UNITED STATES CO URT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

JAIME GARCIA, Petitioner,

v. ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States Attorney General, Respondent. No. 14-9555 (Petition for Review)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before MORITZ , PORFILIO , and BALDOCK , Circuit Judges.

Jaime Garcia, a native a nd citizen of Mexico, petitions for review of a final removal order and the denial of his motion to remand. Exercising jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), we deny the petition.

* After examining the briefs and appella te record, this pa nel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not mate rially assist the de termination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctr ines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cite d, however, for its persuasi ve value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### March 24, 2015
Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court- 2 - BACKGROUND Garcia admitted he was pr esent in the United States illegally and subject to removal, but he sought asylum, restriction on rem oval under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b) (3) , and withholding of removal under the Unit ed Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT). His requests were ba sed on allegations that he was persecuted in Mexico because he was part of a group of “Mex ican males who oppose gang recruitment,” R. at 88, and that he faced more of the same treatment if he were to return. Specifically, Garcia stated th at, beginning when he was te n years old, he was beaten weekly for repeatedly refusi ng to join a gang. Because of his refusals, gang members murdered his stepfather and ten-year-old brother by runni ng them over with trucks in a manner made to look like acc idents. After his brother was killed in 1987, Garcia came to the United States, but he returned to Mexico in 1988. Two months later, his grandmother was killed, allegedly in the sa me manner and for the same reason as his stepfather and brother. Soon thereafter, Garcia fled to th e United States. In 2004, he returned to his hometown in Mexico afte r an immigration judge (IJ) granted him voluntary departure. Not l ong after, he was beaten with a hammer and told not to come back. He relocated in Mexico a cons iderable distance from his town, but there he learned the gang was still looking for him, which prompt ed him to flee again to the United States in 2005.- 3 - Garcia was placed in remova l proceedings in 2009. After a 2013 hearing, the IJ found Garcia credible, denied his asylum application as untimely, and denied the other requested relief. Garcia appealed the denial of restri ction on removal and CAT relief to the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA), whic h dismissed his appeal. The BIA ruled that Garcia was not eligible for restriction on removal b ecause he had not established that “Mexican males who oppos e gang recruitment” is a “par ticular social group” as defined in Matter of M-E-V-G- , 26 I. & N. Dec. 227 (BIA 2014), and its companion

case, Matter of W-G-R- , 26 I. & N. Dec. 208 (BIA 20 14). Under those cases, members in such a group must “share a common immutable charac teristic,” and the group must be “defined with particularity” and “socially dis tinct within the society in question.” Matter of M-E-V-G- , 26 I. & N. Dec. at 237. 1 The BIA concluded that Garcia’s proposed social group lacked th e requisite particularity because it was “amorphous and lack[ed] definable boundari es” to the extent it “could include persons of any age or backgrou nd.” R. at 4. The BIA al so determined that Garcia had provided no evidence that “people who resist gang recruitm ent are perceived, considered, or recognized by Mexican soci ety to be a distinct social group.” Id. Relatedly, the BIA denied a motion to re mand Garcia had filed because he had not shown how the application of Matter of M-E-V-G- and Matter of W-G-R- , both of

