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52–314 2009

HEARING ON MILITARY AND OVERSEAS VOTING: 

OBSTACLES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 

HEARING 

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS 

COMMITTEE ON HOUSE 

ADMINISTRATION 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

HELD IN WASHINGTON, DC, MAY 21, 2009 

Printed for the use of the Committee on House Administration 

( 

Available on the Internet: 

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/house/administration/index.html 


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COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION

ROBERT A. BRADY, Pennsylvania, Chairman 

Zoe Lofgren, California 

Vice-Chairwoman 

Michael E. Capuano, Massachusetts 

Charles A. Gonzalez, Texas 

Susan A. Davis, California 

Artur Davis, Alabama 

Daniel E. Lungren, California 

Ranking Minority Member 

Kevin McCarthy, California 

Gregg Harper, Mississippi 

S. ELIZABETH BIRNBAUM, Staff Director 

VICTOR ARNOLD-BIK, Minority Staff Director 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS

ZOE LOFGREN, California, Chairwoman 

Charles A. Gonzalez, Texas 

Vice-Chairman 

Susan A. Davis, California 

Artur Davis, Alabama 

Kevin McCarthy, California 

Gregg Harper, Mississippi 


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MILITARY AND OVERSEAS VOTING: 

OBSTACLES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS 

Thursday, May 21, 2009 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS, COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION, Washington, DC. 

The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 10:04 a.m., in Room 

1539, Longworth House Office Building, Hon. Zoe Lofgren [chairwoman of the subcommittee] presiding. 

Present: Representatives Lofgren, Davis, McCarthy, and Harper. 

Staff Present: Liz Birnbaum, Staff Director; Tom Hicks, Senior 

Election Counsel; Janelle Hu, Election Counsel; Jennifer Daehn, 

Election Counsel; Matt Pinkus, Professional Staff/Parliamentarian; 

Kyle Anderson, Press Director; Kristin McCowan, Chief Legislative 

Clerk; Daniel Favarulo, Legislative Assistant, Elections; Victor Arnold-Bik, Minority Staff Director; Peter Schalestock, Minority 

Counsel; Karin Moore, Minority Legislative Counsel; and Salley 

Collins, Minority Press Secretary. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Good morning and welcome to the Committee 

House Administration Subcommittee on Elections hearing on Military and Overseas Voting: The Obstacles and Possible Solutions. 

This hearing is going to provide an opportunity for the committee 

to learn about the outreach efforts of the Federal Voting Assistance 

Program, the hurdles that military and overseas voters encounter 

when they are trying to vote from abroad, and possible policy recommendations to address these obstacles. 

In a letter to Congress in March of 1952, President Truman 

wrote, and I quote: ‘‘The men and women who are serving their 

country and, in many cases, risking their lives deserve above all 

others the exercise in the right to vote.’’ Unfortunately, nearly 60 

years later, we are still struggling with the issue of military and 

overseas registration and voting. 

Members of the military and U.S. citizens who live abroad are 

eligible to register and vote under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizen Absentee Voting Act of 1986. Despite UOCAVA, it is clear that 

our military and overseas voters are not able to register and cast 

their ballots without numerous administrative burdens. Survey 

data from the Congressional Research Service suggests that one in 

four ballots from overseas military voters went uncounted in the 

2008 election. That figure, coupled with reports from Democrats 

Abroad that roughly one in five overseas voters were unable to return voted ballots on time, is cause for great concern. 

The obstacles to having these ballots counted are varied, but the 

most common problems are: the delivery of election materials to 

UOCAVA voters, burdensome absentee ballot requirements, and 


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varying State requirements and deadlines. While individual States 

are attempting to address these issues by allowing for electronic 

transmission of blank ballots or allowing ballots to be returned via 

fax or e-mail as well as extending registration deadlines, more 

needs to be done at the Federal level to address the issue. 

UOCAVA has produced major improvements, but more effort and 

resources are needed to ensure the Nation’s military and overseas 

citizens can successfully exercise their right to participate in the 

American electoral process. 

In closing, I want to acknowledge Chairman Brady, who, along 

with the committee and Ranking Member, Mr. Lungren, are dedicated to removing these obstacles and ensuring that military and 

overseas voters can successfully cast their ballots; and I hope that 

this hearing is going to be a material important step forward in 

making this situation better. 

With that, I would recognize the ranking member of the subcommittee, Mr. McCarthy, for any opening statement he may have. 

Mr. MCCARTHY. Thank you Madam Chair. I appreciate your having today’s hearing. 

Last Congress, we had a hearing as well, knowing that the voting procedures continue to fail thousands of military personnel 

overseas. I have an opening statement that I will submit for the 

record there, but I would just like to say that this has gone on too 

long. People have risked their lives for our liberties, and we have 

to do something about that. Record after record has shown the failure of the process of getting these ballots to the military men and 

women and actually getting it back and having their vote counted. 

I would like to ask the Chair if we could work together. I know 

there is a new CRS report that Senator Schumer has. It hasn’t 

been shared with anybody else, but it goes along about the military 

voting and the failure process. I would like to see if we could get 

a copy of that as well to work together to make sure we solve this 

problem. 

And I thank you for the hearing. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. 

And, without objection, your full statement will be made part of 

the record and the opening statements of other members, without 

objection, will also be made part of the record. 

[The statement of Mr. McCarthy follows:] 


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Ms. LOFGREN. I would like to move now to the panel before us 

and to get their testimony, and then we will have an opportunity 

to ask questions. 

First, we have Ms. Gail McGinn. Ms. McGinn serves as the Acting Undersecretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, and 

that oversees the Federal Voting Assistance Program. Prior to her 

appointment as Deputy Secretary in November of 2002, Ms. 

McGinn was Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for 

Force Management, Policy, and Principal Director for Personnel 

Support, Families, and Education. She received a bachelor of arts 

in psychology from William Smith College and her master’s degree 

in education from Boston University. 

Next, we have Captain Patricia Garcia. Captain Garcia serves as 

the officer in charge of the 78th Aerospace Medicine Squadron, the 

public health flight at Robins Air Force Base in Georgia. In January of 2008, Captain Garcia was appointed the Robins Installation 

Voting Assistance Officer. During the 2008 election, Captain Garcia 

directed 65 unit voting assurance officers who served nearly 4,000 

military personnel and their dependents with voter registration 

and absentee voting questions. We thank you Captain Garcia for 

being here today and look forward to your testimony. 

