National Bursau of Standards

Library, N. W. BIdg.

AUG 1 9 1952

Fire Resistance of Shutters for

Moving-Stairway Openings

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Building Materials and Structures Report 129
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[List continued on cover page iii]
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Charles Sawyer, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Mling Director

Fire Resistance of Shutters for

Moving-Stairway Openings

Nolan^ D. Mitchell, Edward D. Bender, and James V. Ryan

Building Materials and Structures Report 129

Issued March 1, 1952

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.

Price 10 cents
Foreword

This report is one of a series issued by the National Bureau of Standards,

deahng with the fire resistance of building materials and constructions. It indicates the results obtained in the tests of a fire-resistant shutter for the

closure of moving-stairway openings.

As moving stairways are used extensively in commercial buildings in which unprotected openings through floors might permit the passage of fire with disastrous results, the information contained in this report should be of

interest to architects, the building industry, and regulatory bodies concerned

with specifications or building-code requirements pertaining to moving-stairway

installations.

A. V. AsTiN, Acting Director.

Contents

Page Foreword

1. Introduction.

2. Construction.

II1

15

5

5

5

56

6

88

8

8

8

9

3. Testjmethod and equipment

3.1. Floor-test furnace

3.2. Temperature measurements

4. Results

4.1. Exploratory test

4.2. Test A

4.3. Test B

5. Summary and conclusions

5.1. Resistance of shutter

5.2. Effects of thermal expansion.

5.3. Effectiveness of design changes made for test B

5.4. Passage of hot gases

5.5. General comments

II
Fire Resistance of Shutters' for Moving-Stairway

Openings

Nolan D. Mitchell, Edward W. Bender, and James V. Ryan

The results of one exploratory and two full-scale fire-endurance tests on flexible rolling shutters for closing moving-stairway openings are given. The test specimens in the latter two tests included the balustrading of a normal installation. The shutters were made of galvanized steel slats moving on rollers and were of the same design in all the tests. The

shutters could be operated by hand or by power drive. The results of the fire-endurance tests indicated that the first full-scale installation design was not satisfactory because of distortions due to differential expansion of the guide

rails and other structural parts. The second design, with modifications to provide for the expansion of structural parts without undue distortion, proved adequate for 3-hr fire resistance.

1. Introduction

Alultistoried buildings have been susceptible to rapid spread of fires through unenclosed vertical

opening's, such as elevator and other shafts, stair- wells, and chutes that have not been properly protected. Although instances of such spread of fire into several stories through moving-stairway openings have not been common, many of these openings

are to be found in a class of buildings having large

patronage, predominantly combustible contents,

and high-value occupancy. These openings are

therefore of prime interest in fire-protection

considerations.

One method of protection of such openings

approved by the Building Exits Code ^ is set forth

in the following excerpt:

Each moving stairway above the street floor (shall be protected) by an automatic self-closing rolling shutter which will completely enclose the top of each moving stairway, meeting the following requirements,

and of a design meeting the approval of the inspection authority having jurisdiction:

(a) The shutter shall close off the wellway opening

immediately upon the automatic detection, by an approved device, of either fire or smoke in the vicinity of the moving stairway, and, in addition, there shall be provided a manual means of operating and testing the operation of the shutter.

(b) The shutter assembly shall be capable of supporting a weight of 200 pounds applied on any one

square foot of area, and not less resistant to fire or heat than 24-gage steel.

(c) The shutter shall operate at a speed of not

greater than 30 feet per minute and shall be equipped

with a sensitive leading edge. The leading edge shall arrest the progress of the moving shutter and cause

it to retract a distance of approximately 6 inches upon

the application of a force not in excess of 20 pounds

applied on the surface of the leading edge. The shutter, following retraction, shall continue to closure immediately.

' Building Exits Code, Tenth Edition, 1949, National Fire Protection

Association, Boston 10, Mass.

These requirements are in agreement with those

proposed for inclusion in the current revisions of the Elevator Safety Code.

An exploratory fire test and two full-scale fire tests of rolling shutters were made (National

Bureau of Standards fire-endurance tests 242, 284,

and 285, respectively) . The shutters in each of the

full-scale tests were of the same design, but the

supporting frames and runways were different. These tests will be referred to hereinafter as "exploratory," "A," and "B," in the order in which

the tests were made.

