IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

October 9, 2000 Session

GERTRUD KRAUT DENEAU v. DONALD HERBERT DENEAU

Appeal from the Chancery Court for Stewart County

No. 99-9-031 Leonard W. Martin, Judge

No. M2000-00238-COA-R3-CV - Filed February 23, 2001

This divorce case involves property division and alimony after a short term marriage. The trial court

awarded all of the real property to the husband and allowed each party to keep the personal property

in his or her possession. The court ordered the husband to pay $50,000 to the court clerk’s office,

who shall in turn pay the wife’s debt to the Department of Veterans Affairs and disburse the

remainder to the wife. The court refused to award alimony. We affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court 

Affirmed and Remanded

PATRICIA J.COTTRELL,J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which BEN H.CANTRELL,P.J.,M.S.,

and WILLIAM B. CAIN, J., joined.

Carrie W. Kersh, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Gertrud Kraut Deneau.

Markley Runyon Gill, Erin, Tennessee, for the appellee, Donald Herbert Deneau.

OPINION

Gertrud Kraut Deneau (“Wife”) and Donald Herbert Deneau (“Husband”) married in 1993,

separated for a time in 1996, reconciled, and separated again in 1999. Wife filed for divorce. The

parties stipulated grounds for divorce, and the hearing concerned property division and alimony. 

Both parties had separate assets at the time of the marriage. Wife owned a home at the time

of the marriage and Husband paid off the indebtedness on the house immediately after the

honeymoon. He also paid for taxes, utilities, and improvements, estimating that he spent a total of

approximately $35,000 on her property. His testimony indicated that he expected that money to be

repaid when the house was sold. Wife denied any such agreement, stating that Husband had said the

house note payment was a gift. When Wife later sold the house for $57,000, Husband received none

of the proceeds. 
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Wife was employed at Shoney’s at the time of the marriage but quit her job at Husband’s

request and did not work for the first five of the six years the parties were married. At the time of

the marriage, Wife was receiving survivor benefits following the death of a previous husband. She

continued to draw those benefits, although they should have stopped upon her marriage. Husband

testified that he did not know Wife continued to receive the benefits. When the Department of

Veterans Affairs learned of the wrongful payments, it demanded restitution of $35,540. Although

Wife sold her house for $57,000, she repaid only $20,000 of her debt to the Department. The court

inquired as to whether Wife’s benefits could be reinstated after her divorce from Husband, and

Wife’s counsel stated that they could, after the debt was paid.

Husband owned a farm prior to the marriage, and Wife did some work on it, although the

parties disagree about how much work she did. The farm contained a trailer where the parties lived

for part of the marriage. Husband spent some money building a house on the farm, but the house

was never completed. No testimony was offered regarding any increase in the value of the farm

during the marriage. Husband sold some timber from the farm, although the parties disagree about

the amount he received for the sale.

 Husband testified that he did not know how much money he had in his accounts when the

parties married, but Wife put that figure at about $93,000.

Throughout the marriage, Husband received $5,500 per month from various sources, and

testified that he gave Wife $1,000 per month. During the marriage, Husband gave Wife jewelry

worth about $23,000 and a $24,000 car which he titled in her name. Husband used his funds to pay

for several expensive vacations that the parties took together. He testified that he had approximately

$142,000 in his accounts at the time of the trial.

Husband used about $133,000 of his funds to purchase a house, and put both parties’ names

on the deed. This became the marital home.

During the marriage, Husband also purchased two other parcels of land. He had previously

owned the parcels and had sold them to a friend prior to the marriage. Pursuant to an agreement with

the friend, Husband repurchased the land for the same price he had received for it, and testified that

he used his separate funds to pay for the land. The deed for the two tracts listed Husband alone as

the purchaser.

During the marriage, Husband had medical problems, and Wife provided care for him. The

parties disagree as to the seriousness of his condition and the amount of care Wife provided. Wife

claims he was hospitalized several times during the marriage, and that she provided care for him

during that time. Husband admitted that he had a few health problems, but denied he was disabled

in any way. He maintained that he could “kick a lot of butts yet.” 
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Wife admitted to having a gambling problem. Husband introduced evidence of Wife’s

checks written to a casino in Illinois and to “State Line Lotto” in Kentucky. Wife admitted pawning

some jewelry, but claimed not to have pawned any that Husband gave her. She claimed to have

received $400 or $500 for two rings, but she could not remember where she pawned the jewelry.

She also testified that she had spent most of the $37,000 remaining from her house proceeds,

“[s]ome of it” on gambling, and that she spent the money she received in survivor benefits “probably

gambling.”

Upon hearing the evidence, the trial court found that “Mrs. Deneau is not a credible witness.

Mr. Deneau, on the other hand, appeared to me, while he’s cantankerous and opinionated, to be

credible.” The court then awarded each party the personal property in his or her possession.

