted at Trempealeau NWR.
108

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Bird Species Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 

Avocets and StiltsAvocet, American Recurvirostra americana 2 r r r 

Stilt, Black-necked Himantopus mexicanus 

Blackbirds and AlliesBlackbird, Brewer's Euphagus cyanocephalus

u

u

u 

Blackbird, Red-winged Agelaius phoeniceus a a a 

Blackbird, Rusty Euphagus carolinus 2 c c 

Blackbird, Yellow-headed Xanthocephalus 

xanthocephalus

u

u

u 

Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus

u

u

u 

Cowbird, Brown-headed Molothrus ater a a u 

Grackle, Common Quiscalus quiscula a a a 

Meadowlark, Eastern Sturnella magna c c c 

Meadowlark, Western Strunella neglecta r r r 

Oriole, Baltimore Icterus galbula c a 

Oriole, Orchard Icterus spurius

u

u 

Cardinals and AlliesBunting, Indigo Passerina cyanea c c c Bunting, Snow Plectrophenax nivalis r 

Cardinal, Northern Cardinalis cardinalis a a c 

Dickcissel Spiza americana 2 c c 

Grosbeak, Rose-breasted Pheucticus 

ludovicianus

c c c 
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

109

Chickadees and TitmiceChickadee, Black-capped Poecile atricapillus c c c Titmouse, Tufted Baeolophus bicolor

u

u

u

CormorantsCormorant, Double-crested Phalacrocorax auritus

X c c c 

CranesCrane, Sandhill Grus canadensis

u

u

u 

CreepersCreeper, Brown Certhia americana c u

u

Crows and JaysCrow, American Corvus brachyrhynchos a a a 

Jay, Blue Cyanocitta cristata a a a 

Raven, Common Corvus corax CuckoosCuckoo, Black-billed Coccyzus 

erythropthalmus

X 16

u c c 

Cuckoo, Yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus c c u 

DovesDove, Mourning Zenaida macroura c c c Dove, Rock Columba livia c c c Ducks, Geese and SwansBufflehead Bucephala albeola 16 c a 

Canvasback Aythya valisineria

X 16 a r a 

Duck, American Black Anas rubripes

X 16 2 a r a 

Merganser, Red-breasted Mergus serrator c u

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
110

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Duck, Ring-necked Aythya collaris a r a 

Duck, Ruddy Oxyura jamaicensis c r c 

Duck, Wood Aix sponsa

X a c a 

Gadwall Anas strepera c u a 

Goldeneye, Common Bucephala clangula a a 

Goose, Canada Branta canadensis

X a c a 

Goose, Snow Chen caerulescens

X

u

u

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

X a c a 

Merganser, Common Mergus merganser r r 

Merganser, Hooded Lophodytes cucullatus 16 c c c 

Pintail, Northern Anas acuta

X c r c 

Redhead Aythya americana 16 c r c 

Scaup, Greater Aythya marila 16

u

u

Scoter, Surf Melanitta perspicillata 

Scoter, White-winged Melanitta fusca r u 

Shoveler, Northern Anas clypeata c u c 

Swan, Mute Cygnus olor r r r 

Swan, Trumpeter Cygnus buccinator

E r r u 

Swan, Tundra Cygnus columbianus a a 

Teal, Blue-winged Anas discors

X a c a 

Teal, Cinnamon Anas cyanoptera 

Teal, Green-winged Anas crecca

X c r c 

Wigeon, American Anas americana a u a 

Wigeon, Eurasian Anas penelope 

Emberizid Finches, Sparrows and AlliesJunco, Dark-eyed Junco hyemalis a a 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

111

Longspur, Lapland Calcarius lapponicus r r 

Sparrow, American Tree Spizella arborea c a 

Sparrow, Chipping Spizella passerina a c a 

Sparrow, Clay-colored Spizella pallida

u

u

Sparrow, Field Spizella pusilla a c c 

Sparrow, Fox Passerella iliaca c c 

Sparrow, Grasshopper Ammodramus 

savannarum

c c u 

Sparrow, Harris' Zonotrichia querula 2 u

u

Sparrow, Henslow's Ammodramus henslowii

T 1 r r 

Sparrow, Lark Chondestes grammacus

u

u 

Sparrow, Le Conte's Ammodramus leconteii r r r 

Sparrow, Lincoln's Melospiza lincolnii

u

u

Sparrow, Savannah Passerculus 

sandwichensis

u

u

u 

Sparrow, Song Melospiza melodia a a 

Sparrow, Swamp Melospiza georgiana c c r 

Sparrow, Vesper Pooecetes gramineus

u

u

u 

Sparrow, White-crowned Zonotrichia leucophrys

u

u 

Sparrow, White-throated Zonotrichia albicollis c c 

Towhee, Eastern Pipilo erythrophtlalmus

u

u

u 

FalconsFalcon, Peregrine Falco peregrinus

E

X 16

u

u

u 

Kestrel, American Falco sparverius c c c 

Merlin Falco columbarius

u

u

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
112

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

FinchesCrossbill, Red Loxia curvirostra r 

Finch, House Carpodacus mexocanus c c c 

Finch, Purple Carpodacus purpureus

u

u

Goldfinch, American Carduelis tristis a a a 

Grosbeak, Evening Coccothraustes 

verpertinus

Grosbeak, Pine Pinicola enucleator 

Redpoll, Common Carduelis flammea

u

Redpoll, Hoary Carduelis hornemanni 

Siskin, Pine Carduelis pinus

u

u

GnatcatchersGnatcatcher, Blue-gray Polioptila caerulea c c u GrebesGrebe, Horned Podiceps auritus 2 u

u

Grebe, Pied-billed Podilymbus podiceps c c c 

Grebe, Red-necked Podiceps grisegena 

E r r 

Grebe, Western Aechmophorus 

occidentalis

Gulls and TernsGull, Bonaparte's Larus philadelphia

u

u

Gull, Franklin's Larus pipixcan

u

u

Gull, Herring Larus argentatus c u c 

Gull, Ring-billed Larus delawarensis c u c 

Jaeger, Parasitic Stercorarius parasiticus 

Kittewake, Black-Legged Rissa tridactyla 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

113

Tern, Black Chlidonias niger

X 16 c c u 

Tern, Caspian Sterna caspia

E

u

u

u

Tern, Common Sterna hirundo

E

X

u

u

u

Tern, Forster's Sterna forsteri

E

X c u

u 

Tern, Least Sterna antillarum

X 2 

Hawks, Kites and EaglesEagle, Bald Haliaeetus leucocephalus

T

X 16 c c a 

Eagle, Golden Aquila chrysaetos r u 

Goshawk, Northern Accipiter gentilis

X 16 r 

Harrier, Northern Circus cyaneus

u

u

u

Hawk, Broad-winged Buteo platypterus c u a 

Hawk, Cooper's Accipiter cooperii

u

u c 

Hawk, Red-shouldered Buteo lineatus

T

X

u

u

u 

Hawk, Red-tailed Buteo Jamaicensis c c a 

Hawk, Rough-legged Buteo lagopus

u

u

Hawk, Sharp-shinned Accipiter striatus c u a 

Hawk, Swainson's Buteo swainsoni

X 2 r 

Osprey Pandion haliaetus

T

u

u c 

Herons, Egrets, and BitternsBittern, American Botaurus lentiginosus

X

u

u

u 

Bittern, Least Ixobrychus exilis

u

u

u 

Egret, Cattle Bubulcus ibis

u r u

Egret, Great Ardea alba

T a c a 

Egret, Snowy Egretta thula

E r r 

Heron, Black-crowned Night-heron

Nycticorax nycticorax

X

u

u r 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
114

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Heron, Great Blue Ardea herodias a a a 

Heron, Green Butorides virescens c c c 

Heron, Little Blue Egretta caerulea 2 u

Heron, Yellow-crowned Night-heron

Nyctanassa violacea

T

u r u 

HummingbirdsHummingbird, Rubythroated Archilochus colubris

u c u 

IbisesIbis, Glossy Plegadis falcinellus Ibis, White Eudocimus albus 

Ibis, White-faced Plegadis chihi 

KingfishersKingfisher, Belted Ceryle alcyon c c uKingletsKinglet, Golden-crowned Regulus satrapa

u

u 

Kinglet, Ruby-crowned Regulus calendula c c LarksLark, Horned Eremophila alpestris r r r LoonsLoon, Common Gavia immer

u

u

Loon, Red-throated Gavia stellata 

Mockingbirds and ThrashersCatbird, Gray Dumetella carolinensis c c c Mockingbird, Northern Mimus polyglottos r u r 

Thrasher, Brown Toxostoma rufum c c c 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

115

NightjarsNighthawk, Common Chordeiles minor c c u Whip-poor-will Caprimulgus vociferus

X 16

u

u

u 

NuthatchesNuthatch, Red-breasted Sitta canadensis

u

u

Nuthatch, White-breasted Sitta carolinensis c c c 

OwlsOwl, Barred Strix varia c c c Owl, Eastern Screech-owl Otus asio 16

u

u

u

Owl, Great Horned Bubo virginianus c c c 

Owl, Long-eared Asio otus

X 16

u r u

Owl, Northern Saw-whet Aegolius acadicus 

Owl, Short-eared Asio flammeus

X 16 2 u

u

Owl, Snowy Nyctea scandiaca r 

Old World SparrowsSparrow, House Passer domesticus a a a PelicansPelican, American White Pelecanus 

erythrothynchos

c u c 

Pheasants, Grouse, and QuailBobwhite, Northern Colinus virginianus 16

u

u

u

Grouse, Ruffed Bonasa umbellus c c c 

Pheasant, Ring-necked Phasianus colchicus

u

u

u

Turkey, Wild Meleagris gallopavo

u

u

u

PipitsPipit, American Anthus rubescens r r 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
116

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

PloversKilldeer Charadrius vociferus c c c 

Plover, American Golden- Pluvialis dominica 2 u

u

Plover, Black-bellied Pluvialis squatarola

u

u

Plover, Semipalmated Charadrius 

semipalmatus

u

u

u

Rails and CootsCoot, American Fulica americana a r a Moorhen, Common Gallinula chloropus

X

u

u

u 

Rail, King Rallus elegans

X 1 r r 

Rail, Virginia Rallus limicola c c c 

Sora Porzana carolina c c u 

Sandpipers and AlliesDowitcher, Long-billed Limnodromus 

scolopaceus

u 

Dowitcher, Short-billed Limnodromus griseus

X 2 u

u

u

Dunlin Calidris alpina 2 u

u

u

Godwit, Hudsonian Limosa haemastica 

X 2 r 

Godwit, Marbled Limosa fedoa

X 2 r 

Knot, Red Calidris canutus 3 

Phalarope, Wilson's Phalaropus tricolor

X 16 2 u

u r 

Sanderling Calidris alba 2 u

u

u

Sandpiper, Baird's Calidris bairdii

u

u

u

Sandpiper, Least Calidris minutilla c c c 

Sandpiper, Pectoral Calidris melanotos c c c 

Sandpiper, Semipalmated Calidris pusilla 2 c c c 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

117

Sandpiper, Solitary Tringa solitaria 2 u

u

u

Sandpiper, Spotted Actitis macularia c c c 

Sandpiper, Stilt Calidris himantopus

X 2 u

u

u

Sandpiper, Upland Bartramia longicauda

X 16 2 r r 

Sandpiper, Western Calidris mauri 2 r 

Sandpiper, White-rumped Calidris fuscicollis

u

u

u

Snipe, Common Gallinago gallinago c u c 

Turnstone, Ruddy Arenaria interpres 

u r u

Willet Catoptrophorus 

semipalmatus

r r r 

Woodcock, American Scolopax minor

X 16 2 u

u

u 

Yellowlegs, Greater Tinga melanoleuca

X

u

u

u

Yellowlegs, Lesser Tringa flavipes 2 c c c ShrikesShrike, Loggerhead Lanius ludovicianus

