# The Effects of Ultra - Low Sulfur Gasoline on Emissions from Tier 2 Vehicles in the In - Use Fleet Final Report Appendix E Plots of All Pollutants and Bags Assessment and Standards Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection Agency NOTICE This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions. It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data thatare currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical developments. EPA-420-R-14-002 March 2014

## Appendix E. Plots of all pollutants and bags E.1. Effect of Clean-out at 2 8pp mToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -12 -10

-8 -6 -4ln(NOx) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NOx Bag 2)

POST PREToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -14 -12 -10

-8 -6 -4 -2ln(NOx) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NOx Bag 3)

POST PREToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -8 -6 -4 -2ln(NOx) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NOx Bag1-Bag3)

POST PREToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -7 -6 -5 -4 -3ln(NOx)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd NOx)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5ln(THC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (THC Bag 1)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -10

-8 -6 -4 -2ln(THC) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (THC Bag 2)

POST PREToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -8 -6 -4 -2ln(THC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (THC Bag 3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5ln(THC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (THC Bag1-Bag3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0ln(THC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd THC)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -2 0 2ln(CO)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CO Bag 1)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -10.0

-7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0ln(CO)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CO Bag 2)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -10.0

-7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0ln(CO)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CO Bag 3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -6 -4 -2 0 2ln(CO)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CO Bag1-Bag3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -4 -2 0ln(CO)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd CO)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5ln(NMHC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NMHC Bag 1)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -12 -10

-8 -6 -4ln(NMHC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NMHC Bag 2)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -12 -10

-8 -6 -4ln(NMHC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NMHC Bag 3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5ln(NMHC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (NMHC Bag1-Bag3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0ln(NMHC)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd NMHC)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -5 -4 -3ln(CH4)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CH4 Bag 1)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -10

-8 -6 -4ln(CH4)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CH4 Bag 2)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -8 -7 -6 -5 -4ln(CH4)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CH4 Bag 3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -8 -6 -4ln(CH4)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (CH4 Bag1-Bag3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -7 -6 -5 -4ln(CH4)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd CH4)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

### Vehicle -1 0 1 2ln(PM)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (PM Bag 1)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

### Vehicle -6 -4 -2 0ln(PM)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (PM Bag 2)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

### Vehicle -3 -2 -1 0 1 2ln(PM)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (PM Bag 3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -4 -2 0 2ln(PM)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (PM Bag1-Bag3)Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

### Vehicle -2 -1 0 1 2ln(PM)

POST PRE 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre- and post-cleanout at 28ppm (Wtd PM)

### E.2. Effect of Clean-out at 5 ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag 2) -4ln(NOx) -6 -8 -10


### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag 2)ln(NOx) -4 -6 -8 -10


### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag 3)ln(NOx) -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag 3)ln(NOx) -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -8 -6 -4 -2 

### Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag1-Bag3)ln(NOx)



### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -8 -6 -4 -2 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (NOx Bag1-Bag3)ln(NOx)



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd NOx)ln(NOx) -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -8 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd NOx)ln(NOx) -3 -4 -5 -6 -7


### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 1)ln(THC) -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 1)ln(THC) -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -8 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 2)ln(THC) -4 -5 -6 -7


### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -8 -6 -4 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 2)ln(THC)



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -8 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 3)ln(THC) -3 -4 -5 -6 -7


### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(THC) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag 3) -2 -4 -6 -8 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(THC) 

### Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag1-Bag3) -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(THC) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (THC Bag1-Bag3) -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd THC)ln(THC) -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd THC) -2.0ln(THC) -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -1 0 1 2 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 1)ln(CO)



### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -1 0 1 2 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 1)ln(CO)



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 0 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 2)ln(CO) -2 -4 -6 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -6 -4ln(CO) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 2) 0 -2



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(CO) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 3) 0 -2 -4 -6 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(CO) 2 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag 3) 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -2 0 2 

### Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag1-Bag3)ln(CO)



### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -2 0 2 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (CO Bag1-Bag3)ln(CO)



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(CO) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd CO) 1 0 -1 -2 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd CO)ln(CO) 1 0 -1 -2 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(NMHC) -0.5 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 1) -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(NMHC) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 1) -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -12 -10

-8 -6 -4ln(NMHC) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 2)

Clean-out at 5ppm Clean-out at 28ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -12 -10

-8 -6 -4ln(NMHC) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 2)

Clean-out at 5ppm Clean-out at 28ppm Pre-CleanoutToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 3) -4ln(NMHC) -6 -8 -10 -12 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag 3)ln(NMHC) -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(NMHC) 

### Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag1-Bag3) -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(NMHC) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (NMHC Bag1-Bag3) -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(NMHC) -2.0 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd NMHC) -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(NMHC) -2.0 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd NMHC) -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 1)ln(CH4) -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 1)ln(CH4) -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0 -5.5 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 2) -4ln(CH4) -6 -8 -10 -12 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 2) -4ln(CH4) -6 -8 -10 -12 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(CH4) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 3) -4 -5 -6 -7 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -8 -7 -4 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag 3)ln(CH4) -5 -6



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag1-Bag3)ln(CH4) -3 -4 -5 -6 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -8 -6 -4 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (CH4 Bag1-Bag3)ln(CH4)



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd CH4) -4.0ln(CH4) -4.5 -5.0 -5.5 -6.0 -6.5 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accordln(CH4) 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd CH4) -3.5 -4.0 -4.5 -5.0 -5.5 -6.0 -6.5 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 1)ln(PM) 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -1 0 1 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 1)ln(PM)



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 2)ln(PM) 0 -1 -2 -3 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -3 -2 -1 0 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 2)ln(PM)



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -2 -1 0 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 3)ln(PM)



### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag 3)ln(PM) 1 0 -1 -2


### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camryln(PM) 1 

### Box plot of vehicle familiy emissions by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag1-Bag3) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 

### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacomaln(PM) 1 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (PM Bag1-Bag3) 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 

### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -3 -2 -1 0 

### Box plot of vehicle families by clean-out sulfur level at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd PM)ln(PM)



### Vehicle Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppmToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord -3 -2 -1 0 

### Box plot of vehicle families by pre-cleanout and post-cleanout at 28ppm and 5ppm (Wtd PM)ln(PM)



### Vehicle Pre-Cleanout Clean-out at 28ppm Clean-out at 5ppm

### E.3. Effect of sulfur level

## NOx Bag 1: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -10

-8 -6 -4ln(NOx)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NOx Bag 2)

### by sulfur level (NOx Bag 2) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -10

-4 -10

-4 -10

-4 -10

-4 -10

-4

## NOx Bag 2: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -14 -12 -10

-8 -6 -4 -2ln(NOx)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NOx Bag 3)

### by sulfur level (NOx Bag 3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123 ... vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031 ... vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -12.5

-2.5 -12.5

-2.5 -12.5

-2.5 -12.5

-2.5 -12.5

-2.5

## NOx Bag 3: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -8 -6 -4 -2ln(NOx)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NOx Bag1-Bag3)

### by sulfur level (NOx Bag1-Bag3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -8 -2 -8 -2 -8 -2 -8 -2 -8 -2Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3ln(NOx)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd NOx)

### by sulfur level (Wtd NOx) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -8 -3 -8 -3 -8 -3 -8 -3 -8 -3

## Wtd NOx: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5ln(THC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (THC Bag 1)

### by sulfur level (THC Bag 1) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5

## THC Bag 1: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -8 -6 -4ln(THC) 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (THC Bag 2)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm

### by sulfur level (THC Bag 2) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -8 -4 -8 -4 -8 -4 -8 -4 -8 -4

## THC Bag 2: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -8 -6 -4 -2ln(THC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (THC Bag 3)

### by sulfur level (THC Bag 3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -8 -2 -8 -2 -8 -2 -8 -2 -8 -2

## THC Bag 3: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5ln(THC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (THC Bag1-Bag3)

### by sulfur level (THC Bag1-Bag3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5

## THC Bag1-Bag3: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0ln(THC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd THC)

### by sulfur level (Wtd THC) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -4.5 -2.0 -4.5 -2.0 -4.5 -2.0 -4.5 -2.0 -4.5 -2.0

## Wtd THC: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -1 0 1 2ln(CO)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CO Bag 1)

### by sulfur level (CO Bag 1) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -1 2 -1 2 -1 2 -1 2 -1 2

## CO Bag 1: Data vs PredictedData

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -6 -4 -2 0ln(CO)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CO Bag 2)

### by sulfur level (CO Bag 2) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -6 0 -6 0 -6 0 -6 0 -6 0Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -6 -4 -2 0ln(CO)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CO Bag 3)

### by sulfur level (CO Bag 3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -6 0 -6 0 -6 0 -6 0 -6 0Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -6 -4 -2 0 2ln(CO)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CO Bag1-Bag3)

### by sulfur level (CO Bag1-Bag3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -6 2 -6 2 -6 2 -6 2 -6 2Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -2 -1 0 1ln(CO)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd CO)

### by sulfur level (Wtd CO) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -2 1 -2 1 -2 1 -2 1 -2 1

## Wtd CO: Data vs PredictedData

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5ln(NMHC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NMHC Bag 1)

