Handbook to

Strategy 1 Fungal Species

in the Northwest Forest Plan

Michael A. Castellano, Jane E. Smith, Thom O’Dell, Efrén Cázares, and Susan Nugent

UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF

AGRICULTURE

FOREST SERVICE

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

RESEARCH STATION

GENERAL TECHNICAL

REPORT

PNW-GTR-476

OCTOBER 1999
Authors

Michael A. Castellano is a research forester, and Jane E. Smith is a research botantist, U.S. Department of Agriculture

(USDA), Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 S.W. Jefferson Way,

Corvallis, OR 97331; Thom O’Dell is the regional mycologist, USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region and

Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 S.W. Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331;

Efrén Cázares is a senior research assistant professor, Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis,

OR 97331; and Susan Nugent is a district botanist, Mount Hood National Forest, 6780 Highway 35, Mount HoodParkdale, OR 97041.

Cover

The mushroom genus Phaeocollybia is represented by 25 species in the Pacific Northwest. Phaeocollybia is placed in

the family Cortinariaceae and is typified by ornamented, brown basidiospores, presence of a distinct pseudorhiza, a

cartilaginous stem cortex, and a glabrous, viscid, umbonate cap. Phaeocollybia sipei A.H. Smith a strategy 1 fungus

species from table C-3 in the record of decision is presented on the cover. Phaeocollybia sipei, although locally

abundant at times, is rarely encountered and is known from only seven locations, all within Oregon. Photo courtesy of

L. Norvell.
Handbook to Strategy 1 Fungal Taxa from the Northwest Forest

Plan

Michael A. Castellano

Jane E. Smith

Thom O’Dell

Efrén Cázares

Susan Nugent

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest Research Station

Portland, OR

General Technical Report PNW-GTR-476

October 1999
Abstract

Castellano, Michael A.; Smith, Jane E.; O’Dell, Thom; Cázares, Efrén; Nugent, Susan. 1999.

Handbook to strategy 1 fungal taxa from the Northwest Forest Plan. Gen. Tech. Rep.

PNW-GTR-476. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Pacific Northwest Research Station. 195 p.

There are 234 fungal species listed in the record of decision (ROD) for amendments to Forest

Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents within the range of the northern

spotted owl. There are four strategies to established guidelines for the survey and management of

various organisms, including amphibians, mammals, bryophytes, mollusks, vascular plants, lichens,

arthropods, and fungi. Strategy 1 (S1) entailed compiling all known distribution and ecological

information on 147 fungus species. Other strategies convey protection or encourage the collecting

of additional geographic and habitat information.

Upon further taxonomic examination of the S1 fungal species, it was determined that only 135

separate species existed, with the others reduced to synomomy. Most of these S1 fungal species are

poorly known and uncommon to rare. A few S1 fungal species were revealed to be much more

common than previously thought. This handbook was designed to facilitate understanding of the

life history of all S1 and protection buffer species and to aid in their discovery and identification.

Each species is represented by a condensed description, a set of distinguishing features, and

information on substrate, habitat, and seasonality. We also present a list of known sites within the

range of the northern spotted owl, a distribution map and additional references to introduce the

available literature on a particular species. A set of artificial taxonomic keys is presented to aid the

worker in identification. A partially illustrated glossary helps introduce the novice to mycological

terms.

Keywords: Mycology, mushrooms, sequestrate fungi, truffles, biodiversity, monitoring, rare fungi,

forest ecology.
Contents

I Introduction

M Methodology

K Keys to Taxa

S Species Information

A Acknowledgments

R Literature Cited

H1 Appendix 1

H2 Appendix 2

H3 Glossary
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INTRODUCTION

The social and political setting leading to the development of this handbook

Recent interest in conserving biological diversity has led to a Federal mandate to inventory forest

organisms, previously ignored, occurring within the range of the northern spotted owl (Strix

occidentalis caurina). For the first time, fungi, nonvascular plants, and invertebrates are part of

forest management issues in the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific Northwest, a geographical region

encompassing southeast Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, western Montana,

and northern California, contains ancient (old-growth) forests that have experienced little or no

human disturbance for centuries, resulting in a late-successional or climax stage in forest

development (Norse 1990). Much controversy has surrounded the management and harvest of these

late-successional forests during the last decade, polarizing environmental and timber harvesting

groups. Legal challenges surrounding the protection of the northern spotted owl, declared

“threatened” by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1990, essentially brought timber sales on

Federal land in the region to a halt by 1993 (Thomas 1997). Political and legal debates over forest

management plans clarified that the issue was not one of saving or maintaining viable populations

of an individual species, but was centered on public and scientific concerns with the maintenance of

ecosystem functions (Thomas 1997). The increased awareness that many species, in addition to the

northern spotted owl, depend on this diminishing habitat helped bring about a more holistic

approach to forest management. This new approach, ecosystem management, is defined by Thomas

(1997) as “a concept for dealing with larger spatial scales, longer time frames, and many more

variables (ecological, economic, and social) than have commonly been considered in past

management approaches.”

Conservation of forest fungi and the Northwest Forest Plan

President Clinton took steps to end the court-ordered injunction on logging by convening a forest

conference in Portland, Oregon, on April 2, 1993. Following the conference, the Forest Ecosystem

Management Assessment Team (FEMAT) was formed to develop management alternatives (within

the context of environmental laws) to balance forest conservation with the economic and social

needs of people in the Pacific Northwest (FEMAT 1993). The team focused on the maintenance and

restoration of biological diversity, particularly in late-successional and old-growth forests within the

geographic range of the northern spotted owl. FEMAT evaluated the likelihood of maintaining

sufficient well-distributed habitat on Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management lands to

provide for continued viability of 1,119 species within eight groups of organisms (fungi, lichens,

bryophytes, amphibians, mammals, mollusks, vascular plants, and arthropods) associated with latesuccessional forests.

The panel of mycological experts identified 527 fungal species (nearly half of all species listed) as

strongly associated with old-growth forests or their legacy (for example, coarse woody debris).

The final supplemental environmental impact statement (FSEIS; USDA and USDI 1994a) includes

additional analysis on late-successional- and old-growth-related species. It focuses on public

comments to the preferred alternative (alternative 9) and addresses the following objectives: (1)

identify species needing additional consideration and analysis, (2) gather pertinent information on

potential impacts of forest management on these species, and (3) discuss specific mitigation

measures, including their benefits and costs of implementation.
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Of the 1,119 species initially considered, 715 had adequate habitat protection or were not expected

to be adversely affected by the cumulative effects of anticipated land management activities, so they

were dropped from further consideration. The FSEIS specifies site management for specific

localities from which the original specimens of a species were collected, providing the site is within

boundaries of the assessment area.

The final record of decision (ROD; USDA and USDI 1994b), the document that specifies how the

FSEIS will be implemented, lists 234 fungal species in table C-3 that require some level of attention

under the four survey-and-manage strategies of the plan. Survey strategy 1 requires management of

known sites for all species shown in table C-3. Of the 234 species, 129 are known from only one or

a few sites; 80 are endemic to the Pacific Northwest, others appear more common. Sites with rare

and endemic fungus species will have 64.8 hectares (160 acres) temporarily withdrawn from

management activities until those sites can be thoroughly surveyed and site-specific management

measures prescribed. One particular fungus, the “noble polypore” (Bridgeoporus nobilissimus),

will have 240 hectares (600 acres) of habitat protected from disturbance at each known site. Survey

strategy 2 requires surveys before the occurrence of any ground-disturbing activities. Two fungus

species require this protective strategy: Bridgeoporus nobilissimus and Bondarzewia mesenterica

(Schaeff.) Kreisel, (=B. montana (Quel.) Sing.). Bondarzewia mesenterica was inadvertently

placed in strategy 2 because it was at first thought to form perennial sporocarps, it does not. The

annually variable, ephemeral nature of its sporocarps limits our ability to discover it during surveys

for a major portion of the year or in any one year. Survey strategy 3 requires conducting extensive

surveys to find additional high-priority sites for species management. All 234 fungal species are

included in survey strategy 3, and protocols are currently under development. The general regional

surveys of survey strategy 4 are designed to provide further information about little known species

not yet designated as rare and endemic. These regional surveys began in 1996 and are expected to

take 10 years to complete.

Purpose and scope of this guidebook

The FEMAT guidelines mandate unprecedented study of fungi in forests occurring within the range

of the northern spotted owl. The purpose of this handbook is to acquaint Forest Service and Bureau

of Land Management personnel and others with the species of fungi in table C-3 occurring from the

Pacific coast to the east slope of the Cascade Range and from northwestern California to the

Canadian border. Although FEMAT guidelines specifically address Federal forests within the range

of the northern spotted owl in the Western United States, the surveys it mandates have increased

awareness concerning the ecological importance of forest fungi and the need to ensure protection

for these species (see Molina et al.1993, Pilz and Molina 1996).

To date no photographic book of the region’s rare fungi has been published. This handbook will

facilitate identification of survey strategy 1 fungi listed in table C-3 of the final Record of Decision

(USDA and USDI 1994b). Maps of known locations, detailed descriptions, and references for

further information are provided. A simple key for distinguishing among the survey strategy 1

fungal species is included, as well as guidelines for collecting voucher specimens and recording

information. Additionally, this handbook introduces the reader to the role of fungi in forest

ecosystems and their unique features that distinguish them from other organisms.

Over the past two years the authors have sought photographs of the 234 fungi listed in table C-3 of

the ROD (USDA and USDI 1994b). Many are included in this handbook and all photographs used
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are with permission of the photographer. We appreciate all the mycologists who contributed

photographs, as these photographs and the accurate identification of the specimens reflect lifetimes

of dedication to the field of mycology. Photographers’ names are displayed next to the photos and

listed in the acknowledgments. Many more photographs and fleeting photo opportunities remain to

be found and incorporated into subsequent editions. If you have photographs or slides that you

would consider contributing, please contact the Regional Mycologist, USDA Forest Service, Pacific

Northwest Research Station, 3200 S.W. Jefferson Way, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, OR

97331.

Names and classification of fungi

As with all organisms, scientific nomenclature for fungi follows Carl Linnaeus’ binomial system in

which each species name consists of two parts: the generic component and a species component. A

genus is a collection of species with similar traits. Although a genus name may be written alone to

refer to a group of species, a species name written alone could describe many different species in

different genera. By itself, a species name does not identify any organism. However, a genus with

its species name describes a unique species; for example, Agaricus brunnescens, the button

mushroom found in grocery stores, and Agaricus campestris, the meadow mushroom, are different

species belonging to the same genus. Unlike plant species and the examples of Agaricus species,

most fungi do not have well-recognized common names. The next taxonomic level above genus is

that of family; families are then grouped in orders, classes, and phylums within a kingdom. Family

names always end in “-aceae” and are groupings of genera that have some specific characters in

common. Order names always end in “-ales.” In the Agaricales, the taxonomic order for

mushrooms possessing gills, family characters may include spore color, gill attachment to the stalk,

presence or absence of a veil, etc. Below is an example comparing the classification of four wellknown edible fungi (table 1).

Table 1 – Taxonomic comparison of four edible fungi species.

Category Button Shaggy mane Chanterelle Morel

Kingdom Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi

Phylum Basidiomycota Basidiomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota

Class Basidiomycetes Basidiomycetes Basidiomycetes Ascomycetes

Order Agaricales Agaricales Aphyllophorales Pezizales

Family Agaricaceae Coprinaceae Cantharellaceae Morchellaceae

Genus Agaricus Coprinus Cantharellus Morchella

Species brunnescens comatus cibarius esculenta

What distinguishes fungi from other organisms?

Fungi are an incredibly diverse group of nonphotosynthetic organisms that absorb their food,

characteristically form branching threadlike cells called hyphae (yeasts are exceptions). Many

species are capable of astonishingly rapid growth. They inhabit every possible environment.

Although fungi have been traditionally grouped with plants, they have no direct evolutionary

connection. More than 35 years ago, fungi were deemed distinct from plants and placed in their

own kingdom (Whittaker 1959). The Kingdom Fungi is second only to insects in numbers of

species. Over 200,000 fungal species have been described, but estimates of total fungi in the world

range from 1 to 1.5 million (Hawksworth 1991). The vast majority of described fungal species are
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microfungi (such as molds, mildews, and yeast) that produce reproductive structures not visible to

the unaided eye. Although these are difficult to see, their presence does not go unnoticed in our

everyday lives. They are active as yeast in bread, fermentors in wine, and sources of antibiotics.

They cause athlete’s foot, rot in houses and fence posts, and damage to crops. In contrast, less than

1 percent of the described species are macrofungi that produce relatively, large, showy reproductive

structures (mushrooms, truffles, puffballs, shelf, and cup fungi).

Fungi are as distinct from plants as they are from animals or insects, although they share similarities

with each. Unlike plants, fungi lack chlorophyll and therefore are unable to manufacture their own

food from sunlight. Like animals and insects, they must feed themselves by absorbing carbon

compounds from the immediate environment. Fungi have evolved enzymes for digesting

recalcitrant substrates such as chitin (insect exoskeletons), keratin (hair, skin, horn, feathers),

cellulose (most plant material), and even lignin (wood) (Kendrick 1992).

Like plants, most fungi are nonmotile although some possess motile spores. Fungi reproduce by

spores which are simpler in structure than seeds or eggs.

How else are fungi like insects and plants? The walls of hyphae that extend through the soil or

aggregate to form a mushroom or other type of sporocarp (fruiting bodies that produce spores) are

mainly composed of the polysaccharides, chitin, and cellulose. Chitin is part of the exoskeletons of

insects but is found nowhere in the plant kingdom. Cellulose occurs in wood and most plant

material.

Comparing a fungus to a tree requires “seeing” beyond the fruiting body, such as a mushroom. The

main body (thallus) of a fungus typically consists of an aggregation of filaments (hyphae,

collectively called mycelium) that usually grows immersed in its substrate (wood, host tissue, or

soil) and thus is concealed from casual observation (some may grow on the substrate surface; e.g.,

bread molds). This mycelium is analogous to a tree’s trunk, branches, and roots. The familiar

mushroom is simply the reproductive structure or fruit produced by that hidden network. As such,

the mushroom is analogous to the fruit of a tree, such as an apple, and the spores are analogous to

the seeds. Picking a mushroom is analogous to picking an apple from a tree and as such, usually

should not harm the fungus so long as care is taken minimize disturbance. Some macrofungi form

perennial sporocarps that cannot be collected without impacting the fungus; e.g., Bridgeoporus

nobilissimus.

Detecting the presence of fungi

An individual fungal thallus may live for many years in one spot yet produce sporocarps briefly or

infrequently. This cryptic nature and production of ephemeral reproductive structures poses

problems in locating specimens. We currently depend on the occurrence of these sporocarps to

detect the presence of a species. Only a relatively few species have perennial sporocarps.

Therefore, a site must be repeatedly surveyed to detect or monitor fungal species of interest. Failure

of a species to fruit for several years evokes uncertainty about whether the fungal colony has died,

lies dormant, or is merely not fruiting (O’Dell et al. 1996).

Biology, ecology, and function of forest fungi

Macrofungi and microfungi alike contribute to the function of healthy forest ecosystems by forming
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mutualistic, symbiotic associations with plants, decomposing organic matter, contributing to

nutrient cycling, providing food for animals, and creating habitat diversity for many forest

organisms. Microfungi include the molds, yeast, lichen symbionts, endophytes, endomycorrhizae,

and plant pathogens. Microfungi are found throughout the forest, both high in the canopy as well as

throughout the soil. They are more difficult to study than macrofungi, and their sheer numbers can

overwhelm scientists and managers alike. Because they were not included in the ROD, microfungi

will not be further discussed here.

Macrofungi come in a dazzling array of colors and forms and interact with a multitude of forest

organisms. Table C-3 of the ROD includes mushroom, sequestrate, shelf, coral, teeth, club, and cup

fungi forms. These forms largely make up a group commonly termed “fleshy fungi” although

shelflike species can be hard and woody. The fleshy fungi are comprised of the two most highly

evolved taxonomic classes in the fungus kingdom, the Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, which are

distinguished by microscopic differences in how the spores are formed. Basidiomycetes produce

spores on the outside of club-shaped cells called basidia, and Ascomycetes produce spores inside

round to cylindrical saclike cells called asci. Basidiomycetes include mushrooms, puffballs, coral,

teeth, and shelf fungi, and Ascomycetes include cup fungi and morels. Sequestrate (truffle and

trufflelike) fungi can be either Basidiomycetes or Ascomycetes, although a distinction is sometimes

drawn between true truffles (Ascomycetes) and trufflelike or false truffles (Basidiomycetes). The

broad definition of truffle is typically applied in North America to refer to all fungi that have

evolved a belowground fruiting habit, although the term “sequestrate” may more accurately define

this group (Kendrick 1992, Smith 1995).

“Sequestrate” has been adopted by many mycologists to describe aboveground or belowground

fungal sporocarps that have evolved an enclosed fruiting habit in which the spores are retained in

the sporocarp until it decays or is eaten by an animal (Kendrick 1992). Evolution of sequestrate

fungi from their aboveground relatives (mushrooms or cup fungi) resulted in the stalk being greatly

reduced or lost and the cap or cup forming enfolded or potatolike sporocarps. Intermediate forms

between aboveground mushrooms with forcible spore discharge and belowground sequestrate

species can be found. The genus, Thaxterogaster, for example, has aboveground stalked members

with enclosed caps.

Sequestrate fungi depend on mycophagous (fungus-eating) animals for spore dispersal. As

sequestrate fungi mature, they produce odors that attract forest mammals, especially small

mammals like squirrels, chipmunks, voles, and mice. These mammals excavate and consume

sporocarps; spores pass through the digestive tract unharmed and are excreted in the animals feces

(Maser et al. 1978, Maser and Maser 1988). Spores from the fecal pellets are washed into the soil

where they contact roots of mycorrhizal hosts.

A large proportion of the mushrooms and sequestrate fungi in table C-3 of the ROD are

mycorrhizal. Mycorrhiza, which literally translates as “fungus-root,” refers to a common and

mutually beneficial association between plants and specific fungi (Smith and Read 1997). Indeed,

nearly all terrestrial woody plants depend on mycorrhizal fungi for their survival and growth.

Mycorrhizal hyphae greatly extend the nutrient-absorbing surface area of the roots and are more

effective in nutrient and water absorption than roots themselves. Soil nutrients essential to plant

growth, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, are absorbed by the mycorrhizal fungus and transported

to the root for use by the plant. In return, the plant provides sugars produced in photosynthesis to

fuel activities of the mycorrhizal fungus. Plants generally associate with numerous species of
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mycorrhizal fungi; Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) may associate with as many as 2000

species (Trappe 1977). The ability of plants to form mycorrhizae with numerous fungus species

benefits the host by increasing access to nutrients and water and by protecting against fine-root

pathogens.

Mushrooms and sequestrate fungi are important wildlife food and are consumed by numerous forest

animals including deer, elk, bear, small mammals, slugs, insects and birds (Carey 1991; Fogel and

Trappe 1978; Maser et al. 1978). The sporocarps provide animals with minerals, amino acids,

proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. Some rodents, such as the California red-backed vole

(Clethrionomys californicus) and northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus), rely on mushrooms

and sequestrate fungi for over 90 percent of their food supply (Hayes et al. 1986; Maser et al. 1978,

1985). In turn, these small mammals are primary food for predators such as the northern spotted

owl.

In addition to mycorrhizal fungi, fungi can be divided into two other categories based on their

relation to their environment. Pathogenic fungi inhabit the living tissue of plants, animals and even

other fungi, typically causing damage and disease. They contribute to habitat diversity in forests by

killing trees that later become snags and logs inhabited by wildlife and a variety of other organisms.

Openings develop in the canopy when diseased trees die and fall, allowing shade-intolerant plants to

flourish in the increased light (Holah et al. 1993). Some pathogenic fungi, such as Cordyceps

species, parasitize insects, spiders and certain truffles. Pathogenic fungi include microfungi and

shelf and mushroom forms.

Saprobic fungi perform essential ecosystem functions by decomposing dead organic matter (wood,

humus, plant material, dung, bones, insects, etc.) and cycling nutrients. Wood-decay fungi soften

the interiors of snags and logs, allowing birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, small and even some

large mammals to burrow into them and create homes (Harmon et al. 1986; Maser et al. 1978, 1988;

Perry 1994; Thomas et al. 1979). Many wood-decay fungi are associated with late-successional

forests and are included in table C-3 of the ROD, including Bondarzewia mesenterica and

Bridgeoporus nobilissimus. Saprobic fungi include cup, shelf, earth tongue, mushroom, and toothed

forms.

Cultural attitudes concerning fungal diversity

Fear, mystery, repulsion, reverence, indifference or delight reflect culturally- influenced attitudes

people have toward fungi. Fungiphobia (the fear of fungi), a term coined by British mycologist

W.D. Hay (1887), concisely depicts the viewpoint towards mushrooms of most British and their

colony descendants. The antithesis of this view is held by a majority of other cultures throughout

the world. In Slavic cultures of eastern Europe and Russia, only rarely does a family not gather

wild, edible mushrooms. The Italians and French are also avid mushroom and truffle hunters.

People in most African countries place a great importance on gathering mushrooms for culinary and

medicinal uses (Benjamin 1995). Although mushrooms are eaten in India and are most popular in

the northern mountainous area near the Himalayas, they are not as prized there as in the rest of the

Southeast Asian continent. Some mushrooms and puffballs were used by native North Americans

for medicine, spiritual, and ceremonial purposes.

The Asian cultures of China and Japan are strongly mycophilic (lovers of fungi). Fungi have been

revered by the Chinese for over 3,000 years, not only as esculents but for maintaining health and
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promoting longevity (Hobbs 1995, Stamets 1993). Several species of fungi listed in table C-3 of the

ROD, including Cantharellus formosus and Cordyceps ophioglossoides, historically have been used

medicinally (Hobbs 1995). In China, fungi with medicinal properties are mostly sought by people

in remote and sparsely populated areas, although some varieties are cultivated. Most of the culinary

mushrooms in China are varieties easily cultivated, because access to natural habitats is limited for

the average Chinese citizen.

Dense populations in Japan also have encouraged the cultivation of many popular edibles. Most

attempts to cultivate mycorrhizal species, such as the prized matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake),

however, have not proven successful. As a result, the Japanese have developed an enthusiasm for

the hunt itself that mirrors the fervor displayed by the Russians towards mushroom gathering.

Literally thousands of Japanese take to the forests each fall in search of matsutake. Declining forest

health, however, has greatly reduced and threatens matsutake production in Japan (Hosford et al.

