Referent

NBSIR 80-1961

AlllDl

Simplified Heating and Cooling

Energy Analysis Calculations for

Residential Applications

Tamami Kusuda

T. Saitoh

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

Sponsored by

U.S. DEPARTl'lENT OF ENERGY

Office of Building and Community Systems

Washington, D.C. 20585

July 1980

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

-QC

100

.056

80-1961

1980
i
MATIOMAI^ BURBAU

OW STANDARDS

LIBRARY

NBSIR 80-1961

SEP 1 9 1980

Simplified Heating and Cooling

Energy Analysis Calculations for

Residential Applications

Tamami Kusuda

T. Saitoh

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

U.S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

Sponsored by

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Office of Building and Coiranunity Systems

Washington, D.C. 20585

July 1980

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

NBSIR 80-1961

SIMPLIFIED HEATING AND COOLING

ENERGY ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS FOR

RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS

Tamami Kusuda

T. Saitoh

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

U S. Department of Commerce

Washington, DC 20234

July 1980

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Philip M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary

Jordan J. Baruch. Assistant Secretary for Productivity. Technology, and Innovation

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
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Simplified heating and Cooling Energy Analysis

Calculation for Residential Applications

T. Kusuda and T. Saitoh

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D.C. 20234

ABSTRACT

In order to reduce the lengthy computational labor and costs common to

most existing hourly simulation computer programs, a simplified energy

calculation procedure suitable for a handheld calculator was developed

for the evaluation of home retrofitting with respect to energy conser- vation. The procedure utilizes monthly normal weather parameters such

as temperature, humidity, wind data, and solar radiation, in lieu of

the traditional degree-day procedure.

The thermal time constant was used to account for the effect of building

thermal mass on seasonal heat transfer performance. In addition to standard retrofit procedures such as addition of thermal Insulation, use of

storm windows, and sealing of cracks, this calculation Includes energy

conservation effect due to the use of solar collectors, hot water tank

insulation, and Insulation around the heat distribution systems such as ducts and pipes.

Also included are comparative annual heating and cooling requirements

determined by the simplified procedure and that calculated by the DOE-2

computer program for a typical residence.

Keywords: Energy analysis calculation; energy retrofit; home audit;

thermal time constant.

* Guest worker from Ohbayashi-Gumi, Tokyo, Japan
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT iii

1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. OVERALL ALGORITHMIC STRUCTURE 1 3. THERMAL TIME CONSTANT, THTC 4

4. ENVELOPE DATA 4

4.1 Type Designation 4

4.2 Area, A 4

4.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient U 4

4.4 Solar Absorptivity, ABS 6

4.5 Shadow Factors, SHDW 6

4.6 Shading Coefficient, SC 6

4.7 Wall Orientation, WAZ 6

4.8 Wall Tilt Angle, WTLT 6

5. SUBROUTINE ALGORITHMS 6

5.1 SOLDAT 6

5.2 SAT 7 5.3 INFIL 8

5.4 ATTIC 9

5.5 CRAWL 9 ^ 5.6 GF 10

5.7 QG 13

5.8 HLHG 14

5.9 HRCT 17

5.10 EREQ 17

5.11 SEU 18

5.12 QI 19

5.13 QECHG 20

5.14 QR 20

5.15 DBRH 21

5.16 BSMT 21

5.17 HWHREQ 23

5.18 CSDUPI 24

5.19 ASDUPI 24

5.20 BMDUPI 25

5.21 OSDUPI 26

6. COMPARISON WITH DOE-2 RUNS 27

APPENDIX A: LIU-JORDAN SOLAR CALCULATION DATA A-1

APPENDIX B: AVERAGE EARTH TEMPERATURE FOR UNDERGROUND HEAT

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM B-1

APPENDIX C: FORTRAN LISTING OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM C-1

APPENDIX D: ELEMENTS OF DATA STATEMENT IN MAIN PROGRAM D-1

APPENDIX E: THERMAL TIME CONSTANT AND ITS APPLICATION E-1

REFERENCES

iv
1 . INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to describe detailed algorithm, data base

and Fortran listing of a simplified home energy analysis procedure suitable for small computer or pocket calculator. This simplified procedure

was originally developed for DOE to assist the state and local government

energy officials who are making economic benefit analyses of various

home improvement options, such as insulation, storm windows, hot water

tank insulation, insulation around pipes and ducts, etc.

The procedure calculates the annual energy requirement calculations

for heating and cooling of single-family residences in conjunction with

the Department of Energy Project Home Energy Audit questionnaire and eco- nomic analysis. Since the Project Home Energy Audit Program mandated

that the computation time, equivalent to the UNIVAC 1100 CPU (Central

Processing Unit) time, is to be within 3 seconds, it precluded the

comprehensive hourly simulation procedures such as used in BLAST, DOE-2,

and NBSLD.

A scheme adopted in the DoE Home Energy Audit calculation procedure is

to develop a simplified yet relatively comprehensive heating and cooling

load calculation routine where most of the major building heat transfer

elements are addressed in an approximate manner. The results of the

calculation obtaliled by this simplified routine are then compared against

those obtained from a DOE-2, the comprehensive hourly simulation computer

program designated as the Standard Evaluation Technique for Building Energy

Performance Standards, for a ranch house.

2. OVERALL ALGORITHMIC STRUCTURE

The flow chart for the simplified procedure is shown in Figure 1, and

detailed algorithms, including Fortran listing, for each of the subroutines are given in the following sections.

The basic scheme of the calculation is to detemine monthly normal values

of daytime and nighttime heat gains (heat loss will be considered a negative heat gain) separately for all of the major heat exchange components,

and to Integrate them into monthly normal daytime and nighttime heating and

cooling requirements.

In Figure 1, all of the major heat gain (loss) through various elements

of building envelope is denoted with symbols ending with D and N, indicating

daytime heat gain and nighttime heat gain, respectively.

Although not described in detail in this report, a special subroutine,

SOLDAT, was developed to generate daily total solar radiation data for

the normal day for each of 12 months for any given orientation and

tilt angle of the wall in a given locality, while a separate routine

called SAT determines the normal daily average sol-air temperature to

be applicable for the calculation of heat gain through walls, roofs,

and doors. Detailed documentation for SOLDAT can be found in reference 2.

1
NBS HOME ENERGY AUDIT CALCULATION

ZD SOLDAT

I

solar data

sol-air temperature

floor heat

transfer

SAT

window heat

transfer QG

ATTIC

3

QECHG

^

QGD/QGN

air leakage

INFIL

psychrometrics 1

Ql

QISD/QISN

QILD/QILN

solar energy utilization

CRAWL

GF

BSMT

crawl space

slab-on-grade

basement

QWD/QWN - walls

QDD/QDN - doors

QFD/QFN - floor

QCD/QCN - ceiling

internal heat gain

QRSD/QRSN - sensible

QRLD/QRLN - lateral QR

SEU

QS

hot water heating

requirement

duct pipe heat transfer

crawl space

HWHREQ

HREQ

CREQ

WREQ

CSDUPI

ASDUPI

OSDUPI

BMDUPI

I I

attic space

outside

basement

energy requirement

QQC - heat gain

QQH - heat loss

Figure 1. Flow chart of the Heating and Cooling Load Program

2

j
Where the roof has ventilated attic space, the program determines the

attic space temperature based upon heat balance, which is in turn used

to determine the heat gain through the ceiling.

The SOLDAT routine will also provide the solar radiation data for the

solar collectors, which may be available in some of the energy conservation designs. The solar collector performance will be simulated by

a simplified linear relationship between the collector efficiency and

AT/I, where AT represents the average temperature difference between

the outdoor air and collector inlet fluid temperatures, while I represents the daily average of hourly solar insolation.

Heat gain from the floors is determined by the use of special algorithms

to simulate the heat transfer process of basement, slab-on-grade , and

crawl space under the floor, respectively.

In addition, there are several other subroutines in the calculation,

such as INFIL to determine the air leakage rate, DBRH to determine

the moist air properties, and subroutines to determine the energy loss

from hot water tanks, ducts and pipes.

The major distinction of the present method from the existing degree-day

or bin procedures is that the new method is based upon the monthly normal

day data for each of the 12 months of the year. The monthly normal data

needed are:

daytime average temperature

nighttime average temperature

total solar radiation upon horizontal surface

average relative humidity (morning and afternoon)

average wind speed

ground temperature

for the normal days of the month.

Fortunately, these data are available in the existing literature for most

of the major Weather Bureau stations throughout the United States. The Liu

and Jordan paper, entitled, "Availability of Solar Energy for Flat-Plate

Solar Collectors," ASHRAE Symposium on Low Temperature Engineering Applications of Solar Energy, 1967, provides the average daytime temperature

and the solar radiation data for more than 80 stations in the United

States (see Appendix A). A U.S. Weather Bureau publication called "Comparative Climatic Data Through 1976"* provides the long-period (30 years

or more) normals and extremes of monthly average temperature, precipitation,

relative humidity, and wind data.

Ground temperature data, previously developed by Kusuda and Achenbach,

shown in Appendix B, are also employed for the heat transfer calculation for slab-on-grade floor, basement walls and basement floor.

* For sale by the National Climatic Center, Federal Bldg., Asheville,

N.C., 28801 (Tel. 704-258-2850, X 683). $1.50 copy.

3
3. THERMAL TIME CONSTANT, THTC

Although the calculation methodology used in this procedure basically treats

the building heat transfer process as a steady state problem, the thermal

time constant concept is used to determine the heat capacity effect upon

the transient temperature change after the heating and cooling system is

shut off as well as upon the early morning hour pickup load when the system

is started. Details of the thermal time constant concept are explained

in Appendix E.

4. ENVELOPE DATA

Figure 2 indicates various types of physical characteristics needed to

describe the thermal performance of various components of envelopes, most

of which are commonly found in standard engineering building handbooks

such as the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.

4.1. TYPE DESIGNATION

Envelope components, including the solar collector, are classified in

eleven distinctive types such as follows:

Type No.

1. roof = total roof area less solar collector and skylight

2. ceiling

3. end walls or gable walls of attic space

4. vertical walls, which are vertical envelopes less window

and door area

5. windows

6. doors

7. slab-on-grade floor

8. basement-type floor

9. floor over crawl space

10. basement wall

11. solar collector.

AREA, A

Each envelope component must be assigned an appropriate area. Futhermore,

this must be done separately for each wall orientation (see section 4.7)

The orientation effects on gable-end walls and basement walls are Ignored,

and only the total area is to be considered. If a door is made of transparent

material, it should be considered as a window.

4.3. OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT U

Overall heat transfer coefficients are to be provided as input for each en- velope component. They are standard winter design values which can be found

in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundementals . In the case of solar collectors

no heat transfer coefficient U is needed since it is included in the basic

efficiency curve data.

4
UPhKATION CONSERVE INRUT DATA

bUILUING NAME

TYRE

LOCATION, LATITUDE, ZIPCODE ZONE

Climatic Data (Monthly)

TOT: Daily average temp

TOD: Daytime average temp

RH: Relative humidity

WS: Wind speed

H: Daily total horizontal

solar insolation

ZT: Liu/Jordan Factor

RHO: Ground surface reflectance

Standard Air Leakage Data

ACHS: Room air change/ hr

ACAT: Attic space air change/hr

ACCS: Crawl space air change/hr

ACNV: Natural ventilation air chauge/hr

Building Mass Data

THTC: Thermal Time Constant

Envelope Data 1 A U AB SHDW

Type Area Solar Shadow

Abs Factor

SC WAZ WTLT

Shading Orien- Tilt Perimeter

Coeff tation Angle Lengtli

Roof 1 U Ceiling 2 Attic End Walls 3 90

1 4 90

2 4 90

Walls 3 4 90

4 4 90

1 5 90

2 5 90

Windows 3 5 90

4 5 90

Doors (4 6 90

sides)

Slab on Grade 7 Basement 8

Crawl Space 9

Basement Wall 10

Solar Collector 11 0

Equipment Data (Seasonal average)

EG: Gas fumance efficiency

EB: Boiler efficiency

COP: Air conditioner COP

SA,SB: Solar collector

efficiency factors

Indoor Data - Seasonal

(Winter/ Summer)

NP: Number of occupants

WT: Lighting power, Watt

WE: Equipment power. Watt

TID: Daytime thermostat setting

TIN: Nighttime thermostat setting

RHIN: Indoor humidity level

Figure 2. Data needed for the Heating and Cooling Load Calculations

5
4.4.

