FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BRUCE W. CHRISTENSEN, 

Petitioner, No. 07-70247

v. Agency Nos.

STEVEDORING SERVICES OF AMERICA;  BRB 03-0302 and

HOMEPORT INSURANCE COMPANY; 03-0761

and DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF WORKERS’

COMPENSATION PROGRAMS,

Respondents. 

AREL PRICE, 

Petitioner,

v. No. 07-70297

STEVEDORING SERVICES OF AMERICA; Agency Nos.

HOMEPORT INSURANCE COMPANY;  01-0632 and

EAGLE PACIFIC INSURANCE 01-0632A

COMPANY; and DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF OPINION WORKERS’ COMPENSATION

PROGRAMS,

Respondents. 

Appeal from Decisions and Orders of

the Benefits Review Board

Argued and Submitted

November 17, 2008—Portland, Oregon

Filed March 2, 2009

2395
Before: William A. Fletcher and Raymond C. Fisher, Circuit

Judges, and John M. Roll, Chief District Judge.*

Opinion by Judge Roll

*The Honorable John M. Roll, Chief United States District Judge for

the District of Arizona, sitting by designation. 

2396 CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES
COUNSEL

Charles Robinowitz, Portland, Oregon; Joshua T. Gillelan II

(argued), Longshore Claimants’ National Law Center, Washington, D.C., for the petitioners-appellants.

John Dudrey, Williams Fredrickson, LLC, Portland, Oregon,

for the respondents-appellees. 

OPINION

ROLL, Chief District Judge:

This is a consolidated appeal from awards of attorney’s

fees by the Benefits Review Board of the United States

Department of Labor (“BRB”). Petitioners Christensen and

Price appeal the amount of attorney’s fees awarded to them by

the BRB under the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act (“LHWCA”), 33 U.S.C. §§ 901-950. We have

jurisdiction under 33 U.S.C. § 921(c), and we vacate and

remand. 

Background

Christensen, Appeal No. 07-70247

On February 12, 2004, with an appeal still pending, Petitioner Bruce W. Christensen’s attorney, Charles Robinowitz,

2398 CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES
filed an affidavit of attorney’s fees—for work done on the fee

appeal to the BRB only—requesting an hourly rate of $250

per hour for his services. The BRB awarded Robinowitz his

requested hourly rate. 

Thereafter, on April 13, 2006, Robinowitz filed an

“Amended Affidavit of Attorney Fees,” requesting an

increased rate of $350 per hour. On July 25, 2006, the BRB

issued an order, stating that “an hourly rate of $250 remains

appropriate in this geographic region and adequately compensates counsel for the delay in payment of the previously

awarded attorney’s fee.” 

Robinowitz then filed a Motion for Reconsideration, to

which he attached a copy of the Morones Survey of 2004

showing the average hourly rates at that time for commercial

litigation attorneys in Portland, Oregon; a copy of the Laffey

Matrix,1 which supported an hourly rate in the range of $405

to $425 per hour; and copies of federal personnel pay rates for

Washington, D.C., and Portland, Oregon, to aid the BRB in

interpreting the Laffey Matrix. 

On November 17, 2006, the BRB issued an order denying

Robinowitz’s Motion for Reconsideration, rejecting counsel’s

assertions and finding that the fee awarded was in compliance

with 20 C.F.R. § 802.203(d)(4). 

Price, Appeal No. 07-70297 

On May 30, 2002, Robinowitz, representing Petitioner Arel

Price, filed an affidavit of attorney’s fees with the BRB,

requesting fees of $237.50 per hour. The BRB refrained from

granting his fee petition because the case was, at that time,

1This matrix derives from the hourly rates allowed by the district court

in Laffey v. Northwest Airlines, Inc., 572 F. Supp. 354 (D.D.C. 1983),

aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 746 F.2d 4 (D.C. Cir. 1984),

cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1021 (1985). 

CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES 2399
pending on appeal, but stated that Robinowitz could re-file a

petition for fees if his appeal before the Ninth Circuit was

successful. 

On June 5, 2006, following a favorable result from the

Ninth Circuit, Robinowitz filed a “Third Supplemental Affidavit of Attorney Fees” with the BRB. Therein, Robinowitz

requested an increased rate of $350 per hour, citing much of

the same support contained in his Christensen affidavits,

including the Laffey matrix. The BRB’s July 26, 2006 order

on the requested fees stated that a rate of $250 was appropriate in the geographic region and adequately compensated

counsel for the delay in payment of the attorney’s fee. Robinowitz’s motion for reconsideration was denied by the BRB

on November 30, 2006.

Standard of Review

This court reviews the BRB’s decisions for abuse of discretion. Welch v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 945 (9th

Cir. 2007). The BRB “is not a policymaking agency,” so “its

interpretation of the LHWCA is not entitled to any special

deference.” McDonald v. Dir., OWCP, 897 F.2d 1510, 1512

(9th Cir. 1990). Nevertheless, “the court must . . . respect the

Board’s interpretation of the statute where such interpretation

is reasonable and reflects the policy underlying the statute.”

Id.2

Discussion

[1] This case involves application of § 928(a) of the

LHWCA, which provides for a “reasonable attorney’s fee,”

and 20 C.F.R. § 802.203, which implements § 928(a) in

regard to services performed before the Benefits Review Board.3

2This is a different level of deference than that accorded to the OWCP

Director. The OWCP Director’s interpretation of the LHWCA is afforded

“considerable weight” by this Court. McDonald, 897 F.2d at 1512. 

3

20 C.F.R. § 802.203 states that the “rate awarded by the Board shall

be based on what is reasonable and customary in the area where the ser2400 CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES
The definition of a “reasonable attorney’s fee” pursuant to

§ 928(a) has evolved toward the definition of “reasonable”

used in all federal fee-shifting statutes. See City of Burlington

v. Dague, 505 U.S. 557, 562 (1992); Anderson v. Dir.,

OWCP, 91 F.3d 1322, 1324 (9th Cir. 1996); Nelson v. Stevedoring Servs. of America, 29 B.R.B.S. 90, 97 (1995). 

[2] The “lodestar method” is the fundamental starting point

in determining a “reasonable attorney’s fee,” see Dague, 505

U.S. at 562 (“lodestar” is the “guiding light of [the Court’s]

fee-shifting jurisprudence”), and this is true as to computation

of attorney’s fees under § 928(a) of the LHWCA.4See Tahara

v. Matson Terminals, Inc., 511 F.3d 950, 955 (9th Cir. 2007).

Various other factors have been held relevant to the setting of

appropriate attorney’s fees, including: (1) the time and labor

vices were rendered for a person of that particular professional status,” and

that the 

fee approved shall be reasonably commensurate with the necessary work done and shall take into account the quality of the representation, the complexity of the legal issues involved, the

amount of benefits awarded, and, when the fee is to be assessed

against the claimant, shall also take into account the financial circumstances of the claimant. A fee shall not necessarily be computed by multiplying time devoted to work by an hourly rate. 

20 C.F.R. § 802.203(d)-(e). The regulation further mandates that “[n]o

contract pertaining to the amount of a fee shall be recognized.”

§ 802.203(f). 20 C.F.R. § 802.203(e)-(f) is specific to the Benefits Review

Board but mirrors, with one exception, 20 C.F.R. § 702.132(a), which pertains to all entities that award attorney’s fees under the LHWCA. The difference between § 802.203(e)-(f) and § 702.132(a) is an additional

sentence specific to § 802.203(e), which states that “[a] fee shall not necessarily be computed by multiplying time devoted to work by an hourly

rate.” Here, the BRB’s decisions in both cases reveal that the BRB computed the reasonable fee by multiplying the hours submitted by an hourly

rate, consistent with the so-called “lodestar method.” See infra n.4. 

