CHAMPINE v DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Docket No. 161683. Argued on application for leave to appeal December 8, 2021. Decided 

July 6, 2022.

Norman Champine brought an action against the Department of Transportation in the Court 

of Claims alleging that defendant had breached its duty to maintain I-696. Plaintiff was driving 

on I-696 in Macomb County when a large piece of concrete dislodged from the road and crashed 

through the windshield of his car, causing serious injuries. The police notified defendant of the 

incident on the day it occurred, and plaintiff also sent notice to defendant of the incident. Plaintiff 

later mailed an amended notice to defendant along with the police report from the incident. 

Plaintiff timely filed a complaint in the Court of Claims. Plaintiff served defendant with a copy 

of the complaint, but plaintiff did not file either the notice or the amended notice in the Court of 

Claims. Defendant moved for summary disposition, arguing that plaintiff had failed to meet the 

notice requirements of MCL 691.1404 before bringing suit. MCL 691.1404 states that, as a 

condition to any recovery for injuries sustained because of a defective highway, the injured person 

must serve notice on the responsible governmental agency of the occurrence of the defect and 

injury, specifying the exact location and nature of the defect, the injury sustained, and known 

witnesses, and when the state is the responsible governmental agency, the notice shall be filed in 

triplicate with the clerk of the Court of Claims. The Court of Claims, COLLEEN A. O’BRIEN, J.,

granted summary disposition for defendant on the basis that plaintiff had failed to provide proper 

notice under MCL 691.1404. The court reasoned that plaintiff’s separate notice to defendant was 

inadequate because it was not filed in the Court of Claims, the complaint itself could not serve as 

notice, and the complaint had not identified the exact location of the highway defect. Plaintiff 

appealed, and the Court of Appeals, CAMERON, P.J., and LETICA, J. (SHAPIRO, J., dissenting),

affirmed in an unpublished per curiam opinion, holding that the filing of a complaint could not 

satisfy the statutory notice requirements. The Court of Appeals declined to address whether 

plaintiff also failed to adequately describe the location of the incident, even assuming plaintiff’s 

complaint could serve as proper notice. Plaintiff sought leave to appeal in the Supreme Court, and 

the Supreme Court ordered and heard oral argument on whether to grant plaintiff’s application for 

leave to appeal or take other action. 507 Mich 935 (2021).

In an opinion by Justice BERNSTEIN, joined by Chief Justice MCCORMACK and Justices

VIVIANO, CLEMENT, CAVANAGH, and WELCH, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to 

appeal, held:

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus Chief Justice:

Bridget M. McCormack

Justices:

Brian K. Zahra

David F. Viviano

Richard H. Bernstein

Elizabeth T. Clement

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been 

prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.

Reporter of Decisions:

Kathryn L. Loomis
Under the governmental tort liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq., state agencies 

have immunity from tort liability when engaged in the exercise of a governmental function, with 

certain exceptions—including the highway exception. Plaintiffs filing claims under the highway 

exception must comply with the notice requirements of MCL 691.1404. “Notice” is not defined 

by MCL 691.1404, so courts are permitted to consider its plain meaning as well as its placement 

and purpose in the statutory scheme. The plain meaning of the word “notice” in the context of the 

statute indicates only that the governmental agency must be made aware of the injury and the 

defect. The statute does not require advance notice beyond the filing of the complaint, and the 

Court of Appeals erred by holding otherwise. Plaintiff properly gave notice by timely filing his 

complaint in the Court of Claims. Nonetheless, the case had to be remanded to the Court of 

Appeals for that Court to address whether the complaint adequately specified the exact location 

and nature of the defect as required by MCL 691.1404(1). 

Reversed and remanded.

