Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for Foliar and 

Seed Treatment Uses of the New Fungicide 

Fluxapyroxad (BAS 700F)

Fluxapyroxad

CAS 907204-31-3 PC Code 138009

5 March 2012

Prepared by

Catherine Aubee, Biologist

Chuck Peck, Environmental Fate Scientist

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Pesticide Programs

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED)

Environmental Risk Branch IV

1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW

Mail Code 7507P

Washington, DC 20460

Reviewed by

Thomas Steeger, Ph.D., Senior Science Advisor

Jim Carleton, Ph.D., Senior Science Advisor

Marietta Echeverria, Branch Chief
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Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................................................5

2. Problem Formulation.........................................................................................................................................7

2.1. Nature of Chemical Stressor .....................................................................................................................7

2.2. Stressor Source and Distribution..............................................................................................................7

2.3. Receptors.....................................................................................................................................................8

2.4. Assessment Endpoints................................................................................................................................8

2.5. Conceptual Model ......................................................................................................................................8

2.5.1. Risk Hypothesis .................................................................................................................................8

2.5.2. Conceptual Diagram .........................................................................................................................9

2.6. Analysis Plan ............................................................................................................................................12

2.6.1. Conclusions from Previous Risk Assessments ..............................................................................12

2.6.2. Identification of Data Gaps and Uncertainties .............................................................................12

2.6.3. Measures of Exposure .....................................................................................................................13

2.6.4. Measures of Effect...........................................................................................................................13

2.6.5. Integration of Exposure and Effects..............................................................................................14

3. Analysis.............................................................................................................................................................14

3.1. Use Characterization ...............................................................................................................................14

3.2. Exposure Characterization......................................................................................................................15

3.2.1. Environmental Fate and Transport...............................................................................................15

3.2.2. Aquatic Exposure ............................................................................................................................18

3.2.3. Terrestrial Exposure .......................................................................................................................22

3.3. Ecological Effects Characterization........................................................................................................26

3.3.1. Ecotoxicity Data...............................................................................................................................26

3.3.1. Incident Reports..............................................................................................................................42

4. Risk Characterization......................................................................................................................................42

4.1. Risk Estimation ........................................................................................................................................42

4.1.1. Aquatic Organisms..........................................................................................................................42

4.1.2. Terrestrial Organisms.....................................................................................................................50

4.2. Risk Description and Conclusions ..........................................................................................................54

4.2.1. Aquatic Organisms..........................................................................................................................54

4.2.2. Terrestrial Organisms.....................................................................................................................57

4.2.3. Conclusions......................................................................................................................................61

5. Federally Threatened and Endangered (Listed) Species of Concern ..........................................................63

5.1. Action Area...............................................................................................................................................64

5.2. Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk ..................................................................................................64

5.2.1. Probit Dose-Response Analysis ......................................................................................................66

5.2.2. Listed Species Occurrence with Proposed New Use of Fluxapyroxad........................................67

6. Additional Description of Assumptions, Limitations, Uncertainties, Strengths and Data Gaps...............71

7. References.........................................................................................................................................................73

Figure 2-1. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad foliar treatment effects on aquatic organisms. .......10

Figure 2-2. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad foliar treatment effects on terrestrial organisms. ..10

Figure 2-3. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad seed treatment effects on aquatic organisms. .........11

Figure 2-4. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad seed treatment effects on terrestrial organisms. ....11

Figure 3-1. Species sensitivity distribution for freshwater fish exposed to fluxapyroxad and its end-use 

products, based on registrant-submitted acute toxicity data.................................................................................27

Figure 4-1. Pome fruit peak EECs from spray drift only analysis. ......................................................................56

Figure 4-2. Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, 

soybeans peak EECs from spray drift only analyses..............................................................................................56
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Table 1.1. Potential effects to federally listed taxa associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad. ............6

Table 3.1. Fluxapyroxad application rates and retreatment intervals for proposed uses. ..................................15

Table 3.2. Chemical properties and environmental fate parameters of fluxapyroxad. .......................................17

Table 3.3. Input parameters used in surface water exposure modeling (GENEEC). ..........................................18

Table 3.4. Input parameters used in ground water exposure modeling (SCIGROW). .......................................19

Table 3.5. Application scenarios and start dates for PRZM/EXAMS modeling..................................................20

Table 3.6. Tier I surface water EECs of fluxapyroxad (GENEEC). .....................................................................21

Table 3.7. EECs from spray drift only following fluxpyroxad applications (PRZM/EXAMS). .........................22

Table 3.8. Terrestrial EECs as food residues for animals exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed 

foliar uses....................................................................................................................................................................24

Table 3.9. Terrestrial dose-based EECs for the range of seed treatment uses proposed for fluxapyroxad.......25

Table 3.10. EECs for non-target terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants based on proposed uses of fluxapyroxad 

(TerrPlant). ................................................................................................................................................................26

Table 3.11. Acute toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for fish and aquatic 

invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column. ................................................................................29

Table 3.12. Chronic toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for fish and aquatic 

invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column. ................................................................................30

Table 3.13 Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for invertebrates exposed to 

fluxapyroxad in the sediment compartment............................................................................................................31

Table 3.14 Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for aquatic plants exposed to 

fluxapyroxad in the water column. ..........................................................................................................................32

Table 3.15 Acute toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial animals 

exposed to fluxapyroxad............................................................................................................................................34

Table 3.16 Chronic toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial animals 

exposed to fluxapyroxad............................................................................................................................................38

Table 3.17 Additional non-guideline toxicity data for hazard characterization of beneficial insects exposed to 

fluxapyroxad. .............................................................................................................................................................38

Table 3.18 Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial and semi-aquatic 

plants exposed to fluxapyroxad. ...............................................................................................................................40

Table 4.1. Acute and chronic RQ values for freshwater fish and invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI 

in surface water..........................................................................................................................................................44

Table 4.2. Acute RQ values for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in 

surface water..............................................................................................................................................................45

Table 4.3. RQ values for sediment-dwelling invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI...............................46

Table 4.4. RQ values for listed and nonlisted species of aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in 

surface water..............................................................................................................................................................46

Table 4.5. Acute RQ values for freshwater fish exposed to BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F in surface water as 

a result of spray drift only, based on maximum application rates for all fluxapyroxad uses. ............................47

Table 4.6. Refined acute RQ values for freshwater fish and invertebrates exposed to BAS 703 01 F and BAS 

703 02 F in surface water as a result of spray drift only, based on proposed uses for each formulation...........48

Table 4.7. RQ values for nonvascular aquatic plants exposed to BAS 703 02 F in surface water from spray 

drift only, based on maximum application rates for all proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.....................................49

Table 4.8. Acute dietary-based RQ values for birds exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar 

uses..............................................................................................................................................................................50

Table 4.9. Chronic dietary and dose-based RQ values for mammals exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the 

proposed foliar uses. ..................................................................................................................................................51

Table 4.10. Chronic dietary RQ values for mammals exposed to fluxapyroxad following the proposed seed 

treatment uses. ...........................................................................................................................................................53

Table 4.11. RQ values for listed species1of non-target terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants based on proposed 

uses of fluxapyroxad (TerrPlant). ............................................................................................................................53

Table 4.12. Comparison of aquatic ecotoxicity endpoints for BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F with existing 

pyraclostrobin endpoints...........................................................................................................................................55

Table 4.13. RQ values for aquatic animals exposed to fluxapyroxad residues in shallow ground water...........57

Table 4.14. Characterization of potential risk to terrestrial birds and mammals from consumption of treated 

seeds, assuming that the limit dose tested in effects studies is the definitive toxicity endpoint...........................59

Table 5.1 Potential effects to federally listed taxa associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad. ...........65
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Table 5.2. Summary of fluxapyroxad probit dose response analysis for listed species.......................................67

Table 5.3. Tabulation by state and taxonomic group of listed species at potential risk of direct or secondary 

effects of proposed fluxapyroxad uses. ....................................................................................................................69

Appendix A. Proposed New Uses, Fluxapyroxad...................................................................................................77

Appendix B. GENEEC Results................................................................................................................................81

Appendix C. SCI-GROW Results ...........................................................................................................................86

Appendix D. Example STIR (v. 1.0) input and output data..................................................................................87

Appendix E. Example SIP (v. 1.0) input and output data.....................................................................................88

Appendix F. Ecotoxicity data gaps and uncertainties ...........................................................................................89

Appendix G. Example T-REX (v. 1.4.1) input and output data ...........................................................................93

Appendix H. Example TerrPlant (v. 1.2.2) input and output data.......................................................................96

Appendix I. LOCATES (v. 2.2.0) output of listed species.....................................................................................97
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1. Executive Summary

Fluxapyroxad, a second generation pyridine carboxamide fungicide, is an active ingredient in a 

number of pesticide products proposed for registration (see Appendix A) as both a foliar and 

seed treatment on a range of agricultural crops. Fluxapyroxad has a moderate potential to reach 

aquatic environments, including surface and ground water, for several months or more following 

terrestrial application. The available fate data indicate that fluxapyroxad is likely to dissipate to 

some extent through various mechanisms, including runoff, erosion, and leaching to ground 

water. Because fluxapyroxad degrades slowly in soil and aquatic systems (e.g., half-lives greater 

than 1 year), the compound may persist in soil, in water, and in benthic sediment, once 

transported or partitioned to these environmental compartments. Fluxapyroxad is stable to some 

plant metabolism processes and has demonstrated at least limited systemic activity, based on 

plant residue studies submitted by the registrant. 

Fluxapyroxad is moderately to very highly toxic to most fish and aquatic invertebrates, but is 

practically non-toxic to mammals, birds, and young adult honey bees following acute exposure. 

Chronic effects on reproduction and especially growth have been observed in both terrestrial and 

aquatic organisms exposed to fluxapyroxad, and toxic effects have been noted in aquatic and 

terrestrial plants. Ecotoxicity data gaps exist with respect to potential chronic effects on 

estuarine/marine organisms. The available avian toxicity data suggest that light conditions may

influence the relative sensitivity of some bird species to fluxapyroxad. Finally, two of the 

fluxpayroxad end-use products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) proposed for registration are 

co-formulated with the fungicide pyraclostrobin and are similar in that respect to the registered 

fungicide product, Pristine(25.2% boscalid and 12.8% pyraclostrobin). The registrant is 

currently planning and conducting additional honey bee (Apis mellifera) larval toxicity tests with 

the fungicides boscalid and Pristineto address concerns that Pristine may affect honey bee 

larval/pupal (brood) and queen cell development.

 

Based on estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) and the available ecotoxicity data, the 

proposed uses of fluxapyroxad may result in chronic risk to mammals, including mammals that 

consume treated seed. Exposure and risk to mammals from consumption of treated seeds may be 

reduced if seeds are incorporated at plant. Chronic risk to birds, reptiles, and amphibians in the 

terrestrial environment cannot be precluded with certainty because slight but statistically

significant effects on growth were observed at all treatment levels in an avian reproduction 

study; therefore, it cannot be determined whether RQ values would exceed the LOC because the 

lower threshold of this effect has not been established. However, additional avian reproduction 

data are not being requested at this time because the effect was not dose-responsive (100 – 1000

mg/kg diet), and it is unlikely that an additional study would establish a no observed adverse 

effects concentration (NOAEC) that would allow risk to be precluded at the screening level 

(NOAEC > 80 mg/kg diet) for the proposed uses.

Fluxapyroxad exposure at the labeled treatment rates may also result in risk to federally-listed 

threatened and endangered (hereafter referred to as “listed”) species of dicotyledonous terrestrial 

and semi-aquatic plants. Risk to listed dicot plants exceeds the Agency’s level of concern (LOC) 

for all foliar uses and for the highest seed treatment application rate (i.e., wheat and triticale). 

For seed treatment uses, seed incorporation may reduce the likelihood of runoff and therefore 
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reduce the potential for exposure and risk to listed dicot plants. The potential for adverse effects 

on monocotyledonous (monocot) plants and on nonlisted dicot plants is considered low. The 

likelihood of acute mortality to mammals, birds, reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians is 

considered low as RQ values do not exceed the Agency’s LOC. 

Despite the absence of chronic ecotoxicity data for estuarine/marine organisms, a comparison of 

the available aquatic toxicity data with the relatively low EECs of fluxapyroxad in surface water 

demonstrate a low likelihood that the proposed uses will result in chronic risk to aquatic 

organisms. Similarly, the fluxapyroxad technical grade active ingredient (TGAI) does not pose

an acute risk to fish or aquatic invertebrates. However, potential spray drift of fluxapyroxad coformulated with pyraclostrobin does result in a risk of acute mortality to fish and aquatic 

invertebrates. The increased toxicity of (and therefore risk from) the dual a.i. products for these 

taxa, when compared to fluxapyroxad TGAI and single a.i. formulations, is consistent with the 

toxicity profile for pyraclostrobin, which is evaluated in a separate risk assessment. The 

likelihood of adverse effects to sediment-dwelling invertebrates and aquatic plants is considered 

low as RQ values do not approach or exceed the Agency’s LOC.

The proposed uses of fluxapyroxad co-occur with 1,230 unique species that are listed as 

federally threatened or endangered in the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii. These 

federally threatened or endangered species are referred to collectively as “listed species” 

throughout this assessment. The potential for direct and indirect effects to listed species as a 

result of the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad is summarized in Table 1.1. Although the total 

number (1,230) of co-occurring listed species includes both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, 

this screening-level assessment does not evaluate risk to terrestrial invertebrates. 

Table 1.1. Potential effects to federally listed taxa associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.

Listed Taxon

Direct Effects Indirect Effects from Risk to Other Taxa

Yes/No Acute/Chronic Yes/No Through ...

Terrestrial and semiaquatic plants –

monocots and dicots

Yes

(dicots 

only)

NA Yes

Chronic effects on birds, terrestrial-phase 

amphibians, and mammals, when required 

for pollination or seed dispersal.

Birds Yes Chronic Yes

Chronic effects on mammals that serve as 

prey; chronic effects on reptiles and 

amphibians that serve as prey.

Terrestrial-phase 

amphibians Yes Chronic Yes

Chronic effects on mammals which provide 

habitat (e.g., burrows) and serve as prey.

Reptiles Yes Chronic Yes

Chronic effects on mammals that serve as 

prey; chronic effects on birds, reptiles, and 

amphibians that serve as prey.

Mammals Yes Chronic Yes

Chronic effects on birds, reptiles, and 

amphibians that serve as prey; chronic 

effects on mammals that serve as prey. 

Aquatic plants No NA Yes Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

serve as primary producers.

Freshwater fish Yes Acute

(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.
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Aquatic-phase 

amphibians Yes Acute(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Chronic effects on terrestrial-phase 

amphibians; effects on semi-aquatic dicot 

plants that provide habitat and serve as 

primary producers.

Freshwater invertebrates Yes Acute

(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

Molluscs No NA Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

Marine/estuarine fish Yes Acute

(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

Marine/estuarine 

invertebrates Yes Acute(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

EP

 End-use product. NA Not applicable.

2. Problem Formulation

2.1. Nature of Chemical Stressor

Fluxapyroxad (3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-(3',4',5'-trifluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1Hpyrazole-4-carboxamide) is a new active ingredient proposed for use as a fungicide. The 

chemical’s mode of action is the inhibition of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, also known 

as complex II, in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. By inhibiting mitochondrial 

respiration and the subsequent production of ATP in fungal cells, fluxapyroxad inhibits spore 

germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation of the fungus on the surface of leaves and seeds

(proposed label).

2.2. Stressor Source and Distribution

Fluxapyroxad is an emulsifiable (EC) or suspension concentrate (SC) fungicide associated with 

six formulated end-use products (four foliar treatment products and two seed treatment products, 

see Appendix A). Proposed foliar uses include applications to wheat, barley, corn, bean and pea 

legumes, peanuts, pome/stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil seed, root and tuberous vegetable 

crops. Proposed seed treatments include uses on barley, corn, cotton, dried shelled peas and 

beans, edible podded legume vegetables, oat, peanut, rye, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, wheat 

and triticale seed. For the proposed seed treatment products (BAS 700 02 F and BAS 700 03 F), 

fluxapyroxad will be applied to seeds as a water-based slurry or mist. The proposed seed 

treatment labels do not indicate how treated seeds will be planted or applied to the field. The 

proposed foliar application labels indicate that the best coverage of crops would be accomplished 

by ground application; however, aerial application and applications through sprinkler irrigation 

equipment are permitted. It should also be noted that two of the proposed products (BAS 703 01 

F and BAS 703 02 F) also contain the active ingredient pyraclostrobin. This evaluation is 

limited to the exposure associated with fluxapyroxad specifically and not pyraclostrobin; 

however, risk based on exposure to the formulated product(s) is assessed, where data are 

sufficient to permit analysis, based on the content of fluxpyroxad in the relevant formulations. 
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One major degradate was identified in the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism studies, M700F001 

[3-(difluoro-methyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid]. Based on discussions with the 

Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (ROCKS), only the parent compound is 

considered a residue of concern (D390225, 7/14/2011). 

2.3. Receptors

The receptor is the biological entity that is exposed to the stressor (USEPA 1998). For this 

assessment, the receptor includes terrestrial and aquatic animals inhabiting fields where 

fluxapyroxad foliar applications occur or treated seeds are planted, and non-target areas to where 

fluxapyroxad is transported (via spray drift, runoff or leaching to groundwater). Consistent with 

the process described in the Overview Document (USEPA 2004a), the risk assessment uses a 

surrogate species approach in its evaluation of fluxapyroxad. Toxicological data generated from 

surrogate test species, which are intended to be representative of broad taxonomic groups, are 

used to extrapolate to potential effects on a variety of species (receptors) included under these 

taxonomic groupings. 

2.4. Assessment Endpoints

Assessment endpoints represent the actual environmental value that is to be protected, defined by

an ecological entity (species, community, or other entity) and its attributes (EPA 1998). For 

fluxapyroxad, the ecological entities include birds, mammals, freshwater fish and invertebrates, 

estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates, terrestrial plants, insects, and aquatic plants and algae. 

The attributes evaluated for each of these entities may include growth, reproduction, and 

survival. 

2.5. Conceptual Model

For a pesticide to pose an ecological risk, it must reach ecological receptors in biologically 

significant concentrations. An exposure pathway is the means by which a pesticide moves in the 

environment from a source to an ecological receptor. For an ecological pathway to be complete, 

it must have a source, a release mechanism, an environmental transport medium, a point of 

exposure for ecological receptors, and a feasible route of exposure.

A conceptual model provides a written description and visual representation of the predicted

relationships between fluxapyroxad, the potential routes of exposure, and the predicted effects 

for each assessment endpoint. A conceptual model consists of two major components: the risk 

hypothesis and the conceptual diagram (EPA 1998).

2.5.1. Risk Hypothesis

For fluxapyroxad, the following ecological risk hypothesis is employed for this risk assessment:

Fluxapyroxad has slight to moderate mobility in soil; it can move to surface water through 

spray drift, runoff, and erosion and it has potential to leach to ground water in vulnerable 

environments (e.g., high water tables, high rainfall/irrigation, sandy soils with low organic 
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matter, etc.). Therefore, fluxapyroxad may produce adverse effects on survival, growth, 

and/or reproduction of aquatic animals. There is also the potential for risk to benthic 

invertebrates, given fluxapyroxad’s persistence in water and sediment. Based on the 

compound’s persistence, fluxapyroxad may pose a chronic risk to small birds, terrestrialphase amphibians and reptiles and mammals. Based on previous assessments of a 

similarly structured carboxamide fungicide, there is potential risk to terrestrial plants and

uncertainty regarding the potential effects of fluxapyroxide co-formulated with 

pyraclostrobin on the honey bee (Apis mellifera).

2.5.2. Conceptual Diagram

The environmental fate properties of fluxapyroxad indicate that for foliar applications, spray drift 

and runoff are potential transport mechanisms of fluxapyroxad to aquatic habitats where nontarget organisms may be exposed. It is expected that non-target terrestrial organisms can be 

exposed to foliar applications of fluxapyroxad through consumption of exposed plants and 

invertebrates. With regards to the seed treatments, fluxapyroxad may reach aquatic habitats via 

leaching of the chemical from the seed coat into field runoff and groundwater. It is expected that 

non-target terrestrial organisms can be exposed to fluxapyroxad through consumption of treated 

seeds. These transport mechanisms (i.e., sources) are depicted in the conceptual models below 

(Figures 2-1 and 2-2 are for terrestrial and aquatic exposure to foliar applications and Figures 2-

3 and 2-4 are for terrestrial and aquatic exposure to seed treatments) along with the receptors of 

concern and the potential attribute changes in the receptors due to exposures of fluxapyroxad. 

Dotted lines represent transport pathways that are assumed to have a low likelihood of occurring 

and/or of contributing to ecological risk.
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Figure 2-1. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad foliar treatment effects on aquatic organisms.

Figure 2-2. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad foliar treatment effects on terrestrial organisms.
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Figure 2-3. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad seed treatment effects on aquatic organisms.

Figure 2-4. Conceptual model for potential fluxapyroxad seed treatment effects on terrestrial organisms.
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2.6. Analysis Plan

The analysis plan is the final step in Problem Formulation. During this step, an assessment 

design is developed, the scope of the assessment is outlined, the methods for conducting the 

assessment are determined, measurements of effects and exposure to evaluate the risk hypothesis 

are delineated, and initial data gaps and assumptions required to address them are identified. 

2.6.1. Conclusions from Previous Risk Assessments

As this is a new registration for a global chemical, there are no previous US EPA ecological risk 

assessments for fluxapyroxad.

2.6.2. Identification of Data Gaps and Uncertainties

In terms of environmental fate studies required to support the registration of fluxapyroxad, there 

are no data gaps for fluxapyroxad.

With respect to data requirements to support the assessment of ecological effects, acceptable 

chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates in the water column have not 

been submitted. The registrant submitted a life cycle study with the mysid shrimp 

(Americamysis bahia), but the study was classified as invalid due to poor reproductive 

performance in controls, the absence of guideline-recommended measurements, and 

uncertainties regarding the effects of an altered photoperiod on the study performance. There is 

uncertainty regarding avian toxicity because non-guideline lighting regimes were used in 

multiple studies and a definitive NOAEC was not established in the avian reproduction study 

with bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). With respect to terrestrial plant toxicity, apparent 

adjuvant interference in a seedling emergence study reduces confidence in these toxicity

endpoints. Appendix F provides more detail on the guideline studies that were classified as 

either supplemental or invalid. Additional ecotoxicity data are not being requested at this time 

because such data would be unlikely to impact the screening level risk conclusions based on the 

currently proposed uses.

Two of the fluxapyroxad end-use products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) proposed for 

registration are co-formulated with pyraclostrobin and are similar in that respect to the registered 

fungicide product, Pristine. The Pristineproduct, which is another formulation from the 

fluxapyroxad registrant, contains the similarly structured, pyridine carboxamide fungicide 

boscalid (25.2%) and pyraclostrobin (12.8%). Previous risk assessments for boscalid (DP 

Barcodes D363523, D379809, D385653) have described uncertainties regarding potential effects 

of Pristineon development of honey bee brood, based on incident reports (BASF 2008) and 

communications with beekeepers (personal communication)1.

 

1

Personal communication in 2011: B. Brandi, L. Sundberg, R. Olivaris, D. Cox, K. Ward; commercial beekeepers in California.
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2.6.3. Measures of Exposure

Screening-level assessments are intended to be protective of wildlife on a national level, as 

opposed to being regionally- or locally-specific. Therefore, this assessment is not intended to 

represent a spatially- or temporally-specific analysis. Maximum application rates are used to 

model estimated environmental concentrations (EECs). Measures of exposure are based on 

aquatic and terrestrial models that calculate EECs using labeled application rates and methods. 

Exposure modeling assumes that the seed treatment use will not result in spray drift. Particulate 

drift, which may occur from abrasion of treated seeds during field application, is not assessed in 

screening-level exposure models. Groundwater is also assessed due to the moderate leaching 

potential of fluxapyroxad and the potential to use groundwater as irrigation water on crops. As 

this is a new registration, there are currently no monitoring data for fluxapyroxad for comparison 

to model-generated EECs.

In the conduct of this screening-level assessment, Tier I models are employed unless exposure 

concentrations indicate an exceedence of ecological levels of concern. Surface water EECs are 

calculated using the Generic Estimated Environmental Concentration (GENEEC, v. 2.0, 

8/1/2001) model. EECs for sediment-dwelling invertebrates and for drift only analyses are 

estimated using the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM v. 3.12.2, 5/15/05) and Exposure 

Analysis Modeling System (EXAMS v. 2.98.04.06, 4/25/05), coupled with the input shell pe5v0 

(11/15/06). Groundwater concentrations are estimated using the Screening Concentration in 

Ground Water (SCIGROW, v. 2.3, 7/30/2003) model. The Terrestrial Residue Exposure Model 

(T-REX, version 1.4.1, 10/9/2008) is used to derive terrestrial EECs on food items (USEPA 

2008) for terrestrial vertebrates. The TerrPlant model (v. 1.2.2, 12/26/2006) is used to derive 

runoff EECs for estimating exposures to terrestrial plants inhabiting dry and semi-aquatic areas

(USEPA 2006b). Exposure estimates using the Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR, v. 1.0, 

11/23/2010) and the Screening Imbibition Program (SIP, v. 1.0, 8/19/2010) indicated that 

inhalation and drinking water, respectively, were not expected to be significant routes of 

exposure for wildlife (Appendix D and E). Exposure models are parameterized using relevant 

use and environmental fate data according to EFED input parameter guidance.

2.6.4. Measures of Effect

Measures of effect are obtained from a suite of registrant-submitted guideline studies which are 

conducted with a limited number of surrogate species. The test species are not intended to be 

representative of the most sensitive species but rather are selected based on their ability to thrive 

under laboratory conditions. For example, toxicity testing reported in this risk assessment 

utilizes surrogate species to represent all freshwater fish (>2000 species) and birds (>680 

species) identified in the U.S. Open literature searches are not conducted to identify data for 

potential use in this risk assessment because fluxapyroxad is a new active ingredient.

The acute measures of effect used in this screening-level assessment include the median lethal 

dose (LD50), median lethal concentration (LC50), and the median effect concentration (EC50). 

These are measures of acute toxicity which result in 50% of the respective effect in tested 

organisms. The endpoints for chronic measures of effect are the No Observed Adverse Effects 

Concentration (NOAEC) and the No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL). Toxicity
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studies are submitted for freshwater fish and invertebrates, estuarine/marine fish and 

invertebrates, aquatic and terrestrial plants, birds, mammals and honey bees. The measurement 

endpoints used for risk characterization are derived from studies which underwent review and 

are classified as “acceptable” (conducted under guideline conditions and considered to be 

scientifically sound) or “supplemental” (conditions deviated from guidelines but the results are 

scientifically sound). 

2.6.5. Integration of Exposure and Effects

The exposure and toxicity effects data are integrated to evaluate the risks of adverse ecological 

effects on non-target species. For the screening-level assessment of fluxapyroxad, the 

deterministic, risk quotient (RQ) method is used to compare estimated exposure and measured 

toxicity values. The RQ method involves dividing EECs by acute and chronic toxicity values. 

The resulting RQs are then compared to the Agency’s levels of concern (LOCs) (USEPA 2004a). 

These criteria are used to indicate if applications of fluxapyroxad, as directed on the label, have 

the potential to cause adverse effects to non-target organisms.

Although risk is often described in terms of the likelihood and magnitude of adverse effects, the 

risk quotient-based approach does not provide a quantitative estimate of likelihood or magnitude 

of an adverse effect, but rather provides a “yes” or “no” answer depending upon whether or not 

LOCs are exceeded. 

3. Analysis

3.1. Use Characterization

Fluxapyroxad is a new fungicide active ingredient (a.i.) included in multiple, formulated end-use 

products, and is proposed for use on wheat, barley, corn, bean and pea legumes, peanuts, pome 

and stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil seed, root and tuberous vegetable crops. Foliar 

applications can be made via aerial, ground, or chemigation equipment. Proposed seed 

treatments include uses on barley, corn, cotton, dried shelled peas and beans, edible podded 

legume vegetables, oat, peanut, rye, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, wheat and triticale seed. 

Application of the fungicide to seeds can be accomplished through water-based slurry, using 

standard slurry or mist-type seed treatment application equipment. A review of the labels 

indicates that many of the uses have similar application rates and retreatment intervals. As such, 

these uses have been grouped for ease of exposure modeling. Application rates and retreatment 

intervals for the groups considered in the modeling runs are provided in Table 3.1. For seeding 

applications, the highest, mean, and lowest equivalent application rates were used to provide a 

range of potential exposure concentrations. Equivalent application rates for seed applications in 

lbs ai per acre were developed using label information, provided in units of lbs ai/100 lbs of 

seed, and seeding rates provided by OPP’s Biological and Economic Analysis Division (Becker 

and Ratnayake 2011). Seeding rates are provided in Appendix A, Table 2.
-Page 15 of 150-

Table 3.1. Fluxapyroxad application rates and retreatment intervals for proposed uses.

Use(s) App. 

Method

Max. 

Single 

App. 

Rate

(lbs 

a.i./A)

No. of 

Apps.

1

Retreatment 

Interval 

(days)

PHI

(days)

Max. Annual 

App. Rate

(lbs a.i./

A/year)

Dried shelled beans (except 

soybeans) Foliar 0.18 2 7 21 0.36

Stone fruits Foliar 0.110 3

2

7 0 0.329

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale Foliar 0.089 2 3

3

21 0.179

Corn, edible podded legume 

vegetables, oilseed crops (other), 

succulent shelled peas and 

beans, soybeans

Foliar 0.089 2 7 7-2140.179

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous 

and corm vegetables Foliar 0.089 3

2

7 7 0.268

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed) Foliar 0.089 2 14 21 0.179

Peanut, sugar beet Foliar 0.089 3

2

14 7 0.268

Pome fruits Foliar 0.089 4

2

7 0 0.358

Wheat, triticale (high rate) Seed 0.078 1 NA NA 0.078

Podded legume (medium rate) Seed 0.022 1 NA NA 0.022

Sunflower (low rate) Seed 0.0008 1 NA NA 0.0008

App. - Application. Max. - Maximum. N/A - Not applicable. No. – Number. PHI – Pre-harvest interval.

1 Maximum number of applications specified on label.

2 Label specifies no more than 2 consecutive applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of 

action.

3 The retreatment interval was not specified on the labels, so a default value of 3 was assumed. This was estimated 

as the minimum amount of time necessary to apply the pesticide, evaluate the effects of the application, and 

determine if subsequent applications are required.

4

Sweet corn, edible podded legume vegetables, and succulent shelled peas and beans have a PHI of 7 days. All 

other uses in this group have a PHI of 21 days.

3.2. Exposure Characterization

3.2.1. Environmental Fate and Transport

Fluxapyroxad is stable to hydrolysis at pH values of 5, 7 and 9, and is stable to both soil and 

aqueous photolysis. Fluxapyroxad is not expected to volatilize (vapor pressure of 6.1 x 10-11

Torr at 25 ̊ C). Fluxapyroxad does not readily undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation in soil, 

with single first-order half-lives ranging from 213 to 1,827 days. There did not appear to be any

relationship between soil metabolism half-lives and pH, organic carbon, or cation exchange 

capacity (fluxapyroxad was persistent for years under all conditions tested). Low carbon dioxide 

(CO2) levels were observed in the aerobic soil metabolism studies, with very little transformation 

product being formed. There was an increase in unextracted residue formation with an increase 

in temperature without an effect on CO2 and transformation product formation, and without the 

detection of parent in unextracted residue (MRID 47923684). Coupled with the fact that 
-Page 16 of 150-

fluxapyroxad is moderately to slightly mobile (see mobility discussion below), there is the 

potential that the half-life values determined in these studies are more representative of 

adsorption than of biotransformation.

 

Fluxapyroxad does not readily undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation in aquatic systems, with 

single first-order half-lives ranging from 420 to 731 days. In aerobic aquatic studies, 

fluxapyroxad partitioned to sediment, reaching levels in sediment above 50% of the applied 

between 3 and 7 days after treatment. 

In the terrestrial field dissipation studies conducted on bare soil at six locations throughout North 

America, fluxapyroxad was detected infrequently below the top 6 inches of the soil, dissipating 

with half-lives ranging from 17 to 436 days in the top 6 inches. The 17 day dissipation half-life 

was calculated for a study conducted in Texas using an nth order model (IORE).

Fluxapyroxad is classified as moderately to slightly mobile (FAO soil mobility classification) 

based on organic carbon partition (adsorption; Koc) values in two U.S. soils ranging from 725 to 

1,200 mL/goc. Adsorption Koc values for six foreign soils were similar, ranging from 496 to 

1,424 mL/goc. Freundlich soil partitioning coefficients (KF) for adsorption for the two U.S. soils 

ranged from 2.5 to 8.6 ml/g (4.3 to 17.9 ml/g for foreign soils). Based on its mobility and 

exceptionally long environmental persistence, fluxapyroxad has the potential to leach to ground 

water, particularly where high water tables are present, high rainfall/irrigation occurs, and where 

sandy soils with low organic matter exist. As mentioned above, in the majority of terrestrial field 

dissipation studies, fluxapyroxad was detected infrequently at depths greater than 6 inches. 

However, given fluxapyroxad’s persistence and mobility, the terrestrial field dissipation studies, 

which only lasted a maximum of 472 days, may not have been long enough to capture leaching 

over time. Additionally, because analysis of bulk soil core samples collected during terrestrial 

field dissipation studies is, in general, less efficient at detecting compounds in soil pore water 

than suction lysimeters, the terrestrial field dissipation studies are less likely to capture potential 

leaching of fluxapyroxad.

A bioconcentration in fish (BCF) laboratory study involving bluegill sunfish (Lepomis 

macrochirus; MRID 47923730) showed that after 28 days of exposure to fluxapyroxad (1.0 and 

10.0 μg a.i./L), whole fish BCF values (based on total radioactivity) were 86 and 93 (μg/kg-ww 

per μg/L), respectively. Time to reach 90% depuration was 2.5 and 2.4 days, respectively. 

Therefore, fluxapyroxad is not likely to bioaccumulate.

One major degradate was identified in one of eight soils in the aerobic metabolism studies and in 

the anaerobic metabolism studies, M700F001 [3-(difluoro-methyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-

carboxylic acid]. In the single soil, M700F001 reached a level of 33% at Day 123 and decreased 

to a level of 29% by the end of the study (Day 363, MRID 47923684). In the remaining seven 

soils, M700F001 was below 6% throughout the conduct of the studies. In the anaerobic soil 

metabolism study (MRID 47923688), M700F001 reached a level of 10% at the end of the study

(Day 123). Based on discussions with the Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee 

(ROCKS), only the parent compound was considered a residue of concern in drinking water

(D390225, 7/14/2011). Table 3.2 summarizes the physicochemical and fate properties of 

fluxapyroxad. 
-Page 17 of 150-

Table 3.2. Chemical properties and environmental fate parameters of fluxapyroxad.

Chemical Fate/Parameter Value Source

(MRID)

Study 

Classification Comments

IUPAC Name 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-

(3',4',5'-trifluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-

2-

yl)-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

Chemical Formula C18H12F5N3O

Chemical Structure

Molecular Mass (g/mol) 381.31

Vapor Pressure (25°C) (Torr) 6.1 x 10-11 47923505 Acceptable Not expected 

to volatilize

Solubility (20°C) (ppm) 3.44 (pH 7) 47923509 Acceptable

Octanol-water partition 

coefficient (Kow)

1,288 (log Kow = 3.11) 47923511 Acceptable

Dissociation constant (pKa) 12.58 47923514 Acceptable

Hydrolysis half-life 

(pHs 5,7,9; 50 °C)

No evidence of degradation at 

all three pHs

47923512

/

48409101

Acceptable

Aqueous photolysis half-life No evidence of degradation 47923513 Acceptable

Soil photolysis half-life No evidence of degradation 47923690 Acceptable

Aerobic soil metabolism halflife; soil texture213 days (NJ, loam)1

1,827 days (ID, sandy loam) 2

676 days (IL, loam) 2

387 days (WI, loamy sand) 2

47923684 Acceptable No observed 

correlation 

between halflives and 

individual soil 

properties.

729 days (CA, sandy loam)2

295 days (GA, sandy loam) 2,3

345 days (IN, loam) 2,3

238 days (NC, sandy loam) 2,3

47923691 Acceptable

Anaerobic soil metabolism 

half-life; soil texture

591 days (NJ, loam) 247923688 Supplemental

Aerobic aquatic metabolism 

half-life 

420 days (silt loam) 2

701 days (sand) 2

47923713 Acceptable Partitioned 

mainly to 

sediments

Anaerobic aquatic

metabolism half-life

731 days 47923714 Supplemental

Range of Freundlich soil 

partition coefficients (KF, 

mL/g) for adsorption; 

8.6 (NJ, silt loam)

2.5 (CA, sandy loam)

6.8 (Germany, loamy sand)

4.2 (Germany, sand)

5.7 (Germany, loamy sand)

12.3 (Spain, silty clay)

18.3 (Germany, clay silt)

14.0 (Japan, sandy silt)

47923707 Acceptable Six foreign 

soils found to 

be 

representative 

of agricultural 

areas where the 

pesticide will 

be used.

Range of organic carbon 

partition coefficients (K oc, 

mL/goc)

1,195 (NJ, silt loam)

725 (CA, sandy loam)

981 (Germany, loamy sand)

978 (Germany, sand)

47923707 Acceptable Six foreign 

soils found to 

be 

representative 
-Page 18 of 150-

Chemical Fate/Parameter Value Source

(MRID)

Study 

Classification Comments

827 (Germany, loamy sand)

496 (Spain, silty clay)

1,424 (Germany, clay silt)

819 (Japan, sandy silt)

of agricultural 

areas where the 

pesticide will 

be used.

Terrestrial field dissipation 

half-life 

76 days (MB4, clay loam) 47923695 Acceptable All 

applications 

were to bare 

ground.

16.7 days (TX, clay loam)5

120 days (IL, silt loam)

332 days (NY, sandy loam)

47923696 Acceptable

314 days (CA, sandy loam)

436 days (WI, sand)

47923697 Acceptable

Bioconcentration factor 86-93(whole fish) 47923730 Acceptable

1 Estimates using the first-order, multiple-compartment (FOMC) model provided a better fit to the data, but, as only 

single first-order (SFO) model estimates are currently used by EFED in estimating ecological exposures, the halflife presented is from a SFO fit of the data.

2 Half-lives extrapolated beyond length of studies (368 days for MRID 47923684, 120 days for MRID 47923691, 

123 days for MRID 47923688, 100 days for MRID 47923713, and 365 days for MRID 47923714).