1997).

In the Pacific Northwest, habitat alteration, principally due to logging and urbanization, and the

potential impacts from commercial harvest of mushrooms are the primary concerns surrounding

loss of fungal diversity. European studies provide salient documentation for this concern; decreased

or discontinued sporocarp production has been noted among many species of macrofungi,

coincident with widespread forest decline (Gulden et al. 1992) and loss of forest habitat. In several

long-term studies, diversity of ectomycorrhizal species has diminished by half since the 1950s

(Arnolds 1991). Fungus species associated with late-successional forests show the greatest decline.

We have much to learn from forestry practices and fungal surveys conducted in other countries of

the world.

The many reasons for maintaining diversity of forest fungi include (1) unknown potential for

producing medicines to combat bacterial and viral diseases, (2) significant commercial value, (3)

intrinsic value, and (4) sustaining ecosystem productivity and a healthy environment. People are an

integral part of ecosystems and their successful management. We cannot discount the importance of

poorly understood organisms to ecosystem function. The importance of the diverse fungal

community of Pacific Northwest forests to tree growth and interactions with forest organisms, and

to people for medicines and esculents, is still being discovered.
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Methodology

Voucher specimens

Collection of voucher specimens of mushrooms, cups, corals, and sequestrate fungi is requisite to

document species occurrence. In general, specimens should be annotated with appropriate information on species identity, location, date, habitat, and collector, and then sent to a recognized herbarium for long-term storage (see appendix H2 for forms). All collections of suspected or confirmed ROD-listed fungal species should be sent for verification to the Regional Mycologist (3200

S.W. Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331). Except in the case of multiple collections of extremely

common species from the same locality in a narrow timeframe, all collections should have a

voucher. Large collections of common species do not provide additional useful information, particularly for a location where collection has occurred previously. One to five representative specimens (depending on size) of each of the common species per collecting period is adequate to document presence over time. Most if not all specimens of rare or uncommon species should be carefully harvested, dried, and sent to a herbarium, as these may yield additional morphological information or represent incompletely known taxa. Remember, sporocarps are like apples from a tree, if

you are careful not to disturb the substrate then minimal damage will be done to the actual organism

itself.

Some fungi can be reliably identified with few or no notes, others require at least some notes for

identification to species. For the novice collector and identifier, notes are critical. Some of the

important characters to record include the surface texture, fresh colors and odors, subsequent color

after exposure and handling (after 10-20 minutes and again after 2-3 hours or the next day after

storage in a refrigerator), color after drying, and whether the specimens exude a latex from a cut

surface or the cut surface of a specimen changes color. Use the appropriate field form (see appendix H2) to record fresh characters. The date, specific location, and notes on the plant community,

particularly the large woody plants, are important in reporting on the ecology of these fungi. Note

whether the specimens were found on the soil surface (epigeous), were emergent, or were completely below the surface of the ground (hypogeous). Note whether they were found solitary, in

groups of two or more, or in clusters. See the field forms (appendix H2) for location and ecological

data that should be recorded. Until processed, fungal specimens are best kept in cool conditions in

waxed-paper sandwich bags, loosely rolled up in wax paper, or loosely rolled up in aluminum foil.

Never use plastic wrap or closed “air-tight” containers because they lead to anaerobic conditions

that stimulate resident bacteria and other microorganisms that can quickly degrade the condition of

the sporocarp(s).

Specimens should be described and then dried as soon as possible, preferably within 1 day from

collection. If specimens of some species are in prime condition when collected, and they are

handled properly, and stored correctly, they can be kept for several days before drying. Once begun,

deterioration proceeds rapidly and then much of a specimen’s value for later study is lost.

Rapid drying using moving air at relatively low temperatures has proved the most successful in

preserving most fungi. A food dryer set at ≈30-40  ̊C works well. Good air circulation is critical to

rapidly dry specimens. Specimens can deteriorate quickly when heat alone is used. When electricity is not available, there are alternative methods to dry specimens. If specimens are not large (<2

cm wide) they should be thinly sliced, ±2 mm in thickness, and placed in a sealed, air-tight container with predried silica gel (4-5 times gel to specimens in volume). Care should be taken to pack

the specimens closely in the silica gel. Specimens should not touch each other within the container.
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Air space within the container should be kept to a minimum to ensure the effectiveness of this

method. No more than one collection should be put in a container because, when dried, species

often can be difficult to separate by macroscopic characters. One to two days will dry specimens

sufficiently if the volume of silica gel is adequate for the quantity of specimens. Use the indicator

crystals to tell when the gel is wet. Specimens dried by silica gel should be transferred to a more

conventional dryer at the first opportunity to ensure that they dry completely. You can redry the

silica gel in the field in a frying pan over a low fire. Keep well-dried specimens in sealable plastic

bags to prevent rehydrating until you get them to the herbarium.

In circumstances where silica gel is unavailable or impractical because of size or number of specimens, specimens can be strung together with waxed dental floss and a large needle and suspended

over a campfire. Care is needed to space the thin slices to allow air movement between them and

adjustment to the right height above the heat is needed to prevent cooking while encouraging

drying. Alternatively, lightweight frames covered with a fine aluminum mesh screen can be used.

The screens can be suspended over the campfire or a fueled camp stove (set low) or exposed to a

steady but not forceful breeze. Again, care is needed when using heat to prevent cooking while

encouraging drying.

Special considerations –

Mushrooms – Notes on fresh characters, particularly colors, are critical to aid identification. A

spore print from mushrooms is also important to aid identification. Cut off the stem of a fresh

specimen and place the cap with the gills or pores facing down on a piece of black and white striped

paper (see appendix H2) for 8-12 hours to capture a spore print on both dark and light surfaces.

Wrap in aluminum foil or place in a container to prevent drying. Do not place specimens in the

refrigerator or expose them to heat before setting up a portion of the collection to capture a spore

print. For purposes other than obtaining a spore print, well-dried specimens are much easier to

work with later than those preserved in liquid.

Sequestrate specimens – Information on colors is useful but usually not necessary for all species.

When in doubt, take some notes on fresh characters. Each sporocarp should be cut at least in half to

hasten drying; large specimens (those over 2-3 cm in diameter) should be cut in several vertical

slabs of ±5 mm thickness. Many sequestrate species have leathery, somewhat impermeable peridia

(outer skins) that slow drying. Other sequestrate species dry to the hardness of bone and any attempt to break open the sporocarp to access spores results in disintegration of the sporocarp. A cut

cross section can readily be rehydrated with water or KOH and sectioned with a razor blade. Many

sequestrate species resemble one another on the surface but differ strikingly in the interior. Examining the interior reduces the chance of including more than one species in a single collection.

Collecting protocols

It is difficult to impossible to recommend a specific protocol to collect fungi. Each protocol has

strengths and weaknesses and the appropriateness of any one protocol is determined by the constraints of the project.

Most forests contain diverse microhabitats. Even in “uniform” plantations, the microtopography

varies with localized wet and dry soil conditions. Distribution of woody debris is also variable, and

the debris can be patchy, buried, or exposed. Some fungi are associated with or found in rotten
M- 3

wood; i.e., some Ramaria spp., Gymnopilus punctifolius, Radiigera spp., and Hydnotrya

variiformis. The patchiness of ground cover and shrub and herb layers also can dramatically affect

the microclimate in restricted areas. Sites with heavy ground cover will be more difficult to search

for specimens because of obstruction of view and difficulty in laying out plots. Slope and aspect

will have an important effect on water relations and temperature. In the Pacific Northwest, southfacing steep slopes tend to be the driest and north facing gentle slopes the wettest. All these variables must be accounted for when designing sampling procedures for each sampling objective.

Fungal sporocarp production is relatively clustered (Fogel 1981; States and Gaud 1997). Also fungi

differ in their sporocarp abundance and size. A major difficulty with using sporocarps to determine

presence is the lack of data on the correlation between the presence of the thallus and sporocarp

production. Some species produce sporocarps irregularly or infrequently.

Use of a relatively small number (with respect to the selected stand area) of random quadrants may

not effectively sample the selected area. A large number of randomly distributed plots is necessary

but impractical to achieve a well-dispersed sample pattern. Alternatively, systematic placement of

fewer plots will achieve the best coverage for unit area sampled.

Sampling protocols

Methodology used in vegetation surveys is not completely adequate for use in fungal surveys owing

to the need for repeated sampling of often cryptic populations.

Protocol implementation should be supervised by personnel trained in their use and in fungal identification. Before sampling, personnel should familiarize themselves with the general biology,

ecology, habitat associations, and specific morphological features of target species. This will aid

identification in the field and use field search time most efficiently.

Fungi can fruit any time of the year depending on weather and substrate. Some species fruit in the

middle of the drought season in or on buried rotten wood or near streams or standing water. For the

most part, fungi should be sampled in the warm, rainy season; e.g., in lowland areas, mid-October

through December and April through June. Some fungi are restricted in sporocarp formation to a

particular season (see seasonality data for target species). Freezing weather truncates or delays the

maturation of sporocarps and high temperatures may accelerate drying of substrate and specimen,

thus curtailing fruiting. When sampling across an elevational gradient, one should visit low elevation, south-facing slopes first in the spring but last in the autumn and high-elevation, north-facing

slopes last in the spring and first in the autumn (Luoma 1988).

Periodicity

Each area surveyed should be visited every 2-3 weeks during the fruiting season(s). Surveys should

be conducted for a minimum of 3 and preferably 5 years to increase the liklihood of detection

(Arnolds 1981; Fogel 1981; Lange 1978; Luoma 1991; Luoma et al. 1991; O’Dell et al. 1992;

Richardson 1970). Three to four days of lab work should be anticipated for each day of field work.

In general, fungi form sporocarps during a restricted portion of the year; some only in the spring,

some in winter, still others in the autumn. The cryptic nature of sequestrate fungus sporocarps make

them more difficult to detect than epigeous sporocarps. Nearly all sequestrate fungi fruit below the

litter and some fruit well within the mineral soil layer.
M- 4

Survey methods

The three survey methods of choice are plotless transects, line transects, or randomized plots. All

can be implemented as permanent or temporary (moving) plots. Once a clear objective is identified

and a full understanding of the resources available for sampling assessed, the best method can be

selected to meet objectives with the available resources.

Line transects – This method has plots located along a line, which may or may not be straight.

These plots should be widely dispersed in a stand and intercept a wider variety of microsites than a

single circular plot of the same area (Luoma et al. 1996; Mehus 1986; Ohenoja and Metsänheimo

1987; Ruhling et al. 1984). This methodology is particularly useful when the exact habitat requirements of the target species is unknown. One method uses twenty-five 4-m2

 plots that comprise the

sample. On slopes the upper, mid, and lower slope strata contain transects of 8, 9, and 8 plots,

respectively. Plots may be placed every 6 m along 50 m (Luoma 1996b). A “collection” is defined

as those sporocarps of the same species from a particular 4-m2 plot. A total area of 100 m2 per 5- to

15 hectare stand in twenty-five 4-m2

 circular plots gives a reasonable sample for a particularly small

stand. Plots are marked with a flag or stake to avoid resampling the same area in a future sampling

period. Another approach is to space plots 25 m apart on transects in the horizontal direction (along

contour) and space transects 75-150 m apart in the vertical direction (across contour). A statistician

should be consulted before sampling. Of course, any time the target species is encountered outside

the plots, it should be collected and recorded.

Randomized plots – Though statistically sound, this method is logistically difficult to implement

owing to the inordinate amount of resources needed.

Plotless transects (time-constrained search) – Before conducting the search, plan the search route

to give an extensive reconnaissance-level approach to the entire area of interest. The most likely

habitats should be identified and located on the landscape. Likely habitat should be intensively

searched but other less likely habitat should not be ignored. Use moving rules to designate how

much time will be spent in each designated area within the overall interest area.

Time of search applies only to time spent actively searching for sporocarps. When moving to a new

site or collecting specimens that were found, the collector stops the timer. The time needed is

unknown for any particular stand and will depend on size of the stand, accessibility, objectives, and

available resources. Because of the uncertainty of fruiting, the site must be repeatedly sampled in

any one year and over 3 to 5 years to be considered adequately assessed.

Special considerations for sequestrate species

In season, a good indicator of sequestrate fungus fruiting is the presence of fresh, small animal digs,

5-8 centimeters in diameter. Small animals, such as squirrels, mice, and voles, commonly unearth

sequestrate fungi one at a time as they mature, leaving a small pit 2-8 centimeters deep. These

small animal digs can sometimes be hard to distinguish from other types of digging; i.e., for seeds

or insects, or from hoof prints. Sometimes only a portion of the specimen has been eaten and a

portion remains at the bottom of the small pit. Many sequestrate fungi fruit in clusters so further

exploration within a radius of 30-60 centimeters around a suspected fruiting spot often reveals

additional specimens. It is best to rake into the soil to the depth of the nearby small animal dig.

Needles, leaf fragments, and other debris or spider webs in a small animal dig indicate that it is not
M- 5

fresh. Further exploration may yet reveal specimens, however, particularly if there are fresh digs

scattered about in the habitat.

Plotless transects also can be useful in habitat with compacted soil or where the humus layer is thin.

Under such circumstances, even small specimens form small humps at the soil surface that look

detectable to the trained observer. Larger specimens often times are emergent from these small

humps. Campgrounds, abandoned roads, road banks, and used or abandoned walking trails are

sometimes productive.

Some caution is needed in repeated sampling for sequestrate fungal species. The nature of the

sampling procedure for sequestrate fungi is disruptive. The disturbance of the microhabitat may

adversely impact the microhabitat and render it uninhabitable by the rare fungus that once was

resident. This is particularly evident in habitat such as coarse woody debris that is dismantled in

sampling. Woody debris thus sampled does not rapidly, if ever, return to its former structure. It is

our experience in low-elevation forests in western Oregon that soil substrate and concomitant herbs

and forbs return to predisturbance levels 1 to 2 years after sampling.

Remarks concerning using the keys

The keys that follow, for the most part, contain only fungus species listed in the ROD as strategy 1

in table C-3 or as protection buffer. The number following a species name refers to the page number where that species description is found within the handbook. There are a few species of

Ramaria keyed that are not included in the handbook. These are for the most part varieties of

similar species, and it was thought that including them would help discriminate among varieites.

Arriving at a species determination should serve only to direct the reader to the species description

within the handbook. In particular, the reader’s attention should then be directed to the distinguishing features section for that species. If the characters of the specimen fit exactly the characters

listed in the description, the specimen has a high likelihood of being that species. For the most part,

verification of specimens should be done by an accomplished mycologist, as often there are nonROD-listed species that are quite similar and difficult to distinguish.

Additional pictures of the species contained in this handbook can be found on the world-wide web

at: http://mgd.nacse.org/fsl/survey/
K- 1

Keys to taxa

(see Glossary for terms)

A. Sporocarp with a cap and (usually) a stem, the underside of the cap with radially arranged bladelike gills .............

...................................................................................................................................................... Gilled mushrooms

B. Sporocarp soft to fleshy, with a cap and stem, the underside of the cap with a layer of tubes often easily

separated from cap, tube layer over 0.5 cm thick at maturity ......................................................................... Boletes

C. Sporocarp sheetlike or cushionlike, smooth or lacking a cap and stem smooth or poroid .....Resupinate polypores

D. Sporocarp with cap and stem, underside of cap with repeatedly forking, blunt ridges ......................... Chanterelles

E. Sporocarp erect, unbranched (clubs) or branched corallike from a common base, cap lacking ..................... Corals

F. Sporocarp minute, erect, unbranched, yellow with a differentiated flattened rounded cap ............... Earth tongues

G. Sporocarp cup, disc, or bowl shaped, stem present or absent .......................................................... Cups and allies

H. Sporocarp with cap and stem, the cap saddle shaped or irregularly lobed (brainlike) ......................... Elfin saddles

I. Sporocarp with the appearance of a distorted agaric or bolete or resembling a potato, interior solid, with gills, or

irregular chambers, if gills present they are covered by a persistent veil ..................................... Sequestrate fungi

J. Sporocarp tough or leathery, with a cap and stem, the underside of the cap with a layer of tubes, tube layer less

than 0.5 cm thick at maturity ........................................................................................................ Stalked polypores

A. Key to gilled mushrooms

1. Gills contorted and fused .......................................................................................................... see sequestrate fungi

1. Gills more or less radial and bladelike ...................................................................................................................... 2

2. Spores deposit white, yellow or pink ........................................................................................................................ 3

2. Spores deposit red-brown, brown or black .............................................................................................................. 17

3. Gills decurrent, thick, waxy, basidia 5 times as long as broad, fruiting in spring or near melting snow .................. 4

3. Gill not waxy, (but may be decurrent), basidia not 5 times as long as broad; may fruit in spring or near melting

snow .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5

4. Cap blue to cream colored, often with basal rhizomorphs ......................................see Hygrophorus caeruleus (60)

4. Cap yellow-brown when young, becoming tinged with bright pale vinaceous colors in age, viscid, less than

5 cm broad................................................................................................................. see Hygrophorus vernalis (61)

5. Gills serrate, spores inamyloid, entire mushroom with red-brown resinous coating ..................................................

................................................................................................................................. see Neolentinus adhaerens (75)

5. Gills serrate, spores inamyloid, on Picea logs ........................................................ see Neolentinus kaufmanii (76)

5. Not on Picea logs and gills not serrate, or if gills serrate then spores amyloid ........................................................ 6

6. Stem slender, fragile; cap conic to campanulate, margin striate ............................................................................... 7

6. Stem not slender, or if slender then more tough and wiry; margin not striate .........................................................11

7. Cap blue to dark blue-black ............................................................................................. see Rhodocybe nitida (130)

7. Cap not blue ............................................................................................................................................................... 8

8. Cap pink to red, gill edges and faces white; cheilocystidia with long projections (over 3 μm) that occasionally
K- 2

branch ............................................................................................................................... see Mycena monticola (72)

8. Cap some other color ................................................................................................................................................. 9

9. Cap gray, fruiting in spring, usually near melting snow ................................................. see Mycena overholtsii (73)

9. Cap not gray, or if gray fruiting in fall .................................................................................................................... 10

10. Cap gray to black, margin pale grey to white, fruiting in fall, cheilocystidia and pluerocystidia clavate with

short spines; spores 8-10 μm long.............................................................................. see Mycena hudsoniana (71)

10. Cap brown-black, cap and stem viscid, cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia long pedicellate without spines .............

................................................................................................................................... see Mycena quinaultensis (74)

11. Cap white, often with pink tints, on conifer logs, cheilocystidia of two types: broadly clavate and obtuse and

irregularly cylindric and the other nodulose to lobed ................................................ see Collybia bakerensis (22)

11. Cap not white with pink, or cheilocystidia otherwise............................................................................................ 12

12. Cap brown to dark red-brown, odor of garlic ...................................................... see Marasmius applanatipes (67)

12. No garlic odor ........................................................................................................................................................ 13

13. Cap tan to honey-brown, stem pale yellow to yellow-orange, fibrillose streaked, spores pink to pink-brown in

deposit, angular, spores subglobose to obovoid, slightly angular .............................see Rhodocybe speciosa (131)

13. Cap not tan and scaly or spores not pink in deposit and not angular .................................................................... 14

14. Cap white with gray to tan scales, stem silky fibrillose, white spore print, spores ellipsoid ....................................

............................................................................................................................... see Tricholoma venenatum (137)

14. Cap some other color, gill attachment otherwise or spore print not white ............................................................ 15

15. Cap orange-yellow to yellow-tan, with tawny fibrils near margin, gills adnate, white spore print, spores

broadly ellipsoid ............................................................................................ see Tricholomopsis fulvescens (138)

15. Cap some other color or gill attachment otherwise or spore print not white ........................................................ 16

16. If spores white, then gills decurrent ...................................................................................................................... 17

16. Spores not white, gills not decurrent ..................................................................................................................... 18

17. Cap, stem and gills gray, cap fibrillose matted, stem with white basal rhizomorphs ........ see Clitocybe senilis (20)

17. Cap, stem and gills gray-brown to gray-buff, cap glabrous, rhizomorphs lacking .. see Clitocybe subditipoda (21)

18. Spores black, up to 30 μm long, gill often contorted and fused, cap orange and fibrillose, partial veil present ......

.............................................................................................................................. see Chroogomphus loculatus (19)

18. Spores brown to rusty brown ................................................................................................................................. 19

19. Stem not deeply rooting......................................................................................................................................... 20

19. Stem deeply rooting ............................................................................................................................................... 28

20. Cap viscid, violet to pale lilac, becoming white with a yellow disc, stem with marginate base, KOH on cap

turns pink to red immediately .............................................................................. see Cortinarius olympianus (25)

20. Cap or gills colors different, cap not reacting to KOH .......................................................................................... 21

21. Veil red .................................................................................................................see Cortinarius boulderensis (23)

21. Veil not red ............................................................................................................................................................ 22

22. Cap a variable blend of green, blue and yellow, lavender basal mycelium, on well-rotted wood ............................
K- 3

................................................................................................................................... see Gymnopilus punctifolius (52)

22. Lavender basal mycelium lacking ......................................................................................................................... 23

23. Cap dull cinnamon, viscid, veil faintly fibrillose .................................................. see Hebeloma olympianum (53)

23. Cap not dull cinnamon, or dry or lacking persistent veil ...................................................................................... 24

24. Cap orange, with yellow veil remnants on stem and dark scales on cap.............. see Cortinarius rainierensis (26)

24. Without orange cap and yellow veil ...................................................................................................................... 25

25. Cap brown, with enrolled margin and gray gills .........................................................see Cortinarius variipes (28)

25. Margin not enrolled or gills not gray ..................................................................................................................... 26

26. Young gills olive-yellow, cap surface and flesh olive-yellow to dingy brown, cap surface turning purple-brown

with application of KOH ..................................................................................... see Dermocybe humboldtensis (31)

26. Young gills or cap some other color ...................................................................................................................... 27

27. Cap gray-brown, with tan to gray-brown universal veil.......................................... see Cortinarius umidicola (27)

27. Cap vinaceous brown, viscid, stem with membranous annulus, on litter......................see Pholiota albivelata (93)

28. Spores less than 8 μm long .................................................................................................................................... 29

28. Spores greater than 8 μm long ............................................................................................................................... 31

29. Clamp connections present ................................................................................... see Phaeocollybia dissiliens (86)

29. Clamp connections absent (or very infrequent)..................................................................................................... 30

30. Stem stuffed, cheilocystidia cylindric ............................................................. see Phaeocollybia oregonensis (89)

30. Stem hollow, cheilocystidia clavate ............................................................................. see Phaeocollybia sipei (92)

31. Cap typically greater than 8 cm broad ............................................................... see Phaeocollybia kauffmanii (88)

31. Cap not more than 7 cm broad .............................................................................................................................. 32

32. Cap small (less than 5 cm broad), taste bitter ............................................................ see Phaeocollybia piceae (90)

32. Taste not bitter, cap usually broader ...................................................................................................................... 33

33. Cap gray-brown, cheilocystidia cylindrical to clavate .......................................... see Phaeocollybia gregaria (87)

33. Cap orange to yellow-brown, cheilocystidia with a thin neck and capitate .......................................................... 34

34. Cap orange-brown to brown, cap surface viscid not glutinous, sporocarps not fasciculate ......................................