Next, we have Mr. Rokey Suleman. Mr. Suleman currently 

serves as the General Registrar for Fairfax County, Virginia. Prior 

to his appointment in 2008, he was the Deputy Director of the 

Board of Elections in Trumbull County, Ohio. He is a certified election registration administrator through the Professional Education 

Program Certification Board at Auburn University in Alabama. 

And, finally, we have Ms. Jessie Duff, who is a retired gunnery 

sergeant in the United States Marine Corps. She has served on active duty in the Marine Corps for 20 years. Following her service, 

Ms. Duff now acts as a volunteer and spokesperson for Military 

Voting Rights USA, a national network dedicated to ensuring that 

military voters have their votes cast and counted. And we thank 

you, Ms. Duff, for being here today. 

We have a procedure here where the full statement of each of 

you will be made part of our official record. We ask that your oral 

testimony consume about 5 minutes, and at the conclusion of all of 

your statements we will have an opportunity to ask questions. 

That little machine in the middle of the table is a warning light. 

When the yellow light goes on, it means actually you have a 

minute to go on your 5 minutes. And when the red light goes on, 

it means—it always catches people by surprise that the whole 5 

minutes is gone. I certainly won’t cut you off in the middle of a sentence, but we would ask that you conclude when the light goes on 

so that everybody can be heard. 

STATEMENTS OF THE HONORABLE GAIL McGINN, ACTING UNDERSECRETARY FOR PERSONNEL AND READINESS, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE; CAPTAIN PATRICIA GARCIA, VOTING ASSISTANCE OFFICER, UNITED STATES AIR FORCE; 

ROKEY SULEMAN, GENERAL REGISTRAR, FAIRFAX COUNTY, 

VIRGINIA; AND JESSIE JANE DUFF, GUNNERY SERGEANT, 

USMC (RET.) 

Ms. LOFGREN. So if we could begin with you, Ms. McGinn. 


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STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE GAIL McGINN 

Ms. MCGINN. Thank you, Madam Chair, Congressman Harper, 

and distinguished members of the subcommittee. Thank you for the 

opportunity to testify about the obstacles service members and 

overseas voters may face in exercising their right to vote and the 

initiatives we have undertaken to solve those problems. 

I am joined at the table here today by Mr. Tom Bush. Mr. Bush 

is the Acting Director of the Federal Voting Assistance Program; 

and he can help answer any detailed questions you may have, in 

addition to me. 

The Department is dedicated to making the absentee voting process easier and more straightforward. Time and distance, mobility, 

and varying State requirements are barriers that make the absentee voting process difficult for service members, their families, and 

U.S. citizens who live outside the United States. 

First is the obstacle of time and distance. The process to register 

to vote, request an absentee ballot, and return the marked ballot 

for UOCAVA voters can be much more daunting than for voters 

who live in the same location as where they vote. While there have 

been extraordinary efforts to expedite the movement of voting material through the postal system, time and distance create challenges, particularly in areas where mail service is minimal, intermittent, or nonexistent. Peace Corps workers, submariners, forward-deployed service members, to a name a few, may be most affected. 

An important solution to the time and distance problem is 

leveraging technology. Technology can significantly reduce the time 

constraints and eliminate the distance problem for most UOCAVA 

voters. 

For the 2010 elections, the Federal Voting Assistance Program is 

pursuing the next generation of electronic tools to assist these voters. We call this initiative the Automated Register, Request, and 

Receive Ballot Process, or R3. R3 will expand on our previous tools 

by adding an online capability to complete the Federal write-in absentee ballot and expand and enhance the ability of election officials to transmit blank ballots. Unlike our previous initiatives, this 

system will be owned and operated by DOD and hosted at DOD facilities, thus mitigating potential threats to personal privacy data 

and permitting easy refinements and expansion in the future. 

The next obstacle is mobility. Military and overseas voters are a 

dynamic group. Where they are located today may not be where 

they will be located for the next election. We know where military 

members are assigned and reside. Therefore, it is easier to encourage them to notify their State election official of their current address. To facilitate this, each military service reports that when 

military members arrive at a new duty station, they are provided 

with a voter registration card so they can notify their State election 

official of their new address. 

Further, we have forged and maintained valued partnerships 

with State and local election officials who carry out the elections, 

the United States Postal Service, the Military Postal Service Agency, the Department of State, the Department of Justice, other Federal agencies and overseas citizen organizations and advocacy 

groups. 


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The Federal Voting Assistance Program uses a network of voting 

assistance officers both from the military and the Department of 

State. We have an extensive training program to prepare voting assistance officers to perform their duties. You will shortly hear from 

an actual voting assistance officer who can describe her work. 

Finally and most importantly is the challenge of varying State 

requirements. The 55 States and territories administer their elections differently. This means that registration procedures, ballot 

distribution procedures, voted ballot return regulations and deadlines are determined by a large number of independent jurisdictions, each jurisdiction with its unique requirements. 

We work with the States to promote passage of legislation that 

is uniform among all States for UOCAVA citizens. The legislative 

initiatives we encourage States and territories to enact include providing at least 45 days between ballot mailing date and the date 

ballots are due, giving chief State election officials the authority to 

alter election procedures in emergency situations, providing a State 

write-in absentee ballot to be sent out 90 to 180 days before all 

elections, and expanding the use of electronic transmission alternatives for voting materials. There have been successes with 47 

States adapting one or more of these initiatives. 

In conclusion, we know that each UOCAVA voter has a unique 

set of circumstances and that one solution is not right for everyone. 

Providing them with as many alternatives as possible to register to 

vote, request a ballot, and return the ballot will help each voter 

find the solution that works best for him or her. 

I would like to thank the committee for your continued support 

of our service members, their families, and our overseas citizens 

and all you have done to make it easier for them to vote. I look 

forward to answering your questions. 

Thank you. 

[The statement of Ms. McGinn follows:] 


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Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much. 

Captain Garcia, we would love to hear from you. 