3 These estimates are based on the SFO model. However using the interim EFED kinetics modeling guidance, SFO 

is not the best model of degradation in these studies. Representative half-lives based on alternative models are as 

high as 613 (GA), 2,580 (IN), and 1,561 (NC) days.

4 MB – Manitoba, Canada

5 Dissipation half-life was calculated using an nth order model (IORE). Using current EFED kinetics guidance, not 

available at the time of this estimation, suggests that a longer half-life of 117 days may be more appropriate.

3.2.2. Aquatic Exposure

In the conduct of this screening-level assessment, GENEEC was used to calculate aquatic 

estimated environmental concentrations (EECs) for fluxapyroxad. If aquatic EECs had exceeded

ecological levels of concern, a more refined model (PRZM/EXAMS) would have been

employed. EECs for fluxapyroxad in surface water were generated based on maximum labeled 

use rates (Table 3.1) and fate input parameters (Table 3.3), developed using current EFED Input 

Parameter Guidance (USEPA, 2009). Although the labels specify that, for multiple applications 

of fluxapyroxad, no more than two applications should be made consecutively before alternating 

to a fungicide with a different mode of action, GENEEC does not have the capability to model 

multiple applications with varying retreatment intervals. For scenarios where three or four 

applications of fluxapyroxad could be made, the applications were conservatively modeled as 

consecutive applications. A soil incorporation depth of 0 inches was assumed, as fluxapyroxad 

can be applied on a variety of seeds, with varying planting depths, and no incorporation provides

conservative exposure estimates for transport in runoff.

Table 3.3. Input parameters used in surface water exposure modeling (GENEEC).

Variable Name Data Value

Data Source

MRID(s) Comment

Application Method Aerial (foliar treatment), 

granular (seed treatment)

Proposed 

labels

Application Rate (lbs. 

ai/acre) See Table 3.1 Proposed labels

Application Frequency See Table 3.1 Proposed 

labels
-Page 19 of 150-

Variable Name Data Value

Data Source

MRID(s) Comment

Application Interval 

(days) See Table 3.1 Proposed labels

Incorporation depth (in) 0 --

Assumed no 

incorporation 

Koc 931 mL/goc 47923707 Mean of eight values1

Aerobic Soil Metabolism t1/2 = 857 days 47923684,

47923691

90th percentile on 

mean (589 days) of 8 

values1

Solubility 3.44 ppm 47923509

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism t1/2 = 993 days 47923713

90th percentile on 

mean (561 days) of 2 

values1

Photolysis t1/2 = stable 47923513

1

EFED input parameter guidance is located at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm

EECs for fluxapyroxad in groundwater used for irrigation purposes were generated based on 

maximum labeled use rates (Table 3.1) and fate input parameters (Table 3.4), developed using 

current EFED Input Parameter Guidance (USEPA, 2009) and SCIGROW. 

Table 3.4. Input parameters used in ground water exposure modeling (SCIGROW).

Variable Name Data Value

Data Source

MRID(s) Comment

Application Rate (lbs. 

ai/acre)

0.18 (foliar treatment)

0.078 (seed treatment)

Proposed 

labels

Application Frequency 2 (foliar treatment)

1 (seed treatment)

Proposed 

labels

Aerobic Soil Metabolism t1/2 = 366 days 47923684,

47923691

Median value of 8 

values ranging from 

213 to 18271

Koc 902 mL/goc 47923707 Median of eight 

values1

1

EFED input parameter guidance is located at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm

To estimate exposure to sediment-dwelling invertebrates and drift-only exposure to formulated 

products, EECs were developed using PRZM/EXAMS, as the GENEEC model does estimate 

concentrations in pore water or as the result of drift-only. The same fate parameters used in the 

above mentioned aquatic exposure modeling were used (Table 3.3). Drift-only estimates were 

only derived for foliar applications, as seed applications do not result in spray drift issues. The 

application efficiency was set to zero and the spray drift fraction was set to 0.05, to simulate an 

aerial application resulting in drift-only contributions. The chemical application method (CAM) 

was set to 2, indicating an interception by the crop canopy and the condition for disposition of 

the foliar pesticide after harvest was set to 1, indicating it was surface applied. Additionally, 

PRZM/EXAMS requires the entry of the first application date and the use of crop-specific 

scenarios. These inputs are provided in Table 3.5. The date of the first application was 

determined considering a variety of factors. Initially the labels were consulted. For cereal crops 
-Page 20 of 150-

(e.g., barley, oats, rye, and wheat), the labels indicate to apply fluxapyroxad “after flag leaf 

emergence”, which occurs approximately 30 days after emergence (Anderson, 2008). However, 

in most instances, the labels indicated to apply fluxapyroxad “prior to disease development.” As 

fluxapyroxad is a fungicide, and most fungi thrive in moist, humid conditions, dates in the spring 

were considered. As fluxapyroxad is designed to attack diseases which affect the leaf, dates 

when leaves begin to appear were selected. For most crops, this occurs approximately 14 days

after emergence. With pome and stone fruits, the dates of emergence for scenarios outside of 

California were selected as they correspond with dates at when flowering occurs. For California 

PRZM/EXAMS scenarios, the first day of spring was used as the day of application, since the 

date of emergence for these scenarios occurred in early January. A list of the scenarios modeled 

is provided in Table 3.5. The scenario with the maximum EEC is highlighted in bold. The 

selected crop-specific scenarios are standard Agency-developed scenarios. 

Table 3.5. Application scenarios and start dates for PRZM/EXAMS modeling.

Use(s) PRZM/EXAMS 

Scenario

Emergence 

date

Date of first 

application

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) MIbeansSTD 6/1 6/151

Stone fruits CAfruit_WirrigSTD

GAPeachesSTD 1/16 3/212

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale

NDwheatSTD

CAWheatRLF

NDwheatSTD

5/16 6/153

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, 

oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas 

and beans, soybeans

IAcornSTD

ILCornSTD

MScornSTD

MSsoybeanSTD

OHCornSTD

PAcornSTD

5/25 6/81

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm 

vegetables

CAtomato_WirrigSTD

FLpeppersSTD

FLtomatoSTD

PAtomatoSTD

3/1 3/151

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed) NDcanolaSTD 5/16 5/301

Peanut, sugar beet MNsugarbeetSTD

NCpeanutSTD 5/16 5/301

Pome fruits

CAfruit_WirrigSTD

NCappleSTD

ORappleSTD

PAappleSTD

1/16 3/212

Bold values indicate scenarios which generated the highest surface water EECs.

1Assumed first application occurs 14 days after emergence.

2Assumed first application occurs on first day of spring.

The EECs in Table 3.6 reflect the 1-in-10 year peak, 4-day, 21-day, 60-day, and 90-day surface 

water concentrations. Model runs using ground and airblast applications were also conducted, 

but resulted in EECs that were lower than those for aerial applications. The EECs in Table 3.7

reflect the 1-in-10 year peak and 4-day surface water concentrations resulting from drift only.
-Page 21 of 150-

For estimates to sediment-dwelling invertebrates, only the dried shelled beans scenario was run, 

as it generated the highest peak surface water EECs in the GENEEC and PRZM/EXAMS (results 

not shown) runs. The sediment pore water acute EEC for this scenario was 6.31 μg/L. This 

estimate was converted to units of μg/kg dry sediment by using the pore water concentration, the 

sediment Koc (931 L/kgoc, Table 3.3), and the equilibrium partitioning model, depicted in 

equation 1 (EQ1), to yield a concentration of 237 μg/kg dry sediment (USEPA, 2008). Default 

values and the equation for Kbiota were obtained from supporting documents from the FIFRA 

SAP in 2004 for Refined (Level II) Terrestrial and Aquatic Models (USEPA, 2004b).

 =

  /  (           )



EQ(1)

Where

Csed-dw concentration of pesticide in sediment on dry weight basis (mg ai/kg 

sediment, dry weight)

Cpw concentration of pesticide dissolved in pore water (mg ai/L)

msed mass of sediment (assumed to be 675,200 kg)

foc fraction of organic carbon in sediment (assumed to be 0.04)

Koc organic carbon normalized solid water distribution coefficient (m3/kgoc)

mbiota mass of biota in benthic compartment (assumed to be 0.06 kg)

Kbiota biota-water partition coefficient (0.436 x [Koc/0.35]0.907)(m3/kg)

mDOC mass of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in benthic compartment 

(assumed to be 1.249 kg)

KDOC DOC-water partition coefficient (assumed equal to Koc, m3/kgoc)

Vpw volume of pore water (assumed equal to 249.8 m

3

)

Table 3.6. Tier I surface water EECs of fluxapyroxad (GENEEC).

Use(s)

Application 

Rate (lbs ai/A), 

Number of 

apps, RTI

EECs (μg/L)

Peak 4 day 21 day 60 day 90 day

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.18 x 2, 7 days 10.14 10.10 9.85 9.32 8.94

Stone fruits 0.110 x 3, 7 

days 9.27 9.24 9.01 8.52 8.18

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 0.089 x 2, 3 

days 5.02 5.00 4.88 4.61 4.43

Corn, edible podded legume 

vegetables, oilseed crops (other), 

succulent shelled peas and beans, 

soybeans

0.089 x 2, 7 

days 5.01 4.99 4.87 4.61 4.42

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and 

corm vegetables

0.089 x 3, 7 

days 7.50 7.47 7.29 6.89 6.62

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)

0.089 x 2, 14 

days 5.00 4.98 4.86 4.60 4.41

Peanut, sugar beet 0.089 x 3, 14 

days 7.47 7.44 7.25 6.86 6.58
-Page 22 of 150-

Use(s)

Application 

Rate (lbs ai/A), 

Number of 

apps, RTI

EECs (μg/L)

Peak 4 day 21 day 60 day 90 day

Pome fruits 0.089 x 4, 14 

days 9.98 9.94 9.69 9.17 8.80

Wheat, triticale (high rate) 0.078 x 1, NA 1.74 1.74 1.69 1.59 1.53

Podded legume (medium rate) 0.022 x 1, NA 0.49 0.49 0.48 0.45 0.43

Sunflower (low rate) 0.0008 x 1, NA 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

RTI – retreatment interval

Table 3.7. EECs from spray drift only following fluxpyroxad applications (PRZM/EXAMS).

Use(s)

EECs (μg/L)

Peak 4 day

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 1.97 1.93

Stone fruits 4.09 4.06

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 1.40 1.38

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), 

succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans 1.12 1.10

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables 2.45 2.43

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed) 1.64 1.62

Peanut, sugar beet 2.16 2.13

Pome fruits 4.39 4.36

SCIGROW runs were conducted for the maximum foliar application (dried shelled beans except 

soybeans; 2 applications at 0.18 lbs ai/A) and seeding rates (wheat, triticale; 1 application at 

0.078 lbs ai/A). For groundwater sources of irrigation water, the estimated concentration of 

fluxapyroxad in shallow groundwater for applications to dry shelled beans (except soybeans) is 

0.087 μg/L; the estimated value for wheat and triticale seed applications is 0.019 μg/L. The 

SCIGROW output file is provided in Appendix C. These estimated ground water concentrations 

represent concentrations that might be expected in shallow, unconfined aquifers under sandy 

soils, which are expected to be most vulnerable to pesticide contamination. 

3.2.3. Terrestrial Exposure

The proposed application of fluxapyroxad to crops has the potential to reach non-target terrestrial 

organisms via spray drift and runoff (for plants). Non-target terrestrial organisms may also be 

exposed to fluxapyroxad via treated seeds. For terrestrial animals, T-REX (Version 1.4.1) is 
-Page 23 of 150-

used to calculate dietary- and dose-based EECs of fluxapyroxad for mammals and birds feeding 

on the site of application. Input values for T-REX include the maximum single application rates, 

number of applications, and retreatment interval for a given use and are located in Table 3.1. In

this assessment, EFED uses a default foliar dissipation half-life of 35 days as an input for 

terrestrial exposure modeling in T-REX. The default value is generally consistent with 

information from residue decline studies submitted by the registrant and reviewed by HED 

[Global Joint Review Monograph B.7.6 Residues resulting from supervised trials (Annex IIA 

6.3; Annex IIIA 8.3), 2011]. Although half-lives were not calculated, supervised field trials with 

legume vegetables, sunflower, canola, and sugar beet show that mean residues of the 

fluxapyroxad declined by approximately half in the three-to-four weeks (21 to 28 days) 

following application. Fluxapyroxad was more persistent on cereal crops, including rice, barley, 

and wheat; residues in these matrices declined only slightly or remained the same for the 

duration of the trial (30 days). Therefore, the default foliar dissipation value of 35 days may 

underestimate persistence in some crops.

Upper-bound Kenega nomogram values based on Hoerger and Kenega (1972) as modified by

Fletcher et al. (1994) are used to derive EECs for fluxapyroxad exposures to terrestrial mammals 

and birds based on dietary- and dose-based exposures from foliar applications of fluxapyroxad

(Table 3.8). A one-year time period is simulated. Consideration is given to different types of 

feeding strategies for mammals and birds, including herbivores, insectivores and granivores. For 

dose-based exposures, three weight classes of mammals (15, 35, and 1000 g) and birds (20, 100, 

and 1000 g) are considered (Appendix G). T-REX is also used to calculate dose-based EECs of 

fluxapyroxad for birds and mammals that consume treated seeds. Seeding rates (Becker and 

Ratnayake 2011) and the maximum application rate according to the proposed label are used to 

calculate dose-based EECs (USEPA 2008b) and the mass of fluxapyroxad per unit area (mg 

ai/ft2) available for consumption by birds and mammals (Table 3.9). 
-Page 24 of 150-

Table 3.8. Terrestrial EECs as food residues for animals exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar uses.

Food Type

Dietary Based

(mg/kg diet)

(mammals and 

birds)

Dose Based

(mg/kg bw)

(birds)

Dose Based

(mg/kg bw)

(mammals)

All Size Classes Small

(20 g)

Medium

(100 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Small

(15 g)

Medium

(35 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans); 0.18 lbs ai/A; 2 applications; 7-day interval

Short grass 80.81 92.03 52.48 23.50 77.04 53.25 12.35

Tall grass 37.04 42.18 24.05 10.77 35.31 24.41 5.66

Broadleaf plants/small insects 45.45 51.77 29.52 13.22 43.34 29.95 6.94

Fruits/pods/large insects 5.05 5.75 3.28 1.47 4.82 3.33 0.77

Seeds (granivore) N/A 1.28 0.73 0.33 1.07 0.74 0.17

Stone fruits; 0.11 lbs ai/A; 3 applications; 7-day interval

Short grass 69.39 79.03 45.07 20.18 66.16 45.72 10.60

Tall grass 31.80 36.22 20.65 9.25 30.32 20.96 4.86

Broadleaf plants/small insects 39.03 44.45 25.35 11.35 37.21 25.72 5.96

Fruits/pods/large insects 4.34 4.94 2.82 1.26 4.13 2.86 0.66

Seeds (granivore) N/A 1.10 0.63 0.28 0.92 0.64 0.15

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 2 applications; 3-day interval

Short grass 41.49 47.25 26.94 12.06 39.56 27.34 6.34

Tall grass 19.02 21.66 12.35 5.53 18.13 12.53 2.91

Broadleaf plants/small insects 23.34 26.58 15.16 6.79 22.25 15.38 3.57

Fruits/pods/large insects 2.59 2.95 1.68 0.75 2.47 1.71 0.40

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.66 0.37 0.17 0.55 0.38 0.09

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 2 applications; 7-day interval

Short grass 39.95 45.50 25.95 11.62 38.09 26.33 6.10

Tall grass 18.31 20.86 11.89 5.32 17.46 12.07 2.80

Broadleaf plants/small insects 22.47 25.60 14.60 6.53 21.43 14.81 3.43

Fruits/pods/large insects 2.50 2.84 1.62 0.73 2.38 1.65 0.38

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.63 0.36 0.16 0.53 0.37 0.08

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 3 applications; 7-day interval

Short grass 56.14 63.94 36.46 16.32 53.53 36.99 8.58

Tall grass 25.73 29.31 16.71 7.48 24.53 16.96 3.93

Broadleaf plants/small insects 31.58 35.97 20.51 9.18 30.11 20.81 4.82

Fruits/pods/large insects 3.51 4.00 2.28 1.02 3.35 2.31 0.54

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.89 0.51 0.23 0.74 0.51 0.12
-Page 25 of 150-

Food Type

Dietary Based

(mg/kg diet)

(mammals and 

birds)

Dose Based

(mg/kg bw)

(birds)

Dose Based

(mg/kg bw)

(mammals)

All Size Classes Small

(20 g)

Medium

(100 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Small

(15 g)

Medium

(35 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed); 0.089 lbs ai/A; 2 applications; 14-day interval

Short grass 37.55 42.76 24.39 10.92 35.80 24.74 5.74

Tall grass 17.21 19.60 11.18 5.00 16.41 11.34 2.63

Broadleaf plants/small insects 21.12 24.05 13.72 6.14 20.14 13.92 3.23

Fruits/pods/large insects 2.35 2.67 1.52 0.68 2.24 1.55 0.36

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.59 0.34 0.15 0.50 0.34 0.08

Peanut, sugar beet; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 3 applications; 14-day interval

Short grass 49.82 56.74 32.35 14.48 47.50 32.83 7.61

Tall grass 22.83 26.00 14.83 6.64 21.77 15.05 3.49

Broadleaf plants/small insects 28.02 31.91 18.20 8.15 26.72 18.46 4.28

Fruits/pods/large insects 3.11 3.55 2.02 0.91 2.97 2.05 0.48

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.79 0.45 0.20 0.66 0.46 0.11

Pome fruits; 0.089 lbs ai/A; 4 applications; 7-day interval

Short grass 70.24 79.99 45.61 20.42 66.96 46.28 10.73

Tall grass 32.19 36.66 20.91 9.36 30.69 21.21 4.92

Broadleaf plants/small insects 39.51 44.99 25.66 11.49 37.67 26.03 6.04

Fruits/pods/large insects 4.39 5.00 2.85 1.28 4.19 2.89 0.67

Seeds (granivore) N/A 1.11 0.63 0.28 0.93 0.64 0.15

N/A

 Not applicable.

Table 3.9. Terrestrial dose-based EECs for the range of seed treatment uses proposed for fluxapyroxad.

Use(s) App Rate

(lbs a.i./100 lbs 

seed)

Seeding Rate1

(lbs seed/A)

App Rate 

(lbs a.i./A)

Seed

App Rate 

(mg a.i./

kg seed)

Dose-Based EEC

(mg a.i./kg-bw/day)

Spatial EEC

(available a.i. per 

unit area) 

(mg a.i. /ft2)

Birds Mammals

Wheat, triticale (high 

rate) 0.05 156 0.078 500 127 106 0.81

Podded legume

(medium rate) 0.01 225 0.022 100 25.3 21.2 0.23

Sunflower (low rate) 0.02 4 0.0008 200 50.6 42.4 0.01

Abbreviations: App Application. cwt Hundred weight (100 lbs seed).

1Reference: Becker and Ratnayake (2011).
-Page 26 of 150-

TerrPlant is used to calculate EECs for non-target plants that inhabit dry and semi-aquatic areas. 

In this assessment, exposure to non-target plants is calculated based on the potential runoff and 

spray drift of foliar applications of fluxapyroxad and potential runoff after seed treatment 

application (Table 3.10). Potential exposure resulting from spray drift is not calculated for seed 

treatment applications because any spray drift of fluxapyroxad associated with the seed treatment 

use is expected to be negligible. TerrPlant does not account for particulate drift.

Table 3.10. EECs for non-target terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants based on proposed uses of fluxapyroxad 

(TerrPlant).

Use(s) Application 

Technique

Single Max. 

App. Rate

(lbs a.i./A)

EECs (lbs a.i./A)

Semi-Aquatic 

Areas (Total)

Spray 

Drift 

Dry 

Areas 

(Total)

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) Foliar 0.18 0.027 0.009 0.0108

Stone fruits Foliar 0.110 0.0165 0.0055 0.0066

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale

Foliar 0.089 0.0134 0.0045 0.0053

Corn, edible podded legume 

vegetables, oilseed crops (other), 

succulent shelled peas and beans, 

soybeans

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and 

corm vegetables

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)

Peanut, sugar beet

Pome fruits

Wheat, triticale (high rate) Seed 0.078 0.008 N/A 0.0008

Podded legume (medium rate) Seed 0.022 0.0022 N/A 0.0002

Sunflower (low rate) Seed 0.0008 <0.0001 N/A <0.0001

App. - Application. Max. - Maximum. N/A - Not applicable.

3.3. Ecological Effects Characterization

3.3.1. Ecotoxicity Data

Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for the proposed new uses of 

fluxapyroxad are shown in Table 3.11 through Table 3.18. In the current risk assessment, the 

most sensitive endpoints available from registrant-submitted toxicity studies classified as 

acceptable or supplemental are the endpoints selected for quantitative use in risk estimation.
-Page 27 of 150-

3.3.1.1. Aquatic Organisms

Acute toxicity data for fish and aquatic invertebrates are summarized in Table 3.11. Based on 

the available data, fluxapyroxad and its formulated end-use products are highly to very highly

toxic to most species of freshwater fish tested (rainbow trout, Onchorynchus mykiss; fathead 

minnow, Pimephales promelas; and carp, Cyprinus carpio) on an acute exposure basis. 

Fluxapyroxad is at least moderately toxic to bluegill sunfish on an acute exposure basis.

The freshwater fish species sensitivity distribution (SSD) for fluxapyroxad and its end-use 

products is illustrated in Figure 3.1. The SSD represents acute toxicity data for the four fish 

species exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI and additional data for rainbow trout exposed to both 

single and dual-a.i. end-use products containing fluxapyroxad. This figure illustrates the 

proportion of freshwater fish species (Y-axis) predicted to exhibit a standard response (50% 

mortality) at a given stressor intensity (X-axis, concentration of fluxapyroxad a.i.). The data 

points (open circles) represent the mean LC50 value for rainbow trout (n=5 studies: fluxapyroxad 

TGAI and 4 EPs) and the actual LC50 values for carp, fathead minnow, and bluegill sunfish (n=1 

study each). The LC50 values from formulated product tests are adjusted for percent a.i.

Although the carp was more sensitive than other fish species exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI, the 

greater toxicity of co-formulated fluxpyroxad in the studies with rainbow trout and the absence 

of formulated product data for the other species artificially skews the distribution so that the trout 

appears more sensitive overall. 

Figure 3-1. Species sensitivity distribution for freshwater fish exposed to 

fluxapyroxad and its end-use products, based on registrant-submitted 

acute toxicity data.

The fluxapyroxad TGAI is moderately toxic to freshwater invertebrates (water flea, Daphnia 

magna), and formulated fluxapyroxad ranges from slightly toxic (BAS 700 04 F) to very highly 

toxic (BAS 703 02 F) to freshwater invertebrates, on an acute exposure basis. The fluxapyroxad 

TGAI is at least moderately toxic to estuarine/marine fish (sheepshead minnow, Cyprinidon 
-Page 28 of 150-

variegatus) and invertebrates (mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia) based on acute mortality and 

is highly toxic to estuarine/marine molluscs (Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica), based on 

reductions in shell growth during acute exposure.

Chronic toxicity data for fish and aquatic invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad are summarized 

in Table 3.12. Chronic toxicity has been demonstrated for freshwater fish based on reduced

growth (body length) of juvenile fathead minnow in an early life stage toxicity test. An acute-tochronic ratio (ACR), based on the submitted acute and chronic toxicity data for fathead minnow, 

is used in this assessment to calculate a NOAEC value for use in risk estimation because chronic 

toxicity data were not submitted for the freshwater fish species (carp) most sensitive to acute 

exposure to fluxapyroxad. The calculations for the ACR and the calculated NOAEC value for 

carp are detailed in the footnotes to Table 3.12. Similar to the fathead minnow, chronic 

exposure of freshwater invertebrates (water flea, or daphnid) to fluxapyroxad resulted in reduced

growth (length) of parental daphnids and reduced reproduction in terms of the number of 

offspring per female daphnid. The chronic NOAEC values for freshwater fish and invertebrates 

were approximately an order of magnitude lower than the acute toxicity values (LC50 or EC50) 

for the same species exposed to the TGAI. Acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine 

fish and invertebrates in the water column have not been submitted.

Sediment toxicity data for fluxapyroxad are summarized in Table 3.13. Spiked sediment 

toxicity tests with the fluxapyroxad TGAI inhibited growth (reduced dry weight) and survival in 

separate 10-day studies with the freshwater amphipod (Hyalella azteca) and the estuarine/marine 

amphipod (Leptocheirus plumulosus), respectively. Fluxapyroxad exposure in a 28-day study 

with the freshwater midge (Chironomus riparius) inhibited development and, at the highest 

treatment concentration, reduced emergence.

Toxicity endpoints for aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad and its formulations are shown in 

Table 3.14. The submitted studies all demonstrate a reduction in frond number (vascular plants) 

or cell density (nonvascular plants) within the range of fluxapyroxad concentrations tested. 

Biomass was also reduced, typically at only slightly greater concentrations than those where

frond number and cell density were impacted. Based on the submitted studies, nonvascular 

plants are slightly more sensitive to fluxapyroxad exposure than the vascular plant (duckweed, 

Lemna gibba). The green alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) was the most sensitive 

nonvascular plant species tested and was most sensitive to fluxapyroxad co-formulated with 

pyraclostrobin (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F), followed by the TGAI, and least sensitive to 

solo formulations of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F).
-Page 29 of 150-

Table 3.11. Acute toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for fish and aquatic invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the 

water column.

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints1,2

(mg a.i./L)

Toxicity Classification 

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Acute toxicity to freshwater fish

Rainbow trout

(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

TGAI LC50 = 0.61

95% CI = 0.54 – 0.69

Highly toxic

(47923722)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 700 01 F) LC50 = 0.47

95% CI = 0.39 – 0.58

Highly toxic

(47923816)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 700 04 F) LC50 = 0.66

95% CI = 0.28 –1.3

Highly toxic

(47924113)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 703 01 F) LC50 = 0.0074

95% CI = 0.0051 – 0.011

Very highly toxic

(47924212)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 703 02 F) LC50 = 0.0045

95% CI = 0.0031 – 0.0064

Very highly toxic

(47924314)

(Acceptable)

Fathead minnow

(Pimephales promelas)

TGAI LC50 = 0.47

95% CI = 0.33 – 0.66

Highly toxic

(47923724)

(Acceptable)

Bluegill sunfish

(Lepomis macrochirus)

TGAI LC50 = 1.2

95% CI = not determined

Moderately toxic

(47923723)

(Acceptable)

Carp

(Cyprinus carpio)

TGAI LC50 = 0.29

95% CI = 0.27 – 0.33

Highly toxic

(47923725)

(Acceptable)

Acute toxicity to freshwater 

invertebrates

Water flea

(Daphnia magna)

TGAI EC50 = 5.1

95% CI = 4.8 – 5.5

Moderately toxic

(47923731)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

EC50 = 0.68

95% CI = 0.48 – 0.96

Highly toxic

(47923817)

(Acceptable)
-Page 30 of 150-

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints1,2

(mg a.i./L)

Toxicity Classification 

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

EP (BAS 700 04 F) EC50 = 28

95% CI = not determined

Slightly toxic

(47924114)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 703 01 F) EC50 = 0.016

95% CI = 0.014 – 0.019

Very highly toxic

(47924213)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 703 02 F)

EC50 = 0.0083

95% CI = 0.0075 – 0.0093

Probit slope = 9.1 (95% CI = 5.7 – 13)

Very highly toxic

(47924315)

(Supplemental)

Acute toxicity to 

estuarine/marine fish

Sheepshead minnow

(Cyprinidon variegatus)

TGAI LC50 = 1.3

95% CI = 0.72 – 2.8

Moderately toxic

(47923763)

(Acceptable)

Acute toxicity to 

estuarine/marine crustaceans

Mysid shrimp

(Americamysis bahia)

TGAI EC50 = 3.6

95% CI = 2.9 – 4.5

Moderately toxic

(47923761)

(Acceptable)

Toxicity to estuarine/marine 

molluscs – shell deposition

Eastern oyster

(Crassostrea virginica)

TGAI IC50 = 0.96

95% CI = 0.08 – 1.13

Highly toxic

(47923762)

(Acceptable)

1

 Bolded values are the most sensitive endpoint(s) for a given taxonomic group and will be used in risk estimation.

2

 For studies where concentration-response slope data are not available, the default value of 4.5 (with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 2.0 and 9.0) is used to 

derive the probability of an individual effect (Urban and Cook 1986).

Table 3.12. Chronic toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for fish and aquatic invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the 

water column.

Study Type Species Test Material NOAEC & LOAEC1

(mg a.i./L)

Effects

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Early life stage toxicity to 

freshwater fish

Fathead minnow

(Pimephales promelas)

TGAI 0.036 & 0.068

Reduced length

(47923729)

(Supplemental)

Carp

(Cyprinus carpio)

TGAI 0.022 & 0.0422

ACR2based on fathead minnow 

(47923724 and 47923729) 

(N/A)
-Page 31 of 150-

Study Type Species Test Material NOAEC & LOAEC1

(mg a.i./L)

Effects

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Chronic toxicity to freshwater 

invertebrates

Waterflea

(Daphnia magna)

TGAI 0.46 & 0.95

Reduced number of young, reduced 

parental length (47923736)

(Acceptable)

1

 Bolded values are the most sensitive endpoint(s) for a given taxonomic group and will be used in risk estimation.

2

 0.036 mg a.i./L / LC50 = 0.47 mg a.i./L = acute to chronic ratio (ACR) 0.077 * 0.29 mg a.i./L = 0.022 mg a.i./L NOAEC

 0.068 mg a.i./L / LC50 = 0.47 mg a.i./L = ACR 0.145 * 0.29 mg a.i./L = 0.042 mg a.i./L LOAEC

Table 3.13 Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad in the sediment compartment.

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints1,2

(mg a.i./kg dry sediment)

Effects

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

10-day sediment toxicity to 

freshwater invertebrates

Freshwater amphipod

(Hyalella azteca)

TGAI

EC50 > 973

NOAEC = 67

LOAEC = 113

Dry weight

(47923744)

(Supplemental)

10-day sediment toxicity to 

estuarine/marine crustaceans

Estuarine/marine amphipod

(Leptocheirus plumulosus)

TGAI

EC50 = 121

95% CI = 103 – 146

Probit slope = 2.03 (1.66 -- 2.40)

NOAEC = 27

LOAEC = 57

Survival

(47923745)

(Supplemental)

28-day toxicity to freshwater

invertebrates

Freshwater midge

(Chironomus riparius)

TGAI

EC50 > 527

NOAEC = 273

LOAEC = 527

Reduced emergence

(47923746)

(Supplemental)

EC50 > 527

NOAEC = 76

LOAEC = 146

Inhibited development

(47923746)

(Supplemental)

1

 Bolded values are the most sensitive endpoint(s) for a given taxonomic group and will be used in risk estimation.

2

 For studies where concentration-response slope data are not available, the default value of 4.5 (with 95% confidence intervals of 2.0 and 9.0) is used to derive 

the probability of an individual effect (Urban and Cook 1986).
-Page 32 of 150-

Table 3.14 Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad in the water column.

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints1

(mg a.i./L)

Effects

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Toxicity to vascular aquatic 

plants

Duckweed

(Lemna gibba)

TGAI

EC50 = 2.4

95% CI = 2.2 – 2.5

NOAEC = 0.44

Yield (frond number)

(47923747)

(Acceptable)

Toxicity to nonvascular aquatic 

plants

Green alga

(Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata)

TGAI

EC50 = 0.37

95% CI = 0.35 – 0.38

NOAEC = 0.15

Yield (cell density)

(47923737)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

EC50 = 0.67

95% C.I. = 0.57-0.78

NOAEC = 0.06

Yield (cell density)

(47923818)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 700 04 F)

EC50 = 0.74

95% C.I. = 0.66 – 0.84

NOAEC = 0.097

Cell density, yield

(47924115)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 703 01 F)

EC50 = 0.13

95% C.I. = 0.11-0.17

NOAEC = 0.0073

Cell density, yield

(47924214)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 703 02 F)

EC50 = 0.12

95% C.I. = 0.099-0.14

NOAEC = 0.014

Cell density

(47924316)

(Supplemental)

Blue green algae

(Anabaena flos-aquae)

TGAI

EC50 = 1.8

95% CI = 1.7 – 1.9

NOAEC = 0.48

Cell density, yield

(47923741)

(Acceptable)

Freshwater diatom

(Navicula pelliculosa)

TGAI

EC50 = 1.6

95% CI = 1.5 – 1.7

NOAEC = 0.22

Cell density, yield

(47923742)

(Supplemental)

Estuarine/marine diatom

(Skeletonema costatum)

TGAI

EC50 = 0.83

95% CI = 0.76 – 0.90

NOAEC = 0.20

Cell density, yield

(47923743)

(Acceptable)

1

 Bolded values are the most sensitive endpoint(s) for a given taxonomic group and will be used in risk estimation.
-Page 33 of 150-

3.3.1.2. Terrestrial Organisms

Acute toxicity data for birds, mammals, honey bees, and earthworms exposed to fluxapyroxad 

are summarized in Table 3.15. Based on the available data, fluxapyroxad is practically nontoxic to birds (bobwhite quail, Colinus virginianus; mallard duck, Anas platyrynchos; and zebra 

finch, Taeniopygia guttata) on an acute oral exposure basis and ranges from slightly to 

practically nontoxic to birds on a subacute dietary exposure basis. A 10% reduction in feed 

consumption was observed in female zebra finch exposed to fluxapyroxad at 2000 mg/kg bw. 

Dose-responsive mortality was observed at all but the lowest test concentration (313 mg a.i./kg 

diet) in a subacute dietary exposure study with bobwhite quail, but the mortality was not 

observed when the study was repeated under lower light conditions (12 – 21 lux). This risk 

assessment conservatively uses the endpoints from the first bobwhite quail study, where up to 

70% mortality was observed under normal laboratory light conditions (139 – 299 lux), for 

screening-level risk estimation.

The US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs Health Effects Division (HED) has concluded that 

fluxapyroxad exhibits low acute toxicity to mammals by all exposure routes (EPA Toxicity 

Category III or IV). No mortality was observed at the limit dose (2000 mg/kg bw) in an acute 

oral toxicity study with the rat (Rattus norvegicus), which was the most sensitive mammalian 

species tested.

Fluxapyroxad and its formulated end-use products are practically non-toxic to the young adult 

honey bee (Apis mellifera) on both an acute contact and acute oral exposure basis. The 

submitted data indicate that adult honey bees are most sensitive to contact exposure to the BAS 

700 01 F formulation, although the LD50 value for BAS 700 01 F (15.7 g a.i./bee ) is still 

classified as practically nontoxic (LD50 > 11 g a.i./bee). Likewise, submitted toxicity studies 

for the similarly structured carboxamide fungicide boscalid and its end-use product, Pristine,

are not acutely toxic to young adult honey bees (MRID 48470202).

Earthworms (Eisenia foetida) exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI for 14 days exhibited a doseresponsive reduction in biomass but no statistically significant mortality. Earthworms were more 

sensitive to the BAS 700 01 F formulation, which caused 28% mortality at 1000 mg a.i./kg dry 

soil; biomass was not affected.
-Page 34 of 150-

Table 3.15 Acute toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial animals exposed to fluxapyroxad.

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints1

Toxicity Classification 

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Acute oral toxicity to birds

Bobwhite quail

(Colinus virginianus)

TGAI LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw

Practically nontoxic

(47923715)

(Acceptable)

Mallard duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)

TGAI LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw

Practically nontoxic

(47923716)

(Acceptable)

Zebra finch

(Taeniopygia guttata)

TGAI LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw2

Practically nontoxic

(47923717)

(Supplemental)

Subacute dietary toxicity to birds

Bobwhite quail

(Colinus virginianus)

TGAI LC50 = 2457 mg a.i./kg diet3

Slightly toxic

(48485301)

(Acceptable)

Mallard duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)

TGAI LC50 > 5000 mg/kg diet

Practically nontoxic

(47923719)

(Acceptable)

Acute oral toxicity to mammals4 Norway rat

(Rattus norvegicus)

TGAI LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw

Practically nontoxic

(47923558)

(Acceptable)

Acute contact and oral toxicity to 

honey bees

Honey bee

(Apis mellifera)

TGAI LD50 > 100 g a.i./bee (contact)

LD50 > 111 g a.i./bee (oral)

Practically non-toxic

(47923748)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

LD50 = 15.7 g a.i./bee (contact)

95% CI = 12.4 – 19.9 g a.i./bee

LD50 = 62.8 g a.i./bee (oral)

95% CI = not reported

Practically non-toxic

(48565301)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 700 04 F) LD50 > 100 g a.i./bee (contact)

LD50 > 120 g a.i./bee (oral)

Practically non-toxic

(47924116)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 703 01 F) LD50 > 50.8 g a.i./bee (contact)

LD50 > 49.6 g a.i./bee (oral)

Practically non-toxic

(47924215)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 703 02 F) LD50 > 33.3 g a.i./bee (contact)

LD50 > 32.4 g a.i./bee (oral)

Practically non-toxic

(47924317)

(Acceptable)

14-day toxicity to earthworms5 Earthworm TGAI LC50 > 1000 mg ai/kg soil NA
-Page 35 of 150-

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints1

Toxicity Classification 

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

(Eisenia foetida) NOAEC = 125 mg ai/kg soil

LOAEC = 250 mg ai/kg soil

(47923750)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

LC50 > 60 mg ai/kg soil

NOAEC = 40 mg ai/kg soil

LOAEC = 60 mg ai/kg soil

NA

(47923826)

(Supplemental)

1

 Dose-response slope data were not available from the acute terrestrial toxicity studies. The default value of 4.5 (with 95% confidence intervals of 2.0 and 9.0) 

is used to derive the probability of an individual effect (Urban and Cook 1986).

2

 The LD50 values from all three avian acute oral toxicity studies are > 2000 mg/kg bw. The zebra finch is identified as the most sensitive among the acute oral 

toxicity studies because sublethal effects were observed in female zebra finch at the highest dose level.

3The endpoint identified for use in risk estimation is from the first experiment conducted under normal laboratory lighting conditions. No mortality was observed 

when the experiment was repeated under extremely low light.

4 Mammalian toxicity data were reviewed by OPP Health Effects Division (USEPA) as part of the Global Joint Review for fluxapyroxad.