1 Matter of M-E-V-G- and Matter of W-G-R- were issued after the IJ’s decision, but as we explain in more detail below, they did not alter the legal or evidentiary standards of the BIA’s prior cases.- 4 - which were issued after the IJ had denied Garcia relief, would change the result, and because he had not shown that fu rther fact finding was necessary. With regard to the CAT claim, the BIA agreed with the IJ’s conclusion that Garcia did not demonstrate a clear probability of torture either by the government or with its acquiescence. STANDARDS OF REVIEW Because the BIA issued a br ief order by one member, we treat it as the final removal order. Uanreroro v. Gonzales , 443 F.3d 1197, 1204 (10th Cir. 2006). “We review the BIA’s legal dete rminations de novo.” Ferry v. Gonzales , 457 F.3d 1117, 1126 (10th Cir. 2006). “What constitutes a particular soci al group is a pure question of law that we review de novo.” Cruz-Funez v. Gonzales , 406 F.3d 1187, 1191 (10th Cir. 2005). “[A]dmin istrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the c ontrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). “[W]e review the BIA’s de nial of a motion to remand for abuse of discretion.” Neri-Garcia v. Holder , 696 F.3d 1003, 1009 (10th Cir. 2012). DISCUSSION A. Restriction on removal To succeed on his request for restriction on removal, Garcia had to “establish a clear probability of persecution” in Mexico “on the basis of . . . membership in a particular social group.” Elzour v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1143, 1149 (10th Cir. 2004) (discussing 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b )(3)). Garcia argues the BI A erred in concluding that- 5 - “Mexican males who oppose ga ng recruitment” does not qualif y as a particular social group. As to the particul arity component, he points to Rivera-Barrientos v. Holder , where we stated that “[a] discrete class of young person s sharing the past experience of having resisted gang recruitment can be a particularly defined trait.” 666 F.3d 641, 650 (10th Cir. 2012). Based on that view, we “disagree[d] with the BIA’s conclusion that El Salvadoran women between the ages of 12 and 25 who have resisted gang recruitment do not make up a group that can be described with sufficient particularity to meet the sta ndard for a ‘particular social group.’” Id. We need not resolve Garc ia’s argument regarding th e particularity component because he wholly failed to meet his burden on the social -distinction component. To do that, Garcia needed to provide evid ence that members of Mexican “‘society perceive those with the charac teristic in question as memb ers of a social group.’” Id. (quoting Matter of C-A- , 23 I. & N. Dec. 951, 957 (BIA 2006)); see also id. at 653 (concluding that there was no record evidence of societal perception). This requires evidence of “two necessary conditions”: (1 ) “that citizens of the applicant’s country would consider indivi duals with the pertinent trait to constitute a distinct social group,” id. at 650-51, and (2) “that the app licant’s community is capable of identifying an individual as belonging to the group,” id. at 651. Garcia points to no evidence satisfying th e first condition. Instead, he argues that his proposed group is socially distin ct because, as the BIA recognized, the record contains evidence that gang violence in Mexico is ongoing and widespread, and- 6 - “[s]ocieties that grapple with serious ga ng violence are more likely to perceive resisters as a distinct social group.” Pet’r’s Br. at 22. He likens gang -resisters to the hypothetical group of landowners the BIA said could be suff iciently distinct in an “underdeveloped, oligarchical society,” but not “in Canada,” as part of the BIA’s illustration that the nature of the society in question play s a role in determining both particularity and social distinction. Matter of M-E-V-G- , 26 I. & N. Dec. at 241. Garcia claims that in a gang-dominated society, t hose who resist gang membership are, like the minority landowners in the hypot hetical, more likely to be perceived by society as socially distinct. That may or may not be so, but argument is not evidence, and there is no evidence that Mexican soci ety perceives “Mexican males who oppose gang recruitment” as a distinct social group. 2 We therefore conclude that the BIA’s ruling on social distinction was correct. 3