STATEMENT OF CAPTAIN PATRICIA GARCIA 

Captain GARCIA. Good morning, Chairwoman Lofgren, Ranking 

Member McCarthy, and members of the subcommittee. Thank you 

for the opportunity to testify today on behalf of the Robins Air 

Force Base Voting Assistance Program. 

I was appointed as the Robins Installation Voting Assistance Officer in January, 2008. The Robins Voting Assistance Program supports the voting needs of the Warner Robins Air Logistics Center, 

the 78th Air Base Wing, and over 30 associate units representing 

six major commands. I direct the activities of the Robins Voting Assistance Program Committee and 65 unit voting assistant counselors who have served over 4,000 military members and their dependents with voter registration and absentee voting questions. 

Before I proceed, I would like to emphasize that I can only speak 

to our Voting Assistance Program at Robins Air Force Base in 

Georgia. 

Our responsibilities at the base level are to educate and assist 

military members and their dependents on how to register to vote 

and how to actually cast their vote. We are mandated not to pressure any individual to register or vote nor to discourage such actions. Our position as voting counselors has no authority to provide 

any legal advice concerning change of residency laws, nor to resolve 

conflicts between members and their local registration or voting officials. Military members with these types of problems are referred 

to either the local legal office or to the Voting Assistance Program 

hotline. 

According to established guidance, unit commanders appoint a 

minimum of one unit voting assistance counselor per 100 unit 

members for a total of 65 counselors for Robins Air Force Base. 

These unit counselors were appointed in writing and were required 

to complete their initial voting counselor training by means of the 

Federal Voting Assistance Program Web site online workshop. 

In July, 2008, we also held an informational meeting to enhance 

the online training. A detailed discussion was held concerning their 

requirements, responsibilities, and different methods that could be 

employed to accomplish these requirements. Numerous resource 

materials were distributed to counselors, including standardized 

briefings that could be used at commander’s call or e-mailed directly to their unit members. 

Between August and September, the unit counselors educated 

the Robins Air Force Base populace on the Voting Assistance Program, the Federal Voting Postcard, voter registration deadlines, 

and how to vote absentee. 

We focused our educational efforts more heavily during Air Force 

Voter Week and Air Force Absentee Voter Week in September and 

October, respectively. This included articles in the base newspaper, 

posters, reminders on the base electronic billboards, and various 

other high-visibility items. Early voting in Georgia for locally registered members was highly publicized during the Air Force Absentee Voter Week in October. 


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Our program is not limited to the election season. Other instructional activities provided by the Robins Voting Assistance Program 

include monthly briefings used to introduce and explain the purpose of the Voting Assistance Program to first-term airmen and 

base newcomers. Static voting assistance displays with motivational posters, election dates, Federal postcard applications, and informational pamphlets are kept stocked and current at the base library, military personnel office, and at the Base Exchange. 

One last activity I would like to discuss is voting assistance services provided to our deployers. Prior to deploying at Robins Air 

Force Base, members are required to attend a pre-deployment fair. 

During this fair, we distribute the Robins Voting Assistance Program informational tri-fold. Our hope is that these deployers will 

reference this pamphlet and know where to get help with voting 

questions while deployed. 

The biggest challenges faced by the Robins Voting Assistance 

Program were primarily caused by factors outside of our control. 

The voter registration process is not standardized from State to 

State, not even county to county in some States. This lack of consistency makes learning how to properly fill out the Federal voting 

postcards very confusing and difficult. 

These Federal voting postcards are primarily filled out by hand 

and therefore at times can be difficult to read. Talking to different 

airmen at Robins, I learned that sometimes this illegibility factor 

cause the postcards to be returned to the member by the Postal 

Service. In at least one instance, the member reported information 

was input incorrectly by a registration clerk, which led to disqualification questions when the member went to vote. Several members 

were initially denied registration because the voter registration 

clerks did not know the laws pertaining to military residency. The 

variable deadlines for registration and absentee voting confused 

several military members who thought because the Georgia deadlines had passed it was too late to register or send in their absentee ballot even though their home States had later deadlines. 

As an American military voter, I would personally like to express 

my gratitude to all the members of this committee for your concern 

and your assistance in our effort to vote and be counted. I look forward to answering your questions concerning the Robins Air Force 

Base Voting Assistance Program. 

[The statement of Captain Garcia follows:] 


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Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much. 

Mr. Suleman, we would love to hear from you. 

STATEMENT OF ROKEY SULEMAN 

Mr. SULEMAN. Good morning, Madam Chair, and distinguished 

members of the committee. 

Military and overseas voters encounter significant obstacles 

when it comes to exercising their right to vote. The distance a ballot must travel and the short timeframe in which it has to travel 

creates problems that the average American voter does not face. 

I have great sympathy for these absentee voters. The first vote 

I ever cast was an absentee ballot in Navy boot camp. Although I 

was medically discharged soon afterward, the experience left a definite impression about the importance of absentee and military voting. 

Changes have been made to make it easier for military and overseas voting citizens to enjoy their franchise. But, given today’s 

technology, these changes are not enough. 

The U.S. Postal Service has created a system to help election officials disseminate ballots to overseas voters. Green tags such as 

these are now available to mark trays of absentee ballots to expedite delivery. APO and FPO ballots are sent to three centers based 

on zip code. They are sent to either New York, Miami, or San Francisco. These changes help separate time-sensitive absentee mail 

from the regular flood of mail that the USPS processes on a daily 

basis. 

However, many election officials do not know these extra tools 

are available to them. Education of election officials across the 

country may be needed to help alleviate this problem. 

In Fairfax County, my office issued 8,623 UOCAVA ballots during the November, 2008, general election. Out of those 8,623 ballots, 7,332 were returned, a rate of 85 percent. 

A significant reason for the high rate of return of our overseas 

ballots has to be attributed to the fact that Virginia allows ballots 

to be e-mailed to UOCAVA voters. In November of 2008, 3,483 of 

our ballots were sent via e-mail. By utilizing e-mail, we dramatically shorten the time it takes for UOCAVA voters to receive their 

ballots. This, in turn, allows the voter greater time to return their 

ballot to us. This extra time is especially important for military 

voters in a war zone. 