5 The submitted 14-day earthworm toxicity studies were labeled as acute tests, although the duration is considerably longer than most acute toxicity tests. 
-Page 36 of 150-

Chronic toxicity data for birds, mammals, honey bees, and earthworms exposed to fluxapyroxad 

are shown in Table 3.16. An avian reproduction study with bobwhite quail exposed to 

fluxapyroxad in the diet demonstrated a slight (5 – 7%) but statistically significant (p<0.05) 

reduction in hatchling body weight at all treatment concentrations (NOAEC <100 mg/kg diet), 

when compared to the negative control, with full recovery by day 14 (i.e., effects in 

fluxapyroxad-treated groups were transient and were no longer observed at day 14 post-hatch). 

Fluxpyroxad exposure at 1000 mg/kg diet significantly increased the number of mallard duck 

chicks dead-in-shell and as a result significantly (p<0.05) reduced the number of hatchlings per 

female bird per week, the overall reproduction rate (number of 14-day survivors per female per 

week), and hatchability (percentage of hatched chicks to eggs set and percentage of hatched 

chicks to fertile eggs).

HED concluded that fluxapyroxad did not cause reproductive toxicity in rats. Developmental 

toxicity in rats included decreased body weight and body weight gain in offspring and was 

observed at the same dose levels at which the study authors reported thyroid dysregulation 

through hepatotoxicity in parental animals.

Submitted semi-field studies with a solo formulation of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 00 F, 5.9% a.i., 

not proposed for US registration; MRID 47923749) and with the boscalid product Pristine

(MRID 48470201) demonstrated no overall effects on honey bee brood, although EFED 

identified transient effects on eggs, larvae, and forage bee mortality in the study with Pristine. 

The semi-field studies evaluated mortality, colony strength, brood compensation index, and 

brood termination rate, but did not evaluate effects on particular larval castes (e.g., queen cells). 

The positive control, fenoxycarb (an insect growth regulator), demonstrated only weak effects in 

the study with BAS 700 00 F and there is uncertainty as to the ability (statistical power) of either 

study to detect treatment effects. None of the submitted studies with fluxapyroxad or boscalid 

products evaluate endpoints specific to the concerns raised by beekeepers, particularly queen cell 

development. The registrant is currently planning and conducting additional larval toxicity tests 

with boscalid and Pristineto further address these uncertainties.

Exposure to BAS 700 01 F (a solo formulation of fluxapyroxad) for 56 days inhibited earthworm 

reproduction, based on an 18% reduction in the number of juveniles, and caused a 16% 

reduction in parental biomass at 21 mg a.i/kg dry soil, when compared to the negative control.

Additional non-guideline toxicity data for beneficial insects exposed to formulated fluxapyroxad 

are considered supplemental information in the current risk assessment and are summarized in 

Table 3.17. Tests with the predatory mite (Typhlodromus pyri), parasitoid wasp (Aphidius 

rhopalosiphi), green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea), and rove beetle (Aleochara bilineata) were 

conducted at treatment rates lower than in the acute toxicity tests with the honey bee but 

approximately equal to the maximum application rate(s) on the proposed labels. The BAS 700 

01 F formulation caused mortality in the predatory mite, the parasitoid wasp, and the green 

lacewing and inhibited reproduction in the predatory mite, the parasitoid wasp, and the rove 

beetle. The BAS 700 04 F formulation had no effect on the predatory mite but caused mortality 

in the parasitoid wasp. Fluxapyroxad co-formulated with pyraclostrobin inhibited reproduction 

in the predatory mite (BAS 703 02 F) and the parasitoid wasp (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 
-Page 37 of 150-

F). NOAEL values were not established in five of the submitted studies because effects on 

reproduction were observed at all treatment levels.

Terrestrial plant toxicity data were submitted for BAS 700 01 F, BAS 703 01 F, and BAS 703 02 

F (Table 3-18). Definitive IC25 values were not established for any endpoint-species study 

because effects either were not clearly dose-responsive or, more often, no effect greater than 

25% was observed. Terrestrial plants were most sensitive to the BAS 703 02 F formulation, 

which inhibited dry weight in both monocotyledonous (monocot) and dicotyledonous (dicot) 

plants. Onion (Allium cepa) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea) were the most sensitive monocot

and dicot species in the seedling emergence study with BAS 703 02 F, whereas tomato 

(Lycopersicon esculentum) was the most sensitive dicot in the vegetative vigor study. No 

monocots were affected by foliar application of BAS 703 02 F. Corn (Zea mays), lettuce 

(Lactuca sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and soybean (Glycine max) were most sensitive to 

BAS 700 01 F. BAS 703 01 F inhibited dry weight in soybean, the most sensitive dicot in the 

vegetative vigor study, but had no effects on monocots.

The potential effects of the formulated product BAS 703 02 F on seedling emergence of 

terrestrial plants are uncertain because of potential adjuvant interference in results for onion 

(Allium cepa, the most sensitive monocot species), cabbage (Brassica oleracea, the most 

sensitive dicot species), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Although no effects greater than 

25% were observed in that study, the NOAEL values from that study are the most sensitive 

endpoints for terrestrial plant seedling emergence from any of the submitted studies and 

therefore are used in risk estimation for fluxapyroxad. However, the uncertainty regarding 

potential adjuvant effects on these species and endpoints reduces confidence in the risk 

conclusions that are based upon these endpoints.
-Page 38 of 150-

Table 3.16 Chronic toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial animals exposed to fluxapyroxad.

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints

Effects

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Avian reproduction

Bobwhite quail

(Colinus virginianus)

TGAI

NOAEC < 100 mg/kg diet

NOAEL < 7.8 mg/kg bw/day

LOAEC = 100 mg/kg diet

Reduction in hatchling body 

weight

(47923720)

(Supplemental)

Mallard duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)

TGAI

NOAEC = 300 mg/kg diet

NOAEL = 31.9 mg/kg bw/day

LOAEC = 1000 mg/kg diet

Increase in chicks dead-inshell and associated effects

(47923721)

(Acceptable)

Chronic toxicity to mammals1–

two-generation reproduction

Norway rat

(Rattus norvegicus)

TGAI

NOAEC = 112 mg/kg diet2

NOAEL = 10 mg/kg bw/day

LOAEL = 50 mg/kg bw/day

Reduction in F2 body

weight and body weight 

gain

(47923602)

(Acceptable)

Toxicity to honey bee brood Honey bee

(Apis mellifera)

EP (BAS 700 00 F)3 NOAEC = 0.11 lbs ai/A

LOAEC > 0.11 lbs ai/A

NA4

(47923749)

(Supplemental)

56-day toxicity to earthworms Earthworm

(Eisenia foetida)

EP (BAS 700 01 F) NOAEC = 11 mg ai/kg soil

LOAEC = 21 mg ai/kg soil

Reduced number of 

juveniles, biomass

(47923827)

(Supplemental)

1 Mammalian toxicity data were reviewed by OPP Health Effects Division (USEPA) as part of the Global Joint Review for fluxapyroxad.

2

 The NOAEC value was calculated by the reviewer as the mean of measured concentrations of fluxapyroxad in the diet at the NOAEL (10 mg/kg bw/day).

3 BAS 700 00 F is an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of fluxapyroxad (5.9% a.i.) that is not currently submitted for registration in the United States.

4

 No statistically signficant (p<0.05) adverse effects were observed. Parameters evaluated included mortality, colony strength, brood compensation index, and 

brood termination rate.

Table 3.17 Additional non-guideline toxicity data for hazard characterization of beneficial insects exposed to fluxapyroxad.

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints

(lbs a.i./A)

Effects1

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Toxicity to predatory mite Predatory mite

(Typhlodromus pyri)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

LD50 = 0.051

95% CI = 0.008–0.156

NOAEL < 0.006

LOAEL = 0.006

Mortality, reduced number 

of eggs per female

(47923820)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

LD50 = 0.089

95% CI = 0.072–0.110

Reduced number of eggs per 

female
-Page 39 of 150

-

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints

(lbs a.i./A)

Effects

1

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

NOAEL < 0.014

LOAEL = 0.014

(47923823)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 700 04 F)

LD50 > 0.81

NOAEL = 0.81 

LOAEL > 0.81

NA

(47924117)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 703 01 F)

LD50 > 0.55

NOAEL = 0.55 

LOAEL > 0.55

NA

(47924216)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 703 02 F)

LD50 > 0.13

NOAEL = 0.02 

LOAEL = 0.04

Reduced number of eggs per 

female

(47924318)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 700 00 F)

2

LD50 > 0.22

NOAEL = 0.22

LOAEL > 0.22

NA

(47923837)

(Supplemental)

Toxicity to parasitoid wasp Parasitoid wasp (Aphidius rhopalosiphi

)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

LD50 = 0.097

95% CI = 0.088–0.107

NOAEL < 0.017

LOAEL = 0.017

Reduced number of 

parasitized aphids

(47923821)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

LD50 = 0.340

95% CI = 0.302–0.383

NOAEL = 0.113

LOAEL = 0.179

Reduced number of 

parasitized aphids

(47923824)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 700 04 F)

LD50 > 0.82

NOAEL = 0.07

LOAEL = 0.14

Mortality

(47924118)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 703 01 F)

LD50 > 0.5

NOAEL < 0.2

LOAEL = 0.2

Reduced number of 

parasitized aphids

(47924217)

(Supplemental)

EP (BAS 703 02 F)

LD50 > 0.13

NOAEL < 0.04

LOAEL = 0.04

Reduced number of 

parasitized aphids

(47924319)

(Supplemental)

Toxicity to green lacewing Green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea

)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

LD50 > 0.804

NOAEL = 0.357

Mortality

(47923822)
-Page 40 of 150-

Study Type Species Test Material Endpoints

(lbs a.i./A)

Effects1

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

LOAEL = 0.536 (Supplemental)

Toxicity to rove beetle Rove beetle

(Aleochara bilineata)

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

LD50 > 0.809

NOAEL = 0.558

LOAEL = 0.809

Reduced number of 

emerged beetles

(47923825)

(Supplemental)

1

 Effects observed at LOAEL. Other effects may have been observed at higher treatment rates.

2

 BAS 700 00 F is an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of fluxapyroxad (5.9% a.i.) that is not currently submitted for registration in the United States.

The predatory mite toxicity data for the BAS 700 00 F formulation are included for characterization to aid in comparison across end-use products (EPs), since 

the honey bee brood test submitted by the registrant used the BAS 700 00 F formulation.

Table 3.18 Toxicity endpoints used in risk estimation and characterization for terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad.

Study Type Test Material Most Sensitive 

Species

Endpoints

(lbs a.i./A)

Effects

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Terrestrial plant toxicity: 

Tier II seedling emergence

EP (BAS 700 01 F)

Monocot: corn

(Zea mays)

IC25> 0.356

NOAEL = 0.089

LOAEL = 0.178

Mortality, reduced 

emergence

(47923765)

(Acceptable)

Dicot: lettuce

(Lactuca sativa)

IC25 > 0.356

NOAEL = 0.022

LOAEL = 0.045

Seedling emergence

(47923765)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 703 01 F)

Monocot: NA

IC25 > 0.189

NOAEL = 0.189

LOAEL > 0.189

NA

(47924219)

(Acceptable)

Dicot: NA

IC25 > 0.189

NOAEL = 0.189

LOAEL > 0.189

NA

(47924219)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 703 02 F)

Monocot: Onion

(Allium cepa)

IC25 > 0.0894

NOAEL = 0.0446

LOAEL = 0.0894

Inhibition of dry weight

(47924321)

(Supplemental)

Dicot: Cabbage

(Brassica oleracea)

IC25 > 0.0894

NOAEL = 0.0055

LOAEL = 0.0111

Inhibition of dry weight

(47924321)

(Supplemental)

Terrestrial plant toxicity:

Tier II vegetative vigor EP (BAS 700 01 F) Monocot: wheat(Triticum aestivum)

IC25 > 0.356

NOAEL = 0.178

LOAEL = 0.356

Inhibition of dry weight

(47923764)

(Acceptable)
-Page 41 of 150-

Study Type Test Material Most Sensitive 

Species

Endpoints

(lbs a.i./A)

Effects

(MRID)

(Study Classification)

Dicot: soybean

(Glycine max)

IC25> 0.356

NOAEL= 0.089

LOAEL = 0.178

Inhibition of dry weight and 

shoot length

(47923764)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 703 01 F)

Monocot: NA

IC25 > 0.179

NOAEL= 0.179

LOAEL > 0.179

NA

(47924218)

(Acceptable)

Dicot: soybean

(Glycine max)

IC25 > 0.183

NOAEL = 0.0898

LOAEL = 0.183

Inhibition of dry weight

(47924218)

(Acceptable)

EP (BAS 703 02 F)

Monocot: NA

IC25 > 0.0681

NOAEL= 0.0681

LOAEL > 0.0681 

NA

(47924320)

(Acceptable)

Dicot: Tomato

(Lycopersicon 

esculentum)

IC25 > 0.0681

NOAEL = 0.0167

LOAEL = 0.0338

Inhibition of dry weight

(47924320)

(Acceptable)
-Page 42 of 150-

3.3.1. Incident Reports

Fluxapyroxad has no existing registrations in North America; therefore, this assessment assumes 

that there are no existing incident reports associated with fluxapyroxad uses in the United States. 

Previous risk assessments for the structurally similar (pyridine carboxamide) fungicide active 

ingredient, boscalid, and its associated end-use product Pristine(25.2% boscalid and 12.8% 

pyraclostrobin), have identified reports of potential effects of boscalid and/or Pristineexposure 

on honey bee brood (DP Barcodes D379809, D386068+). The registrant is currently planning 

and conducting higher tiered larval toxicity tests with a solo formulation of boscalid and with the 

Pristineformulation, respectively, to address these uncertainties. A semi-field study conducted 

with a formulation of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 00 F; 5.9% a.i.) demonstrated no overall effects on 

honey bee brood development but did not include endpoints specific to queen cell development 

(MRID 47923749). The registrant is not currently seeking U.S. registration for the BAS 700 00 

F formulation.

4. Risk Characterization

Toxicity data and exposure estimates for fluxapyroxad are used to evaluate the potential for 

adverse ecological effects on non-target species. This screening-level assessment employs a 

deterministic risk estimation method, based on risk quotient (RQ) values, to provide a metric of 

potential risks (Section 4.1). The potential for risk is characterized further in the Risk 

Description (Section 4.2) based on the risk estimation results and other relevant information 

about toxicity, incidents, ecosystems potentially at risk, and the environmental fate and transport 

characteristics of fluxapyroxad. In cases where an RQ value exceeds the listed species LOC, the 

potential for risk to listed species is characterized in greater detail in Section 5. The LOCATES 

(v. 2.2.0) database is queried to identify listed species that may co-occur within potential use 

areas for the proposed action, i.e., areas where affected crops are grown and where the proposed 

new use of fluxapyroxad may occur. 

4.1. Risk Estimation

Unitless RQ values are compared to the Agency’s LOCs to identify taxonomic groups potentially 

at risk of acute or chronic effects associated with the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad.

4.1.1. Aquatic Organisms

RQ values are calculated for estimating acute and chronic risk to fish and aquatic invertebrates, 

including molluscs, where the submitted ecotoxicity data are sufficient to use in risk estimation. 

Toxicity data for aquatic animals and plants reported in Section 3.3.1.1 in terms of mg/L (ppm) 

are converted to μg/L (ppb) so that both exposure and toxicity are in similar units, i.e., μg/L. 

As shown in Table 4.1 through Table 4.4, none of the RQ values calculated for the fluxapyroxad 

TGAI either approach or exceed the Agency’s levels of concern (LOCs) for risk to listed or 

nonlisted species of aquatic organisms. RQ values are not calculated for chronic risk to 
-Page 43 of 150-

estuarine/marine fish or invertebrates in the water column because acceptable chronic data for 

these taxa are not available.

As the endpoints for fluxapyroxad formulations are lower than those of the technical active 

ingredient, RQ values are calculated for freshwater acute and chronic risk to fish and aquatic 

invertebrates using spray drift-only EECs. As shown in Table 4.5, RQ values for the solo 

formulations of fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F) do not exceed the LOCs for 

acute risk to listed and nonlisted fish and aquatic invertebrates. However, Table 4.6 shows that

RQ values calculated for all evaluated uses of the dual-a.i. formulations of fluxapyroxad (BAS 

703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) exceed the Agency’s LOCs for acute risk to listed freshwater 

species of fish and aquatic invertebrates. RQ values for the uses of BAS 703 01 F on pome fruits 

and stone fruits also exceed the Agency’s LOC for acute risk to non-listed freshwater fish.

The submitted ecotoxicity data indicate that nonvascular aquatic plants are in some cases more 

sensitive to formulated fluxapyroxad than to the TGAI. RQ values based on the green alga LC50

and NOAEC values for BAS 703 02 F do not exceed the listed and nonlisted species LOCs for 

any of the evaluated uses. RQ values for the other formulations (BAS 700 01 F, BAS 700 04 F, 

and BAS 703 01 F) are also not expected to exceed the LOCs for listed and nonlisted species 

LOCs because the alga was less sensitive to these formulations than to BAS 703 02 F.

Further characterization of the potential for adverse effects to aquatic organisms, based on the 

available data, is provided as part of the Risk Description in Section 4.2.1. 
-Page 44 of 150-

Table 4.1. Acute and chronic RQ values for freshwater fish and invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water.

Use

App Rate

lbs a.i./A

(#app)

App Method

EECs

(μg/L)

RQ Values

Freshwater Fish

LC50=290 μg/L

NOAEC=22 μg/L

Freshwater Invertebrate 

EC50=5100 μg/L

NOAEC=460 μg/L

Peak 21-d 60-d Acute Chronic Acute Chronic

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.02 4.88 4.61 0.02 0.21 <0.01 0.01

Corn, edible podded legume 

vegetables, oilseed crops (other), 

succulent shelled peas and beans, 

soybeans

0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.01 4.87 4.61 0.02 0.21 <0.01 0.01

Dried shelled beans (except 

soybeans)

0.18

(2) Aerial spray 10.14 9.85 9.32 0.03 0.42 <0.01 0.02

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and 

corm vegetables

0.089

(3) Aerial spray 7.50 7.29 6.89 0.03 0.31 <0.01 0.02

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)

0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.00 4.86 4.60 0.02 0.21 <0.01 0.01

Peanut, sugar beet 0.089

(3) Aerial spray 7.47 7.25 6.86 0.03 0.31 <0.01 0.02

Pome fruits 0.089

(4) Aerial spray 9.98 9.69 9.17 0.03 0.42 <0.01 0.02

Stone fruits 0.110

(3) Aerial spray 9.27 9.01 8.52 0.03 0.39 <0.01 0.02

Sunflower (low rate) 0.0008

(1) Seed Treatment 0.02 0.02 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Podded legume (medium rate) 0.022

(1) Seed Treatment 0.49 0.48 0.45 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01

Wheat, triticale (high rate) 0.078

(1) Seed Treatment 1.74 1.69 1.59 <0.01 0.07 <0.01 <0.01
-Page 45 of 150-

Table 4.2. Acute RQ values for estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water.

Use

App Rate

lbs a.i./A

(#app)

App Method

EECs

(μg/L)

RQ Values

Estuarine/

Marine Fish

LC50=1300 μg/L

Estuarine/

Marine Crustacean

EC50=3600 μg/L

Estuarine/

Marine Mollusc

IC50=960 μg/L

Peak Acute Acute Acute

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.01

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, 

oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas 

and beans, soybeans

0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.18

(2) Aerial spray 10.14 0.01 <0.01 0.01

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm 

vegetables

0.089

(3) Aerial spray 7.50 0.01 <0.01 0.01

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)

0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.00 <0.01 <0.01 0.01

Peanut, sugar beet 0.089

(3) Aerial spray 7.47 0.01 <0.01 0.01

Pome fruits 0.089

(4) Aerial spray 9.98 0.01 <0.01 0.01

Stone fruits 0.110

(3) Aerial spray 9.27 0.01 <0.01 0.01

Sunflower (low rate) 0.0008

(1) Seed Treatment 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Podded legume (medium rate) 0.022

(1) Seed Treatment 0.49 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Wheat, triticale (high rate) 0.078

(1) Seed Treatment 1.74 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
-Page 46 of 150-

Table 4.3. RQ values for sediment-dwelling invertebrates exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI.

Use

App Rate

lbs a.i./A

(#app)

App Method

EECs

(μg/kg dry 

sediment)

RQ Values1

10-day

Freshwater 

Invertebrate

NOAEC=67000

μg/kg dry sediment

10-day 

Estuarine/Marine

Invertebrate

NOAEC=27000

μg/kg dry sediment

28-day 

Freshwater 

Invertebrate

NOAEC=76000

μg/kg dry sediment

Peak2

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.18

(2) Aerial spray 237 <0.01 0.01 <0.01

1 This assessment compares the 10- and 28-day sediment toxicity endpoints to the peak sediment EEC associated with each use. The resulting RQ values are 

expected to be conservative. However, given the demonstrated persistence of fluxapyroxad in water and sediment time-weighted concentrations are 

expected to be similar to peak concentrations. 

2

Pore water concentration derived from PRZM/EXAMS (6.31 μg/L) was converted to μg/kg dry sediment using the sediment Koc (931 L/kgoc, Table 3.3) and 

the equation in Section 3.2.2, pg. 18 (USEPA, 2008).

Table 4.4. RQ values for listed and nonlisted species of aquatic plants exposed to fluxapyroxad TGAI in surface water.

Use

App Rate

lbs a.i./A

(#app)

App Method

EECs

(μg/L)

RQ Values

Vascular Plants

EC50=2400 μg/L

NOAEC=440 μg/L

Nonvascular Plants

EC50=370 μg/L

NOAEC=150 μg/L

Peak Listed Nonlisted Listed Nonlisted

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.02 0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.01

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, 

oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled 

peas and beans, soybeans

0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.01 0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.01

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.18

(2) Aerial spray 10.14 0.02 <0.01 0.07 0.03

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm 

vegetables

0.089

(3) Aerial spray 7.50 0.02 <0.01 0.05 0.02

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)

0.089

(2) Aerial spray 5.00 0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.01

Peanut, sugar beet 0.089

(3) Aerial spray 7.47 0.02 <0.01 0.05 0.02

Pome fruits 0.089

(4) Aerial spray 9.98 0.02 <0.01 0.07 0.03
-Page 47 of 150-

Use

App Rate

lbs a.i./A

(#app)

App Method

EECs

(μg/L)

RQ Values

Vascular Plants

EC50=2400 μg/L

NOAEC=440 μg/L

Nonvascular Plants

EC50=370 μg/L

NOAEC=150 μg/L

Peak Listed Nonlisted Listed Nonlisted

Stone fruits 0.110

(3) Aerial spray 9.27 0.02 <0.01 0.06 0.03

Sunflower (low rate) 0.0008

(1) Seed Treatment 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Podded legume (medium rate) 0.022

(1) Seed Treatment 0.49 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Wheat, triticale (high rate) 0.078

(1) Seed Treatment 1.74 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01

Table 4.5. Acute RQ values for freshwater fish exposed to BAS 700 01 F and BAS 700 04 F in surface water as a result of spray drift only, based on

maximum application rates for all fluxapyroxad uses.

Use

App Rate

lbs a.i./A

(#app)

App 

Method

EECs

(μg/L)

BAS 700 01 F1 BAS 700 04 F1

Fish

LC50=470 μg/L

Invertebrates

LC50=680 μg/L

Fish

LC50=660 μg/L

Invertebrates

LC50=28000 μg/L

Peak Acute Acute Acute Acute

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 0.089

(2)

Aerial 

spray

1.4 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, 

oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled 

peas and beans, soybeans

0.089

(2)

Aerial 

spray

1.12 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.18

(2)

Aerial 

spray

1.97 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm 

vegetables

0.089

(3)

Aerial 

spray

2.45 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)

0.089

(2)

Aerial 

spray

1.64 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Peanut, sugar beet 0.089

(3)

Aerial 

spray

2.16 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Pome fruits 0.089

(4)

Aerial 

spray

4.39 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01
-Page 48 of 150-

Stone fruits 0.110

(3)

Aerial 

spray

4.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01

1 Bold values are RQs that exceed the Agency’s acute risk LOC (RQ>0.05) for listed species; bold italics values also exceed the Agency’s acute risk LOC 

(RQ>0.5) for nonlisted species.

Table 4.6. Refined acute RQ values for freshwater fish and invertebrates exposed to BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F in surface water as a result of 

spray drift only, based on proposed uses for each formulation.

Use

App Rate

lbs a.i./A

(#app)

BAS 703 01 F1 BAS 703 02 F1 

EECs

(μg/L)

Fish

LC50= 7.4 μg/L

Invertebrates

LC50=16 μg/L

EECs

(μg/L)

Fish

LC50=4.5 μg/L

Invertebrates

LC50=8.3 μg/L

Peak Acute Acute Peak Acute Acute

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 0.087

(2) NA NA NA 1.36 0.30 0.16

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, 

oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled 

peas and beans, soybeans2

0.0893

(2) 1.69 0.23 0.11 1.64 0.36 0.20

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.087

(2) NA NA NA 1.64 0.36 0.20

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm 

vegetables

0.089

(3) 2.45 0.33 0.15 2.38 0.53 0.29

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed) 0.089

(2) 1.64 0.22 0.10 1.59 0.35 0.19

Peanut, sugar beet 0.089

(3) NA NA NA 2.09 0.46 0.25

Pome fruits 0.089

(4) 4.39 0.59 0.27 NA NA NA

Stone fruits 0.110

(3) 4.09 0.22 0.26 NA NA NA

NA

 Not applicable.

1 Bold values are RQs that exceed the Agency’s acute risk LOC (RQ>0.05) for listed species; bold italics values also exceed the Agency’s acute risk LOC 

(RQ>0.5) for nonlisted species.

2 Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, and succulent shelled peas and beans are proposed uses for BAS 703 02 F but not for BAS 703 01 F. Oilseed crops 

(other) and soybeans are proposed on both labels.

3 The maximum proposed application rate for BAS 703 02 F is slightly lower at up to two applications of 0.087 lbs a.i./A.
-Page 49 of 150-

Table 4.7. RQ values for nonvascular aquatic plants exposed to BAS 703 02 F in surface water from spray drift only, based on maximum application 

rates for all proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.

Use

App Rate

lbs a.i./A

(#app)

App Method

EECs

(μg/L)

RQ Values1

Nonvascular Plants

EC50=120 μg/L

NOAEC=14 μg/L

Peak Listed Nonlisted

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 0.089

(2) Aerial spray 1.4 0.10 0.01

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, 

oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled 

peas and beans, soybeans 

0.089

(2) Aerial spray 1.12 0.08 0.01

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.18

(2) Aerial spray 1.97 0.14 0.02

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm 

vegetables

0.089

(3) Aerial spray 2.45 0.18 0.02

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)

0.089

(2) Aerial spray 1.64 0.12 0.01

Peanut, sugar beet 0.089

(3) Aerial spray 2.16 0.15 0.02

Pome fruits 0.089

(4) Aerial spray 4.39 0.31 0.04

Stone fruits 0.110

(3) Aerial spray 4.09 0.29 0.03

1

 As a screen for risk from the various formulations of fluxapyroxad, RQ values are calculated based on spray drift EECs from all evaluated fluxapyroxad uses 

and the most sensitive toxicity endpoints from all nonvascular plant toxicity tests with formulated fluxapyroxad, which were from the test with BAS 703 02 F. 
-Page 50 of 150-

4.1.2. Terrestrial Organisms

In this assessment, RQ values are calculated for acute, dietary-based risk to birds (Table 4.7) and

for chronic risk to mammals (Table 4.8). RQ values are not calculated for acute, dose-based risk 

to birds, chronic risk to birds, or acute risk to mammals because the toxicity endpoints needed for 

these calculations are nondefinitive. Specifically, the LD50 values for birds and mammals were 

greater than the highest dose tested in each study, whereas the NOAEC value for chronic toxicity

to birds was estimated to be less than the lowest treatment level tested in the avian reproduction 

study with bobwhite quail.

For all foliar uses of fluxpyroxad that were evaluated, the acute dietary-based RQ values for 

birds are below the Agency’s LOCs for acute risk to listed (RQ≥0.1) and nonlisted (RQ≥0.5) 

species. Chronic, dietary-based RQ values for mammals are also below the chronic risk LOC 

(RQ≥1) for all uses. However, chronic dose-based RQ values for all uses exceed the chronic risk 

LOC for wild mammals (RQ > 1). Chronic risk concerns are triggered by all uses for small (15 

g) and medium (35 g) mammals that consume short grass. Chronic risk concerns for large (1000 

g) mammals that consume short grass are triggered by the use on dried shelled beans; stone

fruits; fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables; peanut and sugar beet; and pome fruits. 

Chronic risk to small and medium mammal consumers of other dietary items, such as tall grass, 

broadleaf plants, and small insects, exceeds the LOC following the proposed uses, with the 

exception of the uses on corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent 

shelled peas and beans, soybeans, and oilseed crops (canola and rapeseed).

Table 4.8. Acute dietary-based RQ values for birds exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed foliar 

uses.

Food Type

Avian Dietary-Based RQs1

Short 

Grass

Tall 

Grass

Broadleaf 

Plants/Small 

Insects

Fruits/Pods/

Large Insects

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.03 0.02 0.02 <0.01

Stone fruits 0.03 0.01 0.02 <0.01

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale 0.02 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops

(other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans 0.02 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables 0.02 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed) 0.02 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Peanut, sugar beet 0.02 0.01 0.01 <0.01

Pome fruits 0.03 0.01 0.02 <0.01

N/A

 Not applicable.

1

 Dietary-based RQ values are based on the bobwhite quail LC50 value of 2457 mg a.i./kg diet (MRID 48485301).
-Page 51 of 150-

Table 4.9. Chronic dietary and dose-based RQ values for mammals exposed to fluxapyroxad as a result of the 

proposed foliar uses.

Food Type

Dietary Based

(mg/kg diet)

(mammals and 

birds)

Dose Based

(mg/kg bw)

(mammals)

All Size Classes Small

(15 g)

Medium

(35 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans)

Short grass 0.72 3.51 2.99 1.61

Tall grass 0.33 1.61 1.37 0.74

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.41 1.97 1.68 0.90

Fruits/pods/large insects 0.05 0.22 0.19 0.10

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.05 0.04 0.02

Stone fruits

Short grass 0.62 3.01 2.57 1.38

Tall grass 0.28 1.38 1.18 0.63

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.35 1.69 1.45 0.78

Fruits/pods/large insects 0.04 0.19 0.16 0.09

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.04 0.04 0.02

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale

Short grass 0.37 1.80 1.54 0.82

Tall grass 0.17 0.82 0.70 0.38

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.21 1.01 0.86 0.46

Fruits/pods/large insects 0.02 0.11 0.10 0.05

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.02 0.02 0.01

Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans

Short grass 0.36 1.73 1.48 0.79

Tall grass 0.16 0.79 0.68 0.36

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.20 0.97 0.83 0.45

Fruits/pods/large insects 0.02 0.11 0.09 0.05

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.02 0.02 0.01

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables

Short grass 0.50 2.44 2.08 1.12

Tall grass 0.23 1.12 0.95 0.51

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.28 1.37 1.17 0.63

Fruits/pods/large insects 0.03 0.15 0.13 0.07

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.03 0.03 0.02

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)

Short grass 0.34 1.63 1.39 0.75

Tall grass 0.15 0.75 0.64 0.34

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.19 0.92 0.78 0.42

Fruits/pods/large insects 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.05

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.02 0.02 0.01

Peanut, sugar beet

Short grass 0.44 2.16 1.85 0.99

Tall grass 0.20 0.99 0.85 0.45

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.25 1.22 1.04 0.56

Fruits/pods/large insects 0.03 0.14 0.12 0.06

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.03 0.03 0.01

Pome fruits

Short grass 0.63 3.05 2.60 1.40

Tall grass 0.29 1.40 1.19 0.64

Broadleaf plants/small insects 0.35 1.71 1.46 0.78

Fruits/pods/large insects 0.04 0.19 0.16 0.09
-Page 52 of 150-

Food Type

Dietary Based

(mg/kg diet)

(mammals and 

birds)

Dose Based

(mg/kg bw)

(mammals)

All Size Classes Small

(15 g)

Medium

(35 g)

Large

(1000 g)

Seeds (granivore) N/A 0.04 0.04 0.02

N/A Not applicable.

Bolded values exceed the Agency’s Level of Concern (LOC) for chronic risk to wild mammals (RQ > 1). RQ 

values of 0.99 in this assessment are conservatively rounded up and are considered to meet the chronic risk LOC.

RQ values for chronic risk to mammals, based on the range of proposed fluxapyroxad seed 

treatment uses, are calculated as follows:

RQ = Exposure (mg a.i./kg seed) / NOAEC (mg/kg diet)

The resulting RQ values for seed treatment uses on wheat and triticale and on sunflower exceed 

the Agency’s LOC for chronic risk to mammals (RQ > 1, Table 4.9). The RQ for seed treatment 

use on podded legumes does not exceed the LOC. This screening calculation indicates that a 

mammal that consumes 1 kg of treated wheat or triticale seed over an unspecified time period 

will have been exposed to a dietary concentration of fluxapyroxad that is approximately 4.5 

times the chronic NOAEC. Similarly, a mammal that consumes 1 kg of treated sunflower seed 

will have been exposed to a dietary concentration of fluxapyroxad that is approximately 1.8 

times the chronic NOAEC. The amount of time it would take a mammal to consume 1 kg of 

seed would depend upon the physiology, life history, and energy requirements of the individual. 

It should be noted that the seed treatment uses presented in Table 4.9 are a subset of those 

proposed on the fluxapyroxad labels, used to provide a range of RQs. For a seed treatment to be 

below the chronic risk LOC, it must be below 0.0112 lbs ai/100 lbs seed. Based on the seed 

treatment uses on the proposed labels (see Appendix A), only the cotton, oat, rye, sorghum, and 

sunflower seed treatments would be below the Agency’s chronic risk LOC for mammals. Seed 

incorporation is not required on the label; therefore, the seed treatment EECs for terrestrial 

animals and associated RQ values are calculated using the assumption that seeds are not 

incorporated and are readily available for consumption.

RQ values are not calculated for acute, dose-based risk to birds, chronic risk to birds, or acute 

risk to mammals based on the proposed seed treatment uses because the toxicity endpoints from 

these studies are nondefinitive (i.e., outside the range of test concentrations).
-Page 53 of 150-

Table 4.10. Chronic dietary RQ values for mammals exposed to fluxapyroxad following the proposed seed 

treatment uses.

Seed Treatment Use(s) App Rate

(lbs a.i./100 lbs seed)

Chronic EEC 

(mg a.i./kg seed)

Chronic RQs

NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet

Wheat, triticale (high rate per A) 0.05 500 4.46

Podded legume (medium rate per A) 0.01 100 0.89

Sunflower (low rate per A) 0.02 200 1.79

A

 Acre.

Bolded values exceed the Agency’s LOC for chronic risk to wild mammals (RQ > 1).

For terrestrial plants, RQ values for the foliar and seed treatment uses are calculated based on the 

most sensitive toxicity endpoints from the submitted seedling emergence tests, but only the foliar 

uses are evaluated against the vegetative vigor tests, as foliar exposure of non-target plants is 

considered unlikely to result from the proposed seed treatment uses (Table 4.10). RQ values for 

listed species of dicot plants exceed the Agency’s LOC for all of the foliar uses evaluated for dry

and semi-aquatic areas. RQ values for listed species of monocot plants are below the LOC for 

all foliar uses. RQ values based on seed treatment uses exceed the Agency’s LOC for the highest 

seed treatment use rate for listed species of dicot plants in semi-aquatic areas. The estimates for 

seed treatments are based on the assumptions that the seeds are not being incorporated and 100% 

of the seed treatment is available for leaching/runoff. These assumptions are especially 

conservative for seeds which may routinely be incorporated at depths greater than 1 inch. They

are more representative of scenarios where seeds are broadcast applied or incorporated less than 

one inch (e.g., wheat may be incorporated at 0.5 inches; Conley 2007). RQ values are not 

calculated for risk to non-listed species of terrestrial plants because the IC25 values are outside 

the range of concentrations tested. Conclusions regarding potential risk to listed and nonlisted 

terrestrial plants, as they relate to RQ values based on the available NOAEC values, are 

discussed in Section 4.2. 

Table 4.11. RQ values for listed species1of non-target terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants based on proposed 

uses of fluxapyroxad (TerrPlant).

Use(s)

Dry Area

RQs

Semi-Aquatic Area 

RQs

Spray Drift Only

RQs

Monocot Dicot Monocot Dicot Monocot Dicot

Dried shelled beans (except soybeans) 0.24 1.96 0.61 4.91 0.13 0.54

Stone fruits 0.15 1.20 0.37 3.00 <0.1 0.33

Barley, oat, rye, wheat, triticale

0.12 0.97 0.30 2.43 <0.1 0.81

Corn, edible podded legume 

vegetables, oilseed crops (other), 

succulent shelled peas and beans, 

soybeans

Fruiting vegetables, tuberous and 

corm vegetables

Oilseed crops (canola/rapeseed)
-Page 54 of 150-

Peanut, sugar beet

Pome fruits

Wheat, triticale (high rate) <0.1 0.14 0.17 1.42 N/A N/A

Podded legume (medium rate) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.40 N/A N/A

Sunflower (low rate) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 N/A N/A

N/A

 Not applicable.

Bolded values exceed the Agency’s level of concern (LOC) for risk to listed species of terrestrial plants (RQ > 1).

1

 RQ values are based on the seedling emergence NOAEL values of 0.0446 (monocot) and 0.0055 (dicot) lb ai/A 

(dry areas and semi-aquatic areas) and the vegetative vigor NOAEL values of 0.0681 (monocot) and 0.0167 (dicot) 

lb ai/A (drift only). RQ values are not calculated in this assessment for nonlisted species of terrestrial plants because 

the IC25 values were all greater than the highest treatment rate tested.

Although the Agency does not typically quantify risk to non-target terrestrial invertebrates using 

the RQ method, acute toxicity studies with the young adult honey bee demonstrate that 

fluxapyroxad is practically non-toxic to young adult honey bees on an acute oral and an acute 

contact exposure basis (LD50 >11 μg a.i./bee). 

The potential for risk to non-target terrestrial organisms, associated with the proposed uses of 

fluxapyroxad, is discussed further in the Risk Description (Section 4.2.2).