Justice ZAHRA, dissenting, would have affirmed because plaintiff failed to comply with the 

GTLA. The GTLA expressly provides that claims against the state shall be brought in the manner 

provided in the revised judicature act (RJA), MCL 600.101 et seq. This language means that a 

highway-defect claim against the state must be separately authorized under the GTLA and brought 

in the manner provided in the RJA. The GTLA provides that the filing of a timely notice is required 

to file a claim under the RJA, regardless of when a plaintiff files their statutory claim. Specifically, 

MCL 691.1404(1) requires a plaintiff to serve notice on the governmental agency within 120 days 

of the injury, and MCL 691.1404(2) provides that when the defendant is the state, notice shall be 

filed in triplicate with the clerk of the Court of Claims. In this case, statutory notice was never 

properly filed. Justice ZAHRA disagreed that notice was not defined by the statute, noting that 

MCL 691.1404(1) defines notice by setting forth the required content of the notice, i.e., the notice 

must specify the exact location and nature of the defect, the injury, and the names of any known 

witnesses. Additionally, MCL 691.1404(2) defines notice in terms of the place and manner of 

filing. These statutory provisions show that in order to comply with the statute, the notice must 

contain particular content and be filed in a particular place in a particular manner. The state’s 

awareness of the injury and the defect does not authorize a claim to be filed under the RJA. 

Because plaintiff did not file a single document under the GTLA to authorize the filing of a claim 

under the RJA, plaintiff’s claim could not be brought under the RJA.
FILED July 6, 2022

S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

NORMAN CHAMPINE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v No. 161683

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,

Defendant-Appellee.

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH 

BERNSTEIN, J.

This case concerns a negligence claim, governed by the governmental tort liability 

act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq., brought against defendant under the highway 

exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1402(1). The specific question before us 

is whether plaintiff provided proper notice in accordance with MCL 691.1404(2). We hold 

that notice was proper but find that a question still remains regarding whether plaintiff met 

the statutory requirement to provide a description of the “exact location” of the highway 

Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

OPINION Chief Justice:

Bridget M. McCormack

Justices:

Brian K. Zahra

David F. Viviano

Richard H. Bernstein

Elizabeth T. Clement

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch
2

defect under MCL 691.1404(1). Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of 

Appeals and remand to that Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On December 17, 2017, plaintiff was driving the posted speed limit on I-696 in 

Macomb County when a 20-pound chunk of concrete became dislodged from the road and 

smashed through the windshield of his car. Plaintiff sustained serious injuries to his head 

and face. According to plaintiff, this was at least the fourth time in which a motorist 

sustained injuries caused by the poor condition of the freeway on the same stretch of road 

in a six-month period. 

The Warren Police Department took photographs of plaintiff’s car and the bloody 

chunk of concrete that had smashed through the windshield. The police notified defendant 

of the incident on the same day that it occurred, and plaintiff sent a separate notice to 

defendant on December 28, 2017. Defendant acknowledged receipt of the notice on

December 30, 2017. The notice stated:

Please allow this letter to serve as notification pursuant to MCL 

691.1404 of a highway defect. The location of the defect is the Hoover Road 

bridge over I-696 West (“overpass”), approximately above the third travel

lane or the travel lane itself. Our client, Norman Champine, was operating 

his vehicle west on I-696 at approximately 1:45 p.m. on December 17, 2017, 

when a piece of concrete either from the overpass or dislodged from the 

roadway surface, came through his windshield. Mr. Champine sustained 

severe injuries, including fractures to his face, jaw, and orbital bones, loss of 

teeth, severe contusions to his face and right eye, and lacerations. We are 

unaware of any eye witnesses, but believe the incident was investigated by 

the Warren Police Department. 

Plaintiff filed a complaint in the Court of Claims on February 6, 2018. In the 

complaint, plaintiff alleged that he was injured on a section of I-696 between Gratiot 
3

Avenue and Mound Road and that defendant had breached its duty to maintain the highway 

in reasonable repair so that it was reasonably safe and convenient for public travel under 

MCL 691.1402(1). On February 7, 2018, plaintiff mailed an amended notice to defendant 

and attached a police report about the incident. This notice alleged that the chunk of 

concrete came “from the roadbed” and explained that the precise location of the defect 

could not be determined with any more specificity because of the extremely poor condition 

of this stretch of highway, which plaintiff stated contained more than “one thousand” 

potholes. Finally, on March 26, 2018, plaintiff served defendant with a copy of the 

complaint. Notably, plaintiff did not file either the notice or the amended notice with the 

clerk of the Court of Claims, as required by MCL 691.1404, which states that if a suit is

filed against the state government, the requisite notice must be “filed in triplicate with the 

clerk of the court of claims.” MCL 691.1404(2). 