During the last legislative session, Virginia expanded the use of 

e-mail balloting to include any military voter in the United States 

as well as overseas. I believe it is the first step towards allowing 

election officials to e-mail a ballot to anyone outside the borders of 

the Commonwealth. I will welcome that advancement. 

A natural extension of this benefit would be to allow voters to return their vote to an office of elections electronically. Currently, a 

Virginia voter must print their e-mail ballot, fill it out, and return 

it via the mail or a commercial delivery service. This may be problematic for military voters in a war zone or civilians in remote 

areas of the world. Allowing electronic transmission of a ballot to 

an office of election will be of great help to our overseas voters. 

Virginia faces a significant problem regarding the Federal writein absentee ballot. State law required an address from a witness 


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if the FWAB was used simultaneously as an application for an absentee ballot and a ballot. The FWAB, and only under this specific 

requirement, was the only absentee ballot in Virginia that required 

this extra information from a witness. Only after a late opinion by 

the Attorney General that the statute was in conflict with Federal 

law were we able to accept the ballots without that information. 

This is an example where a State may put up extra barriers to 

UOCAVA voters. Although the intention of these laws may be 

noble, the fact remains that these laws erect significant barriers to 

many citizens for participating in our most basic right. 

The time in which a ballot is available also creates a problem for 

overseas voters to timely receive a paper ballot. The Code of Virginia requires offices of elections to have a ballot at least 45 days 

prior to any November general election, 30 days prior to any other 

general, special, or primary election, or as soon after the deadline 

as possible in the case of a special election when the deadline is 

unavailable to be met. Virginia is fortunate enough to have the 

time available to deliver the ballots in a general election. States 

that have mid-September primaries may not have that luxury for 

a November general election. The time it takes to certify the election, then create and print paper ballots may push a jurisdiction 

well into the 30 days prior to an election. That is not enough time 

to process, send, and return a paper ballot for a UOCAVA voter. 

In Fairfax County, my office will have held five elections in the 

first 6 months of this year, three of which were special elections 

called with a short amount of lead time. Special elections provide 

the best example of the drastic need to improve our ability to deliver ballots to our UOCAVA voters. 

For our February special election, my office issued 5,918 absentee ballots. 3,352 of those ballots were UOCAVA voters. Of those, 

1,431 were e-mailed. Only 281 UOCAVA ballots were returned for 

this election, a rate of 19.6 percent. 

Our March special election there were only 35 days between the 

dates. There was no way we could get a ballot to an overseas voter 

in time unless it was transmitted electronically. We e-mailed 139 

UOCAVA ballots and mailed 214. Thirty UOCAVA ballots were returned, a rate of 8 percent. 

If our office only had the ability to send ballots overseas via regular mail, I can guarantee you that our return rate would be significantly less. Virginia is a good example that electronic transmission of ballots works and should be used for any UOCAVA voter 

that requests it. 

Not all of this dismal return rate can be attributed to the difficulty of receiving and returning ballots. Most of these voters received ballots to an election that they had no idea was occurring. 

We assume that some ballots were just deleted or thrown away. 

But every week we still receive one or two ballots from an overseas 

voter for one of our elections. We recently received a ballot for the 

November general election. We have no idea why these ballots take 

so long to arrive to our office, but they do. 

I thank you for the opportunity to speak to you today and I look 

forward to answering any questions. 

[The statement of Mr. Suleman follows:] 


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Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much. 

And we will turn to our final witness, Ms. Duff. Thank you so 

much for your testimony. 

STATEMENT OF MS. JESSIE JANE DUFF 

Ms. DUFF. Good morning, Chairwoman Lofgren, Ranking Member McCarthy, and members of the committee. Thank you for letting me testify today. 

I served in the United States Marine Corps for 20 years and retired rather recently; and while I was on active duty I will express 

that I was stationed overseas on four separate tours in Okinawa, 

Japan. Doing this time overseas is very, very difficult. The Marine 

Corps is a very, very unique force. It’s an expeditionary force. It essentially is not in contact with a lot of the United States during 

the times that they are overseas. 

Many civilians may find it very hard to grasp their lack of capability to stay in contact. There is no Blackberry. There is no 

iPhone. Even if the technology is with you, it doesn’t necessarily 

work overseas. So you are very limited. You do not have Internet 

access, as many people seem to assume that the technology will be 

a quick solution. Often while you are in the field you are not out 

there in a 9 to 5 workday. You are out there for weeks. You are 

out there for months. And often getting access to any type of Internet usage is not possible for you. 

Our access to voting information during my time while on active 

duty was very, very limited. I did not get approached but one time 

while on active duty by a voting officer to get registered to vote; 

and, unfortunately, I wasn’t even stationed overseas. I was at 

Camp Pendleton, California. 

Military members are often disenfranchised for several reasons. 

The reality is that there isn’t the information accessible to them 

while they are on forward deployment, even, often, when they are 

in a situation on a normal base that you would expect to see more 

support. 

April 15 is Tax Day. Two months prior to your taxes being due, 

throughout every military installation for two months they help 

you get your taxes done. And then there is a CFC campaign where 

military members are able to volunteer to donate money. Guess 

what? They provide mandatory briefings for everybody so that they 

can donate to CFC. Whether they choose to or not is up to them. 

But yet there aren’t mandatory briefings on registration processes, 

and the teams that are available are so limited that you don’t have 

readily access to information available. 

The most important thing that can happen now for military 

members to get their vote counted—and I am talking about the immediate near future, not long term—would be an express mail delivery service. And the reason that I feel that this is so important 

is, right now, the technology isn’t available to the military. 

We do have a unique opportunity as military members with a 

CAC card. The CAC card is your military ID card. The military ID 

card allows you to go into any computer system, and it automatically identifies who you are. For the future, it would be incredible 

that a military member can have a voting station set up wherever 

they are at, slide their card. Their ballot is signed into wherever 


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that their home or record is, and they get their absentee ballot, and 

they are able to fill it out, and then they can express mail it back. 

But, right now, we don’t have that system available. 

So there are a lot of ideas out there that we need the training 

and we need the opportunity for military members to actively register. 