4This method “requires the court to multiply the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation by a reasonable hourly rate.” Tahara

v. Matson Terminals, Inc., 511 F.3d 950, 955 (9th Cir. 2007). 

CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES 2401
required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the issues; (3) the

skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) the

preclusion of employment by the attorney due to acceptance

of the case; (5) the customary fee; (6) time limitations

imposed by the client or the circumstances; (7) the amount

involved and the results obtained; (8) the experience, reputation and ability of the attorneys; (9) the “undesirability” of the

case; (10) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and (11) awards in similar cases. Van

Gerwen v. Guarantee Mut. Life Co., 214 F.3d 1041, 1045 n.2

(9th Cir. 2000). 

[3] In Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886 (1984), the Supreme

Court held that “reasonable fees” in 42 U.S.C. §1988 claims

“are to be calculated according to the prevailing market rates

in the relevant community.” Id. at 895. The Court further held

that “the burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory

evidence—in addition to the attorney’s own affidavits—that

the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the

community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably

comparable skill, experience and reputation.” 465 U.S. at 896

n.11; see also Bell v. Clackamas County, 341 F.3d 858, 868

(9th Cir. 2003) (“A court awarding attorney fees must look to

the prevailing market rates in the relevant community.” (citing Blum, 465 U.S. at 895)). 

Relevant Community 

[4] Recently, in Camacho v. Bridgeport Financial, Inc.,

523 F.3d 973 (9th Cir. 2008), this Court vacated and

remanded an award of attorney’s fees in a Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) action, because, among other

reasons, the district court failed to make findings regarding

what constituted the “relevant community” or the appropriate

market rate. Id. at 979-80. 

[5] The relevant community is generally defined as “the

forum in which the district court sits.” Id. at 979 (citing Bar2402 CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES
jon v. Dalton, 132 F.3d 496, 500 (9th Cir. 1997)). In Newport

News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. v. Brown, 376 F.3d 245

(4th Cir. 2004), the Fourth Circuit defined “relevant community,” specifically for purposes of LHWCA cases, by looking

solely to what other administrative law judges and the BRB

awarded in other LHWCA cases in the same geographic

region. See id. at 251. Such a limited definition of “relevant

community” is problematic, however, in light of the fact that

there is no private market for attorney’s fees under the

LHWCA. Indeed, LHWCA attorneys face criminal penalties

for negotiating or entering into private fee agreements with

their clients. See 33 U.S.C. § 928(e). We stated in Camacho

that “ ‘[i]n order to encourage able counsel to undertake

FDCPA cases, as Congress intended, it is necessary that counsel be awarded fees commensurate with those which they

could obtain by taking other types of cases.’ ” Camacho, 523

F.3d at 981 (quoting Tolentino v. Friedman, 46 F.3d 645, 652

(7th Cir. 1995)). We believe the concern expressed in Camacho with respect to fees under the FDCPA is equally applicable to fees under the LHWCA. 

Market Rate 

Petitioners also argue that the BRB should not be allowed

to define “prevailing market rate” in such a way as to define

the “market” only in terms of what has been awarded by ALJs

and the BRB under the LHWCA. This is a legitimate point.

In Student Pub. Interest Research Group of N. J. v. AT&T

Bell Laboratories, 842 F.2d 1436, 1446 (3d Cir. 1988), in the

context of public interest work fees, the Third Circuit appropriately articulated the flaw inherent in the attempt to define

a “market” by simply looking to what other judges award:

Courts that try to establish public interest market

rates by looking to the going rate for public interest

work therefore do not examine an independently

operating market governed by supply and demand,

but rather recast fee awards made by previous courts

CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES 2403
into “market” rates. Courts adopting this micromarket approach, therefore, engage in a tautological,

self-referential enterprise. They perpetuate a courtestablished rate as a “market” when that rate in fact

bears no necessary relationship to the underlying

purpose of relying on the marketplace: to calculate

a reasonable fee sufficient to attract competent counsel. 