SOLAR ABSORPTIVITY, ABS

These data are used to determine the outside surface temperature of

exterior walls as influenced by the solar radiation data. Typical

values are:

for very dark surface 0.95

medium dark surface 0.7

light surface 0.4

4.5. SHADOW FACTORS, SilDW

This factor indicates how much of the exterior surface is shaded

from direct sun by adjacent buildings, exterior shading devices, or by

trees. Typical figures are;

if completely shaded 1.0

if partially shaded 0.5

if not shaded at all 0.

4.6. SHADING COEFFICIENT. SC

This factor relates to the internal shading devices used for the windows.

Typical values for a single glaze window are:

for Venetian blinds

roller shades

tinted films

4.7. WALL ORIENTATION, WAZ

These data indicate the orientation of walls and windows, measured clockwise from the south. Thus, for example,

WAZ = 0 for south-facing wall/window/ door

WAZ =* 90 for west

WAZ “ 180 for north

WAZ “ 270 for east.

4.8. WALL TILT ANGLE, WTLT

These data are for the slant angle of the walls or windows. For most

construction, the value is 90® for walls and windows and 0® for roofs.

For solar collectors, the actual tilt angle will be used and will usually

be an angle other than 0® or 90®.

5. SUBROUTINE ALGORITHMS

5.1. SOLDAT

Using the Liu/Jordan method , this program generates 12 monthly values

of total solar radiation over the roofs, floors, walls, windows, and solar

0.5

0.4

0.3.

6
collectors. The details of the calculation procedure are given In NBS

Building Sciences Series 96 entitled "Hourly Solar Radiation Data for

Vertical and Horizontal Surfaces on Average Days In the United States

and Canada." This routine also Includes the shadow effect of the roof

overhang upon the direct radiation Incident on a given vertical surface.

Input ; XLAT

WAZ

WTLT

ZKT

H

RHO

TOWN

OVHANG

WALLHT

latitude, degree

wall azimuth angle, degrees from south

wall tilt angle, degree from horizontal surface

Liu/ Jordan constants

dally normal solar radiation over a horizontal

surface Btu/ft^

ground reflectance

zip code

roof overhang, ft

wall height, ft

Output ; XIDT = dally total solar radiation, Btu/hr ft^

XIDD = dally total diffuse sky radiation, Btu/hr ft^

HRDAY = daytime hours, hr

HRNIT = nighttime hours, hr

5.2. SAT

Sol-air temperature routine

Input ; WTLT = tilt angle, degrees from horizontal surface

It » Incident total solar Insolation, Btu/day ft^

Id = Incident sky ’Radiation, Btu/day ft^

SHDW = shadow factor

0 = no shadow

0.5 = partial shadow

1.0 = complete show

AB = surface absorptivity

FO = surface heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h ft^ ®F = 4 for J,J,A

= 5 for M,A,M,S,0,N

* 6 for D,J,F

TOD = daytime temperature, ®F

TON = nighttime temperature, ®F

HRDAY = daytime hours, hr

Total radiation Incident upon a surface

I = (It-Id) * (1-SHDW) + Id

Output ; Sol-air temperature

AB*I

Daytime SATD = TOD + HRDAY*F0 FO * cos (WTLT)

7
Nighttime SATN TON - FO * cos (WTLT)

5.3. INFIL

Infiltration calculation, cfm

Input ; V

ACHS

TO

TI

WS

3 = volume of the room, ft

= standard air change data, air change/hr

= outdoor temperature, ®F = (TOD + T0N)/2

= indoor temperture, “F = (TID + TIN)/2

= wind speed, mph

AC (air leakage rate) = (ACHS/0.695)* [0.15 +0.013 * WS

+ 0.005 * ABS (TO-TI)]-'

Standard Air Leakage Data (ACHS)

In lieu of the crack method, hourly air-change values are to be provided

because there are more experimentally measured data reported by the use

of He and SF^ tracer gas dilution technique. Recommended values are as follows:

Living space: 1.5 for leaky building

1.0 for standard building

0.5 for modern- type building

Attic space: mechanical ventilation 20 Ac/hr

natural ventilation 6 Ac/hr

Crawl space: 3 Ac/hr

Output : Air leakage rate

AC

RINFIL= (V) * 60 , ft^/m (cfm)

k

9 Assumed average sky heat loss: 10 Btu/hr, ft .

Modified Achenbach/Coblenz equation.

"Field Measurements of Air Infiltration in Ten Electrically Heated

Houses" ASHRAE Trans. 1963, pp. 358-365.

DoE - 2 program uses, however, different equations such as AC - 0.252 + 0.0218 * WS + 0.0084 * ABS (TO-TS)

8
5.4. ATTIC

Attic temperature calculation

Input ;

2 AR = roof area, ft

TRD = daytime roof sol-air temperature,

TRN = nighttime roof spl-air temperature, “F

AC = ceiling area, ft^

TAD = daytime room temperature, “F

TAN = nighttime room temperture, ®F

AW = end wall area, ft^

TWD = daytime end wall sol-air temperature, “F (average

of two end walls)

TWN = nighttime end wall sol-air temperature, °F

CFM = air flow, ft^/min

UR, UC, UW = U-value for roof, ceiling and end walls,

Btu/h ft^ “F

TOD “ daytime outdoor air temperature, *F

TON * nighttime outdoor air temperature, "F

Output ; Attic temperature (daytime and nighttime)

= UR*AR*TRD + UW*AW*TWD + UC*AC*TAD + 1.08*CFM*T0D

UR*AR + UW*AW + UC*AC + 1.08*CFM

ATTT^N = UR*AR*TRN + UW*AW*TWN + UC*AC*TAN + 1.08*CFM*T0N

UR*AR + UW*AW + UC*AC + 1.08*CFM

ATTICD - TID attic temperature is controlled

ATTICN = TIN

5.5. CRAWL

Crawl space temperature routine

Input ; Daytime and nighttime crawl space temperatures

TOD = daytime outdoor temperature, ®F

TON = nighttime outdoor temperature, “F

TG = ground temperature, “F

TAD * daytime room temperature, “F

TAN » nighttime room temperature, “F

TWD = daytime wall sol-air temperature, ®F

TWN = nighttime wall sol-air temperature, *F

CFM = air flow rate, ft^/min

UF = floor heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h ft^ "F

UW = wall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr ft “F

UG = ground surface heat transfer coefficient = 0.1,

Btu/h ft^ “F

9
AW

AF

= crawl space wall area

= floor area, £t^

ft2

Output ;

CRAWLN UF*TAD*AF + UW*TWD*AW + UG*(TG + T0D)*AF/2 + 1.08*CFM*T0D

UF*AF + UW*AW + UG*AF + 1.08*CFM

CRAWLN = UF*TAN*AF + UW*TWN*AW + UG*(TG + T0N)*AF/2 + l.Q8*CFM*T0N

UF*AF + UW*AW + UG*AF + 1.08*CFM

5.6. ^

Ground floor heat transfer routine (slab-on-grade floor)

2 AF = floor area, ft

P = exposed perimeter length, ft

WT = wall thickness, ft

TAD = daytime room temperature, ®F

TAN * nighttime room temperature, *F

TOD = daytime outdoor temperature, ®F

TON = nighttime outdoor temperature, ®F

R = Thermal resistance of hour layers, which Is between

the room air and the floor slab-ground Interface,

ZK » Ground thermal conductivity Btu-ln/h ft^ “F

Calculation Procedure

The slab-on-grade heat transfer calculation presented herein Is based

upon an exact solution of Muncey and Spencer^' .

The Base Ground Thermal Resistance RS shown In Fig. 3 was precalculated

for a square slab of 40 ft x 40 ft over a ground of thermal conductivity

12 Btu-ln/h ft^ ®F.

In order to correct the value of RS for the specific slab under consideration, which would be different from the basic structure, the three correction factors a, B and FS are needed.

The Perimeter length correction factor

a = ^/160

The Conductivity correction factor

B

=•

The slab shape correction factor FS can be determined from Fig. 4 by

knowing AF/ P

^

10
m

i

I

I

I

1

I

I

1T3

CO

CM

in

CO

CM

nia/do - zii - JH 33NViSISaa 1VMU3H1 aNnOH9 3SV8 :$il

Figure 3. Thermal resistance of slab-on-grade floor.

11

RF:

FLOOR

SLAB

THERMAL

RESISTANCE,

Hr

- Ft ^

-

°F/Btu
Applicable

shapes

slabs

on

grade

dOiOVJ N0I1331III03 adVHS aV1S = S3

Figure 4. Shape correction factor for the slab-on-grade floor.

12

AREA 1

1/4

PERIMETER]
Calculation B RF » (a * UF): adjusted floor resistance

E —^

adjusted wall thickness

Read from Figure 2 the value of RS corresponding to these RF and E data.

Ground Thermal Resistance:

a RG . — * RS * FS

Overall heat transfer coefficient of the slab-on-grade floor:

“ (RG + R)

Heat loss through the slab-on-grade floor:

daytime: QFD = UF * AF * (TAD-TO)

nighttimes: QFN » UF * AF * (TAN-TO)

where TO » J-9>>^-T0N

2

5.7. gc

Window heat gain routine

Input :

2 AG glass area, ft

SC » shading coefficient

UG * heat transfer coefficient, Btu/h ft^ ®F

TOD daytime outdoor temperature, *F

TON - nighttime outdoor temperature, *F

TID > daytime Indoor temperature, **F TIN * nighttime Indoor temperature, "F

SHDW external shadow factor

0. no shadow

0.5 » partial shadow

1.0 » complete shadow

It =» total Incident solar radiation, Btu/day ft^

Id = diffuse sky radiation, Btu/day, ft^

HRDAY daytime hours, hr

HRNIT » nighttime hours, hr

13
Output ; Daytime and nighttime window heat gain

I » (It-Id)*(l-SHDW) + Id

Daytime QGD = AG* [I*(SC)*0.87 + UG* (TOD-TID)* HRDY]

Nighttime QGN =» AG* [UG*( TON-TIN)* HKNIT]

5.8. HLHG

Heat loss and heat gain calculations

Input :

QID = daytime infiltration heat gain, Btu/day

QIN * nighttime infiltration heat gain, Btu/day

QWD = daytime wall heat gain, Btu/day

QWN = nighttime wall heat gain, Btu/day

QDD = daytime door heat gain, Btu/day

QDN = nighttime door heat gain, Btu/day

QCD = daytime ceiling heat gain, Btu/day

QCN = nighttime ceiling heat gain, Btu/day

QGD = daytime window heat gain, Btu/day

QGN = nighttime window heat gain, Btu/day

QFD = daytime floor heat gain, Btu/day

QFN = nighttime floor heat gain, Btu/day

QRD > daytime Internal heat gain, Btu/day

QEUN » nighttime Internal heat gain, Btu/day

The above values will be negative if they are heat loss.

THTC thermal time constant, hr

SGD “ daytime solar heat gain through windows, Btu/day

CFM - air leakage, cu ft/min

(i “ 1,2,..N) “ overall heat transfer coefficient of each

of the building envelope elements, Btu/h ft"^ ®F

Ai(i*l,2 , . .N) “ area of each of the building envelope

elements, ft^

N - total number of building envelope elements

lACNV natural ventilation index: = 1 if open windows in summer when oudoor

temp. < thermostat

setting.

“ 0 if never open windows . PUH pick-up time or pull-down time (see Appendix E)

HRDAY daytime hours, hr

HRNIT - nighttime hours, hr

14
Output ;

HLD » daytime sensible heating load, Btu/day

HLN » nighttime sensible heating load, Btu/day

CLD daytime sensible cooling load, Btu/day

CLN » nighttime sensible cooling load, Btu/day

Calculation Procedure

This routine uses the building thermal time constant (THTC) concept,

detail of which Is given In the Appendix £.

Total envelope heat gain

daytime

QTD - QID + QWD + QDD + QGD + QFD + QRD + QCD

nighttime

QTN - QIN + QWN + QDN + QGN + QFN + QRN + QCN

If TID - TIN

HLD - QTD if 0TD<0

HLN - QTN if QTN<0

CLD - QTD if QTDX)

CLN - QTN if QTN>0

otherwise the following calculations are necessary

Envelope heat transfer factor

N

ZK - Z + 1-08 * CFM

1-1

also let

Cooling season calculations: (QTDX) and QTN>0)

FULDWN: Evening pull-down cooling requirement necessary to lower

the building temperature from TID of daytime to TIN of nighttime

within a specified pickup period of PUH hours.