4.2. Risk Description and Conclusions

This assessment evaluates the potential for ecological risks associated with the proposed uses of 

the new fungicide fluxapyroxad as foliar applications and seed treatments. Fluxapyroxad is a 

synthetic carboxamide fungicide (FRAC Group 7) that inhibits mitochondrial respiration and the 

subsequent production of ATP in fungal cells, which inhibits spore germination, mycelial 

growth, and sporulation of the fungus on the surface of leaves (proposed label). Fluxapyroxad is

persistent, i.e., is stable to most environmental degradation and some plant metabolism 

processes, and has demonstrated at least some systemic activity based on plant residue studies 

submitted by the registrant. Two of the end-use products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) in 

the registration petition include two active ingredients (fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin); 

however, risk estimation in this assessment (Section 4.1) evaluates potential effects based on 

fluxapyroxad. Where available, information about similarly formulated end-use products is 

included in the discussion of incident reports.

4.2.1. Aquatic Organisms

For the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad, acute and chronic RQ values are below the listed 

(RQ≥0.05) and non-listed (RQ≥0.1) species acute and chronic (RQ≥1.0) risk LOCs for all 

assessed aquatic organisms based on toxicity of the TGAI. However, based on endpoints for the 

fluxapyroxad formulations that contain pyraclostrobin (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) and 

spray drift-only EECs, there is acute risk to listed aquatic animals for all uses and nonlisted 

aquatic animals for the uses of BAS 703 01 F on pome fruits and stone fruits. The enhanced 

toxicity of the dual-a.i. formulations appears to be driven by pyraclostrobin; when the toxicity
-Page 55 of 150-

endpoints for freshwater fish and invertebrates are adjusted for the percentage of pyraclstrobin in 

each product, they are similar to toxicity endpoints for the pyraclostrobin a.i. (e.g., USEPA 2011, 

DP Barcode D380640), as illustrated in Table 4.12. In some cases, freshwater plants and 

animals are also more sensitive to solo (single a.i.) formulations of fluxapyroxad (e.g., BAS 700 

01 F and BAS 700 04 F) than to the TGAI. However, none of the RQ values for solo 

formulations approach or exceed the Agency’s LOCs. Risk to listed and nonlisted aquatic plants 

from fluxapyroxad TGAI and its EPs is low since RQ values are below the Agency’s LOC

(RQ≥1). 

Table 4.12. Comparison of aquatic ecotoxicity endpoints for BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F with existing 

pyraclostrobin endpoints.

Study Type Species

Endpoints

(mg pyraclostrobin a.i./L)

BAS 703 01 F BAS 703 02 F Pyraclostrobin1

Acute toxicity to 

freshwater fish

Rainbow trout

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

LC50 = 0.007 LC50 = 0.009 LC50 = 0.006

Acute toxicity to 

freshwater invertebrates

Water flea

(Daphnia magna)

EC50 = 0.015 EC50 = 0.016 EC50 = 0.016

Acute toxicity to 

estuarine/marine fish

Sheepshead minnow

(Cyprinidon 

variegatus)

LC50 = N/A LC50 = N/A LC50 = 0.077

Acute toxicity to 

estuarine/marine 

crustaceans

Mysid shrimp

(Americamysis 

bahia)

EC50 = N/A EC50 = N/A EC50 = 0.004

Toxicity to 

estuarine/marine 

molluscs – shell 

deposition

Eastern oyster

(Crassostrea 

virginica)

IC50 = N/A IC50 = N/A IC50 = 0.013

N/A

 Not applicable. Formulated product toxicity data using BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F were not provided for 

estuarine//marine fish, crustaceans, or molluscs.

1

 Pyraclostrobin endpoints obtained from USEPA 2011 (DP Barcode D380640 et seq.).

Figures 4.1 and 4.2 depict the time series peak EECs from the PRZM/EXAMS spray drift only 

analysis for the highest peak EEC (use on pome fruits) and lowest peak EEC (use on corn, edible 

podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, soybeans). A 

review of the time series data indicates that, in general, the 90th percentile peak EEC for the 

modeled uses occurs as a result of accumulation from repeated annual application over 30 years. 

However, depending on the endpoint, exceedence of the LOC can occur much sooner. For all 

uses, the LOC for listed species at 4.5 μg/L is exceeded in the first year of applications. For all 

uses, the LOC for listed species at 8.3 μg/L is exceeded after two years of consecutive use. 

Except for the uses with the top three peak EECs (e.g., pome fruits, stone fruits, and fruiting 

vegetables, tuberous and corm vegetables), the LOC for nonlisted species at 4.5 μg/L is not 

exceeded. For these top three EECs, this LOC is exceeded after six consecutive annual 

applications. The LOC for nonlisted species at 8.3 μg/L is only exceeded for use on pome fruits, 

where the peak value occurs after 30 years of consecutive use. It should be noted that EECs 

from the predicted accumulation reflect maximum usage of fluxapyroaxd for 30 years and a pond 

that has no outlet, which may not necessarily be representative of real world conditions. 
-Page 56 of 150-

However, given fluxapyroxad’s high persistence in soil and aquatic environments, concentrations 

of fluxapyroxad over the long-term could potentially be a concern. 

Figure 4-1. Pome fruit peak EECs from spray drift only analysis.

Figure 4-2. Corn, edible podded legume vegetables, oilseed crops (other), succulent shelled peas and beans, 

soybeans peak EECs from spray drift only analyses.

0.00E+00

5.00E-01

1.00E+00

1.50E+00

2.00E+00

2.50E+00

3.00E+00

3.50E+00

4.00E+00

4.50E+00

5.00E+00

1/1/1961 6/24/1966 12/15/1971 6/6/1977 11/27/1982 5/19/1988

EECs (ppb)

Pome Fruit Drift-only EECs 0.05, 4.5 ppb

0.5, 4.5 ppb 0.05, 8.3 ppb

0.5, 8.3 ppb 90th%

0.00E+00

5.00E-01

1.00E+00

1.50E+00

2.00E+00

2.50E+00

3.00E+00

3.50E+00

4.00E+00

4.50E+00

1/1/1961 6/24/1966 12/15/1971 6/6/1977 11/27/1982 5/19/1988

EECs (ppb)

Corn et al Drift-only EECs 0.05, 4.5 ppb 0.5, 4.5 ppb

0.05, 8.3 ppb 0.5, 8.3 ppb 90th%
-Page 57 of 150-

Depending on the percent organic matter content of benthic sediments, fluxapyroxad can 

partition to sediments. The potential for risk to benthic organisms exposed to sediment pore 

water is also considered, using the conservative assumption that the highest concentrations tested 

in the amphipod studies represent the toxicity thresholds (Table 4.3). In this estimation, the 

acute RQ value for benthic invertebrates (RQ≤0.01) is similar to the RQ values for fish and 

invertebrates exposed to TGAI in the water column, and it does not exceed the acute risk to listed 

or non-listed species LOCs.

In addition to potential surface water exposure, aquatic and amphibious organisms may be 

exposed to residues in ground water where ground water discharges into surface systems, or in 

unique and sensitive subsurface ecosystems such as caves, montane gravels, etc. Because 

fluxapyroxad has moderate mobility and degrades slowly, it has the potential to reach ground 

water in certain environments. Potential concentrations of fluxapyroxad in shallow ground water 

were therefore calculated (Table 4.11). These concentrations in ground water (EEC=0.09 μg/L) 

are much lower than the maximum estimated concentrations in surface water (EEC=10.14 μg/L)

which correspond with RQ values below acute and chronic risk LOCs. The likelihood of adverse 

effects to aquatic organisms exposed to fluxapyroxad residues in ground water is therefore 

considered to be low.

Table 4.13. RQ values for aquatic animals exposed to fluxapyroxad residues in shallow ground water.

Use

App 

Rate

lbs 

a.i./A

(#app)

App 

Method

EECs

(μg/L) Toxicity Endpoints Ground WaterRQ Values

Peak 21-d 60-d Aquatic Animals Acute Chronic

Dried 

shelled 

beans 

(except 

soybeans)

0.18

(2)

Aerial 0.09 0.09 0.09

Freshwater Fish

LC50=290 μg/L

NOAEC=22 μg/L

<0.001 0.004

Freshwater Invertebrate 

EC50=5100 μg/L

NOAEC=460 μg/L

<0.001 <0.001

Wheat/

triticale

0.078

(1)

Seed 0.02 0.02 0.02

Freshwater Fish

LC50=290 μg/L

NOAEC=22 μg/L

<0.001 <0.001

Freshwater Invertebrate 

EC50=5100 μg/L

NOAEC=460 mg/L

<0.001 <0.001

App Application. 

4.2.2. Terrestrial Organisms

Although the available data indicate that the likelihood for adverse effects on aquatic organisms 

as a result of the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad are very low, greater uncertainty surrounds 

the potential for risk to terrestrial organisms. Acute RQ values are not calculated in the Risk 

Estimation for dose-based risk to birds or for dose- or dietary-based risk to mammals because the 

necessary toxicity endpoints (LD50/LC50) were determined to be greater than the limit dose in the 

submitted studies. Therefore, although fluxapyroxad is classified as practically non-toxic to 

birds and mammals on an acute oral and subacute dietary exposure basis, the nature and potential 
-Page 58 of 150-

dose-response relationship of any effects of fluxapyroxad at exposure levels above the limit dose 

are unknown.

For the proposed foliar uses of fluxapyroxad, the potential for acute risk to birds and mammals is 

characterized using the conservative assumption that the limit dose or maximum dose tested in 

the submitted oral toxicity studies (i.e., 2,000 mg/kg bw) represents the toxicity endpoint. Under 

these conditions, the foliar use of fluxapyroxad is not expected to result in acute risk of mortality

to listed or non-listed species of birds (and reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians for which 

birds serve as surrogates) or mammals because the resulting RQ values are all less than the 

Agency’s acute risk LOC, i.e., RQ<0.5 for nonlisted species and RQ<0.1 for listed species.

The RQ values in Section 4.1 demonstrate that both foliar and seed treatment uses of 

fluxapyroxad may result in chronic risk to mammals (RQ>1.0). RQ values are not calculated for 

chronic risk to birds because a statistically significant decrease in hatchling body weight was 

observed at all treatment levels in the submitted avian reproduction study with bobwhite quail. 

Therefore, the chronic toxicity endpoint for bobwhite quail is nondefinitive (i.e., NOAEC<100 

mg ai/kg diet). An RQ value calculated assuming the NOAEC=100 mg ai/kg diet results in an 

RQ of 0.81 (based on maximum application rate to dry beans) and would be less than the 

Agency’s LOC for chronic risk to birds (LOC=1.0). However, chronic risk to birds cannot be 

precluded with confidence because the submitted data do not establish whether adverse effects 

may occur at dietary concentrations less than 100 mg ai/kg diet. In order to preclude risk at the 

screening level, a NOAEC > 80 mg/kg-diet would need to be established, which is unlikely 

based on the flat concentration-response for the effect on body weight in the bobwhite quail 

study. The 5 – 7% decrease in hatchling body weight was transient during the study and was not 

observed in the study with mallard duck; it is uncertain whether and how this effect may impact 

the fitness of (and therefore risk to) different species and size classes of birds, reptiles, and 

terrestrial-phase amphibians exposed to fluxapyroxad in the wild.

For the proposed seed treatment uses of fluxapyroxad, the potential for acute risk to birds is 

characterized in Table 4.14 by converting the subacute dietary toxicity endpoint for bobwhite 

quail (LC50, from the first experiment conducted under normal laboratory lighting conditions) to 

an subacute oral LD50 value that represents the total a.i. consumed per kilogram body weight (kg 

bw) over the 5-day study. The calculation is performed based on information in the study report, 

as follows:

LC50 = 2457 mg a.i./kg diet, corresponds to 561 mg a.i./kg bw/day (reported by the study)

LD50 = 561 mg a.i./kg bw/day x 5 days exposure = 2805 mg a.i./kg bw

The calculated LD50 value is then compared to the dose-based EEC(USEPA 2008b) values and 

the spatial EECs generated by T-REX to determine RQ values for risk characterization. 

Terrestrial exposure of mammals through consumption of treated seeds is characterized in Table 

4.14 using the conservative assumption for mammals that the maximum dose tested (2,000 

mg/kg bw) represents the toxicity endpoint (LD50). The toxicity endpoint is then adjusted for the 

body weight (bw) of the test specimens (default bw=178 g for bobwhite quail and 350 g for 

Norway rat) and compared to the estimated exposure per unit area (mg a.i./ft2) and per daily dose 

of treated seed, i.e., dose-based EEC in terms of mg a.i./kg bw/day (USEPA 2008b) . 
-Page 59 of 150-

Table 4.14. Characterization of potential risk to terrestrial birds and mammals from consumption of treated 

seeds, assuming that the limit dose tested in effects studies is the definitive toxicity endpoint.

Use

App 

Rate

lbs a.i.

/A

(#app)

App 

Method

EECs Toxicity Endpoints

Characterization 

Terrestrial

RQ Values

Spatial

(mg a.i./ft2)

Dose-Based

(mg a.i./kgbw/d)

Animals Acute

Spatial

Acute

DoseBased

Sunflower

(low rate)

0.0008

(1) Seed 0.01

50.6

Birds

LD50=2,805 mg/kg-bw

LC50=2,457 mg/kg diet

NOAEC<100 mg/kg diet

NOAEL<7.8 mg/kg-bw

<0.01 0.03

42.4

Mammals

LD50>2,000 mg/kg-bw

NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet

NOAEL=10 mg/kg-bw

<0.01 0.01

Podded 

legume

(medium

rate)

0.022

(1) Seed 0.23

25.3

Birds

LD50=2,805 mg/kg-bw

LC50=2,457 mg/kg diet

NOAEC<100 mg/kg diet

NOAEL<7.8 mg/kg-bw

0.01 0.01

21.2

Mammals

LD50>2,000 mg/kg-bw

NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet

NOAEL=10 mg/kg-bw

<0.01 <0.01

Wheat/

triticale 

(high rate)

0.078

(1) Seed 0.81

127

Birds

LD50=2,805 mg/kg-bw

LC50=2,457 mg/kg diet

NOAEC<100 mg/kg diet

NOAEL<7.8 mg/kg-bw

0.02 0.06

106

Mammals

LD50>2,000 mg/kg-bw

NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet

NOAEL=10 mg/kg-bw

0.01 0.02

The available data indicate that the likelihood of risk of acute mortality to birds and mammals is 

low as RQ values do not exceed the Agency’s acute risk LOC. Although dose-responsive 

mortality was observed in the subacute dietary study with bobwhite quail, mortality is not 

expected to occur at EECs calculated based on the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad. All risk 

conclusions for birds in this assessment are intended to apply to reptiles and to amphibians in the 

terrestrial environment.

The low potential for acute risk to listed species of birds can be further characterized by 

considering how foraging ecology affects the potential for exposure. To consume a mass of 

fluxapyroxad equivalent to the acute dietary toxicity endpoint in the submitted study with 

bobwhite quail, a 20-g bird would have to consume 40.4 mg a.i., equivalent to 51.8 g (0.114 lbs) 

of wheat seed treated at the maximum proposed application rate (0.078 lbs a.i./cwt). This is 

considered an unlikely, though not impossible, scenario for most species. Smaller, migrating 

birds that eat seeds are expected to be at the highest risk of exposure, since they have higher 

surface area-to-body weight ratios and they must rapidly refuel energy reserves exhausted during 
-Page 60 of 150-

migration (Klassen & Lindstrom 1996). In a short period of time (e.g., one day or less), these 

birds may consume larger amounts of seeds, relative to body size, in proportions that approach or 

exceed their own body weight. Nonetheless, given that adult mortality was observed only in one 

dietary toxicity experiment with bobwhite quail and at relatively high concentrations when 

compared to EECs, the likelihood of frank mortality is considered low if a bird did consume the 

large amount of treated seed necessary to be exposed to the limit dose.

As the foraging efficiency of a granivore decreases, the area of exposure (i.e., treated field) 

necessary to exceed the LOC increases. For example, assuming conservatively that the 

maximum dose tested in the submitted studies represents the LD50 value for birds, a 20-g, seedeating bird with 100% foraging efficiency (i.e., that all of the seeds are treated and that the bird

eats all seeds within a given area) would consume enough fluxapyroxad in a 5-ft2area to exceed 

the Agency’s LOC for acute risk to listed species of birds, reptiles and terrestrial-phase 

amphibians. Using the same assumption, a 20-g bird would consume enough fluxapyroxad to 

exceed the acute risk LOC for listed birds if it displayed 50% foraging efficiency in a 10-ft2

foraging area, or if it displayed 10% foraging efficiency within a 50-ft2foraging area. The actual 

foraging area necessary to result in mortality to birds at a level equivalent to an LD50 (i.e., 

mortality of 50% of exposed birds) is likely much greater given that no mortality was observed at 

the maximum dose tested. Seed incorporation would further reduce the likelihood of exposure to 

birds and mammals from the proposed seed treatment uses.

As with birds and mammals, acute laboratory tests with terrestrial invertebrates (i.e., honey bee) 

have demonstrated that fluxapyroxad is practically non-toxic on an acute exposure basis. 

However, two of the fluxapyroxad end-use products (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) 

proposed for registration are co-formulated with pyraclostrobin and are similar in that respect to 

the registered product, Pristine, which is a dual-a.i. formulation from the same registrant that 

contains the similarly structured fungicide boscalid (25.2%) and pyraclostrobin (12.8%). 

Previous risk assessments for boscalid (DP Barcodes D363523, D379809, D385653), which –

like fluxapyroxad – is a pyridine carboxamide, have described uncertainties regarding potential 

effects on development of honey bee brood, based on incident reports and communications with 

beekeepers. Submitted toxicity studies indicate that neither fluxapyroxad, any of its end-use 

products proposed for registration in the United States, nor boscalid or Pristineare acutely toxic 

to young adult honey bees. In addition, submitted semi-field studies with a formulation of 

fluxapyroxad (BAS 700 00 F, not proposed for US registration) and with Pristinedemonstrated 

no overall effects on honey bee brood, although EFED identified transient effects on eggs, 

larvae, and forage bee mortality in the study with Pristine(DP Barcode 390033). None of the 

submitted studies with fluxapyroxad or boscalid products evaluate endpoints specific to the 

concerns raised by beekeepers, particularly impaired honey bee queen cell development. The 

registrant is currently planning and conducting additional larval toxicity tests with boscalid and 

Pristineto further address these uncertainties.

Finally, the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad are expected to result in risk to listed non-target 

terrestrial plants. RQ values for listed species of dicot plants exceed the Agency’s LOC for all of 

the foliar uses evaluated. Of the six dicot species tested in the vegetative vigor study with BAS 

703 02, only tomato demonstrated a significant effect, based on inhibition of dry weight. 

However, the same formulation (BAS 703 02 F) significantly inhibited cabbage (dry weight), 
-Page 61 of 150-

carrot (emergence), and lettuce (height) in the seedling emergence study. Thus, any effects on 

non-target dicot plants are likely to differ based on both species and route of exposure. RQ 

values for listed species of monocot plants are below the LOC for all foliar uses. RQ values are 

not calculate for nonlisted terrestrial plants because a 25% effect was not observed in any species 

exposed to fluxpayroxad at rates up to and including the maximum proposed application rate; 

therefore, risk to nonlisted plants in not expected to exceed the LOC. RQ values based on seed 

treatment uses exceed the Agency’s LOC for the highest use rate evaluated for listed species of 

dicot plants in semi-aquatic areas, but are below the LOC for all other nontarget plants. This risk 

conclusion is sensitive to parameters such as incorporation depth of the seeds and seeding rate; in 

cases where seeds are incorporated greater than or equal to one inch, exposure via runoff is 

expected to be reduced, and risk would not exceed the LOC. It is uncertain to what extent 

exposure may occur via particulate drift from abrasion of treated seeds during planting and how 

this type of exposure may affect risk to non-target organisms.

4.2.3. Conclusions

The risk hypothesis and conceptual models articulated in the initial problem formulation of this 

assessment identified concerns that the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad may result in adverse 

effects on survival, growth and/or reproduction in aquatic organisms and that the compound may 

pose a chronic risk to small birds, terrestrial-phase amphibians and reptiles and to all size classes 

of mammals. Although fluxapyroxad was not expected to pose a risk to aquatic plants or to 

terrestrial monocots, the problem formulation indicated that there was uncertainty regarding the 

potential effects of the compound on terrestrial dicots through runoff and spray drift.

Based on this screening-level assessment, the physico-chemical properties of fluxapyroxad

indicate that the fungicide is persistent and has a high potential to reach aquatic environments, 

including surface and ground water, for several months or more following foliar applications and 

seed treatments. Although the available ecotoxicity data demonstrate that fluxapyroxad is 

acutely toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause chronic effects, including effects linked to 

reproduction and sublethal behavioral effects in some aquatic test species, the EECs that result 

from the proposed foliar and seed treatment uses are relatively low and the resulting risk 

estimates for the TGAI are below LOCs. Therefore, based on the maximum proposed use rates, 

the potential for exposure to the fluxapyroxad TGAI at a level that is likely to cause direct acute 

or chronic effects on aquatic organisms, including fish, aquatic invertebrates, aquatic-phase 

amphibians, and aquatic plants, is considered low. Acceptable chronic toxicity data for 

estuarine/marine animals were not available. Additional studies are not being requested at this 

time because estuarine/marine animals were similarly or less acutely sensitive to the TGAI than 

freshwater animals in the acute studies; when considered in the context of the relatively low 

EECs, new data would be unlikely to change the screening level risk conclusions. Despite the 

persistence of fluxapyroxad, its propensity to partition to sediments, its Kow and the available fish 

biocencentration data indicate that fluxapyroxad does not bioconcentrate but is instead readily 

metabolized and excreted in fish. There is more uncertainty about the extent that fluxapyroxad 

may move, persist, and/or bioconcentrate in aquatic invertebrates, which may be more or less 

able to metabolize the parent compound. However, additional biococentration and 

bioaccumulation modeling is not triggered in this case because of the relatively low Kow.
-Page 62 of 150-

Formulated fluxapyroxad is in some cases more toxic than the TGAI to aquatic organisms. 

Exposure to dual-a.i. formulations of fluxapyroxad (BAS 703 01 F and BAS 703 02 F) as a result 

of spray drift is expected to result in risk of acute mortality that exceeds the LOC for acute risk 

to listed freshwater fish, amphibians in the aquatic environment, and freshwater invertebrates. 

Certain uses of BAS 703 01 F also result in acute risk that exceeds the LOC for nonlisted 

freshwater fish and amphibians. Based on the BAS 703 02 F toxicity data for freshwater animals

which is more toxic to these taxa but lacks the proposed uses on pome fruits and stone fruits, the 

EECs from spray drift only would need to be less than 0.225 g/L to avoid triggering acute risk 

to listed fish and less than 0.415 g/L to avoid triggering acute risk to listed aquatic 

inverterbates. Spray drift EECs for the proposed uses of co-formulated fluxapyroxad range from 

1.12 to 4.39 g/L. Although toxicity data for estuarine/marine animals exposed to formulated 

fluxapyroxad were not submitted, freshwater and estuarine/marine organisms generally exhibited 

similar responses to the TGAI; therefore, this assessment concludes that risk of acute mortality to 

estuarine/marine animals is possible when the use of BAS 703 01 F or BAS 703 02 F results in 

spray drift to estuarine/marine habitat. The greater toxicity of the dual a.i. formulations to fish 

and invertebrates, when compared to the fluxapyroxad TGAI and solo formulations, appears to 

be driven by pyraclostrobin.

Terrestrial vertebrates may be exposed to fluxapyroxad by contact with or ingestion of treated 

plants and insects. Seed-eating (granivore) birds and mammals may also be exposed to 

fluxapyroxad as a result of the proposed seed treatment use. This assessment concludes that the 

proposed foliar and seed treatment uses of fluxapyroxad may result in chronic risk to mammals

that exceed the Agency’s LOC. Chronic risk to birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase amphibians

cannot be precluded with certainty based on the available data, which demonstrated a slight (5-

7%) and transient (< 14 day), but statistically significant (p<0.05), effect on body weight in 

hatchling birds at all test concentrations. This treatment-related effect was uniform across all test 

concentrations (100-1,000 mg/kg diet) and is consistent with effects on body weight and body

weight gain in rat pups (NOAEC=112 mg/kg diet) in a two-generation reproduction study with 

mammals. In order to preclude chronic risk (i.e., RQ<1) to birds, reptiles, and terrestrial-phase 

amphibians, based on the proposed uses, an avian reproduction study would need to establish 

that no adverse effects, including effects on hatchling body weight, are observed at 

concentrations greater than or equal to 80 mg/kg diet. Given the flat concentration-response in 

this case, EFED considers it unlikely that an additional study would yield a NOAEC that would

allow risk to be precluded at the screening level Therefore, EFED is not requesting additional 

data at this time. Risk estimates for acute mortality to mammals and birds, reptiles, and 

terrestrial-phase amphibians do not exceed the Agency’s LOC. The proposed foliar use of 

fluxapyroxad may result in risk to listed species of terrestrial and semi-aquatic dicot plants, but 

risk to monocot plants and nonlisted dicot plants is not expected to exceed the LOC.

This assessment does not evaluate risk to terrestrial invertebrates. However, ecotoxicity data 

indicate that fluxpyroxad is practically non-toxic to young adult honey bees on an acute oral and 

contact exposure basis. Non-guideline studies with beneficial insects (predatory mite, parasitoid 

wasp, green lacewing, rove beetle) and with earthworms demonstrated effects on reproduction 

and resulted in mortality in some cases. Finally, in response to concerns raised by beekeepers 

regarding the BASF product Pristine-- which, like the fluxapyroxad formulations BAS 703 01 

F and BAS 703 02 F, contains a carboxamide fungicide (boscalid) and pyraclsotrobin -- the 
-Page 63 of 150-

registrant is currently planning and conducting further tests to evaluate the potential for effects 

on larval honey bee development and queen cell production and survival. The structural 

similarities between boscalid and fluxapyroxad and the similarities in a.i. content of Pristine,

BAS 703 01 F, and BAS 703 02 F suggest that information from these forthcoming honey bee 

studies may be relevant to all three products.

5. Federally Threatened and Endangered (Listed) Species of Concern

Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. Section 1536(a)(2), requires all federal 

agencies to consult with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) for marine and 

anadromous listed species, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) for listed 

wildlife and freshwater organisms, if the proposed "action" may affect listed species or their 

designated critical habitat. Each federal agency is required under the Act to ensure that any 

action it authorizes, funds, or carries out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a 

listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. 

To jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species means "to engage in an action that 

reasonably would be expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both 

the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, 

or distribution of the species" (50 C.F.R. § 402.02).

To facilitate compliance with the requirements of the Endangered Species Act (subsection 

(a)(2)), the Office of Pesticide Programs has established procedures to evaluate whether a 

proposed registration action may directly or indirectly appreciably reduce the likelihood of both 

the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, 

or distribution of any listed species (USEPA 2004a). After the Agency’s screening-level risk 

assessment is conducted, if any of the Agency’s listed species LOCs are exceeded for either 

direct or indirect effects, an analysis is conducted to determine if any listed or candidate species 

may co-occur in the area of the proposed pesticide use or areas downstream or downwind that 

could be contaminated from drift or runoff/erosion. If listed or candidate species may be present 

in the proposed action area, further biological assessment is undertaken. The extent to which 

listed species may be at risk is considered, which then determines the need for the development 

of a more comprehensive consultation package, as required by the Endangered Species Act.

The federal action addressed herein is the proposed registration of new foliar and seed treatment 

uses for fluxapyroxad. It is expected that the new uses of fluxapyroxad could occur nationwide.
-Page 64 of 150-

5.1. Action Area

For listed species assessment purposes, the action area is considered to be the area affected 

directly or indirectly by fluxapyroxad use and not merely the immediate area where 

fluxapyroxad is applied. At the initial screening-level, the risk assessment considers broadly 

described taxonomic groups and conservatively assumes that listed species within those broad 

groups are co-located with the pesticide treatment area. This means that terrestrial plants and 

wildlife are assumed to be located on or adjacent to the treated site and aquatic organisms are 

assumed to be located in a surface water body adjacent to the treated site. The assessment also 

assumes that the listed species are located within an assumed area, which has the relatively 

highest potential exposure to the pesticide, and that exposures are likely to decrease with 

distance from the treatment area. Section 5.2 of this risk assessment presents the proposed 

pesticide use sites that are used to establish initial co-location of species with treatment areas.

5.2. Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk

If the assumptions associated with the screening-level action area result in RQs that are below 

the listed species LOCs, a "no effect" determination conclusion is made with respect to listed 

species in that taxa, and no further refinement of the action area is necessary. Furthermore, RQs 

below the listed species LOCs for a given taxonomic group indicate no concern for indirect 

effects on listed species that depend upon the taxonomic group for which the RQ was calculated. 

However, in situations where the screening assumptions lead to RQs in excess of the listed 

species LOCs for a given taxonomic group, a potential for a "may affect" conclusion exists and 

may be associated with direct effects on listed species belonging to that taxonomic group or may

extend to indirect effects upon listed species that depend upon that taxonomic group as a 

resource. In such cases, additional information on the biology of listed species, the locations of 

these species, and the locations of use sites are considered to determine the extent to which 

screening assumptions regarding an action area apply to a particular listed organism. These 

subsequent refinement steps will consider how this information would impact the action area for 

a particular listed organism and potentially include areas of exposure that are downwind and 

downstream of the pesticide use site.

Assessment endpoints, exposure pathways, the conceptual models addressing the proposed new 

fluxapyroxad uses, and the associated exposure and effects analyses conducted for the 

fluxapyroxad screening-level risk assessment are in Sections 2 to 3. The assessment endpoints 

used in the screening-level risk assessment include those defined operationally as reduced 

survival and reproductive impairment for both aquatic and terrestrial animal species and survival, 

reproduction, and growth of non-target aquatic and terrestrial plant species from exposure via 

spray drift and runoff. These assessment endpoints address the standard set forth in the 

Endangered Species Act requiring federal agencies to ensure that any action it authorizes does 

not appreciably reduce the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the 

wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of the species. Risk estimates (RQ

values) integrating exposure and effects are calculated for broad-based taxonomic groups in the 

screening-level risk assessment and are presented in Section 4.
-Page 65 of 150-

Both acute and chronic risk to listed species LOCs are considered in the screening-level risk 

assessment to identify direct and indirect effects to taxa of listed species. This section identifies 

direct and indirect effect concerns, by taxa, that are triggered by exceeding listed species LOCs 

in the screening-level risk assessment (Table 5.1). When applicable, probit dose response 

analysis is used to evaluate the probability of individual acute effects for exposures that occur at 

the established listed species LOC (Section 5.2.1). Data on exposure and effects collected under 

field (when available) and laboratory conditions are evaluated to make determinations on the 

predictive utility of the direct effect screening assessment findings to listed species. 

Table 5.1 Potential effects to federally listed taxa associated with the proposed uses of fluxapyroxad.

Listed Taxon

Direct Effects Indirect Effects from Risk to Other Taxa

Yes/No Acute/Chronic Yes/No Through ...

Terrestrial and semiaquatic plants –

monocots and dicots

Yes

(dicots 

only)

NA Yes

Chronic effects on birds, terrestrial-phase 

amphibians, and mammals, when required 

for pollination or seed dispersal.

Birds Yes Chronic Yes

Chronic effects on mammals that serve as 

prey; chronic effects on reptiles and 

amphibians that serve as prey.

Terrestrial-phase 

amphibians Yes Chronic Yes Chronic effects on mammals which provide habitat (e.g., burrows) and serve as prey.

Reptiles Yes Chronic Yes

Chronic effects on mammals that serve as 

prey; chronic effects on birds, reptiles, and 

amphibians that serve as prey.

Mammals Yes Chronic Yes

Chronic effects on birds, reptiles, and 

amphibians that serve as prey; chronic 

effects on mammals that serve as prey.

Aquatic plants No NA Yes Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

serve as primary producers.

Freshwater fish Yes Acute

(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

Aquatic-phase 

amphibians Yes Acute(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Chronic effects on terrestrial-phase 

amphibians; effects on semi-aquatic dicot 

plants that provide habitat and serve as 

primary producers.

Freshwater invertebrates Yes Acute

(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

Molluscs No NA Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

Marine/estuarine fish Yes Acute

(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

Marine/estuarine 

invertebrates Yes Acute(dual a.i. EPs only) Yes

Effects on semi-aquatic dicot plants that 

provide habitat and serve as primary 

producers.

EP

 End-use product. NA Not applicable.
-Page 66 of 150-

5.2.1. Probit Dose-Response Analysis

The Agency uses the probit dose-response relationship as a tool for providing additional 

information on the potential for acute direct effects to individual listed species and to terrestrial 

and aquatic animals that may indirectly affect the listed species of concern (USEPA 2004a). 

Based on the available acute toxicity data and RQ values for fluxapyroxad, a summary of the 

probit dose-response analysis is provided in Error! Reference source not found.Error! 

Reference source not found.. If no dose response information is available to estimate a slope 

for this analysis, a default slope assumption of 4.5 (with lower and upper bounds of 2 to 9) is 

used (Urban and Cook 1986). Individual effect probabilities are calculated based on an 

Microsoft® Excel spreadsheet tool IECV1.1 (Individual Effect Chance Model Version 1.1) 

developed by the U.S. EPA, OPP, Environmental Fate and Effects Division (June 22, 2004). 

The model allows for such calculations by entering the mean slope estimate (and the 95% 

confidence bounds of that estimate) as the slope parameter for the spreadsheet. The desired 

threshold for the probability of an individual effect is entered as the listed species LOC. In 

addition, the probability of an individual effect is also derived based on the calculated acute RQ, 

if available.

As shown in Error! Reference source not found.Error! Reference source not found., the 

chance of acute direct effects (i.e., mortality) to individual listed fish at the listed species LOC is 

1 in 4.18 x 108(95% CI: 216 to 1.75 x 1031). However, at the highest derived RQ value (0.98; 

Table 4.5) for the proposed uses of dual a.i. formulations of fluxapyroxad, the chances of an 

individual effect increase for fish to approximately 1 in 2. For freshwater invertebrates, the 

chance of acute direct effects (i.e., mortality) at the listed species LOC is 1 in 8.19 x 1031 (95% 

CI: 1.66 x 1013 to 5.58 x 1061). At the highest derived RQ value (0.53; Table 4.5) for dual a.i. 

formulations of fluxapyroxad, the chances increase to 1 in 165 (95% CI: 17.2 to 5,920). These 

probabilities are based on exposure to formulated fluxapyroxad (BAS 703 02 F) in surface water

from spray drift only. In the absence of ecotoxicity data for estuarine/marine animals exposed to 

formulated fluxapyroxad, this assessment assumes that the likelihood of an individual effect for 

these taxa is similar to that for freshwater fish and invertebrates. The likelihood of an individual 

acute effect is not calculated for acute oral exposure to birds and mammals because no mortality 

was observed in these studies and therefore an effect is considered unlikely.
-Page 67 of 150-

Table 5.2. Summary of fluxapyroxad probit dose response analysis for listed species.

Taxa (study type) Acute Effect

Slope (95% C.I.)

Chance of Individual 

Effect at Listed Species 

LOC (95% C.I.)

Chance of Individual 

Effect at Derived Acute 

RQ1(95% C.I.)

Bird oral dose No mortality observed Not calculated; no 

mortality observed

Not calculated; no 

mortality observed

Bird dietary Mortality1

Slope NA = 4.5 (2 – 9)

1 in 2.94 x 105

(1 in 44 to

1 in 8.86 x 1018)

1 in 2.76 x 1011

(1 in 862 to

1 in 2.14 x 1042)

Mammal oral dose No mortality observed Not calculated; no 

mortality observed

Not calculated; no 

mortality observed

Freshwater fish

Mortality2

Slope NA = 4.5 (2 – 9)

1 in 4.18 x 108

(1 in 216 to

1 in 1.75 x 1031)

1 in 2.76 x 1011

(1 in 862 to

1 in 2.14 x 1042)

Mortality (dual a.i. EPs)3

Slope NA = 4.5 (2 – 9)

1 in 4.18 x 108

(1 in 216 to

1 in 1.75 x 1031)

1 in 2.07

(1 in 2.03

to 1 in 2.13)

Freshwater invertebrate

Mortality4

Slope NA = 4.5 (2 – 9)

1 in 4.18 x 108

(1 in 216 to

1 in 1.75 x 1031)

1 in 8.86 x 1018

(1 in 31.6 x 104to

1 in 1.03 x 1072)

Mortality (dual a.i. EPs)5

Slope 9.1 (5.7 – 13)

1 in 8.19 x 1031

(1 in 1.66 x 1013 to

1 in 5.58 x 1063)

1 in 165

(1 in 17.2 to

1 in 5,920)

Estuarine/marine fish Mortality6

Slope NA = 4.5 (2 – 9)

1 in 4.18 x 108

(1 in 216 to

1 in 1.75 x 1031)

1 in 8.86 x 1018

(1 in 3.16 x 104to

1 in 1.03 x 1072)

Estuarine/marine 

crustacean

Mortality6

Slope NA = 4.5 (2 – 9)

1 in 4.18 x 108

(1 in 216 to

1 in 1.75 x 1031)

1 in 8.86 x 1018

(1 in 3.16 x 104to

1 in 1.03 x 1072

Estuarine/marine mollusc Mortality6

Slope NA = 4.5 (2 – 9)

1 in 4.18 x 108

(1 in 216 to

1 in 1.75 x 1031)

1 in 8.86 x 1018

(1 in 3.16 x 104to

1 in 1.03 x 1072

1

 Maximum acute dietary RQ = 0.03 (birds).

2

 Based on exposure to the TGAI. Maximum acute RQ (0.03) did not exceed the LOC.

3

 Based on exposure to the fluxpyroxad EP (BAS 703 02 F). Maximum acute RQ used in calculation (0.98) is 

based on spray drift from application to stone fruit.

4

 Based on exposure to the TGAI. Maximum acute RQ (<0.01) did not exceed the LOC.

5 Based on exposure to the fluxpyroxad EP (BAS 703 02 F). Maximum acute RQ used in calculation (0.53) is based 

on spray drift from application to stone fruit.

6

 Based on exposure to the TGAI. Maximum acute RQ (0.01) did not exceed the LOC.

EP

 End-use product. NA Not available.

5.2.2. Listed Species Occurrence with Proposed New Use of Fluxapyroxad

A preliminary analysis of the co-occurrence of listed species and the proposed new uses of 

fluxapyroxad was conducted using OPP’s LOCATES database (v. 2.2.0). The goal of the 

analysis for co-location is to determine whether sites of pesticide use are geographically 

associated with known locations of listed species. The objective is to provide insight into the 

potential for exposure of listed species and to identify those areas, crop uses, and listed species 

that warrant further attention. The LOCATES database uses location information for listed 

species at the county level and compares it to agricultural census data (from 2007) for crop 

production at the same county level of resolution. The product is a listing of federally-listed 

species that are located within counties known to produce the crops upon which the pesticide is 
-Page 68 of 150-

proposed for use. Appendix I provides a species listing by state for those listed species that may 

potentially be impacted by the proposed new uses of fluxapyroxad.