Dague unambiguously states that the Supreme Court’s

caselaw concerning what constitutes a reasonable fee applies

to all federal fee-shifting statutes, including the LHWCA.

Blum requires the BRB to consider the relevant market rate

when it awards attorney’s fees.5

In Moreno v. City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106 (9th Cir.

2008), this court found unreasonable a district court’s award

of attorney’s fees pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988, because the

district court had applied “what appear[ed] to be a de facto

policy of awarding a rate of $250 per hour to civil rights

cases,” id. at 1115, stating that a de facto policy of “holding

the line” at a flat rate does not constitute an appropriate determination of a “market rate.” 

5We need not reach the issue regarding the extent to which §§ 702.132

and 802.203 are entitled to Chevron deference by this panel. See United

States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 227 (2001) (acknowledging that when

Congress expressly delegates authority to an agency, any “ensuing regulation is binding in the courts unless procedurally defective, arbitrary or

capricious in substance, or manifestly contrary to the statute” (citing Chevron, USA, Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843-44

(1984))). We note, however, that neither § 702.132(a) nor § 802.203(d)-(f)

is inconsistent with the lodestar/multiplier methodology set forth in cases

such as Van Gerwen. Sections 702.132(a) and 802.203(d)-(e) each specifically set forth at least four of the eleven factors listed in Van Gerwen, and

nowhere in §§ 702.132(a) or 802.203(d)-(e) is an entity forbidden from

considering other factors not explicitly listed within the text of these regulations. 

2404 CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES
Inadequacy of Basis for Review 

The July 25, 2006 order issued by the BRB in Christensen

simply states that “an hourly rate of $250 remains appropriate

in this geographic region,” citing 20 C.F.R. § 802.203(d)(4),

and Anderson. The November 17, 2006 order on Christensen’s Motion for Reconsideration similarly lacks elaboration,

stating only that “the fee awarded by the Board is in compliance with the regulation at 20 C.F.R. § 802.203(d)(4),” citing

Bell v. Clackamas County and Anderson. 

Likewise, the July 26, 2006 order issued in Price makes

only the conclusory assertions that “[b]oth carriers object to

the requested hourly rate of $275,” that the BRB “agree[s]

that this rate is excessive in the geographic area in which the

services were performed,” and that it “find[s] that a current

hourly rate of $250 is appropriate in this geographic region

and adequately compensates counsel for the delay in payment

of the attorney’s fee.” The BRB’s order cites 20 C.F.R.

§ 802.203(d)(4) and Anderson, but fails to explain how this

regulation and case support the BRB’s conclusory findings.

The November 30, 2006 order on Price’s Motion for Reconsideration is equally conclusory, stating only that “this Circuit

does not follow the legal standard set forth in the Laffey

Matrix,” and that a $250 hourly rate for Portland, Oregon is

“appropriate” for the “geographic region.” It is axiomatic that

“the [BRB] must adequately justify those awards so as to

allow for meaningful review.” Finnegan v. Dir., OWCP, 69

F.3d 1039, 1041 (9th Cir. 1995).

[6] On the record presented in these two cases, the BRB has

not adequately justified its award. To satisfy the concerns

expressed in Student Public Interest Research Group, the

BRB must define the relevant community more broadly than

simply fee awards under the LHWCA, and it has not done so.

We do not here attempt to dictate to the BRB either what that

relevant community should be or what a reasonable hourly

rate in that community should be. Nor do we insist that in

CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES 2405
every fee award decision the BRB must make new determinations of the relevant community and the reasonable hourly

rate. But the BRB must make such determinations with sufficient frequency that it can be confident—and we can be confident in reviewing its decisions—that its fee awards are based

on current rather than merely historical market conditions.