2 The only evidence of reco rd that might have aide d Garcia in meeting his burden are U.S. Department of State Human Rights Reports for Mexico from 2010 and 2011. As the BIA noted, those reports discuss the prevalence of gang violence but contain nothing about wh ether Mexican society per ceives “Mexican males who oppose gang recruitment” as a distinct social group.
3 In reaching this conclusion, we are not suggesting that gang-related social groups can never qualify as a particular social group. See Matter of M-E-V-G- , 26 I. & N. Dec. at 251 (cautioni ng that BIA decisions predating Matter of M-E-V-G- and Matter of W-G-R- “should not be read as a blanket rejection of all factual scenarios involving gangs”). There is simply no releva nt evidence in the record supporting the particular so cial group Garcia has proposed.- 7 - B. Motion to remand In his motion to remand, Garcia argued that remand to the IJ was warranted because the intervening BIA decisions in Matter of M-E-V-G- and Matter of
W-G-R- had changed the legal standard for the “social distinction” component of the particular-social-group inquiry. We see no abuse of disc retion in the BIA’s denial of the motion to remand on the ground that Garc ia presented no argument as to how the result might change on remand or what furt her fact finding might be necessary. As we recently explained, Matter of M-E-V-G- and Matter of W-G-R- merely clarified that the BIA was renaming “social visibility” as “social distincti on,” and that neither styling meant that a social group had to be “‘ocularly visible’ ” (i.e., visible “‘by sight’”). Rodas-Orellana v. Holder , ___ F.3d ___, Nos. 14-9516 & 14-9548, 2015 WL 859566, at *5 (10th Ci r. Mar. 2, 2015) (quoting Matter of W-G-R- , 26 I. & N. Dec. at 216, 217). In Garcia’s case, the BIA’s ruling on social distinction did not rely on a lack of “ocular visibility ,” so the clarificat ion could have had no effect on his request for restri ction on removal. Further, there is no evidence in the record regarding the perception of Mexica n society that the IJ overlooked, which might have necessitated a remand to the IJ. Cf. id. at *8-9 (declining to remand to BIA in part because there was “no evidence of social distinction he re that would need to be reconsidered in light of [ Matter of M-E-V-G- and Matter of W-G-R- ]”). Garcia also argues that Matter of M-E-V-G- lists new evidentiary burdens, and had he known of them, he could have hire d an expert to determine whether Mexican- 8 - society perceives “Mexican ma les who oppose gang recruitment” as socially distinct. Further, he points out that in Matter of M-E-V-G- , the BIA remanded because the clarification and guidance the BIA provided in that case might “have an impact on the validity of the respondent’s proposed group.” Matter of M-E-V-G- , 26 I. & N. Dec. at 252. Neither argument establishes th at the BIA abused its discretion in this case. Prior to Matter of M-E-V-G- and Matter of W-G-R- , the BIA and this court made clear that societal pe rception was the relevant inqu iry and that an applicant needed eviden ce of that. See, e.g. , Rivera-Barrientos , 666 F.3d at 650 -51, 653 ; Matter of E-A-G- , 24 I. & N. Dec. 591, 594-95 (BIA 2008); Matter of C-A- , 23 I. & N. Dec. at 957, 960. The impor tance of such evid ence was made clear enough in those cases (all deci ded before Garcia’s IJ heari ng) to alert Garcia of the need to gather relevant evid ence. His failure to seek out an expert or otherwise gather such evidence is not grounds for finding the BI A abused its discretion in denying his motion to remand. And the remand in Matter of M-E-V-G- was, as we explained in Rodas-Orellana , because the alien’s “‘propos ed particular social group ha[d] evolved during the pende ncy of his appeal,” and th e Third Circuit, which had remanded the case to the BIA, “indicated th at a remand may be appropriate.’” Rodas-Orellana , 2015 WL 859566, at *8 (quoting Matter of M-E-V-G- , 26 I. & N. Dec. at 252). There are no similar circumstances here.- 9 - C. CAT relief Finally, we conclude that the BIA did not err in denying Garcia’s CAT claim. To prevail on his CAT claim, Garcia had to show it is “more likel y than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed” to Me xico. 8 C.F.R. § 120 8.16(c)(2). Although torture need not be on acc ount of a protected ground, Elzour , 378 F.3d at 1150, it must be “inflicted by or at the instigation of or with th e consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official ca pacity,” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1). And as the BIA obser ved, Garcia only attempted to show acquiescence through his view th at the police investigation of the hammer attack and the deaths of his three rela tives was inadequate. But ac quiescence “requires that the public official, prior to th e activity constituting torture, have awareness of such activity and thereafter breach his or her legal responsibility to intervene to prevent such activity.” Id. § 1208.18(a)(7). Garcia’s allegations that the police investigations were inadequate does not show that any public official had the requisite prior awareness. CONCLUSION The petition for review is denied.

Entered for the Court

John C. Porfilio Circuit Judge