Husband was awarded all of the real property. The trial court considered the value of the marital

home ($133,000) and the increase in Husband’s bank accounts ($49,000), divided the total by two,

and found the value of half of the marital estate to be $91,000. The court determined that, because

of Wife’s dissipation of assets and because she had never repaid Husband the money he spent on her

house, she should not be awarded half of the marital estate. The court awarded Wife $50,000 to be

paid to the court clerk. The clerk was to satisfy Wife’s debt to the government and to disburse the

remainder to Wife. Wife was awarded no alimony, but the court noted that her survivor benefits

could be reinstated upon payment of her debt. 

This appeal ensued. Wife challenges the classification of certain property, the division of

marital property, and the trial court's refusal to award alimony. Husband filed a cross-appeal

challenging the cash award to Wife. 

I. Standard of Review

We review the findings of fact by the trial court de novo upon the record of the trial court,

accompanied by a presumption of the correctness of the findings, unless the preponderance of the

evidence is otherwise. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d). Because the trial judge is in a better position to

weigh and evaluate the credibility of the witnesses who testify orally, we give great weight to the

trial judge's findings on issues involving credibility of witnesses. Gillock v. Board of Prof’l

Responsibility, 656 S.W.2d 365, 367 (Tenn.1983). 

In cases involving issues of classification and distribution of property, a trial court’s decisions

enjoy a presumption of correctness. Dunlap v. Dunlap, 996 S.W.2d 803, 814 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998).

Accordingly, a trial court’s division of the marital estate should be presumed proper unless the

evidence preponderates otherwise. Lancaster v. Lancaster, 671 S.W.2d 501, 502 (Tenn. Ct. App.

1984). Likewise, appellate courts give wide latitude to the trial court's discretion regarding support

decisions. Cranford v. Cranford, 772 S.W.2d 48, 50 (Tenn. Ct. App.1989).
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II. Classification of Property

Tennessee is a “dual property” state, meaning that the divorce statutes differentiate between

marital and separate property. Batson v. Batson, 769 S.W.2d 849, 856 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1988). 

Generally, separate property is that which was owned by one party before the marriage or given to

one party during the marriage. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(2) (1996). Marital property is,

generally, that which was acquired by either or both parties during the marriage. Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-4-121(b)(1). However, property acquired by one party during the marriage with that party’s

separate pre-marital funds is considered separate property. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(2)(B)

(separate property includes “property acquired in exchange for property acquired before the

marriage”); Wilson v. Moore, 929 S.W.2d 367, 374 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996). Likewise, income

received from a party’s separate assets remains separate property, with certain exceptions. Tenn.

Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(2)(C).

The clear implication of the trial court’s explanation of its award is that the court considered

the marital estate, subject to division, as including the marital home and the increase in Husband’s

accounts during the marriage.

Wife claims that the court improperly classified two tracts of land as Husband’s separate

property. Wife claims that, because the property was purchased during the marriage, it is marital

property and should be divided. The trial court obviously believed Husband's testimony that he

purchased that land with his separate funds. We find no error in the court’s treatment of the land as

Husband’s separate property. Wilson, 929 S.W.2d at 374 (property acquired in exchange for separate

property remains separate property). 

Wife also argues that although Husband owned the farm at the time of the marriage, her

contribution to the upkeep of the farm should entitle her to a share in the increase in its value. It is

true that the increase in value of separately owned property may, under some circumstances, be

considered marital property. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(1)(B) (marital property includes

increase in value of separate property if each party substantially contributed to its preservation and

appreciation). No evidence was offered as to the present value of the farm, however, nor as to any

increase in value during the marriage. The trial court made no mention of any increase in value

when determining that the farm was Husband’s separate property. Because the record fails to

demonstrate the existence of any increase in value, we cannot say that the trial court erred in not

classifying or awarding it. Brock v. Brock, 941 S.W.2d 896, 900 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) ("a court

cannot divide and/or distribute what is 'not there'").

Wife also argues that she should share in the proceeds Husband received from the sale of

timber from the farm. As noted above, income received from a party’s separate assets remains that

party’s separate property. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(2)(C). We find the income from the

timber to be Husband’s separate property.
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III. Division of Marital Property

After the property is classified, courts are to make an equitable division of the marital

property. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(a)(1). An equitable distribution is not necessarily an equal

one, however. Batson, 769 S.W.2d at 859. The court is to consider several factors in its distribution,

including the duration of the marriage, the contribution to and dissipation of the marital estate, the

value of the separate property, and the estate of each party at the time of the marriage. Tenn. Code

Ann. § 36-4-121(c) (listing the factors to be considered). The court’s distribution of property “is not

achieved by a mechanical application of the statutory factors, but rather by considering and weighing

the most relevant factors in light of the unique facts of the case.” Batson, 769 S.W.2d at 859. A trial

court has a great deal of discretion concerning the manner in which it divides marital property. Smith

v. Smith, 984 S.W.2d 606, 609 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997); see also Wallace v. Wallace, 733 S.W.2d 102,

106 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987).

Wife argues that the distribution of property was inequitable. She argues, correctly, that the

trial court is to make the distribution of marital property without regard to fault. Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 36-4-121(a)(1). She claims that, in the case before us, the trial court allowed her “fault” in

gambling away some of the parties’ assets to influence its decision regarding the marital property.