PULDWN - ZK * ( TON - TID + *PUH (’

(TID-TIN)

1-ZX

15
DH = duration of morning warm-up hour during which the cooling is off

DH = THTC * ZQ-TIN+TOD+TD

ZQ-TID+TOD )

where ZQ = SGD+QRD

HRDAY*ZK

CON: total daytime cooling hour

CON = HRDAY - DH

daytime cooling load

QTD = QTD * CON/ 12

QTN: actual nighttime cooling requirement

Heating season calculations: (QTD<0 and QTN<0)

PICKUP: early morning pick-up heating requirement necessary to raise

the building temperatures from TIN to TID within PUH hours

PICKUP = ZK * ^

(TIN - TOD) + J*PUH

DH: duration of evening cool-down hours during which the heating

system is off

^ QTN*(HRNIT-PUH)

HRNIT

+ PULDWN * PUH

If the natural cooling is used as

if IACNV=1, CLD=0 for TOD _< TID

CLN=0 for TON < TIN

DH - THTC* in TID+TD-TON-ZQ

TIN-TON-ZQ

when ZQ

ZK*HRNIT

CON: total heating hours

CON - HRNIT-DH

daytime heating load

HCD - - PICKUP * PUH U D K7 T 'T

16
nighttime heating requirement

HLN ’ QTN*CON/HRNIT

3.9. HCRT ; Heating and cooling requirement calculations

Input ;

HLD = daytime sensible heating load, Btu/day

HCN = nighttime sensible heating load, Btu/day

CLD = daytime sensible cooling load, Btu/day

CLN = nighttime sensible cooling load, Btu/day

HL = daily sensible heat load = HLD + HLN

HG = dally sensible cooling load « CLD + CLN

RLGH = latent heat gain

AIRLOS = air leakage through ducts = AIR LOSS x 100%

supply air

Heating requirement: HREQ = HL * (1.0 + AIRLOS/100)

if cooling season, HREQ = 0

Cooling requirements: CREQ » (HG + LHG) * (1.0 + AIRLOS/100)

If open windows In summer when outdoor

temp. < thermostat setting, LHG = 0

if heating season, CREQ = 0

5.10. EREQ : Energy requirement

Input :

HREQ heating requirement

CREQ = cooling requirement

EH ® heating efficiency

EC = cooling efficiency

WHREQ » hot water heating requirement

QS “ energy from solar collector

QQC > heat gain through ducts and pipes

QQH » heat loss through ducts and pipes

ISYS » system Index

1 = heating + no cooling

2 = no heating + cooling

3 = heating + cooling

17
Output ; EREQ (Energy Requirement)

System Index Heating Energy iCooling Energy

Requirement Requirement

ISYS = 1 (HREQ + WHREQ + QS + QQH)/EH 0

2 (WHREQ + QS + QQH)/EH (CREQ + QQC)

3 (HREQ + WHREQ + QS + QQH)/EH (CREQ + QQC)

5.11. SEU ; Solar collector heat gain

Input ;

SA, SB = Collector efficiency curve data

SOLAR

C0U.ECT0R

EFFCIENCY

I

Typical solar collector performance.

18
SA SB

High Performance 0.8 1.2

(double glaze, selective surface)

Medium Performance 0.73 1.0

(double glaze, common black.)

(single glaze, selective surface)

Low Performance 0.7 0.8

(single glaze, common black)

TE “ Inlet fluid temperature to the collector, “F

TOD “ daytime outdoor temperature, ®F

1 » dally total solar radiation, Btu/day

SUP » solar heat utilization factor

0.8 for large storage tank system

0.5 for small storage tank system

2 AS = collector area, ft

HRDAY “ daytime hours, hr

Solar heat utilized

QS - AS*SA* (l - aSDA|l||E;I0Dlj*suj . ^

5.12. Infiltration heat gain

Input ;

INFIL Infiltration rate, cfm

TOD - daytime outdoor temperature, ^F

TON = nighttime outdoor temperature, *F

TID “ daytime Indoor temperature, *F

TIN “ nighttime Indoor temperature, *F

RH =» room relative humidity, %

RHA “ afternoon outdoor relative humidity, %

RUM * morning outdoor relative humidity, %

HRDAY * daytime hours

HRNIT nighttime hours

Output ;

Daytime sensible heat gain

QID - 1.08*INFIL* (TOD-TID)*HRDAY

Nighttime sensible heat gain

QIN = 1.08*INFIL*(T0N-TIN)*HRNIT

19
Latent heat

5.13

5.14

Determine the humidity ratio of indoor and outdoor air from

psychrometric chart or by calling the psychrometric routine

described in (5.15).

Calculate indoor humidity ratio WIN and WID by

nighttime Call DBRH (TIN, RH, WIN)

and daytime Call DBRH (TID, RH, WID)

Determine the daytime and nighttime humidity ratios of

outdoor air, WOD and WON by

Call DBRH (TOD, RHA, WOD)

Call DBRH (TON, RHM, WON)

Daytime latent heat gain:

QILD * 4.5*INFIL*(W0D-WID)*1061*HRDAY

Nighttime latent heat gain:

QILN » 4. 5*INFIL* (WON-WIN) *1061*HRNIT

It is important to note that QID, QIN, QILD and QILN are

all zero when the natural cooling is used to minimize

or eliminate the need for mechanical cooling.

QECHG ; Opaque envelope conduction heat gain (walls, doors, roofs

and floors)

Input; For all the opaque envelope such as atticless roofs, walls

and doors, the following input data should be provided:

SATD = daytime sol-air temperature, °F

SATN “ nighttime sol-air temperature, “F

U = overall heat transfer coefficient,

Btu/h ft^ “F

A = area, ft^

TID *» daytime Indoor temperature, °F

TIN = nighttime Indoor temperature, ®F

HRDAY “ daytime hours, hr

HRNIT “ nighttime hours, hr

For daytime heat gain, QD = U*A*(SATD-TID)*HRDAY Btu/day

For nighttime heat gain, QN “ U*A*(SATN-TIN)*HRNIT Btu/day

For the attic celling and crawl space floor, the sol-air

temperature should be replaced by the attic temperature

and crawl-space temperature.

QR ; Internal heat gain

Input

;

NPD “ number daytime occupants

NPN number nighttime occupants

WTD average daytime lighting power, w -

20
WTN “ average nighttime lighting power, w

WED = average daytime equipment power, w

WEN » average nighttime equipment power, w HRDAY » daytime hours, hr

HRNIT * nighttime hours.

Sensible heat gain

It Is assumed that 1/3 of the equipment heat Is used for the

evaporation of water vapor such as from cooking.

Daytime: QRSD = [NPD*240 + [ WTD+(WED*0. 66) ] *3.413] *HRDAY

Nighttime: QRSN = [NPN*240 + [WTN+(WEN*0.66)]*3.413]*HRNIT

Latent heat gain

Daytime: QRLD - [NPD*160 + (WED*0.34)*3.413]*HRDAY

Nighttime: QRLN = [NPN*160 + (WEN*0.34)*3.413]*HKNIT

3.13. DBRH : Relative humidity routine (see Appendix C-27)

Input:

DB « dry-bulb temperature, “F

RH * relative humidity, %

Calculation algorithms for psychrometrlc routines are provided In

reference [4].

Output :

W » humidity ratio, Ib/lb

3.16. BSMT : Basement temperature and heat loss calculation

Input

:

ZK

UBW

UBF

O ground thermal conductivity Btu-ln/hr ft^ * basement wall heat conductance, Btu/hr ft^

basement floor heat conductance, Btu/hr ft^

UFLRl * heat conductance of floor above the basement,

Btu/hr ft^*F

2 BWAEX > Area of the exposed section of the basement wall, ft

BWA basement wall area, ft^

2 BFA * basement floor area, ft

L » height of the basement wall which Is ground covered, ft

Jt^UBW and UBF are to be determined from the room air to the external

surface of the wall/slab (soil Interface).

21
TID = daytime temperature of the room above, ®F

TIN ® nighttime temperature of the room above, ®F

TOD = daytime outdoor temperature, ®F

TON = nighttime outdoor temperature, ®F

TG = ground temperature, **F URDAY = daytime hours, hr

HRNIT = nighttime hours, hr

QBHG = basement heat gain from furnace, boiler, or other

equipment, Btu/hr

Output

BSMTD = daytime basement temperature, “F

BSMTN = nighttime basement temperature, ®F

BQFD “ daytime basement heat loss, Btu/day

BQFN » nighttime basement heat loss, Btu/day

TO = (TOD + T0N)/2.0

There are no exact solutions, similar to those described in the slab-ongrade calculation, for the basement wall heat condition. An approximate

value of UW may be obtained by the following equation.

1

UW “ 1 + 1 for the exposed section.

UFW HO /it * UFW * L \

UW =

^ * In

I 1 + j for the ground- covered

(tt *L) 2 * ZK J

section.

The latter equation was derived from the assumption that the heat flow

path between the basement wall and the ground surface is a quarter circle.

Basement flow heat transfer coefficient.

UF The value should be determined by the same procedure

used in the calculation of slab-on-grade floor heat

transfer coefficient described in section 3.6.

. QBHG-KJW*BWA*T0-KJF*BFA*TG-KJFLR1*BFA*TID

UW*BWA+UF*BFA+UFLR1*BFA

BSMTN - QB»G~HJW*BWA*T0-KJF*BFA*TG-HJFLR1*BFA*TIN

UW*BWA+UF*BFA+UFLR1*BFA

22
If basement Is heated

BQFD = (-UW*(TID-TO)*BWA-UF*(TID-TG)*BFA)*HRDAY

BQFN = (-UW*(TIN-TO)*BWA-UF*(TIN-TG)*BFA)*HRNIT

BSMTD = TID, BSMTN = TIN

If basement is not heated BQFD & BQFN are calculated by

using Subroutine

QECHG (=7.13. Opaque envelope conduction heat

gain calculations) and the basement temperatures,

BSMTD and BSMTN above.

5.17. HWHREQ ; hot water heating requirement

hot water outlet temperature ®F

hot water inlet temperature = ground temperature *F

hot water usage, gallons/ day

total jacket area, ft^

daytime basement or indoor temperature, ®F

nighttime basement or indoor temperature, °F

thickness of existing tank insulation, ft

thermal conductivity of existing insulation,

Btu/hr, ft, “F

thickness of additional insulation, ft

thermal conductivity of additional insulation,

Btu/h, ft, “F

daytime hour, hr

nighttime hours, hr

Output ; Heat loss through existing jacket insulation around the

hot water tank

HLHWHl = U1*A*((BSMTD-T0UT)*HRDAY) + (BSMTN-TOUT)*HRNIT)

where U1 - 1.0/(0.685 + Dl/RAMl)

Heat loss through additional jacket insulation of

hot water tank

HLHWH2 = U2*A*((BSMTD-T0UT)*HRDAY) + (BSMTN-TOUT)*HRNIT)

where U2 = 1.0/(0.685 + Dl/RAMl + D2/RAM2)

Energy saving by additional insulation over the hot

water tank

SAVE = HLHWH2-HLHWH1

Hot water heating requirement, including jacket heat

loss

Input ; TOUT = TIN

HWT

A

BSMTD = BSMTN = D1

RAMI =

D2

RAM2 =

HRDAY = HRNIT =

23
WHREQ = 500.0/60.0* (TIN-TOUT) *HWT + HLHWH2

If WHREQ > 0, WHREQ = 0

Hot water heating requirement, excluding jacket heat loss

WHREQ2 = WHREQ - HLHWH2

5.18. CSDUPI: heat loss and gain through ducts and pipes in crawl

space

Input ; ADUCT = total surface area of duct in crawl space, ft^

UDUCT = U value of duct, Btu/h ft^ ®F

APIPE = total surface area of pipe in crawl space, ft^

UPIPE - U value of pipe, Btu/h ft^

TCSUPA = supply chilled air temperature, **F TCSUPW = supply chilled water temperature, °F