### by sulfur level (NM HC Bag 1) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5 -3.0 -0.5

## NMHC Bag 1: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -12 -10

-8 -6 -4ln(NMHC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NMHC Bag 2)

### by sulfur level (NM HC Bag 2) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -12

-4 -12

-4 -12

-4 -12

-4 -12

-4

## NMHC Bag 2: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -12 -10

-8 -6 -4ln(NMHC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NMHC Bag 3)

### by sulfur level (NM HC Bag 3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -12

-4 -12

-4 -12

-4 -12

-4 -12

-4

## NMHC Bag 3: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5ln(NMHC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (NMHC Bag1-Bag3)

### by sulfur level (NM HC Bag1-Bag3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -3.5 -2.0 -0.5 -3.5 -2.0 -0.5 -3.5 -2.0 -0.5 -3.5 -2.0 -0.5 -3.5 -2.0 -0.5Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0ln(NMHC)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd NMHC)

### by sulfur level (Wtd NM HC) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -4.5 -2.0 -4.5 -2.0 -4.5 -2.0 -4.5 -2.0 -4.5 -2.0

## Wtd NMHC: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -5.0 -4.5 -4.0 -3.5 -3.0ln(CH4)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 1)

### by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 1) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -5 -3 -5 -3 -5 -3 -5 -3 -5 -3

## CH4 Bag 1: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -12 -10

-8 -6 -4ln(CH4)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 2)

### by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 2) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -12

-8 -4 -12

-8 -4 -12

-8 -4 -12

-8 -4 -12

-8 -4

## CH4 Bag 2: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -7 -6 -5 -4 -3ln(CH4)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 3)

### by sulfur level (CH4 Bag 3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -7 -5 -3 -7 -5 -3 -7 -5 -3 -7 -5 -3 -7 -5 -3

## CH4 Bag 3: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -6 -5 -4 -3ln(CH4)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (CH4 Bag1-Bag3)

### by sulfur level (CH4 Bag1-Bag3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -6 -3 -6 -3 -6 -3 -6 -3 -6 -3Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -6 -5 -4ln(CH4)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd CH4)

### by sulfur level (Wtd CH4) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -6 -4 -6 -4 -6 -4 -6 -4 -6 -4

## Wtd CH4: Data vs PredictedData

-12 -11 -10

-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0

-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 

# Model Prediction sulfur 

# High Sulfur Low SulfurToyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -2 -1 0 1ln(PM)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (PM Bag 1)

### by sulfur level (PM Bag 1) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -2 1 -2 1 -2 1 -2 1 -2 1Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3 -2 -1 0ln(PM)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (PM Bag 2)

### by sulfur level (PM Bag 2) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -3 0 -3 0 -3 0 -3 0 -3 0Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3 -2 -1 0 1ln(PM)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (PM Bag 3)

### by sulfur level (PM Bag 3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -3 -1 1 -3 -1 1 -3 -1 1 -3 -1 1 -3 -1 1Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma 

### Vehicle -4 -2 0ln(PM)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (PM Bag1-Bag3)

### by sulfur level (PM Bag1-Bag3) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 1011S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -4 0 -4 0 -4 0 -4 0Toyota-Corolla Ford-Explorer Dodge-Caliber Honda-Odyssey Saturn-Outlook Chevrolet-Silverado Nissan-Altima Ford-500 Dodge-Caravan Chevrolet-Impala Toyota-Sienna Chevrolet-Cobalt Jeep-Liberty Ford-Focus Honda-Civic Ford-F150 Toyota-Tacoma Toyota-Camry Honda-Accord 

### Vehicle -3 -2 -1 0ln(PM)

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### Box plot of individual vehicle families by sulfur level (Wtd PM)

### by sulfur level (Wtd PM ) 

### Log-transformed emissions from individual vehicles

Low Sulfur at 5ppm High Sulfur at 28ppm 

### sulfurlevel mileslnE vehID = 2011S vehID = 1045S vehID = 1011S vehID = 0329 ... vehID = 0280S vehID = 0264L vehID = 0194L vehID = 0179S vehID = 0179L vehID = 0178L vehID = 0165S vehID = 0162S vehID = 0148 ... vehID = 0146 ... vehID = 0131S vehID = 0123E vehID = 0107L vehID = 0104 ... vehID = 0101S vehID = 0089S vehID = 0075L vehID = 0074S vehID = 0046L vehID = 0039S vehID = 0031E vehID = 0026 ... vehID = 0026L vehID = 0023L vehID = 0022L vehID = 0021L vehID = 0010S vehID = 0009S vehID = 0007L vehID = 0006S vehID = 0003L

0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 200 -3 0 -3 0 -3 0 -3 0 -3 0