E

X 32,16 r r r 

Shrike, Northern Lanius excubitor 

u

u

StarlingsStarling, European Strunus vulgaris a a a SwallowsMartin, Purple Progne subis

u

u

u 

Swallow, Bank Riparia riparia c u

u 

Swallow, Barn Hirundo rustica c c c 

Swallow, Cliff Petrochelidon 

pyrrhonota

u r u 

Swallow, Northern Roughwinged Stelgidopteryx serripennis

c c u 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
118

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Swallow, Tree Tachycineta bicolor a a c SwiftsSwift, Chimney Chaetura vauxi c c u TanagersTanager, Scarlet Piranga olivacea c u

u 

Thrushes and AlliesBluebird, Eastern Sialia sialis c c c 

Robin, American Turdus migratorius a a a 

Thrush, Gray-cheeked Catharus minimus c u

Thrush, Hermit Catharus guttatus

u

u

Thrush, Swainson's Catharus ustulatus

u

u

Thrush, Wood Hylocichla mustelina

X 16 2 c u

u 

Veery Catharus fuscescens

u r u 

Tyrant FlycatchersFlycatcher, Alder Empidonax alnorum r 

Flycatcher, Great Crested Myiarchus crinitus c a u 

Flycatcher, Least Empidonax minimus c c c 

Flycatcher, Olive-sided Contopus cooperi

X 2 r u

u

Flycatcher, Willow Empidonax traillii 2 u

u

u 

Flycatcher, Yellow-bellied Empidonax flaviventris r r r 

Kingbird, Eastern Tyrannus tyrannus c c u 

Kingbird, Western Tyrannus verticalis 

Pewee, Eastern Wood- Contopus virens c c c 

Phoebe, Eastern Sayornis phoebe c u c 

VireosVireo, Bell's Vireo bellii

T

X 16 2 r r 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

119

Vireo, Blue-headed Vireo solitarius

u

u

u

Vireo, Philadelphia Vireo philadelphicus

u

u

Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo olivaceus a a a 

Vireo, Warbling Vireo gilvus a a a 

Vireo, Yellow-throated Vireo flavifrons

u

u 

VulturesVulture, Turkey Cathartes aura c c c WaxwingsWaxwing, Bohemian Bombycilla garrulus 

Waxwing, Cedar Bombycilla cedrorum c c c 

Wood WarblersChat, Yellow-breasted Icteria virens r r Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus c u

u 

Parula, Northern Parula americana r u

Redstart, American Setophaga ruticilla a a c 

Warbler, Bay-breasted Dendroica castanea 2 r 

Warbler, Black-and-white Mniotilta varia c c 

Warbler, Blackburnian Dendroica fusca c c 

Warbler, Blackpoll Dendroica striata c c 

Warbler, Black-throated Blue

Dnedroica caeruulescens r r 

Warbler, Black-throated Green

Dendroica virens

u

u

Warbler, Blue-winged Vermivora pinus

x 16 3 u

u 

Warbler, Canada Wilsonia canadensis 2 r u

Warbler, Cape May Dendroica tigrina

u

u

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
120

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

Warbler, Cerulean Dendroica cerulea

T 2 u

u 

Warbler, Chestnut-sided Dendroica pensylvanica c u

Warbler, Golden-winged Vermivora chrysoptera 1 u

u

u

Warbler, Magnolia Dendroica magnolia

u

u

Warbler, Mourning Oporornis philadelphia r r u

Warbler, Nashville Vermivora ruficapilla c c 

Warbler, Orange-crowned Vermivora celata r u

Warbler, Palm Dendroica palmarum c c 

Warbler, Prothonotary Protonotaria citrea 2 c c 

Warbler, Tennessee Vermivora peregrina c c 

Warbler, Wilson's Wilsonia pusilla

u

u

Warbler, Yellow Dendroica petechia a a u 

Warbler, Yellow-rumped Dendroica coronata a a 

Warbler, Yellow-throated Dendroica dominica r r 

Waterthrush, Louisiana Seiurus motacilla

u

u

u

Waterthrush, Northern Seiurus noveboracensis c u

Yellowthroat, Common Geothlypis trichas a a c WoodpeckersFlicker, Northern Colaptes auratus c c c 

Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus varius c c c 

Woodpecker, Downy Picoides pubescens c c c 

Woodpecker, Hairy Picoides villosus c c c 

Woodpecker, Pileated Dryocopus pileatus

u

u

u

Woodpecker, Red-bellied Melanerpes carolinus c c c 

Woodpecker, Red-headed Melanerpes 

erythrocephalus

X 16 2 u

u

u 

Bird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

121

WrensWren, House Troglodytes aedon a a c 

Wren, Marsh Cistothorus palustris c c c 

Wren, Sedge Cistothorus platensis

X 16

u

u

u 

Wren, Winter Troglodytes troglodytes

u

u

u 

1. Partners in Flight Bird Conservation Plan Area 32 = Dissected Till Plains, Area 16 = Upper Great Lakes Plains 2. American Bird Conservancy Green List: 1= highest continental concern; 2=moderately abudant species with declines or high thr

restricted distributions and low population size.

3. (m) Breeding (b) Accidental (aBird Species Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Special Status Seasonal 

a= abundant (s

c= common (almo

u= uncommon (present 

r= rare (seen at i

Common Name Scientific Name Federal 

Status 

State Status FWS Region 

3 Regional 

Conservation 

Priority

BCP 

Physiographic 

Area1

American 

Bird 

Conservancy 

Green List2

Spring Summer 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

122

Mammal List

Mammals List, Trempealeau NWR 

Federally (T or E)

Wisconsin (T or E)

RCP

Common Name Species (Scientific Name)

Bats

Bat, Big Brown Eptescius fuscus

Bat, Hoary Lasiurus cinerus

Bat, Northern Long-eared Myotis Myotis septentrionalis

Bat, Little Brown Myotis lucifugus

Bat, Red Lasiurus borealis

Bat, Silver-haired Lasionycteris noctivagans

Pipistrel, Eastern Pipistrellus subflavus

Carnivores

Badger Taxida taxus

Bear, Black Ursus americanus

Bobcat Lynx rufus

Coyote Canis latrans

Fox, Gray Urocyon cineroargenteus

Fox, Red Vulpes fulva

Mink Mustela vison

Otter, River Lutra canadensis

Raccoon Procyon lotor

Skunk, Spotted Spilogale putorius

Skunk, Striped Mephitis mephitis

Weasel, Least Mustela nivalis

Weasel, Long-tailed Mustela frenata

Weasel, Short-tailed Mustela erminea

Hooved Animals

Deer, White-tailed Odocoileus virginianus

Insectivores

Shrew, Least Cryptotis parva

Shrew, Masked Sorex cinereus
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

123

Shrew, Short-tailed Blarina brevicauda

Marsupials

Opossum, Virginia Didelphis virginiana

Rabbits 

Rabbit, Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus

Rodents

Beaver Castor canadensis

Chipmunk, Eastern Tamias striatus

Gopher, Plains Pocket Geomys bursarius

Lemming, Southern Bog Synaptomys cooperi

Mouse, Deer Peromyscus maniculatus

Mouse, House Mus musculus

Mouse, Meadow Jumping Zapus hudsonius

Mouse, Western Harvest Reithrodontomy megalotis

Mouse, White-footed Peromyscus leucopus

Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus

Rat, Norway Rattus norvegicus

Squirrel, Eastern Fox Sciurus niger

Squirrel, Eastern Gray Sciurus carolinensus

Squirrel, Franklin's Ground Spermophilis franklinii

Squirrel, Red Tamiasciurus hudsonicus

Squirrel, Southern Flying Glaucomys volans

Squirrel, Thirteen-lined Ground Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

Vole, Meadow Microtus pennsylvanicus

Vole, Woodland Microtus pinetorum

Vole, Prairie Microtus ochrogastor

Woodchuck Mormota monax

1

 E (Endangered); T (Threatened)

2

 RCP (Regional Conservation Priority; FWS, Region 3) 

Mammals List, Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Federally (T or E)

Wisconsin (T or E)

RCP

Common Name Species (Scientific Name) 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

124

Reptiles List

List of Reptiles Found on Trempealeau NWR

Federally (T or E) 1

Wisconsin (T or E) 1

RCP 2

Common Name Species (Scientific Name)

Lizards

Racerunner, Prairie1 Cnemidophorus sexlineatus virdis

Snakes

Bullsnake Pituophis melanoleucus

Snake, Massasauga Sistrurus catenatus C E X

Rattlesnake, Timber Crotalus horridus X

Snake, Brown Storeria dekayi

Snake, Eastern Garter Thamnophis sirtalis

Snake, Eastern Hognose Heterodon platirhinos

Snake, Milk Lampropeltis triangulum

Snake, Northern Red-bellied Storeria occipitomaculata

Snake, Northern Water Nerodia sipedon

Snake, Prairie Ringneck Diadophis punctatus arnyi

Turtles

Turtle, Blanding's Emydoidea blandingii T

Turtle, False Map Graptemys pseudogeographica

Turtle, Map Graptemys geographica

Turtle, Painted Chysemys picta

Turtle, Smooth Softshell Apalone mutica

Turtle, Snapping Chelydra serpentina

Turtle, Spiny Softshell Apalone spinifera

Turtle, Ouachita Map Graptemys ouachitensis

Turtle, Wood Clemmys insculpta T

Turtle, Common Musk Sternothernus odoratus

1

 E (Endangered); T (Threatened) 

2

 RCP (Regional Conservation Priority; FWS, Region 3)

 X = Extirpated

 C = Common

1.Note that this species’ name has been reclassified from six-lined to prairie.
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

125

Amphibians List

List of Amphibians Found on Trempealeau NWR

Federally (T or E) 1

Wisconsin (T or E) 1

RCP 2

Common Name Species (Scientific Name)

Frogs and Toads

Bullfrog Rana catesbeiana

Frog, Green Rana clamitans

Frog, Blanchard's Cricket Acris crepitans blanchardi E

Frog, Northern Leopard Rana pipiens

Frog, Pickerel Rana palustris

Frog, Western Chorus Pseudacris triseriata

Frog, Wood Rana sylvatica

Peeper, Spring Pseudacris crucifer

Toad, American Bufo americanus

Treefrog, Gray Hyla versicolor

Treefrog, Cope's Gray Hyla chrysoscelis

Salamanders

Mudpuppy Necturus maculosus

Salamander, Blue-spotted Ambystoma laterale

Salamander, Eastern Tiger Ambystoma tigrinum

Newt, Central Notophthalmus virdescens louisianensis

1 E (Endangered); T (Threatened)

2

 RCP (Regional Conservation Priority; FWS, Region 3) 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

126

Fish List

List of Fish Species Found on Tremplealeau NWR

Fish*

Federally (T or E) 1

Wisconsin (T or E) 

RCP 2

Pool 6 3

Common Name Species (Scientific Name)

Bass Family Percichthyidae

Bass, White Morone chrysops C

Bowfin Family Amiidae

Bowfin Amia calva C

Catfish Family Ictaluridae

Bullhead, Black Ameiurus melas O

Bullhead, Brown Ameiurus nebulosus O

Bullhead, Yellow Ameiurus natalis O

Catfish, Channel Ictalurus punctatus C

Madtom, Tadpole Noturus gyrinus O

Drums Scieaenidae

Drum, Freshwater Aplodinotus grunniens C

Gar Lepisosteidae

Gar, Longnose Lepisosteus osseus C

Gar, Shortnose Lepisosteus platostomus C

Herring Family Clupeidae

Shad, Gizzard Dorosoma cepedianum A

Minnows Cyprinidae

Carp, Common Cyprinus carpio A

Minnow, Bluntnose Pimephales notatus O

Minnow, Bullhead Pimephales vigilax A

Minnow, Fathead Pimephales promelas U

Shiner, Emerald Notropis atherinoides A

Shiner, Golden Notemigonus crysoleucas O

Shiner, River Notropis blennius A

Shiner, Spotfin Cyprinella spiloptera C

Shiner, Spottail Notropis hudsonius C

Mooneye Family Hiodontidae

Mooneye Hiodon tergisus C

Mudminnows Umbridae

Mudminnow, Central Umbra limi
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

127

Darter, Johnny Etheostoma nigrum U

Perch, Yellow Perca flavescens C

Walleye Stizostedion vitreum X C

Pike Family Esocidae

Pike, Northern Esox lucius C

Silversides Atherinidae

Silverside, Brook Labidesthes sicculus C

Suckers Catostomidae

Buffalo, Bigmouth Ictiobus cyprinellus C

Buffalo, Smallmouth Ictiobus bubalus O

Quillback Carpiodes cyprinus C

Redhorse, Golden Moxostoma erythrurum U

Redhorse, Shorthead Moxostoma macrolepidotum C

Sucker, White Catostomus commersoni C

Sunfish Family Centrarchidae

Bass, Largemouth Micropterus salmoides C

Bass, Smallmouth Micropterus dolomieu O

Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus A

Crappie, Black Pomoxis nigromaculatus C

Crappie, White Pomoxis annularis C

Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus C

Sunfish, Green Lepomis cyanellus O

Sunfish, Orange-spotted Lepomis humilis O

* Fish species data supplied by La Crosse Wisconsin Fishery Resource Office of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 

1 E (Endangered); T (Threatened)

2

 RCP (Regional Conservation Priority; FWS, Region 3) 

3

 X = Probably occurs only as a stray from a tributory or inland stocking.