But in order to get those ballots back on time is probably the 

most critical question right now. A delivery time of 4 days means 

that military ballots can be cast on a Friday afternoon. A military 

man or woman overseas can say, I’m casting my ballot today; it is 

going to be counted by Tuesday. That is an incredible feeling when 

you are in the military. To have to cast your ballot 30 days out and 

not really know how the turn of the election is going to go is a very 

disturbing thought for many of us on active duty. 

An overseas military voter can judge candidates on the full period of election. As we all know, things do pop up right before election time. A delivery time of 4 days with express mail, not 3 weeks, 

will increase turnout because interest in elections is highest near 

the end of the election. You know, to force a military member to 

get actively, aggressively involved and there really hasn’t been a lot 

of the interest going until that last few weeks is very difficult for 

them, also. 

Express mail will reduce the need for faxed ballots, which can 

honestly force a military member to lose the integrity of their ballot. You don’t know who will see that fax. You don’t know who will 

witness it. 

Military mail often doesn’t have a postmark. This is another 

thing a lot of people don’t recognize. MPS does not necessarily postmark your mail. So if we say we can accept it 3 weeks after, how 

do we know that it was cast before the election? We don’t. So it is 

critical. With express mail, you are able to see a postmark on that. 

Four days over 3 weeks of delivery is a critical element for military 

people. An express mail delivery time of 4 days, not 3 weeks, would 

ensure far fewer military voters will be disenfranchised and ballots 

arriving late. Express mail would maintain secrecy of the ballot, 

ensure public confidence, which the public does not have a lot of 

confidence in some of the technology right now, and military voters 

will have their ballots counted. 

I respectfully appreciate the opportunity to testify this morning, 

and I am open for any of your questions at this time. 

[The statement of Ms. Duff follows:] 


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Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very, very much for your testimony; 

and thanks to all of the witnesses for all of your testimony and 

statements. 

Now is the time when we can follow up with our questions, and 

I would turn first to the ranking member to begin our question period. 

Mr. MCCARTHY. Thank you, Madam Chair. 

I appreciate all the testimony today. I found it very, very intriguing. 

Just one quick question to Mr. Suleman. You did bring up—I remember the issue about military absentee ballots in your jurisdiction, believe that you had to have a witness. Even though if you 

voted absentee and you lived there, you did not have to have a witness, and you brought that up in your testimony. Was there any 

jurisdiction in Virginia that interpreted it the same way that you 

guys did? 

Mr. SULEMAN. There were several jurisdictions in Virginia that 

chose to ignore the law that—— 

Mr. MCCARTHY. So they didn’t interpret it the same way you did. 

Mr. SULEMAN. No. They interpreted the law correctly, and the 

Secretary of the State Board of Elections interpreted the law that 

way, but they were choosing to ignore the law. 

In Fairfax County, we felt that we don’t have the ability to ignore the law. We don’t like the law. We brought the law to 

everybody’s attention before the election. So this was going to be 

a significant problem and only by the Attorney General’s opinion 

saying that the law was in conflict were we able to accept those 

ballots. 

Mr. MCCARTHY. Did you go back and count those ballots? 

Mr. SULEMAN. All of those ballots were counted. That is correct. 

Mr. MCCARTHY. Ms. Duff, thank you for your testimony. I found 

it very intriguing especially from—one, for your service that you 

provided for 20 years, for all of the service that you provided. 

But you made some very interesting comments, to me. I mean, 

we look at how do we solve the system today in the best manner 

that we can and in the future even improve it? Some of the testimony talked about the Internet and stuff and real-life experience 

that you gave that you don’t have the option for that. And you 

talked about express mail, which I happen to put in a bill and that 

does the express mail in the 4 days. 

But when we talk about this issue, we talk about military voting 

and we talk about overseas voting; and it always gets lumped together. But in your testimony you brought a lot of attention to me 

that the different hardships if you are in the military could be 

much different than if you are just a citizen overseas. And if you 

could explain and maybe elaborate a little more, the difference, and 

should they be treated different? Because, right now, it doesn’t 

seem that they are being treated differently. 

Ms. DUFF. Military members are sent overseas not necessarily 

out of choice. They are sent there by the Federal Government, and 

they will ensure that they serve their duty over there. They are 

going to be subjected to, usually, long periods away from their families. There are often enduring circumstances in the field operations 


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that do not offer facilities that most people would experience who 

are civilians overseas. The hardships are very, very difficult. 

And I am not even talking about combat operations. Keep in 

mind I served in field operations that were not combat related. We 

trained explicitly for combat, and we duplicated combat conditions, 

but I wasn’t in a combat situation. My mail was delayed constantly. I mean, I remember getting vacation postcards after my 

mother got home a month earlier. So that was quite interesting. 

But those may be humorous examples, but when you are talking 

about an election, military members do not have the choices that 

a lot of their civilian counterparts have. You are talking 7-day 

workweeks, often. And sometimes you go to sleep literally to get 

right up and go back into your post. 

Mr. MCCARTHY. Another point that you brought up that was very 

intriguing to me is you have got Tax Day, you have got CFC. That 

is Combined—— 

Ms. DUFF. Combined Federal Campaign. 

Mr. MCCARTHY. The campaign. Those are mandatory, but you 

had no mandatory when it came to voting assistance within there? 

Ms. DUFF. I wouldn’t say that the tax offices that they set are 

mandatory. What they do, though, is about 2 to 3 months prior to 

your taxes being due, they set up offices throughout the base to assist people with taxes. And the teams are trained. Not just one officer. You are trained on basically submitting State and Federal 

taxes. 

Now, those tax laws get pretty complicated, I would assume, too. 

So, obviously, voting laws can be something that they can be 

trained in, and I think there should be facilities that are easily accessible for military members to acquire. Not only when they come 

onto base do they get registered with that CAC card. That CAC 

card is a guaranteed signature that this is a real person. They can 

utilize that. 

But, also, the Federal absentee write-in ballot, that has been 

around since 1986. I never heard of it while I was on active duty, 

not once. 

One of the members—one of my friends who served in Iraq on 

his third tour told me that he had not received his absentee ballot 

on time. He had to pull himself out of the field, found the Internet, 

found a Federal write-in ballot, and never heard of it himself, and 

got his ballot cast on time. 