A tabulation of the number of unique listed species in each state that may co-occur with the 

proposed new use of fluxapyroxad as a seed treatment on rapeseed is provided in Table 5.3. 

Although this assessment does not evaluate risk to terrestrial invertebrates, terrestrial 

invertebrates are included in the tabulation of species that may co-occur with areas of 

fluxapyroxad use. Secondary effects may occur in predatory birds, reptiles, amphibians, and 

mammals that rely on mammals, birds, reptiles, or terrestrial amphibians as prey. LOCATES 

does not currently differentiate between different feeding guilds or identify those plant species 

that require particular interactions for pollination or seed dispersal. Therefore, the number of 

potentially affected listed mammals, birds (also reptiles and terrestrial-phase amphibians), and 

terrestrial plants may be overestimated and include species that are not likely to be indirectly 

affected if they do not (1) rely on mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, or seeds as prey or (2) 

require mammals or birds for pollination or seed dispersal.

Based the results of the LOCATES database query, there are a total of 1,230 unique listed 

species of terrestrial plants, birds, reptiles, terrestrial and aquatic-phase amphibians, mammals, 

and terrestrial invertebrates associated with counties where fluxapyroxad may be used 

nationwide based on the proposed uses. A total of 50 states have listed species that are 

potentially affected by direct or secondary effects of fluxapyroxad exposure and are associated 

with crops where fluxapyroxad is proposed for use. Hawaii has the highest number (313) of 

listed species in the identified taxa that may co-occur with the proposed fluxapyroxad uses, 

followed by California (290), Alabama (96), and Florida (95).

This preliminary analysis indicates that there is a potential for fluxapyroxad use to overlap with 

listed species and that a more refined assessment is warranted. The more refined assessment 

should involve clear delineation of the action area associated with proposed uses of fluxapyroxad

and the best available information on the temporal and spatial co-location of listed species with 

respect to the action area. This analysis has not been conducted for this screening level 

assessment.
-Page 69 of 150-

Table 5.3. Tabulation by state and taxonomic group of listed species at potential risk of direct or secondary effects of proposed fluxapyroxad uses.

State

A

m

p

hibians

BirdsConiferCoralsCrustaceans an

d

BivalvesDicot PlantsFerns an

d

Lichens

FishOtherIn

vertebrates

Mam

mals

Monocot PlantsReptilesTotal per State

Alabama 3 35 13 3 14 12 5 4 4 96

Alaska 6 2 4

Arizona 3 16 19 1 7 2 2 56

Arkansas 2 10 6 5 2 5 1 34

California 1 8 160 21 24 29 18 7 290

Colorado 2 12 6 2 3 1 29

Connecticut 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 9

Delaware 1 1 1 1 1 5

Florida 1 4 2 7 48 1 4 11 3 6 95

Georgia 1 15 15 3 8 1 5 6 2 63

Hawaii 3 1 205 10 54 2 16 313

Idaho 3 4 5 4 4 1 18

Illinois 2 7 7 1 3 2 2 24

Indiana 1 7 4 2 2 1 1 18

Iowa 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 13

Kansas 1 5 1 4 1 2 1 12

Kentucky 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 19

Louisiana 4 3 2 1 2 3 2 16

Maine 3 1 2 2 2 9

Maryland 1 1 5 1 2 2 2 1 15

Massachusetts 6 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 12

Michigan 4 2 4 1 4 2 3 1 19

Minnesota 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 9

Mississippi 2 10 2 1 3 5 5 31

Missouri 1 6 6 7 5 2 3 1 25

Montana 4 2 3 3 1 12

Nebraska 3 2 2 2 1 2 12

Nevada 4 12 9 22 2 1 1 37

New Hampshire 3 1 1 1 1 2 7

New Jersey 1 3 1 1 3 1 12
-Page 70 of 150

-

State

AmphibiansBirdsConiferCoralsCrustaceans andBivalvesDicot PlantsFerns and LichensFishOtherInvertebratesMammalsMonocot PlantsReptilesTotal per State

New Mexico132 13 13441 43

New York425112121 17

North Carolina18 21153452

53

North Dakota2111

6

Ohio136413122 20

Oklahoma3241321 19

Oregon61 15 15222 41

Pennsylvania33121

8

Rhode Island211111

7

South Carolina11 1321161

32

South Dakota222111 11

Tennessee2 39 162 16432

85

Texas11 269 20631 82

Utah14 2081321 38

Vermont11122

6

Virginia3 22 1384541 61

Washington395151 25

West Virginia274122 17

Wisconsin125212 14

Wyoming23532 17
-Page 71 of 150-

6. Additional Description of Assumptions, Limitations, Uncertainties, 

Strengths and Data Gaps 

Aquatic Exposure

The labels specify that, for multiple applications of fluxapyroxad, no more than two applications 

should be made consecutively before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action. 

For several of the use scenarios, three and four applications of fluxapyroxad were modeled as 

consecutive applications without consideration of using a second fungicide. The Tier I model 

used for estimating aquatic exposure, GENEEC, does not have the capability to model multiple 

applications with varying retreatment intervals. While a higher tier model such as 

PRZM/EXAMS does allow for varying retreatment intervals, as the labels do not specify a

particular alternative to be used for multiple applications, it is uncertain how long the retreatment 

interval between applications 2 and 3 should be. The employed approach is expected to 

overestimate chronic aquatic concentrations, but given fluxapyroxad’s persistence, the potential 

overestimation is not expected to be significant.

The GENEEC model was used to generate EECs for seed treatments, which tend to be very

conservative, particularly when assuming a depth of incorporation of 0 cm. Larger seeds would 

likely be planted at a depth where pesticide transport to the surface for incorporation into runoff 

or for consumption by terrestrial species would not occur. As such, GENEEC EECs for seed 

treatments may be overestimated.

Risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to fluxapyroxad was estimated using GENEEC-based

EECs. GENEEC does not allow for accumulation of pesticides in the farm pond with repeated 

annual applications, which could occur given fluxapyroxad’s persistence. GENEEC is a single 

event model which assumes one single large rainfall/runoff event occurs that removes a large 

quantity of pesticide from the field to the water all in one day. Longer-term, multiple-day

average concentration values are calculated based on the peak day value and subsequent values 

considering degradation processes. As a result, GENEEC may underestimate concentrations in 

static water bodies where fluxapyroxad is applied to the contributing drainage area over many 

consecutive years. In flowing water bodies fluxapyroxad concentrations would not be expected 

to accumulate from year to year because of the effects of dilution and advective washout.

Risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to fluxapyroxad end-products was estimated using 

PRZM/EXAMS EECs considering only spray drift. The standard pond modeled with EXAMS is 

a static water body of fixed volume with no outlet. Additionally, the linked PRZM/EXAMS 

models simulate the impact of daily weather on the treated agricultural field over a period of 

thirty years. During this time, pesticide is washed-off of the field into the water-body by twenty 

to forty rainfall/runoff events per year. Each new addition of pesticide to the water-body adds to 

the pesticide which has arrived earlier either through previous runoff events or through spraydrift and begins degrading on the day it reaches the water. Since fluxapyroxad is persistent in 

aquatic environments, the standard pond has no outlet, and modeled accumulation of 

fluxapyroxad occurs in the pond throughout the 30-year simulations, the 1-in-10 year EECs 

obtained from the model runs do not reflect varying meteorological conditions that are expected 
-Page 72 of 150-

once every 10 years, since the yearly peaks are not independent but are actually correlated to the 

previous year’s peak concentration. As a result, PRZM/EXAMS may potentially overestimate 

the aquatic EECs, as, over the course of thirty years, some loss of fluxapyroxad would be 

expected due to burial of sediment and other dissipation processes. It should also be noted that 

fluxapyroxad concentrations in flowing water bodies are not expected to accumulate from year to 

year because of downstream dilution and, as such, risk to freshwater fish and invertebrates 

resulting from accumulation of fluxapyroxad from spray drift from multiple years of application 

is not likely to occur in flowing systems.

Terrestrial Exposure

Supervised field trials with legume vegetables, sunflower, canola, and sugar beet indicate that 

mean residues of fluxapyroxad declined by approximately half in the three-to-four weeks (21 to 

28 days) following application, while field trials indicate that fluxapyroxad was more persistent 

on cereal crops (e.g., rice, barley, and wheat), with residues in these matrices declining only 

slightly or remaining the same for the duration of the trial (30 days). Therefore, the default foliar 

dissipation value of 35 days used in estimating terrestrial exposure may underestimate 

persistence in some crops. It is uncertain whether fluxapyroxad residues will accumulate in the 

terrestrial environment following repeated use over multiple seasons or years. However, using 

the default foliar dissipation value and based on the maximum proposed application rate, even a 

single application of fluxpyroxad would result in an RQ value that exceeds the Agency’s LOC 

for chronic risk to mammals.

Exposure from seed treatment uses is likely to be overestimated for scenarios where seeds are 

incorporated. Seed incorporation > 1 inch would reduce the likelihood of runoff to non-target 

plants and surface water and would further reduce the likelihood of seed consumption by birds 

and mammals.
-Page 73 of 150-

Data Gaps

Appendix F lists that status of each of the studies submitted in support of the proposed 

registration of fluxapyroxad and whether data gaps have been identified. There are no fate data 

gaps for fluxapyroxad. Nonetheless, low carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were observed in the 

aerobic soil metabolism studies, as well as a lack of transformation product formation, an 

increase in unextracted residue formation with an increase in temperature without an effect on 

CO2, and transformation product formation, and the detection of parent in unextracted residue 

(MRID 47923684). These observations, coupled with the fact that fluxapyroxad is moderately to 

slightly mobile, indicate there is the potential that the estimated aerobic soil half-life values are 

more representative of sorption than of biotransformation. If this is the case, then over time, 

repeated use of fluxapyroxad could result in saturation of soil sorption sites, resulting in greater

potential for runoff of fluxapyroxad than can be accounted for in EFED’s models.

There are no acceptable chronic toxicity data for estuarine/marine fish or aquatic invertebrates. 

The submitted life cycle study with mysid shrimp was classified as invalid, and no other chronic 

studies have been submitted. Appendix F lists numerous other studies that are classified as 

supplemental based on meaningful guideline deviations and/or uncertainty regarding the study

results. Specifically, the early life stage test with freshwater fish, three spiked sediment toxicity

tests with benthic invertebrates, three toxicity tests with nonvascular aquatic plants, the acute 

oral toxicity test with zebra finch, the avian reproduction study with bobwhite quail, and the 

seedling emergence test with BAS 703 02 F are each classified as supplemental. However, 

additional data are not being requested for these studies at this time because such data would be 

unlikely to impact the screening level risk conclusions based on the currently proposed uses.

7. References

Anderson, P., Oelke, E., Simmons, S. 2008. Growth and Development Guide for Spring Barley. Available online at 

http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DC2548.html.

Becker, J., and S. Ratnayake. 2011. Acres Planted per Day and Seeding Rates of Crops Grown in the United States. 

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Biological and Economic Analysis Division.

Conley, S.P., and J. Gaska. 2007. Winter wheat seeding rate, depth, and planting date. University of Wisconsin

Integrated Pest and Crop Management. Available online at 

http://ipcm.wisc.edu/WCMNews/tabid/53/EntryId/366/Winter-Wheat-Seeding-Rate-Depth-and-PlantingDate.aspx.

Domagalski, .L., and K.M. Kuivila. 1993. Distributions of pesticides and organic contaminants between water and 

suspended sediment, San Francisco Bay, California. Estuaries 16 (3A): 416 – 426.

Fletcher, J.S., J.E. Nellessen, and T.G. Pfleeger. 1994. Literature review and evaluation of the EPA food-chain 

(Kenaga) nomogram, and instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants. Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 13 (9):1383-1391.

Hoerger, F., and E.E. Kenaga. 1972. Pesticide residues on plants: Correlation of representative data as a basis for 

estimation of their magnitude in the environment. In F. Coulston and F. Korte, eds., Environmental Quality 

and Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology, and Technology, Georg Thieme Publ, Stuttgart, West Germany, pp. 9-

28.
-Page 74 of 150-

Klaassen, M. and A. Lindstrom. 1996. Departure fuel loads in time-minimizing migrating birds can be explained 

by the energy costs of being heavy. Journal of Theoretical Biologu 183: 29 – 34.

Urban, D.J., and N. Cook. 1986. Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA 540/9–85-001. Office of Pesticide Programs. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

USEPA. 2011. Ecological risk assessment to support the proposed new use of pyraclostrobin on rapeseeed 

(cultivars, varieties, and/or hybrids, including canola and crambe), sweet corn, and sugar beet and as an 

encapsulated product on field corn, pop corn, and seed production corn. Ross, L., and R. Miller. 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. DP Barcodes 

D380640, D380650, D384006, D384010, D384012, and D385442.

USEPA 2009a. Pesticides; Data Requirements for Conventional Chemicals, Technical Amendments, and Data 

Requirements for Biochemical and Microbial Pesticides; Final Rule. FR 72(207):60933-60988.

USEPA 2009b. Water models. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/.

USEPA 2009c. ECOTOXicology Database, v. 4.0. Available online at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/.

USEPAd. Ecological Incident Information System, v. 2.1 . Description online at 

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/science/models_db.htm.

USEPA 2009e. Input Parameter Guidance. Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, 

Washington, D.C. Available online at 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/input_parameter_guidance.htm.

USEPA 2008a. Science Advisory Panel (SAP): Selected Issues Associated with the Risk Assessment Process for 

Pesticides with Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic Characteristics. Office of Prevention, Pesticides 

and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. 

USEPA 2008b. User’s Guide T-REX Version 1.4.1 (Terrestrial Residue Exposure model). 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/trex/t_rex_user_guide.htm#references

USEPA 2004a. Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency. Endangered and Threatened Species Effects Determinations. Office of 

Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C. Available 

online at http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/endanger/consultation/ecorisk-overview.pdf.

USEPA 2004b. A Discussion with the FIFRA Scientific Advisory Panel Regarding the Terrestrial and Aquatic 

Level II Refined Risk Assessment Models (Version 2.0), Chapter 4. Support Document for Scientific 

Advisory Panel Meeting Scheduled from March 30 - April 2, 2004. March 4, 2004. Environmental Fate and 

Effects Division. Office of Pesticide Programs. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 

Available at http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/meetings/2004/033004_mtg.htm

USEPA 1998. Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002F. Published in 63 FR 26846; May 

14, 1998. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. April, 1998.

USEPA 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. EPA/600/R-13/187a. Office of Research and Development, 

Washington, D.C.

Willis, G.H. and L.L. McDowell. 1987. Pesticide persistence on foliage. Reviews of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicology 100: 23-73.

Fate MRIDs
-Page 75 of 150-

MRID: 47923505

Kroehl, T. (2006) Physical Properties: Pure Active Ingredient. Project Number: 2006/1036276/OCR, 

267469/1/OCR. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 20 p.

MRID: 47923509

Wilfinger, W. (2008) Water Solubility of BAS 700 F at 20 Degrees Celsius. Project Number: 2007/1056999/OCR, 

267487/1EXT/OCR, 20071489/01/PCSB. Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins-GAB GmbH. 53 p.

MRID: 47923511

Wilfinger, W. (2008) Partition Coefficient of BAS 700 F (HPLC Method). Project Number: 2007/1057001/OCR, 

20071489/01/PCPC/OCR, 267475/1EXT. Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins - GAB GmbH. 42 p.

MRID: 47923513

Hassink, J. (2009) Aqueous Photolysis of BAS 700 F. Project Number: 2009/1031228/OCR, 314718/OCR. 

Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 26 p.

MRID: 47923514

Wilfinger, W. (2008) Dissociation Constant of BAS 700 F in Water. Project Number: 2007/1057000/OCR, 

267478/1EXT/OCR, 20071489/01/PCDC. Unpublished study prepared by Eurofins - GAB GmbH. 30 p.

MRID: 47923684

Malinsky, D. (2010) Aerobic Soil Metabolism of (Carbon 14)-BAS 700 F on US Soils: Final Report. Project 

Number: 2009/7003246/ocr, 002/57/01//US/319649, 2009/7003246. Unpublished study prepared by BASF 

Agricultural Research Center. 139 p.

MRID: 47923688

Malinsky, D. (2010) Anaerobic Soil Metabolism of (Carbon 14)-BAS 700 F on US Soil: Final Report. Project 

Number: 2009/7003247/ocr, //SubNo/201002/56/01, 2009/7003247. Unpublished study prepared by BASF 

Agricultural Research Center. 131 p.

MRID: 47923690

Hassink, J. (2009) Soil Photolysis of BAS 700 F. Project Number: 2009/1013342/US/ocr, EU/314704, 

2009/1013342. Unpublished study prepared by BASF SE. 42 p.

MRID: 47923691

Ta, C. (2010) Rate of Degradation of BAS 700 F in Soils: Final Report. Project Number: 2009/7006123/ocr, 

//SubNo/201002/37/01, 209/7006123. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center 

and Agvise, Inc. 133 p.

MRID: 47923695

Jordan, J.; Warren, R. (2010) Terrestrial Field Dissipation of BAS 700 F Following Applications of BAS 700 AC F 

in Legumes. Project Number: 2009/7006030/ocr, //SubNo/201003/03/01, 2009/7006030. Unpublished 

study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center. 293 p.

MRID: 47923696

Jordan, J.; Warren, R. (2010) Terrestrial Field Dissipation of BAS 700 F Following Applications of BAS 700 AC F 

or BAS 700 AE F in Vegetable Use Patterns. Project Number: 2009/7006032/ocr, //SubNo/201003/02/01, 

2009/7006032. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center. 756 p.

MRID: 47923697

Jordan, J. (2010) Terrestrial Field Dissipation of BAS 700 F Following Applications of BAS 700 AC F in Orchard 

and Vineyard Use Patterns. Project Number: 2009/7006033/ocr, //SubNo/201002/60/01, 2009/7006033. 

Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agricultural Research Center. 505 p.

MRID: 47923707
-Page 76 of 150-

Hassink, J.; Stephan, A. (2009) Determination of the Adsorption/Desorption Behaviour of BAS 700 F on Different 

Soils. Project Number: 2009/1065633/OCR, 2009/1065633, 314706. Unpublished study prepared by 

BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 78 p.

MRID: 47923713

Ebert, D. (2009) Degradation of BAS 700 F in Water/Sediment Systems under Aerobic Conditions. Project 

Number: 2009/1004082/OCR, 2009/1004082, 314715. Unpublished study prepared by BASF 

Aktiengesellschaft. 151 p.

MRID: 47923714

Ta, C. (2010) BAS 700 F: Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism. Project Number: 2009/7006124/OCR, 2009/7006124, 

319648. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Agro Research and Agvise Laboratories, Inc. 105 p.

MRID: 47923730

Hafemann, C.; Kloeppner, U. (2009) Bioconcentration and Metabolism of BAS 700 F in Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis 

macrochirus). Project Number: 2009/1012801/OCR, 2009/1012801, 315780. Unpublished study prepared 

by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 163 p.

MRID: 48409101

Hassink, J. (2011) BAS 700 F: Aqueous Hydrolysis at Four Different pH Values (Including Amendment No. 1). 

Project Number: 324301, 2011/7000318. Unpublished study prepared by BASF Aktiengesellschaft. 19 p.
-Page 77 of 150-

Appendix A. Proposed New Uses, Fluxapyroxad

Proposed products for registration containing fluxapyroxad

Proposed 

New End-Use 

Product Name

Summary Formulation Details:

Formulation Type

lb fluxapyroxad/gal of product

(lb ai pyraclostrobin/gal of product)

Application Type Crops

BAS 700 01 F 

Fungicide

Reg No. 7969-XXX

Emulsifiable Concentrate

0.52

Foliar

Aerial and ground

Wheat, barley, corn, bean and pea legumes, 

peanuts, pome and stone fruits, fruiting 

vegetables, oil seed, root and tuberous vegetable 

crops.

BAS 700 02 F 

Fungicide Seed 

Treatment

Reg No. 7969-XXX

Suspension Concentrate

0.78 Seed Treatment

Barley, corn, cotton, dried shelled peas and 

beans, edible podded legume vegetables, oat, 

peanut, rye, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, wheat 

and triticale seed

BAS 700 03 F 

Fungicide Seed 

Treatment

Reg No. 7969-XXX

Suspension Concentrate

2.72 Seed Treatment

Barley, corn, cotton, dried shelled peas and 

beans, edible podded legume vegetables, oat, 

peanut, rye, sorghum, soybean, sunflower, wheat

and triticale seed

BAS 700 04 F 

Fungicide

Reg No. 7969-XXX

Suspension Concentrate

2.47

Foliar

Aerial and ground

Cereals, bean and pea legumes, peanuts, pome 

and stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil seed, 

root and root and tuberous vegetable crops

BAS 703 01 F 

Fungicide

Reg No. 7969-XXX

Suspension Concentrate

2.09

(2.09 Pyraclostrobin)

Foliar

Aerial and ground

Pome and stone fruits, fruiting vegetables, oil 

seed, soybean, and root and tuberous vegetable 

crops.

BAS 703 02 F 

Fungicide

Reg No. 7969-XXX

Suspension Concentrate

1.39

(2.78 Pyraclostrobin)

Foliar

Aerial and ground

Cereals, fruiting vegetables, oilseed crops, 

peanut, soybean, and root and tuber vegetables 

crops.
-Page 78 of 150-

Proposed Use Information for Fluxapyroxad Products

EUP Crop

Max Single 

App Rate

(lbs ai/A)

Number of 

Applications

Minimum

Retreatment 

Interval

Max Annual 

App Rate

(lbs ai/A)

Notes

BAS 700 01F

Barley 0.089 2 NS 0.18 1

Corn 0.089 2 7 0.18 1

Dried shelled peas (except 

soybean) 0.089 2 7 0.18 1

Dried shelled beans (except 

soybean) 0.18 2 7 0.36 1

Edible podded legume vegetables 0.089 2 7 0.18 1

Fruiting vegetables 0.089 3 7 0.27 1

Oat 0.089 2 NS 0.18 1

Oilseed crops, canola/rapeseed 0.089 2 14 0.18 1

Oilseed crops, other 0.089 2 7 0.18 1

Peanut 0.089 3 14 0.27 2

Pome fruits 0.089 4 7 0.36 1

Rye 0.089 2 NS 0.18 1

Soybean 0.089 2 7 0.18 1

Stone fruits 0.110 3 7 0.33 1

Succulent shelled peas and beans 0.089 2 7 0.18 1

Sugar beet 0.089 3 14 0.27 2

Tuberous and corm vegetables 0.089 3 7 0.27 2

Wheat, triticale 0.089 2 NS 0.18 1

BAS 700 02F 

and BAS 700 

03F

Barley seed 0.069 1 NA 0.069 Based on 138.3 lbs seed/acre

Corn seed 0.017 1 NA 0.017 Based on 33.2 lbs seed/acre

Cotton seed 0.004 1 NA 0.004 Based on 18.9 lbs seed/acre

Dried shelled pea and bean seed 0.016 1 NA 0.016 Based on 163.4 lbs seed/acre

Edible podded legume vegetable 

seed 0.022 1 NA 0.022 Based on 218 lbs seed/acre

Oat seed 0.009 1 NA 0.009 Based on 90 lbs seed/acre

Peanut seed 0.023 1 NA 0.023 Based on 228.3 lbs seed/acre

Rye seed 0.009 1 NA 0.009 Based on 90 lbs seed/acre

Sorghum seed 0.002 1 NA 0.002 Based on 9.1 lbs seed/acre

Soybean seed 0.017 1 NA 0.017 Based on 166.7 lbs seed/acre
-Page 79 of 150-

EUP Crop

Max Single 

App Rate

(lbs ai/A)

Number of 

Applications

Minimum

Retreatment 

Interval

Max Annual 

App Rate

(lbs ai/A)

Notes

Sunflower seed 0.0008 1 NA 0.0008 Based on 4 lbs seed/acre

Wheat, triticale seed 0.078 1 NA 0.078 Based on 156 lbs seed/acre

BAS 700 04F

Barley 0.087 2 NS 0.17 1

Corn 0.087 2 7 0.17 1, 3

Dried shelled peas (except 

soybean) 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Dried shelled beans (except 

soybean) 0.174 2 7 0.35 1

Edible podded legume vegetables 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Fruiting vegetables 0.087 3 7 0.26 1

Oat 0.087 2 NS 0.17 1

Oilseed crops, canola/rapeseed 0.087 2 14 0.17 1

Oilseed crops, other 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Peanut 0.087 3 14 0.26 2

Pome fruits 0.087 4 7 0.35 1

Rye 0.087 2 NS 0.17 1

Soybean 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Stone fruits 0.108 3 7 0.32 1

Succulent shelled peas and beans 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Sugar beet 0.087 3 14 0.26 2

Tuberous and corm vegetables 0.087 3 7 0.26 2

Wheat, triticale 0.087 2 NS 0.17 1

BAS 703 01F

Fruiting vegetables 0.089 3 7 0.27 1

Oilseed crops, canola/rapeseed 0.089 2 14 0.18 1

Oilseed crops, other 0.089 2 7 0.18 1

Pome fruits 0.089 4 7 0.36 1

Soybean 0.089 2 7 0.18 1

Stone fruits 0.109 3 7 0.32 1

Tuberous and corm vegetables 0.089 3 7 0.27 2

Wheat, triticale 0.089 2 NS 0.18 1

BAS 703 02F Barley 0.087 2 NS 0.17 1

Corn 0.087 2 7 0.17 1
-Page 80 of 150-

EUP Crop

Max Single 

App Rate

(lbs ai/A)

Number of 

Applications

Minimum

Retreatment 

Interval

Max Annual 

App Rate

(lbs ai/A)

Notes

Dried shelled beans (except 

soybean) 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Edible podded legume vegetables 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Fruiting vegetables 0.087 3 7 0.26 1

Oat 0.087 2 NS 0.17 1

Oilseed crops, canola/rapeseed 0.087 2 14 0.17 1

Oilseed crops, other 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Peanut 0.087 3 14 0.26 2

Rye 0.087 2 NS 0.17 1

Soybean 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Succulent shelled peas and beans 0.087 2 7 0.17 1

Sugar beet 0.087 3 14 0.26 2

Tuberous and corm vegetables 0.087 3 7 0.26 2

Wheat, triticale 0.087 2 NS 0.17 1

NS - not specified. NA - not applicable

Notes

1. Only 2 consecutive applications before alternating to a labeled fungicide w/ different mode of action.

2. Only 1 application before alternating to a labeled fungicide w/ different mode of action.

3. Max single use rate based on label footnote in Table 2 of label.

4. Seeding rates obtained from Becker, 2011
-Page 81 of 150-

Appendix B. GENEEC Results

 Foliar Applications

 RUN No. 1 FOR fluxapyroxad ON barley * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .089( .178) 2 3 931.0 3.4 AERL_B( 13.0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 5.02 5.00 4.88 4.61 4.43

 RUN No. 2 FOR fluxapyroxad ON corn * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .089( .177) 2 7 931.0 3.4 AERL_B( 13.0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 5.01 4.99 4.87 4.61 4.42

 RUN No. 3 FOR fluxapyroxad ON dried bean * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)
-Page 82 of 150-

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .180( .359) 2 7 931.0 3.4 AERL_B( 13.0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 10.14 10.10 9.85 9.32 8.94

 RUN No. 4 FOR fluxapyroxad ON fruiting v * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .089( .265) 3 7 931.0 3.4 AERL_B( 13.0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 7.50 7.47 7.29 6.89 6.62

 RUN No. 5 FOR fluxapyroxad ON oilseed * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .089( .177) 2 14 931.0 3.4 AERL_B( 13.0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------
-Page 83 of 150-

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 5.00 4.98 4.86 4.60 4.41

 RUN No. 6 FOR fluxapyroxad ON peanut * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .089( .264) 3 14 931.0 3.4 AERL_B( 13.0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 7.47 7.44 7.25 6.86 6.58

 RUN No. 7 FOR fluxapyroxad ON pome fruit * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .089( .353) 4 7 931.0 3.4 AERL_B( 13.0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 9.98 9.94 9.69 9.17 8.80
-Page 84 of 150-

 RUN No. 8 FOR fluxapyroxad ON stone frui * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .110( .328) 3 7 931.0 3.4 AERL_B( 13.0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 9.27 9.24 9.01 8.52 8.18

Seed Treatments

 RUN No. 1 FOR fluxapyroxad ON sunflower * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .001( .001) 1 1 931.0 3.4 GRANUL( .0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN NANOGRAMS/LITER (PPTr)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 17.90 17.81 17.35 16.36 15.66

 RUN No. 2 FOR fluxapyroxad ON legume * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------
-Page 85 of 150-

 .022( .022) 1 1 931.0 3.4 GRANUL( .0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN NANOGRAMS/LITER (PPTr)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 492.16 489.84 477.05 449.79 430.65

 RUN No. 3 FOR fluxapyroxad ON wheat * INPUT VALUES * 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

 ONE(MULT) INTERVAL Koc (PPM ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 .078( .078) 1 1 931.0 3.4 GRANUL( .0) .0 .0

 FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED

 (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) (POND) (POND) 

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 857.00 2 N/A .00- .00 993.00 993.00

 GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY

 GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

 --------------------------------------------------------------------

 1.74 1.74 1.69 1.59 1.53
-Page 86 of 150-

Appendix C. SCI-GROW Results

SCIGROW

VERSION 2.3

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS DIVISION

OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

SCREENING MODEL

FOR AQUATIC PESTICIDE EXPOSURE

SciGrow version 2.3

chemical:fluxapyroxad

time is 10/27/2011 13:34:47

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Application Number of Total Use Koc Soil Aerobic

 rate (lb/acre) applications (lb/acre/yr) (ml/g) metabolism (days)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 0.180 2.0 0.360 9.02E+02 366.0

------------------------------------------------------------------------

groundwater screening cond (ppb) = 8.74E-02 

************************************************************************

SciGrow version 2.3

chemical:fluxapyroxad

time is 10/27/2011 13:35: 5

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Application Number of Total Use Koc Soil Aerobic

 rate (lb/acre) applications (lb/acre/yr) (ml/g) metabolism (days)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 0.078 1.0 0.078 9.02E+02 366.0

------------------------------------------------------------------------

groundwater screening cond (ppb) = 1.89E-02 

************************************************************************
-Page 87 of 150-

Appendix D. Example STIR (v. 1.0) input and output data
-Page 88 of 150-

Appendix E. Example SIP (v. 1.0) input and output data
-Page 89 of 150-

Appendix F. Ecotoxicity data gaps and uncertainties

Table 1. Aquatic ecotoxicity data gaps and uncertainties.

OCSPP

Guideline

Study Type Test 

Substance

MRID EPA Study 

Classification

Fulfills EPA

Guideline?

Endpoints

850.1350 Chronic Toxicity to 

Saltwater Mysid

BAS 700 F 47923735 Invalid No N/A

850.1400 Early Life Stage 

Toxicity to Fish, 

Freshwater Fathead 

Minnow

BAS 700 F 47923729 Supplemental Yes1 Reduced length:

NOAEC = 35.9 g ai/L

LOAEC = 67.6 g ai/L

Early Life Stage 

Toxicity to Fish, 

Estuarine/Marine

N/A N/A NA

(not submitted)

No N/A

850.1735 Spiked Sediment 

Toxicity, Freshwater 

Amphipod (10-day)

BAS 700 F 47923744 Supplemental No2Survival: N/A

Dry weight:

EC50 > 973 mg ai/kg sediment

95% CI = N/A

NOAEC = 67 mg ai/kg sediment3

LOAEC = 113 mg ai/kg sediment

850.1740 Spiked Sediment 

Toxicity, 

Estuarine/Marine 

Amphipod (10-day)

BAS 700 F 47923745 Supplemental Yes Survival: 4

EC50 = 120.7 mg ai/kg sediment

95% CI = 103.1 – 145.6 mg ai/kg 

sediment

Probit slope = 2.03(1.66 to 2.40)

mg ai/kg sediment

NOAEC = 27 mg ai/kg sediment

LOAEC = 57 mg ai/kg sediment

Growth: not reported

Nonguideline Spiked Sediment 

Toxicity, Freshwater 

Midge (28-day)

BAS 700 F 47923746 Supplemental N/A Emergence: 5

EC50 > 527 mg ai/kg sediment

95% CI = N/A

NOAEC = 273 mg ai/kg sediment

LOAEC = 527 mg ai/kg sediment

Development:

EC50 > 527 mg ai/kg sediment

95% CI = N/A
-Page 90 of 150-

OCSPP

Guideline

Study Type Test 

Substance

MRID EPA Study 

Classification

Fulfills EPA

Guideline?

Endpoints

NOAEC = 76 mg ai/kg sediment

LOAEC = 146 mg ai/kg sediment

850.5400 Algal Toxicity, Tiers I 

and II

Green alga

BAS 700 F 47923737 Supplemental No7 Cell density: not reported 6

Yield (cell density):

EC50 = 0.37 mg ai/L 

95% CI = 0.35 – 0.38 mg ai/L

Slope = 6.1 (±0.23)

NOAEC = 0.15 mg ai/L

Growth rate (cell density):

EC50 = 0.63 mg ai/L 

95% CI = 0.60 – 0.67 mg ai/L

Slope = 4.4 (±0.26)

NOAEC = 0.15 mg ai/L

BAS 700 01 F 47923818 Supplemental No7 Cell density:

8

EC50 = 0.71 mg ai/L

95% C.I. = 0.60-0.84 mg ai/L 

Slope: 1.96 (±0.134)

NOAEC: 0.06 mg ai/L

Yield (cell density):

EC50: 0.67 mg ai/L

95% C.I.: 0.57-0.78 mg ai/L 

Slope: 2.29 (±0.15)

NOAEC: 0.06 mg ai/L

Growth rate (cell density):

EC50 = 1.5 mg ai/L

95% C.I.: 1.3-1.7 mg ai/L 

Slope: 1.91 (±0.11)

NOAEC = 0.49 mg ai/L

Freshwater diatom BAS 700 F 47923742 Supplemental No7 Cell density: 6

EC50 = 1.6 mg ai/L 

95% CI = 1.5 – 1.7 mg ai/L

Slope = 2.3 (±0.08)

NOAEC = 0.22 mg ai/L
-Page 91 of 150-

OCSPP

Guideline

Study Type Test 

Substance

MRID EPA Study 

Classification

Fulfills EPA

Guideline?

Endpoints

Yield (cell density):

EC50 = 1.6 mg ai/L 

95% CI = 1.5 – 1.7 mg ai/L

Slope = 2.4 (±0.08)

NOAEC = 0.22 mg ai/L

Growth rate (cell density):

EC50 > 3.4 mg ai/L 

95% CI = N/A

Slope = N/A

NOAEC = 0.44 mg ai/L

1

 Validity criteria per OCSPP Guideline 850.1400 were not satisfied for temperature and analytical recovery in some replicates; however, the overall performance of the test was adequate and the study

is considered scientifically sound.

2

 EFED considers the survival endpoints to be unreliable due to elevated mortality in two replicates of the solvent control and in one replicate each of the 67 and 113 mg ai/kg sediment treatments. 

However, EFED is not requesting additional data at this time because survival at the three highest treatment levels (up to 973 mg ai/kg sediment) was > 80%, as compared to 84% in the negative control.

3

 EFED will use the visually determined NOAEC of 67 mg a.i./kg sediment (initial measured), based on 26% reduction in mean dry weight when compared to the negative control, in risk estimation. 

No replicate outliers were excluded in the determination of this endpoint. This study does not support a statistically derived NOAEC for growth (dry weight) because the minimum significant difference 

is 95%.

4

 EFED will use statistically-derived endpoints based on mean measured concentrations and comparisons to the negative control. There was a substantive difference between endpoints based on 

comparison to the negative control and comparison to the pooled controls. Additional endpoints based on pore water and overlying water concentrations, also in comparison to the negative control, are 

reported in the Biological Results section of the study review.

5

 EFED will use NOAEC and LOAEC values for emergence based on the complete dataset, without excluding the replicate at the highest treatment concentration in which only one midge emerged. 

This does not affect the values used in risk estimation because development was a more sensitive endpoint than emergence in this study.

6

 The endpoints for use in EFED risk estimation and characterization are presented in the Biological Results section of the study review.

7

 Although the algal toxicity tests were consistent with OECD test guideline 201, the tests with the green alga and the freshwater diatom do not satisfy OCSPP guideline 850.5400 because the algae in 

controls had not reached the logarithmic growth phase by test termination, and the light intensity was much higher than what is recommended in the OCSPP guideline. These deviations may affect the

nature of the growth curve and the concentration-response, thereby limiting the utility of the information in EPA risk assessment. However, EFED is not requesting additional algal toxicity tests at this 

time.

8 The endpoints verified by the reviewer, including NOAEC values and endpoints for cell density, were omitted from the study review although the Biological Results section describes how they were 

calculated. They are included in this memo. The EC50 values are roughly equivalent to the EC50 values reported by the study author.
-Page 92 of 150-

Table 2. Terrestrial ecotoxicity data gaps and uncertainties.

uideline Study Type Test 

Substance

MRID EPA Study 

Classification

Fulfills EPA

Guideline?

Endpoints

850.2100 Zebra Finch BAS 700 F 47923717 Supplemental No1 LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw

NOAEL = 1000 mg/kg bw

850.2300 Avian Reproduction

Bobwhite Quail

BAS 700 F 47923720 Supplemental No2reduction in hatchling body 

weight:

NOAEC < 100 mg/kg diet

NOAEL < 7.8 mg/kg bw/day

LOAEC = 100 mg/kg diet

850.4225 Terrestrial Plant 

Toxicity: Seedling 

Emergence, Tier II

BAS 703 02 F

(14.4% 

fluxapyroxad, 

27.2% 

pyraclostrobin)

47924321 Supplemental No3inhibition of dry weight:

monocot IC25 > 0.0894

 NOAEL = 0.0446

 LOAEL = 0.0894

most sensitive monocot: onion

dicot IC25 > 0.0894

 NOAEL = 0.0055

 LOAEL = 0.0111

most sensitive dicot: cabbage

Nonguideline Toxicity to Honey Bee 

Brood

BAS 700 00 F 447923749 Supplemental N/A NOAEC = 0.11 lbs ai/A

LOAEC > 0.11 lbs ai/A

1

 Classified as supplemental due to extremely low light intensity and an extended fasting period, which compounds uncertainties about sublethal effects observed in female birds at the highest dose. 