 H = Records of occurrence are available, but no collections have been documented in the last 10 yrs.

 R = Considered to be rare. Some species in this category may be on the verge of extirpation.

U = Uncommon. Does not usually appear in sample collections; populations are small, but the species

O = Occasionally collected. Not generally distributed, but local concentrations may occur. 

C = Commonly taken in most sample collections. Can make up a large portion of some samples.

A = Abundantly taken in all river surveys.

List of Fish Species Found on Tremplealeau NWR

Fish*

Federally (T or E) 1

Wisconsin (T or E) 

RCP 2

Pool 6 3

Common Name Species (Scientific Name) 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

128

Plant List

From: Galatowitsch, S.M.; McAdams, T.V.; July, 

1994; Distribution and Reguirements of Plants on 

the Upper Mississippi River: Literature Review. 

Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 

Ames, Iowa.

The floristic list was compiled from published 

records for the Upper Mississippi River; e.g., 

Mohlenbrock (1983), Peck and Smart (1986), Swanson and Sohmer (1978). Nomenclature follows Gleason and Cronquist (1991). General geographic 

distribution was obtained from Gleason and Cronquist (1991).

*Denotes species not indigenous to North America

**Denotes species added to the list in 2004 by the 

Upper Mississippi NWFR

***Denotes plant species added to this list that 

have not been verified through observation, or in 

various surveys conducted at Trempealeau [i.e., 

species listed but not denoted with *** may also 

be present, but have not been formally verified at 

Trempealeau]. 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR 

Scientific Name Family Common Name 

Abutilon theophrasti Medikus* Malvaceae Velvetleaf 

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Euphorbiaceae Three-seeded mercury

Acer negundo L. Aceraceae Box elder 

Acer rubrum L. Aceraceae Red maple 

Acer saccharinum L. Aceraceae Silver maple 

Acer saccharum Marsh. Aceraceae Sugar maple 

Achillea millefolium*** Asteraceae Common yarrow

Acorus calamus L. Araceae Sweet flag 

Actaea alba (L.) Miller Ranunculaceae White baneberry 

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. Ranunculaceae Red baneberry 

Agalinis purpurea (L.) Penn. Scrophulariaceae Large purple agalinis 

Agastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze Lamiaceae Purple giant hyssop 

Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Rosaceae Southern agrimony 

Agropyron repens*** Gramineae Quack grass

Agrostis gigantea Roth. Poaceae Red top 

Alisma gramineum Lej. Alismataceae Grass-leaved water plantain 

Alisma subcordatum Raf. Alismataceae Southern water plantain 

Alisma triviale Pursh Alismataceae Northern water plantain 

Alliaria petiolata*,** Brassicaceae Garlic mustard

Allium canadense L. Liliaceae Wild garlic 

Allium cernuum*** Liliaceae Nodding wild onion

Allium stellatum *** Liliaceae Wild Onion

Allium tricoccum Ait. Liliaceae Wild leek 

Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd. Betulaceae Alder 

Alopecurus geniculatus L. Poaceae Marsh foxtail 

Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthaceae Green amaranth 

Amaranthus rudis Sauer Amaranthaceae Water hemp (Tall amaranth)
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

129

Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Spiny pigweed 

Amaranthus tuberculatus (Nutt.) Moq. Amaranthaceae Water hemp 

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Asteraceae Common ragweed 

Ambrosia trifida L.*** Asteraceae Giant ragweed 

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medikus Rosaceae Eastern serviceberry 

Ammania coccinea Rottb. Lythraceae Toothcup 

Amorpha canescens*** Fabaceae Lead plant

Amorpha fruticosa L. Fabaceae False indigo 

Ampelamus albidus (Nutt.) Britton Asclepiadaceae Climbing milkweed 

Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Asclepiadaceae Sandvine 

Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. Fabaceae Hog peanut 

Andropogon gerardii Vitman Poaceae Big bluestem 

Anemone canadensis L. Ranunculaceae Canada anemone 

Anemone cylindrica*** Ranunculaceae Long-headed thimbleweed

Anemone quinquefolia L. Ranunculaceae Wood anemone 

Anemone virginiana*** Ranunculaceae Thimbleweed or Tall Anemone

Antennaria neglecta*** Asteraceae Field cat's foot

Apios americana Medic. Fabaceae Ground nut 

Apocynum cannabinum L. Araliaceae Indian hemp 

Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. Araliaceae Clasping dogbane 

Arabis lyrata*** Cruciferae Lyre-leaved rock cress

Aralia nudicaulis L. Araliaceae Wild sasparilla 

Aralia racemosa L. Araliaceae Spikenard 

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott. Araceae Green dragon 

Aristida oligantha Michx. Poaceae Prairie three-awn 

Asarum canadense L. Aristolochiaceae Wild ginger 

Asclepias hirtella (Pennell) Woodson Asclepiadaceae Prairie milkweed 

Asclepias incarnata L. *** Asclepiadaceae Swamp milkweed 

Asclepias purpurascens L. Asclepiadaceae Purple milkweed 

Asclepias speciosa Torr. Asclepiadaceae Showy milkweed 

Asclepias syriaca*** Asclepiadaceae Common milkweed

Asclepias tuberosa*** Asclepiadaceae Butterfly Milkweed

Asparagus officinalis L.* Liliaceae Garden asparagus 

Aster drummondii Lindl. Asteraceae Drummond's aster 

Aster ericoides*** Asteraceae Heather aster

Aster laevas*** Asteraceae Smooth Aster 

Aster lanceolatus *** Compositae Eastern-lined Aster

Aster lanceolatus Willd.*** Asteraceae Eastern-lined aster 

Aster novae-anglei*** Asteraceae New-England aster

Aster oblongifolium*** Compositae Aromatic aster

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

130

Aster ontarionis Wieg. Asteraceae Bottomland aster 

Aster oolentangiensis*** Asteraceae Sky Blue Aster

Aster racemosus Elliott. Asteraceae Small-headed aster 

Aster turbinellus*** Asteraceae Prairie aster

Astragalus crassicarpus *** Fabaceae Ground Plum

Avena sativa *** Gramineae Oats

Azolla mexicana Presl Salviniaceae Mosquito fern 

Baptisia alba *** Fabaceae White Wild Indigo

Baptisia lactea (Raf.) Thieret Fabaceae White wild indigo 

Baptisia tinctoria *** Leguminosae Wild Indigo

Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.* Iridaceae Blackberry lily 

Berberis thunbergii*** Berberidaceae Japanese barberry

Berteroa incana (L.) DC*** Cruciferae Hoary alyssum 

Betula nigra L. Betulaceae River birch 

Bidens bipinnata L. Asteraceae Spanish needles 

Bidens cernua L. Asteraceae Stick-tight 

Bidens comosa (Gray) Wiegand. Asteraceae Straw-stem beggarstick 

Bidens connata Muhl. Willd. Asteraceae Purple-stem beggarticks 

Bidens frondosa L. Asteraceae Devil's beggarticks 

Bidens laevis (L.) BSP. Asteraceae Bur marigold 

Bidens polylepis S.F. Blake Asteraceae Long-bracted tickseed 

Bidens vulgata Greene. Asteraceae Tall beggars tick 

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. Urticaceae Bog-hemp 

Boltonia asteroides (L.) L. Her. Asteraceae False starwort 

Botrychium dissectum Sprengel var. obliquum 

Clute Ophioglossaceae Grape fern 

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Ophioglossaceae Rattlesnake fern 

Brassica nigra L. Brassicaceae Black mustard 

Cacalia suaveolens L. Asteraceae Indian plantain 

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Nutt. Poaceae Blue-joint 

Callitriche heterophylla Pursh. Callitrichaceae Water starwort 

Callitriche verna L. Callitrichaceae Vernal water starwort 

Caltha palustris L. Ranunculaceae Marsh marigold 

Calylophus serrulatus (Nutt.) Raven Onagraceae Plains yellow primrose 

Campanula americana L. Campanulaceae Tall bellflower 

Campanula rapunculoides*** Campanuloideae Creeping bellflower 

Campanula rotundifolia*** Campanulaceae Harebell

Campsis radicans (L.) Seem.* Bignoniaceae Trumpet flower 

Cannabis sativa L. Cannabaceae Cannabis 

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Brassicaceae Shepherd's purse 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

131

Cardamine hirsuta L. Brassicaceae Bitter Cress (Hairy bitter cress) 

Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Brassicaceae Bitter cress 

Carduss nutans *** Compositae Musk Thistle

Carduus nutans*** Compositae Musk thistle

Carex alopecoidea Tuckerm. Cyperaceae Foxtail sedge 

Carex amphibola Steud. var. turgida Fern. Cyperaceae Gray sedge 

Carex bebbii Olney Cyperaceae Bebb's sedge 

Carex bicknellii Britt. Cyperaceae Bicknell's sedge 

Carex brevior (Dew.) Mackens. Cyperaceae Brevior's sedge 

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Cyperaceae Sedge (Brownish Sedge)

Carex comosa f. boott. Cyperaceae Sedge (Bristly Sedge) 

Carex conjuncta E. Boott. Cyperaceae Soft fox sedge 

Carex cristatella Britt. Cyperaceae Crested sedge 

Carex crus-corvi Shuttlew Kunze. Cyperaceae Raven's foot sedge 

Carex echinata Murray Cyperaceae Sedge (Prickly Sedge) 

Carex emoryi Dew. Cyperaceae Emory's sedge 

Carex frankii Kunth Cyperaceae Frank's sedge 

Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. Cyperaceae Meadow sedge 

Carex grayi Carey. Cyperaceae Gray's sedge 

Carex haydenii Dew. Cyperaceae Hayden's sedge 

Carex hyalinolepis Steud. Cyperaceae Hart Wright's sedge

Carex hystericina Muhl. Cyperaceae Bottlebrush sedge 

Carex lacustris Willd. Cyperaceae Lake sedge 

Carex laeviconica Dewey. Cyperaceae Sedge (Long-toothed Lake Sedge) 

Carex lanuginosa Michx. Cyperaceae Woolly sedge 

Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh. Cyperaceae Wire sedge 

Carex lupulina Willd. Cyperaceae Hop sedge 

Carex lurida Wahl. Cyperaceae Sallow sedge 

Carex muskingumensis Schwein. Cyperaceae Muskingum sedge 

Carex normalis Mackenz. Cyperaceae Sedge (Greater Straw Sedge) 

Carex projecta Mack. Cyperaceae Necklace sedge 

Carex retrorsa Schwein. Cyperaceae Retrorse sedge 

Carex rosea Schk. Cyperaceae Sedge (Rosy Sedge) 

Carex rostrata Stokes. Cyperaceae Beaked sedge 

Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. Cyperaceae Pointed broom sedge 

Carex shortinana Dew. Cyperaceae Short's sedge 

Carex squarrosa L. Cyperaceae Squarrose sedge 

Carex stipata Muhl. Cyperaceae Sedge (Common Fox Sedge) 

Carex stricta Lam. Cyperaceae Tussock sedge 

Carex tenera Dewey Cyperaceae Slender sedge 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

132

Carex tribuloides Wahl. Cyperaceae Blunt broom sedge 

Carex trichocarpa Muhl. Cyperaceae Sedge (Hariy Fruit Sedge) 