Defendant moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7), arguing that 

plaintiff had failed to comply with the statutory notice requirements of MCL 691.1404 

before bringing suit under the highway exception to governmental immunity. Defendant 

argued that because no notice was filed with the clerk of the Court of Claims within 120 

days of the accident, plaintiff had failed to meet the statutory notice requirement. 

Defendant then argued that none of plaintiff’s pleadings gave proper notice because 

plaintiff had failed to describe the location of the accident with sufficient specificity. The 

Court of Claims granted defendant’s motion for summary disposition, holding that a 

complaint could not serve as notice under MCL 691.1404(2). It also held that the notice 

was deficient because it failed to identify the exact location of the highway defect as 

required by MCL 691.1404(1). 
4

Plaintiff appealed by right to the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals affirmed, 

agreeing with the Court of Claims that a complaint could not serve as notice. Champine v 

Dep’t of Transp, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued April 16, 

2020 (Docket No. 347398). The Court of Appeals declined to address whether the 

complaint adequately identified the location of the defect.

Plaintiff timely sought leave to appeal in this Court. On April 28, 2021, we directed 

the clerk to schedule oral argument on the application. Champine v Dep’t of Transp, 507 

Mich 935 (2021).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“The applicability of governmental immunity is a question of law that is reviewed 

de novo.” Ray v Swager, 501 Mich 52, 61; 903 NW2d 366 (2017). We also review de 

novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary disposition. Id. at 61-62.

III. ANALYSIS

The GTLA immunizes a state agency from tort liability when the agency is 

“engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function,” subject to certain 

exceptions. MCL 691.1407(1). One such exception is the “highway exception,” which 

allows for claims arising from defective highways—if those claims otherwise meet the 

narrow conditions provided by statute—to survive summary disposition. Nawrocki v 

Macomb Co Rd Comm, 463 Mich 143, 158; 615 NW2d 702 (2000). All plaintiffs seeking 

to recover under the highway exception to governmental immunity must comply with the 

notice requirements of MCL 691.1404, which states, in relevant part:

(1) As a condition to any recovery for injuries sustained by reason of 

any defective highway, the injured person, within 120 days from the time the 

injury occurred . . . shall serve a notice on the governmental agency of the 
5

occurrence of the injury and the defect. The notice shall specify the exact 

location and nature of the defect, the injury sustained and the names of the 

witnesses known at the time by the claimant.

(2) The notice may be served upon any individual, either personally, 

or by certified mail, return receipt requested, who may lawfully be served 

with civil process directed against the governmental agency . . . . In case of 

the state, such notice shall be filed in triplicate with the clerk of the court of 

claims. Filing of such notice shall constitute compliance with [MCL 

600.6431] . . . , requiring the filing of notice of intention to file a claim 

against the state. 

Determining whether the highway exception applies is a matter of statutory 

interpretation. When interpreting a statute, courts must consider “the plain meaning of the 

critical word or phrase as well as its placement and purpose in the statutory scheme.” 

Andrie Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 496 Mich 161, 167; 853 NW2d 310 (2014) (quotation 

marks and citations omitted). If a word in a statute is undefined, it must be given its “plain 

and ordinary meaning[], and it is proper to consult a dictionary for definitions.” Halloran 

v Bhan, 470 Mich 572, 578; 683 NW2d 129 (2004). Here, the word “notice” is not defined 

in MCL 691.1404, so we may look to the dictionary for guidance. Black’s Law Dictionary

(11th ed) defines “notice” as “[l]egal notification required by law or agreement, or imparted 

by operation of law as a result of some fact (such as the recording of an instrument); definite 

legal cognizance, actual or constructive, of an existing right or title[.]” Similarly, MerriamWebster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed) defines “notice” as “warning or intimation of 

something,” as through an announcement.1

 1 Because the legal definition of notice is substantially similar to the lay definition of 

“notice,” we refer to both definitions in parsing the plain meaning of “notice” as it is used 

in MCL 691.1404.
6

Taking the plain meaning of “notice” into account, we find that nothing in the text 

of MCL 691.1404(2) suggests that notice cannot be provided through the filing of a 

plaintiff’s complaint within the statutory notice period. A complaint filed within the 

statutory notice period, listing the factual circumstances and legal theories relevant to the 