THSUPA = supply hot air temperature, °F

THSUPW = supply hot water temperature, °F

CRAWLD = daytime crawl temperature, *F

CRAWLN = nighttime crawl temperature, “F

CFAC = factor for estimating operation time of cooling

equipment

HFAC = factor for estimating operation time of heating

equipment

HRDAY * daytime hours, hr

HRNIT = nighttime hours, hr

Output : Heat gain through ducts and pipes

QC = ADUCT*UDUCT*( (CRAWLD - TCSUPA) *HRDAY + (CRAWLN - TCSUPA) *HRNIT) *CFAC + APIPE*UPIPE*( (CRAWLD - TCSUPW)*HRDAY + (CRAWLN - TCSUPW)*HRNIT)*CFAC

Heat loss through ducts and pipes

QH = ADUCT*UDUCT*( (CRAWLD - THSUPA)*HRDAY + (CRAWLN - THSUPA)

*HRNIT) *HFAC + APIPE*UPIPE*( (CRAWLD - THSUPW ) *HRDAY +

(CRAWLN - THSUPW )*HRNIT)*HFAC

If cooling season, QH = 0

If heating season, QC = 0

5.19. ASDUPI ; heat loss and gain through ducts and pipes in attic

space

Input ; ADUCT total surface area of duct in attic space, ft^

UDUCT “ U value of duct, Btu/h, ft^, “F

APIPE " total surface area of pipe in attic space, ft^

UPIPE U value of pipe, Btu/h, ft^, ®F

TCSUPA - supply chilled air temperature, °F

TCSUPW - supply chilled water temperature, °F

THSUPA supply hot air temperature, °F

24
THSUPW = supply hot water temperature, ®F

ATD = attic daytime temperature, ®F

ATN = attic nighttime temperature, ®F

CFAC = factor for estimating operation time of cooling

equipment

HFAC = factor for estimating operation time of heating

equipment

HRDAY = daytime hours

HRNIT = nighttime hours

Output ;

Heat gain through ducts and pipes

QC = ADUCT*UDUCT*((ATD - TCSUPA)*HRDAY + (ATN - TCSUPA)

*HRNIT)*CFAC + APIPE*UPIPE*((ATD - TCSUPW)*HRDAY +

(ATN - TCSUPW)*HRNIT)*CFAC

Heat loss through ducts and pipes

QH = ADUCT*UDUCT*((ATD - THSUPA) *HRDAY + (ATN - THSUPA)

*HRNIT)*HFAC + APIPE*UPIPE*( (ATD - THSUPW) *HRDAY +

(ATN - THSUPW )*HRN1T)*HFAC

If cooling season, QH = 0

If heating season, QC = 0

5.20. BMDUPI ; heat loss and gain through ducts and pipes in basement

2 Input ; ADUCT = total surface area of duct in basement, ft

UDUCT = U value of duct, Btu/h ft^ “F

APIPE = total surface area of pipe in basement, ft^

UPIPE = U value of pipe, Btu/h ft^ ®F

TCSUPA = supply chilled air temperature, ®F

TCSUPW = supply chilled water temperature, ®F

THSUPA = supply hot air temperature, “F

THSUPW = supply hot water temperature, ®F

BSMTD = basement daytime temperature, ®F

BSMTN = basement nighttime temperature, ®F

CFAC = factor for estimating operation time of

cooling equipment

HFAC = factor for estimating operation time of

heating equipment

HRDAY = daytime hours, hr

HRNIT = nighttime hours, hr

Output ;

Heat gain through ducts and pipes

QC = ADUCT*UDUCT*(( BSMTD - TCSUPA) *HRDAY + (BSMTN - TCSUPA)

*HRNIT)*CFAC + APIPE*UPIPE*( (BSMTD - TCSUPW) *HRDAY +

(BSMTN - TCSUPW )*HRNIT)*CFAC

I 25
Heat loss through ducts and pipes

QH = ADUCT*UDUCT*((BSMTD - TUSUPA) *HRDAY + (BSMTN - THSUPA)

*HRNIT)*HFAC + APIPE*UPIPE*( (BSMTD - THSUPW)*HRDAY +

(BSMTN - THSUPW)*HRNIT)*HFAC

If cooling season, QH = 0

If basement heated, QH = 0

If heating season, QC = 0

5.21. OSDUPI ; heat loss and gain through outdoor ducts and pipes

2 Input ; ADUCT * total surface area of outdoor duct, ft

UDUCT = U value of duct, Btu/h ft^ ®F

APIPE = total surface area of outdoor pipe, ft^

UPIPE = U value of pipe, Btu/h ft^ “F

TCSUPA = supply chilled air temperature, ®F

TCSUPW =* supply chilled water temperature, ®F

THSUPA = supply hot air temperature, “F

THSUPW =* supply hot water temperature, ®F

TOD = daytime outdoor temperature, “F

TON nighttime outdoor temperature, *F

CFAC = factor for estimating operation time of

cooling equipment

HFAC » factor for estimating operation time of

heating equipment

HRDAY “ daytime hours, hr

HRNIT = nighttime hours, hr

Output ;

Heat gain through ducts and pipes

QC =• ADUCT*UDUCT*((TOD - TCSUPA)*HRDAY + (TON - TCSUPA)

*HRNIT)*CFAC + APIPE*UPIPE*( (TOD - TCSUPW)*HRDAY +

(TON - TCSUPW )*HRNIT)*CFAC

Heat loss through ducts and pipes

QH - ADUCT*UDUCT*((TOD - THSUPA)*HRDAY + (TON - THSUPA)

*HRNIT)*HFAC + APIPE*UPIPE*( (TOD - THSUPW)*HRDAY +

(TON - THSUPW)*HRNIT)*HFAC

If cooling season, QH - 0

If heating season, QC * 0

'' *

The routines described above are Indbrporated Into a Fortran program,

listing of which Is given In Appendix C.

t9

26
Appendix D presents a description of the data file and suggested default

values to be used for the heating and cooling requirement calculations.

6. COMPARISON WITH DOE-2 RUNS

Figures 3 and 6 are comparisons of annual heating and cooling requirements

obtained by the simplified procedure described herein with those obtained

by DOE-2, a comprehensive hourly simulation program for building energy

analysis, for ten cities and for a combination of several energy conser- vation options as shown in Table 1. The basic building data used for

these comparative calculations are described in a recent report of the

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory^'.

As can be seen, the total annual heating and cooling requirements obtained

by the simplified procedure do not agree well with those determined by

the DOE-2.

Since the DOE-2 uses TRY (Typical Reference Year) weather data, a set of

monthly normal day data were generated from the

TRY weather data tape and used in the simplified calculation procedure.

The infiltration routine was also modified to be consistent with the

DOE-2 algorithm. Figures 7 and 8 show the improved relationships between

the two calculations as the result of these two adjustments.

27
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29

Figure

5.

Comparison

between

the

annual

heating

requirements

of

a

typical

residence

determined

by

the

simplfied

procedure

and

by

the

DOE-2

program
|ti)a gOll siuauiajinbaa 3uj |003 |e}ea r/ll dV3H

*1^

I

30

Figure

6.

Comparison

between

the

annual

cooling

requirements

of

a

typical

residence

determined

by

the

siraplfied

procedure

and

by

the

DOE-2

program
Figure

7.

Improved

comparison

between

the

annual

heating

requirements

of

a

typical

residence

determined

by

the

simplfied

procedure

and

by

the

DOE-2

program
i^/nia gOl lN3N3)linD3)l 9NI1003 (ViVO AUll dV3H

• . ;

32

Figure

8.

Improved

comparison

between

the

annual

cooling

requirements

of

a

typical

residence

determined

by

the

simplfied

procedure

and

by

the

DOE-2

program
APPENDIX

A.

LIUJORDAN

SOLAR

CALCULATION

DATA

Radiation

and

Other

Data

lor

80

Locations

in

the

United

States

and

Canada

III

III I I I1 'I!•

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Appendix B

AVERAGE EARTH TEMPERATURE FOR

UNDERGROUND HEAT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN

The following list presents the average earth temperature from 0 to 10

feet below the surface for the four seasons of the year and for the whole

year for the indicated locals. The temperatures were computed on the

basis of the method described in the 1965 ASHRAE technical paper entitled

"Earth Temperature and Thermal Diffusivity at Selected Stations in the

United States" by T. Kusuda and P. R. Achenbach (in ASHRAE Transactions,

Volume 71, Part I, p. 61, 1965) using the monthly average air temperatures

published by the U.S. Weather Bureau for the listed localities in the

United States. Earth temperatures are expressed in Fahrenheit degrees.

Location

Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual

Month 12,1,2 3,4,5 6,7,8 9,10,11

Alabama

Anniston AP^ 55. 58. 70. 67. 63.

Birmingham AP 54. 58. 71. 68. 63.

Mobile AP 61. 63. 74. 71. 67.

Mobile cob 61. 64. 75. 72. 68.

Montgomery AP 58. 61. 73. 70. 65.

Montgomery CO 59. 62. 74. 71. 66.

Arizona

Bisbee COOP^ 55. 58. 70. 67. 62.

Flagstaff AP 35. 39. 54. 50. 45.

Ft Huachuca (proving

ground) 55. 58. 71. 68. 63.

Phoenix AP 60. 64. 79. 75. 69.

Phoenix CO 61. 65. 80. 76. 70.

Prescott AP 46. 49. 65. 61. 55.

Tucson AP 59. 62. 76. 73. 68.

Winslow AP 45. 49. 65. 61. 55.

Yuma AP 65. 69. 84. 80. 75.

Arkansas

Fort Smith AP 52. 56. 72. 68. 62.

Little Rock AP ‘ 53. 57. 72. 68. 62.

Texarkana AP 56. 60. 74. 71. 65.

California

Bakersfield AP 56. 60. 74. 70. 65.

Beaumont CO 53. 56. 67. 64. 60.

Bishop AP 47. 51. 65. 61. 56.

Blue Canyon AP 43. 46. 58. 55. 50.

Burbank AP 58. 60. 68. 66. 63.

Eureka CO 50. 51. 54. 54. 52.

Fresno AP 54. 58. 72. 68. 63.

Los Angeles AP 58. 59. 64. 63. 61.

Los Angeles CO 60. 61. 68. 66. 64.

B-1
Location Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual

California

Mount Shasta CO 41. 44. • 57. 54. 49.

Oakland AP S3. 54. 60. 59. 56.

Red Bluff AP 54. 58. 72. 69. 63.

Sacramento AP S3. 56. 67. 64. 60.

Sacramento CO 54. 57. 68. 65. 61.

Sandberg CO 47. 50. 63. 60. 55.

San Diego AP 59. 60. 66. 65. 62.

San Francisco AP 53. 54. 59. 57. 56.

San Francisco CO 55. 55. 59. 58. 57.

San Jose COOP 55. 57. 64. 62. 59.

Santa Catalina AP 57. 58. 64. 62. 60.

Santa Maria AP 54. 55. 60. 59. 57.

Colorado

Alamosa AP 30. 35. 52. 48. 41.

Colorado Springs AP 39. 43. 59. 55. 49.

Denver AP 39. 43. 60. 56. 50.

Denver CO . 41. 45. 61. 58. 51.

Grand Junction AP 39. 44. 65. 60. 52.

Pueblo AP 41. 45. 62. 58. 51.

Connecticut

Bridgeport AP 40. 44. 61. 57. 50.

Hartford AP 39. 43. 61. 57. 50.

Hartford AP (Brainer) 39. 43. 60. 56. 50.

New Haven AP 40. 44. 60. 56. 50.

Delaware

Wilmington AP 44. 48. 64. 60. 54.

Washington, D.C.

Washington AP 47. 51. 66. 63. 56.

Washington CO 47. 51. 66. 63. 57.

Silver Hill OBS° 46. 50. 65. 61. 55.

Florida

Apalachicola CO 63. 65. 75. 73. 69.

Daytona Beach AP 65. 67. 75. 74. 70.

Fort Myers AP 70. 71. 78. 76. 74.

Jacksonville AP 63. 66. 75. 73. 69.

.Jacksonville CO 64. 66. 76. 73. 70.

Key West AP 74. 75. 80. 79. 77.

Key West CO 75. 76. 81. 79. 78.

Lakeland CO 68. 69. 77. 75. 72.

Melbourne AP 68. 70. 77. 75. 72.

Miami AP 72. 74. 79. 78. 76.

Miami CO 72. 73. 78. 77. 75.

Miami Beach COOP u 74. 75. 80. 78. 77.

Orlando AP 68. 70. 77. 75. 72.

4

B-2
Location Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annua

1

Florida

Pensacola CO 62.