2. Construction

The exploratory test was made to determine the

adequacy of the shutter and guides alone. Therefore, the construction of the mounting frarriework was relatively simple, as shown in figure 1. The balustrade frames used in the full-scale

tests were delivered assembled by the manufacturers and required only placement in the test furnace, plastering, and mounting of the shutters.

Other details of the constructions are given in fig- ures 2 and 3. The major differences between the

two balustrade constructions were in mounting

posts, slip joints, and other provisions added in the

last installation to allow for thermal expansion of the members without undue distortion.

As previously mentioned, the shutters used in

tests A and B were of the same design and were of

sufficient strength to support 200 lb distributed over 1 ft^ at midspan. That used in the exploratory test was of essentially the same type of c onstruction. The operatmg mechanism for test A

included both a hand crank for manual operation

and an electric motor, which drove the shutter at approximately 30 ft/min. When the hand crank was swung into operating position, the electric- motor drive was automatically disconnected.

982747—52 1
22 GA. GALV. STEEL INTERLOCKING SLATS II BALL BRG. ROLLERS

Id '

PARTIAL SECTION THROUGH SHUTTER

<>

2" ANGLE

^

INCOMBUSTIBLE

FILLER BOARD ^

SHEET STEEL

2 2

-

ALL BOLTS i-4

I^X^ FLAT TRACK

2 XI CHANNEL

liXiFLATTHACK

DETAIL AT B

FILLER BOARD DETAIL AT A

PARTIAL LONGITUDINAL SECTIONAL ELEVATION PARTIAL TRANSVERSE SECTIONAL ELEVATION

Figure 1. Constructions and thermocouples foi' exploratory test.
2-8

OPERATING

MECHANISM

17-3

4"X3"X VANGLE ^

<

X

o

o

a:3

SECTIONAL ELEVATION

AM^, T 4"h 5'- I" ^Z-xr'x'/e" ANGLE

^qX^qX'/q ANGLE

2''X ^2X'/8" CHANNEL

GUIDE DETAIL

VSTD. WASHER AND

2- /2" FIBER WASHERS

I '/g" PLATE BACKED

i WITH '/2" INSULATING BOARD

PLASTER

CONCRETE

BAR JOISTS SECTION A-A

'/g DIA. STUD WELDED

' TO '/8 PLATE 2" SQUARE

T

ANCHOR BOLT DETAIL

24 OA. GALVANIZED Zri

V/ ////// //

STEEL SLATS

BRONZE ROLLER

3^

SHUTTER DETAIL

Figure 2. Construction details for test A.
SECTIONAL ELEVATION

\ 24GA.6ALV. STEEL SHUTTER WITH BRONZE ROLLERS

GUIDE

DETAIL AT SHUTTER

AND GUIDE

"^e'xl^'xl'e CLAMP

1 1

.1

—, ^

I

3^2X2\'X^/,6TEE

LEAD INSERT —

\

^ 3

GUIDE SLIP JOINT

SECTION A-A

Figure 3. Construction details for test R.

4
The shutter for test A was actuated normally

by push-button controls. Its closure could be ar- rested by a sensitive leading edge. Automatic

closure was demonstrated by the use of tlu'ce devices mounted in parallel and actuated independently, one by smoke, one by I'ate of rise of temperature, and one by heat (fusible link). The

shutter for test B was equipped for operation by

hand crank only (fig. 4).

3. Test Method and Equipment

The tests were adapted from the Standard

Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction

and Materials of the American Standards Association, ASA No. A2. 1-1 948 (ASTM Designation:

El 19-47). As these methods do not give in- structions relating specifically to tests of rolling

shutters, the general procedure was similar to that for tests of floors with certain exceptions: no load was applied, and the criteria for failure were similar to those applied in tests of fire doors.

3.1 Floor-Test Furnace

The exploratory test was made in a small fur- nace designed for the tests of floor sections. The

furnace in which tests A and B were made was

designed for the fire tests of full-scale floors. It

is built with an opening to accommodate speci- mens 13K ft wide by 18 ft long. The opening was reduced by concrete floor slabs to the size required by the shutter assembly. The test speci- mens were exposed on the under side to fires controlled to conform closely to the standard timetemperature curve (specified in El 19-47), points

of which are as follows: 1,000° F at 5 min, 1,300°

F at 10 min, 1,550° F at 30 min, 1,700° F at 1 hr,

1,850° F at 2 hr, 2,000° F at 4 hr, and 2,300° F at

8 hr. 3.2 Temperature Measurements

Temperatures were measured by means of chromel-alumel thermocouples. The thermocouples in the furnaces were protected by porcelain

insulators and encased in wrought-iron pipes

sealed at one end.