However, EFED is not requesting an additional study at this time.

2

 EFED conservatively concluded that a NOAEC was not established due to the slight (5-7%) but statistically significant reduction in hatchling body weight at all treatment levels when compared to 

negative control, with full recovery by day 14. It is uncertain to what extent deviations from guideline-recommended study conditions may have contributed to the observed effects. Deviations included 

high temperature (up to 42°C) in cage centers and extremely low light intensity (1-10 lux). EFED is not requesting an additional study at this time.

3

 EFED concluded that apparent adjuvant interference in the Tier II Seedling Emergence study with BAS 703 02 F lends uncertainty to the results obtained for onion (the most sensitive monocot 

species), cabbage (the most sensitive dicot species), and tomato.

4 BAS 700 00 F (5.9% fluxapyroxad) is an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) end-use product that is not included in the registration dossier for any of the Global Joint Review countries.
-Page 93 of 150-

Appendix G. Example T-REX (v. 1.4.1) input and output data
-Page 94 of 150-
-Page 95 of 150-
-Page 96 of 150-

Appendix H. Example TerrPlant (v. 1.2.2) input and output data
-Page 97 of 150-

Appendix I. LOCATES (v. 2.2.0) output of listed species

Species Listing by State with Use Criteria

No species were excluded

Minimum of 1 Acre.

All Medium Types Reported

Generic taxon {Amphibian, Arachnid, Bird, Bivalve, Conf/cycds, Coral, Crustacean, Dicot, 

Ferns, Fish, Gastropod, Insect, Lichen, Mammal, Monocot, Reptile}

barley for grain, corn for grain, corn for silage or greenchop, corn-popcorn & sweet corn, cornsweet for seed, beans-all other, beans-dry edible excluding limas, beans-dry lima, beans-green 

lima, beans-snap (green), beans-yard-long, peas-chinese (sugar and snow), peas-dry edible, peasdry southern (cowpeas), peas-green (excluding southern), peas-green southern (cowpeas) -

blackeyed, crowder, etc., peas-pigeon, eggplant, peppers harvested, peppers other than bell 

(including chile), peppers-bell (excluding pimientos), tomatoes in the open, oats for grain, canola, 

rapeseed, sunflower seed-oil varieties, flaxseed, crambe, jojoba harvested, safflower, sesame, 

peanuts for nuts, apples, pears-all, rye for grain, soybeans, apricots, cherries-sweet, cherries-tart, 

nectarines, peaches-all, plums and prunes, sugarbeets for seed, sugarbeets for sugar, potatoes, 

dasheens, taro, ginger root, sweet potatoes, yams, wheat-all, triticale

Alabama ( 96) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods (Ambystoma cingulatum) T Terrestrial, Amphibian

Freshwater, Vernal 

pool

Salamander, Red Hills (Phaeognathus hubrichti) T Terrestrial, Amphibian

Freshwater

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Bankclimber, Purple (Elliptoideus sloatianus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Combshell, Southern (=Penitent (Epioblasma penita) E Freshwater Bivalve

mussel)

Combshell, Upland (Epioblasma metastriata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) E Freshwater Bivalve

Kidneyshell, Triangular (Ptychobranchus greenii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Orange-nacre (Lampsilis perovalis) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Acornshell Southern (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell (Medionidus acutissimus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell (Medionidus parvulus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell (Epioblasma brevidens) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Dark Pigtoe (Pleurobema furvum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook (Lampsilis altilis) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe (Fusconaia cuneolus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Flat Pigtoe (=Marshall's (Pleurobema marshalli) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel)

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell (Medionidus penicillatus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge (Pleurobema taitianum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Tait's Mussel)

Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated (Potamilus inflatus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Oval Pigtoe (Pleurobema pyriforme) E Freshwater Bivalve
-Page 98 of 150-

Alabama ( 96) species:

E/T Medium

Taxon

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell (Pleurobema perovatum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick (Obovaria retusa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearly)

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe (Fusconaia cor) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook (Lampsilis subangulata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Southern Clubshell (Pleurobema decisum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe (Pleurobema georgianum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp (Lampsilis virescens) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cracking (Hemistena lata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cumberland (Quadrula intermedia) E Freshwater Bivalve

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed (Plethobasus cooperianus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput (Toxolasma cylindrellus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom (Epioblasma turgidula) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback (Plethobasus cicatricosus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Stirrupshell (Quadrula stapes) E Freshwater Bivalve

Shrimp, Alabama Cave (Palaemonias alabamae) E Freshwater

Crustacean

Amphianthus, Little (Amphianthus pusillus) T Freshwater Dicot

Barbara Buttons, Mohr's (Marshallia mohrii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Bladderpod, Lyrate (Lesquerella lyrata) T Terrestrial Dicot

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clover, Leafy Prairie (Dalea foliosa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) E Freshwater Dicot

Leather-flower, Alabama (Clematis socialis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Leather-flower, Morefield's (Clematis morefieldii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pinkroot, Gentian (Spigelia gentianoides) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pitcher-plant, Alabama Canebrake (Sarracenia rubra alabamensis) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Pitcher-plant, Green (Sarracenia oreophila) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Potato-bean, Price's (Apios priceana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Fern, Alabama Streak-sorus (Thelypteris pilosa var. alabamensis) T Terrestrial Ferns

Fern, American hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium var. T Terrestrial Ferns

Quillwort, Louisiana (Isoetes louisianensis) E Terrestrial, Ferns

Freshwater

Cavefish, Alabama (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Spotfin (Erimonax monachus) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Boulder (Etheostoma wapiti) E Freshwater Fish

Darter, Goldline (Percina aurolineata) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Slackwater (Etheostoma boschungi) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Snail (Percina tanasi) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Vermilion (Etheostoma chermocki) E Freshwater Fish

Darter, Watercress (Etheostoma nuchale) E Freshwater Fish

Sculpin, Pygmy (Cottus paulus (=pygmaeus)) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Blue (Cyprinella caerulea) T Freshwater Fish

Alabama ( 96) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Shiner, Cahaba (Notropis cahabae) E Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Palezone (Notropis albizonatus) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Alabama (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi) E Freshwater Fish
-Page 99 of 150-

Sturgeon, Gulf (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) T Freshwater, Fish

Campeloma, Slender (Campeloma decampi) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Elimia, Lacy (Elimia crenatella) T Freshwater

Gastropod

Pebblesnail, Flat (Lepyrium showalteri) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Riversnail, Anthony's (Athearnia anthonyi) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Rocksnail, Painted (Leptoxis taeniata) T Freshwater

Gastropod

Rocksnail, Plicate (Leptoxis plicata) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Rocksnail, Round (Leptoxis ampla) T Freshwater

Gastropod

Snail, Armored (Pyrgulopsis (=Marstonia) pachyta) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical (Lioplax cyclostomaformis) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Snail, Tulotoma (Tulotoma magnifica) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) E Terrestrial, Perm. Insect

wetland

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) E Terrestrial, Insect

Freshwater

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Mouse, Alabama Beach (Peromyscus polionotus ammobates) E Terrestrial, Coastal

Mammal

Mouse, Perdido Key Beach (Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis) E Coastal

Mammal

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Bristle) Freshwater

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed (Xyris tennesseensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Trillium, Relict (Trillium reliquum) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Water-plantain, Kral's (Sagittaria secundifolia) T Freshwater

Monocot

Snake, Eastern Indigo (Drymarchon corais couperi) T Terrestrial Reptile

Tortoise, Gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) T Terrestrial Reptile

Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied (Pseudemys alabamensis) E Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Turtle, Flattened Musk (Sternotherus depressus) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Alaska ( 4) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Albatross, Short-tailed (Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus) E Terrestrial, Saltwater Bird

Eider, Steller's (Polysticta stelleri) T Terrestrial, Saltwater Bird

Otter, Northern Sea (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) T Saltwater

Mammal

Seal, spotted (Phoca largha) T Saltwater

Mammal

Arizona ( 56) species: E/T Medium Taxon
-Page 100 of 150-

Frog, Chiricahua Leopard (Rana chiricahuensis) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Salamander, Sonora Tiger (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater, Vernal 

pool

Bobwhite, Masked (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) E Terrestrial Bird

Condor, California (Gymnogyps californianus) E Terrestrial Bird

Arizona ( 56) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Eagle, Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) T Terrestrial Bird

Falcon, Northern Aplomado (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) E Terrestrial Bird

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) E Terrestrial Bird

Owl, Mexican Spotted (Strix occidentalis lucida) T Terrestrial Bird

Rail, Yuma Clapper (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) E Terrestrial Bird

Blue-star, Kearney's (Amsonia kearneyana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog (Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Brady Pincushion (Pediocactus bradyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Cochise Pincushion (Coryphantha robbinsorum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head (Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Peebles Navajo (Pediocactus peeblesianus E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Pima Pineapple (Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Siler Pincushion (Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cliffrose, Arizona (Purshia (=cowania) subintegra) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cycladenia, Jones (Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis)) T Terrestrial Dicot

Fleabane, Zuni (Erigeron rhizomatus) T Terrestrial Dicot

Groundsel, San Francisco Peaks (Senecio franciscanus) T Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Holmgren (Astragalus holmgreniorum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Sentry (Astragalus cremnophylax var. E Terrestrial Dicot

cremnophylax)

Milkweed, Welsh's (Asclepias welshii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Umbel, Huachuca Water (Lilaeopsis schaffneriana var. recurva) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Catfish, Yaqui (Ictalurus pricei) T Freshwater Fish

Chub, Bonytail (Gila elegans) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Gila (Gila intermedia) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Humpback (Gila cypha) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Sonora (Gila ditaenia) T Freshwater Fish

Chub, Virgin River (Gila seminuda (=robusta)) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Yaqui (Gila purpurea) E Freshwater Fish

Minnow, Loach (Tiaroga cobitis) T Freshwater Fish

Pupfish, Desert (Cyprinodon macularius) E Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Beautiful (Cyprinella formosa) T Freshwater Fish

Spikedace (Meda fulgida) T Freshwater Fish

Spinedace, Little Colorado (Lepidomeda vittata) T Freshwater Fish

Squawfish, Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) E Freshwater Fish

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) E Freshwater Fish

Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) (Poeciliopsis occidentalis) E Freshwater Fish

Trout, Apache (Oncorhynchus apache) T Freshwater Fish

Trout, Gila (Oncorhynchus gilae) E Freshwater Fish

Woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) E Freshwater Fish

Ambersnail, Kanab (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) E Terrestrial, 

Gastropod

Freshwater

Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long- (Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae) E Terrestrial, 
-Page 101 of 150-

Mammal

nosed Subterraneous

Arizona ( 56) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Jaguar (Panthera onca) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Ocelot (Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Pronghorn, Sonoran (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Squirrel, Mount Graham Red (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus grahamensis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Vole, Hualapai Mexican (Microtus mexicanus hualpaiensis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, Canelo Hills (Spiranthes delitescens) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Sedge, Navajo (Carex specuicola) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge- (Crotalus willardi obscurus) T Terrestrial Reptile

nosed

Tortoise, Desert (Gopherus agassizii) T Terrestrial Reptile

Arkansas ( 34) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Eagle, Bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) T Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Ivory-billed (Campephilus principalis) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Fatmucket, Arkansas (Lampsilis powelli) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Scaleshell (Leptodea leptodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Speckled Pocketbook (Lampsilis streckeri) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Curtis' (Epioblasma florentina curtisii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook (Potamilus capax) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom (Epioblasma turgidula) E Freshwater Bivalve

Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita (Arkansia wheeleri) E Freshwater Bivalve

(=Wheeler's pm)

Crayfish, Cave (Cambarus (Cambarus aculabrum) E Freshwater

Crustacean

aculabrum)

Bladderpod, Missouri (Lesquerella filiformis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Catchfly, Spalding's (Silene spaldingii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) (Geocarpon minimum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) E Freshwater Dicot

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cavefish, Ozark (Amblyopsis rosae) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Leopard (Percina pantherina) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) T Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Trout, Bull (Salvelinus confluentus) T Freshwater Fish

Shagreen, Magazine Mountain (Mesodon magazinensis) T Terrestrial

Gastropod

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal
-Page 102 of 150-

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Arkansas ( 34) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Bat, Ozark Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Panther, Florida (Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Rabbit, Pygmy (Brachylagus idahoensis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

California ( 290) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Frog, California Red-legged (Rana aurora draytonii) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged (Rana muscosa) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Salamander, California Tiger (Ambystoma californiense) E Terrestrial, Vernal 

Amphibian

pool

Salamander, Desert Slender (Batrachoseps aridus) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Salamander, Santa Cruz Long-toed (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater, Vernal 

pool

Toad, Arroyo Southwestern (Bufo californicus (=microscaphus)) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Albatross, Short-tailed (Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus) E Terrestrial, Saltwater Bird

Condor, California (Gymnogyps californianus) E Terrestrial Bird

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) E Terrestrial Bird

Gnatcatcher, Coastal California (Polioptila californica californica) T Terrestrial Bird

Murrelet, Marbled (Brachyramphus marmoratus) T Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater, 

Owl, Northern Spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) T Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Western Snowy (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) T Terrestrial Bird

Rail, California Clapper (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) E Terrestrial Bird

Rail, Light-footed Clapper (Rallus longirostris levipes) E Terrestrial Bird

Rail, Yuma Clapper (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) E Terrestrial Bird

Shrike, San Clemente (Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) E Terrestrial Bird

Sparrow, San Clemente Sage (Amphispiza belli clementeae) T Terrestrial Bird

Tern, California Least (Sterna antillarum browni) E Terrestrial Bird

Towhee, Inyo Brown (Pipilo crissalis eremophilus) T Terrestrial Bird

Vireo, Least Bell's (Vireo bellii pusillus) E Terrestrial Bird

Cypress, Gowen (Cupressus goveniana ssp. goveniana) T Terrestrial

Conf/cycds

Cypress, Santa Cruz (Cupressus abramsiana) E Terrestrial

Conf/cycds

Crayfish, Shasta (Pacifastacus fortis) E Freshwater

Crustacean

Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy (Branchinecta conservatio) E Vernal pool

Crustacean

Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn (Branchinecta longiantenna) E Vernal pool
-Page 103 of 150-

Crustacean

Fairy Shrimp, Riverside (Streptocephalus woottoni) E Vernal pool

Crustacean

Fairy Shrimp, San Diego (Branchinecta sandiegonensis) E Vernal pool

Crustacean

Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool (Branchinecta lynchi) T Vernal pool

Crustacean

Shrimp, California Freshwater (Syncaris pacifica) E Freshwater

Crustacean

Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool (Lepidurus packardi) E Vernal pool

Crustacean

Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin (Pseudobahia peirsonii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Allocarya, Calistoga (Plagiobothrys strictus) E Vernal pool Dicot

Ambrosia, San Diego (Ambrosia pumila) E Terrestrial Dicot

Baccharis, Encinitas (Baccharis vanessae) T Terrestrial Dicot

California ( 290) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Barberry, Island (Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Barberry, Nevin's (Berberis nevinii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bedstraw, El Dorado (Galium californicum ssp. sierrae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bedstraw, Island (Galium buxifolium) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted (Cordylanthus palmatus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bird's-beak, Pennell's (Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bird's-beak, salt marsh (Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus) E Saltwater Dicot

Bird's-beak, Soft (Cordylanthus mollis ssp. mollis) E Brackish, Saltwater Dicot

Bladderpod, San Bernardino (Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mountains

Bluecurls, Hidden Lake (Trichostema austromontanum ssp. T Terrestrial Dicot

compactum)

Broom, San Clemente Island (Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Buckwheat, Cushenbury (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Buckwheat, Ione (incl. Irish Hill) (Eriogonum apricum (incl. var. prostratum)) E Terrestrial Dicot

Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild (Eriogonum kennedyi var. T

Terrestrial Dicot

Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island (Malacothamnus clementinus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bush-mallow, Santa Cruz Island (Malacothamnus fasciculatus var. E Terrestrial Dicot

Butterweed, Layne's (Senecio layneae) T Terrestrial Dicot

Button-celery, San Diego (Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Bakersfield (Opuntia treleasei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ceanothus, Coyote (Ceanothus ferrisae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ceanothus, Pine Hill (Ceanothus roderickii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ceanothus, Vail Lake (Ceanothus ophiochilus) T Terrestrial Dicot

Centaury, Spring-loving (Centaurium namophilum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Checker-mallow, Keck's (Sidalcea keckii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh (Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida) E Terrestrial Dicot

Checker-mallow, Pedate (Sidalcea pedata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clarkia, Pismo (Clarkia speciosa ssp. immaculata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clarkia, Presidio (Clarkia franciscana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clarkia, Springville (Clarkia springvillensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Clarkia, Vine Hill (Clarkia imbricata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clover, Fleshy Owl's (Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta) T Vernal pool Dicot

Clover, Monterey (Trifolium trichocalyx) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clover, Showy Indian (Trifolium amoenum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Coyote-thistle, Loch Lomond (Eryngium constancei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Crownbeard, Big-leaved (Verbesina dissita) T Terrestrial Dicot

Crownscale, San Jacinto Valley (Atriplex coronata var. notatior) E Terrestrial Dicot

Daisy, Parish's (Erigeron parishii) T Freshwater Dicot
-Page 104 of 150-

Dudleya, Conejo (Dudleya abramsii ssp. parva) T Terrestrial Dicot

Dudleya, Marcescent (Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens) T Terrestrial Dicot

Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley (Dudleya setchellii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Dudleya, Santa Cruz Island (Dudleya nesiotica) T Terrestrial Dicot

Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains (Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia) T Terrestrial Dicot

Dudleya, Verity's (Dudleya verityi) T Terrestrial Dicot

California ( 290) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Dwarf-flax, Marin (Hesperolinon congestum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes (Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Evening-primrose, Eureka Valley (Oenothera avita ssp. eurekensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Evening-primrose, San Benito (Camissonia benitensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Fiddleneck, Large-flowered (Amsinckia grandiflora) E Terrestrial Dicot

Flannelbush, Mexican (Fremontodendron mexicanum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Flannelbush, Pine Hill (Fremontodendron californicum ssp. E Terrestrial Dicot

decumbens)

Fringepod, Santa Cruz Island (Thysanocarpus conchuliferus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Gilia, Hoffmann's Slender- (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. hoffmannii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Gilia, Monterey (Gilia tenuiflora ssp. arenaria) E Terrestrial Dicot

Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's (Pseudobahia bahiifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Goldfields, Burke's (Lasthenia burkei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Goldfields, Contra Costa (Lasthenia conjugens) E Terrestrial Dicot

Grass, Hairy Orcutt (Orcuttia pilosa) E Vernal pool Dicot

Grass, Sacramento Orcutt (Orcuttia viscida) E Vernal pool Dicot

Grass, Slender Orcutt (Orcuttia tenuis) T Vernal pool Dicot

Gumplant, Ash Meadows (Grindelia fraxino-pratensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Howellia, Water (Howellia aquatilis) T Freshwater Dicot

Jewelflower, California (Caulanthus californicus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Jewelflower, Metcalf Canyon (Streptanthus albidus ssp. albidus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Jewelflower, Tiburon (Streptanthus niger) E Terrestrial Dicot

Larkspur, Baker's (Delphinium bakeri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Larkspur, San Clemente Island (Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense) E Terrestrial Dicot

Larkspur, Yellow (Delphinium luteum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Layia, Beach (Layia carnosa) E Terrestrial, Coastal Dicot

Lessingia, San Francisco (Lessingia germanorum (=L.g. var. E Terrestrial Dicot

germanorum))

Liveforever, Laguna Beach (Dudleya stolonifera) T Terrestrial Dicot

Liveforever, Santa Barbara Island (Dudleya traskiae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lupine, Clover (Lupinus tidestromii) E Coastal Dicot

Lupine, Nipomo Mesa (Lupinus nipomensis) E Coastal Dicot

Malacothrix, Island (Malacothrix squalida) E Terrestrial Dicot

Malacothrix, Santa Cruz Island (Malacothrix indecora) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mallow, Kern (Eremalche kernensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Manzanita, Del Mar (Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. E Terrestrial Dicot

Manzanita, Ione (Arctostaphylos myrtifolia) T Terrestrial Dicot

Manzanita, Morro (Arctostaphylos morroensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Manzanita, Pallid (Arctostaphylos pallida) T Terrestrial Dicot

Manzanita, Santa Rosa Island (Arctostaphylos confertiflora) E Terrestrial Dicot

Meadowfoam, Butte County (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica) E Vernal pool Dicot

Meadowfoam, Sebastopol (Limnanthes vinculans) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Milk-vetch, Applegate's (Astragalus applegatei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Braunton's (Astragalus brauntonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's (Astragalus clarianus) E Terrestrial Dicot

California ( 290) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Milk-vetch, Coachella Valley (Astragalus lentiginosus var. coachellae) E Terrestrial Dicot
-Page 105 of 150-

Milk-vetch, Coastal Dunes (Astragalus tener var. titi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Cushenbury (Astragalus albens) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Fish Slough (Astragalus lentiginosus var. piscinensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Pierson's (Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed (Astragalus tricarinatus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Ventura Marsh (Astragalus pycnostachyus var. E Terrestrial, Dicot

lanosissimus) Freshwater

Mint, Otay Mesa (Pogogyne nudiuscula) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mint, San Diego Mesa (Pogogyne abramsii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Monardella, Willowy (Monardella linoides ssp. viminea) E Terrestrial Dicot

Morning-glory, Stebbins (Calystegia stebbinsii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mountainbalm, Indian Knob (Eriodictyon altissimum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mountain-mahogany, Catalina (Cercocarpus traskiae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Island

Mustard, Slender-petaled (Thelypodium stenopetalum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Navarretia, Few-flowered (Navarretia leucocephala ssp. Pauciflora) E Terrestrial, Vernal Dicot

pool

Navarretia, Many-flowered (Navarretia leucocephala ssp. plieantha) E Terrestrial, Vernal Dicot

pool

Navarretia, Spreading (Navarretia fossalis) T Vernal pool Dicot

Niterwort, Amargosa (Nitrophila mohavensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Oxytheca, Cushenbury (Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian (Castilleja cinerea) T Terrestrial Dicot

Paintbrush, San Clemente Island (Castilleja grisea) E Terrestrial Dicot

Indian

Paintbrush, Soft-leaved (Castilleja mollis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Paintbrush, Tiburon (Castilleja affinis ssp. neglecta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Penny-cress, Kneeland Prairie (Thlaspi californicum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pentachaeta, Lyon's (Pentachaeta lyonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pentachaeta, White-rayed (Pentachaeta bellidiflora) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phacelia, Island (Phacelia insularis ssp. insularis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phlox, Yreka (Phlox hirsuta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Polygonum, Scott's Valley (Polygonum hickmanii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Potentilla, Hickman's (Potentilla hickmanii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pussypaws, Mariposa (Calyptridium pulchellum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Rock-cress, Hoffmann's (Arabis hoffmannii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rock-cress, McDonald's (Arabis mcdonaldiana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island (Sibara filifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rush-rose, Island (Helianthemum greenei) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sandwort, Bear Valley (Arenaria ursina) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sandwort, Marsh (Arenaria paludicola) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Sea-blite, California (Suaeda californica) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spineflower, Ben Lomond (Chorizanthe pungens var. hartwegiana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spineflower, Howell's (Chorizanthe howellii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spineflower, Monterey (Chorizanthe pungens var. pungens) T Terrestrial Dicot

Spineflower, Orcutt's (Chorizanthe orcuttiana) E Terrestrial Dicot

California ( 290) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Spineflower, Robust (Chorizanthe robusta va r. robusta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spineflower, Scotts Valley (Chorizanthe robusta var. hartwegii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spineflower, Slender-horned (Dodecahema leptoceras) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spineflower, Sonoma (Chorizanthe valida) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spurge, Hoover's (Chamaesyce hooveri) T Vernal pool Dicot

Stickyseed, Baker's (Blennosperma bakeri) E Vernal pool Dicot

Stonecrop, Lake County (Parvisedum leiocarpum) E Vernal pool Dicot

Sunflower, San Mateo Woolly (Eriophyllum latilobum) E Terrestrial Dicot
-Page 106 of 150-

Taraxacum, California (Taraxacum californicum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Tarplant, Gaviota (Deinandra increscens ssp. villosa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Tarplant, Otay (Deinandra (=Hemizonia) conjugens) T Terrestrial Dicot

Tarplant, Santa Cruz (Holocarpha macradenia) T Terrestrial Dicot

Thistle, Chorro creek Bog (Cirsium fontinale var. obispoense) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Thistle, Fountain (Cirsium fontinale var. fontinale) E Terrestrial Dicot

Thistle, La Graciosa (Cirsium loncholepis) E Freshwater, Dicot

Brackish, Coastal

Thistle, Suisun (Cirsium hydrophilum var. hydrophilum) E Terrestrial, Brackish Dicot

Thornmint, San Diego (Acanthomintha ilicifolia) T Terrestrial Dicot

Thornmint, San Mateo (Acanthomintha obovata ssp. duttonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Tuctoria, Green's (Tuctoria greenei) E Vernal pool Dicot

Vervain, California (Verbena californica) T Terrestrial Dicot

Wallflower, Ben Lomond (Erysimum teretifolium) E Terrestrial Dicot

Wallflower, Contra Costa (Erysimum capitatum var. angustatum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Wallflower, Menzie's (Erysimum menziesii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Watercress, Gambel's (Rorippa gambellii) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater, Brackish

Woodland-star, San Clemente (Lithophragma maximum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Island

Woolly-star, Santa Ana River (Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Woolly-threads, San Joaquin (Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Yerba Santa, Lompoc (Eriodictyon capitatum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Bonytail (Gila elegans) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Mohave Tui (Gila bicolor mohavensis) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Owens Tui (Gila bicolor snyderi) E Freshwater Fish

Goby, Tidewater (Eucyclogobius newberryi) E Freshwater Fish

Pupfish, Desert (Cyprinodon macularius) E Freshwater Fish

Pupfish, Owens (Cyprinodon radiosus) E Freshwater Fish

Salmon, Chinook (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) E/T Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Coho (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Smelt, Delta (Hypomesus transpacificus) T Freshwater, Brackish Fish

Squawfish, Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) E Freshwater Fish

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Stickleback, Unarmored (Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni) E Freshwater Fish

Threespine

California ( 290) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Sturgeon, North American green (Acipenser medirostris) T Freshwater, Fish

Sucker, Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Modoc (Catostomus microps) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Santa Ana (Catostomus santaanae) T Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) E Freshwater Fish

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) T Freshwater Fish

Trout, Little Kern Golden (Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei) T Freshwater Fish

Trout, Paiute Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris) T Freshwater Fish

Abalone, White (Haliotis sorenseni) E Saltwater

Gastropod

Snail, Morro Shoulderband (Helminthoglypta walkeriana) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

Beetle, Delta Green Ground (Elaphrus viridis) T Terrestrial, Vernal Insect

pool
-Page 107 of 150-

Beetle, Mount Hermon June (Polyphylla barbata) E Terrestrial, Insect

Subterraneous

Beetle, Ohlone Tiger (Cicindela ohlone) E Terrestrial Insect

Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) T Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Bay Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha bayensis) T Terrestrial Insect

(Wright's euphydryas)

Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot (Speyeria zerene behrensii) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Callippe Silverspot (Speyeria callippe callippe) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, El Segundo Blue (Euphilotes battoides allyni) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Lange's Metalmark (Apodemia mormo langei) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Lotis Blue (Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Mission Blue (Icaricia icarioides missionensis) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot (Speyeria zerene myrtleae) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) T Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue (Glaucopsyche lygdamus E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Quino Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha quino (=E. e. wrighti)) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, San Bruno Elfin (Callophrys mossii bayensis) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Smith's Blue (Euphilotes enoptes smithi) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Delhi Sands Flower-loving (Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis) E Terrestrial Insect

Grasshopper, Zayante Band- (Trimerotropis infantilis) E Terrestrial Insect

winged

Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx (Euproserpinus euterpe) T Terrestrial Insect

Skipper, Carson Wandering (Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus) E Terrestrial Insect

Skipper, Laguna Mountain (Pyrgus ruralis lagunae) E Terrestrial Insect

Fox, San Joaquin Kit (Vulpes macrotis mutica) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Fox, San Miguel Island (Urocyon littoralis littoralis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Fox, Santa Catalina Island (Urocyon littoralis catalinae) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Fox, Santa Cruz Island (Urocyon littoralis santacruzae) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Fox, Santa Rosa Island (Urocyon littoralis santarosae) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Jaguar (Panthera onca) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, Fresno (Dipodomys nitratoides exilis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, Giant (Dipodomys ingens) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, Morro Bay (Dipodomys heermanni morroensis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

California ( 290) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino (Dipodomys merriami parvus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Merriam's

Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' (Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. cascus)) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Kangaroo Rat, Tipton (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Mountain Beaver, Point Arena (Aplodontia rufa nigra) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Freshwater

Mouse, Pacific Pocket (Perognathus longimembris pacificus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest (Reithrodontomys raviventris) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Otter, Southern Sea (Enhydra lutris nereis) T Saltwater
-Page 108 of 150-

Mammal

Rabbit, Riparian Brush (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Seal, Guadalupe Fur (Arctocephalus townsendi) T Saltwater, Coastal

Mammal

Sea-lion, Steller (Eumetopias jubatus) E/T Saltwater, Coastal

Mammal

Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Sheep, Sierra Nevada Bighorn (Ovis canadensis sierrae) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate (Sorex ornatus relictus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Vole, Amargosa (Microtus californicus scirpensis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Whale, Finback (Balaenoptera physalus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Whale, Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) E Saltwater

Mammal

Whale, North Atlantic right (Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis)) E Saltwater

Mammal

Whale, Sei (Balaenoptera borealis) E Saltwater

Mammal

Whale, Sperm (Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus)) E Saltwater

Mammal

Woodrat, Riparian (Neotoma fuscipes riparia) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Alopecurus, Sonoma (Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Amole, Cammatta Canyon (Chlorogalum purpureum var. reductum) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Amole, Purple (Chlorogalum purpureum var. purpureum) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Bluegrass, Napa (Poa napensis) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Freshwater

Bluegrass, San Bernardino (Poa atropurpurea) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Brodiaea, Chinese Camp (Brodiaea pallida) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Brodiaea, Thread-leaved (Brodiaea filifolia) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Grass, California Orcutt (Orcuttia californica) E Terrestrial, Vernal 

Monocot

pool

Grass, Colusa (Neostapfia colusana) T Vernal pool

Monocot

Grass, Eureka Dune (Swallenia alexandrae) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt (Orcuttia inaequalis) T Vernal pool

Monocot

Grass, Solano (Tuctoria mucronata) E Terrestrial, Vernal 

Monocot

pool

Lily, Pitkin Marsh (Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense) E Freshwater

Monocot

Lily, Tiburon Mariposa (Calochortus tiburonensis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Lily, Western (Lilium occidentale) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Onion, Munz's (Allium munzii) E Terrestrial

Monocot
-Page 109 of 150-

Piperia, Yadon's (Piperia yadonii) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Sedge, White (Carex albida) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Freshwater

Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard (Gambelia silus) E Terrestrial Reptile

Lizard, Coachella Valley Fringe-toed (Uma inornata) T

Terrestrial Reptile

Lizard, Island Night (Xantusia riversiana) T Terrestrial Reptile

California ( 290) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Snake, Giant Garter (Thamnophis gigas) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Snake, San Francisco Garter (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) E Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Tortoise, Desert (Gopherus agassizii) T Terrestrial Reptile

Whipsnake (=Striped Racer), (Masticophis lateralis euryxanthus) T Terrestrial Reptile

Alameda

Colorado ( 29) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) E Terrestrial Bird

Owl, Mexican Spotted (Strix occidentalis lucida) T Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Beardtongue, Penland (Penstemon penlandii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bladderpod, Dudley Bluffs (Lesquerella congesta) T Terrestrial Dicot

Butterfly Plant, Colorado (Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Knowlton (Pediocactus knowltonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Mesa Verde (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless (Sclerocactus wetlandicus) T Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Mancos (Astragalus humillimus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Osterhout (Astragalus osterhoutii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mustard, Penland Alpine Fen (Eutrema penlandii) T Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Phacelia, North Park (Phacelia formosula) E Terrestrial Dicot

Twinpod, Dudley Bluffs (Physaria obcordata) T Terrestrial Dicot

Wild-buckwheat, Clay-loving (Eriogonum pelinophilum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Bonytail (Gila elegans) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Humpback (Gila cypha) E Freshwater Fish

Squawfish, Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) E Freshwater Fish

Trout, Greenback Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki stomias) T Freshwater Fish

Butterfly, Uncompahgre Fritillary (Boloria acrocnema) E Terrestrial Insect

Skipper, Pawnee Montane (Hesperia leonardus montana) T Terrestrial Insect

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping (Zapus hudsonius preblei) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Connecticut ( 9) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird
-Page 110 of 150-

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Gerardia, Sandplain (Agalinis acuta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Beetle, Puritan Tiger (Cicindela puritana) T Terrestrial, Coastal Insect

Connecticut ( 9) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Delaware ( 5) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) T Coastal Dicot

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox (Sciurus niger cinereus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Florida ( 95) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods (Ambystoma cingulatum) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater, Vernal 

pool

Caracara, Audubon's Crested (Polyborus plancus audubonii) T Terrestrial Bird

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Kite, Everglades Snail (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus) E Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Scrub-Jay, Florida (Aphelocoma coerulescens) T Terrestrial Bird

Sparrow, Cape Sable Seaside (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis) E Terrestrial Bird

Sparrow, Florida Grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus) E Terrestrial Bird

Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Ivory-billed (Campephilus principalis) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Bankclimber, Purple (Elliptoideus sloatianus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Fat Threeridge (Amblema neislerii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell (Medionidus penicillatus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Ochlockonee (Medionidus simpsonianus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Moccasinshell

Mussel, Oval Pigtoe (Pleurobema pyriforme) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook (Lampsilis subangulata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Slabshell, Chipola (Elliptio chipolaensis) T Freshwater Bivalve

Torreya, Florida (Torreya taxifolia) E Terrestrial

Conf/cycds

Shrimp, Squirrel Chimney Cave (Palaemonetes cummingi) T Freshwater, 

Crustacean

Subterraneous

Aster, Florida Golden (Chrysopsis floridana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bellflower, Brooksville (Campanula robinsiae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Birds-in-a-nest, White (Macbridea alba) T Terrestrial Dicot
-Page 111 of 150-

Blazing Star, Scrub (Liatris ohlingerae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bonamia, Florida (Bonamia grandiflora) T Terrestrial Dicot

Buckwheat, Scrub (Eriogonum longifolium var. T Terrestrial Dicot

Butterwort, Godfrey's (Pinguicula ionantha) T Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Florida ( 95) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Campion, Fringed (Silene polypetala) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Fringe Tree, Pygmy (Chionanthus pygmaeus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Gooseberry, Miccosukee (Ribes echinellum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Gourd, Okeechobee (Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. E Terrestrial Dicot

okeechobeensis)

Harebells, Avon Park (Crotalaria avonensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hypericum, Highlands Scrub (Hypericum cumulicola) E Terrestrial Dicot

Jacquemontia, Beach (Jacquemontia reclinata) E Terrestrial, Coastal Dicot

Lead-plant, Crenulate (Amorpha crenulata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lupine, Scrub (Lupinus aridorum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Meadowrue, Cooley's (Thalictrum cooleyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milkpea, Small's (Galactia smallii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mint, Garrett's (Dicerandra christmanii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mint, Lakela's (Dicerandra immaculata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mint, Longspurred (Dicerandra cornutissima) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mint, Scrub (Dicerandra frutescens) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mustard, Carter's (Warea carteri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pawpaw, Beautiful (Deeringothamnus pulchellus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pawpaw, Four-petal (Asimina tetramera) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pawpaw, Rugel's (Deeringothamnus rugelii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pinkroot, Gentian (Spigelia gentianoides) E Terrestrial Dicot

Plum, Scrub (Prunus geniculata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Polygala, Lewton's (Polygala lewtonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Polygala, Tiny (Polygala smallii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Prickly-apple, Fragrant (Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rhododendron, Chapman (Rhododendron chapmanii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rosemary, Apalachicola (Conradina glabra) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rosemary, Etonia (Conradina etonia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rosemary, Short-leaved (Conradina brevifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sandlace (Polygonella myriophylla) E Terrestrial Dicot

Skullcap, Florida (Scutellaria floridana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Snakeroot (Eryngium cuneifolium) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spurge, Deltoid (Chamaesyce deltoidea ssp. deltoidea) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spurge, Garber's (Chamaesyce garberi) T Terrestrial Dicot

Spurge, Telephus (Euphorbia telephioides) T Terrestrial Dicot

Warea, Wide-leaf (Warea amplexifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Water-willow, Cooley's (Justicia cooleyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Whitlow-wort, Papery (Paronychia chartacea) T Terrestrial Dicot

Wings, Pigeon (Clitoria fragrans) T Terrestrial Dicot

Wireweed (Polygonella basiramia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ziziphus, Florida (Ziziphus celata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Darter, Okaloosa (Etheostoma okaloosae) E Freshwater Fish

Sawfish, Smalltooth (Pristis pectinata) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Sturgeon, Gulf (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) T Freshwater, Fish

Florida ( 95) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Cladonia, Florida Perforate (Cladonia perforata) E Terrestrial Lichen
-Page 112 of 150-

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Mouse, Anastasia Island Beach (Peromyscus polionotus phasma) E Terrestrial, Coastal

Mammal

Mouse, Choctawhatchee Beach (Peromyscus polionotus allophrys) E Terrestrial, Coastal

Mammal

Mouse, Perdido Key Beach (Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis) E Coastal

Mammal

Mouse, Southeastern Beach (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris) T Terrestrial, Coastal

Mammal

Mouse, St. Andrew Beach (Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis) E Terrestrial, Coastal

Mammal

Panther, Florida (Puma (=Felis) concolor coryi) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Puma (=Cougar), Eastern (Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. except E Terrestrial

Mammal

coryi))

Vole, Florida Salt Marsh (Microtus pennsylvanicus dukecampbelli) E Terrestrial, Brackish

Mammal

Beargrass, Britton's (Nolina brittoniana) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Beauty, Harper's (Harperocallis flava) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Freshwater

Seagrass, Johnson's (Halophila johnsonii) T Saltwater, Coastal

Monocot

Alligator, American (Alligator mississippiensis) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater, Brackish

Crocodile, American (Crocodylus acutus) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Skink, Blue-tailed Mole (Eumeces egregius lividus) T Terrestrial Reptile

Skink, Sand (Neoseps reynoldsi) T Terrestrial Reptile

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh (Nerodia clarkii taeniata) T Terrestrial, Brackish, Reptile