Tallahassee AP 61.

Tampa AP 68.

West Palm Beach 71.

Georgia

Albany AP 60.

Athens AP 54

.

Atlanta AP 54.

Atlanta CO -54.

Augusta AP 56.

Columbus AP 56.

Macon AP 58.

Rome AP 53

.

Savannah AP 60

Thomasville CO 62.

Valdosta AP 61.

Idaho

Boise AP 40.

Idaho Falls 46 W 30.

Idaho Falls 42 N W 28.

Lewiston AP 42.

Pocatello AP 35.

Salmon CO 32.

Illinois

Cairo CO 49.

Chicago AP 38.

Joliet AP 37.

Moline AP 38.

Peoria AP 39.

Springfield AP 41.

Springfield CO 43.

Indiana

Evansville AP 47.

Fort Wayne AP 39.

Indianapolis AP .41.

Indianapolis CO 43.

South Bend AP 38.

Terre Haute AP 42.

Iowa

Burlington AP 39.

Charles City CO 33.

Davenport CO 39.

Des Moines AP 37.

Des Moines C.O 38.

64. 74. 72. 68.

64. 74. 72. 68.

69. 77. 75. 72.

73. 79. 77. 75.

63. 75.

• 72. 67.

58. 71. 68. 63.

57. 70. 67. 62.

57. 70. 67. 62.

59. 72. 69. 64.

59. 72. 69. 64.

61. 74. 71. 66.

56. 70. 67. 61.

63. 74. 71. 67.

64. 74. 72. 68.

64. 74. 72. 68.

44. 62. 58. 51.

35. 55. 50. 42.

33. 54. 49. 41.

46. 63. 59. 52.

40. 59. 55. 47.

37. 56. 52. 44.

53. 70. 66. 60.

43. 62. 57. 50.

42. 61. 56. 49.

43. 62. 58. 50.

44. 63. 58. 51.

45. 64. 60. 52.

47. 66. 62. 54.

51. 67. 63. 57.

43. 61. 57. 50.

46. 64. 59. 52.

48. . 65. 61. 54.

42. 61. 56. 49.

47. 65. 60. 53.

44. 64. 59. 51.

38. 60. 55. 46.

44. 64. 59. 51.

42. 63. 58. 50.

43. 64. 59. 51.

I B-3
Location Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual

Iowa

Dubuque AP 34.

Sioux City AP ' 35.

Waterloo AP 35.

Kansas

Concordia CO 42.

Dodge City AP 43.

Good land AP 38.

Topeka AP 43.

Topeka CO 44.

Wichita AP 45.

Kentucky

Bowling Green AP 47.

Lexington AP 44.

Louisville AP 46.

Louisville CO 47.

Louisiana

Baton Rouge AP 61.

Burrwood CO 65.

Lake Charles AP 61.

New Orleans AP 63.

New Orleans CO 64.

Shreveport AP .,58.

Maine

Caribou AP 24.

Eastport CO 33.

Portland AP 33.

Maryland ^ Baltimore AP 45.

Baltimore CO 47.

Frederick AP 44.

Massachusetts

Boston AP 41.

Nantucket AP 41.

Pittsfield AP 34,

Worcester AP 36.

Michigan

Alpena CO 33.

Detroit Willow Run AP 38.

Detroit City AP 38.

Escanaba CO 30.

Flint AP 36.

Grand Rapids AP 36.

39. 60. 55. 47.

40. 62. 57. 49.

40. 61. 56. 48.

47. 67. 62. 54.

48. 67. 62. 55.

43. 62. 57. . 50.

47. 66. 62. 55.

49. 68. 63. 56.

50. 68. 64. 57.

51. 67. 63. 57.

48. 65. 61. 54.

50. 67. 63. 56.

51. 67. 64. 57.

63. 74. 72. 67.

67. 77. 74. 71.

64. 75. 73. 68.

65. 75. 73. 69.

66. 77. 74. 70.

61. 75. 72. 66.

29. 50. 45. 37.

37. 51. 48. 42.

38. 56. 51. 44.

49. , 65. 61. 55.

51. 67. 63. 57.

48. 65. 61. 55.

44. 61. 57. 51.

44. 57. 54. 49.

38. 55. 51. 44.

40. 58. 54. 47.

37. 54. 50. 43.

42. 60. 56. 49.

43. 60. 56. 49.

35. 53. 49. 42.

40. 58. 54. 47.

40. 58. 54. 47.

B-4
Location Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual

Michigan

Grand Rapids CO 38. 42. 60. 56. 49.

East Lansing CO 36. 40. 58. 54. 47.

Marquette CO 31. 35. 53. 49. 42.

Muskecon AP 36. 40. 57. 53. 47.

Sault Ste Marie AP 28. 32. 51. 47. 39.

Minnesota

Crookston COOP 25. 31. 55. 49. 40.

Duluth AP 25. 30. 52. 47. 38.

Duluth CO 26. 31. 52. 47. 39.

International Falls 22. 27. 51. 45. 36.

Minneapolis AP 32. 37. 60. 54. 46.

Rochester AP 31. 36. 58. ' 53. 44.

Saint Cloud AP 28. 33. ' 56. 51. 42.

Saint Paul AP 32. 37. 60. 54. 46.

Mississippi

. Jackson AP 57. 61. 73. 70. 65.

Meridian AP 57. 60. 72. 69. 64.

Vicksburg CO 58. 61. 74. 71. 66.

Missouri

Columbia AP 43. 48. 66. 62. 55.

Kansas City AP 44. 49. ,68. 64. 56.

Saint Joseph AP 42. 47. 67. 62. 54.

Saint Louis AP 45. 49. 67. 63. 56.

Saint Louis CO 46. 50. 68. 64. 57.

Springfield AP 45. 49. 66. 62. 56.

Montana

Billings AP 35. 40. 59. 55. 47.

Butte AP 27. 31. 50. 45. 38.

Glasgow AP 27. 33. 56. 51. 42.

Glasgow CO 28. 34. 57. 52. 43.

Great Falls AP 34. 38. 56. 52. 45.

Harve CO 31. 36. 57. 52. 44.

Helena AP 31. 36. 55. 50. 43.

Helena CO 32. 36. 55. 50. 43.

Kalispell AP 32. 37. 54. 50. 43.

Miles City AP 32. 37. 59. 54. 45.

Missoula AP 33. 37. 56. 51. 44.

Nebraska

Grand Island AP 38. 43. 64. 59. 51.

Lincoln AP 39. 44. 64. 60. 52.

Lincoln CO University 40. 45. 65. 61. 53.

Norfolk AP 35. 40. 62. 57. 48.

North Platte AP 37. 42. 62. 57. 49.

Omaha AP 39. 44. 65. 60. 52.

B-5
Location Winter Spring Suramer Autumn Annual

Nebraska

Scottbluff AP 36. 41. 60. 56. 48.

Valentine CO 35. 40. 61. 56. 48.

Nevada

Elko AP 34. 39. 57. 53. 46.

Ely AP 35. 39. 56. 52. 45.

Las Vegas AP 56. 60. 78. 74. 67.

Reno AP 40. 44. 58. 55. 49.

Tonopah 41. 45. 61. 57. 51.

Winnemucca AP 38. 42. 60. 56. 49.

New Hampshire

Concord AP

• 33. 38. 56. 52. 45.

Mt Washington COOP 17. 21. 37. 33. 27.

New Jersey

Atlantic City CO 45. 49. 63. 60. 54.

Newark AP 43. 47. 63. 59. 53.

Trenton CO 43. 47. 64. 60. 53.

New Mexico

Albuquerque AP 46. 50. 67. 63. 57.

Clayton AP 43. 47. 63. 59. 53.

Raton AP 38. 42. 58. 54. 48.

Roswell AP 51. 54. 69. 66. 60.

New York

Albany AP 36. 40. 59. 54. 47.

Albany CO 38. 43. 61. 56. 49.

Bear Mountain CO 38. 42. 59. 55. 48.

Binghampton AP 34. 38. 56. 52. 45.

Binghampton CO 38. 42. 59. 55. 48.

Buffalo AP 37. 41. 58. 54. 47.

New York AP (La Guardia) 44. 48. 64. 60. 54.

New York CO 44. 47. 63. 59. 53.

New York Central Park 44. 48. 64. 60. 54.

Oswego CO 36. 40. 58. 54. 47.

Rochester AP

^ 37. 41. 58. 54. 47.

Schenectady COOP 35. 40. 59. 55. 47.

Syracuse AP 38. 42. 60. 56. 49.

North Carolina

Asheville CO 48. 51. 64. 61. 56.

Charlotte AP 52. 55. 69. 66. 60.

Greensboro AP 49. 53. 67. 64. 58.

Hatteras CO 56. 59. 70. 68. 63.

Raleigh AP 51. 55. 69. 65. 60.

Raleigh CO 52. 56. 70. 66. 61.

Wilmington AP 56. 59. 71. 69. 64.

Winston Salem AP 50. 53. 67. 64. 58.

B-6
Location Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual

North Dakota

Bismarck AP 27. 33. 56. 51. 42.

Devils Lake CO 24. 29. 54. 48. 39.

Fargo AP 26. 32. 56. 50. 41.

Minot AP 25. 31. 54. 49. 39.

Williston CO 27. 33. 56. 50. 41.

Ohio

Akron-Canton AP 39. 43. 60. 56. 50.

Cincinnati AP 43. 47. 64. 60. 54.

Cincinnati CO 46. 50. 66. 63. 56.

Cincinnati ABBE OBS 45. 49. 65. 61. 55.

Cleveland AP 40. 44. 61. 57. 51.

Cleveland CO 41. 45. 62. 58. 51.

Columbus AP 41. 46. 62. 59. 52.

Columbus CO 43. 47. 64. 60. 53.

Dayton AP 42. 46. 63. 59. 52.

Sandusky CO 41. 45. 62. 58. 51.

Toledo AP 38. 43. 60. 56. 49.

Youngstown AP 39. 43. 60. 56. 50.

Oklahoma

Oklahoma City AP 50. 54. 71. 67. 60.

Oklahoma City CO 50. 55. 71. 68. 61.

Tulsa AP. 50. 54. 71. 67. 61.

Oregon

Astoria AP 47. 48. 56. 54. 51.

Baker CO 36. 40. 56. 52. 46.

Bums CO 36. 40. 58. 54. 47.

Eugene AP 46. 48. 59. 57. 52.

Meacham AP 34. 38. 52. 49. 43.

Medford AP 46. 49. 62. 59. 54.

Pendelton AP 42. 46. 63. 59. 53.

Portland AP 46. 49. 60. 57. 53.

Portland CO 48. 50. 61. 59. 55.

Roseburg AP 47. 49. 60. 57. 53.

Roseburg CO 48. 51. 61. 59. 55.

Salem AP 46. 49. 60. 57. 53.

Sexton Summit 42. 44. 55. 52. 48.

Troutdale AP 45. 48. 59. 57. 52.

Pennsylvania

Allentown AP 40. 44. 62. 58. 51.

Erie AP 38. 42. 58. 55. 48.

Erie CO 40. 44. 60. 56. 50.

Harrisburg AP 43. 47. 63. 59. 53.

Park Place CO 36. 40. 57. 53. 46.

Philadelphia AP 44. 48. 64. 61. 54.

Philadelphia CO 46. 50. 66. 62. 56.

Pittsburgh Allegheny 42. 46. 62. 58. 52.

B-7
Location Winter Spring, Summer Autumn Annual

Pennsylvania

Pittsburgh GRTR PITT 40.

Pittsburgh CO 44.

Reading CO 43.

Scranton CO 40.

Wilkes Barre-Scranton 39.

Williamsport AP 40.

Rhode Island

Block Island AP 41.

Providence AP 39.

Providence CO 41.

South Carolina

Charleston AP 58.

Charleston CO 60.

Columbia AP 56.

Columbia CO 57.

Florence AP 55.

Greenville.AP 53.

Spartanburg AP 53.

South Dakota

Huron AP 31

Rapid City AP 34.

Sioux Falls AP 32.

Tennessee

Bristol AP 48.

Chattanooga AP 51.

Knoxville AP 50.

Memphis AP 52.

Memphis CO 53.

Nashville AP 51.

Oak Ridge CO 49.

Oak Ridge 8 S 49.

Texas

Abilene AP ' 55.

Amarillo AP 47.

Austin AP 60.

Big Springs AP 56.