............................................................................................................................. see Phaeocollybia californica (85)

34. Cap yellow-brown to black-brown, cap surface highly glutinous, sporocarps fascicualte .......................................

................................................................................................................................... see Phaeocollybia scatesii (91)

B. Key to boletes

1. Tubes yellow in youth, becoming green-yellow to olive .............................................. see Boletus haematinus (10)

1. Tubes red to dark brown to black .............................................................................................................................. 2

2. Tubes dark brown to black, tubes bruising blue ................................................ see Tylopilus porphyrosporus (140)

2. Tubes dark red to red-brown...................................................................................... see Boletus pulcherrimus (11)
K- 4

C. Key to resupinate polypores

1. Sporocarps small (<5 mm) cushion to disc shaped, pale yellow-brown hymenial surface on twigs, spores

smooth .................................................................................................................. see Acanthophysium farlowii (1)

1. Sporocarps resupinate with irregularly warty hymenial surface, ochraceous-buff hymenial surface, spores

ornamented, on dead conifer wood ......................................................................... see Dichostereum boreale (34)

D. Key to chanterelles

1. Cap yellow to yellow-brown to orange, hymenium sometimes with pink tones, odor often sweet ............................

................................................................................................................................. see Cantharellus formosus (15)

1. Cap dark blue to black, hymenium concolorous, odor mildly pungent..................... see Polyozellus multiplex (96)

E. Key to corals

Due to the difficulty in working with Ramaria species we present both a traditional dichotomous key and a synoptic

key. We suggest that the novice try both to build their skills in working with this troublesome genus. These keys

contain all the Ramaria species from the ROD including the strategy 3 species. We hope this helps in identifying

the closely related species that are slightly more common than the strategy 1 species.

Key to Subgenera of Ramaria

(after Marr and Stuntz 1973)

1. Spores striate ornamented, flesh usually amyloid ...................................................................... Subgenus Ramaria

1. Spores smooth, warted or spiny, not striate, flesh in the majority of species inamyloid (except species of the R.

subbotrytis complex) ................................................................................................................................................ 2

2. Sporocarps terricolous, spores smooth or warted, flesh and rhizomorphs monomitic ........... Subgenus Laeticolora

2. Sporocarps with one or more of the following characters: (1) lignicolous or duff habit, (2) spiny spores,

(3) skeletal hyphae ................................................................................................................................................... 3

3. Spores echinulate or echinulate-verrucose, with duff habit; rhizomorphs extensively developed, monomitic ..........

...........................................................................................................................................Subgenus Echinoramaria

3. Spores smooth or warted, not spiny, lignicolous or duff habit, rhizomorphs extensively developed, dimitic in

most species (except R. apiculata) ..................................................................................... Subgenus Lentoramaria

General descriptions of the subgenera in Ramaria

Subgenus Ramaria

Sporocarps generally large, profusely branched, entirely white, pale yellow, alutaceus, or upper branches orange, red

to violet; spores ornamented with cyanophilic striae sometimes subreticulate or subverruculose, flesh usually amyloid.

Subgenus Laeticolora

Sporocarps generally large, profusely branched, terrestrial, often brightly colored in yellow, orange and red shades, a
K- 5

few species cream, violaceous, or brown; spores of most species warted, ornamentation consisting of fine to coarse,

irregularly shaped, cyanophilic raised areas, in a few spores smooth, flesh and rhizomorphs monomitic, hyphae with

or without clamp connections.

Subgenus Echinoramaria

Sporocarps generally small, in a few species of medium to large size, growing on twig litter, cones, needle duff or leaf

mold, rhizomorphic strands commonly conspicuous, and a well-developed felty basal tomentum or mycelial mat

usually present; sporocarps cream, yellow, olive, green, or with brown shades, sometimes changing color where

bruised; hyphae thin walled, monomitic, clamp connections frequently of the loop type or clamp cell vesiculate;

spores echinulate or subechinulate, spines 0.2-3 μm tall.

Subgenus Lentoramaria

Sporocarps generally small to medium sized, habitat lignicolous or sublignicolous (growing from twig and leaf litter),

rhizomorphic strands commonly conspicuous, and a well-developed felty basal tomentum or mycelial mat sometimes

present; sporocarps cream, yellow, green, or with brown shades, sometimes quickly changing color where bruised;

hyphae thin or thick walled, monomitic or dimitic, clamp connections present; spores smooth or finely warted.

Key to species of the subgenus Ramaria

1. Upper branches pale orange to brown, stem opaque white, bruising pale yellow to gray-orange, spores 12-16 x

4-6 μm ......................................................................................................see R. botrytis var. aurantiiramosa (101)

1. Upper branches with red tones ................................................................................................................................. 2

2. Red color of terminal branches evanesce at maturity, upper branches axils U-shaped, somewhat divergent,

forked to multiforked near apices, stem milk-white discoloring yellow, bruising brown-violet, spores 10.5-14 x

4.5-5 μm, striae closely spaced ................................................................................... see R. rubrievanescens (116)

2. Red color of terminal branches persists at maturity, upper branches with axils mostly acute to subacute, forked

to multiforked near apices, stem milk-white to yellow-white and do not bruise red to violet brown, spores

8-13 x 3.5-4.5 μm, striae oblique to longitudinal........................................................ see R. rubripermanens (117)

Key to species of the subgenus Laeticolora

1. Sporocarps with terminal branches distinctively enlarged, resembling irregular clubs, spores 9-10.5 x 4–5 μm .....

......................................................................................................................................... see R. claviramulata (103)

1. Sporocarps with terminal branches not resembling a club ....................................................................................... 2

2. Basidia with clamp connections at base, clamp connections frequent in the subhymenium and flesh of the

branches ................................................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Basidia without clamp connections at base, true clamp connections rare in the subhymenium and flesh of the

branches ................................................................................................................................................................... 6

3. Stem amyloid when fresh ......................................................................................................................................... 4

3. Stem inamyloid when fresh ...................................................................................................................................... 5

4. Lower branches distinctively staining red, flesh does not react with 10 percent Fe2

(SO4)

3

, spores 9-11 x 4-5 μm
K- 6

with fine warts in subspirals ............................................................................................... see R. maculatipes (112)

4. Lower branches occasionally bruised violet-gray, flesh react instantly blue-green with 10 percent Fe2(SO4)

3

,

spores 7-10 x 3-4 μm with fine warts in lines ......................................................................... see R. amyloidea (98)

5. Stem white bruising strongly red brown, branches white to pale yellow with pale green-yellow apices, spores

11.6-15.8 x 4-5 μm with discrete low warts............................................................................... see R. thiersii (120)

5. Stem white to pale yellow not bruising red-brown, branches pale orange with intense orange apices, spores

11-15 x 3.5-5 μm with distinctive, irregularly shaped warts in subspirals ............................ see R. largentii (110)

6. Spores finely warted or smooth ................................................................................................................................ 7

6. Spores distinctively warted....................................................................................................................................... 8

7. Stem medium sized, single and slender, white to orange-white, stem and lower branches staining dark red, flesh

fleshy-fibrous without a brown fan-shaped area when cut longitudinally, fall fruiting, spores 10-14 x 3.5-5 μm,

smooth to finely ornamented ..................................................................................... see R. rubribrunnescens (115)

7. Stem large to massive, single white to off-white, slowly stains pale purple-gray where handled, flesh watery

off-white, usually with brown band, spring fruiting, spores 8-13 x 3-4 μm, smooth to a few ill-defined, small,

low warts ...................................................................................................................R. coulterae (not in handbook)

8. Flesh amyloid ........................................................................................................................................................... 9

8. Flesh inamyloid ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

9. Branches scarlet in youth, fading to pale orange-red when mature and with apices intensely colored, stem white

to pale orange, flesh without a brown band and no reaction with 10 percent Fe2(SO4)

3

, spores 7-10 x 3-5 μm

with small warts ......................................................................................................................... see R. stuntzii (119)

9. Branches pale to pale orange with sunflower yellow apices, stem yellow-white covered with subareolate

patches of brown to red-brown superficial hyphae, flesh with a brown band and reacts blue-green with 10

percent Fe2(SO4)

3

, spores 8-11 x 4-6 μm........................................................................ see R. celerivirescens (102)

10. Sporocarps typically fasciculate or caespitose ......................................................................................................11

10. Sporocarps not fasciculate or caespitose ............................................................................................................... 14

11. Flesh gelatinous when fresh.................................................................................................................................. 12

11. Flesh fleshy, rubbery, fibrous or cartilaginous ...................................................................................................... 13

12. Apices deep orange and not bruising dull violet, gleoplerous hyphae absent, spores 8-11 x 3.5-5 μm ...................

.............................................................................................. see R. gelatinoaurantia var. gelatinoaurantia (107)

12. Apices apricot-yellow, bruising dull violet, gleoplerous hyphae distinctive in stem, spores 8-11 x 3.5-5 μm ........

....................................................................................... R. gelatinoaurantia var. violetingens (not in handbook)

13. Sporocarps white, branches salmon to peach with pale to maize yellow branch tips, sometimes bruising pale

violet in some areas, spores 6-10 x 4-6.5 μm ........................................ see R. fasiculata var. sparsiramosa (106)

13. Sporocarps white with small surface spots of red present, branches pale yellow to yellow, not bruising violet,

spores 7.9-9.4 x 4.7-5.8 μm.............................................................................................. see R. lorithamnus (111)
K- 7

14. Flesh gelatinous when fresh. ................................................................................................................................ 15

14. Flesh fleshy or fibrous .......................................................................................................................................... 16

15. Sporocarps stout, cauliflowerlike, broadly obovate to broadly pyriform in outline with abortive branchlets,

branches pale yellow to pale orange, spores 9-11.2 x 4.5-6 μm ........................................ see R. verlotensis (121)

15. Sporocarps broadly fusiform to broadly obconic in outline without abortive branchlets, branches bright

yellow to pallid salmon, spores 9.4-11.2 x 4-5 μm ......................................... see R. hilaris var. olympiana (109)

16. Sporocarps dark orange brown to brown overall, branches brown to violaceous brown, apices violaceous

brown when young, concolorus with branches at maturity, spores 7.2-10.1 x 4.7-6.1 μm ......................................

.................................................................................................................... see R. spinulosa var. diminutiva (118)

16. Sporocarps yellowish, brown-white, red to salmon, branches not showing violaceous tints .............................. 17

17. Basidia with masses of cyanophilic granules ....................................................................................................... 18

17. Basidia without masses of cyanophilic granules .................................................................................................. 20

18. Apices pale yellow to yellow ................................................................................................................................ 19

18. Apices pale red, never yellow, spores 8-10 x 4-5μm ................R. cyaneigranosa var. elongata (not in handbook)

19. Branches intensely red; yellow apices, spores 8-15 x 4-6 μm ..... see R. cyaneigranosa var. cyaneigranosa (105)

19. Branches peach or salmon with minutely yellow apices, spores 7-11 x 3.5-6 μm ...................................................

.................................................................................................R. cyaneigranosa var. persicina (not in handbook)

20. Branches and apices intensely yellow orange. spores 8.5-14 x 3-5 μm ................. see R. aurantiisiccescens (100)

20. Branches magenta, red, yellow-orange, brown-salmon ....................................................................................... 21

21. Branches red in youth fading to pale red at maturity, apices maize-yellow or pale to deep orange when mature,

spores 8-13 x 3-4.5 μm............................................................................... see R. araiospora var. araiospora (99)

21. Branches intensely magenta red with blue tones, fading to pale red, apices magenta in mature specimens,

spores 8-14 x 3-5 μm........................................................................ R. araiospora var. rubella (not in handbook)

Key to species of the subgenus Lentoramaria

1. Spores small, 5-6.5 x 3.5-4 μm, skeletal hyphae strongly cyanophilic, resembles Ramariposis kunzei ...................

.................................................................................................................................................... see R. gracilis (108)

1. Spores large, 6.5-11 x 3.5-6 μm, skeletal not cyanophilic, does not resemble Ramariposis kunzei ........................ 2

2. Generative hyphae with inflated clamp connections, up to 13 μm broad, coarsely ornamented, spores 7-11 x

4.4-6 μm, cyanophilic warts in subspirals.......................................................................... see R. rainierensis (113)

2. Generative hyphae without ornamentation ............................................................................................................... 3

3. Sporocarps with pink-cinnamon coloration.............................................................................................................. 4

3. Sporocarps with brown coloration............................................................................................................................ 5

4. Rhizomorphs white, changing to bright pink in 10 percent KOH ................ R. rubella f. rubella (not in handbook)

4. Rhizomorphs white unchanging in 10 percent KOH ..................................................see R. rubella f. blanda (114)

5. Sporocarps up to 7 cm tall, stem indistinct to short often branched at the base, branches few and erect, pallid

ochre to pink-brown, axils concolorous without green coloration ............................... R. suecica (not in handbook)
K- 8

5. Sporocarps up to 14 cm tall, stem distinct, branches dull brown to orange-brown, axils concolorus or green ....... 6

6. Branches open and lax, curved ascending, axils without green coloration ............... see R. concolor f. marrii (104)

6. Branches crowded and erect, axils with green coloration ......................... R. concolor f. tsugina (not in handbook)

Synoptic key to Ramaria species contained in the ROD

1. R. amyloidea 16. R. gracilis

2. R. araiospora var. araiospora 17. R. hilaris var. olympiana

3. R. aurantiisiccescens 18. R. largentii

4. R. botrytis var. aurantiiramosa 19. R. lorithamnus

5. R. celerivirescens 20. R. maculatipes

6. R. claviramulata 21. R. ochraceovirens

7. R. concolor f. marri 22. R. rainierensis

8. R. concolor f. tsugina 23. R. rubella f. blanda

9. R. conjunctipes var. sparsiramosa 24. R. rubribrunnescens

10. R. coulterae 25. R. rubrievanescens

11. R. cyaneigranosa var. cyaneigranosa 26. R. rubripermanens

12. R. cyaneigranosa var. elongata 27. R. stuntzii

13. R. cyaneigranosa var. persicina 28. R. suecica

14. R. gelatiniaurantia var. gelatiniaurantia 29. R. synaptopoda

15. R. gelatiniaurantia var. violeitingens 30. R. thiersii

31. R. verlotensis

Macroscopic characteristics

(underlined numbers reflect that particular number occurs within more than one character)

Stem yellow: 2, 3, 5, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 31

Stem orange: 1, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 31

Stem with pink tones: 23

Stem red to magenta: 31

Stem white to cream: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31

Stem brown: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 23

Stem tan to gray-orange (this could be just tan): 7, 16, 22

Branches green: 19

Branches yellow: 3, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30, 31

Branches orange: 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31

Branches with pink tones: 1, 2, 6, 9, 11, 12, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31

Branches red to magenta: 2, 27

Branches white to cream: 4, 16, 22, 25, 29, 30

Branches gray to violet: 1
K- 9

Branches brown: 7, 12, 23, 24

Branches tan-gray: 6, 7, 16, 22, 31

Branch tips green: 30

Branch tips yellow: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31

Branch tips orange: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 22, 24, 27, 31

Branch tips with pink tones: 1, 2, 6, 11, 12, 25, 26, 31

Branch tips red to magenta: 2, 25, 26, 27

Branch tips white to cream: 7, 16, 22, 23, 25, 26

Branch tips violet to gray: 1

Branch tips brown: 1

Branch tips tan to gray-orange: 6, 7, 16, 22

Stem flesh white to cream: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31

Stem flesh yellow: 2, 3, 23

Stem flesh orange: 20, 22, 23, 24, 27

Stem flesh with pink tones: none

Stem flesh red to magenta: none

Stem flesh with brown: 1, 2, 5, 6

Stem flesh tan to gray-orange: 6

Branch flesh yellow: 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 20, 24, 30, 31

Branch flesh orange: 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 12, 13, 18, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31

Branch flesh with pink tones: none

Branch flesh red to magenta: 2, 27

Branch flesh white to cream: 4, 6, 14, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30

Branch flesh brown: 6, 12, 24

Branch flesh tan to gray-orange: 6

Base of stem rusty colored: 1, 5

Base of stem rusty not colored: 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31

Yellow band across flesh of lower stem present: 3, 14, 15, 17, 31

Yellow band across flesh of lower stem not present: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25,

26, 27, 29, 30

Surface bruising vinaceous: 19

Surface bruising red: 19, 20, 23, 24, 25

Surface bruising violet: 1, 9, 15, 25

Surface bruising brunescent: 7, 19, 25, 30

Surface bruising yellow or orange or tan: 3, 4

Surface not bruising: 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 22, 26, 27, 29, 31

Base fleshy: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30
K- 10

Base gelatinous: 14, 15, 17, 31

Branch flesh fleshy: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31

Branch flesh gelatinous: 14, 15, 17, 31

Terrestrial: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 14, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31

On decayed wood: 7, 16, 23

Spring fruiting: 10, 19, 26, 30

Autumnal fruiting: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31

Rhizomorphs present: 7, 16, 23

Rhizomorphs absent: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31

Microscopic characteristics

(underlined numbers reflect that particular number occurs within more than one character)

Spores striate: 4, 6, 7, 19, 23, 25, 26

Spores with warts: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31

Spores smooth: 9, 24

Maximum spore length >7 ≤10 μm: 1, 7, 9, 12, 16, 19, 22, 23, 27

Maximum spore length >10 μm, ≤15: 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29, 31, 27, 29, 31

Maximum spore length >15 μm: 4, 30

Spore width (maximum) ≤4: 1, 16

Spore width (maximum) >4 μm, ≤5 μm: 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31

Spore width (maximum) >5 μm, ≤6 μm: 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 19, 22, 23, 25, 31

Spore width (maximum) >6 μm: 6, 9, 31

Basidia with cyanophilous granules: 1, 6, 11, 12, 13, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31

Basidia without cyanophilous granules: 2, 6, 29, 31

Basidia with basal clamps: 1, 4, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30

Basidia without basal clamps: 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 24, 27, 29, 31

Gleoplerous hyphae present: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31

Gleoplerous hyphae absent: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 25, 29

True clamp connections present on generative hyphae: 1, 4, 7, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30

True clamp connections absent on generative hyphae: 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 24, 27, 29, 31

False clamps present: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,

30, 31

Macrochemical test on sporocarp flesh

Melzer’s reagent turning flesh dark purple or blue-black: 1, 4, 5, 6, 20, 25, 26, 27

Melzer’s reagent nonreactive or some shade of brown but not dark brown: 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
K- 11

19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31

F. Key to earth tongues

1. Top bright orange to pale orange, stem finely scaly ..................................................... see Bryoglossum gracile (14)

G. Key to cups and allies

1. Cup yellow, red, or orange ........................................................................................................................................ 2

1. Cup dark brown to purple or black ............................................................................................................................ 5

2. Cup with well-developed stem in youth, fruiting in fall ...........................................see Sowerbyella rhenana (135)

2. Cup without stem, or fruiting in spring ..................................................................................................................... 3

3. Fruiting on twigs or foliage of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, usually near melting snow..........................................

................................................................................................................................. see Gelatinodiscus flavidus (48)

3. Fruiting on some other substrate, cup bright orange ................................................................................................. 4

4. Cups 0.5 to 3.5 cm diam., on soil ...................................................................... see Pseudaleuria quinaultiana (97)

4. Cups 1-1.5 mm diam., on twigs or foliage of Abies spp., usually near melting snow ..........see Pithya vulgaris (94)

5. Interior of sporocarp gelatinized ............................................................................................................................... 6

5. Interior of sporocarp not gelatinized ......................................................................................................................... 7

6. Spores capsule shaped, interior not highly gelatinized .............................................see Sarcosoma latahense (132)

6. Spores elliptical, interior highly gelatinized ............................................................. see Sarcosoma mexicana (133)

7. Sporocarps flat or cup shaped, lacking a stem .......................................................................................................... 8

7. Sporocarp erect, ear shaped or stipitate ..................................................................................................................... 9

8. Spores capsule shaped ...............................................................................................see Sarcosoma latahense (132)

8. Spores elliptical; cup margin cracking in stellate pattern ................................................... see Plectania milleri (95)

9. Sporocarp more or less mule ear shaped, erect, sessile, brown to deep purple-brown .......... see Otidea smithii (84)

9. Sporocarps with (often immersed) stem, stem usually with abundant, white-colored rhizomorphs ..........................