Carex tuckermanii F. Boott. Cyperaceae Tuckerman's sedge 

Carex typhina Michx. Cyperaceae Cattail sedge 

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Cyperaceae Fox sedge 

Cariganum aborescens*** Ulmaceae Siberian Elm

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch Juglandaceae Bitternut hickory 

Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch Juglandaceae Pecan 

Carya laciniosa (Michx.) Loud. Juglandaceae Shellbark hickory 

Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Juglandaceae Shagbark hickory 

Carya tomentosa Nutt. Juglandaceae Mockernut hickory 

Catalpa speciosa Warder* Bignoniaceae Northern catalpa 

Celtis laevigata Willd. Ulmaceae Sugarberry 

Celtis occidentalis L. Ulmaceae Hackberry 

Celtis tenuifolia Nutt. Ulmaceae Dwarfhackberry 

Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. Poaceae Sand bur 

Centaurea maculosa*,** Asteraceae Spotted knapweed

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Rubiaceae Buttonbush 

Cerastium vulgatum L. Caryophyllaceae Chickweed 

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Ceratophyllaceae Coontail 

Ceratophyllum echinatum Gray Ceratophyllaceae Coontail (Prickly Hornwort)

Cercis canadensis L. Fabaceae Redbud 

Chaerophyllum procumbens (L.) Crantz Apiaceae Spreading chervil 

Chamaecrista fasciculata Michx. Fabaceae Partridge pea 

Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates. Poaceae Wild oats 

Chelone glabra L.*** Scrophulariaceae Turtlehead 

Chelone obliqua L. Scrophulariaceae Rose turtlehead 

Chenopodium album L.* Chenopodiaceae Pigweed, Lamb's-quarters

Chrysanthemum leucantheumum*** Compositae Ox-eye daisy 

Chrysopsis graminifolia (Michx.) Elliot var. latifolia Fern. Asteraceae Grass-leaved golden aster 

Cichorium intybus*** Compositae Chicory 

Cicuta bulbifera L. Apiaceae Water hemlock 

Cicuta maculata L. Apiaceae Spotted cowbane 

Cinna arundinacea L. Poaceae Wood reed grass 

Circaea lutetiana L. Onagraceae Enchanter's nightshade 

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.* Asteraceae Canada thistle 

Cirsium discolor (Muhl.) Spreng.*** Asteraceae Field thistle 

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore.* Asteraceae Bull thistle 

Claytonia virginica*** Portulacaceae Spring Beauty

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

133

Commelina communis L. Commelinaceae Asiatic dayflower 

Commelina diffusa Burman Commelinaceae Creeping dayflower 

Convolvulus arvensis L.* Convolvulaceae American bindweed 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. Asteraceae Horseweed 

Coreopsis palmate*** Compositae Stiff Coreopsis

Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Asteraceae Golden coreopsis

Cornus amomum Mill. Cornaceae Pale dogwood 

Cornus drummondii Meyer Cornaceae Rough-leaved dogwood 

Cornus florida L. Cornaceae Flowering dogwood 

Cornus racemosa Lam. Cornaceae Northern swamp dogwood

Cornus rugosa Lam. Cornaceae Round-leaved dogwood 

Cornus stolonifera Michx. Cornaceae Red-osier dogwood 

Coronilla varia L.*,** Fabaceae Crown Vetch

Corylus americana Walter. Betulaceae Hazelnut 

Crataegus (L.)*** Rosaceae Hawthorn

Crataegus punctata Jacq. Rosaceae Dotted hawthorne 

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. Apiaceae Honewort 

Cucurbita foetidissima HBK Curcurbitaceae Wild pumpkin 

Cuscuta cephalanthi Engelm. Cuscutaceae Buttonbush dodder 

Cuscuta compacta A.L. Juss. Cuscutaceae Dodder (Compact Dodder) 

Cuscuta cuspidata Engelm. Cuscutaceae Dodder (Cusp Dodder) 

Cuscuta glomerata Choisy. Cuscutaceae Rope dodder 

Cuscuta gronovii Willd. Cuscutaceae Common dodder 

Cuscuta polygonorum Engelm. Cuscutaceae Smartweed-dodder 

Cyperus acuminatus Torr. & Hook Cyperaceae Taper-leaf sedge 

Cyperus bipartitus Torr. Cyperaceae Brook sedge 

Cyperus diandrus Torr. Cyperaceae Low cyperus 

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Cyperaceae Red-rooted sedge 

Cyperus esculentus L.* Cyperaceae Nutsedge 

Cyperus odoratus L. Cyperaceae Coarse cyperus 

Cyperus squarrosus L. Cyperaceae Awned cyperus 

Cyperus strigosus L. Cyperaceae Straw-colored cyperus 

Cypripedium reginae Walter Orchidaceae Showy lady's slipper 

Cystopteris bulbifera (L.)Bernh. Polypodiaceae Bulbet-bladder fern 

Dalea candida *** Fabaceae White Prairie Clover

Dalea purpurea*** Fabaceae Purple prairie clover

Dancus carota *** Umbelliferae Wild Carrot

Datura stramonium*** Solanaceae Jimsonweed

Delphinium carolinianum*** Ranunculaceaes Prairie larkspur

Delphinium tricorne*** Ranunculaceae Dwarf larkspur

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

134

Desmanthus illinoensis (Michx.) MacM. Mimosaceae Prairietick-trefoil 

Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Fabaceae Showy Tick Trefoil

Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl.) Wood. Fabaceae Cluster-leaftick trefoil 

Dicentra cucullaria*** Papveraceae Dutchman's breeches

Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.* Poaceae Crab grass 

Dioscorea villosa L. Dioscoreaeceae Yam 

Diospyros virginiana L. Ebenaceae Persimmon 

Dodecatheon meadia L. Primulaceae Shooting star 

Dryopteris cristata (L.) Gray Polypodiaceae Crested wood fern 

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray Polypodiaceae Fancy wood fern 

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Cyperaceae Three-way sedge 

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Poaceae Barnyard grass 

Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. Poaceae Barnyard grass 

Echinochloa walteri (Pursh) Heller Poaceae Swamp barnyard grass 

Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Curcurbitaceae Prickly cucumber 

Echinodorus berteroi (Sprengel) Fassett Alismataceae Creeping burhead 

Echinodorus Corddifolius (L.) Griseb. Alismataceae Burhead 

Eclipta prostrata L. Asteraceae Yerba de tajo 

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schultes Cyperaceae Needle spikerush 

Eleocharis compressa Sullivant Cyperaceae Flatstem spikerush 

Eleocharis erythropoda Steud. Cyperaceae Bald spikerush

Eleocharis ovata (Roth) R. & S. Cyperaceae Oval Spikerush 

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schultes Cyperaceae Marsh spikerush 

Eleocharis quadrangulata (Michx.) Roem. & 

Schultes Cyperaceae Square-stemmed spikerush 

Elodea canadensis Michx Hydrophyllaceae Common water weed 

Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St. John Hydrophyllaceae Water weed 

Elymus canadensis L. Poaceae Canada wild rye 

Elymus virginicus L. Poaceae Virginiana wild rye 

Epilobium coloratum Biehler. Onagraceae Cinnamon willow-herb 

Equisetum arvense L. Equisataceae Common horsetail 

Equisetum fluviatile L. Equisataceae Water horsetail 

Equisetum hyemale L. var. affine (Engelm.) Equisataceae Scouring rush 

Equisetum laevigatum A.Br. Equisataceae Smooth scouring rush 

Eragrostis frankii C.A. Mey Poaceae Sandbar lovegrass 

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Poaceae Creeping lovegrass 

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.) Ness. Poaceae Small lovegrass 

Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Seud. Poaceae Purple lovegrass 

Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Asteraceae Fireweed 

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Asteraceae Daisy fleabane 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

135

Erigeron philadelphicus L. Asteraceae Fleabane 

Erigeron pulchellus Michx. Asteraceae Robin's plantain 

Erigeron strigosus Muhl. Asteraceae Rough fleabane 

Erythronium albidum Nutt. Liliaceae White dog-tooth violet

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. Celastraceae Wahoo 

Eupatorium coelestinum L. Asteraceae Mist flower 

Eupatorium maculatum L. Asteraceae Joe-pye-weed 

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Asteraceae Boneset 

Eupatorium purpureum L. Asteraceae Purple joe-pye-weed 

Eupatorium rugosum Houttuyn. Asteraceae White snake root 

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Asteraceae Late boneset 

Euphorbia corollata*** Euphorbiaceae Flowering spurge

Euphorbia cyparissias*** Euphorbiaceae Cypress spurge

Euphorbia dentata Michx. Euphorbiaceae Toothed spurge 

Euphorbia esula*,** Euphorbiaceae Leafy spurge

Euphorbia humistrata (Engelm.) Euphorbiaceae Spurge (Sandmat Spurge)

Euphorbia maculata L. Euphorbiaceae Spotted spurge 

Euphorbia serpens HBK. Euphorbiaceae Round-leaved spurge 

Euphorbia vermiculata Raf. Euphorbiaceae Hairy spurge 

Festuca elatior*** Gramineae Meadow fescue

Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poiret. Oleaceae Swamp privet 

Fragaria virginiana Duchn. Rosaceae Wild strawberry 

Fraxinus americana *** Oleaceae White Ash

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Oleaceae Black Ash 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Oleaceae Green ash 

Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon Asteraceae Fringed quickweed 

Galium aparine L. Rubiaceae Spring-cleavers 

Galium boreale *** Rubiaceae Northern Bedstraw

Galium concinnum T. & G. Rubiaceae Elegant bedstraw 

Galium obtusum bigel. Rubiaceae Bluntleaf bedstraw 

Galium tinctorium L.*** Rubiaceae Stiff bedstraw 

Galium trifidum L. Rubiaceae Northern three-lobed bedstraw 

Gaura biennis D. Onagraceae Biennial gaura 

Geranium maculatum L. Geraniaceae Wild geranium 

Geum canadense Jacq. Rosaceae White avens 

Geum laciniatum Murr. Rosaceae Rough avens 

Geum triflorum*** Rosaceae Prairie smoke

Glechoma hederacea L. Lamiaceae Ground ivy 

Gleditsia triacanthos L. Fabaceae Honey locust 

Glyceria borealis Nash. Poaceae Northern manna grass 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

136

Glyceria grandis S. Wats. Poaceae Reed meadow grass 

Glyceria striata (Lam.) A. Hitchc. Poaceae Fowl meadow grass 

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Asteraceae Low cudweed 

Gnaphlium obtusifolium*** Compositae Sweet Everlasting

Gratiola neglecta Torr. Scrophulariaceae Hedge hyssop 

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch Fabaceae Kentucky coffee tree 

Habenaria leucophaea mutt.) A. Gray Orchidaceae Prairie fringed orchid 

Habenaria psycodes (L.) Sprengel. Orchidaceae Purple fringed orchid 

Habenaria viridis (L.) Br. var. bracteata (Muhl.) 