.Brownsville AP 68.

Corpus Christ i AP 65.

Dallas AP 57.

Del Rio AP 62.

El Paso AP 54.

Fort Worth AP (Amon

Carter) 57.

Galveston AP 63.

44. 61. 57. 51.

48. 64. 60. 54.

47. 64. 60. 54.

44. 61. 57. 50.

43. 60. 56. 49.

44. 61. 57. 51.

45. 59. 55. 5o:

43. 59. 56. 49.

45. 62. 58. 51.

61. 72. 70. 65.

62. 74. 71. 67.

59. 72. 69. 64.

60. 72. 69. 64.

59. 72. 69. 64.

56. 69. 66. 61.

56. 70. 66. 61.

37. 60. 55. 46.

39. 58. 54. 46.

37. 60. 55. 46.

51. 65. 62. 56.

55. 69. 65. 60.

54. 68. 65. 59.

56. 71. 68. 62.

57. 72. 68. 62.

54. 69. 66. 60.

52. 67. 64. 58.

52. 67. 64. 58.

58. 73. 70. 64.

50. 67. 63. 57.

63. 76. 73. 68.

59. ; 74. 70. 65.

70. 79. 77. 74.

68. 78. 76. 72.

61. 76. 72. 66.

65. 77. 75. 70.

58. 72. 69. 63.

60. 75. 72. 66.

66. 77. 74. 70.

K

B-8
Location Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual

Texas

Galveston CO 63. 66. 77. 74. 70.

Houston AP .62. ,65. 76. 73. 69.

Houston CO 63. 66. 77. 74. 70.

Laredo AP 67. 70. 81. 79. 74.

Lubbock AP 50. 54. 69. 65. 59.

Midland AP 55. 59. 73. 70. 64.

Palestine CO 58. 62. 74. *71. 66.

Port Arthur AP 61. 64. 75. 72. 68.

Port Arthur CO 63. 65. 76. 74. 69.

San Angelo AP 58. 61. 74. 71. 66.

San Antonio AP 61. 64. 77. 74. 69.

Victoria AP 64. 67. 78. 76. 71.

Waco AP 58. 62. 76. 73. 67.

Wichita Falls AP 53. 57. 73. 69. 63.

Utah

Blanding CO 39. 43. 60. 56. 50.,

Milford AP 37. 42. 61. 56. 49.

Salt Lake City AP 40. 44. 63. 59. 51.

Salt Lake City CO 41. 46. 65. 60. 53.

Vermont

Burlington AP 32. 37. 57. 52. 44.

Virginia

Cape Henry CO 51. 55. 68. 65. 60.

Lynchburg AP 48. 51. 66. 62. 57.

Norfolk AP 51. 54. 68. 64. 59.

Norfolk CO 52. 56. 69. 66. 61.

Richmond AP 48. 52. • 67. 63. 58.

Richmond CO 50. 53. 68. 64. 59.

Roanoke AP 48. 51. 66. 62. 57.

Washington

Ellensburg AP 37. 41. 59. 55. 48.

Kelso AP 45. 47. 57. 54. 51.

North Head L H RESVN 47. 49. 54. 53. 51.

Olympia AP 44. 46. 56. 54. 50.

Omak 2 mi N W

' 36. 40. 59. 55. 47.

Port Angeles AP 45. 46. 53. 52. 49.

Seattle AP (Boeing

Field) 46. 48. 58. 56. 52.

Seattle CO 47. 50. 59. 57. 53.

Seattle-Tacoma AP 44. 47. 57. 55. 51.

Spokane AP 37. . 41. 58. 54. 47.

Stampede Pass 32. 35. 48. 45. 40.

Tacoma CO 46. 48. 58. 55. 52.

Tattosh Island CO 46. 47. 52. 51. 49.

Walla Walla CO 44. 48. 65. 61. 54.

Yakima AP 40. 44. 61. 57. 50.

B-9
Location Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual

West Virginia

Charleston AP 47. 50. 65. 61. 56.

Elkins AP • 41. 45. 59. 56. 50.

Huntington CO 48. 52. 67. 63. 57.

Parkersburg CO 45. 49. 65. 61. 55.

Petersburg CO 44. 48. 63. 60. 54.

Wisconsin

Green Bay AP 31. 36. 56. 51. . 44.

La Crosse AP 32. 38. 60. 55. 46.

Madison AP 34. 39. 59. 54. 47.

Madison CO 34. 39. 60. 55. 47.

Milwaukee AP 35. 40. 58. 54. 47.

Milwaukee CO 36. 41. 59. 55. 48.

Wyoming

Casper AP 34. 38. 57. 52. 45.

Cheyenne AP 35. 39. 55. 51. 45.

Lander AP 31. 35. 56. 51. 43.

Rock Springs AP 31. 35. 54. 50. 42.

Sheridan AP 33. 37, 56. 52. 44.

Hawaii

Hilo AP 72. 72. 74. 74. 73.

Honolulu AP 74. 75. 77. 77.. 76.

Honolulu CO 74. 74. 77. 76. 75.

Lihue AP 72. 73. 76. 75. 74.

Alaska

Anchorage AP 25. 29. 46. 42. 35.

Annette AP 40. 42. 51. 49. 46.

Barrow AP 4. 7. 16. 14. 10.

Bethel AP 18. 23. 41. 37. 30.

Cold Bay AP 33. 35. 43. 41. 38.

Cordova AP 32. 35. 45. 43. 39.

Fairbanks AP 14. 19. 38. 34. 26.

Galena AP 13. 18. 37. 33. 25.

Gambell AP 15. 19. 34. 30. 24.

Juneau AP 34. 36. 47. 45. 41.

Juneau CO 36. 39. 49. 46. 42.

King Salmon AP 25. 28. 44. 40. 34.

Kotzebue AP 10.‘ 14. 31. 27. 21.

McGrath AP 14. 18. 37. . 33. 25.

Nome AP 16. 20. 37. 33. 26.

Northway AP 12. 16. 32. 29. 22.

Saint Paul Island AP 31. 32. 40. 38. 35.

Yakutat AP 33. 36. 45. 43. 39.

West Indies

Ponce Santa Isabel AP 75. 76. 78. 78. 77.

San Juan AP 77. 77. 79. 79. 78.

B-10
Location Winter Spring Suruner Autumn Annual

West Indies

San Juan CO 77. 77. 79. 79. 78.

Swan Island 80. 80. 82. 81. 81.

Virgin Islands

St Croix » V.I. AP 78. 78. 81. o • CO 79.

Pacific Islands

• Canton Island AP 83. 84. 84. 84. 84.

Koror 81. 81. 81. 81. 81.

Ponape Island AP ,81. 81. 81. 81. 81.

Truk Moen Island 81. 81. 81. 81. 81.

Wake Island AP 79. 79. 81. 81. 80.

Yap 81. 81. 82. 82. 82.

gAP * Airport data.

^CO = City office data,

cCOOP Cooperative weather station,

d

OBS « Observation station.

B-11

Appendix C

Fortran Listing of the Computer Program
Subroutine

Name

Subroutine

Description Page

>IAIN Main program C-1

HCLD Heating and cooling load determination C-3

SOLDAT Solar radiation data (Liu-Jordan) C-15

ZD A subroutine of SOLDAT C-18

F Slab-on-grade perimeter heat loss (unused) C-19

SAT Sol-air temperature C-20

ATTIC Attic air temperature C-21

CRAWL Crawl space air temperature C-22

GF Ground floor heat loss C-23

SLABR Slab-on-grade thermal resistance C-24

GAMMAR A subroutine of SLABR C-26

BSMT Basement temperature C-27

QECHG Opaque envelope (wall, roof) heat transfer C-28

QG Window heat gain C-29

INFIL Infiltration rate C-30

QI Infiltration heat gain C-31

DBRH A psychrometric routine C-32

PVSF A psychrometric routine C-33

QR Internal heat gain C-34

HLHG Building heat loss and heat gain C-35

THTCX Thermal time constant C-38

HCRT Heating and cooling requirement C-39

SEU Solar energy utilization C-40

EREQ Energy requirement C-41

HWHREQ Hot water heating requirement C-43

C-li
(continued)

Subroutine Subroutine

Name Description Page

CSDUPI Duct and pipe heat loss in a crawl space C-44

ASDUPI Duct and pipe heat loss in an attic C-45

BMDUPI Duct and pipe heat loss in a basement C-46

OSDUPI Heat loss from outside duct and pipe C-47

ZKDN Building heat transfer factor C-48

PSY2 A psychrometric routine C-49

WBF A psychrometric routine C-40

DEGDAY Energy analysis by the degree day method C-51

LINT Linear interpolation subroutine C-52

MAX Maximum value C-53

MIN Minimum value C-54

Sample run C-55

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APPENDIX D

ELEMENTS OF DATA STATEflENT IN MAIN PROGRAM

Number* Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

B(l) V F ft^ Volume (L*W*H) of Heated Living

Area

B(2) ACRM F Tight = .5 Average = 1.0

Leaky = 1.5

Very Leaky = 2.0

AC/hr Standard Air Leakage Data

B(3-14) TOD(X) F(12) deg F Daytime Outdoor Temperature (Month)

B(15-26) TOT(X) F(12) deg F Daily Temperature (Month)

B(27-38) TID(X) F(12)

1 deg F Daytime Indoor Temperature (Month)

B(39-50) TIN(X) F(12) deg F Nighttime Indoor Temperature (Month)

B(51) lACNV I

0-

Never open windows

1-

Open windows in summer when temp. < thermostat

setting

Default = 0

B(52) XI F Unused

B(53) X2 F Unused

B(54-65) WS(X) F(12) mph Wind Speed

B(66) X3 F Unused

B(67) X4 F Unused

B(68) ORTl F 0.0 - 359.0 deg Orientation from south of window/

wall/door No. 1 B(69) XLAT F deg Latitude (North)

* Number shows position of element at data statement in main program

.

D-1
1

Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

__l

B(70) RHO F 0.2 = Dark

0.4 = Medium

0.6 = Light — Ground Surface Reflectance

B(71) ZIP I Zip Code 1

I B(72) AGl F ft^

1 Window 1 Area

t B(73) SCI F Default = 0.55 If

Shades Else 0 — Window 1 Shading Coefficient '

1

B(74) UGl F 1.13 = Single Glaze

0.55 = Double Glaze

Default = 1.13

T. , * Btuh Window 1 U Value

|

B(75) SHADWl F 1.0 = All Shadow

0.5 = Part Shadow

0.0 = No Shadow

Default = 0.0

Window 1 Shadow

1

B(76) ORT2 F 0.0 - 359.0 deg Orientation from South of Window/|

Wall/Door No . 2

B(77) AG2 F ft2 Window 2 Area

B(78) SC2 F Default = 0.55 if

Shades Else 0 — Window 2 shading coefficient

B(79) UG2 F 1.13 = Single Glaze

0.55 = Double Glaze

Default = 1.13

Btuh Window 2 U value

j

1

1 B(80) SHADW2 F 1.0 = All Shadow

0.5 = Part Shadow

0.0 = No Shadow

Default = 0.0

Window 2 Shadow 1

1

i

1 B(81) ORT3 F 0.0 - 359.0 deg Orientation from South of Window/

Wall/Door No . 3 ^

i' B(82) AG3 F ft2 Window 3 Area '

B(83) SC3 F Default = 0.55 If

Shades Else 0 — Window 3 Shading Coefficient

B(8A) UGE F 1.13 = Single Glaze

0.55 * Double Glaze

Default = 1.13

Btuh

1 Window 3 U Value

V

!