Now, with express mail, you get the Federal write-in ballot 

mailed in, or you can get your absentee ballot write-in. I mean, 

2010 is right around the corner. I think we have got to have a 

quick solution and then we can work on some of these technology 

issues so they are proficient and good for the rest of the population. 

Mr. MCCARTHY. One thing, when you said express mail, you 

talked about they don’t even postmark your mail. So we wouldn’t 

know—that would give Mr. Suleman difficulty of knowing when it 

was mailed or if you could count it in time when the election is 

over. 

So, one, we are putting a burden upon you currently the way the 

system is? But if you had a tracking system, with express mail you 

could track each ballot so you would know where it was at and 


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where it was coming from. Would you find that as something that 

would be helpful in—— 

Ms. DUFF. Absolutely. Military members often feel like they are 

going into a big abyss when they cast that ballot. They don’t know 

that it even gets there. 

The reality is, with express mail, we are going to go from 3 

weeks to 4 days. And it sounds like there have been times when 

it has been longer than 3 weeks, sometimes 4 or 5 weeks. That is 

an undue burden on a military member to ensure that they get 

that ballot in the mailbox on time. 

Express mail can happen. I have seen many things happen in the 

military. When they are told to do it, they do it. And they can get 

those express mail forms filled out Friday, and it is counted on 

Tuesday, and everything is on time, and States don’t have to modify their laws now. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman’s time has expired. 

I would turn to the gentlelady from California, Mrs. Davis, for 

her questions. 

Mrs. DAVIS of California. Thank you, Madam Chair; and thank 

you all for being here and for your service as well. 

I am glad that my colleague brought up the tracking system, because we are working together on a bill that would allow voters 

overseas—military voters, of course—to do this. There are several 

States that already have it, and even in our area in San Diego 

there were something like 98,000 voters who checked our online 

system to see where their ballots were. So we think that’s very, 

very valuable; and you mentioned, Ms. Duff, that that would be 

helpful. 

Let me just see if I could ask others as well if this would make 

a difference. One of the things that was mentioned is that you can’t 

always have access to the Internet, but still the tracking would be 

helpful, and would that be—— 

Ms. DUFF. Well, you can always—eventually, you will have access to the Internet. So it is not something that—eventually, you 

can go back and see that your vote was counted. And I am not saying all military is unable to use the Internet. But even if you could 

go back a week after you come out of the field and say, yea, my 

vote counted. 

Mrs. DAVIS of California. Could the rest of you respond in terms 

of the ability of voters to track their ballot and how helpful that 

would be? 

Ms. MCGINN. I think it would be very helpful. I think you are 

back to the situation where the States treat—have different rules 

about electronic transmission and what they pass back and forth, 

and so you are back to struggling with how do you get States to 

do that as a whole. 

I think that Ms. Duff raises an interesting point and one of the 

things that we talk about which is that nobody’s situation is the 

same. And so some people need to send their ballot; some people 

can fax their ballot. In some cases, they can actually transmit their 

ballot electronically. So we need to cover all those bases somehow, 

which is a challenge of the programs. But that would be my sense, 

that it would be good to be able to track it. 


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Mrs. DAVIS of California. I think even thinking about a tracking 

system, being able to do it online but also an 800 number would 

be included in that legislation. 

Captain GARCIA. Thank you, ma’am. I think it would be very satisfying for military members to know that their vote is counting 

and it doesn’t get lost in the abyss. 

The only thing I would like to add is we are only talking about 

our overseas where there are still a lot of military members here 

in the States who feel like their vote doesn’t count. So the only 

thing I would ask—I don’t know the specifics of the legislation, if 

it’s also going to include absentee within the U.S., not just our 

overseas members. 

Mrs. DAVIS of California. Yes, absolutely. That is the whole idea, 

yes. Countrywide and I guess overseas, so that is global, right? 

Mr. SULEMAN. From an election administrative standpoint, I 

would truly welcome an online ability to check the status of your 

absentee ballot. We do have something like that in Virginia, and 

anything that can take the burden of phone calls away from our 

office during the last 30 days of an election to help us prepare for 

everything that we have to have to do is a welcome advancement. 

The tracking for express mail would also be a significant help to 

us if we can determine when a ballot was put into the mail in the 

first place. That way we don’t have to worry about, you know, attempting to check postmarks. 

In Ohio, my previous jurisdiction, we were able to accept absentee ballots up to 10 days after the election as long as they were 

postmarked; and we also received a directive from the Secretary of 

State that if we could not determine a postmark, if there was not 

a postmark, we have to assume it was mailed prior to the election. 

So we at least open up a window to allow a little bit more ballots 

to be accepted. 

In Virginia, unfortunately, all absentee ballots have to be received by my office by the close of election day. That’s a significant 

impediment to collecting overseas ballots. I would welcome a standard uniform rule where any overseas ballot would be accepted 

within a 10-day or a 5-day window, whatever that window is selected to be, but at least a window after the election so that we can 

get a little bit more of these ballots counted. 

Ms. MCGINN. We actually have some experience with tracking, I 

hear, so if I could just turn to my colleague, Mr. Bush, for a 

minute. 

Mr. BUSH. I think it is just important to note for the 2008 election we did work with the United States Postal Service and not in 

every region, but we did use a tracking system where they had the 

technology. They were in the process of doing that. So they were 

putting a bar code on the ballots so we could track them coming 

back. 

We also used express mail the last week of the election to expedite mail coming back, working with the Postal Service. 

And one of the comments that was made is that the military 

postal service doesn’t postmark material. In fact, the Postal Service 

for balloting material, they were issued a postmark so they could 

postmark every ballot so we could identify and track when it was 

received into the system. 


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Mrs. DAVIS of California. Thank you. 

Can you all think of any reason why we shouldn’t do that? 

It sounded pretty unanimous to me. 

Okay, thank you very much, Madam Chair. I actually have a few 

other questions if there is another round, but, otherwise, I want to 

thank you all. 

Ms. LOFGREN. All right. The gentleman from Mississippi, Mr. 

Harper. 

Mr. HARPER. Thank you for being here today. 

It is a great concern we have to make sure that the votes of our 

men and women in the military are counted. Do any of you think 

that those that are in uniform overseas should be treated differently than just civilians who are overseas in the process? 

Ms. DUFF. I do. 