A. Gray Orchidaceae Frog orchid 

Hackelia virginiana (L.) Johnston. Boraginaceae Stickseed 

Helenium autumnale L. Asteraceae Sneezeweed 

Helianthus grosseserratus Martens Asteraceae Sawtooth sunflower 

Helianthus pauciflorus*** Compositae Stiff Sunflower

Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet. Asteraceae Sweet ox-eye 

Heliotropium indicum L.* Boraginaceae Turnsole 

Hemerocallis fulva *** Liliaceae Day Lilly

Hemicarpha micrantha (Vahl) Pax Cyperaceae Dwarf bulrush 

Hepatica acutiloba DC. Ranunculaceae Sharp-lobed lobelia 

Heracleum lanatum Michx. Apiaceae Cow parsnip 

Heterantheria limosa (Sw,) Willd. Pontederiaceae Mud plantain 

Hibiscus laevis All. Malvaceae Smooth rosemallow 

Hibiscus muscheutos L. Malvaceae Swamp rosemallow 

Hieracium aurantiacum*** Compositae Orange hawkweed

Hieracium caespitosum *** Compositae Yellw Hawkweed

Houstonia caerulea*** Rubiaceae Bluets

Houstonia longifolia*** Rubiaceae Long-leaved bluets

Humulus lupulus L. Cannabaceae Hops 

Hydrophyllum virginianum L. Hydrophyllaceae Virginia water leaf 

Hypericum boreale (Britt.) Bick. Clusiaceae Northern St. John's-wort 

Hypericum mutilum L. Clusiaceae Dwarf St. John's-wort 

Hypericum prolificum L. Clusiaceae Shrubby St. John's-wort 

Hypericum punctatum L. Clusiaceae Spotted St. John's-wort 

Hypericum pyramidatum Ait. Clusiaceae Great St. John's-wort 

Hypericum sphaerocarpum Michx. Clusiaceae Roundfruit St. John's wort 

Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Cov. Liliaceae Yellow star grass 

Ilex decidua Walt. Aquilfoliaceae Possum haw

Impatiens capensis Meerb.*** Balsaminaceae Orange jewelweed 

Impatiens pallida Nutt. Balsaminaceae Pale touch-me-not

Ipomoea lacunosa L. Convolvulaceae White morning glory 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

137

Iris versicolor*** Iridaceae Large blueflag

Iris virginica L. var. shrevei (Small) E. Anders. Iridaceae Blue flag 

Isoetes melanpoda Gay and Dur. Isoetaceae Quillwort 

Iva annua l. Asteraceae Marsh elder

Juglans cinerea L. Juglandaceae Butternut 

Juglans nigra L. Juglandaceae Black walnut 

Juncus acuminatus Michx. Juncaceae Knotty-leaved rush 

Juncus effusus L. Juncaceae Soft rush 

Juncus nodosus L. Juncaceae Joint rush

Juncus tenuis Willd. var. dudleyi (Wieg.) Juncaceae Path rush 

Juncus torreyi Cov. Juncaceae Torrey's rush 

Juniperus communis L. Cuppressaceae Common juniper

Juniperus virginiana L. Cuppressaceae Red cedar 

Koeleria cristata *** Poaceae Junegrass

Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertner Asteraceae Woodland lettuce 

Lactuca saligna L. Asteraceae Willowleaf lettuce 

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Urticaceae Wood nettle 

Lathyrus palustris L. Fabaceae Marsh pea 

Lathyrus venosus Muhl. var. intonsus Butters 

and St. John Fabaceae Forest pea 

Leersia lenticularis Michx. Poaceae Catchfly grass 

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Poaceae Rice cutgrass 

Leersia virginica Willd. Poaceae White grass 

Lemna minor L. Lemnaceae Lesser duckweed 

Lemna obscura (Austin) Daubs Lemnaceae Duckweed (Little Duckweed)

Lemna perpusilla Torr. Lemnaceae Duckweed (Least Duckweed)

Lemna trinervis (Austin) Small Lemnaceae Duckweed 

Lemna trisulca L. Lemnaceae Star duckweed 

Lemna valdiviana Phil. Lemnaceae Duckweed 

Leonurus cardiaca L.* Lamiaceae Motherwort 

Leonurus marrubiastrum L.* Lamiaceae Motherwort 

Leptochloa filiformis P. (Lam.) Beauv. Poaceae Red sprangletop 

Lespedeza capitata*** Leguminosae Bush Clover

Liatris aspera *** Compositae Rough Blazing Star

Liatris cylindracea*** Asteraceae Cylindric blazing star

Liatris ligulistlis*** Asteraceae North plains blazing star 

Liatris pycnostachya*** Asteraceae Prairie blazing star

Lilium canadense L. Liliaceae Wild yellow lily 

Lilium michiganense Farw. Liliaceae Michigan lily 

Lindaria vulgaris *** Scrophulariaceae Butter and Eggs

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

138

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell. Scrophulariaceae False pimpernel 

Liquidambar styraciflua L. Hamamelidaceae Sweet gum 

Lithospermum canenscens*** Boraginaceae Hoary Puccoon

Lithospermum croceum*** Boraginaceae Hairy puccoon

Lobelia cardinalis L. Campanulaceae Cardinal flower 

Lobelia siphilitica L. Campanulaceae Great lobelia 

Lobelia spicata Lam. Campanulaceae Pale-spike lobelia 

Lonicera dioca L. Caprifoliaceae Wild honeysuckle 

Lonicera tartarica. and others* Caprifoliaceae 

Bush honeysuckles (Tartarian Honeysuckle)

Lonicera x bella Zabel.* Caprifoliaceae 

Honeysuckle (White-bell Honeysuckle) 

Lotus corniculatus*** Leguminosae Bird’s foot trefoil

Ludwigia alternifolia L. Onagraceae Seedbox 

Ludwigia peploides (HBK) Raven Onagraceae Floating primrose willow 

Ludwigia polycarpa Short & Peter Onagraceae Water primrose 

Lupinus perennis *** Leguminosae Wild Lupine

Lychnis alba*** Caryophyllaceae Evening lychnis

Lycopersicon esculentum Miller Solanaceae Tomato 

Lycopus americanus Muhl. Lamiaceae American bugleweed 

Lycopus rubellus Moench Lamiaceae Stalked water horehound 

Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Lamiaceae Northern bugleweed 

Lycopus virginicus L. Lamiaceae Water horehound 

Lysimachia ciliata L. Primulaceae Fringed loosestrife 

Lysimachia hybrida Michx. Primulaceae Mississippi Valley loosestrife 

Lysimachia lanceolata Walt. Primulaceae Lance-leaved loosestrife 

Lysimachia nummularia L.* Primulaceae Moneywort 

Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Primulaceae Swamp candles 

Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. Primulaceae Swamp loosestrife 

Lythrum alatum Pursh. Lythraceae Winged loosestrife 

Lythrum salicaria L.* Lythraceae Purple loosestrife 

Maianthemum canadense Desf Liliaceae Wild lily of the valley 

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro Polypodiaceae Ostrich fern 

Medicago lupulina*** Leguminosae Black medick

Medicago sativa*** Leguminosae Alfalfa

Melilotus alba *** Leguminosae White Sweet Clover

Melilotus officinalis *** Leguminosae Yellow Sweet Clover

Menispermum canadense L. Menisperimaceae Moonseed 

Mentha arvensis L. Lamiaceae F Field mint 

Mimulus alatus Ait. Scrophulariaceae Sharp-winged monkey flower

Mimulus ringens L. Scrophulariaceae Square-stemmed monkey flower

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

139

Mitella diphylla L. Saxifragaceae Two-leaved miterwort 

Mollugo verticillata L. Molluginaceae Carpetweed 

Monarda fistulosa *** Lamiaceae Wild Bergamot

Monarda punctata*** Labiatae Horse-mint

Monotropa uniflora *** Labiatae Indian Pipe

Morus alba L.* Moraceae White mulberry 

Morus rubra L. Moraceae Red mulberry 

Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald Poaceae Satin grass 

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP Poaceae Green muhly 

Muhlenbergia schreberi J.F. Gemelin Poaceae Nimbleweed

Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Haloragaceae Milfoil (Two-leaf Milfoil)

Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walt.) BSP. Haloragaceae Milfoil (Water Milfoil)

Myriophyllum spicatum L. var. exalbescens 

(Fern.) Jepson* Haloragaceae Eurasian milfoil 

Myriophyllum verticillatum L. Haloragaceae Whorled milfoil 

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt Najadaceae Northern water nymph 

Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Morong Najadaceae Southern water nymph 

Najas minor All.* Najadaceae Eutrophic water nymph 

Nelumbo lutea (Willd.) Pers. Nelumbonaceae Water lotus 

Nuphar advena Aiton Nymphaceae Spatter dock 

Nymphaea odorata Aiton*** Nymphaceae Fragrant water lily 

Nyssa aquatica (L.) Cornaceae Water tupelo 

Oenothera biennis L.*** Onagraceae Evening primrose 

Oenothera rhombipetala*** Onagraceae Longspike evening primrose

Onoclea sensibilis L. Polypodiaceae Sensitive fern 

Opuntia humifusa*** Cactaceae Prickly pear cactus

Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) Apiaceae Bland sweet cicely 

Osmunda cinnamonea L. Osmundaceae Cinnamon fern 

Osmunda claytoniana L. Osmundaceae Interrupted fern 

Osmunda regalis L. Osmundaceae Royal fern 

Oxalis stricta L. Oxalaceae Wood-sorrel 

Panicum capillare L. Poaceae Old witch grass 

Panicum clandestinum L. Poaceae Deer-tongue grass 

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Poaceae Fall panic grass 

Panicum lanigunosum Ell. Poaceae Wooly panicum 

Panicum rigidulum Bosc. Poaceae Red-top panicum 

Panicum virgatum L. Poaceae Switchgrass 

Parnassia glauca Raf. Saxifragaceae Grass of parnassus 

Parthenium integrifolium L. Asteraceae American fever-few 

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch Vitaceae Virginia creeper

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

140

Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr.) A. Hitchc. Vitaceae Grape woodvine 

Paspalum fluitans (Elliott) Kunth. Poaceae Bead grass 

Pastinaca sativa *** Apiaceae Wild Parsnip

Pedicularis canadensis L. Scrophulariaceae Wood betony 

Peltandra virginica (L.) schott & Endl. Araceae Arrow arum 

Penstemon digitalis*** Scrophulariaceae Smooth Beardtongue or Foxglove

Penstemon grandiflorus*** Scrophulariaceae Large-flowered beardstongue

Penstemon hirsutus*** Scrophulariaceae Hairy beardstongue

Penthorum sedoides L. Saxifragaceae Ditch-stonecrop 

Phalaris arundinacea L.* Poaceae Reed canary grass 

Phleum pratense*** Gramineae Timothy

Phlox divaricata L. Polemoniaceae Forest phlox 

Phlox pilosa L. Polemoniaceae Downy phlox 

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Poaceae Common reed

Phyla lanceolata Michx. (Green) Verbenaceae Fog fruit 

Physalis heterophylla Nees***. Solanaceae Clammy ground cherry 

Physalis longifolia Nutt. Solanaceae Long-leaved ground cherry 

Physalis verginiana *** Solanaceae Swamp Milkweed

Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. * Lamiaceae False dragonhead 

Phytolacca americana L. Phtolaccaceae Pokeweed 

Picea abies*** Pinaceae Norway spruce

Pilea pumila L. Gray. Urticaceae Clearweed 

Pinus banksiana*** Pinaceae Jack pine

Pinus resinosa*** Pinaceae Norway pine (ed pine)

Pinus strobus L. *** Pinaceae White Pine

Pinus sylvestris L. Pinaceae Scotch pine

Plantago major L.* Plantaginaceae Common plantain 

Plantago rugelii Dene. Plantaginaceae Red-stemmed plantain 

Platanus occidentalis L. Plantanaceae Sycamore 

Poa pratensis L. Poaceae Kentucky bluegrass 

Podophyllum peltatum L. Berberidaceae May apple 

Polanisia dodecandra*** Capparaceae Clammy-weed

Polygala sanguinea L. Polygonaceae Blood polygala 

Polygonum amphibium L. Polygonaceae Water smartweed 

Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonaceae 

Water smartweed (Prostrate Knotweed)

Polygonum hydropiper L.*** Polygonaceae Common smartweed 

Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Polygonaceae Wild water pepper 

Polygonum lapathifolium L. Polygonaceae Nodding smartweed 

Polygonum pensylvanicum L. Polygonaceae Pinkweed 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

141

Polygonum persicaria L. Polygonaceae Lady's thumb 

Polygonum punctatum Ell. Polygonaceae Water smartweed 

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. Polygonaceae Bushy knotweed 

Polygonum scandens L. Polygonaceae False buckwheat 

Polygonum virginianum L. Polygonaceae Jumpseed 

Pontederia cordata L. Pontederiaceae Pickerelweed 

Populus deltoides Marsh. Salicaceae Cottonwood 

Populus grandidentata*** Salicaceae Big-toothed Aspen

Populus tremuloides *** Salicaceae Quaking Aspen

Portulaca oleracea L. Portulaceae Common purslane 

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Potamogetonaceae Bigleaf pondweed 