Figure 4. Specimen before test B.

Figure 5. Interior offurnace and underside of shutter before

test A.

In the smaller furnace six thermocouples were

placed about 2 ft below the shutter. Two others,

without pipes, were located with their junctions

approximately 3 in. below the shutter and 4 in. from the track on each side. Four thermocouples

protected by asbestos sleeving were placed on the

top surface of the shutter, with about 6 in. of

their leads coiled under felted asbestos pads.

Other thermocouples were placed in the air above

and near the shutter, as indicated in the sketches

of figure 1. For tests A and B, 12 of the pipe-encased ther- mocouples were placed in the furnace below the

concrete slabs, and 4 of them were placed 2 to 3

in. below the steel shutter, along its center line

(fig. 5). Four thermocouples, each in asbestos

sleeving, were placed on the top sui'face of the

shutter along its center line, with about 6 in. of

their leads coiled under felted asbestos pads.

Four others, also in asbestos sleeving, were sus- pended in the air about 3 ft above the edges of the

shutter. 4. Results

4.1. Exploratory Test

The lubricants in the shutter joints burned during the first 10 min of the test, producing considerable smoke. At 45 min tlie shutter had sagged

approximately 4 in. at the center, and the side

rails had bowed in about }i in. By the end of the test, at 2^ hr, these distortions had increased

to 5% and % in., respectively, but were still not

considered unduly large. During the test no

flames passed through the shutter or around its edges.

After the test the shutter and side rails were

intact, but the shutter could not be operated

until the top covers had been removed from the

guide rails. The temperatures are shown in figure 6.
2400

2300

2200

2 100 2000

1900

1800 1700 1600

1500

Ll 1400

LlJ 1300 P 1200 < I 100 CCLU

CL 1000

Ld 900

800 700

600 500

400

300 200

I 00

0

1 to 1 \\KJ.C.'-*£.

R FER iNCE CU VE

F MX >

---

__

Fmin —

/ / 7

/ li

if s f

J /

1 TIME IN HOURS

Figure 6. Tijne-ieinperainre curves from exploratory test. The "reference curve" is the standard time-temperature curve defined in ASTM E119-47; "F", "F max", and "F min" are the average, maximum,

and minimum furnace temperatures, respectively. S is the average of the temperatures measured on the unexposed surface of the shutter and 1, 2, and 3 are the averages measured at the positions in the air outside the furnace

indicated in figure 1 by the same numbers.

4.2. Test A

The lubricants in the shutter started burning

and smoke was observed at 5 min. At 7 min the

shutter guide rails were observed to be spreading apart at the curved portion. At 20 min the

curved portion of the rails had spread so much

that the shutter rollers had come out of the guide

slots. At 1 hr the shutter was out of the slot

1 in. on one side and ^2 in. on the other. It had

pulled clear of the slot for a length of 6 ft on one

edge and 3 ft on the other and had sagged, causing

the shutter to bow out beyond the front end about

6 ia. The bottom chords of the balustrades had

expanded over % in. longitudinally, notwithstanding the restraint of the floor slab. The test was

ended at 3 hr 1 min, at which time a portion of the shutter had sagged 3 to 3^ in- at its center line,

although the rollers were still held in the siderail slots. The condition of the specimen after the test is shown in figure 7. The severity of the fire exposure, as measured

by the ratio of the area under the curve of average

furnace temperatures to the area under the refer- ence curve was 92.8 percent. These curves are shown in figure 8. The large openings that develFiGUHE 7. Shutter after test A.

oped between the side rails and the shutter made

it difficult to keep the furnace temperatures up to those requu'ed for the standard exposure.

Following the cooling of the furnace and test specimen, the shutter surface was found to be

badly oxidized under the surface thermocouple

pads (fig. 9). The shutter was out of the guide

rail slot for a length of 3 or 4 ft on one edge and

12 or 14 ft on the other (fig. 10). The electric equipment was damaged in the test to the extent

that it could no longer function. The shutter

could not be retracted with the hand crank.

Hence it was removed by use of a cutting torch.