Mr. HARPER. Why do you think they should be treated differently? 

Ms. DUFF. Because of the conditions they have to endure that 

most of your civilians who choose to be overseas are not enduring. 

Military members are sent there by the Federal Government, and 

the Federal Government should be responsible for ensuring that 

their vote is counted, and the conditions that they are under do not 

allow that normally. 

Mr. HARPER. So extra attention and extra effort to make sure 

that those are properly cast. 

Ms. DUFF. Absolutely. They are there in service of their country, 

sir. 

Mr. HARPER. And I know they seem to always be lumped together in these requirements. So, Ms. McGinn, I would love to have 

your views on that. 

Ms. MCGINN. I expect that—I guess maybe I am thinking of the 

State Department now specifically or industry, but I suspect that 

our military members probably tend to be younger and maybe 

away from home for the first time. And so, therefore, I think we 

need to be very assertive in getting the word out to them, as Ms. 

Duff said. 

We try to use every possible way to get the word out to people 

about voting. Our senior leaders have commented, you know, they 

go into our deployed areas and everywhere they look as election approaches, there are banners and posters and it is hard to not see 

them. But I think that the fact that they are younger and they 

don’t have as much experience perhaps really does mean we need 

to do a very, very proactive effort, outreach effort to them. 

Mr. HARPER. Now, the Department of Defense knows what the 

declared state of permanent residence is of every member of the 

military, do they not? They would have that information somewhere within their files, whether they were—— 

Ms. DUFF. Yes. 

Mr. HARPER [continuing]. From Texas or whatever State. Would 

that be correct? 

Mr. BUSH. If I can answer that. 

Mr. HARPER. Yes. 

Mr. BUSH. We know what their home of record is. We know 

where they are currently stationed. That may be different than 

where they register to vote. 


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So, right now, in fact, I am exploring with our Privacy Act folks 

if there is a way that we can get the place where they are registered to vote. There are some concerns. I have got to work 

through that. But that would be helpful then if we could target 

where they are registered to vote. Because in our business that is 

what really matters. 

Mr. HARPER. And I know we are talking about many, many people, but if you had that in the system where their declared voter 

residency was and then there was a change of duty, is that something that you could envision that the DOD could notify then of a 

new or a change of address for them for that purpose? 

Mr. BUSH. What we could do when we—that is part of the privacy concern, is what we share with the States. But if we had that 

information we could push information to that particular member, 

just like we have somebody that checks in a new duty station, but 

we could push that information to the members, reminding them 

that they need to register to vote, they need to change their location when they do change that. 

If I could just point out one thing that you were talking about, 

the difference between military and civilians stationed overseas. 

There is a difference, I think, but you also have to think of people 

like Peace Corps workers who may be in remote locations that may 

have the same sort of hardships that some military members experience. 

So we have to—you can’t just separate, I think, the two into two 

distinct groups. We have to think holistically, but an extra effort 

in the military and those that are in remote locations clearly is an 

area that we need to focus on. 

Mr. HARPER. Certainly we appreciate what those in the Peace 

Corps do, but it is a little different for those who are in uniform 

who put their lives on the line in combat situations. Is there any 

problem giving them preferential treatment to make sure that we 

don’t miss those opportunities to cast those ballots? 

Mr. BUSH. No, sir. I am not saying we should not make every effort to keep our military informed and help them in the voting 

process, no. 

Mr. HARPER. Captain Garcia, if I could ask you, is there any 

voter registration card or information that when somebody comes 

to your base and gets information that perhaps could be used to 

help them in that process? 

Captain GARCIA. Yes, sir. As I mentioned in my statement, when 

people come in, we continue our continuous education instruction. 

We have monthly briefings for first-term airmen and newcomers to 

the base. Anybody who comes into the base will have to go to either 

one of those venues. At that point, we do have a brief and our counselors are trained to help them actually fill out their Federal Voting Assistance Program. 

Also, as I mentioned, we have the static displays that are located 

at the MPF, the BX, and the library. So as you are walking by you 

can see the large displays; and if you have any questions, the pamphlets can direct you to your unit counselor to help you fill those. 

Mr. HARPER. Is there any follow-up to monitor who has filled 

those out and who has not? 

Captain GARCIA. We are not allowed to do that, sir. 


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Mr. HARPER. Okay. Thank you very much. That’s all the questions I have. 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman yields back. 

I think this has been very helpful. And as I think about the testimony here today, it strikes me that we need to do everything, not 

choose among alternatives. For example, as Mr. Bush has said, we 

have got people who are in remote areas in the Peace Corps, in the 

CIA, in the military, I mean, in the State Department, USAID, who 

have different constraints; and then we have people, Americans, 

who are in the State Department, but they are in London, and the 

challenges are going to be different. 

So I think that the use of technology, the use of priority mail, 

I mean, those are all good things. And whatever we do, we need 

to make sure that they are all approached so that we can serve everybody. 

In terms of the military, I mean, we have got—2 years ago, nearly 46,000 of our American military were noncitizens. So we need 

to make sure—I like the military ID card, but not everybody with 

a military ID card is eligible to vote because they are not an American citizen. So we can use that, but there needs to be another level 

of assurance on that. 

I am interested, Mr. Suleman, on the Internet issue. Because for 

some voters abroad or even military within the United States, for 

example, New York. New York has a September primary. I guess 

that is up to them, but it makes it very difficult to mail out—it is 

almost impossible to mail out a ballot to Iraq and get it back with 

a September ballot. So the Internet example I think is very attractive to me, and certainly the use of the Internet has exploded even 

since you were in the military in 2004. A friend of mine was just 

deployed to Iraq. He has a blog. So I mean really the Internet is 

exploding. 

What kind of security do you have? That’s the question we always get what about the security if we use the Internet? I always 

think I feel secure enough when I do my banking on line, but what 

would you recommend when somebody worries about the integrity 

of the system? 

Mr. SULEMAN. The security of an Internet e-mail ballot to me 

would be almost the same as the security, as long as it is sent on 

a secure server, the same as security for a regular absentee ballot. 

There is some thought that people lose the secrecy of the ballot 

when they would potentially e-mail a ballot. The same thing exists 

when you submit any sort of absentee ballot, because an election 

official has to separate that ballot from that identification envelope, 

and at that particular moment there is a potential to identify a 

vote to a voter. 