Potamogeton crispus L.* Potamogetonaceae Curly-leaved pondweed 

Potamogeton diversifolius L. Potamogetonaceae Snailseed pondweed 

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Potamogetonaceae Ribbon-flowered pondweed 

Potamogeton foliosus Raf. Potamogetonaceae Leafy pondweed 

Potamogeton illinoensis Morong Potamogetonaceae Illinois pondweed 

Potamogeton natans L. Potamogetonaceae Floating pondweed 

Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Potamogetonaceae Long-leaved pondweed 

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Potamogetonaceae Sago pondweed 

Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Potamogetonaceae Spotted pondweed 

Potamogeton pusillus L. Potamogetonaceae Slender pondweed 

Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. Potamogetonaceae Red-head pondweed

Potamogeton strictifolius Benn. Potamogetonaceae Straight-leaved pondweed 

Potamogeton zosteriformis Fern. Potamogetonaceae Flat-stem pondweed 

Potentilla norvegica L. Rosaceae Strawberry weed 

Potentilla recta L.* Rosaceae Rough-fruited cinquefoil 

Potentilla rivalis Nutt. Rosaceae Brook cinquefoil 

Proserpinaca palustris L. Halogaraceae Mermaid-weed 

Prunella vulgaris L. Lamiaceae Self heal 

Prunus americana Marsh. Rosaceae Wild Plum 

Prunus serotina Ehrh. Rosaceae Black cherry

Prunus virginiana L. Rosaceae Choke-cherry 

Quercus alba*** Fagaceae White Oak

Quercus bicolor Willd. Fagaceae Swamp white oak 

Quercus imbricaria Michx. Fagaceae Shingle oak 

Quercus marilandica Muench. Fagaceae Blackjack oak 

Quercus palustris Muench. Fagaceae Pin oak 

Quercus prinoides Willd. Fagaceae Chinquapin oak 

Quercus rubra L. Fagaceae Red oak 

Quercus shumardii Buckl. Fagaceae Shumard oak 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

142

Quercus stellata Wang. Fagaceae Sand post oak 

Quercus velutina Lam. Fagaceae Black oak

Ranunculus fascicularis*** Ranunculaceae Early buttercup

Ranunculus flabellaris Raf. Ranunculaceae Yellow water crowfoot 

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Ranunculaceae Swamp buttercup 

Ranunculus longirostris Godr. Ranunculaceae White water crowfoot 

Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. Ranunculaceae Bristly crowfoot 

Ranunculus rhomboideus*** Ranunculaceae Prairie buttercup

Ranunculus scleratus L. Ranunculaceae Cursed crowfoot 

Ranunculus septenrionalis *** Ranunculaceae Swamp Buttercup

Ranunculus subrigidus W. Drew Ranunculaceae White water crowfoot 

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnh. Asteraceae Gray-headed coneflower 

Rhamnus cathartica L. *,*** Rhamnaceae Common buckthorn 

Rhamnus frangula L. *,*** Rhamnaceae Glossy buckthorn 

Rhus radicans*** Anacardiaaceae Poison Ivy

Rhus typhina L.*** Anacardiaaceae Staghorn Sumac

Ribes americanum Mill. Saxifragaceae Wild black currant 

Ribes hirtellum Michx. Saxifragaceae Gooseberry (Smooth Gooseberry)

Ribes missouriense Nutt. Saxifragaceae Missouri gooseberry 

Riccia fluitans Ricciaceae Aquatic liverwort 

Ricciocarpus natans Ricciaceae Common ricciocarpus 

Robinia pseudo-acacia L.* Fabaceae Black locust 

Rorripa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek* Brassicaceae Water cress

Rorripa palustris (L.) Bess. Brassicaceae Marsh cress 

Rorripa sessiliflora (Nutt.) Hitchc. Brassicaceae Sessile-flowered cress 

Rosa blanda Ait. Rosaceae Early wild rose 

Rosa Carolina*** Rosaceae Pasture Rose

Rosa setigera Michx. Rosaceae Prairie rose 

Rosa suffata Rosaceae Dwarf prairie rose

Rubus allegheniensis Porter. Rosaceae Common blackberrry 

Rubus flagellaris L. Rosaceae Northern dewberry 

Rubus occidentalis L. Rosaceae Black raspberry 

Rubus strigosus Michx. Rosaceae Red raspberry 

Rudbeckia hirta L. Asteraceae Black-eyed susan 

Rudbeckia laciniata L. Asteraceae Cutleaf coneflower 

Rudbeckia triloba L. Asteraceae Three-lobed coneflower 

Ruellia humilis Nutt. Acanthaceae Fringeleaf ruellia 

Ruellia strepens L. Acanthaceae False petunia 

Rumex acetosella L.* Polygonaceae Sheep sorrel 

Rumex altissimus Wood. Polygonaceae Pale dock 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

143

Rumex crispus L. * Polygonaceae Curly dock 

Rumex maritimus L. Polygonaceae Golden dock 

Rumex orbiculatus Gray Polygonaceae Water dock 

Rumex salicifolius J.A. Weinm. Polygonaceae Dock (Willow Dock)

Rumex verticillatus L. Polygonaceae Swamp dock 

Sagittaria brevirostra Mack. & Bush Alismataceae Short-beaked arrowhead 

Sagittaria calycina Engelm. Alismataceae Mississippi arrowhead 

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon Alismataceae Northern arrowhead 

Sagittaria graminea Michx. Alismataceae Grass-leaved arrowhead 

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Alismataceae Broad-leaved arrowhead 

Sagittaria rigida Pursh Alismataceae Sessile-fruited arrowhead 

Salix amygdaloides Anderss. Salicaceae Peach-leaved willow 

Salix eriocephala Michx. Salicaceae Diamond willow 

Salix interior Rowlee Salicaceae Sandbar willow

Salix nigra Marsh. Salicaceae Black willow 

Sambucus canadensis L. Caprifoliaceae Elderberry 

Sambucus pubens*** Caprifoliaceae Red Elderberry

Sanguinaria canadensls L. Papaveraceae Bloodroot 

Saponaria officinalis*** Caryophyllaceae Bouncing Bet

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Lauraceae Sassafras 

Saururus cernuus L. Saururaceae Lizard's tail 

Saxifraga pensylvanica L. Saxifragaceae Swamp saxifrage 

Schizachyrium scoparium*** Gramineae Little bluestem

Scirpus acutus Muhl. Cyperaceae Hardstem bulrush 

Scirpus americanus Pers. Cyperaceae Olney-three square 

Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Cyperaceae Black bulrush 

Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth Cyperaceae Woolly bulrush 

Scirpus fluviatilis Torr. & Gray Cyperaceae River bulrush 

Scirpus heterochaetus Chase Cyperaceae Slender bulrush 

Scirpus pendulus Muhl. Cyperaceae Nodding bulrush 

Scirpus validus Vahl. Cyperaceae Softstem bulrush 

Scrophularia marilandica L. Scrophulariaceae Figwort 

Scutellaria galericulata L. Lamiaceae Common skullcap 

Scutellaria lateriflora L. Lamiaceae Mad-dog skullcap 

Senecio aureus*** Compositae Golden ragwort

Senecio glabellus Poir. Asteraceae Yellowtop 

Senecio plattensis*** Compositae Prairie ragwort

Setaria faberi Herrm. Poaceae Giant foxtail 

Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Poaceae Yellow foxtail 

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Poaceae Green foxtail 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

144

Sicyos angulatus L. Curcurbitaceae Bur cucumber 

Sida spinosa L. Malvaceae Prickly sida 

Silene stellata*** Caryophyllaceae Starry Campion

Silene vulgaris*** Caryophyllaceae Bladder campion 

Silphium integrifolium Compositae Prairie rosinweed

Silphium laciniatum*** Asteraceae Compass plant

Silphium perfoliatum*** Compositae Cup Plant

Sisyrinchium campestre E. Bickn. Iridaceae Prairie blue-eyed grass 

Sium suave Walt. Apiaceae Water parsnip 

Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) S. Wats. Smilacaceae Upright carrion flower 

Smilax herbacea L. Smilacaceae Carrion flower 

Smilax hispida Muhl. Smilacaceae Bristly greenbrier 

Solanum caroliniense L. Solanaceae Horsenettle 

Solanum dulcamara L. Solanaceae Bittersweet 

Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Black nightshade 

Solidago canadensis L. Asteraceae Canada goldenrod

Solidago gigantica*** Compositae Smooth Goldenrod 

Solidago hispida*** Asteraceae Hairy goldenrod

Solidago juncea *** Asteraceae Early Goldenrod

Solidago nemoralis *** Compositae Grey Goldenrod

Solidago ohioensis *** Asteraceae Ohio Goldenrod

Solidago speciosa *** Asteraceae Showy Goldenrod

Sonchus asper*** Compositae Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle

Sorghastrum nutans *** Poaceae Indian Grass

Specularia perfoliata *** Campanulaceae Venus' Looking-glass

Spirea alba *** Rosaceae Meadowsweet

Staphylea trifolia L. Staphyleaceae Bladdernut 

Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. Caryophyllaceae Giant chickweed 

Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo Caryophyllaceae Common chickweed 

Stipa spartea *** Gramineae Needle Grass

Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Araceae Skunk cabbage 

Tanacetum vulgare L.* Asteraceae Common tansy 

Taraxacum officinale Weber. Asteraceae Dandelion 

Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. Taxodiaceae Bald cypress 

Tephrosia virginiana*** Leguminosae Goat's rue

Teucrium canadense L.*** Lamiaceae American germander 

Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. and Lall. Ranunculaceae Tall meadow rue 

Thalictrum dioicum L. Ranunculaceae Early meadow rue 

Thalictrum revolutum DC. Ranunculaceae Waxy meadow rue 

Thelypteris palustris Schott. Polypodiaceae Marsh fern 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

145

Thuja occidentalis *** Cupressaceae White Cedar

Tilia americana L. Tiliaceae Basswood 

Toxicodendron radicans ssp. negundo (Greene) 

Gillis Anacardiaceae Common poison ivy 

Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene Anacardiaceae Western poison ivy 

Tradescantia ohiensis*** Commelinaceae

Smooth-stemmed or Common Spiderwort

Tradescantia virginiana L. Commelinaceae Spiderwort 

Tragopogon pratensis *** Asteraceae Yellow Goat's Beard

Trifolium pratense *** Leguminosae Red Clover

Trifolium repens *** Leguminosae White Clover

Trillium cernuum L. Liliaceae Nodding trillium 

Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Campanulaceae Spectacle-weed 

Triosteum perfoliatum L. Caprifoliaceae Horse-gentian 

Typha angustifolia L. Typhaceae Narrow-leaved cattail 

Typha latifolia L. Typhaceae Common cattail 

Ulmus americana L. Ulmaceae American elm 

Ulmus parvifolia *** Ulmaceae Chinese Elm

Ulmus parvifolia*** Ulmaceae Chinese Elm

Ulmus pumila L.* Ulmaceae Siberian elm 

Ulmus rubra Muhl. Ulmaceae Red elm 

Urtica dioica L.* Urticaceae Stinging nettle 

Utricularia vulgaris L. Lentibulariaceae Common bladderwort 

Uvularia grandiflora J.E. Smith Liliaceae Bellwort 

Vallisneria americana Michx. Hydrophyllaceae Water celery (Wild celery) 

Verbascum thapsus*** Scrophulariaceae Common mullein

Verbena hastata L.*** Verbenaceae Blue vervain 

Verbena stricta*** Verbenaceae Hoary vervain 

Verbena urticifolia L. Verbenaceae White vervain 

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. Asteraceae Winged-stem 

Vernonia baldwini Torr. Asteraceae Western ironweed 

Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. Asteraceae Tall ironweed 

Vernonia missurica Rat: Asteraceae Missouri ironweed 

Veronia fasciculate*** Compositae Smooth Ironweed

Veronia fasciculate*** Compositae Smooth Ironweed

Veronica anagallis-aquatics L. Asteraceae Water speedwell 

Veronica peregrina L. Scrophulariaceae Purslane-speedwell 

Veronica scutellata L. Asteraceae Marsh speedwell 

Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Scrophulariaceae Culver's root

Viburnum dentatum*** Caprifoliaceae Arrowwood

Viburnum lentago L. Caprifoliaceae Nannyberry 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix C: Species Lists