cause of action, undoubtedly gives sufficient “warning” or “legal notification” of “the 

occurrence of the injury and the defect.” See MCL 691.1404(1). We do not read “notice” 

in this context as requiring advance notice beyond the filing of the complaint. The text of 

the statute does not indicate that there must be some temporal gap between the filing of a 

notice and the initiation of a lawsuit; rather, the plain meaning of the word “notice” in this 

context only suggests that the state must be made aware of the injury and the defect in 

accordance with MCL 691.1404(2). Here, plaintiff gave timely notice by filing his 

complaint in the Court of Claims “within 120 days from the time the injury occurred,” as 

required by MCL 691.1404(1).

IV. CONCLUSION

We hold that plaintiff’s complaint may serve as notice under MCL 691.1404(1) and

(2). However, the Court of Appeals did not address whether the complaint adequately

“specif[ied] the exact location and nature of the defect” as required by MCL 691.1404(1).

Accordingly, we reverse and remand this case to the Court of Appeals to determine whether 

these requirements were met.

Richard H. Bernstein

Bridget M. McCormack

David F. Viviano

Elizabeth T. Clement

Megan K. Cavanagh

Elizabeth M. Welch
S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

SUPREME COURT

NORMAN CHAMPINE,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v No. 161683

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION,

Defendant-Appellee.

ZAHRA, J. (dissenting). 

I do not dispute the alleged facts claiming that on December 17, 2017, plaintiff was 

driving his vehicle on I-696 westbound near Hoover Road when a large chunk of concrete 

apparently dislodged from the roadbed, projected through plaintiff’s windshield, and struck 

him. Plaintiff lost consciousness for a short period of time and woke to find himself safely 

exiting the freeway, from which he drove to a local gas station. He suffered significant 

injuries to his head and torso that were readily explained by the bloodied chunk of concrete 

recovered from his vehicle.

Plaintiff asserts a statutory right to recovery under the highway exception to the 

governmental tort liability act (GTLA).

1

 Given that “ ‘the Legislature is not even required 

 1 The majority opinion asserts that “[t]his case concerns a negligence claim, governed by 

the governmental tort liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401 et seq., brought against 

defendant under the highway exception to governmental immunity, MCL 691.1402(1).” I 

do not characterize plaintiff’s claim as one grounded in common-law negligence. Rather, 

plaintiff’s claim is purely statutory in nature; it is a claim brought under the highway 

exception to the GTLA.
2

to provide a defective highway exception to governmental immunity, it surely has the 

authority to allow such suits only upon compliance with rational notice limits.’ ”2

 Here, 

the GTLA expressly provides that “[c]laims against the state authorized under [the GTLA]

shall be brought in the manner provided in”3 the revised judicature act of 1961 (RJA). I 

conclude that this language means that a prospective highway-defect claim against the state 

must be separately “authorized” under the GTLA and separately “brought in the manner 

provided” in the RJA. A timely notice filed under the GTLA is required to “authorize” the 

filing of a claim under the RJA irrespective of when a plaintiff files this statutory claim. 

Plaintiff did not duly file a single document under the GTLA to have “authorized” the 

filing of a claim under the RJA. Since plaintiff’s claim was not authorized under the 

GTLA, it could not be brought under the RJA. There is no statutory basis that permits an

unauthorized RJA claim to become authorized if the claim contains content that arguably 

would have satisfied a GTLA notice had that notice been properly and timely filed. 

Accordingly, I would affirm the result of our lower courts and deny plaintiff’s application.

I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Shortly after the incident giving rise to plaintiff’s injuries, his counsel sent

correspondence to defendant, the Michigan Department of Transportation, via certified 

mail; the correspondence was intended to constitute statutory notice as required under the 

 2 Estate of Pearce v Eaton Co Rd Comm, 507 Mich 183, 207; 968 NW2d 323 (2021) 

(ZAHRA, J. dissenting), quoting Rowland v Washtenaw Co Rd Comm, 477 Mich 197, 212; 

731 NW2d 41 (2007).

3 MCL 691.1410(1) (referring to “[MCL] 600.6401 to [MCL] 600.6475”) (emphasis

added).
3

GTLA. On February 6, 2018, plaintiff filed a claim against defendant. The next day,

plaintiff’s counsel again sent defendant correspondence claiming to be an amended 

statutory notice.