1

* Btuh

all

= Btu/hr ft

the U values

2 Fhereafter will be expressed in this unit

1

1

D-2
Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

B(85) SHADW3 F 1.0 = All Shadow

0.5 = Part Shadow

0.0 = No Shadow

Default = 0.0 — Window 3 Shadow

B(86) 0RT4 F 0.0 - 359.0 deg Orientation from South of Window/

Wall/Door No. 4

B(87) AG4 F 0.0 - 359.0 ft^ Window 4 Area

00 00 OQ SC4 F Default = 0.55 If

Shades Else 0 — Window 4 Shading Coefficient

i B(89) UG4 F 1.13 = Single Glaze

0.55 = Double Glaze

Default = 1.13

Btuh Window 4 U Value

' B(90)

1

i

SHDW4 F 1.0 = All Shadow

0.5 = Part Shadow

0.0 = No Shadow

Default = 0.0

Window 4 Shadow

|b(91)

1

WTILTl F Default = 50.0 deg from

horiz

Solar Collector Tilt Angle

,B(92) SA F High Performance = 0.8

Medium Performance = 0.75

Low Performance = 0.7

Default = 0.7

Solar Collector Efficiency (Y Axis)

(Absorption Factor From Glass)

B(93)

1

1

1

SB F High Performance =1.2

Medium Performance =1.0

Low Performance = 0.8

Default = 0.8

Solar Collector Efficiency (X Axis)

(Water Temp - Outdoor Temp)/Solar

Radiation

^|B(94-105) TE(X) F(12) Default = 70.0 deg F Inlet Fluid Temperature to Solar

Collector (Month)

:|b(io6) SUF F Default =1.0 — Sollar Collector Utilization

B(107)

1 AS F Default = 0.0 ft^ Solar Collector Area

= 0 to Signal No Sollar Collei

,|B(108)

;

X5 F Default =1.0 ft Roof overhang projection over wall 1

iiB(109) X6 F Default = 10.0 ft Height of wall 1

ijBdlO)

i

i

WALU3 F Much = 1.0

Part =0.5

None = 0.0 — Wall 1 Shadow Factor

Default = 0.0

D-3

I

I

1

!
Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

B(ll)

B(112-123)

B(124)

B(125)

B(126)

B(127)

B(128)

B(129)

B(130)

B(131)

B(132)

B(133)

WALL14

X7

WALL15

WALL16

F Dark = 0.95

Medium = 0.7

Light =0.4

Default = 0.4

F(12) Unused

F Wood Insulated = 0.07 Btuh

Wood Uninsulated=0.23

Masonry lnsulated=0 . 13

Masonry Uninsulated=0. 29

X8 F Default = 1.0 ft

X9 F Default = 10.0 ft

WALL 23 F Much = 1.0

Part = 0.5

None = 0.0

Default = 0.0

WALL 24 F Dark = 0.95

Medium = 0.7

Light = 0.4

Default = 0.4

WALL 25 F Wood lnsulated=0 .07

Wood Unlnsulated=0 .23

Masonry lnsulated=0 . 13

Masonry Unlnsulated=0. 29

Btuh

WALL 26 F ft2

Wall 1 Surface Absorptivity

Wall 1 U Value

U of Mobile Home = U of Wood

Insulated Home

Wall 1 Area

Excludes Windows and Doors

0 if Attached

Includes Above-Ground Basement

Wall Area

Roof overhang projection over wall 2

Height of wall 2

Wall 2 Shadow Factor

Wall 2 Surface Absorptivity

Wall 2 U Value

U of Mobile Home = U of Wood

Insulated Home

Wall 2 Area

Excludes Windows and Doors

0 if attached

Includes Above-Ground Basement

Wall Area I

XIO F Default “ 1.0 ft Roof overhang projection over wall 3

Xll F Default 10.0 ft Height of wall 3

D-4

I
Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

B(134) WALL 33 F Much * 1.0

Part = 0.5

None “ 0.0

Default " 0.0

Wall 3 Shadow Factor

B(135) WALL 34 F Dark = 0.95

Medium 0.7

Light » 0.4

Default * 0.4

Wall 3 Surface Absorptivity

B(136) WALL 35 F Wood Insulated^O .07

Wood Unlnsulated-0.23

Masonry Insulated*0.13

Masonry Unlnsulated’>0.29

Btuh Wall 3 U Value

U of Mobile Home = U of Wood

Insulated Home

B(137) WALL 36 F ft^ Wall 3 Area

Excludes Windows and Doors

0 if Attached

Includes Above-Ground Basement

Wall Area

B(138) X12 F Default = 1.0 ft

I Roof overhang projection over wall 4

B(139) X13 F Default » 10.0 ft Height of wall 4

B(140) WALL 43 F Much * 1.0

Part - 0.5

None 0.0

Default =0.0

Wall 4 Shadow Factor

B(141) WALL 44 F Dark - 0.95

Medium = 0.7

Light 0.4

Default =0.4

Wall 4 Surface Absorptivity

B(142) WALL 45 F Wood Insulated=0.07

Wood unlnsulated=0.23

Masonry Insulated=0.13

Masonry Unlnsulated=0.29

Btuh Wall 4 U Value

U of Mobile Home = U of Wood

Insulated Home

B(144) SOGFRC F 0. 0-1.0 (SUM B (144-146) — Fraction of Floor Which is SOG

- 1 )

D-5
Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

8(145) CRWFRC F 0. 0-1.0 (SUM 8(144-146)

= 1)

Fraction of Floor Which is

Crawl Space

8(146) 8SMFRC F 0. 0-1.0 (SUM 8(144-146)

= 1) — Fraction of Floor Which is

Basement

8(147-148) X14 F(2) Unused

8(149) ROOF4 (ANATT)

F Default = 0.0 ft^ Non-Attic Roof Area

(AFLOOR - ATFLR)

8(150) ROOFl F Default = 0.0

1.0 = All Shadow

0.5 = Part Shadow

0.0 = No Shadow

Roof Shadow Factor

B(151) ROOF 2 F Default = 0.9

Dark = 0.95

Medium = 0.7

Light = 0.4

Roof Absorptivity

8(152) ROOF 3 F Default = 0.2

0.55 With Vented or No Attic

0.2 With Unvented Attic

Btuh Roof U Value

B(153) AEWH F Default - 4.0 ft Attic End Wall Height

8(154) SOLHW I 0 = Not Used for Hot

Water

1 = Is Used

Use of Solar Collector for

Water Heating

8(155) SOLSH I 0 = Not Used for Hot

Hea ting

1 = Is Used — Use of Solar Collector For

Space Heating

8(156) X23 I Unused

B(157) AW F ft^ Attic End Wall Area

8(158) ACAT F 20.0 = Attic Fan

6.0 = Soffit Vent and

Ridge Vent

3.0 •• Cable Vent

0.0 * No vent

Default 3.0

AC/hr Air Change per Hour

8(159) UCEIL F Default “ 0.1 8tuh Ceiling U Value - Only Wlien There is an Attic

D-6
Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

B(160) AEW5 F Default “ 0.25

Same as Wall U B(124)

Btuh Attic End Wall U Value

B(161) X15 F Unused

B(162) UFLRI F Default “ 0.30 Btuh Floor U Value (Floor Above

Basement)

B(163) HWT F Default » 75.0 gal/day Hot Water Usage

B(164) NSTART I 1-12 — First Month of Cooling

B(165) NLAST I 1-12 —

Last Month of Cooling Season

B(166) INDEXES I

0-

Attlc is Temp Controlled .

1-

Attlc Not Temp Controlled

» 1 If There is an Attic

Else 0

Attic Temperature Control Index

B(167) INDEXC I 0 * Basement Heated

1 Basement Unheated — Basement Temperature Control Index

B(168) ZL F ft Exposed Perimeter Length of SOG

B( 169-180) TG(X) F(12) deg F Ground Temperature (Month)

B(181) ACCS F 0.0 »» Unvented

3.0 = Vented

AC/ hr Crawl Space Air Change/Hour

B(182) UFLR2 F Default = 0.30 Btuh Crawl Space Floor U Value (Floor

Above Crawl Space)

B(183) UCLW F Default » 0.25 Btuh Crawl Space Wall U Value

B(184) HCL F ft Crawl Space Height

B(185) AWCL F ft^ Crawl Space Wall Area

B(186) NPD I Default “3 _ , — Daytime Occupancy

B(187) NPN I Default 3 — Nightime Occupancy

B(188) WTD F Default “ 0.097 * watt Average Daytime Lighting

B(189) WTN F Default - 0.217 * ft^ watt Average Nighttime Lighting

D-7
.Vumbor Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

B(190) WED F Default 0.705 * ft^ watt Average Daytime Electric Equipment

For Gas Appliance, Use Electric

Equivalent Value

B(191) WEN F Default 0.424 * watt Average Nighttime Electric

Equipment For Gas Appliance, Use Electric Equivalent Value

B(192) FLOORA F Default " 1200.0 ft2 Floor Area (Flat Projection

of House)

B(193) ATFLR F Default - 1200.0 ft2 Area of Attic Floor

B(194) UfiW F Default » 1.0 Btuh Basement Wall Heat Conductance

B(195) ISYS I 1 •• Heat, No Cool

2 » Cool, No Heat

3 Heat + Cool

System Index

B(196) UFW F Default * 0.164 Btuh Ground Heat Conductance for Wall

B(197) BWA F ft2 Basement Wall Area

B(198) DBF F Default >1.0 Btuh Basement Floor Heat Conductance

B(199) UFF F Default “ 0.1 Bt uh Ground Heat Conductance for Floor

B(200) QBHG F Default “ 0.0 Btuh Basement Heat Gain From Furnace and Other Equipment

B(201) THTC F Table on page E-2

Default " 15.0

hr Thermal Time Constant

B(202) ZKS F Default "1.0 Btuh-f

t

Ground Thermal Conductivity

B(203) DX F Default " 500 ft Side Distance from Adjacent House

B(204) DY F Default “ 500 ft Front to Back Distance from Adjacent House

B(205) E F Default “ 0-. 5 ft Wall Thickness

B(206-213) unused

B(214-225) H(X) F(12) Btu/day/ft2 Total Horizontal Solar Insolation (Month)

B(226) EH F Value - F(Fuel EFF, Mod

Factor) — Heating Efficiency

B(227-231) X(16) F(5) Unused

1,

II'

1,

1

)

i: II

is

Is

i;

I

D-8 f
Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

|B(232)

1

lB(233-239)

EC

X(17)

F

F(7)

Value = F(Fuel EFF, Mod

Factor)

Unused — Cooling Efficiency

B(240) X(18) F Unused

i B(241-252) RH(1,X)

F(2,12)

Default Summer » 50.0

WIN = 20.0 If No

Humidifier

WIN = 35.0 if +

Humidifier

•k pet Indoor Daytime Rel Humid (Month)

B(253-264) RH(2,X) Same pet Indoor Nighttime Rel Humid (Month)

B(265-276) RHM (X) F(12) pet Outdoor Morning Rel Humid (Month)

;B(277-288)

^B(289)

RHA (X)

X(19)

F(12)

F Unused

pet Outdoor Afternoon Rel Humid (Month)

|B(290) D00R13 F Same as Wall Shadow — Door 1 Shadow

B(291) D00R14 F Same as Wall Absorptivity — Door 1 Absorptivity

1IB(292)

B(294)

DOOR15

X20

F

F

Default 0.5

Unused

Btuh Door 1 U Value

B(295)

1 DOOR23 F Same as Wall Shadow — Door 2 Shadow

!b(296) DOOR24 F Same as Wall Absorptivity — Door 2 Absorptivity

jB(297)

|b(298)

1

|b(299)

DOOR25

DOOR26

X21

F

F

F

Default “ 0.5

Unused

Btuh

ft^

Door 2 U Value

Door 2 Area

Excludes Sliding Glass Doors

IB(300) DOOR33 F Same as Wall Shadow — Door 3 Shadow

B(301)

i D00R34 F Same as Wall Absorptivity Door 3 Absorptivity •

|B(302)

'B(303)

DOOR35

DOOR36

F

F

Default = 0.5 Btuh

ft2

Door 3 U Value

Door 3 Area

Excludes Sliding Glass Doors

. *

, pet = percent
Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

B(304) X22 F Unused

B(305) DOOR43 F Same as Wall Shadow — Door 4 Shadow

B(306) DOOR44 F Same as Wall Absorptivity — Door 4 Absorptivity

B(307) DOOR45 F Default * 0.5 Btuh Door 4 U Value

B(308) DOOR46 F ft2 Door 4 Area

Excludes Sliding Glass Doors

B(309) ICHECK F Default “0.0 — “ 1 To Get Debug Output From

Thermodynamic Model

B(310) AJAC F Default - 40 ft2 Total Jacket Area

t

B(311) D1 F Default 0.08 ft Thickness of Existing Insulation

B(312) RAMI F Default - 0.025 Btuh-f

t

Thermal Conductivity of the

Above

B(313) D2 F ft Thickness of Additional Insulation

» B(314) RAM2 F Default - 0.025 Btuh-f

t

Thermal Conductivity of the

Above '

B(315) TCSUPA F Default 62 deg F Supply Cold Air Temp. '

B(316) TCSUPW F Default 41.0 deg F i

Supply Chilled Water Temp.