.................................................................................................................................... see Neournula pouchetii (77)

H. Key to elfin saddles

1. Cap in youth with margins uplifted, underside of cap villose ................................................................................... 2

1. Cap margins never distinctly uplifted........................................................................................................................ 3

2. Stem round in cross section, hymenial surface dark gray-brown, even ........................ see Helvella compressa (54)

2. Stem ridged, hymenial surface gray-brown, mottled ...................................................... see Helvella maculata (57)

3. Cap saddle shaped, stem round in cross section ................................................................. see Helvella elastica (56)

3. Cap cup shaped, stem with deep ribs, ribs rounded ................................................. see Helvella crassitunicata (55)

I. Key to sequestrate fungi

1. Sporocarp surface more or less evenly covered with round to angular warts (use hand lens) ...............Ascomycetes
K- 12

1. Sporocarp surface not warty ...................................................................................................................................... 2

2. Sporocarp solid in cross section (use hand lens) ....................................................................................................... 3

2. Sporocarp with one to many empty or spore-filled canals or chambers ................................................................... 4

3. Sporocarp interior gelatinous or exuding a sticky fluid ..................................... Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes

3. Sporocarp interior firm to crisp, not exuding a sticky fluid ...................................................................Ascomycetes

4. Chambers single to many, >3 mm broad ................................................................................................Ascomycetes

4. Chambers or canals <3 mm broad ............................................................................................................................. 5

5. Sporocarp with a stem or stemlike tissue in vertical cross section.................................................... Basidiomycetes

5. Sporocarp lacking a stem or stemlike tissue in vertical cross section ....................................................................... 6

6. Sporocarp with rhizomorphs at base or appressed on surface ........................................................... Basidiomycetes

6. Sporocarp lacking rhizomorphs ................................................................................................................................. 7

7. Sporocarp interior with long, meandering canals ...................................................................................Ascomycetes

7. Sporocarp interior with rounded to slightly elongate or irregular chambers............................................................. 8

8. Sporocarp flesh soft, white to yellow or brown ................................................. Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes

8. Sporocarp flesh firm to crisp, gray to brown or purple ..........................................................................Ascomycetes

I1. Key to sequestrate Ascomycetes

(spore measurements exclude ornamentation)

1. Sporocarp with one to many empty or spore-filled chambers or canals ................................................................... 2

1. Sporocarp solid, often marbled with veins ................................................................................................................ 6

2. Peridium more than 3 mm thick, chambers one or a few, often broader than 3 mm ................................................. 3

2. Peridium less than 2 mm thick, chambers or canals many, generally less than 3 mm broad .................................... 4

3. Peridium smooth, pale colored, spores 14-23 μm ................................................ see Elaphomyces subviscidus (36)

3. Peridium finely warty, nearly black, spores 21-25 μm ........................................see Elaphomyces anthracinus (35)

4. Sporocarp surface coarsely and sharply verrucose ..............................................................see Balsamia nigrens (9)

4. Sporocarp surface not coarsely verrucose but may be minutely roughened ............................................................. 5

5. Spores with crowded, flexuous tapered spines 2-3 (-4) μm tall ................................. see Hydnotrya inordinata (58)

5. Spores with crowded mucilage-embedded spines ±1 μm tall .......................................... see Hydnotrya subnix (59)

6. Gleba brown to black brown marbled with narrow, white veins ............................................................................... 7

6. Gleba white to pale yellow marbled with narrow, yellow-brown to brown veins .................................................... 8

6. Asci thin walled, mature gleba dark gray-brown marbled with off-white veins ......................... see Tuber asa (139)

7. Asci thick walled, mature gleba brown to black-brown marbled with white veins ......... see Tuber pacificum (140)

8. Spores minutely pitted like a golf ball .................................................................... see Choiromyces alveolatus (17)

8. Spores with irregular, spines and rods, 3-6 μm tall .................................................... see Choiromyces venosus (18)
K- 13

I2. Key to sequestrate Basidiomycetes and Zygomycetes

(spore measurements exclude ornamentation)

1. Spores ornamented .................................................................................................................................................... 2

1. Spores smooth ......................................................................................................................................................... 25

2. Spore ornamentation of ridges................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Spore ornamentation of cones, rods, warts, or reticulation ....................................................................................... 4

3. Sporocarp staining blue, spores 13-22 x 10-16 μm ................................................. see Chamonixia caespitosa (16)

3. Sporocarps not staining blue, spores 17-24 x 8-12 μm, locules large .................... see Gautieria magnicellaris (46)

3. Sporocarps not staining blue, spores 13-18 x 5-7 μm, locules small ................................... see Gautieria otthii (47)

4. Spores amyloid .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

4. Spores inamyloid ..................................................................................................................................................... 15

5. Sporocarp exuding latex from cut surface ................................................................................................................. 6

5. Sporocarp not exuding latex from cut surface ........................................................................................................... 8

6. Peridium orange-red, odor distinctly sweet of maple sugar .................................. see Arcangeliella camphorata (6)

6. Peridium not orange-red, odor pleasant, not of maple sugar ..................................................................................... 7

7. Peridium with nests of large sphaerocysts with thickened walls.................................... see Arcangeliella crassa (7)

7. Peridium without sphaerocysts .............................................................................. see Arcangeliella lactarioides (8)

8. Sporocarp somewhat agaric in form or shape ........................................................................................................... 9

8. Sporocarp without distinct stem-columella, usually more or less potato shaped .....................................................11

9. Spores globose 10-15 μm, gleba white to tan ............................................................... see Macowanites mollis (66)

9. Spores ellipsoid, gleba with orange tones ............................................................................................................... 10

10. Spores 8-9.5 x 6.5-7.5 μm, gleba orange-brown, odor of chlorine ................ see Macowanites chlorinosmus (64)

10. Spores 7-13 x 7-12 μm, no chlorine odor ........................................................... see Macowanites lymanensis (65)

11. Spores globose, 7-9 μm .................................................................................... see Gymnomyces nondistincta (52)

11. Spores ellipsoid ...................................................................................................................................................... 12

12. Peridial epicutis an epithelium ..................................................................................... see Martellia maculata (70)

12. Peridial epicutis not an epithelium ........................................................................................................................ 13

13. Macrocystidia present ................................................................................................. see Martellia idahoensis (69)

13. Macrocystidia absent ............................................................................................................................................. 14

14. Odor of vanilla, peridium with a turf of dermatocystidia .............................................. see Martellia fragrans (68)

14. Odor not distinctive, peridium without dermatocystidia ............................................ see Gymnomyces abietis (50)

15. Spores colorless in KOH ....................................................................................................................................... 16

15. Spores brown in KOH ........................................................................................................................................... 17

16. Sporocarps yellow, trama lacks inflated cells, spores 8-11 x 8-9 μm ........................ see Leucogaster citrinus (62)

16. Sporocarps white with yellow stains, spores 6-10 x 5-6 μm .............................. see Leucogaster microsporus (63)

17. Spores globose ....................................................................................................................................................... 18

17. Spores ellipsoid ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
K- 14

18. Spores 13-18 μm, with cones up to 5 μm tall, peridium staining blue ................. see Octavianina cyanescens (79)

18. spores 14-17 μm, spines up to 3 μm tall, peridium not staining ........................... see Octavianina papyracea (81)

19. Spores 17-23 x 12-16 μm with spines up to 1.5 μm tall ..................................... see Octavianina macrospora (80)

19. Spores smaller, ornamentation up to 1 μm tall ...................................................................................................... 20

20. Sporocarps agariclike, with a persistent veil ......................................................................................................... 21

20. Sporocarps potatolike, veil absent ......................................................................................................................... 24

21. Spores large 14-18 x 9-10 μm ........................................................................... see Thaxterogaster pavelekii (136)

21. Spores not longer than 13 μm................................................................................................................................ 22

22. Sporocarp pale brown to yellow-brown, spores with coarse warts ................... see Cortinarius verrucisporus (29)

22. Sporocarp white to tan, spore ornamentation not coarse ....................................................................................... 23

23. Basidia small 17-22 x 5.5-7 μm ................................................................................. see Cortinarius wiebeae (30)

23. Basidia large 27-40 x 7-10 μm .......................................................................... see Cortinarius magnivelatus (24)

24. Sporocarps staining pink, basidia 1-spored ...................................................................... see Destuntzia rubra (33)

24. Sporocarps not staining pink, basidia 4-spored ................................................................ see Destuntzia fusca (32)

25. Spores large > 40 μm in diameter or basidia absent .............................................................................................. 26

25. Spores smaller < 30 μm in length or diameter or basidia present ........................................................................ 28

26. Spores 77-150 x 44-120 μm, walls 5-7 μm thick ................................................... see Endogone oregonensis (38)

26. Spores less than 100 μm in diameter or length ..................................................................................................... 27

27. Spores 60-110 x 48-75 μm, walls 4-8 μm thick ..............................................................see Glomus radiatum (49)

27. Spores 15 x 30-80 x 59 μm, walls ≤5 μm thick ......................................................... see Endogone acrogena (37)

28. Spores honey-colored, smokey black or dark brown in KOH............................................................................... 29

28. Spores colorless in KOH ....................................................................................................................................... 31

29. Spores 7.5-9 x 5.5-6.3 μm, with a germ pore ................................................. see Nivatogastrium nubigenum (78)

29. Spores ≥19 μm long, without a germ pore ............................................................................................................ 30

30. Gleba powdery, at maturity spores 23-26 x 13-16 μm ............................................... see Sedecula pulvinata (134)

30. Gleba lamellate-loculate, not powdery, at maturity spores 19-30 x 6-9 μm ...... see Chroogomphus loculatus (19)

31. Sporocarp boletelike with a distorted or reduced stem ......................................................................................... 32

31. Sporocarp potatolike without a reduced stem but sometimes with a sterile base ................................................. 36

32. Peridium and stem pale buff to pale olive buff .................................................. see Gastroboletus subalpinus (42)

32. Peridium gray-yellow, rose to red-brown, bright yellow or dark sordid brown .................................................... 33

33. Stem with glandular dots, spores 7-10 x 3.5-4 μm ................................................see Gastrosuillus umbrinus (45)

33. Stem without glandular dots .................................................................................................................................. 34

34. Sporocarps bright yellow and red, staining red, spores 13-18 x 6-7 μm .................. see Gastroboletus vividus (43)

34. Sporocarps not bright yellow, if with red tones then staining blue ....................................................................... 35

35. Sporocarps rose to red-brown, spores 9-15 x 4-6 μm .................................................see Gastroboletus ruber (41)

35. Sporocarps gray-yellow with dark olive tints, spores 7-10 x ±2.5 μm .................. see Gastroboletus imbellus (40)

36. Spores amyloid ........................................................................................... see Rhizopogon chamaleontinus (123)
K- 15

36. Spores inamyloid ................................................................................................................................................... 37

37. Gleba pink ............................................................................................................................................................. 38

37. Gleba olive to brown or yellow-brown ................................................................................................................. 39

38. Spores 5-7 x 3-4 μm ........................................................................................................ see Alpova alexsmithii (4)

38. Spores 10-13 x 4-5 μm .............................................................................................. see Fevansia aurantiaca (39)

39. Peridium staining red ............................................................................................................................................. 40

39. Peridium not staining red....................................................................................................................................... 41

40. Peridium staining red then inky-fuscous, with amyloid globules in peridium, spores 3-3.5 μm in diameter ...........

.............................................................................................................................. see Rhizopogon inquinatus (128)

40. Peridium staining ochraceous then red, without amyloid globules in peridium, spores ±2 μm in diameter ............

......................................................................................................... see Rhizopogon evadens var. subalpinus (125)

41. Peridium yellow when fresh; dull purple-red in KOH; spores 5.5-6.5 x 2.5-2.8 μm ................................................

....................................................................................................................... see Rhizopogon flavofibrillosus (127)

41. Peridium not yellow when fresh; not dull purple-red in KOH; spores various ..................................................... 42

42. Spores ≥8 μm long ................................................................................................................................................ 43

42. Spores ≤6.5 μm long ............................................................................................................................................. 44

43. Spores 7-8 x 5-5.5 μm .............................................................................................. see Rhizopogon exiguus (126)

43. Spores 8-10 x 3-4 μm ............................................................................................... see Alpova olivaceotinctus (5)

44. Spores 5-6.5 x 1.8-2.3 μm ............................................................................... see Rhizopogon brunneiniger (122)

44. Spores 4.5-6 x 3-4 μm ..................................................................................... see Rhizopogon ellipsosporus (124)

J. Key to stalked polypores

1. Cap purple-brown, becoming orange to tan with small dark scales ............................ see Albatrellus avellaneus (2)

1. Cap surface and pores gray to indigo blue, maturing to pale gray-brown ............ see Albatrellus caeruleoporus (3)

1. Cap often large (>50 cm), surface extremely shaggy, on dead Abies spp. .......... see Bridgeoporus nobilisimus (13)

1. Cap yellow-orange, purple-brown in age or on drying, amyloid spores with warts or ridges ....................................

............................................................................................................................. see Bondarzewia mesenterica (12)
Species Information
S1 - 1

Acanthophysium farlowii (Burt) Ginns & Lefebvre

Family Aleurodiscaceae Morphological Habit resupinate

Description: SPOROCARPS discrete to confluent, discoid, with determinate upraised margins, 0.5-1.5 mm diameter. HYMENIAL SURFACE granular to

subcoriaceous, pale yellow-brown drying pale tan. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE

glabrous, dark-colored. ACANTHOPHYSES variable, cylindrical to subclavate,

mostly swollen below, with aculeate thick-walled prongs covering the top 1/3-

2/3 of the apex above narrow to inflated thin-walled base. GLOEOCYSTIDIA

inconspicuous, flexuous, cylindric, not apically moniliform. BASIDIA

subclavate to clavate, 75-90 x 14-20 μm. SPORES ovate to ellipsoid, (15-)

16-18 (-19) x (11-) 12-14 (-15) μm, apiculate, slightly flattened, thinwalled, smooth, amyloid.

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: WASHINGTON, Kittitas

Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Lake Kachess picnic area. Also known from several Canadian Provinces and the

northeastern United States.

Season: Fruits in May.

Substrate and habitat: Saprophyte, or possibly parasitic or endophytic, fruiting on recently dead twigs of live

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga spp.

Reference: LEMKE, P.A. 1964. The genus Aleurodiscus (sensu stricto) in North America. Can. J. Bot. 42:213-246.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the pale yellow-brown,

disc-shaped sporocarps with dark brown underside growing on twigs and

the wide acanthophyses. Acanthophysium abietis (Jackson & Lemke) Ginns

& Lefebvre grows primarily on Abies spp., has a resupinate, pale orange-tan

sporocarp with indeterminate radiate margins, narrower acanthophyses,

subcylindric-ampulliform gloeocystidia, larger ovoid spores (18-20 x 16-18 μm), and larger basidia (to 24 μm wide).

Acanthophysium piceinus (Lyon & Lemke) Ginns & Lefebvre grows on Picea rubens, has an brown to tan sporocarp

with determinate margins and subclavate-ampulliform gloeocystidia with slightly larger ovoid to ovoid-ellipsoid

spores (17-20 x 13-15 μm).

ROD Name Aleurodiscus farlowii

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 2

Family Scutiegeraceae Morphological Habit polypore

Albatrellus avellaneus Pouzar

Description: CAP 40-100 mm broad, circular to flabelliform, roughened, pale

purple brown, becoming pale orange to tan with dark squamules in age. PORE

SURFACE initially white, staining yellow, drying pale brown. PORES angular, 2-3

mm in diameter. STEM 60-180 x 10-15 mm, central, white. CONTEXT AND TUBE

LAYER white, staining yellow when cut, drying brown. HYPHAL STRUCTURE

monomitic. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ovoid to broadly elliptical,

4.8-6 x 3.4-4.5 μm, thin-walled, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: OREGON, Coos Co., Shore Acres State Park; WASHINGTON, Grays Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest,

Quinault Research Natural Area; San Juan Co., Friday Harbor Biological Station. Other potential sites with vague

locality data extend the range to Humboldt Co., California.

Season: Fruits from October through January.

Substrate and habitat: This is a terrestrial polypore and is a presumed mycorrhiza former with Pinaceae spp.

References: GILBERTSON, R.L., AND RYVARDEN, L. 1986. North American Polypores. Vol. 1. Fungi Flora, Oslo. SMITH

A.H., SMITH, H.V., AND WEBER, N.S. 1981. How to Know the Non-Gilled Mushrooms. Wm. C. Brown County,

Dubuque.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a fleshy annual polypore

with a squamulose, pale purple-brown to pale orange cap, white pore surface,

and a white-spore print. Albatrellus ovinus (Schaeff.:Fr.) Murrill has a cream

to buff cap which does not mature to pale orange to tan and it has smaller

spores (4-5 x 3-3.5 μm).

ROD name Albatrellus avellaneus

Photo courtesy of J. Ammirati
S1 - 3

Family Scutiegeraceae Morphological Habit polypore

Albatrellus caeruleoporus (Peck) Pouzar

Description: CAP to 6 cm broad, more or less circular, more or less smooth,

gray to indigo blue maturing to pale gray brown. PORE SURFACE gray to blue,

drying brown to bright red-orange. PORES angular, (1-) 2-3 (-5) mm. STEM

central, sometimes multiple, blue. FLESH cream to pale tan, tube layer losing

blue coloration, becoming red-brown when dried. HYPHAL STRUCTURE

monomitic. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ovoid to subglobose, 4-6 x

3-5 μm, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a fleshy annual polypore,

gray-blue pore surface with a circular cap and white spore print. Albatrellus

flettii is larger, and has a white pore surface (salmon colored at maturity),

clamp connections, and smaller spores (3.5-4 x 2.5-3 μm).

Distribution: Known from eight sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Redwood National Park, Prairie

Creek, Rhododendron trail; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Wemme; Lane Co., Honeyman State Park; Willamette

National Forest, near O’Dell Lake; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Lake Mills trail; Island

Co., Whidbey Island; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass; Lake Hannan. Also

known from the northeastern United States.

Season: Fruits from September through November.

Substrate and habitat: This is a terrestrial polypore and is a presumed mycorrhiza former with Tsuga spp.

References: GILBERTSON, R.L., AND RYVARDEN, L. 1986. North American Polypores. Vol. 1. Fungi Flora, Oslo. SMITH

A.H., SMITH, H.V., AND WEBER, N.S. 1981. How to Know the Non-Gilled Mushrooms. Wm. C. Brown County,

Dubuque.

ROD name Albatrellus caeruleoporus

Photo courtesy of D. Arora

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan
S1 - 4

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Alpova alexsmithii Trappe

Description: SPOROCARPS 4-40 mm broad, smaller specimens subglobose, the

larger flattened to elongate or irregular with lobes and furrows. PERIDIUM 0.2-0.5

mm thick, yellow-brown to dark brown, sometimes staining darker where

bruised, felty to more or less scabrous and occasionally rimose-rugulose, drying

dark olive to nearly black; large, concolorus rhizomorphs appressed on lower

side, originating from a basal tuft of hyphae and rhizomorphs. GLEBA firm to

crisp, sticky gelatinous, in wet weather exuding sticky fluid from the locules.

LOCULES rounded, gel-filled, 0.3-0.6 mm in diam, separated by white veins,

the contents in youth pallid, at maturity gray-yellow-pink, when dried pale

yellow-brown. ODOR faint, pleasant. KOH on fresh and dried peridial

surface, instantly dark brown, soon black; FSW, dark brown and soon black

on fresh specimens, quickly olive on dried specimens. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS

erratic in thickness, of tangled hyphae 2-4 μm in diam with pale yellowbrown walls, occasional versiform end cells 4-8 μm in diam present, no

pigment diffusing in KOH mounts. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS 174-470 μm thick,

near the epicutis often arranged in an erratic, obscurely radiate palisade

(observable only in perfect, thin sections) of hyphae 8-20 μm in diam with

brown walls 2-4 μm thick, this layer underlain by interwoven, hyaline, thinner-walled hyphae 4-10 μm at septa with

most cells inflated to 8-30 μm. TRAMA of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 3-6 μm in diam with cells

frequently inflated up to 12 (-30) μm, near the locules the hyphae highly gelatinized; locules lined with a palisade of

subclavate to irregularly constricted, hyaline, thin-walled brachybasidiole cells or basidia but most extending as

interwoven thin-walled, hyaline hyphae that fill the locules. BASIDIA borne among gelatinizing hyphae filling the

locules, clavate, 21-29 x 4-5 μm, hyaline, thin-walled, readily collapsing and by maturity autolysed. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent or rare. SPORES ellipsoid or a few subpyriform to obovoid, 5-7 (-8) x 3-4 (-5) μm, smooth, thinwalled, in KOH hyaline singly, gray-yellow in mass, in Melzer’s reagent pale yellow singly, orange-yellow in mass,

strongly cyanophilic in youth, acyanophilic at maturity.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the combination of a sticky gelatinous gleba with gel-filled locules,

yellow-brown to dark brown peridium without pigments that dissolve in KOH, and thin-walled, short hyaline spores.

Microscopic examination is necessary for definitive placement but the macroscopic characters, particularly when cut

in half, alert the collector to study it further.

Distribution: Known from six sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Clackamas Co.,

Mount Hood National Forest, Still Creek forest camp; Jefferson Co., Mount Jefferson Wilderness Area, below Carl

Lake; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, Willamette Pass; Willamette National Forest, Waldo Lake trail; Marion

Co., south shore of Breitenbush Lake, east of Lakeside camp shelter; WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Mount Rainier

National Park, Meadow Creek. Also known from British Columbia. Not known from California.

Season: Fruits from August through December.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M. 1975. A revision of the genus

Alpova with notes on Rhizopogon and the

Melanogastraceae. Nova Hedwigia Beih. 51:279-309.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Tsuga heterophylla and T. mertensiana from 1,200 to 3,200 m elevation.

ROD name Alpova alexsmithii

Photo courtesy of J. Trappe
S1 - 5

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Alpova olivaceotinctus (Smith) Trappe

DESCRIPTION: SPOROCARPS 15-25 x 20-45 mm, globose to lobed and irregular or

elongated. PERIDIUM reviving to 0.2-0.3 mm thick, appressed-fibrillose, yellowbrown, when dried tinged olive over dull brown; rhizomorphs scattered. GLEBA

exuding a latex when fresh, as dried the locules filled and separated by pallid

veins, the locule contents yellow-brown. KOH on dried peridial surface

instantly red-brown, soon darkening to black; FSW, quickly dark brown.

PERIDIAL EPICUTIS + 25 μm thick, of appressed, interwoven hyphae 2-5 μm in

diam with scattered inflated cells, the walls yellow and thin to somewhat

thickened, the contents brown-yellow and diffusing into the fluid of KOH

mounts. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-10 μm diam

with scattered, somewhat inflated cells, the walls 0.5-1.5 (-2) μm in diam.

TRAMA of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-6 μm in diam with

some slightly inflated cells, diverging to tightly interwoven, highly

gelatinized cells from the tips of which grow very indistinct, thin-walled,

interwoven, hyaline hyphae that fill the locules but soon autolyse, the palisade

also autolysing about the time that spores begin to form. BASIDIA borne among

tangled, gelatinized hyphae along the locule walls but not in a palisade and, less abundantly, among gelatinizing and

indistinct at early stages of development. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ellipsoid to oblong, a few subangular

to subfusoid or irregular, (6-) 8-10 (-12) x 3-4 (-5) μm, the walls slightly thickened at maturity, smooth, in KOH pale

green singly, yellow-gray in mass, in Melzer’s reagent pale brown-yellow singly, yellow-brown in mass, strongly

cyanophilic in youth, acyanophilic at maturity.

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Fruit Growers Supply Co. land, west of Hilt; OREGON, Jackson Co., Bureau of

Land Management, Medford District, Howard Prairie. Three other sites are known outside the assessment area from

Plumas Co. (3 collections) and Riverside Co. (1 collection), California. Two additional collections were found in

unspecified locations in coastal northern California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the combination of a sticky gelatinous gleba with gel-filled locules,

yellow-brown peridium and spores which measure (6-) 8-10 (-12) x 3-4 (-5) μm.