Saltwater

Snake, Eastern Indigo (Drymarchon corais couperi) T Terrestrial Reptile

Georgia ( 63) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods (Ambystoma cingulatum) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater, Vernal 

pool

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Bankclimber, Purple (Elliptoideus sloatianus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Combshell, Upland (Epioblasma metastriata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Kidneyshell, Triangular (Ptychobranchus greenii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Acornshell Southern (Epioblasma othcaloogensis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell (Medionidus acutissimus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell (Medionidus parvulus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Fat Threeridge (Amblema neislerii) E Freshwater Bivalve
-Page 113 of 150-

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook (Lampsilis altilis) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Gulf Moccasinshell (Medionidus penicillatus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Georgia ( 63) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Mussel, Ochlockonee (Medionidus simpsonianus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Moccasinshell

Mussel, Oval Pigtoe (Pleurobema pyriforme) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell (Pleurobema perovatum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny-rayed Pocketbook (Lampsilis subangulata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Southern Clubshell (Pleurobema decisum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe (Pleurobema georgianum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Torreya, Florida (Torreya taxifolia) E Terrestrial

Conf/cycds

Amphianthus, Little (Amphianthus pusillus) T Freshwater Dicot

Barbara Buttons, Mohr's (Marshallia mohrii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Campion, Fringed (Silene polypetala) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Coneflower, Smooth (Echinacea laevigata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Dropwort, Canby's (Oxypolis canbyi) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) E Freshwater Dicot

Leather-flower, Alabama (Clematis socialis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Meadowrue, Cooley's (Thalictrum cooleyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pitcher-plant, Green (Sarracenia oreophila) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rattleweed, Hairy (Baptisia arachnifera) E Terrestrial Dicot

Skullcap, Large-flowered (Scutellaria montana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sumac, Michaux's (Rhus michauxii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Quillwort, Black-spored (Isoetes melanospora) E Vernal pool Ferns

Quillwort, Mat-forming (Isoetes tegetiformans) E Vernal pool Ferns

Darter, Amber (Percina antesella) E Freshwater Fish

Darter, Cherokee (Etheostoma scotti) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Etowah (Etheostoma etowahae) E Freshwater Fish

Darter, Goldline (Percina aurolineata) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Snail (Percina tanasi) T Freshwater Fish

Logperch, Conasauga (Percina jenkinsi) E Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Blue (Cyprinella caerulea) T Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Snail, Lioplax Cylindrical (Lioplax cyclostomaformis) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Lichen, Rock Gnome (Gymnoderma lineare) E Terrestrial Lichen

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Whale, Humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) E Saltwater

Mammal

Whale, North Atlantic right (Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis)) E Saltwater

Mammal

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed (Xyris tennesseensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Pink, Swamp (Helonias bullata) T Terrestrial, 

Monocot
-Page 114 of 150-

Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Georgia ( 63) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Trillium, Persistent (Trillium persistens) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Trillium, Relict (Trillium reliquum) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Water-plantain, Kral's (Sagittaria secundifolia) T Freshwater

Monocot

Snake, Eastern Indigo (Drymarchon corais couperi) T Terrestrial Reptile

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Guam ( 4) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Sea turtle, green (Chelonia mydas) E/T Saltwater Reptile

Sea turtle, hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) E Saltwater, Coastal Reptile

Sea turtle, leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) E Saltwater, Coastal Reptile

Sea turtle, loggerhead (Caretta caretta) T Saltwater, Coastal Reptile

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Spider, Kauai Cave Wolf (Adelocosa anops) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

'Akepa, Hawaii (Loxops coccineus coccineus) E Terrestrial Bird

'Akepa, Maui (Loxops coccineus ochraceus) E Terrestrial Bird

'Akia Loa, Kauai (Hemignathus (Hemignathus procerus) E Terrestrial Bird

procerus)

'Akia Pola'au (Hemignathus (Hemignathus munroi) E Terrestrial Bird

munroi)

Coot, Hawaiian (=Alae keo keo) (Fulica americana alai) E Terrestrial Bird

Creeper, Hawaii (Oreomystis mana) E Terrestrial Bird

Creeper, Oahu (Alauwahio) (Paroreomyza maculata) E Terrestrial Bird

Crow, Hawaiian ('Alala) (Corvus hawaiiensis) E Terrestrial Bird

Duck, Hawaiian (Koloa) (Anas wyvilliana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Elepaio, Oahu (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis) E Terrestrial Bird

Goose, Hawaiian (Nene) (Branta (=Nesochen) sandvicensis) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Hawk, Hawaiian (Io) (Buteo solitarius) E Terrestrial Bird

Honeycreeper, Crested (Palmeria dolei) E Terrestrial Bird

('Akohekohe)

Moorhen, Hawaiian Common (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) E Terrestrial Bird

'O'o, Kauai (='A'a) (Moho braccatus) E Terrestrial Bird

'O'u (Honeycreeper) (Psittirostra psittacea) E Terrestrial Bird

Palila (Loxioides bailleui) E Terrestrial Bird

Parrotbill, Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) E Terrestrial Bird

Petrel, Hawaiian Dark-rumped (Pterodroma phaeopygia sandwichensis) E Terrestrial Bird

Po'ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) E Terrestrial Bird

Shearwater, Newell's Townsend's (Puffinus auricularis newelli) T Terrestrial, Saltwater Bird

Stilt, Hawaiian (=Ae'o) (Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) E Terrestrial Bird

Swiftlet, Mariana Gray (=Vanikoro) (Aerodramus vanikorensis bartschi) E Terrestrial Bird

Thrush, Large Kauai (Myadestes myadestinus) E Terrestrial Bird

Thrush, Small Kauai (Puaiohi) (Myadestes palmeri) E Terrestrial Bird

Amphipod, Kauai Cave (Spelaeorchestia koloana) E Freshwater, 

Crustacean

Subterraneous

Abutilon sandwicense (ncn) (Abutilon sandwicense) E Terrestrial Dicot
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Achyranthes mutica (ncn) (Achyranthes mutica) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Achyranthes splendens var. (Achyranthes splendens var. rotundata) E Terrestrial Dicot

rotundata (ncn)

A'e (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. (Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. tomentosum) E Terrestrial Dicot

tomentosum)

A'e (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) (Zanthoxylum hawaiiense) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Aiea (Nothocestrum breviflorum) (Nothocestrum breviflorum) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Aiea (Nothocestrum peltatum) (Nothocestrum peltatum) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Akoko (Chamaesyce celastroides (Chamaesyce celastroides var. kaenana) E Terrestrial Dicot

var. kaenana)

'Akoko (Chamaesyce deppeana) (Chamaesyce deppeana) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Akoko (Chamaesyce herbstii) (Chamaesyce herbstii) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Akoko (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) (Chamaesyce kuwaleana) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Akoko (Chamaesyce rockii) (Chamaesyce rockii) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Akoko (Chamaesyce skottsbergii (Chamaesyce skottsbergii var. E Terrestrial Dicot

var. skottsbe

'Akoko (Euphorbia haeleeleana) (Euphorbia haeleeleana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope adscendens) (Melicope adscendens) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope balloui) (Melicope balloui) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope haupuensis) (Melicope haupuensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope knudsenii) (Melicope knudsenii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope lydgatei) (Melicope lydgatei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope mucronulata) (Melicope mucronulata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope ovalis) (Melicope ovalis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope pallida) (Melicope pallida) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope quadrangularis) (Melicope quadrangularis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope saint-johnii) (Melicope saint-johnii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alani (Melicope zahlbruckneri) (Melicope zahlbruckneri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alsinidendron obovatum (ncn) (Alsinidendron obovatum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alsinidendron trinerve (ncn) (Alsinidendron trinerve) E Terrestrial Dicot

Alsinidendron viscosum (ncn) (Alsinidendron viscosum) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Anaunau (Lepidium arbuscula) (Lepidium arbuscula) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Anunu (Sicyos alba) (Sicyos alba) E Terrestrial Dicot

Aupaka (Isodendrion hosakae) (Isodendrion hosakae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Aupaka (Isodendrion laurifolium) (Isodendrion laurifolium) E Terrestrial Dicot

Aupaka (Isodendrion longifolium) (Isodendrion longifolium) T Terrestrial Dicot

'Awiwi (Centaurium sebaeoides) (Centaurium sebaeoides) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Awiwi (Hedyotis cookiana) (Hedyotis cookiana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bonamia menziesii (ncn) (Bonamia menziesii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chamaesyce Halemanui (ncn) (Chamaesyce halemanui) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cyanea undulata (ncn) (Cyanea undulata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Delissea rhytodisperma (ncn) (Delissea rhytidosperma) E Terrestrial Dicot

Dubautia latifolia (ncn) (Dubautia latifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Dubautia pauciflorula (ncn) (Dubautia pauciflorula) E Terrestrial Dicot

Geranium, Hawaiian Red- (Geranium arboreum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Gouania hillebrandii (ncn) (Gouania hillebrandii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Gouania meyenii (ncn) (Gouania meyenii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Gouania vitifolia (ncn) (Gouania vitifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Haha (Cyanea acuminata) (Cyanea acuminata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea asarifolia) (Cyanea asarifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. (Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii) E Terrestrial Dicot

copelandii)
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Haha (Cyanea copelandii ssp. (Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

haleakalaensis)

Haha (Cyanea Crispa) (Cyanea (=Rollandia) crispa) E Terrestrial Dicot

(=Rollandia crispa)

Haha (Cyanea glabra) (Cyanea glabra) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana) E Terrestrial Dicot

grimesiana)

Haha (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. (Cyanea grimesiana ssp. obatae) E Terrestrial Dicot

obatae)

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Carlsonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

carlsonii)

Haha (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. (Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora) E Terrestrial Dicot

hamatiflora)

Haha (Cyanea humboldtiana) (Cyanea humboldtiana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea koolauensis) (Cyanea koolauensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea lobata) (Cyanea lobata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea longiflora) (Cyanea longiflora) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea mceldowneyi) (Cyanea mceldowneyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea pinnatifida) (Cyanea pinnatifida) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea platyphylla) (Cyanea platyphylla) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea recta) (Cyanea recta) T Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea remyi) (Cyanea remyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea shipmanii) (Cyanea shipmannii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea stictophylla) (Cyanea stictophylla) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea St-Johnii) (Cyanea st-johnii) E Terrestrial Dicot

(=Rollandia St-Johnii)

Haha (Cyanea superba) (Cyanea superba) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haha (Cyanea truncata) (Cyanea truncata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra crenata) (Cyrtandra crenata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra dentata) (Cyrtandra dentata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra giffardii) (Cyrtandra giffardii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra munroi) (Cyrtandra munroi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra polyantha) (Cyrtandra polyantha) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra (Cyrtandra subumbellata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) (Cyrtandra tintinnabula) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ha'Iwale (Cyrtandra viridiflora) (Cyrtandra viridiflora) E Terrestrial Dicot

Haplostachys Haplostachya (ncn) (Haplostachys haplostachya) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hau Kauhiwi (Hibiscadelphus (Hibiscadelphus woodii) E Terrestrial Dicot

woodi)

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus (Hibiscadelphus distans) E Terrestrial Dicot

distans)

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus (Hibiscadelphus giffardianus) E Terrestrial Dicot

giffardianus)

Hau Kuahiwi (Hibiscadelphus (Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

hualalaiensis)

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Heau (Exocarpos luteolus) (Exocarpos luteolus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hedyotis degeneri (ncn) (Hedyotis degeneri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hedyotis parvula (ncn) (Hedyotis parvula) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hedyotis St.-Johnii (ncn) (Hedyotis st.-johnii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hesperomannia arborescens (Hesperomannia arborescens) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hesperomannia arbuscula (ncn) (Hesperomannia arbuscula) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hesperomannia lydgatei (ncn) (Hesperomannia lydgatei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hibiscus, Clay's (Hibiscus clayi) E Terrestrial Dicot
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Holei (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) (Ochrosia kilaueaensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Iliau (Wilkesia hobdyi) (Wilkesia hobdyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Kamakahala (Labordia (Labordia cyrtandrae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Kamakahala (Labordia lydgatei) (Labordia lydgatei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Kamakahala (Labordia tinifolia (Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

var. wahiawaen)

Kauila (Colubrina oppositifolia) (Colubrina oppositifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Kaulu (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) (Pteralyxia kauaiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Kio'Ele (Hedyotis coriacea) (Hedyotis coriacea) E Terrestrial Dicot

Kiponapona (Phyllostegia (Phyllostegia racemosa) E Terrestrial Dicot

racemosa)

Koki'o (Kokia drynarioides) (Kokia drynarioides) E Terrestrial Dicot

Koki'o (Kokia kauaiensis) (Kokia kauaiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Koki'o Ke'oke'o (Hibiscus (Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae) E Terrestrial Dicot

waimeae ssp. hannerae)

Kolea (Myrsine juddii) (Myrsine juddii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Kolea (Myrsine linearifolia) (Myrsine linearifolia) T Terrestrial Dicot

Ko'oko'olau (Bidens micrantha (Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha) E Terrestrial Dicot

ssp. kalealaha)

Ko'oloa'ula (Abutilon menziesii) (Abutilon menziesii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Kuawawaenohu (Alsinidendron (Alsinidendron lychnoides) E Terrestrial Dicot

lychnoides)

Kulu'I (Nototrichium humile) (Nototrichium humile) E Terrestrial Dicot

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago (Plantago hawaiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

hawaiensis)

Laukahi Kuahiwi (Plantago (Plantago princeps) E Terrestrial Dicot

princeps)

Laulihilihi (Schiedea stellarioides) (Schiedea stellarioides) E Terrestrial Dicot

Liliwai (Acaena exigua) (Acaena exigua) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lobelia monostachya (ncn) (Lobelia monostachya) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lobelia niihauensis (ncn) (Lobelia niihauensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lobelia oahuensis (ncn) (Lobelia oahuensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lysimachia filifolia (ncn) (Lysimachia filifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lysimachia lydgatei (ncn) (Lysimachia lydgatei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mahoe (Alectryon macrococcus) (Alectryon macrococcus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Makou (Peucedanum (Peucedanum sandwicense) T Terrestrial Dicot

sandwicense)

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea apokremnos) (Schiedea apokremnos) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ma'oli'oli (Schiedea kealiae) (Schiedea kealiae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mapele (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) (Cyrtandra cyaneoides) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Mehamehame (Flueggea (Flueggea neowawraea) E Terrestrial Dicot

neowawraea)

Munroidendron racemosum (ncn) (Munroidendron racemosum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Na'ena'e (Dubautia herbstobatae) (Dubautia herbstobatae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Na'ena'e (Dubautia plantaginea (Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis) E Terrestrial Dicot

ssp. humilis)

Nani Wai'ale'ale (Viola kauaensis (Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

var. wahiawaensis)

Nanu (Gardenia mannii) (Gardenia mannii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Na'u (Gardenia brighamii) (Gardenia brighamii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Naupaka, Dwarf (Scaevola (Scaevola coriacea) E Terrestrial Dicot

coriacea)

Nehe (Lipochaeta lobata var. (Lipochaeta lobata var. leptophylla) E Terrestrial Dicot
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leptophylla)

Neraudia angulata (ncn) (Neraudia angulata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Neraudia ovata (ncn) (Neraudia ovata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Neraudia sericea (ncn) (Neraudia sericea) E Terrestrial Dicot

Nioi (Eugenia koolauensis) (Eugenia koolauensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Nohoanu (Geranium multiflorum) (Geranium multiflorum) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Oha (Delissea rivularis) (Delissea rivularis) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Oha (Delissea subcordata) (Delissea subcordata) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Oha (Delissea undulata) (Delissea undulata) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Oha (Lobelia gaudichaudii (Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

koolauensis)

'Oha Wai (Clermontia (Clermontia drepanomorpha) E Terrestrial Dicot

drepanomorpha)

'Oha Wai (Clermontia lindseyana) (Clermontia lindseyana) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Oha Wai (Clermontia oblongifolia (Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

ssp. mauiensis)

'Oha Wai (Clermontia peleana) (Clermontia peleana) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Oha Wai (Clermontia pyrularia) (Clermontia pyrularia) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Oha Wai (Clermontia samuelii) (Clermontia samuelii) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Ohai (Sesbania tomentosa) (Sesbania tomentosa) E Terrestrial Dicot

'Ohe'ohe (Tetraplasandra (Tetraplasandra gymnocarpa) E Terrestrial Dicot

gymnocarpa)

'Olulu (Brighamia insignis) (Brighamia insignis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Opuhe (Urera kaalae) (Urera kaalae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pamakani (Viola chamissoniana (Viola chamissoniana ssp. chamissoniana) E Terrestrial Dicot

ssp. chamissoniana)

Phyllostegia hirsuta (ncn) (Phyllostegia hirsuta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia kaalaensis (ncn) (Phyllostegia kaalaensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia knudsenii (ncn) (Phyllostegia knudsenii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia mannii (ncn) (Phyllostegia mannii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia mollis (ncn) (Phyllostegia mollis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia parviflora (ncn) (Phyllostegia parviflora) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia velutina (ncn) (Phyllostegia velutina) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia waimeae (ncn) (Phyllostegia waimeae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia warshaueri (ncn) (Phyllostegia warshaueri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Phyllostegia wawrana (ncn) (Phyllostegia wawrana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Pilo (Hedyotis mannii) (Hedyotis mannii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Po'e (Portulaca sclerocarpa) (Portulaca sclerocarpa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Popolo 'Aiakeakua (Solanum (Solanum sandwicense) E Terrestrial Dicot

sandwicense)

Popolo Ku Mai (Solanum (Solanum incompletum) E Terrestrial Dicot

incompletum)

Pua'ala (Brighamia rockii) (Brighamia rockii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Remya kauaiensis (ncn) (Remya kauaiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Remya montgomeryi (ncn) (Remya montgomeryi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Remya, Maui (Remya mauiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sandalwood, Lanai (='Iliahi) (Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sanicula mariversa (ncn) (Sanicula mariversa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sanicula purpurea (ncn) (Sanicula purpurea) E Terrestrial Dicot

Schiedea haleakalensis (ncn) (Schiedea haleakalensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Schiedea helleri (ncn) (Schiedea helleri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Schiedea hookeri (ncn) (Schiedea hookeri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Schiedea kaalae (ncn) (Schiedea kaalae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Schiedea kauaiensis (ncn) (Schiedea kauaiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot
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Schiedea membranacea (ncn) (Schiedea membranacea) E Terrestrial Dicot

Schiedea nuttallii (ncn) (Schiedea nuttallii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda) E Terrestrial Dicot

(ncn)

Schiedea spergulina var. (Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina) T Terrestrial Dicot

spergulina (ncn)

Schiedea, Diamond Head (Schiedea adamantis) E Terrestrial Dicot

(Schiedea adamantis)

Silene hawaiiensis (ncn) (Silene hawaiiensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Silene lanceolata (ncn) (Silene lanceolata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Silene perlmanii (ncn) (Silene perlmanii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Silversword, Haleakala (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. T Terrestrial Dicot

macrocephalum)

Silversword, Ka'u (Argyroxiphium (Argyroxiphium kauense) E Terrestrial Dicot

kauense)

Silversword, Mauna Kea (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. E Terrestrial Dicot

('Ahinahina) sandwicense)

Spermolepis hawaiiensis (ncn) (Spermolepis hawaiiensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Stenogyne angustifolia (ncn) (Stenogyne angustifolia var. angustifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Stenogyne campanulata (ncn) (Stenogyne campanulata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Stenogyne kanehoana (ncn) (Stenogyne kanehoana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Tetramolopium arenarium (ncn) (Tetramolopium arenarium) E Terrestrial Dicot

Tetramolopium capillare (ncn) (Tetramolopium capillare) E Terrestrial Dicot

Tetramolopium filiforme (ncn) (Tetramolopium filiforme) E Terrestrial Dicot

Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. (Tetramolopium lepidotum ssp. lepidotum) E Terrestrial Dicot

lepidotum (ncn)

Tetramolopium remyi (ncn) (Tetramolopium remyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Trematolobelia singularis (ncn) (Trematolobelia singularis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Uhiuhi (Caesalpinia kavaiensis) (Caesalpinia kavaiense) E Terrestrial Dicot

Vetch, Hawaiian (Vicia menziesii) (Vicia menziesii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Vigna o-wahuensis (ncn) (Vigna o-wahuensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Viola helenae (ncn) (Viola helenae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Viola oahuensis (ncn) (Viola oahuensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Wahine Noho Kula (Isodendrion (Isodendrion pyrifolium) E Terrestrial Dicot

pyrifolium)

Xylosma crenatum (ncn) (Xylosma crenatum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Diellia erecta (ncn) (Diellia erecta) E Terrestrial Ferns

Diellia falcata (ncn) (Diellia falcata) E Terrestrial Ferns

Diellia pallida (ncn) (Diellia pallida) E Terrestrial Ferns

Diellia unisora (ncn) (Diellia unisora) E Terrestrial Ferns

Diplazium molokaiense (ncn) (Diplazium molokaiense) E Terrestrial Ferns

Fern, Pendant Kihi (Adenophorus (Adenophorus periens) E Terrestrial Ferns

periens)

'Ihi'Ihi (Marsilea villosa) (Marsilea villosa) E Terrestrial, Vernal Ferns

pool

Pauoa (Ctenitis squamigera) (Ctenitis squamigera) E Terrestrial Ferns

Pteris lidgatei (ncn) (Pteris lidgatei) E Terrestrial Ferns

Wawae'Iole (Phlegmariurus (Huperzia mannii) E Terrestrial Ferns

(=Huperzia) mannii)

Snail, Newcomb's (Erinna newcombi) T Freshwater

Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella abbreviata) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

abbreviata)
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-

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella apexfulva)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

apexfulva)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella bellula)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

bellula)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella buddii)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

buddii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella bulimoides)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

bulimoides)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella byronii)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

byronii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella caesia)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

caesia)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella casta)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

casta)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella cestus)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

cestus)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella concavospira)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

concavospira)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella curta)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

curta)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella decipiens)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

decipiens)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella decora)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

decora)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella dimorpha)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

dimorpha)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella elegans)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

elegans)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella fulgens)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

fulgens)

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella fuscobasis)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

fuscobasis)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella juddii)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

juddii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella juncea)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

juncea)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella lehuiensis)E Terrestrial

Gastropod
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-

lehuiensis)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella leucorraphe)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

leucorraphe)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella lila) (Achatinella lila)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella livida)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

livida)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella lorata)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

lorata)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella mustelina)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

mustelina)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella papyracea)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

papyracea)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella phaeozona)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

phaeozona)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella pulcherrima)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

pulcherrima)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella pupukanioe)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

pupukanioe)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella rosea)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

rosea)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella sowerbyana)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

sowerbyana)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella spaldingi)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

spaldingi)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella stewartii)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

stewartii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella swiftii)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

swiftii)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella taeniolata)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

taeniolata)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella thaahumi)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

thaanumi)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella turgida)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

turgida)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella valida)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

valida)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella viridans)E Terrestrial

Gastropod

viridans)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella vittata)E Terrestrial
-Page 122 of 150-

Gastropod

vittata)

Snail, O'ahu Tree (Achatinella (Achatinella vulpina) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

vulpina)

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila aglaia) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila mulli) T Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila musaphilia) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila substenoptera) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila heteroneura) E Terrestrial Insect

Hawaii ( 314) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila hemipeza) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila ochrobasis) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila neoclavisetae) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila tarphytrichia) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila montgomeryi) E Terrestrial Insect

Fly, Hawaiian picture-wing (Drosophila obatai) E Terrestrial Insect

Moth, Blackburn's Sphinx (Manduca blackburni) E Terrestrial Insect

Bat, Hawaiian Hoary (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Seal, Hawaiian Monk (Monachus schauinslandi) E Saltwater, Coastal

Mammal

Bluegrass, Hawaiian (Poa sandvicensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Bluegrass, Mann's (Poa mannii) (Poa mannii) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Grass, Fosberg's Love (Eragrostis fosbergii) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Hala Pepe (Pleomele hawaiiensis) (Pleomele hawaiiensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Hilo Ischaemum (Ischaemum (Ischaemum byrone) E Terrestrial

Monocot

byrone)

Kamanomano (Cenchrus (Cenchrus agrimonioides) E Terrestrial

Monocot

agrimonioides)

Lau'ehu (Panicum niihauense) (Panicum niihauense) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia affinis) (Pritchardia affinis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia kaalae) (Pritchardia kaalae) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia napaliensis) (Pritchardia napaliensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia schattaueri) (Pritchardia schattaueri) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Lo`ulu (Pritchardia viscosa) (Pritchardia viscosa) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Panicgrass, Carter's (Panicum (Panicum fauriei var. carteri) E Terrestrial

Monocot

fauriei var.carteri)

Platanthera holochila (ncn) (Platanthera holochila) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Poa siphonoglossa (ncn) (Poa siphonoglossa) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Pu'uka'a (Cyperus trachysanthos) (Cyperus trachysanthos) E Terrestrial

Monocot
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Idaho ( 18) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Catchfly, Spalding's (Silene spaldingii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's (Mirabilis macfarlanei) T Terrestrial Dicot

Howellia, Water (Howellia aquatilis) T Freshwater Dicot

Peppergrass, Slick Spot (Lepidium papilliferum) T Terrestrial, Dicot

Salmon, Chinook (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) E/T Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Sockeye (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Sturgeon, White (Acipenser transmontanus) E Freshwater, Fish

Trout, Bull (Salvelinus confluentus) T Freshwater Fish

Limpet, Banbury Springs (Lanx sp.) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Snail, Bliss Rapids (Taylorconcha serpenticola) T Freshwater

Gastropod

Snail, Snake River Physa (Physa natricina) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

Springsnail, Bruneau Hot (Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Bear, Grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Caribou, Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Idaho ( 18) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Squirrel, Northern Idaho Ground (Spermophilus brunneus brunneus) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Illinois ( 24) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook (Potamilus capax) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed (Plethobasus cooperianus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Amphipod, Illinois Cave (Gammarus acherondytes) E Freshwater, 

Crustacean

Subterraneous

Aster, Decurrent False (Boltonia decurrens) T Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Clover, Leafy Prairie (Dalea foliosa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clover, Prairie Bush (Lespedeza leptostachya) T Terrestrial Dicot

Daisy, Lakeside (Hymenoxys herbacea) T Freshwater Dicot

Milkweed, Mead's (Asclepias meadii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Potato-bean, Price's (Apios priceana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Thistle, Pitcher's (Cirsium pitcheri) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene (Discus macclintocki) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) E Terrestrial Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) E Terrestrial, Insect
-Page 124 of 150-

Freshwater

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Indiana ( 18) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook (Potamilus capax) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Goldenrod, Short's (Solidago shortii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milkweed, Mead's (Asclepias meadii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Thistle, Pitcher's (Cirsium pitcheri) T Terrestrial Dicot

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) E Terrestrial Insect

Indiana ( 18) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) E Terrestrial, Perm. Insect

wetland

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Iowa ( 13) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Clover, Prairie Bush (Lespedeza leptostachya) T Terrestrial Dicot

Milkweed, Mead's (Asclepias meadii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Monkshood, Northern Wild (Aconitum noveboracense) T Terrestrial Dicot

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene (Discus macclintocki) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot
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Kansas ( 12) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Milkweed, Mead's (Asclepias meadii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Madtom, Neosho (Noturus placidus) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Kentucky ( 47) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Ivory-billed (Campephilus principalis) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) E Freshwater Bivalve

Kentucky ( 47) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell (Epioblasma brevidens) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe (Alasmidonta atropurpurea) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Oyster (Epioblasma capsaeformis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick (Obovaria retusa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearly)

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Appalachian (Quadrula sparsa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Cracking (Hemistena lata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean (Villosa trabalis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Dromedary (Dromus dromas) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook (Potamilus capax) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Little-wing (Pegias fabula) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed (Plethobasus cooperianus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Tubercled- (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback (Plethobasus cicatricosus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom (Epioblasma florentina florentina) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Tan (Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. E Freshwater Bivalve

Shrimp, Kentucky Cave (Palaemonias ganteri) E Freshwater

Crustacean

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Goldenrod, Short's (Solidago shortii) E Terrestrial Dicot
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Goldenrod, White-haired (Solidago albopilosa) T Terrestrial Dicot

Potato-bean, Price's (Apios priceana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Rock-cress, Small (Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. E Terrestrial Dicot

perstellata Fernald)

Rosemary, Cumberland (Conradina verticillata) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sandwort, Cumberland (Arenaria cumberlandensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Dace, Blackside (Phoxinus cumberlandensis) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Relict (Etheostoma chienense) E Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Palezone (Notropis albizonatus) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

virginianus) Subterraneous

Wolf, Red (Canis rufus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Louisiana ( 16) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Louisiana ( 16) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated (Potamilus inflatus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlshell, Louisiana (Margaritifera hembeli) T Freshwater Bivalve

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) (Geocarpon minimum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Quillwort, Louisiana (Isoetes louisianensis) E Terrestrial, Ferns

Freshwater

Sturgeon, Gulf (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) T Freshwater, Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Bear, American Black (Ursus americanus) SA Terrestrial

Mammal

Bear, Louisiana Black (Ursus americanus luteolus) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Tortoise, Gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) T Terrestrial Reptile

Turtle, Ringed Map (Graptemys oculifera) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Maine ( 9) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Lousewort, Furbish (Pedicularis furbishiae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Salmon, Atlantic (Salmo salar) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Bear, American Black (Ursus americanus) SA Terrestrial

Mammal

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal
-Page 127 of 150-

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Maryland ( 15) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) T Coastal Dicot

Dropwort, Canby's (Oxypolis canbyi) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Gerardia, Sandplain (Agalinis acuta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) E Freshwater Dicot

Joint-vetch, Sensitive (Aeschynomene virginica) T Terrestrial, Brackish Dicot

Darter, Maryland (Etheostoma sellare) E Freshwater Fish

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger (Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis) T Terrestrial Insect

Beetle, Puritan Tiger (Cicindela puritana) T Terrestrial, Coastal Insect

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox (Sciurus niger cinereus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Bristle) Freshwater

Maryland ( 15) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Pink, Swamp (Helonias bullata) T Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Freshwater

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Massachusetts ( 12) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Gerardia, Sandplain (Agalinis acuta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger (Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis) T Terrestrial Insect

Beetle, Puritan Tiger (Cicindela puritana) T Terrestrial, Coastal Insect

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Bristle) Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Michigan ( 19) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Daisy, Lakeside (Hymenoxys herbacea) T Freshwater Dicot

Goldenrod, Houghton's (Solidago houghtonii) T Terrestrial Dicot
-Page 128 of 150-

Monkey-flower, Michigan (Mimulus glabratus var. michiganensis) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Thistle, Pitcher's (Cirsium pitcheri) T Terrestrial Dicot

Fern, American hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium var. T Terrestrial Ferns

Beetle, Hungerford's Crawling (Brychius hungerfordi) E Freshwater Insect

Water

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) E Terrestrial, Perm. Insect

wetland

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) E Terrestrial, Insect

Freshwater

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Iris, Dwarf Lake (Iris lacustris) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Minnesota ( 10) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Minnesota ( 10) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Clover, Prairie Bush (Lespedeza leptostachya) T Terrestrial Dicot

Roseroot, Leedy's (Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi) T Terrestrial Dicot

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) E Freshwater Fish

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) E Terrestrial Insect

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Lily, Minnesota Trout (Erythronium propullans) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Mississippi ( 31) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Frog, Dusky Gopher (Mississippi (Rana capito sevosa) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

DPS) Freshwater

Crane, Mississippi Sandhill (Grus canadensis pulla) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Combshell, Southern (=Penitent (Epioblasma penita) E Freshwater Bivalve

mussel)

Mucket, Orange-nacre (Lampsilis perovalis) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell (Medionidus acutissimus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Black (=Curtus' Mussel) (Pleurobema curtum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Clubshell

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell (Epioblasma brevidens) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Heavy Pigtoe (=Judge (Pleurobema taitianum) E Freshwater Bivalve
-Page 129 of 150-

Tait's Mussel)

Mussel, Heelsplitter Inflated (Potamilus inflatus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell (Pleurobema perovatum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Southern Clubshell (Pleurobema decisum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook (Potamilus capax) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Potato-bean, Price's (Apios priceana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Quillwort, Louisiana (Isoetes louisianensis) E Terrestrial, Ferns

Freshwater

Darter, Bayou (Etheostoma rubrum) T Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Gulf (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) T Freshwater, Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bear, American Black (Ursus americanus) SA Terrestrial

Mammal

Bear, Louisiana Black (Ursus americanus luteolus) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Snake, Eastern Indigo (Drymarchon corais couperi) T Terrestrial Reptile

Tortoise, Gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) T Terrestrial Reptile

Turtle, Alabama Red-bellied (Pseudemys alabamensis) E Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Mississippi ( 31) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Turtle, Ringed Map (Graptemys oculifera) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Turtle, Yellow-blotched Map (Graptemys flavimaculata) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Missouri ( 25) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Scaleshell (Leptodea leptodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Curtis' (Epioblasma florentina curtisii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook (Potamilus capax) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Aster, Decurrent False (Boltonia decurrens) T Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Bladderpod, Missouri (Lesquerella filiformis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) (Geocarpon minimum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Milkweed, Mead's (Asclepias meadii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sneezeweed, Virginia (Helenium virginicum) T Vernal pool Dicot

Cavefish, Ozark (Amblyopsis rosae) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Niangua (Etheostoma nianguae) T Freshwater Fish

Madtom, Neosho (Noturus placidus) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Cavesnail, Tumbling Creek (Antrobia culveri) E Freshwater, 

Gastropod

Subterraneous
-Page 130 of 150-

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) E Terrestrial, Insect

Freshwater

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bear, American Black (Ursus americanus) SA Terrestrial

Mammal

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Montana ( 12) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Catchfly, Spalding's (Silene spaldingii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Howellia, Water (Howellia aquatilis) T Freshwater Dicot

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, White (Acipenser transmontanus) E Freshwater, Fish

Trout, Bull (Salvelinus confluentus) T Freshwater Fish

Bear, Grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Montana ( 12) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Nebraska ( 12) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Butterfly Plant, Colorado (Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Penstemon, Blowout (Penstemon haydenii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger (Cicindela nevadica lincolniana) E Terrestrial Insect

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Nevada ( 37) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) E Terrestrial Bird

Rail, Yuma Clapper (Rallus longirostris yumanensis) E Terrestrial Bird

Blazing Star, Ash Meadows (Mentzelia leucophylla) T Terrestrial Dicot

Buckwheat, Steamboat (Eriogonum ovalifolium var. williamsiae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Centaury, Spring-loving (Centaurium namophilum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Gumplant, Ash Meadows (Grindelia fraxino-pratensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Ivesia, Ash Meadows (Ivesia kingii var. eremica) T Terrestrial Dicot
-Page 131 of 150-

Milk-vetch, Ash Meadows (Astragalus phoenix) T Terrestrial Dicot

Niterwort, Amargosa (Nitrophila mohavensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Poolfish, Pahrump (= Pahrump (Empetrichthys latos) E Freshwater Dicot

Killifish)

Sunray, Ash Meadows (Enceliopsis nudicaulis var. corrugata) T Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Humpback (Gila cypha) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Pahranagat Roundtail (Gila robusta jordani) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Virgin River (Gila seminuda (=robusta)) E Freshwater Fish

Cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) E Freshwater Fish

Dace, Ash Meadows Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus nevadensis) E Freshwater Fish

Dace, Clover Valley Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus oligoporus) E Freshwater Fish

Dace, Desert (Eremichthys acros) T Freshwater Fish

Dace, Independence Valley (Rhinichthys osculus lethoporus) E Freshwater Fish

Speckled

Dace, Moapa (Moapa coriacea) E Freshwater Fish

Pupfish, Ash Meadows Amargosa (Cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes) E Freshwater Fish

Pupfish, Devils Hole (Cyprinodon diabolis) E Freshwater Fish

Pupfish, Warm Springs (Cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis) E Freshwater Fish

Spinedace, Big Spring (Lepidomeda mollispinis pratensis) T Freshwater Fish

Spinedace, White River (Lepidomeda albivallis) E Freshwater Fish

Springfish, Hiko White River (Crenichthys baileyi grandis) E Freshwater Fish

Springfish, Railroad Valley (Crenichthys nevadae) T Freshwater Fish

Nevada ( 37) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Springfish, White River (Crenichthys baileyi baileyi) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Warner (Catostomus warnerensis) T Freshwater Fish

Trout, Bull (Salvelinus confluentus) T Freshwater Fish

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) T Freshwater Fish

Woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) E Freshwater Fish

Naucorid, Ash Meadows (Ambrysus amargosus) T Terrestrial Insect

Skipper, Carson Wandering (Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus) E Terrestrial Insect

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Tortoise, Desert (Gopherus agassizii) T Terrestrial Reptile

New Hampshire ( 7) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Milk-vetch, Jesup's (Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) E Terrestrial Insect

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Bristle) Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

New Jersey ( 12) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) T Coastal Dicot

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Joint-vetch, Sensitive (Aeschynomene virginica) T Terrestrial, Brackish Dicot

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger (Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis) T Terrestrial Insect

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 
-Page 132 of 150-

Mammal

Subterraneous

Beaked-rush, Knieskern's (Rhynchospora knieskernii) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Pink, Swamp (Helonias bullata) T Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

New Mexico ( 43) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Frog, Chiricahua Leopard (Rana chiricahuensis) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Falcon, Northern Aplomado (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) E Terrestrial Bird

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) E Terrestrial Bird

Owl, Mexican Spotted (Strix occidentalis lucida) T Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Amphipod, Noel's (Gammarus desperatus) E Freshwater

Crustacean

Isopod, Socorro (Thermosphaeroma thermophilus) E Freshwater

Crustacean

Cactus, Knowlton (Pediocactus knowltonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

New Mexico ( 43) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog (Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Lee Pincushion (Coryphantha sneedii var. leei) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Mesa Verde (Sclerocactus mesae-verdae) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion (Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Fleabane, Zuni (Erigeron rhizomatus) T Terrestrial Dicot

Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost (Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Mancos (Astragalus humillimus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pennyroyal, Todsen's (Hedeoma todsenii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Poppy, Sacramento Prickly (Argemone pleiacantha ssp. pinnatisecta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sunflower, Pecos (Helianthus paradoxus) T Terrestrial, Perm. Dicot

wetland

Thistle, Sacramento Mountains (Cirsium vinaceum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum (Eriogonum gypsophilum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Chihuahua (Gila nigrescens) T Freshwater Fish