[7] Blum, of course, places the burden on the fee applicant

to produce evidence of the relevant market and the rate

charged in that market. In cases in which the applicant has

failed to carry this burden, it may be reasonable for the BRB

to look at what ALJs and the BRB had awarded in other

LHWCA cases in order to ascertain a reasonable fee. See

Brown, 376 F.3d at 251. But if the BRB believes that an

applicant has failed to carry its burden, it should say why the

applicant has failed to do so. Such an explanation will be useful in two ways. First, if the reasons given by the BRB would

not have been anticipated by a reasonable fee applicant, it

may be appropriate for the BRB to allow an applicant to cure

its failure to carry the burden. Second, an explanation will

enable this court properly to review the decision of the BRB.

Delay Enhancement

Petitioners also contend that the BRB was required to

enhance the fee awards below based upon the delay in payment. Petitioners argue that the BRB erred in not enhancing

the awards of attorney’s fees to account for a two-year delay

in payment. Respondents argue that the BRB properly considered delay in both claims, but that the delay was not enough

to warrant augmenting the fees. 

[8] In Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 284 (1989), the

Supreme Court held that, pursuant to the Civil Rights Act’s6

fee-shifting provisions, “[a]n adjustment for delay in payment

is . . . an appropriate factor in the determination of what con6

42 U.S.C. § 1988. 

2406 CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES
stitutes a reasonable attorney’s fee.” In Anderson v. Director,

OWCP, 91 F.3d 1322 (9th Cir. 1996), which reviewed an

attorney’s fee award granted by the BRB, this court articulated the standard regarding adjustments for delays in payment as follows: 

[A]ttorney’s fees ‘are to be based on market rates’

and such rates are based on the assumption that bills

will be paid reasonably promptly; delays in payment

thus deprive successful litigants of the market rates.

To make up the difference, losses from delay can be

compensated ‘by the application of current rather

than historic hourly rates or otherwise.’ Thus . . .

there may be some adjustment for the delay, but the

method of adjustment is somewhat discretionary; it

does not necessarily call for payment of the lawyer’s

current hourly rate. 

Id. at 1324 (citations omitted). 

The BRB has recognized that “Jenkins and Dague . . .

changed the fee-shifting landscape . . . so that LHWCA cases

may not be given special treatment,” and thus “a delay

enhancement is . . . appropriate under the Act.” Anderson, 91

F.3d at 1324 (citing Nelson, 29 B.R.B.S. at 97). In Nelson, the

BRB held that it was an abuse of discretion to fail to award

a delay enhancement when there had been a delay of eleven

years. In Anderson, which involved a fourteen year delay, this

court found the delay was “even more egregious than in Nelson where the BRB approved an award of current rates,” and

ordered the OWCP to award Anderson “attorney fees at his

current hourly rates.” Id. at 1325.7

7

In contrast, the panel in Barjon v. Dalton, 132 F.3d 496 (9th Cir.

1997), denied a delay enhancement for both a seventeen-month delay of

$11,523.40 in fees and a fourteen-month delay of $8,154.97 in fees. Id. at

503. Barjon involved a civil rights complaint brought by federal employees against the Secretary of the Navy. 

CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES 2407
[9] In Anderson, we stated that, “where the question of

delay is timely raised, the body awarding the fee must consider this factor.” Anderson, 91 F.3d at 1325 n.2 (citing Nelson, 29 B.R.B.S. at 97) (emphasis added). The two-year delay

complained of by Petitioners is not so egregious or extraordinary as to require a delay enhancement. Clearly the BRB—in

both cases—considered the issue of delay, but declined to

view the delay as long enough to merit augmentation. This

was not an abuse of discretion. 

CONCLUSION

On remand the BRB should re-evaluate its decisions and

orders awarding attorney’s fees in light of today’s opinion.

The BRB is directed to make appropriate findings regarding

the relevant community and the prevailing market rate, but is

not required to award a delay enhancement.

VACATED AND REMANDED.

2408 CHRISTENSEN v. STEVEDORING SERVICES