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

146

Vicia cracca*** Leguminosae Cow vetch

Vicia villosa*** Leguminosae Hairy vetch

Viola pedata*** Violaceae Bird's foot violet

Viola pedatifida *** Violaceae Prairie Violet

Viola sagittata Ait. Violaceae Arrow-leaved violet 

Viola sororia Willd. Violaceae Missouri violet 

Vitis aestivalis var. argentinfolia Vitaceae Summer grape 

Vitis cinerea Engelm. Vitaceae Graybark grape 

Vitis palmata Vahl. Vitaceae Red grape 

Vitis riparia Michx. Vitaceae Riverbank grape 

Vitis vulpina L. Vitaceae Frost grape 

Wolffia columbiana Karst. Lemnaceae Water meal 

Wolffia papulifera Thompson Lemnaceae Water meal 

Wolffia punctata Griseb. Lemnaceae Dotted water meal 

Wolffiella floridana (J.D. Smith) Thompson Lemnaceae Water meal

Woodsia obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Polypodiaceae Blunt-lobed woodsia

Xanthium strumarium L.* Asteraceae Common cocklebur 

Xanthoxylum americanum Mill. Rutaceae Prickly ash 

Zannichellia palustris L. Zannichelliaceae Horned pondweed 

Zizania palustris L. var. interior Fassett Poaceae Wild rice 

Zizia aurea (L.) W. Do J. Koch. Apiaceae Golden alexander 

Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) Small Pontederiaceae Water stargrass 

List of Plants Found on Trempealeau NWR (Continued)

Scientific Name Family Common Name 
Appendix D: Compatibility Determinations

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

147

Appendix D: Compatibility Determinations

Appendix D: Compatibility Determinations

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

149

Compatibility Determinations

In accordance with the Refuge Improvement Act 

of 1997, no uses for which the Service has authority 

to regulate may be allowed on a unit of Refuge System unless it is determined to be compatible. A compatible use is a use that, in the sound professional 

judgment of the refuge manager, will not materially 

interfere with or detract from the fulfillment of the 

National Wildlife Refuge System mission or the 

purposes of the national wildlife refuge. Managers 

must complete a written compatibility determination for each use, or collection of like-uses, that is 

signed by the manager and the Regional Chief of 

Refuges in the respective Service region. 

Final compatibility determinations were signed 

following release of the Record of Decision and are 

available for viewing at the Refuge office. A list of 

compatibility determinations, a list of future uses 

that will require a case-by-case compatibility determination, and a list of uses that are generally prohibited and therefore not subject to compatibility 

follows:

# Archeological investigations and surveys

# Canoeing and kayaking 

# Commercial fishing 

# Deer Hunting

# Environmental education

# Fruits of the soil harvest

# Interpretation, wildlife observation, and 

photography

# Migratory Bird Hunting 

# Recreational Fishing

# Research by Third parties 

# Temporary work outside of existing rights-ofway

# Trapping of furbearers 

# Tree harvest 

Case-by-case compatibility determinations (not 

included in CCP and EIS)

# Special events, non-Refuge sponsored

# Commercial filming

# Military exercises

# New or expanded rights-of-way

# Mosquito and other pest control (e.g. gypsy 

moth)

# Predator control by others

# Research by third parties, not related to refuge 

management information needs

Generally prohibited uses – no compatibility 

determination required 

# Business, commercial or industrial

# Civilian aircraft landing

# Tally ho fox hunting

# Sand and gravel extraction

# Off road vehicle use (including ATVs, golf carts, 

airboats)

# Snowmobiling

# Horseback riding

# Field trials

# Beekeeping

# Wild rice harvest

# Rock hounding

# Geo-caching

# Paintball games

# Antler collecting

# Harvest of plants or plant parts (other than 

raspberries, blackberries, or mushrooms)

# Kite flying

# Turtle Harvest

# Night-lighting fish or wildlife

Appendix E: Applicable Laws and Executive Orders

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

151

Appendix E: Applicable Laws and 

Executive Orders

Appendix E: Applicable Laws and Executive Orders

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

153

Applicable Laws and Executive Orders

Rivers and Harbor Act (1899) (33 U.S.C. 403)

Section 10 of this Act requires the authorization 

by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers prior to 

any work in, on, over, or under a navigable water 

of the United States.

Antiquities Act (1906)

Authorizes the scientific investigation of antiquities on federal land and provides penalties for 

unauthorized removal of objects taken or collected without a permit.

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)

Designates the protection of migratory birds as a 

federal responsibility. This Act enables the setting of seasons, and other regulations including 

the closing of areas, federal or non-federal, to the 

hunting of migratory birds.

Migratory Bird Conservation Act (1929)

Establishes procedures for acquisition by purchase, rental, or gift of areas approved by the 

Migratory Bird Conservation Commission.

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934), as amended 

(1958)

Requires that the Fish and Wildlife Service and 

state fish and wildlife agencies be consulted 

whenever water is to be impounded, diverted or 

modified under a federal permit or license. The 

Service and state agency recommend measures 

to prevent the loss of biological resources, or to 

mitigate or compensate for the damage. The 

project proponent must take biological resource 

values into account and adopt justifiable protection measures to obtain maximum overall project 

benefits. A 1958 amendment added provisions to 

recognize the vital contribution of wildlife 

resources to the Nation and to require equal consideration and coordination of wildlife conservation with other water resources development 

programs. It also authorized the Secretary of 

Interior to provide public fishing areas and 

accept donations of lands and funds.

Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp Act 

(1934)

Requires every waterfowl hunter 16 years of age 

or older to carry a stamp and earmarks proceeds 

of the Duck Stamps to buy or lease waterfowl 

habitat. A 1958 amendment authorizes the acquisition of small wetland and pothole areas to be 

designated as ‘Waterfowl Production Areas,’ 

which may be acquired without the limitations 

and requirements of the Migratory Bird Conservation Act.

Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act (1935) as 

amended

Declares it a national policy to preserve historic 

sites and objects of national significance, including those located on refuges. Provides procedures 

for designation, acquisition, administration, and 

protection of such sites.

Refuge Revenue Sharing Act (1935) as amended

Requires revenue sharing provisions to all feetitle ownerships that are administered solely or 

primarily by the Secretary through the Service.

Executive Order No. 7437 (1936)

Establishing Trempealeau Migratory Waterfowl 

Refuge.

The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940 

(16USC 668 et seq.)

Provides protection for Bald and Golden Eagles.

Transfer of Certain Real Property for Wildlife Conservation Purposes Act (1948)

Provides that upon a determination by the 

Administrator of the General Services Administration, real property no longer needed by a federal agency can be transferred without 

reimbursement to the Secretary of Interior if the 

land has particular value for migratory birds, or 

to a state agency for other wildlife conservation 

purposes.

Federal Records Act (1950)

Directs preservation of evidence of the government’s organization, functions, policies, decisions, 

operations, and activities, as well as basic historical and other information.

Fish and Wildlife Act (1956)

Established a comprehensive national fish and 

wildlife policy and broadened the authority for 

acquisition and development of refuges.
Appendix E: Applicable Laws and Executive Orders

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

154

Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958

Requires equal consideration and coordination of 

w ildlife conservation with other water 

resourcedevelopment programs.

Refuge Recreation Act (1962)

 Allows the use of refuges for recreation when 

such uses are compatible with the refuge’s primary purposes and when sufficient funds are 

available to manage the uses.

Wilderness Act (1964) as amended

Directed the Secretary of Interior, within 10 

years, to review every roadless area of 5,000 or 

more acres and every roadless island (regardless 

of size) within National Wildlife Refuge and 

National Park Systems and to recommend to the 

President the suitability of each such area or 

island for inclusion in the National Wilderness 

Preservation System, with final decisions made 

by Congress. The Secretary of Agriculture was 

directed to study and recommend suitable areas 

in the National Forest System.

Land and Water Conservation Fund Act (1965)

Uses the receipts from the sale of surplus federal 

land, outer continental shelf oil and gas sales, and 

other sources for land acquisition under several 

authorities.

National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act 

(1966) 16 USC 668dd-668ee

Provides for administration, management, and 

planning for National Wildlife Refuges. 

National Historic Preservation Act (1966) as amended

Establishes as policy that the federal Government is to provide leadership in the preservation 

of the nation’s prehistoric and historic resources.

Architectural Barriers Act (1968)

Requires federally owned, leased, or funded 

buildings and facilities to be accessible to persons 

with disabilities.

National Environmental Policy Act (1969)

Requires the disclosure of the environmental 

impacts of any major federal action significantly 

affecting the quality of the human environment.

Uniform Relocation and Assistance and Real Property 

Acquisition Policies Act (1970) as amended

Provides for uniform and equitable treatment of 

persons who sell their homes, businesses, or 

farms to the Service. The Act requires that any 

purchase offer be no less than the fair market 

value of the property.

The Clean Water Act of 1972, Section 404 (33 USC1344 et 

seq.), as amended

Provides for protection of water quality.

Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 (33 USC 1221 et 

seq.), as amended

Promotes pollution controls for ships.

Endangered Species Act (1973)

Requires all federal agencies to carry out programs for the conservation of endangered and 

threatened species.

Rehabilitation Act (1973)

Requires programmatic accessibility in addition 

to physical accessibility for all facilities and programs funded by the federal government to 

ensure that anybody can participate in any program.

Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act (1974)

Directs the preservation of historic and archaeological data in federal construction projects.

Clean Water Act (1977)

Requires consultation with the Corps of Engineers (404 permits) for major wetland modifications.

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) as 

amended (Public Law 95- 87) (SMCRA)

Regulates surface mining activities and reclamation of coal-mined lands. Further regulates the 

coal industry by designating certain areas as 

unsuitable for coal mining operations.

Executive Order No. 11593, Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment

States that if the Service proposes any development activities that may affect archaeological or 

historical sites, the Service will consult with federal and State Historic Preservation Officers to 

comply with Section 106 of the National Historic 

Preservation Act of 1966, as amended.

Executive Order 11988, Floodplain Management (1977)

Each federal agency shall provide leadership and 

take action to reduce the risk of flood loss and 

minimize the impact of floods on human safety, 

and preserve the natural and beneficial values 

served by the floodplains.
Appendix E: Applicable Laws and Executive Orders

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

155

Executive Order 11990, Protection of Wetlands (1977)

Order directs federal agencies to (1) minimize 

destruction, loss, or degradation of wetlands and 

(2) preserve and enhance the natural and beneficial values of wetlands when a practical alternative exists.

Executive Order 12372 (Intergovernmental Review of 

Federal Programs)

Directs the Service to send copies of the Environmental Assessment to State Planning Agencies 

for review.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978)

Directs agencies to consult with native traditional 

religious leaders to determine appropriate policy 

changes necessary to protect and preserve 

Native American religious cultural rights and 

practices.

Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act (1978)

Improves the administration of fish and wildlife 

programs and amends several earlier laws including the Refuge Recreation Act, the National 

Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, and 

the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956. It authorizes 

the Secretary to accept gifts and bequests of real 

and personal property on behalf of the United 

States. It also authorizes the use of volunteers on 

Service projects and appropriations to carry out 

a volunteer program.

Archaeological Resources Protection Act (1979) as 

amended

Protects materials of archaeological interest from 

unauthorized removal or destruction and 

requires federal managers to develop plans and 

schedules to locate archaeological resources.

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (PL 96-510; 42 USC 9601, et 

aeq.) (CERCLA)

Provides mechanism for hazardous waste clean 

up.

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980 (16 USC 661-

667e) as amended

Requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to monitor 

non-game bird species, identify species of management concern, and implement conservation 

measures to preclude the need for listing under 

the Endangered Species Act.

Federal Farmland Protection Policy Act (1981) as 

amended

Minimizes the extent to which federal programs 

contribute to the unnecessary and irreversible 

conversion of farmland to nonagricultural uses.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3, Regional Director Bulletin (1983)

Changes spelling from wild life to “wildlife” in 

Refuge name.

Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (1986)

Promotes the conservation of migratory waterfowl and offsets or prevents the serious loss of 

wetlands by the acquisition of wetlands and other 

essential habitats.