Season: Fruits in June, October, November and February.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Abies spp., Arbutus

menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Quercus kellogii.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M. 1975. A revision of the genus Alpova with notes on Rhizopogon and the Melanogastraceae.

Nova Hedwigia Beih. 51:279-309.

ROD name Alpova olivaceotinctus

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 6

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Arcangeliella camphorata (Singer & Smith) Pegler & Young

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from seven sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: OREGON, Benton Co., Green Mountain; Curry Co., Siskiyou National Forest, Pistol River; Lane Co.,

Siuslaw National Forest, Cummins Creek Wilderness Area, Cummins Creek trail; Polk Co., near Valsetz;

WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Forest, Lost Creek; Grays Harbor Co., Lake Quinault; Jefferson

Co., Bogachiel State Park. Not known from California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by small, globose to subglobose spores that at maturity have a strongly

amyloid partial to complete reticulum. These in combination with the various tones of orange in the peridium and

gleba and the strong, maple-syrup odor of dried specimens set it apart from all other species.

Season: Fruits from March through November.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla from 200 to 950 m elevation.

References: PEGLER, D.N., AND YOUNG, T.W.K. 1979. The gastroid Russulales. Trans.

Brit. Mycol. Soc. 72:353-388. SINGER, R., AND SMITH, A.H. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous

fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 21:1-112.

Description: SPOROCARP 3-10 x 4-17 mm, glabrous, even to somewhat rugose

or pitted, the base indented around a slight basal protrusion. PERIDIUM orange red

to brown-orange, slowly becoming darkening to orange-brown where handled,

the peridium meeting the basal protrusion or detaching to leave a gap up to 5

mm exposing underlying locules. GLEBA with orange yellow to orange or

brownish orange trama separating locules lined with pale orange yellow, spore

deposit. COLUMELLA ranging from percurrent and protruding beyond the

base, 1-2 mm broad, to absent and represented as a small basal pad,

concolorous with the peridium. LOCULES tending to be sublamellateradiating near the base, towards the peridium smaller and rounded. LATEX

white to watery white, unchanging. ODOR when fresh ranging from slight to

pronounced, on dried specimens strongly sweet (of maple syrup). TASTE

mild. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS a compact trichodermium of variously shaped,

thin-walled hyphal elements, often with yellow walls, but this soon

collapsing to form a more or less amorphous yellow layer over the subcutis

of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae with scattered greatly inflated

cells. TRAMA of loosely interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae (4-) 8-12 μm

in diam. SUBHYMENIUM of interwoven hyphae similar to mediostratum but also with isodiametric inflated cells.

BASIDIA 28-36 x 8-9 μm, with 1-4 sterigmata up to 9-12 μm long. CYSTIDIA not seen. SPORES globose to subglobose,

7-10.5 x 7-10 μm excluding the ornamentation of amyloid lines that in youth have many short side-branches and

often form a partial reticulum ≤ 0.5 μm tall, at maturity more strongly amyloid and commonly forming a partial to

complete reticulum 0.5-1 μm tall, occasional minute, solitary, amyloid warts in spaces between lines, sterigmal

attachment inconspicuous ±2 x 1 μm, oblique to axial.

ROD name Arcangeliella sp. nov. # Trappe 12359 & 12382

Photos courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 7

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Arcangeliella crassa Singer & Smith

Distribution: Endemic to California. Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, junction of Cecilville Rd. and The Pacific Crest trail;

Shasta-Trinity National Forest, flats just below Sand Flats; head of the south fork of the Salmon River. There are also

3 other sites on Federal land outside the assessment area in California: Stanislaus National Forest, Cow Creek; Lassen

National Forest, at Mineral Ranger Station; Tahoe National Forest, San Francisco State University Field Station.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a combination of sphaerocysts in the context of the peridium having

thickened somewhat refractive walls, the ellipsoid, amyloid, reticulate spores, and the undifferentiated peridium.

Season: Fruits from June through October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp. in

mixed forests containing Abies concolor, A. magnifica, Pinus contorta, P. jeffreyii or P. ponderosa from 2,000 to 2,200

m elevation.

References: PEGLER, D.N., AND YOUNG, T.W.K. 1979. The gastroid Russulales. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 72: 353-388.

 SINGER, R., AND SMITH, A.H. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem. Torr. Bot.

Club 21:1-112.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 3.5 cm broad, convex depressed, pale pink-buff,

glabrous but unpolished. STIPE-COLUMELLA 5-8 mm broad, about 1 cm high,

becoming hollow in largest specimen, pallid, surface unpolished. GLEBA pale

pink-buff, varying lamellate to lacunose on same specimen. PERIDIUM up to 5

mm thick as dried, pale pink-buff within, margin remaining attached to the

stipe or not, reaching the stipe in places thus exposing the gleba (younger

specimens). PERIDIAL EPICUTIS of appressed filamentose hyphae 3-6 μm

broad, the outermost ochraceous in KOH but the walls smooth; context of

interwoven, hyaline hyphae with nests of large sphaerocysts with refractive

somewhat thickened walls hyaline in KOH. TRAMA of interwoven, hyphae

yellow to hyaline, enlarged cells (8-12 μm) seen in groups, but these may

represent cut ends of hyphae. LATICIFEROUS HYPHAE abundant. CYSTIDIA

rare, pseudocystidial type, 52-65 x 7-12 μm, flexuous, often pointed at apex.

SUBHYMENIUM cellular, some cells enlarged. BASIDIA 42-53 x 10-12 μm,

pedicelate-clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata straight-conic, 4-7 μm long. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ellipsoid, 8-11 x 6.5-8 μm (not including

sterigmal attachment); sterigmal attachment oblique and prominent, with a

nearly smooth but well marked plage with an amorphous mass of amyloid material on it; ornamentation in the form of

a small-meshed reticulum or broken amyloid reticulum, prominences + 0.25 μm high, spore wall slightly thickened

and inamyloid.

ROD name Arcangeliella crassa Photo courtesy of H. Saylor
S1 - 8

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Arcangeliella lactarioides Zeller

Distribution: Endemic to California. Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Shasta-Trinity National Forest, below timberline in Diller Canyon; Shasta-Trinity

National Forest, McBride Springs campground. Another site on Mount Shasta, Bear Springs is on private land. A

fourth site is outside the assessment area but on Federal land: Plumas Co., Lassen National Forest, Swain Mountain

Experimental Forest, stand SG4.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the sequestrate-agaricoid

sporocarp with an innately fibrillose peridium which does not stain when

bruised, the presence of latex on cut tissues, and the amyloid, verrucose spores.

Season: Fruits from July through November.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Abies magnifica and Pinus ponderosa above 1,650 m elevation.

References: PEGLER, D.N., AND YOUNG, T.W.K. 1979. The gastroid Russulales. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 72:353-388.

 SINGER, R., AND SMITH, A.H. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem. Torr. Bot.

Club 21:1-112.

Description: SPOROCARPS 2.5-3 cm broad, 1.5-2 cm high, subspherical

becoming expanded, convex pileate, somewhat depressed at summit, stipitate;

surface smooth, innately fibrillose, dry, pale yellow, drying brown. PERIDIUM

thin, especially below or at margins, where it breaks away from base of stem

(columella), filamentous with lactiferous hyhae. COLUMELLA percurrent,

becoming a stipe as the cap expands, 4-6 cm broad, exuding latex when cut.

GLEBA white, becoming creamy, drying brown, exposed below, adnexed, very

ventricose, locules labyrinthiform, partially filled with white spores. TRAMA

white in section, filled with lactiferous hyphae. BASIDIA clavate, fourspored, with long sterigmata bearing the spores acrogenously. SPORES

ellipsoid, verrucose with protuberances of various sizes and somewhat

connected by reticulate lines (as in Russula and Lactarius), pedicelate, 8-

10.5 x 6-6.3 μm.

ROD name Arcangeliella lactarioidesPhoto courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 9

Family Helvellaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Balsamia nigrens (Harkness) Gilkey

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from five sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: OREGON, Benton Co., Woods Creek Rd.; Jackson Co., Bureau of Land Management, Medford District,

Applegate; Josephine Co., near Grants Pass, Missouri Flats; Siskiyou National Forest, Waldo Hill; Yamhill Co., near

Yamhill River, Flying M ranch. In addition, the original collection was from CALIFORNIA, Placer Co., near

Auburn.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the black, coarsely verrucose peridium and hyaline, oblong spores.

Season: Fruits in March, May, June and October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Pinus jeffreyi and Pseudotsuga menziesii and at low to mid elevation.

References: GILKEY, H. 1916. A revision of the Tuberales of California. Univ. Cal. Publ. Bot. 6:275-356.

GILKEY, H. 1954. Tuberales. N. Am. Flora ser. 2, 1:1-36. HARKNESS, H.W. 1899. Californian hypogeous fungi. Proc.

Calif. Acad. Sci. Third series 1(8) 241-292.

Description: SPOROCARPS black, somewhat depressed globose, coarsely and

sharply verrucose. PERIDIUM up to 400 μm thick. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS up to 300 μm

thick, of radial rows of subrectangular cells 8-18 x 10-40 μm with red-brown

walls thickened to often completely filling the cell. Cells readily separable.

PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS ±100 μm thick of cells similarly aligned and of similar size

and shape but with brown-yellow walls 2-5 μm thick (change from thickwalled to thin-walled cells abrupt and at relatively uniform line). GLEBA

containing the asci of densely interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 3-4

μm diam. Inner lining of empty locules of hyphae similar but 4-6 μm diam,

with hyaline walls ±0.5 μm thick, and brown in mass. ASCI saccate to

ellipsoid, hyaline, tapered to a foot-like to straight base in youth, walls less

than 0.5 μm thick, at maturity 30-40 x 40-60 μm, pale yellow in Melzer’s

reagent. SPORES oblong, 20-37 x 12-15 μm, hyaline, with 1 or more

guttulates, the walls thin and ornamented with minute, barely perceptible,

hyaline meandering lines around the circumference.

ROD name Balsamia nigrens

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 10

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit Bolete

Boletus haematinus Thiers & Halling

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from a single site within the range of the northern

spotted owl: WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Smiths Brook, 0.5 mile east of Steven’s Pass.

It was originally described from Yuba Pass, Sierra Co., CALIFORNIA but this site has been severely impacted from

logging and extirpation of this taxon at this site is likely. There are at least 12 other collections known from California

but all these sites are outside the assessment area. Not known from Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the pale brown cap; pale yellow context that stains blue; tube

mouths that are yellow when young and become red to dark red in age but nearly always remain yellow near the cap

margin; a finely reticulate, clavate, pale yellow stipe; and an inamyloid hymenium. Boletus santanus Lenz is similar

but has pink and gray tones to the cap, pink pores when young and a broadly bulbous stem.

Season: Fruits from August through October.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps are scattered to gregarious, occasionally subcaespitose, in association with

the roots of Abies spp., particularly, A. magnifica in the Sierra Nevada mountains, A. lasiocarpa in Washington and

appears to be limited in distribution to subalpine forests. This habitat type is typically cool and wet.

Reference: THIERS, H. D., AND HALLING, R. E. 1976. California boletes V. Two new species of Boletus. Mycologia

68:976-983.

Description: PILEUS 110-160 (-250) mm diam, broadly convex or plano-convex,

surface dry, glabrous becoming appressed-fibrillose to rimose-areolate in age; pale

brown overall when young, developing darker brown areoles in age, frequently

with red tints along margin. CONTEXT yellow to pale yellow, blueing upon

exposure. ODOR AND TASTE mild. TUBES 10-15 mm long, yellow when young,

becoming green-yellow to olive in age, blueing upon exposure. TUBE MOUTHS

bright yellow when young, but soon becoming pale red to dark red in age but

nearly always remain yellow near the pileus margin, bluing where bruised.

STIPE 50-110 x 45-70 mm, clavate, dry, upper half finely reticulate, yellow to

pale yellow overall. PILEIPELLIS composed of tangled repent hyphae 4.5-7.5

μm diam, hyaline to pale ochraceous in KOH, heavily encrusted. BASIDIA 4-

spored. CYSTIDIA 40-45 x 7.5-9 μm, obclavate to ventricose-rostrate,

hyaline. Hymenium inamyloid. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES

subfusoid, 12-15 x 6-7.5 μm, inequilateral, smooth, brown to olive brown

spore print.

ROD name Boletus haematinus

Photo courtesy of D. Arora
S1 - 11

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit Bolete

Boletus pulcherrimus Thiers & Halling

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 45 collections, 8 from Washington (3 sites), three

from Oregon (2 sites), and 34 from northern California (5 sites). Thirty-five collections were from only 3 sites;

CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Freshwater State Forest; Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest; OREGON, Lane

Co., Spencer Butte; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, Santiam River; WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Mount

Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek. In Washington, Boletus pulcherrimus is also known from 1 site on the

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest in Snohomish Co. Boletus pulcherrimus has been collected numerous

times near the type locality.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the combination of the redbrown cap, a bright yellow cap flesh that stains blue , tube mouths that are

dark red when young and remain so in age, a clavate, pale red-brown stem with dark red pronounced reticulations and

a distinctly amyloid hymenium.

Season: Fruits from July through December.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps are usually solitary, never in groups, in humus in association with the roots

of mixed conifers (Abies grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii) and hardwoods (Lithocarpus densiflorus) in coastal forests.

References: SMITH, A. H., AND THIERS, H. D. 1971. The Boletes of Michigan. University of Michigan Press, Ann

Arbor. 428 p. THIERS, H. D. 1975. California Mushrooms: a Field Guide to the Boletes. Hafner Press, London. 261 p.

Description: CAP 80-200 mm diam, convex to broadly convex; surface dry,

glabrous to subtomentose, when very old often becoming rimose-areolate to

fibrillose-scaly; red-brown overall. CONTEXT bright yellow, changing to blue

upon exposure. ODOR AND TASTE mild. TUBES 5-15 mm long, yellow, changing

to blue upon exposure. TUBE MOUTHS dark red to red-brown throughout

development, bluing where bruised. STEM 70-160 x 20-50 mm, clavate to

clavate-bulbous (but not abruptly bulbous), dry, upper two-thirds distinctly

reticulate, pale red brown overall with darker red reticulations, bluing where

bruised. PILEIPELLIS composed of tangled repent hyphae with pale

ochraceous, roughened walls. HYMENIUM amyloid. BASIDIA 1-4 spored.

CYSTIDIA 33-60 x 8-12 μm, subclavate to fusoid-ventricose, hyaline. SPORES

subellipsoid to subfusoid, 13-16 x 5.5-6.5 μm, smooth, brown spore print.

ROD name Boletus pulcherrimus

Photo courtesy of D. Arora
S1 - 12

Family Bondarzewiaceae Morphological Habit polypore

Bondarzewia mesenterica (Schaeff.) Kreisel

Distribution: Known from 35 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Six Rivers National Forest, junction of Rd. 15 and Rd. 13N17; Humboldt Co.,

Prairie Creek State Park; OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak, summit loop trail, near

campground; Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak Meadow Edge trail; Oregon State University Research Forest;

Clackamas Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Salem District, north of Sandy River; BLM, Salem District,

Wildcat Mountian, Rd. 2609; Clatstop Co., Fort Stevens State Park; Coos Co., Millicoma Myrtle State Park; Douglas

Co., BLM, Roseburg District, near Lally Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Elk Meadows Research Natural Area;

Jackson Co., BLM, Medford District, Rd. 213 near Butte Falls Rd.; BLM, Medford District, Howard Prairie; BLM,

Medford District, northeast edge of Hyatt Reservoir; BLM, Medford District, 1.6 km northeast of Soda Mountain on

Rd. 39-3E-32; Josephine Co., BLM, Medford District, off Rd. 35-8-2; Lane Co., BLM, Eugene District, near Rd. 23-

3-12; BLM, Roseburg District, above Dutchman Creek; Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head

Experimental Forest, near Tillamook Co. line on along Hwy. 12; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Pyramid trail;

BLM, Salem District, near Rd. 11-2E-14; Multnomah Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Larch Mountain summit;

Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest, along Rd. 1861, 1.1 km from hwy. 101.

Yamhill Co., BLM, Salem District, near McLafferty Creek; WASHINGTON, Grays Harbor Co., Olympic National

Forest, near Humptulips; Olympic National Park, Irely Lake trail; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Hoh

Recreation Area, Hoh River trail; King Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Tunnel Creek; Lewis Co.,

Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Cispus Environmental Learning Center; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park,

Old Tahoma campground; Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek; Snohomish Co., Mount BakerSnoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Sloan Creek campground;

Whatcom Co., Birch Bay State Park. Other potential sites with vague locality data extend the range to Mendocino

Co., CALIFORNIA. Also known from British Columbia, Germany and Switzerland.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a large, fleshy, annual

polypore with a scurfy, yellow-orange to orange-brown or pale purple-brown

cap and a white spore print. Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) Bondarzew &

Singer is associated with angiosperms, appears restricted to eastern North

America, fruits in imbricate clusters of tan to ochraceous caps, and has

slightly larger (7-9 x 6-8 μm), amyloid, ridged, subglobose spores.

Season: Fruits from August through December.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps occur in late successional conifer forests in Washington (O’Dell,

unpublished data), Oregon and California. None of the collections examined included habitat data beyond indicating

the presence of conifers (mixed with hardwoods in two cases). Sporocarps are often associated with stumps or snags.

References: GILBERTSON, R.L. AND RYVARDEN, L. 1986. North American Polypores. Vol. 1. Fungi Flora, Oslo.

GILBERTSON, R.L. AND RYVARDEN, L. 1987. North American Polypores. Vol. 2. Fungi Flora, Oslo. REDHEAD, S. A. AND

NORVELL, L. L. 1993. Notes on Bondarzewia, Heterobasidion, and Pleurogala. Mycotaxon 48:371-380.

Description: CAP up to 25 cm broad, typically single to few from one stem,

flabelliform, scurfy to finely tomentose, yellow-orange to orange-brown or pale

purple-brown. PORE SURFACE white, pores angular, becoming lacerate at the

edges, 1-3 mm in diam. STEM up to 12 cm long and 11 cm wide. CONTEXT

cream colored, firm. ODOR pleasant, nut-like. TASTE mild, occasionally acrid.

SPORES subglobose, 6-8 x 5-7 μm, amyloid, ridged.

ROD name Bondarzewia montana

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 13

Family Polyporaceae Morphological Habit polypore

Bridgeoporus nobilissimus (W.B. Cooke) Volk, Burdsall & Ammirati

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington, occuring in the Cascade Range from Linn Co., Oregon north

to King Co., Washington and in the Olympic Mountains in Grays Harbor Co., Washington. A single site has been

found in the Coast Ranges of Oregon in Benton Co. All 10 known sites are on Federal land within the range of the

northern spotted owl.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the sissal door mat appearance of the sporocarp surface and the

alternating white and brown tube layers in the sporocarp. The conspicuous and often extremely large size and fuzzy

surface of the perennial sporocarp makes this species easily noticed and identifiable in the field.

Season: Forms new fertile tissue from August through November. The perennial sporocarp is observable

throughout the year.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps occur in late successional conifer forests in the Pacific Silver fir zone and

have Abies procera and possibly A. amabilis as the host.

Reference: BURDSALL, JR., H.H., VOLK, T.J., AND AMMIRATI, JR., J.F. 1996. Bridgeoporus, a new genus to

accommodate Oxyporus nobilissimus (Basidiomycotina, Polyporaceae). Mycotaxon 60:387-395.

Description: SPOROCARPS perennial, 30-140 x 25-95 x 30-100 cm, sessile,

ungulate, imbricate, or centrally substipitate. Cap surface a dense mat of white

mycelial fibers in youth, often matted, becoming cinnamon brown or darker in

age, often appearing green due to epiphytic algae. CONTEXT up to 1.5 cm thick,

white, tough, rubbery, and fibrous when fresh, cinnamon-buff or ochraceous.

PORES concolorous with context, round, 2 per mm, 2-7 mm long in mature

layers, not becoming stuffed, stratified, with a fleshy layer 2-3 mm thick

between each successive pore layer. SURFACE FIBERS of the cap 10-30 x (50-)

60-75 μm, with frequent branching and anastomosing. The fibers are

composed of bundles of simple-septate, parallel hyphae, 2-3 μm diam, hyline

to yellow-brown, thin- to slighlty thick-walled, infrequently branching.

CONTEXT HYPHAE 3-4 μm diam, thin-walled to thick-walled, simple-septate,

hyaline to pale yellow-brown, smooth, rarley branched. TRAMAL HYPHAE

like those of context, but some becoming thick walled and growing into and

through the subhymenium, and giving rise to pseudocystidia. PSEUDOCYSTIDIA

up to 125 μm x 6-12 μm, cylindrical to broadly subulate, arising deep in the

tramal tissue, evident before formation of basidia, walls slightly thickened or

up to 4 μm thick in age, the pseudocystidia often with a hyaline, crystalline cap. BASIDIA 12-18 x 4-10 μm, pyriforme,

4-spored, simple-septate at base, sterigmata 2-3 μm long. SPORES broadly ovoid, 5.5-6.5 x 3.5-4.5 μm, hyaline,

smooth, thin-walled, inamyloid.

ROD name Oxyporus nobilissimus

Photo courtesy of T. O’DellPhoto courtesy of L.L. Norvell
S1 - 14

Family Geoglossaceae Morphological Habit earth tongue

Bryoglossum gracile (P. Karst.) Redhead

Distribution: Known from four sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: WASHINGTON, Lewis Co.,

Mount Rainier National Park, Narada Falls; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Longmire; Mount Rainier

National Park, Sunrise picnic area; Mount Rainier National Park, Andrews Creek. Also known from Canada and

Switzerland. Not known from California or Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a bright orange to pale

orange, orange-buff or ochraceous apothecium on a minutely scaly, pale

orange to white stem. It is one of several “earth-tongues” that grow in

association with mosses in the fall. Mitrula sensu stricto differs in fruiting in

the spring, on organic material in very wet habitats (e.g., vernal pools, bogs) in subalpine to temperate regions; the

stems lack scales. Heyderia abietis (Fr. : Fr.) Link differs in being smaller and slighter, in having a pale brown to pink

buff, smooth head and pale to dark brown stem, and in fruiting on conifer needles in late summer and fall.

Season: Fruits from August through October.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps occur in scattered to gregarious groups associated with mosses in the

Northern Hemisphere in subalpine to arctic habitat. It is not clear whether it is strictly associated with forest habitat or

whether it actually parasitizes moss.