Defendant moved for summary disposition on governmental immunity grounds 

under MCR 2.116(C)(7), arguing that plaintiff had failed to comply with the GTLA’s 

statutory notice requirement before filing a claim under the RJA. The Court of Claims 

granted defendant’s motion, and the Court of Appeals affirmed that decision in a divided 

unpublished opinion.4

 We directed the clerk to schedule oral argument on the application.

5

II. ANALYSIS

MCL 691.1404(1) of the GTLA generally requires that a person injured because of

a highway defect, within 120 days, serve a notice “[a]s a condition to any recovery for 

injuries . . . on the governmental agency of the occurrence of the injury and the defect.” 

The following subsection, MCL 691.1404(2), plainly differentiates the above-described 

statutory notice, generally served on any governmental agency, from a specific statutory 

notice that is to be served on a defined entity, which, in this case, is “the state.” Notice 

provided to the state “shall be filed in triplicate with the clerk of the court of claims.”6

 In 

this case, this statutory notice was never properly filed. Had this notice been filed, the 

Court of Claims would have forwarded a copy to “the attorney general and to each of the 

departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms, or agencies of this state designated 

 4 Champine v Dep’t of Transp, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, 

issued April 16, 2020 (Docket No. 347398). 

5 Champine v Dep’t of Transp, 507 Mich 935 (2021).

6 MCL 691.1404(2).
4

in the claim or notice.”7 “Provisions requiring notice to a particular entity, like the Court 

of Claims in this case, further ensure that notice will be provided to the proper

governmental entity, thereby protecting plaintiffs and defendants alike from having the 

wrong component of government notified.”8

The majority relies on the plain meaning of the term “notice,” claiming that notice 

is not defined in MCL 691.1404. I disagree. First, MCL 691.1404(1) does define the 

notice in regard to its content, requiring that it “shall specify the exact location and nature 

of the defect, the injury sustained and the names of the witnesses known at the time by the 

claimant.” Second, MCL 691.1404(2) further defines the notice in terms of the place and 

manner of filing, stating that “[i]n case of the state, such notice shall be filed in triplicate 

with the clerk of the court of claims.” These provisions reflect that the “notice” at issue 

here is not a common and ordinary notice but a defined “notice” that must contain particular 

content and must be filed in a particular place and in a particular manner.

I therefore strongly disagree with the majority’s purported reliance on “the plain 

meaning of the word ‘notice’ in this context [to] only suggest[] that the state must be made

aware of the injury and the defect in accordance with MCL 691.1404(2).” Here, the GTLA 

expressly provides that “[c]laims against the state authorized under [the GTLA] shall be 

brought in the manner provided in” the RJA.9

 The state’s awareness of the injury and the 

defect alone does not authorize a claim to be filed under the RJA. Further, there is no legal 

 7 MCL 600.6431(3).

8 McCahan v Brennan, 492 Mich 730, 744; 822 NW2d 747 (2012). 

9 MCL 691.1410(1) (referring to “[MCL] 600.6401 to [MCL] 600.6475”) (emphasis 

added).
5

or logical basis to conclude that an unauthorized claim filed under the RJA can authorize 

itself to be filed without having complied with the GTLA. A prospective highway-defect 

claim against the state must be “authorized” under the GTLA and “brought in the manner 

provided” in the RJA. Plaintiff did not duly file a single document under the GTLA to 

have “authorized” the filing of a claim under the RJA. Because plaintiff’s claim was not 

authorized under the GTLA, it could not be brought under the RJA.10

Accordingly, I agree with the lower courts that plaintiff failed to comply with the 

GTLA and that plaintiff’s claim should be dismissed.

Brian K. Zahra

 10 I agree with the majority that “[t]he text of the statute does not indicate that there must 

be some temporal gap between the filing of a notice and the initiation of a lawsuit . . . .” 

None of the requirements of the notice discussed above expressly stipulates that the notice 

be filed in advance of the claim. Still, even in the very rare instance, such as in this case, 

when a plaintiff files a claim before filing a notice, the plaintiff must still afterwards file a 

proper and timely notice that would render the claim “authorized.”