B(317) THSUPA F Default 95.0 deg F

1 Supply Hot Air Temp. *

B(318) THSUPW F Default " 113.0

for Heat Pump

Default 176.0

for Boiler

deg F

deg F

1 Supply Hot Water Temp. !

1

1

! B(319) ADUCTl F Default - 100 ft2 Surface Area of Duct in the , Crawl Space

B(320) UDUCTl F Default - 1.46 If Not Insulated

0.15 If Insulated

Btuh U Value of Duct in the

| Crawl Space

^

D-10
Number Variable Type Comments Units Meaning

B(321) APIPEl F Default = 1.5 ft^ Surface Area of Pipe in Crawl Sp.

B(322) UPIPEl F Default = 1.46 If Not Insulated

0.15 If Insulated

Btuh U Value of Pipe in CrawL Space

B(323) ADUCT2 ft2 Surface Area of Duct in Attic

B(324) UDUCT2 F Btuh U Value of Duct in Attic

ft2 Surface Area of Pipe in Attic

B(326) UPIPE2 F Btuh, U Value of Duct in Attic

B(327) ADUCT3 F ft2 Surface Area of Duct in Basement

B(328) UDUCT3 F V, Same as the Crawl

Btuh U Value of Duct in Basement

B(329) APIPE3 F / Space

ft2 Surface Area of Pipe in Basement

B(330) UPIPE3 F Btuh U Value of Pipe in Basement

B(331) ADUCT4 F ft2 Surface Area of Outdoor Duct

B(332) UDUCT4 F Btuh U Value of Duct Outdoors

B(333) APIPE4 F ft2 Surface Area of Outdoor Pipe

B(334) UPIPE4 Btuh U Value of Pipe Outdoors

B(335) AIRLOS F Percentage To Total

Air Flow Rate;

Default * 10.0

pet Air Leakage Through Duct

B(336) CAPCL F Default = 24000 Btu/h Capacity of Cooling Equipment

B(337) CAPHT F Default 64000 Btu/h Capacity of Heating Equipment

R(l) SHBTU F Btu/yr Annual Heating Energy Requirement

After Using Energy From Solar

Collector

R(2) SCBTU F Btu/yr Annual Space Cooling Energy

Requirement

D-11
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APPENDIX E

Thermal Time Constant and Its Application

The thermal time constant of a building is a parameter to indicate the

speed of indoor temperature response to a sudden change of building heating

and cooling operation. The heavier the thermal mass of a building, the

slower its response, compared to a lighter building, to cool down or heat up

when the building heating system is turned off and on, respectively. The

thermal time constant is defined as a ratio between the equivalent thermal

mass of the building and the building overall heat transfer factor. Whereas

the overall heat transfer factor may be approximated by the heat transfer

coefficients, U value, multiplied by the areas. A, of all the elements,

such as walls, doors, windows, roof and floors, and the air leakage rate

multiplied by the specific heat of air, the equivalent building thermal mass

is rather difficult to ascertain. The building mass is distributed in a complex manner, with respect to its size and shape, position in the insulated

structure, and floor interface with the earth.

Although difficult to calculate, the overall building thermal time con- stant can readily be determined by a simple cool-down test during a heating season based upon the following mathematical relationship.

When the heating system and all the heat sources in a house are suddenly

shut off during a steady cold night (outdoor temperature of To), its

temperature would decay from the initial setpoint of Tj^ according to

the following equation;

MC* ^ = -K* (T-To) E-(l)

where

MC = overall thermal mass, Btu/"F

K = overall heat transfer factor, Btu/hr, ®F

H = hour

The thermal time constant, THTC, is defined as

THTC = in the unit of hour

K.

The differential equation E-(l) becomes then

dT ^ _ dH

T-To THTC * E-(2)

E-1
which has a following solution:

THTC = 2 E-(3)

T -T

In

Thus by measuring a logarithmic decay of the building temperature, from

initial value of Tj^ to T during a time span of h hours, one can readily

calculate the value of the thermal time constant.

According to Nash's data-^, typical THTC for residences are:

Light Medium Heavy

Weight Weight Weight

One-story

house 10 15 20

Two-story

house 30 35 40

When a building heat transfer process is simulated by a simple thermal

capacity model, its temperature change may similarly be represented by

the following first order differential equation

MC* dT

dH

T

To

MC

K

SPHG

U

- K* (T-To) + SPHG E-(4)

building temperature, “F

outdoor temperature, ®F

building thermal capacity, Btu/®F

overall heat transfer factor, Btu/hr ®F

total space heat gain due to Internal heat,

heating systems, solar heat gain through windows,

and occupancy, Btu/hr

elapsed time, hour.

E-2
General solution to the above equation is

where

Q-Tjl + To

Q-T + To

__H

THTC

e

Q

_ SPHG _ source constant, ^ K

’

THTC = — = thermal time constant, hr

K

*

E-(5)

Tj^ _ value of T when H = 0, °F .

Equation E-(5) permits, for example, the determination of the duration,

DH, for which the house temperature reaches from the daytime set point

TID to the nighttime set point TIN, which is usually lower.

Since Q is very small during that period, referring to Figure E-(l),

DH = THTC*jin E-(6)

^ TIN-TON^

Likewise equation E-(5) may be used to determine the early morning pickup heating load (or the early evening pull-down cooling load), MFUL,by

specifying the required temperature recovery time or pick-up time, PUH,

(or pull down time, PHD) as follows

MPUL

_K

MPUL

K

- TIN + TOD

- TID + TOD

e

PUH

THTC E-(7)

By rearranging the term, MPUL can be determined by

MPUL = K* r (TIN-TOD) + TID-TIN . ^ -puh/thtc^

1-e

E-(8)

Another example of the use of THTC is to approximate the benefit of excess solar heat gain during a sunny winter day to offset the heat

loss during the night.

The procedure used is first to determine the indoor temperature rise TR,

due to the excess heat gain, above the daytime indoor temperature setpoint

TID by the following equation

E-3
HEATING

REQUIREMENT

TEMPERATURE,

Figure E-1. Temperature and heating requirement profile

during the nighttime thermostat setback.

E-4
TR = QTD * n “tHTC” , E-(9)

K*12 ^ ^

where QTD is the excess daytime heat gain during hour from to H

2

> which is the balance of heat gain above what is required to cancel . the envelope heat loss.

The equation E-(6) will now be used to determine the "off" period of the

heating system except that TID in equation (6) is now replaced by

the new starting temperature TID + TR.

A similar concept may be used to determine the effect of night heat loss

during the cooling season to offset the daytime cooling requirement as follows

The temperature drop of the room air from the set point of TIN during

the cool night due to the excess heat loss QTN is

HN

THTC

TD = ffiL* (1-e ) E-(IO)

K*12

where HN is the nighttime hours

The period when the air-conditioning system could be off due to this

night cooling is then

DH = THTC* £n

- TIN + TD + TOD

x K*12

2Z5L - TID + TOD

K*12

E-(ll)

provided that (TIN-TD) < TID .

Figure E-2 depicts indoor temperatures, cooling and heating periods, and

other notations such as DH, PDH, PUH and TD in cooling season. Figure

E-2(a) shows indoor temperatures and cooling period in a day when

QTD ^ 0 and QTN ^ 0. The daytime indoor temperature rises from TIN to

TID during early morning pickup hours, DH, while the cooling system is

turned off. After this period, the temperature is maintained at TID

during daytime, followed by a pull down to TID at the beginning of

nighttime for a period of PHD hours. The cooling system is, therefore,

assumed to be running all day except for the period of DH.

Figure E-2(b) shows the case of QTD ^ 0 and QTN ^0. In this case, the

nighttime indoor temperature decreases from TIN to TIN-TD according to

the nighttime heat losses, while the cooling system is turned on during

a period of PDH. Because of the night heat loss the indoor temperature

E-5
is lower than TIN by TD at the beginning of daytime. During an early

morning period of DH, the temperature naturally rises to TIL) because

of the daytime heat gains. Consequently, the cooling system continues

to operate throughout the day except periods Dh and FDU.

There is a limitation on input of daytime and nighttime indoor temperatures, TID and TIN, in that TID is always equal to or higher than TIN.

The reason of this limitation is to avoid algorithmic complexities.

FiguresE-2(c) and (d) depict indoor temperatures profile during the heating

period.

Figure £-2(c) shows indoor temperatures and heating period in a day when

QTD > 0 and QTN ^0. The daytime indoor temperature goes up to TID + TD

at the end of daytime because the cooling system is not running in spite

of QTD > 0 during the daytime. The nighttime indoor temperature goes

down from TID + TR to TIN during a period of PH because QTN ^ 0 and the

heating system is turned off. After the temperature reached to HIM, the

heating system is turned on.

Figure E-2(d) shows Indoor temperatures and heating period in a day when

QTD ^ 0 and QTN ^0. The nighttime Indoor temperature decreases to TIN

from TID because of night setback, during a period of DU, the heating

system is turned off. PUH is pick-up time, during which the indoor

temperature goes up to TID from TIN because of the heating system.

If there is a case of QTD ^ 0 and QTN ^ 0, it is neglected, meaning that

the heating and cooling requirements should be equal to zero because the case should seldom occur in the cooling season.

The heating and cooling requirement are both set equal to zero during the

heating season when the daytime and nighttime heat balance, QTD and QTN, are both positive. Likewise QTD and QTN are both set equal to zero during

the cooling season if QTD and QTN are both negative.

E-6
Figure E-2. Temperature profiles for various modes of

heating and cooling operations.

E-7
REFERENCES

1. "DOE-2 Program Manual" Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory LA-7688-17,

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory LBL-8705, Feb 1979.

2. T. Kusuda and K. Ishii, "Hourly Solar Radiation Data for Vertical

and Horizontal Surfaces on Average Days in the United States and

Canada" National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 96,

April 1977.

3. R. W. R. Muncey and J. W. Spencer^ "Heat Flow into the Ground under

a Home". Energy Conservation in Heating, Cooling and Ventilating

Buildings , Vol 2 pp 649-660. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation

Washington DC, 1978.

4. ASHRAE Task Group "Procedure for Determining Heating and Cooling

Loads for Computerizing Energy Calculations" Energy Calculation 1 ASHRAE 1976.

5. D. Goldstein and M. Levine, "Economic Analysis of Proposed Building

Energy Performance StandardsT Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory

PNL-3044 Sept 1979.

6. E. Stamper, "Weather Data" ASHRAE Journal, February 1977, p. 47.

7. Robert T. Nash, "Thermal and Hygroscopic Fluctuations in Small

Structures'.’ Vanderbilt University, Dec 1975.

1

!i

II

and
NBS-114A (REV. S-7B)

u.s. DEPT. OF coMa. 1 1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA I on sheet 1 NBSIR 80-1961

1. No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

SIMPLIFIED HEATING AND COOLING ENERGY ANALYSIS CALCULATIONS

FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS

5. Publicaiion Date July 1980

^ Code ;>"742.0i" -V:- -

7. AUTHOR(S)

Tamami Kusuda and T. Saitoh

8. Performing Organ. Report No. NBSJR 80-1961

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON. DC 20234

No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS fSfre»<. city, state, ZIP)

Sponsored by

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Office of Building and Community Systems

M Washington, D.C. 20585 —

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

n Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less {actual summary of moat significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or

literature survey, mention it here.) In order to shorten the lengthy computational labor and cost common to most existing

hourly simulation computer programs, a simplified energy calculation procedure was developed for the evaluation of energy conservation effectiveness of home retrofitting. The procedure utilizes monthly normal weather parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind data, and solar radiation, in lieu of the traditional degree-day

procedure.

The thermal time constant was used to account for the effect of building thermal mass

on seasonal heat transfer performance. In addition to standard retrofit procedures

such as addition of thermal insulation, use of storm windows, and sealing of cracks,

included in the procedure are the energy conservation effects due to the use of solar

collectors, hot water tank insulation, and insulation around the heat distribution

systems such as ducts and pipes.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalixe only the flrat letter of the first key word unless a proper name;

separated by semicolons)

Energy analysis calculation; energy retrofit; home audit; thermal time constant.

18. AVAILABILITY [^Unlimited 19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

1 1 For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS UNCLASSIFIED 135

QJ Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

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20. SECURITY CLASS

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22. Price

[yl Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield,

VA. 22161 UNCLASSIFIED $10.00

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