References: BREITENBACH, J., AND KRÄNZLIN, F. 1984. Fungi of Switzerland. Volume 1. Ascomycetes Luzern: Verlag

Mykologia. 313 p. REDHEAD, S.A. 1977. The genus Mitrula in North America. Can. J. Bot. 5:307-325. REDHEAD, S.A.

1989. A biogeographical overview of the Canadian mushroom flora. Can. J. Bot. 67:3003-3062.

Description: SPOROCARPS stipitate, apotheciate, 10-30 (-50) mm tall. APOTHECIA

irregular, varying from nearly flat to recurved to capitate, folded, ovoid, or

ellipsoid, 2-6 x 1.5-7 mm, the margin distinct or indistinct. HYMENIAL SURFACE

rugose, smooth, or convoluted, bright orange to pale orange, orange-tan or

ochraceous. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE seldom visible unless margin distinct. STEM

terete, to 1 mm in diam, creamy white to tinged with color of hymenium but

typically paler, invested with nearly hyaline minute scales and hairs. ASCI

inoperculate, bluing at the tip in Melzer’s reagent. PARAPHYSES straight, not or

only slightly enlarged at the apex. SPORES fusiform to cylindric but tapered,

(8-) 9-13 (-16) x 2-3 μm, hyaline, aseptate to uniseptate (septum when

present transverse), minutely warty.

ROD name Bryoglossum gracile

Photo courtesy of G. Gulden

Photo courtesy of J.A. Weber
S1 - 15

Family Cantharellaceae Morphological Habit chantrelle

Cantharellus formosus Corner

Distribution: Known to be common and widespread throughout the region from coastal northern California, north

to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the finely scaly, yellowbrown cap, yellow to orange hymenial ridges and a white to pink spore print.

Cantharellus formosus was listed in the FEMAT and the ROD before the

taxonomy was clearly understood. Further examination of collections

labeled C. formosus and C. cibarius from within the range of the northern

spotted owl revealed them to be conspecific. Cantharellus cibarius does not

occur in western North America. The difficulty lies in the highly variable

characters of Cantharellus formosus. The extra attention focused on Cantharellus formosus allowed Redhead et al.

(1998) to clarify the species concept of Cantharellus cibarius and Cantharellus formosus.

Season: Fruits from September through November.

Substrate and habitat: Forms solitaire to clustered sporocarps in association with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla in second-growth and old-growth forests.

Reference: REDHEAD, S.A., NORVELL, L.L., AND DANELL, E. 1998. Cantharellus formosus and the Pacific golden

chanterelle harvest in western North America. Mycotaxon 65:285-322.

Description: CAP 2-14 cm in diam, dull orange to orange, sometimes with a faint

pink coloration, margin enrolled to flat to trumpet-shaped. STEM 40-80 mm tall, 4-

22 mm in diam, equal to tapered downwards, concolorous with cap. ODOR sweet.

TASTE pleasant. PILEIPELLIS a turf of free hyphal ends, 4-9 μm in diam, with

brown-colored contents. BASIDIA 4-6 spored, clavate, 86-120 x 4.5-6 μm, with

long sterigmata up to 7 μm. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS abundant.

SPORES broadly ovoid to ellipsoid, 7-9 x 4.5-6 μm, smooth, thin-walled,

hyaline, inamyloid.

ROD name Cantharellus formosus

Photo courtesy of D. Pilz

Photo courtesy of C. Ardrey
S1 - 16

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Chamonixia caespitosa Rolland

Distribution: Known from five sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt

Co., Redwoods State Park, Prairie Creek; OREGON, Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cape Perpetua;

Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest, summit of old Hwy. 101;

WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Rainy Pass; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Forest, Lost

Creek. Also known from New York, France, and Germany.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the blue staining peridium, dark brown spores with longitudinal

ridges and nongelatinized sterile tissues of the sporocarp.

Season: Fruits from June through November.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Abies amabilis and Tsuga sp. at high elevation and Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga

heterophylla in coastal forests.

Reference: ROLLAND, L. 1899. Excursion à Chamonix - été et automne 1898. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 15:73-78.

Description: SPOROCARPS subglobose, 5-26 x 8-40 mm, the base indented and

often with a stem-columella 2-3 mm thick that protrudes up to 5 mm beyond the

gleba and is often recurved and appressed against the lower peridium. PERIDIUM

felty, white or, in well matured specimens olivaceous, quickly staining deep blue

when exposed or cut, readily separable. GLEBA with labyrinthine locules,

nongelatinized, in youth white and staining blue when exposed, especially near

the peridium, at maturity dark brown from spores massed on the locule

surfaces. STEM-COLUMELLA varying from percurrent, 2-3 mm thick and

protruding from the sporocarp base to only a small basal pad, the context at

first white but later often becoming yellow to pale orange-brown near and

below the base, quickly blueing when exposed. ODOR pleasant, slightly

resinous. TASTE not distinctive. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS of loosely interwoven to

appressed, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 7-9 μm in diam. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS

of several tiers of more or less isodiametric, hyaline, thin-walled cells up to

30 μm in diam, often in radially aligned rows. TRAMA of hyaline, subparallel

hyphae 3-5 μm in diam, the walls thin or slightly gelatinous thickened.

Subhymenium of isodiametric cells. BASIDIA with 4-spored, 32-38 x 15-20 μm.

CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES broadly ellipsoid, 13-22 x 10-16 μm excluding the

ornamentation of 6-14 straight to spiraling, often forked, dark brown, longitudinal ridges 3-5 μm tall, the lateral

margins of the ridges ragged, the ridges not meeting at the spore apex, sterigmal attachment ±1 x 2 μm.

ROD name Chamonixia pacifica sp. nov. # Trappe 12768 Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 17

Family Tuberaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Choiromyces alveolatus (Harkness) Trappe

Distribution: Known from nine sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co.,

Klamath National Forest, head of the south fork of Scott River, Hidden Lake trail; Fruit Growers Supply Co. land,

Beaver Creek; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, High Rock; Douglas Co., Umpqua

National Forest, Dog Prairie; Jackson Co., Rouge River National Forest, Daley Creek campground; Linn Co.,

Willamette National Forest, Deer Creek Rd., south of Tombstone Pass; Jefferson Co., Deschutes National Forest, 200

m west of FS Rd. 2076 off Hwy. 20; Yamhill Co., Meadow Lake Rd., 23 km west of Carlton; WASHINGTON, Lewis Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Eagle Peak trail. In addition, it is known from outside the assessment area

from five sites, four on state land in Placer Co., California and one on the Tahoe National Forest in Sierra Co.,

California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the lobed sporocarp, white to yellow or brown sporocarp; the gleba

which is yellow-orange with pale colored veins and the unique golfball-like spores.

Season: Fruits from May through November.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Abies procera, Abies spp., Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, and

T. mertensiana above 1,300 m elevation.

References: GILKEY, H. 1939. Tuberales of North America. Oregon State Monographs, 1:1-63. TRAPPE, J.M. 1975.

Generic synonyms in the Tuberales. Mycotaxon 2:109-122.

Description: SPOROCARPS white, becoming yellow or brown, up to 5 cm in diam,

slightly lobed, surface scabrous, sometimes pubescent. GLEBA yellow with orangecolored dots separated by pale-colored veins; outer cortical “tissue” of branched

intermingled hyphae, often projecting from surface, forming hairs; structure

beneath, becoming pseudoparenchymatous, of distinctly angled cells reaching

20 μm in diam, cells becoming smaller within, changing to subcortical structure

of compactly arranged, sometimes connected hyphae running parallel to

surface of ascocarp; thickness of peridium, 220-600 μm. VENAE EXTERNAE

generally short, lined with paraphyses, filled with loose, branched hyphae

similar to outer cortical layer. VENAE INTERNAE much branched, broadened at

angles, varying in width but mostly slender, of compact hyphal structure

similar to subcortex, becoming pseudoparenchymatous in places. ASCI borne

in distinct large “nests”, generally irregularly bent or variously shaped by

inward extending branches of venae internae, generally long stipitate,

crowded, club-shaped, more or less deformed, 80-104 x 64-72 μm, separated

by fascicled, swollen-tipped paraphyses, 1- to 4-spored (generally 4-spored).

SPORES globose, 22-36 μm, yellow or brown, minutely alveolate, walls of

alveoli half as wide as alveolar cavities, 10-14 alveoli across diam.

ROD name Choiromyces alveolatus

Photos courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 18

Family Tuberaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Choiromyces venosus (Fries) Th. Fries

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl which is on Federal land:

CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., King Range National Conservation area; OREGON, Lane Co., Bureau of Land

Management, Eugene District, Mohawk Research Natural Area. Also known from Europe and West Virginia.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the unique spore

ornamentation of spines and rods that are up to 6 μm high and 1 μm wide.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla at low elevation.

References: FRIES, E. 1830. In, Lindblom, Kongl. Vet. Ak. Handl. p. 248. FRIES T.C.E. 1909. Skandinaviens tryfflar

och tryffelliknande svampar. Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 3:320.

Description: SPOROCARPS irregularly folded-lobed, up to 10 cm broad or more,

almost smooth, slightly fibrillose, more so in the folds, pallid, pink-buff or paler, in

places spotted vinaceous buff to fawn color, peridium thin. GLEBA solid with

gray-buff later brown, labyrinthine parts. ODOR faint when fresh (like Tuber

rufum), much stronger when decaying. PERIDIUM 400 μm thick, with an outer

pseudoparenchymatic layer, appearing faintly brown, main layer hyaline, of

interwoven hyphae; sterile part of gleba of hyaline, loosely woven hyphae, 5

μm broad, a few up to 15 μm, fertile parts of similar hyphae more densely

packed. ASCI sack-shaped, often with a long stipe, sporiferous part 100-120

x 50-60 μm, stem up to 120 μm long, 8 spores (rarely fewer) in two rows or

irregular. SPORES globose, 22-30 μm broad including spine and rods, 3-6 μm

high, 16-19 μm broad without ornamentation, pale brown at maturity.

ROD name Choiromyces venosus

Photo courtesy of E. Danell
S1 - 19

Family Gomphidiaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Chroogomphus loculatus Trappe & Miller

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area, along trail to Potholes Creek.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the large, smoky black spores, its nongelatinous cuticle and

pigmented pileus tissue which is amyloid, and the loculate to strongly intervenose nature of the hymenophore.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Tsuga mertensiana at 1,400 m elevation.

Reference: MILLER, JR., O.K., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1970. A new Chroogomphus with loculate hymenium and a revised

key to section Floccigomphus. Mycologia 62:831-836.

Description: CAP 2.5-7.0 broad, convex, margin expanding fully or sometimes

remaining almost unexpanded, dry, with appressed or repent fibrillose scales which

are dark olive over a pale orange to pale yellow ground color, pale brown.

HYMENOPHORE very irregular forming enclosed locules due to numerous

intervenose connections, clearly loculate, decurrent, pale pink at first darkening

to brown orange in age. STEM 2.5-8 cm long, 1.5-3.5 cm wide, somewhat

ventricose tapering to a dull pointed base, often fused to 3/4 or more of total

length, dry, pale orange or vinaceous tinged above annular zone, below pallid

to yellow, streaked with olivaceous fibrils, olive tomentose over the base.

Mycelium surrounding the base of the sporocarp pink, hyphae 6.5-8.5 μm

diam, thin- or thick-walled, amyloid. FLESH pale orange but often olive

stained near the base. PARTIAL VEIL fibrillose remaining in some as an

obscure fibrillose zone. PILEIPELLIS of nonviscid, innate, loosely tangled to

erect, thin-walled hyphae (7-) 13-22 μm diam, walls somewhat roughened,

either amyloid or nonamyloid to yellow brown, contents of all cells appear

hyaline. TRAMA OF PILEUS of more tightly interwoven hyphae 13-30 μm diam,

thin-walled, amyloid. TRAMA OF LOCULE WALLS of interwoven hyphae 5-20 μm

diam, thin-walled, darkly amyloid as in pileus trama. BASIDIA 48-72 x 11-15 μm, clavate, thin-walled, 4-spored,

hyaline in Melzer’s reagent and KOH. PLEUROCYSTIDIA AND CHEILOCYSTIDIA 108-200 (-260) x (13-) 17-29 μm,

numerous, nearly cylindrical, long fusiform to elongate clavate, walls up to 1.5-3 μm, hyaline to pale yellow contents

in Melzer’s reagent, protruding 1/2 to 2/3 above the hymenium, sometimes partially covered with dingy yellow brown

encrusted material. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent on sporocarp hyphae but present on hyphae of basal mycelium.

SPORES subfusiform in profile, ovate to elongate-ovate in face view, (15-) 19-30 x 6-9 μm, walls up to 1 μm thick,

deep red, ochraceous to yellow contents in Melzer’s reagent, in KOH brown-black.

ROD name Chroogomphus loculatus

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 20

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Clitocybe senilis (Fries) Gillet

Distribution: Known from 2 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl; OREGON, Tillamook Co.,

Neskowin Creek; WASHINGTON, Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass. Also

known from eastern North America and Sweden. Not known from California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a dark gray cap that fades

to gray-tan with a matted fibrillose surface when young; a strongly

farinaceous odor and taste; decurrent pale gray gills; a gray, glabrous stem

arising from coarse, white rhizomorphs; and a pileipellis with a thin palisade of

cylindric to clavate cystidia-like elements. One of only two Clitocybe species with cystidia-like elements on the cap.

Season: Fruits from July through October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms gregarious to subcaespitose sporocarps in duff, restricted to conifer forests.

References: BIGELOW, H.E. 1982. North America species of Clitocybe. Part I. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 72: 1-280.

BIGELOW, H.E. 1985. North America species of Clitocybe. Part II. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 81:281-471.

Description: CAP 1.5-5.5 mm diam, convex to plane, nonstriate; surface moist to

dry, matted fibrillose when young, becoming appressed fibrillose in age, dark gray

at first, fading to gray-tan or pale ochraceous. ODOR AND TASTE strongly

farinaceous. GILLS decurrent, close, narrow, white at first then pale gray. STEM

20-45 x 3-7 mm, equal, glabrous, white at first but becoming gray in age, base

with white tomentum and coarse white rhizomorphs. PILEIPELLIS of young

specimens a palisade of erect, cystidioid, terminal cells, these cylindric to

clavate, 20-37 x 5-8 (-12.5) μm, with pale brown pigments, these elements

becoming repent in mature caps. BASIDIA 4-spored. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present. SPORES ellipsoid, 4-6 x 2.5-3.5 μm, smooth,

inamyloid, white spore print.

ROD name Clitocybe senilis

Photo courtesy of J. Ammirati
S1 - 21

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Clitocybe subditopoda Peck

Distribution: Known from six sites within the range of the northern spotted owl; OREGON, Clackamas Co.,

Mount Hood National Forest, near mile bridge; Mount Hood National Forest, above Welches; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Mount Angeles; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, near Hoh River; Grays

Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest, Quinault Lake; Olympic National Forest, Quinault Research Natural Area.

Also occurs in northeastern North America. Not known from California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a relatively small,

hygrophanous, glabrous cap colored watery gray-brown when fresh and

fading to gray-tan in age, often striate when moist; a strong farinaceous odor

and taste; close, adnate to moderately decurrent, gray to vinaceous tan gills; a

relatively thick (3-6 mm), equal, watery gray-brown stem that lacks coarse white rhizomorphs; and growth in rings on

needle beds under pine and spruce. Microscopically, this taxon is distinct because of relatively small, inamyloid,

smooth, ellipsoid spores, presence of clamp connections, and a pileipellis composed of repent, cylindric hyphae with

pale brown pigments.

Season: Fruits from October through early December.

Substrate and habitat: Forms gregarious to subcaespitose sporocarps in fairy rings on needle beds of Picea spp.

and Pinus spp., in coastal to mid-elevation conifer forests.

References: BIGELOW, H.E. 1982. North America species of Clitocybe. Part I. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 72:1-280.

BIGELOW, H.E. 1985. North America species of Clitocybe. Part II. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 81:281-471.

Description: CAP 15-50 mm diam, convex at first, becoming plane to depressed

in age, finely pellucid striate when moist; surface moist to dry, glabrous,

hygrophanous; at first watery gray-brown with a slight vinaceous tint, fading to

gray, vinaceous buff, to gray-buff in age and with moisture loss. ODOR AND

TASTE strongly farinaceous. GILLS adnate to moderately decurrent, close,

narrow, gray with a vinaceous tint. STEM 20-60 x 3-6 mm, equal, watery graybrown or when young covered with a thin layer of appressed white fibrils, base

with watery gray tomentum. PILEIPELLIS a cutis of repent, cylindric hyphae

2.5-5 μm diam, slightly gelatinous, with pale brown pigments. BASIDIA 4-

spored. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES ellipsoid,

3.5-6 x 2.5-4 μm, smooth, inamyloid, white spore print.

ROD name Clitocybe subditopoda

Photos courtesy of T. Baroni
S1 - 22

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Collybia bakerensis A.H. Smith

Distribution: Known from 14 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co.,

Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Deadhorse summit; Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Sand Flat campground; Klamath

National Forest, Carter Meadows; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Lake Ann; Wenatchee

National Forest, Glacier Peak Wilderness, Lyman Lake; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Enchanted Valley;

King Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Asahel Curtis nature trail; Lewis Co., Mount Rainier National

Park, Eagle Peak; Skagit Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Lewis Lake; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie

National Forest, Perry Creek, Forgotten Mountain trail; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass;

Whatcom Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Silver Fir campground; near Anderson Creek; Ross Lake

National Recreational Area, Panther Creek. Also known from several additional sites outside of the assessment area,

including one site in British Columbia and several from non-owl habitat in northern California, Colorado, and Idaho.

Not known from Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a white convex cap;

relatively narrow, close, adnate to adnexed white gills; a small, white stem; a

tendency for sporocarps to blush pink in age; and abundant, cylindric to nodulose cheilocystidia.

Season: Fruits from May through early October.

Substrate and habitat: Usually found scattered to gregarious on fallen conifer logs; in California on Abies logs

soon after melting snow above 2,500 m elevation in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges; in Washington on Tsuga

logs.

Reference: DESJARDIN, D. E., AND HALLING, R.E. 1987. California Collybias I. Collybia bakerensis: a common

snowbank agaric. Mycotaxon 29:321-327.

Description: CAP 5-40 mm diam, convex to plano-convex; surface dull, moist to

dry, glabrous to finely granulose, white overall, in age disc often becoming pink to

pale gray-orange. GILLS adnate to adnexed, close, white, flushed pink in age.

STEM 10-25 (-40) x 2-3.5 mm, cylindric, often curved, dry, apex white and

pruinose, base pubescent, pink to gray-red. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive.

PILEIPELLIS AND TRAMAL HYPHAE inamyloid, nongelatinous. CAULOCYSTIDIA 30-

48 x 8-15 μm, cylindric to broadly clavate, or contorted. BASIDIA 2-4-spored.

PLEUROCYSTIDIA absent. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 22.5-45 x 6-13.5 μm, of two types:

1) cylindric to broadly clavate and obtuse; 2) irregularly cylindric and

nodulose to lobed. PILEIPELLIS a trichodermium when young or cutis when

mature, composed of hyaline, smooth, cylindric hyphae. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present. SPORES ellipsoid, 5.5-7.5 x 3-4.5 μm, smooth,

inamyloid, hyaline.

ROD name Collybia bakerensis

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 23

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Cortinarius boulderensis A.H. Smith

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from seven sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: OREGON, Clackamas Co., Zigzag; Mount Hood National Forest, Twin Bridges campground; Wasco

Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Warm Springs River, Skyline Rd.; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic

National Park, Olympic Hot Springs; Olympic National Park, Soleduc campground B; Olympic National Park, Elwha

River trail; Lewis Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Eagle Peak. Not known from California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a small, silky, brown gilled

mushroom with gray-lilac gills, a red veil, a rusty-brown spore print, and one

or more rings or patches of red fibrils on the stem, particularly intense at the

stem base. Cortinarius paragaudis are tinged with a deep brown red color

(particularly the basal mycelium), the gill and cap trama become deep purple

when mounted in KOH; fresh specimens are deep purple at the stem base.

Cortinarius spilomeus(Fr.) Fries has a dry opaque cap and broader spores (6-9

x 6-7 μm). Cortinarius subtestaceus A.H. Smith has larger spores, a more tomentose cap, larger size, and differently

colored gills and stem apex.

Season: Fruits in May and from September through November.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps usually occur in association with the roots of various Pinaceae spp.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1944. New and interesting Cortinarii from North America. Lloydia 7:163-235.

Description: CAP 20-40 mm broad, conic to campanulate/plane, silky in

appearance, dull to violaceous brown, becoming darker in age. FLESH fragile,

concolorous with cap, fading to vinaceous-tan. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive.

GILLS adnate with a decurrent tooth, moderately close, gray-lilac. STEM 50-80 x

4-7 mm, with red veil (cortina) and annular zones, patches and zones of

vinaceous red fibrils, apex dull violet, slightly bulbous base pale brown, KOH

negative. SPORES ellipsoid, 7-8 (-9) x 4-5.5 μm, verrucose, rusty brown spore

print.

ROD name Cortinarius boulderensis

Photos courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 24

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Cortinarius magnivelatus Dearness ex Fogel

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co.,

Bear Springs; OREGON, Jackson Co., along highway 5 at the pass near Mount Ashland. Also known from Lassen

Volcanic National Park, through the southern Sierra Nevada mountains and into Nevada and Utah. Not known from

Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by white sporocarps and a white, membranous, persistent veil that

darkens on handling. The veil tissue has numerous clamp conntions.

Season: Fruiting from May through August.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Abies concolor, A.

bifolia, A. magnifica, Picea engelmannii, Pinus lambertiana, and P. ponderosa above 1,500 m elevation.

References: FOGEL, R. 1994. Materials for a hypogeous mycoflora of the Great Basin and adjacent cordilleras of

the western United States II. Two subemergent species Cortinarius saxamontanus, sp. nov., and C. magnivelatus, plus

comments on their evolution. Mycologia 86:795-801. THIERS, H., AND SMITH, A.H. 1969. Hypogeous cortinarii.

Mycologia 61:526-536.