4.3. Test B

Smoke, indicating the burning of the shutter

lubricants and a slight spreading of the side rails, was observed with the ends of the shutter slats showing at 3 min. At 23 min the expansion joints

in the shutter guides were closed, and the shutter was sagging VA in. By 39 min the zinc coating on the surface of the shutter was largely oxidized,

the guide rail was twisted upward slightly, and

the restraining lip was bent outward. The shutter was sagging 3 in., and the base chord had expanded

to push the end footing out to 1 in. The spread

of the side rails at the front left a K-in. opening on each side between the guides and the ends of the sheet-metal slats for a length of VA ft. At

2 hi the shutter was sagging 4 in., and the end

footing had been pushed out and down to leave a }4-in. gap between the end bar of the shutter and

the floor. When the test was ended at 3 hr 1 min,

the shutter sag was at least 6 in., but the rollers were still in the guides, the shutter showed a dull red glow over most of its surface, and the footing

had been forced out 1 to 2 in. at the front end.

The severity of the fire exposure was 103 percent.

The following day, after cooling, the shutter

still sagged 4 in., but the ends of the slats were back in the guide slots (fig. 11). The unexposed

surface of the shutter was coated with zinc oxide,

except under the thermocouple pads where the

6
TIME, HOURS

Figure 8. Time-temperature curres from tests A and B.

The "reference curve" is the standard time-temperature cui-ve defined in ASTM E119-47; "F", "F max", and "F min" are the average, maximum,

and minimum fui'nace temperatures, respectively. S and A are the averages of the temperatures on the unexposed surface of the shutter and in air above

the edges of the shutter, respectively.

Figure 9. Surface of shutter under pad after test B. Figure 10. Specimen after test A.

7
oxide had blistered and flaked off. However, the

steel of the shutter was in good condition. The

plaster was cracked extensively but remained in

place. The guide rail was deformed to the extent

that four men were needed to open the shutter.

5. Summary and Conclusions

5.1. Fire Resistance of Shutter

The shutter proper withstood the fire exposure

in each of the three tests. Notwithstanding the

severity of test B, the steel slats were still strong

and in fair condition, and the residual longitudinal

strength of the shutter was great enough to withstand the unusually high load imposed in retrac- ting the shutter. The load was greater than

normal because of tlu-ee after effects of the fire exposure: (1) the combination of shutter sag and

guide deformation, which resulted in the rubbing

of the guide against the ends of the shutter slats,

(2) damage to the rollers by burning and loss of

Figure 11. Specimen after t'-st B.

their lubrication, and (3) distorting sag of the

shutter, which had to be forced out before the

shutter could be retracted through the slot into

the machine housing. These effects were to be

expected and were not considered detrimental to the overall performance of the test specimen.

5.2. Effects of Thermal Expansion

In tests A and B the base chords of the balustrade framework expanded longitudinally and

broke off a small portion of the floor slab to which

it was bolted. Although this had no serious eft'ect on either test specimen, the expansion, if more

strongly resisted by the floor system of a building,

might cause appreciable buckling of the framework. Continuous chord members permit fac- tory assembly and shipment of the assembled

frame, but some provision should be made at, or

before, the time of installation to allow freedom

for expansion.

The primary source of trouble in test A was the

spreading of the side rails, or balustrades. The

shutter guide rail was rigidly attached as a part

of the top chord of the truss, the inner portions

being directly exposed to the furnace fire, whereas

the outer portions were cooled by the air outside

the furnace, a condition which resulted in a considerable difference in the thermal expansions along

the inner and outer edges. This difference in

expansion caused bowing of the chord members

and consequent spreading of the guide rail, thus

allowing the shutter rollers to drop out of the

guide slots. The transverse members of the

housing for the operating mechanism fixed the

rear ends of the guides, and outside braces set at ft from the beginning point of curvature of the rail resulted in the spreading of the relatively

free curved portion of the guides. In test B this

effect was partly obviated by providing an expansion joint in the guide rail and placing the top

chord of the balustrade framework below the guide

rail, where it was somewhat protected from the

fire by plaster. Another means of neutralizing

unequal expansion was introduced by making saw

cuts in the inner edges of the top chord and the

guide rail. In spite of these provisions, some

spreading of the guide rails was observed. This

should be overcome by increased allowance for expansion. Any provisions that make adequate

allowances for expansion effects might be substituted for those employed in test B.