I do believe that we should start looking for more e-mail and 

Internet solutions. I mean, you said about your banking. I pay all 

my utility bills online. I buy concert tickets online. I buy pizza online. I do my banking online. I really don’t see why we cannot, you 

know, afford people the ability to both receive and submit a ballot 

online. There are secure methods to transmit material over the 

Internet, and we do it all the time, and I really don’t see why we 

can’t do that for our ballots for overseas citizens. 


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Ms. LOFGREN. Ms. McGinn, what do you think about the Internet 

option? What are the constraints that you see? 

Ms. MCGINN. I think it is a very valuable option. I mean, we 

have deployed in Iraq right now Internet cafes for the troops who 

are over there so that they have access to Internet sites. 

What we are trying to do with our next step in technology is to 

create the secure environment and to expand the use of the Internet for receiving a ballot, maybe someday submitting a ballot. I 

think, as we said before, it’s an option that’s very important. Someday we will probably all do it. 

Of course, there are security issues involved; and we are awaiting some advice from the Elections Assistance Committee and 

NIST on what we would need to do to create a secure environment 

for voting. But we have had several initiatives in that way, and I 

think it is important for us to continue to pursue them. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I will just say I know that NIST is the expert on 

all of these technologies. We are blessed in the United States to 

have that government entity that is so nerdy and so on top of this 

stuff. So we will look to them for good advice. But I think that this 

has been an important first step. 

Obviously, we want to make sure that the men and women who 

are American citizens have every chance to vote and to know that 

they have the right to vote, but also our Peace Corps and everybody has got a right to vote, has that chance to go ahead and exercise that franchise. So I think this has been enormously helpful. 

We will be holding open this hearing for 5 legislative days to 

allow for additional questions; and if we do have them, we will forward them to you and ask that you answer them as promptly as 

possible. 

I think we had a few requests for testimony to be submitted, and 

I would ask unanimous consent that the following documents be 

made part of the official record: a statement from Democrats 

Abroad, a statement from the Uniform Law Commission; a statement by Dr. Alec Yasinsac; a statement by Everyone Counts; a 

statement by FAWCO, AARO, and ACA; a statement by PEW; a 

statement by OVF; a statement by FairVote; and a statement by 

Congressman Rush Holt. And, without objection, those statements 

will be made part of the record. 

[The information follows:] 


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wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 118 52314A.068
88 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 119 52314A.069
89 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 120 52314A.070
90 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 121 52314A.071
91 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 122 52314A.072
92 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 123 52314A.073
93 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 124 52314A.074
94 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 125 52314A.075
95 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 126 52314A.076
96 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 127 52314A.077
97 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 128 52314A.078
98 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 129 52314A.079
99 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 130 52314A.080
100 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 131 52314A.081
101 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 132 52314A.082
102 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 133 52314A.083
103 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 134 52314A.084
104 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 135 52314A.085
105 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 136 52314A.086
106 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 137 52314A.087
107 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 138 52314A.088
108 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 139 52314A.089
109 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 140 52314A.090
110 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 141 52314A.091
111 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 142 52314A.092
112 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 143 52314A.093
113 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 144 52314A.094
114 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 145 52314A.095
115 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 146 52314A.096
116 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 147 52314A.097
117 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 148 52314A.098
118 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 149 52314A.099
119 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 150 52314A.100
120 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 151 52314A.101
121 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 152 52314A.102
122 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 153 52314A.103
123 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 154 52314A.104
124 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 155 52314A.105
125 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 156 52314A.106
126 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 157 52314A.107
127 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 158 52314A.108
128 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 159 52314A.109
129 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 160 52314A.110
130 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 161 52314A.111
131 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 162 52314A.112
132 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 163 52314A.113
133 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 164 52314A.114
134 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 165 52314A.115
135 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 166 52314A.116
136 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 167 52314A.117
137 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 168 52314A.118
138 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 169 52314A.119
139 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 170 52314A.120
140 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 171 52314A.121
141 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 172 52314A.122
142 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 173 52314A.123
143 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 174 52314A.124
144 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 175 52314A.125
145 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 176 52314A.126
146 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 177 52314A.127
147 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 178 52314A.128
148 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 179 52314A.129
149 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 180 52314A.130
150 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 181 52314A.131
151 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 182 52314A.132
152 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 183 52314A.133
153 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 184 52314A.134
154 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 185 52314A.135
155 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 186 52314A.136
156 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 187 52314A.137
157 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 188 52314A.138
158 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 189 52314A.139
159 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 190 52314A.140
160 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 191 52314A.141
161 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 192 52314A.142
162 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 193 52314A.143
163 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 194 52314A.144
164 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 195 52314A.145
165 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 196 52314A.146
166 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 197 52314A.147
167 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 198 52314A.148
168 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 199 52314A.149
169 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 200 52314A.150
170 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 201 52314A.151
171 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 202 52314A.152
172 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 203 52314A.153
173 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 204 52314A.154
174 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 205 52314A.155
175 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 206 52314A.156
176 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 207 52314A.157
177 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 208 52314A.158
178 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 209 52314A.159
179 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 210 52314A.160
180 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 211 52314A.161
181 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 212 52314A.162
182 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 213 52314A.163
183 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 214 52314A.164
184 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 215 52314A.165
185 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 216 52314A.166
186 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 217 52314A.167
187 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 218 52314A.168
188 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 219 52314A.169
189 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 220 52314A.170
190 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 221 52314A.171
191 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 222 52314A.172
192 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 223 52314A.173
193 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 224 52314A.174
194 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 225 52314A.175
195 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 226 52314A.176
196 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 227 52314A.177
197 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 228 52314A.178
198 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 229 52314A.179
199 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 230 52314A.180
200 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 231 52314A.181
201 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 232 52314A.182
202 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 233 52314A.183
203 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 234 52314A.184
204 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARINGInsert graphic folio 235/300 52314A.185
205 

Ms. LOFGREN. We will now be in adjournment with tremendous 

thanks to you for your wonderful testimony in helping us move forward on this enormously important issue. 

[Whereupon, at 10:57 a.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.] 

Æ 


wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with HEARING