Description: CAP 30-65 mm broad, convex becoming plano-convex, sometimes

becoming shallowly depressed to umbonate; surface moist to dry; usually

appearing glabrous when young, occasionally silky-appressed fibrillose, becoming

innately fibrillose to somewhat tomentose, white when young, becoming pale

yellow to yellow, then moderate orange-yellow to dark orange-yellow with age

or bruising; margin incurved to strongly decurved; attached to the stem by a

membranaceous veil during all stages of development. GILLS adnate to

shallowly depressed; white to pale orange-yellow when young becoming near

brown-orange to yellow-brown when mature, unchanging when bruised;

thin, not fragile, even when dry; several tiers of gills present at margin;

abundantly forked near and at the stem; margin entire becoming locally

eroded at maturity, entirely covered by veil. VEIL (cortina) persistent as a

heavy, thick membrane, remaining attached to the stem, satiny-white, spores

deposited inside. STEM 15-60 x 10-30 mm broad at apex, typically somewhat

bulbous at base, occasionally equal to tapering slightly, flesh white,

unchanging. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive. PILEUS CUTICLE differentiated

only as a narrow layer of compactly interwoven hyphae 4-5 (-8) μm in diam

obscured by organic debris. FLESH composed of interwoven, hyaline 4-10 (-15) μm in diam hyphae. STEM composed

of dextrinoid, appressed parallel hyphae 3-5 μm in diam, a few 10 μm in diam. Veil composed of hyaline, dextrinoid,

thin-walled, appressed, parallel hyphae 3-6 μ in diam. CLAMP CONNECTIONS common. BASIDIA 4-spored, 27-40 x 7-10

μm, clavate, hyaline, thin-walled, base truncate. STERIGMATA 2-4 x 1.5-2 μm, conical, straight to slightly curved.

PLEUROCYSTIDIA absent. CHEILOCYSTIDIA reviving poorly, 18-23 x 4-6 μm hyaline, thin-walled, cylindric, ventricose

or nearly filamentous. SPORES ellipsoid, 8.5-11 (-14) x 5-8 μm, asymmetrical, minutely verrucose to rugulose, pale

orange-yellow, thin-walled, immature spores dextrinoid.

ROD name Cortinarius magnivelatus

Photo courtesy of M. Beug
S1 - 25

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Cortinarius olympianus A.H. Smith

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 17 sites

within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, trail to

Haypress Meadows; Klamath National Forest, Stanshaw trail; Klamath National Forest, Cub Creek; Klamath National

Forest, .2 km up Canyon Creek, trail to Lovers camp; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Rhododendron; Mount Hood

National Forest, Twin Bridges campground; Mount Hood National Forest, east fork of the Salmon River; Hood River

Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Pioneer Woman’s grave; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic

Area, Olallie trail; Wasco Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Bear Springs; Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Bear

Springs at Beaver Creek; Warm Springs River, Skyline Rd.; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park,

Deer Creek; Olympic National Park, Elwha campground loop trail; Skagit Co., North Cascades National Park, Easy

Pass trailhead; King Co., Stampede Pass; Lewis Co., Rd. 125, 7 km south of Randle.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a violet or pale lilac

sporocarp with pale pink-lilac gills, a subviscid cap, a rusty-brown spore

print, and an immediate pink to red KOH reaction on fresh or dry cap

surface. Cortinarius caesiocyaneus Britz. is a very similar European

species with violaceous gray to ochraceous yellow gills and amygdaliform to

slightly limoniform spores which are slightly narrower (8-10 x 4.5-5.5 μm).

Season: Fruits from September through November.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps usually occur in association with the roots of various Pinaceae spp.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1939. Studies in the genus Cortinarius I. Contrib. Univ. Mich. Herb. 2. University of

Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

Description: CAP 30-70 (-100) mm broad, subviscid, violet or pale lilac,

becoming white with a yellow disc. GILLS pale pink lilac. STEM 40-60 x 8-10 mm,

equal to marginate base (15-20 mm broad) and then tapering below, pale to

medium lilac. KOH reaction pink to red in both fresh and dry cap surface.

Immediate vivid pink to red KOH reaction in fresh or dried pileipellis (visible

with a hand lens). SPORES amygdaliform to slightly limoniform, 8-10 x 5-6

μm, moderately ornamented, rusty-brown spore print.

ROD name Cortinarius olympianus

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 26

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Cortinarius rainierensis A.H. Smith & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from four sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass; Pierce Co., Mount

Rainier National Park, Lower Tahoma Creek; Mount Rainier National Park, Kautz Creek; Mount Rainier National

Park, Longmire. All of these observations are historic; this taxon has not been collected since 1954.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a dry, fibrillose, orangered, gilled mushroom and a rusty-brown spore print. Cortinarius

speciosissimus has very similar morphological characters, similar lightly

punctate spores (8-11 x 6.5-8.5 μm). Cortinarius rubellus has subglobose

and distinctly, densely verrucose spores. Cortinarius distans var. olympianus

has narrower spores (5-6 μm). Fresh material has a hygrophanous cap with

faintly striatulate margins when moist.

Season: Fruits from July through October.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps are usually occur in association with the roots of various Pinaceae spp.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1950. New or noteworthy fungi from Mt. Rainier National Park.

Mycologia 42:80-134.

Description: CAP 30-80 mm broad, orange-red, dry, innately fibrillosesquamulose. ODOR radish-like. GILLS ochraceous red-orange, darkening with age.

STEM 50-80 (-100) x 10-12 (-15), pale to dark tawny, with fibrillose concolorous

to yellow concentric belts. PILEIPELLIS with fascicles of rusty- to yellow-brown,

moderately encrusted hyphae projecting to form squamules. SPORES broadly

ovate, 9-11 x 6.5-8 μm, punctate-roughened, dark rusty brown spore print.

ROD name Cortinarius rainierensis

Photo courtesy of G. Gulden
S1 - 27

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Cortinarius umidicola Kauffmann

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: WASHINGTON, Whatcom

Co., Okanogon National Forest, Easy Pass trailhead. Also known from New York and Europe.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a highly developed graywhite or gray-brown cortina, often with pale brown fibrillose belts on the

robust lower stem, and a rusty-brown spore print. The smaller C.

fuscoperonatus Kühner has a scalier dark-brown cap and larger spores (10-12

x 6.5-8 μm). Cortinarius plumiger Fries has a white veil and a scalier, more

strongly hygrophanous cap.

Season: Fruits in September.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps usually occur in association with the roots of various Pinaceae spp.

Reference: KAUFFMAN, C.H. 1905. The genus Cortinarius: A preliminary study. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 32:301-325.

Description: CAP 40-122 mm broad, hemispheric, dry, pale gray-brown with

ochraceous to drab disc and violaceous margin, becoming very brown in age.

GILLS dull cinnamon drab, then gray- to dark-brown. STEM 60-120 x 10-21 mm

(to 17-40 mm at the base), very stout, clavate, apex gray, sometimes with a blue

cast. UNIVERSAL VEIL (cortina) gray-white or pale gray brown, fibrillose, highly

developed at first and fairly persistent, later remaining as incomplete belt(s) on

lower stem. KOH reaction slowly gray-brown on cap surface, dark brown to

black in cap flesh. BASIDIA 4-spored, 32-34 x 8-8.5 μm, clavate. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present. SPORES ellipsoid, 8-10 (-10.5) x 5.5-6 (-6.5),

verrucose.

ROD name Cortinarius canabarba

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 28

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Cortinarius variipes Henry

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from five sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Olympic Hot Springs; Grays Harbor Co., Wilderness State

Park; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Longmire; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National

Forest, North Fork Sauk River, 3.3 km from trailhead; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a brown, dry mushroom

with gray gills, a pallid stem with tan flesh, a bright orange reaction of the

pileipellis to KOH, a swollen base, and a rusty-brown spore print. Cortinarius

intentus Fries has a white flesh and bright yellow gills.

Season: Fruits from August through October.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps usually occur in association with the roots of various Pinaceae spp.

Reference: HENRY, R. 1977. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 93:369.

Description: CAP 35-72 mm broad, obtuse to broadly umbonate with an enrolled

margin, edge becoming rimose in age, moist to dry, brown or ochraceous tawny

with darker brown disc. GILLS deeply notched, more or less subdistant, gray,

becoming yellow-brown to orange-brown. STEM 47-73 x 11-15 x 16-21 mm,

ventricose, pallid above (with slight gray-lilac tinge) with a pale yellow-tan to

orange-tan base. VEIL (cortina) scant. KOH reaction gray-brown with a brown

edge on cap flesh, brown on cap surface. FLESH tan to pale tan with slight

yellow discoloration. PILEIPELLIS bright orange in KOH, suprapellis 4-8 μm in

diameter, hyphae encrusted with yellow-orange pigments with ends emerging

upwards in fascicles, pellis hyphae 8-28 μm diameter, slightly gelatinized,

inflated and difficult to distinguish from subcuticular hyphae. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present in suprapellis. SPORES ovoid to subglobose, 6-7 (-8) x

4-5.5 μm, punctate to moderately roughened, brown spore print.

ROD name Cortinarius variipes

Photo courtesy of J. Ammirati
S1 - 29

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Cortinarius verrucisporus Thiers & A.H. Smith

Distribution: Endemic to California. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Horse Camp. Another site outside the assessment area is in Lassen Volcanic National

Park.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the sequestrate habit, the presence of bright yellow stains on the cap

and a strong development of warts on the spores.

Season: Fruits from June through September.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Abies magnifica

and possibly other Abies spp. above 1,00 m elevation.

Reference: THIERS, H., AND SMITH, A.H. 1969. Hypogeous cortinarii. Mycologia 61:526-536.

Description: CAP 3-6 cm broad at maturity, convex when young, becoming plane

to plano-convex to plane shallowly depressed with age, frequently highly irregular

and undulating in outline, surface dry to moist, innately fibrillose to subtomentose

when young, unchanging or becoming glabrous to obscurely fibrillose with age,

when very young white to pale brown, very soon becoming rusty brown with

some areas colored near yellow to pale brown to brown. MARGIN entire,

concolorous, strongly incurved, attached to the stipe by a tenacious permanent

veil during all stages of development. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive. GILLS

subdecurrent to adnate, close to subdistant, pallid to pale olive when young

becoming red brown as spores mature, thin, becoming noticeably crisped

when dry, fragile, several tiers of reduced gills present, somewhat ventricose.

STEM poorly developed and somewhat obscure, 1-1.5 cm long, 1-1.5 cm

broad at the apex, equal to slightly bulbous, concolorus with the cap, covered

with partial veil during all stages of development, solid. PARTIAL VEIL

(cortina) permanent, tough, fibrous, concolorus with cap surface. FLESH up to

1 cm thick, yellow, unchanging when exposed, firm. PELLIOPELLIS

differentiated as a layer of appressed hyphae which stain vinaceous in KOH,

walls subgelatinous in KOH. BASIDIA 4-spored, hyaline in KOH, clavate, 27-30 x 7-9 μm. PLEUROCYSTIDIA AND

CHEILOCYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present throughout, abundant in the veil tissue. SPORES ovoid, 10.5-13 x

6.5-8.0 μm, thick-walled, conspicuously verrucose-roughened with large, coarse warts which often unite to form short

reticulations.

ROD name Cortinarius verrucisporus Photo courtesy of S. Trudell
S1 - 30

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Cortinarius wiebeae Thiers & A.H. Smith

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from one site within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON,

Wasco Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Camas Prairie. Another site is known from Oregon, near Mount Bachelor

on the Deschutes National Forest.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by sequestrate habit, ferruginous gills, small basidia and a heavy veil.

Season: Fruits in June.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Pseudotsuga

menziesii and Pinus ponderosa above 1,200 m elevation.

Reference: THIERS, H., AND SMITH, A.H. 1969. Hypogeous cortinarii. Mycologia 61:526-536.

Description: CAP 6-13 cm broadly convex becoming nearly plane to slightly

depressed, surface dry and silky, with radiating fibrils, white, becoming somewhat

tan colored on handling and on drying. MARGIN long remaining enrolled. ODOR

faintly radish-like. TASTE mild. GILLS ferruginous when fresh and young, dark

rusty brown from spores in age, sinuate, broad (up to 13 mm), narrowed toward

both extremities, crowded, numerous tiers of reduced gills present, very thin

and very fragile, edges eroded. STEM 4-9 cm long, 2.4-4 cm at apex, up to 5 cm

thick at base, clavate, white when fresh within and without, solid, surface dry

and coated with white fibrils from the copious veil ending in a

submembranous annulus. VEIL (cortina) persistent, extending from pileus

margin to stem, in age shredding radially. FLESH white, firm, confluent with

stipe, 3 cm thick near stipe. PILEIPELLIS lacking a differentiated cutis,

hyphae at surface appressed, thin-walled, hyaline, smooth, 3-12 μm in diam,

some cells inflated, others 4-9 μm broad and uninflated. GILL TRAMA of

parallel, hyaline, thin-walled, scarcely inflated hyphae 4-8 μm in diam.

BASIDIA 4-spored, hyaline in KOH, 17-22 x 5.5-7 μm. PLEUROCYSTIDIA absent.

CHEYLOCYSTIDIA scattered, hyaline, filamentose, 3-4 μm in diam. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS rare and inconspicuous. SPORES ellipsoid, 9-11 x 6-7.5 μm, somewhat asymmetrical, warty-rugulose.

No photograph available

ROD name Cortinarius wiebeae
S1 - 31

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Dermocybe humboldtensis (Ammirati & A.H. Smith) Ammirati

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from four sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Lamphere Dunes; Trinidad; OREGON, Douglas Co., Bureau of Land

Management, Roseburg District, North Myrtle Creek; Irwin Rocks Research Natural Area. Not known from

Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a green-brown cap with an

olive-yellow sheen, olive-yellow gills, dingy yellow stem, and rusty-brown

spore print. Dermocybe idahoensis has rusty- to orange-ochraceous gills,

slightly larger spores (but range overlapping that of D. humboldtensis) and

clavate to broadly clavate cheilocystidia.

Season: Fruits in November and December.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps usually occur in association with the roots of various Pinaceae spp.

Reference: AMMIRATI, J.F., AND SMITH, A.H. 1977. Studies in the genus Cortinarius, III: section Dermocybe, a new

North American species. Mycotaxon 5:381-397.

Description: CAP 30-50 mm broad, appressed fibrillose with an olive-yellow

sheen when young, disc pale brown, margin pale yellow-tan. ODOR AND TASTE

indistinct. GILLS adnate, close, olive-yellow at first, then more or less ochreyellow. STEM 60-120 x 4-8 mm, ±equal, fibrillose, dingy yellow to the base with

a covering of brown fibrils. Cap surface dark inky violet, becoming slowly

purple-brown in KOH. FLESH dingy-brown. PILEIPELLIS brown-red with blue

to blue-purple pigment particles in the cuticular and subcuticular hyphae when

mounted in KOH. CHEILOCYSTIDIA narrowly cylindrical, ±2 μm in diameter,

some with yellow contents with red granules. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present.

SPORES ellipsoid to ovate, 7-9.2 x 4.5-5.5 μm, pale brown to fulvous in KOH,

verruculose.

ROD name Dermocybe humboldtensis

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 32

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Destuntzia fusca Fogel & Trappe

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Mendocino Co., 10 km west of Leggett, along highway 1; Van Damme State Park; OREGON, Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, stand 3. Not known from Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by short spore ornamentation, presence of sphaerocysts in the tramal

plates, and a dark brown to black gleba.

Season: Fruits in October and December.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Lithocarpus

densiflorus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla below 1,000 m elevation.

Reference: FOGEL, R., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1985. Destuntzia, a new genus in the Hymenogastraceae

(Basidiomycotina). Mycologia 77:732-742.

Description: SPOROCARPS pulvinate, up to 12-15 mm broad when fresh, 12 x 8

mm as dried, glabrous, pallid, in time becoming pale brown-rose, drying brownorange. GLEBA as dried composed of brown-black, elongate locules 0.7 x 0.25-0.5

mm in diam, filled with gel-embedded spores, separated by white to dull yellow

veins. COLUMELLA a pulvinate base up to 3 x 5 mm with irregular branches.

RHIZOMORPHS lacking. ODOR not distinctive. PERIDIUM 440-519 μm thick, two

layered. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS 198-250 μm thick, of periclinal, hyaline, thinwalled hyphae 3-4 μm broad, cells not becoming inflated. One sporocarp with

hyaline, thick-walled hyphae 5-10 μm in diam, attached to thick-walled,

terminal, subglobose vesicles 50 x 40 μm in diam, subtending hyphae

constricted at point of attachment to vesicle. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS 190-231 μm

thick, confluent with trama, of periclinal, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 3-4 μm

broad at septa, cells becoming inflated to 8 μm. TRAMA 25-75 μm wide, of

interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled, gelatinous, septate hyphae 3-4 in diam,

cells inflated to 12 μm in diam, sphaerocysts common in axes of tramal plates.

CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. BASIDIA reviving poorly, 4-spored, obovate, 40-

50 x 8-11 μm, hyaline, thin-walled, no clamp connection observed at basal

septum, sterigmata tubular, 2-4 x 1.5-2 μm. BASIDIOLES not rehydrating. SPORES ellipsoid, 8-11 x 5-6 μm including

ornamentation but not pedicel, dark gray-yellow in KOH, ornamentation warty-rugulose, 0.5 μm or less long, thinwalled, pedicel central, tubular, hyaline, 1-4 x 1.5 μm broad.

No photograph available

ROD name Destuntzia fusca
S1 - 33

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Destuntzia rubra (Harkness) Fogel & Trappe

Distribution: Endemic to California. Known from 4 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., 3.3 km south of Smith River; Humboldt Co., junction of Maple Creek Rd. and

Simpson Rd. 4800; Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, Woodlands camp on hill above mess hall; near Albion

bridge at junction of Rd. 409 and Rd. 408.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by monosporus basidia, a thick peridium, and the prominent, striate,

conical warts ornamenting the spores.

Season: Fruits in March, April, June, July, October and December.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Abies grandis,

Arbutus menziesii, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Sequoia sempervirens below 650 m elevation.

Reference: FOGEL, R., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1985. Destuntzia, a new genus

in the Hymenogastraceae (Basidiomycotina). Mycologia 77:732-742.

Description: SPOROCARPS reniform to subglobose, up to 20-25 mm broad,

pubescent, with adherent soil, white at first, becoming deep pink above, grading to

white below at maturity, slowly staining blue-pink when bruised, pink when cut,

drying red. GLEBA composed of dark gray-yellow to olive-brown, spherical

locules ca. 0.2 mm broad, filled with gel-embedded spores at maturity.

COLUMELLA absent or a pulvinate base up to 6 x 3 mm with a few radiating

branches. RHIZOMORPHS basal, concolorus with peridium. KOH, dark brown

on epicutis, yellow-brown on subcutis; FeSO4

 negative; ETOH deep red. ODOR

strong, fishy. PERIDIUM 875-1500 μm thick, two-layered. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS

250-470 μm thick, of tightly interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-4

(-5) μm broad. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS 625-1030 μm thick, confluent with trama,

of tightly interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 3-4 μm broad at septa,

inflated to 10 μm in diam. A band of interwoven, irregular, aseptate, thickwalled (1-2 μm) hyphae 4-12 (-18) μm broad occurs at the junction of the

epicutis and subcutis. Associated with the thick-walled hyphae are hyaline,

thick-walled (2 μm), subglobose to ellipsoid cells 29-54 x 22-48 μm which

arise from the thin-walled hyphae. TRAMA 35-50 μm wide, of subparallel,

hyaline, thin-walled, gelatinous, refractive hyphae 2-4 μm in diam, cells inflated to 8 μm in diam, clamp connections

rare, occasional large (9 μm broad) hyphae present. BASIDIA cylindrical to clavate, 40-50 x 4-8 μm, hyaline, walls

thickened slightly, single-spored, projecting into locules, not forming a euhymenium. BASIDIOLES clavate, 40-50 x 8-

10 μm, hyaline, walls thickened slightly. CLAMP CONNECTIONS common. SPORES subglobose to ellipsoid, 8-11 x 7-9

μm including ornamentation but not pedicel, pale olive in KOH, immature spores hyaline, cyanophilic; ornamented

with conical, vertically striate warts 0.5-2 x ±1.5 μm broad, thin-walled, base truncate, pedicel of immature spores 2-3

x 2 μm.

ROD name Destuntzia rubra

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 34

Family Dichostereaceae Morphological Habit resupinate

Dichostereum boreale (Pouzar) Ginns & Lefebvre

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern

spotted owl: WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Silver Springs Forest Camp. Other

collections with vague locality data potentially extend the range to

WASHINGTON, Snohomish Co., and OREGON, Tillamook Co. Also occurs across the northern United States and

in Europe.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by an ochraceous-buff granular

resupinate crust on dead wood and a white spore print. Dichostereum

pallescens has more highly ornamented, larger spores (6-7.5 x 5.5-6.5 μm),

narrower dichophyses (up to 2 μm in diam), and lacks gloeocystidia.

Dichostereum effuscatum has larger spores (6-8 x 5.5-7 μm), smaller

dichophyses, and appears restricted to eastern North America.

Season: Fruits in May, July, and October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms resupinate sporocarps and is saprophytic on dead coniferous wood; associated

with white-rot of fallen trees.

References: GINNS, J., AND LEFEBVRE, M.N.L. 1993. Lignicolous Corticioid Fungi of North America, Mycol. Mem.

19. APS Press, St. Paul. JÜLICH, W., AND STALPERS, J.A. 1980. The Resupinate Non-Poroid Aphyllophorales of the

Temperate Northern Hemisphere. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Oxford, NY.

Description: SPOROCARPS resupinate, with a slightly tuberculate or irregularly

warty hymenial surface, creamy-ochre in the herbarium. DICHOPHYSES abundant,

strongly dextrinoid, up to 5 μm in diam. GLOEOCYSTIDIA present, filled with

granular material. SPORES ellipsoid, 4-6 x 3-4 μm, amyloid, subtly ornamented

with small warts and ridges.

No photograph available

ROD name Dichostereum granulosum
S1 - 35

Family Elaphomycetaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Elaphomyces anthracinus Vittadini

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Jefferson Co.,

Deschutes National Forest, Riverside campground. Also known from Idaho and Europe. Not known from California

and Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a finely warty, nearly black peridium and spores that are almost

black with crowded, low spines.

Season: Fruits in May and August.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of assorted Fagaceae

in Europe and with Pinus ponderosa in Oregon.

Reference: VITTADINI, C. 1831. Monographia Tuberacearum. Mediolani, Italy. p. 66.