Chub, Gila (Gila intermedia) E Freshwater Fish

Gambusia, Pecos (Gambusia nobilis) E Freshwater Fish

Minnow, Loach (Tiaroga cobitis) T Freshwater Fish

Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery (Hybognathus amarus) E Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Beautiful (Cyprinella formosa) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose (Notropis simus pecosensis) T Freshwater Fish

Spikedace (Meda fulgida) T Freshwater Fish

Squawfish, Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) E Freshwater Fish

Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) (Poeciliopsis occidentalis) E Freshwater Fish

Trout, Gila (Oncorhynchus gilae) E Freshwater Fish

Snail, Pecos Assiminea (Assiminea pecos) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Springsnail, Alamosa (Tryonia alamosae) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Springsnail, Koster's (Juturnia kosteri) E Terrestrial
-Page 133 of 150-

Gastropod

Springsnail, Roswell (Pyrgulopsis roswellensis) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long- (Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

nosed Subterraneous

Bat, Mexican Long-nosed (Leptonycteris nivalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Jaguar (Panthera onca) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Rattlesnake, New Mexican Ridge- (Crotalus willardi obscurus) T Terrestrial Reptile

nosed

New York ( 17) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) T Coastal Dicot

Gerardia, Sandplain (Agalinis acuta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Goldenrod, Houghton's (Solidago houghtonii) T Terrestrial Dicot

New York ( 17) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Monkshood, Northern Wild (Aconitum noveboracense) T Terrestrial Dicot

Roseroot, Leedy's (Sedum integrifolium ssp. leedyi) T Terrestrial Dicot

Fern, American hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium var. T Terrestrial Ferns

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Snail, Chittenango Ovate Amber (Succinea chittenangoensis) T Terrestrial, 

Gastropod

Freshwater

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) E Terrestrial Insect

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

North Carolina ( 56) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Spider, Spruce-fir Moss (Microhexura montivaga) E Terrestrial

Arachnid

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Elktoe, Appalachian (Alasmidonta raveneliana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina (Lasmigona decorata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean (Villosa trabalis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Little-wing (Pegias fabula) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Tan (Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. E Freshwater Bivalve

Spinymussel, James River (Pleurobema collina) E Freshwater Bivalve

Spinymussel, Tar River (Elliptio steinstansana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) T Coastal Dicot
-Page 134 of 150-

Avens, Spreading (Geum radiatum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bittercress, Small-anthered (Cardamine micranthera) E Terrestrial Dicot

Blazing Star, Heller's (Liatris helleri) T Terrestrial Dicot

Bluet, Roan Mountain (Hedyotis purpurea var. montana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Coneflower, Smooth (Echinacea laevigata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Dropwort, Canby's (Oxypolis canbyi) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge (Solidago spithamaea) T Terrestrial Dicot

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) E Freshwater Dicot

Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered (Hexastylis naniflora) T Terrestrial Dicot

Heather, Mountain Golden (Hudsonia montana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Joint-vetch, Sensitive (Aeschynomene virginica) T Terrestrial, Brackish Dicot

Loosestrife, Rough-leaved (Lysimachia asperulaefolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Meadowrue, Cooley's (Thalictrum cooleyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pitcher-plant, Green (Sarracenia oreophila) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet (Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

North Carolina ( 56) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sumac, Michaux's (Rhus michauxii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sunflower, Schweinitz's (Helianthus schweinitzii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Spotfin (Erimonax monachus) T Freshwater Fish

Logperch, Roanoke (Percina rex) E Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Cape Fear (Notropis mekistocholas) E Freshwater Fish

Silverside, Waccamaw (Menidia extensa) T Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Snail, Noonday (Mesodon clarki nantahala) T Terrestrial

Gastropod

Butterfly, Saint Francis' Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii francisci) E Terrestrial Insect

Lichen, Rock Gnome (Gymnoderma lineare) E Terrestrial Lichen

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

virginianus) Subterraneous

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Puma (=Cougar), Eastern (Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. except E Terrestrial

Mammal

coryi))

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Wolf, Red (Canis rufus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Arrowhead, Bunched (Sagittaria fasciculata) E Freshwater

Monocot

Irisette, White (Sisyrinchium dichotomum) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Pink, Swamp (Helonias bullata) T Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial
-Page 135 of 150-

Monocot

Sedge, Golden (Carex lutea) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Alligator, American (Alligator mississippiensis) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater, Brackish

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

North Dakota ( 6) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Ohio ( 20) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, White Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua) E Freshwater Bivalve

Ohio ( 20) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Riffleshell, Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Daisy, Lakeside (Hymenoxys herbacea) T Freshwater Dicot

Monkshood, Northern Wild (Aconitum noveboracense) T Terrestrial Dicot

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Madtom, Scioto (Noturus trautmani) E Freshwater Fish

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) E Terrestrial, Perm. Insect

wetland

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Snake, Lake Erie Water (Nerodia sipedon insularum) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Oklahoma ( 20) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Curlew, Eskimo (Numenius borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Vireo, Black-capped (Vireo atricapilla) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Scaleshell (Leptodea leptodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) E Freshwater Bivalve
-Page 136 of 150-

Rock-pocketbook, Ouachita (Arkansia wheeleri) E Freshwater Bivalve

(=Wheeler's pm)

Cavefish, Ozark (Amblyopsis rosae) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Leopard (Percina pantherina) T Freshwater Fish

Madtom, Neosho (Noturus placidus) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) T Freshwater Fish

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Ozark Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Alligator, American (Alligator mississippiensis) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater, Brackish

Oregon ( 41) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Albatross, Short-tailed (Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus) E Terrestrial, Saltwater Bird

Murrelet, Marbled (Brachyramphus marmoratus) T Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater, 

Oregon ( 41) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Owl, Northern Spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) T Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Western Snowy (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) T Terrestrial Bird

Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool (Branchinecta lynchi) T Vernal pool

Crustacean

Catchfly, Spalding's (Silene spaldingii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Checker-mallow, Nelson's (Sidalcea nelsoniana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Daisy, Willamette (Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens) E Terrestrial Dicot

Four-o'clock, Macfarlane's (Mirabilis macfarlanei) T Terrestrial Dicot

Howellia, Water (Howellia aquatilis) T Freshwater Dicot

Lomatium, Bradshaw's (Lomatium bradshawii) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Lomatium, Cook's (Lomatium cookii) E Vernal pool Dicot

Lupine, Kincaid's (Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. T Terrestrial Dicot

kincaidii (=var. kincaidii))

Meadowfoam, Large-flowered (Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora) E Vernal pool Dicot

Woolly

Milk-vetch, Applegate's (Astragalus applegatei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Paintbrush, Golden (Castilleja levisecta) T Terrestrial Dicot

Popcornflower, Rough (Plagiobothrys hirtus) E Vernal pool Dicot

Rock-cress, McDonald's (Arabis mcdonaldiana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Thelypody, Howell's Spectacular (Thelypodium howellii spectabilis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Wire-lettuce, Malheur (Stephanomeria malheurensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Borax Lake (Gila boraxobius) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Hutton Tui (Gila bicolor ssp.) T Freshwater Fish

Chub, Oregon (Oregonichthys crameri) E Freshwater Fish

Dace, Foskett Speckled (Rhinichthys osculus ssp.) T Freshwater Fish

Salmon, Chinook (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) E/T Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Chum (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta) T Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater
-Page 137 of 150-

Salmon, Coho (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Sockeye (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Sucker, Lost River (Deltistes luxatus) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Modoc (Catostomus microps) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Shortnose (Chasmistes brevirostris) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Warner (Catostomus warnerensis) T Freshwater Fish

Trout, Bull (Salvelinus confluentus) T Freshwater Fish

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) T Freshwater Fish

Butterfly, Fender's Blue (Icaricia icarioides fenderi) E Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) T Terrestrial Insect

Deer, Columbian White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Fritillary, Gentner's (Fritillaria gentneri) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Lily, Western (Lilium occidentale) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Pennsylvania ( 8) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Pennsylvania ( 8) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Bristle) Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Puerto Rico ( 68) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Coqui, Golden (Eleutherodactylus jasperi) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Guajon (Eleutherodactylus cooki) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Toad, Puerto Rican Crested (Peltophryne lemur) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Blackbird, Yellow-shouldered (Agelaius xanthomus) E Terrestrial Bird

Hawk, Puerto Rican Broad-winged (Buteo platypterus brunnescens) E Terrestrial Bird

Hawk, Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned (Accipiter striatus venator) E Terrestrial Bird

Nightjar, Puerto Rico (Caprimulgus noctitherus) E Terrestrial Bird

Parrot, Puerto Rican (Amazona vittata) E Terrestrial Bird

Pigeon, Puerto Rican Plain (Columba inornata wetmorei) E Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Auerodendron pauciflorum (ncn) (Auerodendron pauciflorum) E Terrestrial Dicot
-Page 138 of 150-

Bariaco (Trichilia triacantha) E Terrestrial Dicot

Boxwood, Vahl's (Buxus vahlii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Calyptranthes Thomasiana (ncn) (Calyptranthes thomasiana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Capa Rosa (Callicarpa ampla) E Terrestrial Dicot

Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn) (Catesbaea melanocarpa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chamaecrista glandulosa (ncn) (Chamaecrista glandulosa var. mirabilis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chumbo, Higo (Harrisia portoricensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Chupacallos (Pleodendron macranthum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cobana Negra (Stahlia monosperma) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cordia bellonis (ncn) (Cordia bellonis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Daphnopsis hellerana (ncn) (Daphnopsis hellerana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Erubia (Solanum drymophilum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Eugenia Woodburyana (Eugenia woodburyana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Gesneria pauciflora (ncn) (Gesneria pauciflora) T Terrestrial Dicot

Goetzea, Beautiful (Matabuey) (Goetzea elegans) E Terrestrial Dicot

Higuero De Sierra (Crescentia portoricensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Holly, Cook's (Ilex cookii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ilex sintenisii (ncn) (Ilex sintenisii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Leptocereus grantianus (ncn) (Leptocereus grantianus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lyonia truncata var. proctorii (ncn) (Lyonia truncata var. proctorii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Puerto Rico ( 68) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Mitracarpus Maxwelliae (Mitracarpus maxwelliae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mitracarpus Polycladus (Mitracarpus polycladus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Myrcia Paganii (Myrcia paganii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Palo Colorado (Ternstroemia (Ternstroemia luquillensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

luquillensis)

Palo de Jazmin (Styrax portoricensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Palo de Nigua (Cornutia obovata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Palo de Ramon (Banara vanderbiltii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Palo de Rosa (Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon) E Terrestrial Dicot

Peperomia, Wheeler's (Peperomia wheeleri) E Terrestrial Dicot

Prickly-ash, St. Thomas (Zanthoxylum thomasianum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Schoepfia arenaria (ncn) (Schoepfia arenaria) T Terrestrial Dicot

Ternstroemia subsessilis (ncn) (Ternstroemia subsessilis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Uvillo (Eugenia haematocarpa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Vernonia Proctorii (ncn) (Vernonia proctorii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Fern, Adiantum vivesii (Adiantum vivesii) E Terrestrial Ferns

Fern, Elaphoglossum serpens (Elaphoglossum serpens) E Terrestrial Ferns

Fern, Thelypteris inabonensis (Thelypteris inabonensis) E Terrestrial Ferns

Fern, Thelypteris verecunda (Thelypteris verecunda) E Terrestrial Ferns

Fern, Thelypteris yaucoensis (Thelypteris yaucoensis) E Terrestrial Ferns

Polystichum calderonense (ncn) (Polystichum calderonense) E Terrestrial Ferns

Tectaria Estremerana (Tectaria estremerana) E Terrestrial Ferns

Tree Fern, Elfin (Cyathea dryopteroides) E Terrestrial Ferns

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Aristida chaseae (ncn) (Aristida chaseae) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Cranichis Ricartii (Cranichis ricartii) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Lepanthes eltorensis (ncn) (Lepanthes eltoroensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Manaca, palma de (Calyptronoma rivalis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Pelos del Diablo (Aristida portoricensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot
-Page 139 of 150-

Walnut, Nogal (Juglans jamaicensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Anole, Culebra Island Giant (Anolis roosevelti) E Terrestrial Reptile

Boa, Puerto Rican (Epicrates inornatus) E Terrestrial Reptile

Boa, Virgin Islands Tree (Epicrates monensis granti) E Terrestrial Reptile

Sea turtle, green (Chelonia mydas) E/T Saltwater Reptile

Sea turtle, hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) E Saltwater, Coastal Reptile

Sea turtle, leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) E Saltwater, Coastal Reptile

Sea turtle, loggerhead (Caretta caretta) T Saltwater, Coastal Reptile

Rhode Island ( 7) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Gerardia, Sandplain (Agalinis acuta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Puma (=Cougar), Eastern (Puma (=Felis) concolor (all subsp. except E Terrestrial

Mammal

coryi))

Rhode Island ( 7) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

South Carolina ( 32) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Salamander, Frosted Flatwoods (Ambystoma cingulatum) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater, Vernal 

pool

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler, Bachman's (Vermivora bachmanii) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Heelsplitter Carolina (Lasmigona decorata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) T Coastal Dicot

Amphianthus, Little (Amphianthus pusillus) T Freshwater Dicot

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Coneflower, Smooth (Echinacea laevigata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Dropwort, Canby's (Oxypolis canbyi) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Gooseberry, Miccosukee (Ribes echinellum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) E Freshwater Dicot

Heartleaf, Dwarf-flowered (Hexastylis naniflora) T Terrestrial Dicot

Loosestrife, Rough-leaved (Lysimachia asperulaefolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pitcher-plant, Mountain Sweet (Sarracenia rubra ssp. jonesii) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sumac, Michaux's (Rhus michauxii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sunflower, Schweinitz's (Helianthus schweinitzii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Quillwort, Black-spored (Isoetes melanospora) E Vernal pool Ferns

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Lichen, Rock Gnome (Gymnoderma lineare) E Terrestrial Lichen

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Arrowhead, Bunched (Sagittaria fasciculata) E Freshwater

Monocot

Irisette, White (Sisyrinchium dichotomum) E Terrestrial
-Page 140 of 150-

Monocot

Pink, Swamp (Helonias bullata) T Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Trillium, Persistent (Trillium persistens) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Trillium, Relict (Trillium reliquum) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

South Dakota ( 11) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Curlew, Eskimo (Numenius borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Scaleshell (Leptodea leptodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

South Dakota ( 11) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Shiner, Topeka (Notropis topeka (=tristis)) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Tennessee ( 85) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Spider, Spruce-fir Moss (Microhexura montivaga) E Terrestrial

Arachnid

Stork, Wood (Mycteria americana) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Combshell, Upland (Epioblasma metastriata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Elktoe, Appalachian (Alasmidonta raveneliana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) E Freshwater Bivalve

Kidneyshell, Triangular (Ptychobranchus greenii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Alabama Moccasinshell (Medionidus acutissimus) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Coosa Moccasinshell (Medionidus parvulus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell (Epioblasma brevidens) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Cumberland Elktoe (Alasmidonta atropurpurea) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Cumberland Pigtoe (Pleurobema gibberum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Fine-lined Pocketbook (Lampsilis altilis) T Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe (Fusconaia cuneolus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Ovate Clubshell (Pleurobema perovatum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Oyster (Epioblasma capsaeformis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Ring Pink (=Golf Stick (Obovaria retusa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearly)

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe (Fusconaia cor) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Southern Pigtoe (Pleurobema georgianum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Alabama Lamp (Lampsilis virescens) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Appalachian (Quadrula sparsa) E Freshwater Bivalve
-Page 141 of 150-

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Birdwing (Conradilla caelata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cracking (Hemistena lata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean (Villosa trabalis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cumberland (Quadrula intermedia) E Freshwater Bivalve

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Dromedary (Dromus dromas) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Green-blossom (Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Little-wing (Pegias fabula) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Orange-footed (Plethobasus cooperianus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Pale Lilliput (Toxolasma cylindrellus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Purple Cat's Paw (Epioblasma obliquata obliquata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Tubercled- (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Tennessee ( 85) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Pearlymussel, Turgid-blossom (Epioblasma turgidula) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, White Wartyback (Plethobasus cicatricosus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Yellow-blossom (Epioblasma florentina florentina) E Freshwater Bivalve

Purple Bean (Villosa perpurpurea) E Freshwater Bivalve

Rabbitsfoot, Rough (Quadrula cylindrica strigillata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Tan (Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. E Freshwater Bivalve

Crayfish, Nashville (Orconectes shoupi) E Freshwater

Crustacean

Aster, Ruth's Golden (Pityopsis ruthii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Avens, Spreading (Geum radiatum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bladderpod, Spring Creek (Lesquerella perforata) E Floodplain Dicot

Bluet, Roan Mountain (Hedyotis purpurea var. montana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Clover, Leafy Prairie (Dalea foliosa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Coneflower, Tennessee Purple (Echinacea tennesseensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Goldenrod, Blue Ridge (Solidago spithamaea) T Terrestrial Dicot

Ground-plum, Guthrie's (Astragalus bibullatus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pitcher-plant, Green (Sarracenia oreophila) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Potato-bean, Price's (Apios priceana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Rock-cress, Braun's (Arabis perstellata E. L. Braun var. ampla E Terrestrial Dicot

Rollins)

Rosemary, Cumberland (Conradina verticillata) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sandwort, Cumberland (Arenaria cumberlandensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Skullcap, Large-flowered (Scutellaria montana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Fern, American hart's-tongue (Asplenium scolopendrium var. T Terrestrial Ferns

Chub, Slender (Erimystax cahni) T Freshwater Fish

Chub, Spotfin (Erimonax monachus) T Freshwater Fish

Dace, Blackside (Phoxinus cumberlandensis) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Amber (Percina antesella) E Freshwater Fish

Darter, Bluemask (=jewel) (Etheostoma sp.) E Freshwater Fish

Darter, Boulder (Etheostoma wapiti) E Freshwater Fish

Darter, Duskytail (Etheostoma percnurum) E Freshwater Fish

Darter, Slackwater (Etheostoma boschungi) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Snail (Percina tanasi) T Freshwater Fish

Logperch, Conasauga (Percina jenkinsi) E Freshwater Fish

Madtom, Pygmy (Noturus stanauli) E Freshwater Fish

Madtom, Smoky (Noturus baileyi) E Freshwater Fish

Madtom, Yellowfin (Noturus flavipinnis) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Blue (Cyprinella caerulea) T Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Palezone (Notropis albizonatus) E Freshwater Fish
-Page 142 of 150-

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Marstonia, Royal (=Royal Snail) (Pyrgulopsis ogmorhaphe) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

Riversnail, Anthony's (Athearnia anthonyi) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Snail, Painted Snake Coiled Forest (Anguispira picta) T Terrestrial

Gastropod

Lichen, Rock Gnome (Gymnoderma lineare) E Terrestrial Lichen

Tennessee ( 85) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Grass, Tennessee Yellow-eyed (Xyris tennesseensis) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Texas ( 82) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Salamander, Barton Springs (Eurycea sosorum) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Salamander, San Marcos (Eurycea nana) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Salamander, Texas Blind (Typhlomolge rathbuni) E Freshwater, 

Amphibian

Subterraneous

Toad, Houston (Bufo houstonensis) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Harvestman, Bee Creek Cave (Texella reddelli) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

Harvestman, Bone Cave (Texella reyesi) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

Harvestman, Cokendolpher Cave (Texella cokendolpheri) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Braken Bat Cave (Cicurina venii) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Government Canyon (Cicurina vespera) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Bat Cave Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Madla's Cave (Cicurina madla) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

Meshweaver, Robber Baron Cave (Cicurina baronia) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

Pseudoscorpion, Tooth Cave (Tartarocreagris texana) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

Spider, Government Canyon Bat (Neoleptoneta microps) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid
-Page 143 of 150-

Cave Subterraneous

Spider, Tooth Cave (Leptoneta myopica) E Terrestrial, 

Arachnid

Subterraneous

Crane, Mississippi Sandhill (Grus canadensis pulla) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Curlew, Eskimo (Numenius borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Falcon, Northern Aplomado (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) E Terrestrial Bird

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) E Terrestrial Bird

Owl, Mexican Spotted (Strix occidentalis lucida) T Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Prairie-chicken, Attwater's Greater (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Vireo, Black-capped (Vireo atricapilla) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler (=Wood), Golden- (Dendroica chrysoparia) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Amphipod, Peck's Cave (Stygobromus (=Stygonectes) pecki) E Freshwater, 

Crustacean

Subterraneous

Ambrosia, South Texas (Ambrosia cheiranthifolia) E Terrestrial Dicot

Texas ( 82) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Ayenia, Texas (Ayenia limitaris) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bladderpod, White (Lesquerella pallida) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bladderpod, Zapata (Lesquerella thamnophila) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Black Lace (Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albertii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Bunched Cory (Coryphantha ramillosa) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Chisos Mountain (Echinocereus chisoensis var. chisoensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Hedgehog

Cactus, Lloyd's Mariposa (Echinomastus mariposensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Nellie Cory (Coryphantha minima) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion (Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Star (Astrophytum asterias) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Tobusch Fishhook (Ancistrocactus tobuschii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cat's-eye, Terlingua Creek (Cryptantha crassipes) E Terrestrial Dicot

Dawn-flower, Texas Prairie (Hymenoxys texana) E Terrestrial Dicot

(=Texas Bitterweed)

Dogweed, Ashy (Thymophylla tephroleuca) E Terrestrial Dicot

Frankenia, Johnston's (Frankenia johnstonii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Fruit, Earth (=geocarpon) (Geocarpon minimum) T Terrestrial Dicot

Manioc, Walker's (Manihot walkerae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Oak, Hinckley (Quercus hinckleyi) T Terrestrial Dicot

Phlox, Texas Trailing (Phlox nivalis ssp. texensis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Pitaya, Davis' Green (Echinocereus viridiflorus var. davisii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Poppy-mallow, Texas (Callirhoe scabriuscula) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rush-pea, Slender (Hoffmannseggia tenella) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sand-verbena, Large-fruited (Abronia macrocarpa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Snowbells, Texas (Styrax texanus) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sunflower, Pecos (Helianthus paradoxus) T Terrestrial, Perm. Dicot

wetland

Darter, Fountain (Etheostoma fonticola) E Freshwater Fish

Gambusia, Big Bend (Gambusia gaigei) E Freshwater Fish

Gambusia, Clear Creek (Gambusia heterochir) E Freshwater Fish

Gambusia, Pecos (Gambusia nobilis) E Freshwater Fish

Gambusia, San Marcos (Gambusia georgei) E Freshwater Fish
-Page 144 of 150-

Minnow, Devils River (Dionda diaboli) T Freshwater Fish

Pupfish, Comanche Springs (Cyprinodon elegans) E Freshwater Fish

Pupfish, Leon Springs (Cyprinodon bovinus) E Freshwater Fish

Shiner, Arkansas River (Notropis girardi) T Freshwater Fish

Snail, Pecos Assiminea (Assiminea pecos) E Freshwater

Gastropod

Beetle, American Burying (Nicrophorus americanus) E Terrestrial Insect

Beetle, Coffin Cave Mold (Batrisodes texanus) E Subterraneous Insect

Beetle, Comal Springs Dryopid (Stygoparnus comalensis) E Freshwater, Insect

Subterraneous

Beetle, Comal Springs Riffle (Heterelmis comalensis) E Freshwater, Insect

Subterraneous

Beetle, Helotes Mold (Batrisodes venyivi) E Subterraneous Insect

Beetle, Kretschmarr Cave Mold (Texamaurops reddelli) E Subterraneous Insect

Beetle, Tooth Cave Ground (Rhadine persephone) E Subterraneous Insect

Texas ( 82) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Rhadine exilis (ncn) (Rhadine exilis) E Terrestrial, Insect

Subterraneous

Rhadine infernalis (ncn) (Rhadine infernalis) E Terrestrial, Insect

Subterraneous

Bat, Mexican Long-nosed (Leptonycteris nivalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bear, American Black (Ursus americanus) SA Terrestrial

Mammal

Bear, Louisiana Black (Ursus americanus luteolus) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Jaguarundi, Gulf Coast (Herpailurus (=Felis) yagouaroundi E Terrestrial

Mammal

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus) E Saltwater

Mammal

Ocelot (Leopardus (=Felis) pardalis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, Navasota (Spiranthes parksii) E Terrestrial

Monocot

Pondweed, Little Aguja Creek (Potamogeton clystocarpus) E Freshwater

Monocot

Wild-rice, Texas (Zizania texana) E Freshwater

Monocot

Snake, Concho Water (Nerodia paucimaculata) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Utah ( 38) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Condor, California (Gymnogyps californianus) E Terrestrial Bird

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow (Empidonax traillii extimus) E Terrestrial Bird

Owl, Mexican Spotted (Strix occidentalis lucida) T Terrestrial Bird

Bearclaw poppy, Dwarf (Arctomecon humilis) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bladderpod, Kodachrome (Lesquerella tumulosa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Buttercup, Autumn (Ranunculus aestivalis (=acriformis)) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, San Rafael (Pediocactus despainii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Siler Pincushion (Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Uinta Basin hookless (Sclerocactus wetlandicus) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Winkler (Pediocactus winkleri) T Terrestrial Dicot

Cactus, Wright Fishhook (Sclerocactus wrightiae) E Terrestrial Dicot

Cycladenia, Jones (Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis)) T Terrestrial Dicot

Daisy, Maguire (Erigeron maguirei) T Freshwater Dicot

Milk-vetch, Deseret (Astragalus desereticus) T Terrestrial Dicot

Milk-vetch, Heliotrope (Astragalus montii) T Terrestrial Dicot
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Milk-vetch, Holmgren (Astragalus holmgreniorum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Milkweed, Welsh's (Asclepias welshii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Phacelia, Clay (Phacelia argillacea) E Terrestrial Dicot

Primrose, Maguire (Primula maguirei) T Terrestrial Dicot

Reed-mustard, Barneby (Schoenocrambe barnebyi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Reed-mustard, Shrubby (Schoenocrambe suffrutescens) E Terrestrial Dicot

Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), (Lepidium barnebyanum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Barneby

Townsendia, Last Chance (Townsendia aprica) T Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Bonytail (Gila elegans) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Humpback (Gila cypha) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Virgin River (Gila seminuda (=robusta)) E Freshwater Fish

Squawfish, Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, June (Chasmistes liorus) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) E Freshwater Fish

Utah ( 38) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) T Freshwater Fish

Woundfin (Plagopterus argentissimus) E Freshwater Fish

Ambersnail, Kanab (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) E Terrestrial, 

Gastropod

Freshwater

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Prairie Dog, Utah (Cynomys parvidens) T Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Sedge, Navajo (Carex specuicola) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Tortoise, Desert (Gopherus agassizii) T Terrestrial Reptile

Vermont ( 6) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Milk-vetch, Jesup's (Astragalus robbinsii var. jesupi) E Terrestrial Dicot

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Bristle) Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Virgin Islands ( 3) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Boxwood, Vahl's (Buxus vahlii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Catesbaea Melanocarpa (ncn) (Catesbaea melanocarpa) E Terrestrial Dicot

Lizard, St. Croix Ground (Ameiva polops) E Terrestrial Reptile

Virginia ( 61) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Salamander, Shenandoah (Plethodon shenandoah) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Spider, Spruce-fir Moss (Microhexura montivaga) E Terrestrial

Arachnid
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Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii dougallii) E Terrestrial Bird

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (Picoides borealis) E Terrestrial Bird

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Cumberland Combshell (Epioblasma brevidens) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Dwarf Wedge (Alasmidonta heterodon) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Fine-rayed Pigtoe (Fusconaia cuneolus) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Oyster (Epioblasma capsaeformis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Rough Pigtoe (Pleurobema plenum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Shiny Pigtoe (Fusconaia cor) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Appalachian (Quadrula sparsa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Birdwing (Conradilla caelata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cracking (Hemistena lata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cumberland Bean (Villosa trabalis) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Cumberland (Quadrula intermedia) E Freshwater Bivalve

Monkeyface

Pearlymussel, Dromedary (Dromus dromas) E Freshwater Bivalve

Virginia ( 61) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Pearlymussel, Green-blossom (Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Little-wing (Pegias fabula) E Freshwater Bivalve

Purple Bean (Villosa perpurpurea) E Freshwater Bivalve

Rabbitsfoot, Rough (Quadrula cylindrica strigillata) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Tan (Epioblasma florentina walkeri (=E. E Freshwater Bivalve

Spinymussel, James River (Pleurobema collina) E Freshwater Bivalve

Isopod, Lee County Cave (Lirceus usdagalun) E Freshwater

Crustacean

Isopod, Madison Cave (Antrolana lira) T Freshwater

Crustacean

Amaranth, Seabeach (Amaranthus pumilus) T Coastal Dicot

Birch, Virginia Round-leaf (Betula uber) T Floodplain Dicot

Bittercress, Small-anthered (Cardamine micranthera) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chaffseed, American (Schwalbea americana) E Terrestrial Dicot

Coneflower, Smooth (Echinacea laevigata) E Terrestrial Dicot

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) E Freshwater Dicot

Joint-vetch, Sensitive (Aeschynomene virginica) T Terrestrial, Brackish Dicot

Mallow, Peter's Mountain (Iliamna corei) E Terrestrial Dicot

Rock-cress, Shale Barren (Arabis serotina) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sneezeweed, Virginia (Helenium virginicum) T Vernal pool Dicot

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sumac, Michaux's (Rhus michauxii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Sunflower, Schweinitz's (Helianthus schweinitzii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Slender (Erimystax cahni) T Freshwater Fish

Chub, Spotfin (Erimonax monachus) T Freshwater Fish

Dace, Blackside (Phoxinus cumberlandensis) T Freshwater Fish

Darter, Duskytail (Etheostoma percnurum) E Freshwater Fish

Logperch, Conasauga (Percina jenkinsi) E Freshwater Fish

Logperch, Roanoke (Percina rex) E Freshwater Fish

Madtom, Yellowfin (Noturus flavipinnis) T Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Shortnose (Acipenser brevirostrum) E Freshwater, Fish

Snail, Virginia Fringed Mountain (Polygyriscus virginianus) E Terrestrial

Gastropod

Beetle, Northeastern Beach Tiger (Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis) T Terrestrial Insect

Butterfly, Mitchell's Satyr (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) E Terrestrial, Perm. Insect

wetland
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Bat, Gray (Myotis grisescens) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Ozark Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Squirrel, Carolina Northern Flying (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Squirrel, Delmarva Peninsula Fox (Sciurus niger cinereus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Bristle) Freshwater

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Pink, Swamp (Helonias bullata) T Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Virginia ( 61) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Turtle, Bog (Clemmys muhlenbergii) T Terrestrial, Reptile

Freshwater

Washington ( 25) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Albatross, Short-tailed (Phoebastria (=Diomedea) albatrus) E Terrestrial, Saltwater Bird

Murrelet, Marbled (Brachyramphus marmoratus) T Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater, 

Owl, Northern Spotted (Strix occidentalis caurina) T Terrestrial Bird

Plover, Western Snowy (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) T Terrestrial Bird

Catchfly, Spalding's (Silene spaldingii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Checker-mallow, Nelson's (Sidalcea nelsoniana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Checker-mallow, Wenatchee (Sidalcea oregana var. calva) E Terrestrial Dicot

Mountains

Howellia, Water (Howellia aquatilis) T Freshwater Dicot

Lomatium, Bradshaw's (Lomatium bradshawii) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Lupine, Kincaid's (Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. T Terrestrial Dicot

kincaidii (=var. kincaidii))

Paintbrush, Golden (Castilleja levisecta) T Terrestrial Dicot

Sandwort, Marsh (Arenaria paludicola) E Terrestrial, Dicot

Freshwater

Stickseed, Showy (Hackelia venusta) E Terrestrial Dicot

Salmon, Chinook (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) E/T Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Sockeye (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Steelhead (Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) E Freshwater, Fish

Brackish, Saltwater

Trout, Apache (Oncorhynchus apache) T Freshwater Fish

Trout, Bull (Salvelinus confluentus) T Freshwater Fish

Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) T Terrestrial Insect

Bear, Grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Caribou, Woodland (Rangifer tarandus caribou) E Terrestrial

Mammal
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Deer, Columbian White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Rabbit, Pygmy (Brachylagus idahoensis) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

West Virginia ( 17) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Salamander, Cheat Mountain (Plethodon nettingi) T Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) (Lampsilis abrupta) E Freshwater Bivalve

Mussel, Clubshell (Pleurobema clava) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Tubercled- (Epioblasma torulosa torulosa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Riffleshell, Northern (Epioblasma torulosa rangiana) E Freshwater Bivalve

Spinymussel, James River (Pleurobema collina) E Freshwater Bivalve

Isopod, Madison Cave (Antrolana lira) T Freshwater

Crustacean

Clover, Running Buffalo (Trifolium stoloniferum) E Terrestrial Dicot

Harperella (Ptilimnium nodosum) E Freshwater Dicot

Rock-cress, Shale Barren (Arabis serotina) E Terrestrial Dicot

West Virginia ( 17) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Spiraea, Virginia (Spiraea virginiana) T Terrestrial Dicot

Snail, Flat-spired Three-toothed (Triodopsis platysayoides) T Terrestrial

Gastropod

Bat, Indiana (Myotis sodalis) E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

Subterraneous

Bat, Virginia Big-eared (Corynorhinus (=Plecotus) townsendii E Terrestrial, 

Mammal

virginianus) Subterraneous

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed (Scirpus ancistrochaetus) E Terrestrial, 

Monocot

Bristle) Freshwater

Pogonia, Small Whorled (Isotria medeoloides) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Wisconsin ( 14) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Warbler (=Wood), Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii) E Terrestrial Bird

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf (Quadrula fragosa) E Freshwater Bivalve

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye (Lampsilis higginsii) E Freshwater Bivalve

Clover, Prairie Bush (Lespedeza leptostachya) T Terrestrial Dicot

Locoweed, Fassett's (Oxytropis campestris var. chartacea) T Terrestrial Dicot

Milkweed, Mead's (Asclepias meadii) T Terrestrial Dicot

Monkshood, Northern Wild (Aconitum noveboracense) T Terrestrial Dicot

Thistle, Pitcher's (Cirsium pitcheri) T Terrestrial Dicot

Butterfly, Karner Blue (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) E Terrestrial Insect

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald (Somatochlora hineana) E Terrestrial, Insect

Freshwater

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Iris, Dwarf Lake (Iris lacustris) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed (Platanthera leucophaea) T Terrestrial

Monocot
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Wyoming ( 17) species: E/T Medium Taxon

Toad, Wyoming (Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys)) E Terrestrial, 

Amphibian

Freshwater

Crane, Whooping (Grus americana) E Terrestrial, Bird

Freshwater

Plover, Piping (Charadrius melodus) E Terrestrial Bird

Tern, Interior (population) Least (Sterna antillarum) E Terrestrial Bird

Butterfly Plant, Colorado (Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis) T Terrestrial Dicot

Penstemon, Blowout (Penstemon haydenii) E Terrestrial Dicot

Yellowhead, Desert (Yermo xanthocephalus) T Terrestrial Dicot

Chub, Bonytail (Gila elegans) E Freshwater Fish

Chub, Humpback (Gila cypha) E Freshwater Fish

Squawfish, Colorado (Ptychocheilus lucius) E Freshwater Fish

Sturgeon, Pallid (Scaphirhynchus albus) E Freshwater Fish

Sucker, Razorback (Xyrauchen texanus) E Freshwater Fish

Ferret, Black-footed (Mustela nigripes) E Terrestrial

Mammal

Lynx, Canada (Lynx canadensis) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Mouse, Preble's Meadow Jumping (Zapus hudsonius preblei) T Terrestrial

Mammal

Ladies'-tresses, Ute (Spiranthes diluvialis) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed (Platanthera praeclara) T Terrestrial

Monocot

Aquatic Marine Species

Fish (Actinopterygii)

Common name Scientific name Family Order

Salmon, Atlantic Salmo salar Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Salmon, Chinook Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Salmon, Chum Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) keta Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Salmon, Coho Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Salmon, Sockeye Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Sawfish, Smalltooth Pristis pectinata Pristidae Pristiformes

Steelhead Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss Salmonidae Salmoniformes

Sturgeon, Gulf Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi Acipenseridae Acipenseriformes

Sturgeon, North American green Acipenser medirostris Acipenseridae Acipenseriformes

Sturgeon, Shortnose Acipenser brevirostrum Acipenseridae Acipenseriformes

Sturgeon, White Acipenser transmontanus Acipenseridae Acipenseriformes

Gastropod (Gastropoda)

Common name Scientific name Family Order

Abalone, White Haliotis sorenseni Haliotidae Vetigastropoda

Mammal (Mammalia)

Common name Scientific name Family Order

Bear, polar Ursus maritimus Ursidae Carnivora

Manatee, West Indian Trichechus manatus Trichechidae Sirenia

Otter, Northern Sea Enhydra lutris kenyoni Mustelidae Carnivora

Otter, Southern Sea Enhydra lutris nereis Mustelidae Carnivora

Seal, Guadalupe Fur Arctocephalus townsendi Phocidae Carnivora

Seal, Hawaiian Monk Monachus schauinslandi Phocidae Carnivora

Seal, spotted Phoca largha Phocidae Carnivora

Sea-lion, Steller Eumetopias jubatus Otariidae Carnivora
-Page 150 of 150-

Whale, Blue Balaenoptera musculus Balaenopteridae Cetacea

Whale, Bowhead Balaena mysticetus Balaenidae Cetacea

Whale, Finback Balaenoptera physalus Balaenopteridae Cetacea

Whale, Humpback Megaptera novaeangliae Balaenopteridae Cetacea

Whale, North Atlantic right Eubalaena glacialis (incl. australis) Balaenidae Cetacea

Whale, North Pacific right Eubalaena japonica Balaenidae Cetacea

Whale, Sei Balaenoptera borealis Balaenopteridae Cetacea

Whale, Sperm Physeter catodon (=macrocephalus) Physeteridae Cetacea

Monocot (Liliopsida)

Common name Scientific name Family Order

Seagrass, Johnson's Halophila johnsonii Hydrocharitaceae Alismatales

Reptile (Reptilia)

Common name Scientific name Family Order

Reptile (Reptilia)

Common name Scientific name Family Order

Sea turtle, green Chelonia mydas Cheloniidae Testudines

Sea turtle, hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata Cheloniidae Testudines

Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley Lepidochelys kempii Cheloniidae Testudines

Sea turtle, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea Dermochelyidae Testudines

Sea turtle, loggerhead Caretta caretta Cheloniidae Testudines

Sea turtle, olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea Cheloniidae Testudines

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh Nerodia clarkii taeniata Colubridae Squamata

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