The unequal thermal expansion doubtless contributed to the sag of the shutter, but this condition did not seriously affect the fire resistance.

5.3. Effectiveness of Design Changes Made for

Test B

Placing the top chord of the balustrade truss

7 in. below the guide rail in test B made its protection from the fire by plaster possible and imparted some flexibility to the structure. The expansion

joint in the shutter guide rail appeared to be not

quite long enough. For the temperature obtained

in the test, the expansion of a guide rail of the

length required would be about 2% in. The number of saw cuts in the inner edge of each top chord

should be increased to not less than one every 5 ft. The shutters for both tests A and B were of the same design. The failure of the structure in test A could therefore be laid to the warping of the

balustrade framework rather than to any deficiency

of the shutter itself. It is doubtful whether the use of the bolted rather than a Avelded balustrade

assembly in test B made any difference in the fire resistance. Either method should provide an

acceptable structure.

5.4. Passage of Hot Gases

To obtain smooth operation, it was required

that the edges of the shutter move freely in the

guides. This necessitated at least slight open- ^ ings around the edges of the shutter, through

which some of the hot furnace gases escaped.

8
Such an opening through a floor woukl not bo

permissible because of the combustibles that

might normally be placed there. However, as combustibles should not be in contact with the

shutter, nor even close to it, neither the passage

of the small amount of hot gases around it nor the

emission of heat from its slats was considered

failure. Two thermocouples mounted 3 ft above

each of the two edges of the shutter indicated that

the temperature rise at those positions would not

ordinarily be hazardous.

5.5. General Comments

This report is intended to indicate some of the

problems encountered in the design of rolling

shutters for moving stairways and to establisli goals to be achieved in the development of satis- factory designs. Although the design of tlie specimen for test B (fig. 3) was satisfactory, it is not to be implied that the manner in which this was achieved was the only satisfactory one. Any design must make adequate provision for thermal expansion equal or unequal, avoid undue

distortions, and must retain the necessary structural stability of the device if it is to be deemed

satisfactory from a fire-protection standpoint.

Washington, December 5, 1951.

U. 3. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: I9S2

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page ii] BMS36 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructions With "Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by The Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co lOji BMS38 Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 10^ BMS39 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wisconsin Units Co 100 BMS42 Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Construction with "Celotex"

Insulating Boards Sponsored by The Celotex Corporation 15)5 BMS43 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 15f5 BMS44 Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting lOjS BMS47 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc 200 BMS48 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame Wall and Partition Constructions Sponsored by the Homasote Co 150 BMS49 Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction 200 BMS50 Stability of Fiber Building Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100 BMS51 Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the

Tilecrete Co 100 BMS52 Efifect of Ceiling Insulation Upon Summer Comfort 150 BMS53 Structural Properties of a Masonry Wall Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick"

Sponsored by the Munlock Engineering Co 100 BMS54 Efifect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Fired Heating Boiler 100 BMS55 Effects of Wetting and Drying on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 100 BMS56 A Survey of Humidities in Residences 100 BMS58 Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing 100 BMS59 Properties of Adhesives for Floor Coverings 150 BMS60 Strength, Absorption, and Resistance to Laboratory Freezing and Thawing of Building

Bricks Produced in the United States . 300 BMS61 Structural Properties of Two Nonreinforced Monolithic Concrete Wail Constructions. _ 100 BMS62 Structural Properties of a Precast Joist Concrete Floor Construction Sponsored by

the Portland Cement Association 150 BMS63 Moisture Condensation in Building Walls 150 BMS64 Solar Heating of Various Surfaces

.

_ 100 BMS65 Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems 150 BMS66 Plumbing Manual 350 BMS67 Structural Properties of "Mu-Steel" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls,

Partitions, Floors, and Roofs, Sponsored by Herman A. Mugler 150 BMS68 Performance Te^t for Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 3 200 BMS69 Stability of Fiber Sheathing Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 100 BMS70 Asphalt-Prepared Roll Roofings and Shingles 200 BMS71 Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions 200 BMS72 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 100 BMS73 Indentation Characteristics of Floor Coverings 100 BMS74 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "U. S. S. Panelbilt" Prefabricated SheetSteel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Roofs Sponsored by the Tennessee

Coal, Iron & Railroad Co 200 BMS75 Survey of Roofing Materials in the North Central States 150 BMS76 Effect of Outdoor Exposure on the Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 150 BMS77 Properties and Performance of Fiber Tile Boards 100 BMS78 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of Five Earth-Wall