The trial court could not ignore, nor can we, the fact that Wife gambled away thousands of dollars.

Although Wife attempts to characterize the trial court’s consideration of her gambling as awarding

property based on "fault," we believe the gambling is properly characterized as "dissipation of the

marital or separate property," which the trial court is required to consider. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-

121(c)(5). We find no error in considering that money which was gambled away when determining

an equitable division of property.

Wife also challenges the trial court’s determination that the money Husband paid toward her

mortgage and improvements to her house was a loan. She contends that the payment was a gift, and

therefore her separate property. In making its division of marital property, the court stated that it had

reduced Wife’s share, in part, because “she got all of that money out of him on that house, and he

never got any of it back.” The court heard conflicting testimony regarding Husband’s payments, and

determined that the money was a loan. In matters involving credibility of witnesses, we give great

weight to the trial court’s findings. Gillock, 656 S.W.2d at 367. We find no error in the trial court’s

considering the payments as a loan. In fact, it really doesn’t matter whether the payments were a

loan to her or a gift to her because they were only factored in by the trial court in its determination

of how to equitably distribute the marital assets. The court was entitled to consider Husband’s

payments toward the house and the fact that Wife disposed of the money for her own purposes when

deciding the equities between the parties.

Wife also contends that the trial court improperly reduced its award of property to her

because of the jewelry and the car that Husband gave to her. A party's separate assets are also a

factor for the court to consider when dividing the marital property, and the goal is an equitable

division. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(c)(6). We find no error in such consideration.
1

Husband has argued that the trial court erred in accepting Wife’s estimate of the amou nt of mo ney in h is

accoun ts at the time of the marriage. Husband, when asked the same question , stated, “I wo uld hesitate to answer that.”

Because Wife answered the question, while Husband would not, we find no error in the trial court’s acceptance of

Wife’s estimate.

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Husband alsocontends that the marital property was inequitably divided. He claims that Wife

should not have been awarded $50,000. He argues that Wife made no financial contribution to the

marital estate, instead, depleting it with her gambling. He argues, essentially, that Wife has already

squandered enough of his money, and that she shouldn’t have any more. The trial court considered

the marital home and the increase in Husband’s accounts to be the only items of marital property.

When Husband purchased the home for the parties and placed both names on the deed, he is

presumed to have made a gift to the marital estate. McClellan v. McClellan, 873 S.W.2d 350, 351

(Tenn. Ct. App.1993); Barnhill v. Barnhill, 826 S.W.2d 443, 452 (Tenn. Ct. App.1991). Nothing

in the record rebuts that presumption. Likewise, the increase in his accounts,1 which represented

money received during the marriage, was classified as marital property. Husband does not argue that

the court improperly classified property; his real objection is that the distribution was not equitable.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-4-121(b)(1)(A). 

The court added the values together and determined that an equal distribution of the marital

estate would result in an award to each party of $91,000. The court awarded Wife $50,000 after

taking into account the $35,000 Husband had spent on her house, the dissipation of funds by Wife

through her gambling, and other appropriate factors. The court also took into account the fact that

Wife made non-monetary contributions to the marriage when making its award. In this short term

marriage, the trial court attempted to place the parties as nearly as possible in the financial positions

they would have held had the marriage never taken place. Batson, 769 S.W.2d at 859. We find no

error in the court’s distribution of marital property. 

IV. Alimony

Tennessee law provides alimony in some situations. In reviewing the propriety of an alimony

award, we must consider a number of factors, including the duration of the marriage; the separate

assets of the parties; the relative earning capacity, obligations, needs and financial resources of the

parties; and the relative fault of the parties. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-5-101(d)(1)(A)-(L) (listing the

factors to be considered). Because support decisions are factually driven and involve considering

and balancing numerous factors, appellate courts give wide latitude to the trial court’s discretion.

Cranford, 772 S.W.2d at 50.

Wife sought rehabilitative alimony of $1,000 per month for two years. She argues that

Husband’s income and assets and her own lower earning capacity establish that she is a

disadvantaged spouse. She contends that she was out of the workforce for five years at Husband’s

insistence, and that the court failed to consider her contributions to the marriage. She also points to

the greater award of marital property to Husband.
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Upon reviewing the record, we find no error in the trial court’s refusal to award alimony to

Wife. The marriage was one of short duration, Wife had little going into the marriage, she retained

money from the sale of her house, she received valuable gifts from Husband during the marriage,

she “gambled away thousands upon thousands of dollars,” and she was awarded $50,000 as her

equitable share of the marital property. Her survivor benefits will be reinstated once her debt is paid.

We affirm the trial court’s decision not to award alimony to Wife.

V. 

For the reasons stated above, we affirm the trial court’s awards of property and its refusal to

award alimony. This case is remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary. Costs are

taxed equally to both parties, for which execution may issue if necessary.

__________________________________________

PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, JUDGE