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (PL 101-380; 33 USC 2701, et 

seq.)

Provides oil pollution policies and protections.

Federal Noxious Weed Act (1990)

Requires the use of integrated management systems to control or contain undesirable plant species, and an interdisciplinary approach with the 

cooperation of other federal and state agencies.

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation 

Act (1990)

Requires federal agencies and museums to inventory, determine ownership of, and repatriate cultural items under their control or possession.

Director’s Order Number 132 (January 18, 2001)

National Wildlife Refuge System Mission, Goals 

and Purposes. This reiterates the mission of the 

Refuge System and how it relates to the mission 

of the Fish and Wildlife Service. Order also provides guidance on the use of goals and purposes 

in the administration and management of the system.

Americans With Disabilities Act (1992)

Prohibits discrimination in public accommodations and services.

Executive Order 12898, Environmental Justice for 

Minority Populations (1994)

Establishes environmental justice as a federal 

government priority and directs all federal agencies to make environmental justice part of their 

mission. Environmental justice calls for fair distribution of environmental hazards.
Appendix E: Applicable Laws and Executive Orders

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

156

Executive Order 12962, Recreational Fisheries (1995)

Federal agencies shall, to the extent permitted by 

law and where practicable, and in cooperation 

with states and Tribes, improve the quantity, 

function, sustainable productivity, and distribution of U.S. aquatic resources for increased recreational fishing opportunities.

Executive Order 12996 Management and General Public 

Use of the National Wildlife Refuge System (1996)

Defines the mission, purpose, and priority public 

uses of the National Wildlife Refuge System. It 

also presents four principles to guide management of the System.

Executive Order 13006, Locating Federal Facilities On 

Historic Properties In Our Nation's Central Cities (1996)

Strengthen our Nation's cities by encouraging 

the location of federal facilities in our central cities.

Executive Order 13007 Indian Sacred Sites (1996)

 Directs federal land management agencies to 

accommodate access to and ceremonial use of 

Indian sacred sites by Indian religious practitioners, avoid adversely affecting the physical integrity of such sacred sites, and where appropriate, 

maintain the confidentiality of sacred sites.

National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act 

(1997) PL 105-57

This Act amended portions of the Refuge Recreation Act and National Wildlife Refuge System 

Administration Act of 1966. Defines the National 

Wildlife Refuge System and authorizes the Secretary to permit any use of a refuge provided 

such use is compatible with the major purposes 

for which the refuge was established. The Refuge 

Improvement Act clearly defines a unifying mission for the Refuge System; establishes the legitimacy and appropriateness of the six priority 

public uses (hunting, fishing, wildlife observation 

and photography, or environmental education and 

interpretation); establishes a formal process for 

determining compatibility; established the 

responsibilities of the Secretary of Interior for 

managing and protecting the System; and 

requires a Comprehensive Conservation Plan for 

each refuge by the year 2012. 

Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act (1998)

Public law 105-312 amends the first section and 

section 2 of the Upper Mississippi River Wild 

Life and Fish Refuge Act (16 U.S.C. 721,722) by 

striking “Upper Mississippi River Wild Life and 

Fish Refuge'” each place it appears and inserting 

“Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and 

Fish Refuge.”

National Wildlife Refuge System Volunteer and Community Partnership Enhancement Act (1998)

Amends the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 to promote volunteer programs and community partnerships for the benefit of national wildlife 

refuges, and for other purposes.

Executive Order 13112 Invasive Species (1999)

Directs federal agencies to prevent the introduction of invasive species, control populations of 

such species, monitor invasive species populations, provide for restoration of native species 

and habitat conditions in ecosystems that have 

been invaded, conduct research, promote public 

education on invasive species and the means to 

address them, and consult with the Invasive Species Council.

Water Resources Development Act (1999)

Provides for the conservation and development of 

waterfowl and related resources, to authorize the 

Secretary of the Army to construct various 

projects for improvements to rivers and harbors 

of the United States.

Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination 

with Indian Tribal Governments, 6 November 2000

Provides a mechanism for establishing regular 

and meaningful consultation and collaboration 

with tribal officials in the development of federal 

policies that have tribal implications.

Executive Order 13186, Responsibilities of Federal 

Agencies to Protect Migratory Birds, 2001

Instructs Federal agencies to conserve migratory 

birds by several means, including the incorporation of strategies and recommendation found in 

Partners in Flight Bird Conservation Plans, the 

North American Waterfowl Plan, the North 

American Waterbird Plan, and the United States 

Shorebird Conservation Plan, into agency management plan and guidance documents.
Appendix F: Executive Order Establishing Trempealeau Migratory Waterfowl Refuge Wisconsin

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

157

Appendix F: Executive Order Establishing 

Trempealeau Migratory Waterfowl Refuge 

Wisconsin

Appendix F: Executive Order Establishing Trempealeau Migratory Waterfowl Refuge Wisconsin

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

159

Executive Order Establishing 

Trempealeau Migratory 

Waterfowl Refuge Wisconsin

Establishing Trempealeau Migratory Waterfowl 

Refuge Wisconsin

By virtue of and pursuant to the authority vested 

in me as President of the United States, and in 

order to effectuate further the purposes of the 

migratory Bird Conservation Act (45 Stat. 1222), it 

is ordered that the following-described lands in 

Trempealeau County, Wisconsin consisting of 706.94 

acres, more or less, be, and they are herby, reserved 

and set apart for the use of the Department of Agriculture, subject to valid existing rights, as a rfuge 

and breeding ground for migratory birds and other 

widlife;

Fourth Principal Meridian

T. 18 N, R. 9 W., sec. 7:

that part of the SW1/4 lying west of the Chicago 

& Northwestern Railroad right of way.

T. 18 N., R. 10 W., sec. 1:

that part of the SW1/4SW1/4 described as 

follows: Beginning at the southwest corner of 

section 1; thence N. 0o

53' W., on line between 

sections 1 and 2, 9.65 chains; thence through 

section 1, S. 48o14' E, 8.73 chains; thence S. 

60o58' E., 7.13 chains to a poin on line between 

sections 1 and 12; thence with section line S. 

88o33' W., 12. 53 chains to point of beginning;

sec. 2:

that part of the S1/2SE1/4 described as follows: 

Beginning at the southeast corner of section 2; 

thence S. 88o24' W. on line between sections 2 

and 11, 33.05 chains; thence through section 2, 

N. 12o15' E, 18.00 chains; thence N. 32o52' E., 

3.25 chains; thence N. 89o06' E., 8.85 chains; 

thence S. 37o54' E., 5.33 chains; thence N. 84o35' 

E., 4.20 chains; thence S. 57o33' E., 3.50 chains; 

thence S. 29o43' E., 5.33 chains thence S. 57o41' 

E., 3.25 chains; thence N. 51o41' E., 3.33 chains 

to a point on line between sections 1 and 2; 

thence with section line S. 0o53' E., 9.65 chains 

to point of beginning;

sec. 11:

that part of the E1/2 described as follows: 

Beginning at the northeast corner of section 11; 

thence on line between sections 11 and 12, 1o22' 

E., 40.04 chains; thence S. 1o15' E., 29.59 chains; 

thence through section 11, N. 63o26' W., 19.87 

chains; thence S. 57o24' W., 4.14 chains; thence 

N. 61o21' W., 2.42 chains; thence N. 28o47' W., 

11.69 chains; thence N. 11o17'W., 17.88 chains; 

thence N. 9o22' E, 28.04 chains; thence N. 52o08' 

W., 8.95 chains to a point on line between 

sections 2 and 11; thence with section line N. 

88o24' E., 33.05 chains to point of beginning;

sec. 12:

that part described as follows: Beginning at the 

northwest corner of section 12, thence N. 88o32' 

E., on line between sections 1 and 12, 12.53 

chains; thence through secction 12, S. 52o06' E., 

35.53 chains; thence S. 58o58' E., 14.47 chains; 

thence S. 56o47' E., 6.38 chains; thence S. 62o00' 

E., 3.41 chains; thence S. 61o38' E., 9.76 chains 

to a point on theeast and west center line of said 

section; thence N. 89o02' E, on center line 10.95 

chains to the 1/4 corner on east boundary of 

section 12; thence S. 1o54' E. on boundary line 

39.88 chains to the southeast corner of said 

section; thence through the section N. 77o58' W., 

16.91 chains, thence N. 70o27' W., 16.66 chains; 

thence N. 42o38' W., 7.56 chains; thence N. 80o22' 

W., 24.16 chains; thence N. 79o56' W., 11.01 

chains, thence S. 6o49' W., 9.26 chains; thence S. 

9o48' W., 5.53 chains; thence N. 64o30' W., 6.63 

chains to a point on line between sections 11 and 

12; thence with section line N. 1o15' W, 29.59 

chains; thence N. 1o22' W., 40.04 chains to a 

point of beginning.

This refuge shall be known as the Trempealeau 

Migratory Waterfowl Refuge. 

s/Franklin D. Roosevelt

August 21, 1936

Appendix G: Distribution List

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

161

Appendix G: Distribution List

Appendix G: Distribution List

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

163

Distribution List

Elected Officials

# U.S. Senator Russ Feingold

# U.S. Senator Herb Kohl

# U.S. Representative Ron Kind

Elected State Officials

# State Senator Ron Brown

# State Senator Barbara Gronemus

Federal Agencies

# Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

# U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

# U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural 

Resource Conservation Service

# U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of 

Indian Affairs

# U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and 

Wildlife Service

# U.S. Department of Interior, Geological 

Survey

# U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

# U.S. Department of Transportation

Native American Tribes

# Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe of South 

Dakota

# Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin

# Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska

# Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma 

# Lower Sioux Indian Community in the 

State of Minnesota

# Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe

# Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin

# Prairie Island Indian Community in the 

State of Minnesota

# Sac & Fox Nation Oklahoma

# Sac & Fox Tribe of Mississippi in Iowa

# Saint Croix Band of Ojibwe

# Santee Sioux Nation, Nebraska

# Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake 

Traverse Reservation, South Dakota

# Spirit Lake Nation Fish and Wildlife

# Upper Sioux Community, Minnesota

# Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska

State Agencies

# Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources

# Wisconsin Department of Transportation

# Wisconsin Division of Tourism

# Wisconsin Department of Agriculture

# Wisconsin State Historic Preservation 

Officer

# Office of the State Archaeologist, Wisconsin

Cities

#Trempealeau, Wisconsin

#Fountain City, Wisconsin

#Galesville, Wisconsin

#Winona, Minnesota

Organizations

# National Audubon Society

# Boy Scouts of America

# Girl Scouts of America

# The Nature Conservancy

# Friends of the Upper Mississippi River 

Refuges

# Wisconsin Waterfowl Association

# Associated Sportsmens Clubs of 

Trempealeau County

# Hiawatha Valley Bird Club

# Ducks Unlimited

# Buffalo County Historical Society

# Mississippi River Parkway Commission

# Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center

# National Trust for Historic Preservation

# Trempealeau County Historical Society

Businesses

# Riverland Energy

# Xcel Energy

# Dairyland Power Cooperative

# Burlington Northern Sante Fe Railroad

# Canadian National Railroad
Appendix G: Distribution List

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

164

Schools/Universities

# Winona State University

# St. Marys University

# Gale-Ettrick-Trempealeau School District

# Cochrane-Fountain City School District

# Winona School District

Media

# Winona Daily News

# Winona Post

# Cochrane-Fountain City Recorder

# Galesville Republican

# Arcadia News Leader

# La Crosse Tribune

# Trempealeau County Cable Television

# WKBT Television

# WLAX Television

# WXOW Television

# WHLA Television

# LaCrosse Radio Group

# WIZM Radio

# WLSU Radio

# KHME Radio

# Winona Radio

# KQAL Radio

# Minnesota Public Radio

# Wisconsin Public Radio

Citizens

# 123 individuals
Appendix H: Bibliography

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

165

Appendix H: Bibliography

Appendix H: Bibliography

Trempealeau NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan

167

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Brown, S., C. Hickey, B. Harringten, R. Gill eds. 

2001. United States Shorebird Conservation 

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2000. Buffalo County Land and Water Resource 

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between waterfowl hunting regulations and 

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