Constructions 250

BMS79 Water-Distributing Systems for Buildings 200 BMS80 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 4 150 BMS81 Field Inspectors' Check List for Building Constructions (cloth cover, 5 x 7}i inches).. 300 BMS82 Water Permeability of Walls Built of Masonry Units 250

BMS83 Strength of Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made With Various Lead-Base Solders 150 BMS84 Survey of Roofing Materials in the South Central States 150 BMS85 Dimensional Changes of Floor Coverings With Changes in Relative Humidity and

Temperature 100 BMS86 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of "Speedbrik" Wall

Construction Sponsored by the General Shale Products Corporation 160 BMS87 A Method for Developing Specifications for Building Construction—Report of Subcommittee on Specifications of the Central Housing Committee on Research,

Design, and Construction 200

BMS89 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." (Second Construction) Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 150 BMS90 Structural Properties of "PHC" Prefabricated Wood-Frame Construction for Walls,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the PHC Housing Corporation 150 BMS91 A Glossary of Housing Terms

BMS92 Fire-Resistance Classifications of Building Constructions 300

BMS93 Accumulation of moisture in Walls of Frame Construction During Winter Exposure.. 10<

[List continued on cover page iv]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page iii] BMS94 Water Permeability and Weathering Resistance of Stucco-Faced, Gunite-Faced, and

"Knap Concrete-Unit" Walls 15^ BMS95 Tests of Cement-Water Paints and Other Waterproofings for Unit-Masonry Walls 25^ BMS96 Properties of a Porous Concrete of Cement and Uniform-Sized Gravel 10^ BMS97 Experimental Dry-Wall Construction With Fiber Insulating Board 10^ BMS98 Physical Properties of Terrazzo Aggregates 15^ BMS99 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "Multiple Box-Girder Plywood Panels" for Walls, Floors, and Roofs 15(6 BMSlOO Relative Slipperiness of Floor and Deck Surfaces 10^ BMSlOl Strength and Resistance to Corrosion of Ties for Cavity Walls 10^ BMS102 Painting Steel 10^ BMS103 Measurements of Heat Losses From Slab Floors 16^ BMS104 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Plywood Lightweight Constructions for Walls,

Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the Douglas Fir Plywood Association.. 30^ BMS105 Paint Manual With Particular Reference to Federal Specifications $1. 25 BMS106 Laboratory Observations of Condensation in Wall Specimens 15^ BSM108 Temperature Distribution in a Test Bungalow With Various Heating Devices 10^ BMS109 Strength of Houses: Application of Engineering Principles to Structural Design $1. 50

BSMllO Paints for Exterior Masonry Walls.. 15^ BMSlll Performance of a Coal-Fired Boiler Converted to Oil 15i BMS112 Properties of Some Lightweight-Aggregate Concretes With and Without an Air- entraining Admixture 10^ BMS113 Fire Resistance of Structural Clay Tile Partitions 15^ BMS114 Temperature in a Test Bungalow With Some Radiant and Jacketed Space Heaters 25^

BMS116 A Study of a Baseboard Convector Heating System in a Test Bungalow 15(5 BMS116 Preparation and Revision of Building Codes . 15fS BMS117 Fire Resistance of Walls of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Masonry Units 20^

BMS118 Stack Venting of Plumbing Fixtures 15^ BMS119 Wet Venting of Plumbing Fixtures 20^

BMS120 Fire Resistance of Walls of Gravel-Aggregate Concrete Masonry Units 15jt BMS121 Investigation of Failures of White-Coat Plasters 25j5 BMS122 Physical Properties of Some Samples of Asbestos-Cement Siding 15^ BMS123 Fire Tests of Wood-Framed Walls and Partitions With Asbestos-Cement Facings 15fi BMS124 Fire Tests of Steel Columns Protected With Siliceous Aggregate Concrete 15^ BMS125 Stone Exposure Test Wall 30f5 BMS126 The Self-Siphonage of Fixture Traps 20)4 BMS127 Effect of Agii^ on the Soundness of Regularly Hydrated Dolomitic Lime Putties * BMS128 Atmospheric Exposure Tests of Nailed Sheet Metal Building Materials * BMS129 Fire Resistance of Shutters for Moving-Stairway Openings 10^

•In press.