Description: SPOROCARPS 2-3 cm broad, slightly flattened with low depressions,

covered by dark, firm earthy crust of blackened mycorrhiza and scanty dark redbrown mycelium. CORTEX on mature specimens almost black with a flush of dark

brown, obscurely and finely warty, in most specimens with one large smooth

well-delimited spot with green discoloring mycelium, brittle and hard, separable

from peridium. PERIDIUM 1.5-2 mm thick, pale silver-gray when fresh but soon

turning slate gray, soft. GLEBA pulverulent at maturity, black with a distinct

olivaceous sheen. ODOR not distinctive. CORTEX 250-350 μm thick with

broad flat warts, protruding part 100 μm high, 200 μm broad, made up of

pseudoparenchymatic tissue, dark brown, walls 1-2 μm thick, subparallel

hyphae between warts 4-5 μm broad and slightly paler brown. PERIDIUM

well distinguished from cortex, hyphae pale brown, hyaline, thick-walled, 3-

4 μm broad in outer part, more loosely woven and 6-7 μm broad within.

ASCI not seen. CAPILLITIUM scanty, of 2 μm in diam, hyaline hyphae

encrusted with olivaceous pigment. SPORES globose, 21-25 μm in diam, dark

brown to almost black, densely set with crowded, low spines.

ROD name Elaphomyces anthracinus

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 36

Family Elaphomycetaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Elaphomyces subviscidus (Zeller) Trappe & Guzmán

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Deschutes Co.,

Deschutes National Forest, Three Creeks Lake; Jackson Co., near Prospect. The site near Prospect is indeterminable

for locality and ownership. Also known from Idaho. Not known from California or Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the smooth surfaced, noncarbonaceous, pale peridium, brown spore

mass, and relatively large spores.

Season: Fruits in June and August.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Pinus contorta

and Tsuga mertensiana at high elevation (2,200 m).

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND GUZMÁN, G. 1971. A newly determined species of Elaphomyces from Oregon.

Madroño 21:128-130.

Description: SPOROCARPS subglobose, up to 3 x 5 cm, surface smooth, white to

gray, drying yellow, nonreactive with KOH, encrusted with soil held by

inconspicuous but abundant pale hyphae emerging from the surface. PERIDIUM 1-2

mm thick when dry, reviving to a thickness of 2.5-3 mm, with a thin, yellow

outer layer and a thick, pallid inner layer. GLEBA dark brown, powdery.

PERIDIAL PERIDIAL EPICUTIS ±150 μm, of yellow, densely interwoven, single to

fascicled hyphae 3-5 μm broad, with mostly hyaline, thin walls but in places

thickened to 0.5 μm and often yellow, the entire stratum obscured by hyaline

to yellow, amorphous debris, overlain with emergent superficial hyphae that

are sinuous, hyaline, thin-walled, 2.5-4 μm in diam. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS

±2,500 μm thick, abruptly differentiated from the outer layer as more or less

circumferentially aligned but interwoven fascicles of a few to nearly 100

hyaline, highly refractive hyphae 4-8 μm in diam with the walls

mucilaginous-thickened, yellow, amorphous debris scattered throughout.

GLEBAL hyphae dispersed among spores, thin-walled, hyaline to pale yellowbrown, mostly 1.5-3 μm in diam but a few 5-6 μm, dark brown, amorphous

deposits scattered throughout between hyphae. ASCI not seen. SPORES globose,

12-21 μm in diam excluding ornamentation, 14-23 (-24) μm with ornamentation, the smaller spores very dark brown,

the larger tending to be pale brown, larger spores thin-walled, smaller ones with walls up to 0.5 μm thick,

ornamentation of crowded spines 1-2 μm long and ± 0.2 μm thick, separated by 0.2-0.5 μm or sometimes joined in

two’s and three’s by ridges but never a partial reticulum, embedded in an inconspicuous, mucilaginous matrix.

ROD name Elaphomyces subviscidusPhoto courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 37

Family Endogonaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Endogone acrogena Gerdemann

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Paradise Point;

Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, White Chuck Rd.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its apparent acrogenous

development of the sporocarps that actually develop on ephemeral gametangia

that are not visible on mature spores.

Season: Fruits in September and October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Abies lasiocarpa.

Reference: GERDEMANN, J.W., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1974. The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest. Mycol. Mem.

5:1-76.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 4 x 7 x 10 mm, greatly lobed, convoluted and

irregular, formed from folded tissue up to 2 mm in thickness, bright yellow when

fresh, light tan-yellow when dry. PERIDIUM absent. In developing sporocarps,

tufts of glebal hyphae radiate from the surface, becoming matted over the surface

by maturity. GLEBA developing acrogenously from a sterile or nearly sterile

base of interwoven hyphae as radiate hyphae intermingled with radiate rows of

zygospores that are often tightly appressed in chains, the oldest spores at the

base, the youngest at the actively growing surface. GAMETANGIA 15 x 7 μm,

thin-walled and ephemeral, equal in size, parallel, uniting at their tips, with

the zygospore forming above the point of union. SPORES variable in size and

shape, 15 x 30-80 x 59 μm, mature spores within a chain varying from a

small to large, globose, ellipsoid, ovate or irregular, becoming flattened and

angular from pressure, wall up to 5 μm thick, of two variable layers.

No photograph available

ROD name Endogone acrogena
S1 - 38

Family Endogonaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Endogone oregonensis Gerdemann & Trappe

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from eight sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Benton Co., McDonald Forest; near Blodgett; Douglas Co., Bureau of Land Management, Roseburg

District, Blue Ridge, near Old Blue lookout tower; Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental

Forest, Green Point; Polk Co., Valsetz Lake; Van Duzer Corridor; Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade

Head Experimental Forest.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by sporocarps that are enclosed

in a peridium, individual zygospores that are not enclosed in an envelope, and

hyphae that are vesicular, thin-walled, and often crushed between the spores.

Season: Fruits in February, July, September, and November.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Picea sitchensis,

Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla below 350 m elevation.

Reference: GERDEMANN, J.W., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1974. The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest. Mycol. Mem.

5:1-76.

Description: Sporocarps globose, ellipsoid, lobed or irregular, 6-20 mm broad,

enclosed in a thin, white, cottony peridium with much adhering soil. GLEBA

exuding white latex when cut, containing pallid to pale sordid yellow, globose

clusters of spores up to 2 mm broad, spore clusters separated from each other by

bands of soil or white hyphae. GAMETANGIA ephemeral, observed only on

immature spores, equal or subequal in size, uniting at or near their tips with the

zygospore budding from near the point of union or from one of the two

gametangia. SPORES globose to ellipsoid or ovoid, 77-150 x 44-120 μm, pale

yellow, spore wall 5-7 μm thick, composed of two layers, the outer wall

hyaline to pale yellow and generally slightly thicker than the hyaline inner

wall, spores not enclosed in a hyphal mantle, separated from each other by

thin-walled, vesicular hyphae which are often crushed between the thickly

crowded spores.

ROD name Endogone oregonensis

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
S1 - 39

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Fevansia aurantiaca Trappe & Castellano in. ed.

Description: SPOROCARPS 17-19 x 20-23 mm, subglobose-lobed, pale brownorange to orange-brown, with much adherent soil and debris. GLEBA firm, moist,

pale pink-orange to orange-brown, the color a combination of orange to orangebrown trama and pale yellow to pale brown-yellow spore masses filling the

rounded locules 0.1-0.4 μm broad. COLUMELLA lacking, but sterile veins 0.2-1

mm broad, concolorous with trama, meandering through gleba; glebal sections

of mature specimens cut when fresh, then dried, with dark red-orange, glassyresinous deposits. ODOR strongly oily-fruity. PERIDIUM 100-200 mm thick.

PERIDIAL EPICUTIS ± 25 μm thick, of appressed, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae

1.5-4 μm in diam, the cell contents pale olive-yellow to orange. PERIDIAL

SUBCUTIS 75-175 μm thick, of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 1.5-5

μm in diam at septa with occasional cells inflated to 5-10 μm, in youth with

scattered, extracellular deposits of amorphous orange pigment in KOH, in

Melzer’s reagent the pigment dissolving into yellow to orange pigment

globules, at maturity with massive extracellular deposits of orange to bright

red pigment in KOH, in Melzer’s reagent the pigment dissolving into orange

to brown pigment globules. GLEBAL TRAMA with a narrow, central strand of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae

1.5-5 μm in diam; broad zones between central strand and locule margins of hyaline, thin-walled hyphae with most

cells inflated to 6-20 μm in diam to appear nearly pseudoparenchymatous, pigment deposits throughout as in the

peridial subcutis; sterile veins structured similarly to tramal central strand. SUBHYMENIUM AND HYMENIUM not

observed. BASIDIA not observed. CLAMP CONNECTIONS not found. SPORES fusoid, 10-13 x (3.5-) 4-5 μm, smooth, in

KOH hyaline singly, gray-yellow in mass, thin-walled, inamyloid, cyanophilic.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the combination of a sticky gelatinous gleba with gel-filled locules,

pale pink-orange to orange-brown gleba and peridium and large, inflated cells in the trama. Microscopic examination

is necessary for definitive placement but the macroscopic characters, particularly when cut in half, alert the collector

to study it further.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Deschutes Co., Deschutes National Forest, Devils Lake; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, head of

Hackleman Creek.

Season: Fruits in August.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with various Pinaceae spp.,

particularly Abies lasiocarpa and Pseudotsuga menziesii.

References: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. New Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with the

Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

No photograph available

ROD name Alpova sp. nov. # Trappe 1966
S1 - 40

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gastroboletus imbellus Trappe

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, at crest of Olallie trail.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its drab coloration, persistently membranous-appendiculate margin,

rather unpleasant odor and taste and loculate gleba with very short tubes.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Abies grandis, A.

lasiocarpa, Tsuga mertensiana, with an understory of Antennaria lanata, Fragaria sp., Pachistima myrsinites, Sorbus

sitchensis, and Vaccinium sp. at 1,650 m elevation.

Reference: THIERS, H.D., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1969. Studies in the genus Gastroboletus. Brittonia 21:249-251.

Description: CAP 50 mm broad, convex. PERIDIUM moist not viscid, gray-yellow

overlain by dark olivaceous fibrils, ruptured by a few broad cracks, context roseblushed where exposed. MARGIN raggedly membranous-appendiculate from a 2-3

mm broad extension of the peridium. FLESH 20 mm thick at attachment of stemcolumella, soft, white with scattered pale yellow stained areas, a rosy zone

above the gleba and a 2 mm thick olive-hygrophanous zone under the cap

surface, slowly and erratically staining pale brown where cut. KOH on flesh

quickly turns deep lilac adjacent to the peridium. GLEBA exposed, tubulose,

the tubes decurrent, readily separable from context, less than 2 mm in length,

pale gray-olive. TUBE MOUTHS rotund, 0.25-1 mm broad, mostly blocked by

folds and outgrowths of wall tissue. TUBES oriented at about 40 degrees from

vertical. KOH on tube mouths turns dark brown, tube bases deep lilac.

STIPE-COLUMELLA 30 mm long, 15 mm thick at apex, equal except for a slight

attenuation at the base, laterally attached to pileus; apical surface dry, pale

yellow, the color grading to sordid creamy in the mid-portion to pale

salmonaceous with copious dark brown stains at base; upper half with dark

brown to black glandular dots which are minute singly but often coalesced into

patches up to one-half mm broad; flesh pallid with a vinaceous blush near base, slowly sordid when cut. ODOR

pungent-farinaceous. TASTE slightly bitter. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS of granulated, pale brown, thin-walled hyphae 3-6 μm

broad. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS similar except that hyphae are 5-12 μm broad and yellow to pale vinaceous debris is

present. In Melzer’s reagent epicuticular hyphae are yellow and subcuticular hyphae more or less vinaceous stained,

orange-brown pigment balls scattered throughout. FLESH of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 5-20 μm broad,

with sparsely scattered vinaceous debris, in Melzer’s reagent, the hyphae yellow but obscured by abundant, orangebrown pigment balls. Hyphae of stem-columella similar to those of peridial context but more or less parallel;

GLANDULAR DOTS are palisades of dark brown, much encrusted elements 5-9 μm broad, including scattered fertile

basidia. Subglebal tissue bright lilac in KOH when fresh and diffusing a lilac pigment into the mounting medium,

merely vinaceous when revived in KOH; in Melzer’s reagent deep yellow with many brown, amorphous deposits,

hyphae thin-walled, 3-8 μm broad, oleiferous hyphae present. TRAMA OF TUBES parallel, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae

4-14 μm broad, oleiferous hyphae few. BASIDIA 3-5 (7) x 20-30 μm, thin walled, hyaline and guttulate in KOH,

sterigmata inconspicuous. CYSTIDIA fascicled, 4-6 x 25-60 μm, hyaline to vinaceous to dark brown in KOH with

much brown, amorphous material deposited at the base of the clusters, cylindric to fusoid-ventricose or irregularly

constricted. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES narrowly to broadly ellipsoid to obovate, 2.5 x 7-10 μm, thinwalled, smooth, asymmetrical, hyaline in KOH, inamyloid.

No photograph available

ROD name Gastroboletus imbellus
S1 - 41

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gastroboletus ruber (Zeller) Cázares & Trappe

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from 16 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Mount Shasta; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest,

McNeil Point trail; Mount Hood National Forest, junction of trail 502 and Rd. 4614; Hood River Co., Mount Hood

National Forest, Tillie Jane campground; Jefferson Co., Mount Jefferson Wilderness Area, 0.5 miles south of Cabot

Lake; Mount Jefferson Wilderness Area, east end of Cabot Lake; Mount Jefferson Wilderness Area, Mount Shirley

Lake; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, English Mountain; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National

Forest, Snowy Creek trail; Wenatchee National Forest, Lake Valhalla trail; Glacier Peak Wilderness, Lyman Lake

campground; Skamania Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Tombstone Lake; Gifford Pinchot National Forest,

Taklakh Lake; Whatcom Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, 4 miles north of Copper Lake; Mount

Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Upper Chilliwack River; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Hannegan

Pass Also known in California from Lassen National Park Yuba Pass area in Shasta Co.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a much reduced stem, coloration of the peridium, and large spores.

Season: Fruits from August through September.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of assorted Pinaceae

above 1,350 m in elevation, particularly Abies amabilis, A. procera, A. magnifica var. shastensis, Pinus monticola, or

Tsuga mertensiana.

Reference: THIERS, H.D., AND

TRAPPE, J.M. 1969. Studies in the genus

Gastroboletus. Brittonia 21:249-251.

Description: SPOROCARPS 20-40 x 20-55 mm, subglobose to turbinate or lobed.

PERIDIUM rose to brown-red or red-brown and persistent on apex of percurrent stemcolumella, dingy pale yellow to dark red-brown and usually evanescent where

covering tube mouths but sometimes partially persisting and then becoming

yellow-brown to cinnamon and depressed in the tube mouths to give a reticulate

appearance. GLEBA pale yellow in youth, dark olive at maturity, initially of

separable tubes 0.5-1 mm in diam divided into labyrinthine locules ±0.2 mm in

diam. TUBE MOUTHS tinged red-orange to red at maturity, turning blue where

bruised or cut, separable from the columella. STEM-COLUMELLA pale yellow

with a concolorous context, turning blue instantly where cut, columnar to

dendroid, percurrent or not, with many branches reaching or nearly reaching

the peridium, projecting as much as 1 cm below the glebal base, up to 1.5 cm

broad at the apex when percurrent. ODOR not distinctive. BASAL HYPHAE

white to pale yellow. STEM-COLUMELLA of thin-walled, hyaline, branched

hyphae, 3-12 (-15) μm in diam, laticiferous hyphae scattered near the

peridium. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS initially differentiated as a palisade of cylindric

to clavate dermatocystidia 15-30 (-70) x 3-10 μm, hyaline to pale yellow in

KOH, becoming a disrupted turf over the gleba as the sporocarp expands but remaining a palisade over the percurrent

columellar apices, in age the contents turning yellow to brown. TRAMA 25-170 μm thick, of hyaline, thin-walled,

subparallel to interwoven hyphae 2-12 μm in diam, laticiferous hyphae occasional. SUBHYMENIUM cellular, 2-3 cells

deep, cells 3-10 μm in diam. BASIDIA 26-40 x 7-11 μm, thin-walled, cylindrical to clavate, hyaline, 2- to 4- spored,

sterigmata 4-5 μm long. CYSTIDIA 25-50 x 4-14 μm, scattered, thin-walled, fusoid-ventricose, hyaline to pale olive in

KOH, lacking encrustation. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES subfusiform, (8-) 9-15 (-20) x 4-6 μm, smooth,

asymmetric, walls up to 0.5 μm thick, pale green to olive in KOH, inamyloid.

ROD name Gastroboletus ruber

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 42

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gastroboletus subalpinus Trappe & Thiers

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from 22 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Panther Meadow; Shasta-Trinity National Forest,

Panther Creek area, Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Horse camp, Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Bear Springs; ShastaTrinity National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, Haypress trail; Shasta-Trinity National Forest, near

junction of Rd. 42N07 and Rd. 42N13; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Timothy Lake;

Mount Hood National Forest, Clackamas Lake; Bureau of Land management, Salem District, McIntrye Ridge;

Deschutes Co., Deschutes National Forest, Elk Lake Deschutes National Forest, near Puppy Lake; Douglas Co.,

Umpqua National Forest, Bradley Creek; Umpqua National Forest, Cascade Pass; Hood River Co., Mount Hood

National Forest, Cloud Cap; Klamath Co., Winema National Forest, 3.3 km east of Cascade Pass; Crater Lake

National Park, Goodbye campground; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, 1.4 km west of Frog camp; Willamette

National Forest, Waldo Lake trail. Also known from outside the assessment area in Lassen Volcanic National Park in

California. Not known from Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its smooth, generally white to pallid peridium and stem.

Season: Fruits in September and October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the

roots of various Pinaceae above 1,550 m elevation, particularly Abies magnifica, Pinus

albicaulis, P. contorta, and Tsuga mertensiana.

Reference: THIERS, H.D., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1969. Studies in the genus Gastroboletus.

Brittonia 21:249-251.

Description: SPOROCARPS 60-100 mm broad, convex, plane, deeply depressed to

plano-convex. PERIDIAL UPPER SURFACE dry to moist, glabrous, velutinous to

subtomentose, pale buff to pale olive-buff, unchanging or darkening to brown

with age; peridium on lateral and undersides of gleba white, thin, velvety,

persistent, peridial flesh in some sporocarps slowly staining pink to graylavender when cut. GLEBA tubulose, 10-30 mm long, in youth gray-yellow,

becoming olive-brown. TUBES oriented mostly curved and oriented 20 degrees

from vertical to horizontal or angled upwards near edges of the sporocarp.

TUBE MOUTHS less than 1 mm broad, concolorus with tubes, unchanging.

STEM-COLUMELLA 20-50 mm long, 20-45 mm thick at apex, subventricose or

tapering downward. FLESH white, unchanging. ODOR mild to farinaceous.

TASTE pleasant. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS covered with densely interwoven, much

branched hyphae 4-15 μm broad, with erect, tapered, blunt-tipped terminal

cells 7-12 x 25-45 μm. In KOH all hyphae hyaline, in Melzer’s reagent

hyphae pallid to pale yellow to bright red-brown. Peridial epicutis a

trichodermium that collapses with age, of blunt-tipped, cylindric to tapered to

occasionally subcapitate cells 8-12 x 27-65 μm, subtrichodermial hyphae

interwoven, 4-10 μm broad, hyaline except for localized pale golden brown areas, oleiferous hyphae abundant. Flesh

of upper peridium of thin-walled, often inflated, loosely interwoven hyphae (3) 8-25 μm broad. Hyaline, oleiferous

hyphae 12-20 μm broad and with walls thickened to 1μm scattered throughout. STEM-COLUMELLA FLESH a palisade of

hyaline, clavate cells 6-15 x 22-35 μm, with occasional fertile basidia, collapsing in age and then present only at

remnant patches underlaid by hyaline, subparallel to interwoven hyphae 4-15 μm broad. Oleiferous hyphae abundant.

TRAMA OF TUBES 60-80 μm wide, of hyaline, parallel hyphae 4-6 (8) μm broad, nondivergent. SUBHYMENIUM similar to

trama but with inflated cells 5-15 μm broad scattered throughout. BASIDIA 4-spored, 8-13 x 40-48 μm, thin-walled,

hyaline, clavate, sterigmata 3-4 μm long. CYSTIDIA hyaline, thin-walled, subcylindric to clavate to tapered, 7-10 x 24-

75 μm. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ellipsoid, oblong to subovate, occasionally allantoid, 4.5-6 (8) x 10-16

(18) μm, smooth, asymmetrical, pale yellow to ochraceous in KOH, moderately thick-walled.

ROD name Gastroboletus subalpinus

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
S1 - 43

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gastroboletus vividus Trappe & Castellano

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from five sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: OREGON, Jackson Co., Rogue River National Forest, Jackson Gap; Klamath Co., Crater Lake National Park,

Cleatwood picnic area. CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Panther Creek area; ShastaTrinity National Forest, Soda lake; Shasta-Trinity National Forest, near Kings Creek. Also known in California from

Lassen National Park, Yuba Pass area in Sierra Co., and Sierra national Forest in Fresno Co. Not known from

Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the bright yellows and reds of fresh sporocarps and the inamyloid

spores.

Season: Fruits in July through September.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of various Pinaceae

above 1,650 m elevation, particularly Abies magnifica and Tsuga mertensiana.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999.

Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with

the Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

Description: SPOROCARPS 30-50 x 35-65 mm, boletoid but with cap margins

strongly upturned, the cap surface yellow with red areas or blushed red overall, dry,

felty. FLESH pale yellow, very slowly staining pale red where exposed, with

narrow, olive to red zones at tube attachment and immediately beneath the cap

surface. TUBES adnate-seceding, aligned from slightly below horizontal to

nearly vertically upward, often contorted, 10-20 mm long, olive. TUBE MOUTHS

circular to ellipsoid and 0.5-2 mm broad, initially brilliant yellow but soon

becoming olive and by maturity red-orange to dark red, not bluing where

bruised. STEM 20-30 x 10-25 mm, red furfuraceous at apex, abruptly

bulbous below tube layer and brilliant yellow to sordid yellow. CONTEXT red

at apex, pale yellow below, not changing color when exposed. ODOR AND

TASTE not distinctive. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS a loose tangle of hyaline, thinwalled hyphae 4-8 μm in diam at septa, the cells mostly slightly inflated.

PERIDIAL FLESH of tightly interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 3-8 μm in

diam, the cells generally not or only slightly inflated. STEM FLESH of hyphae

similar to that of peridial flesh but tending to be parallel and with scattered

cells inflated up to 25 μm. TUBE TRAMA parallel, of hyaline, thin-walled

hyphae 2-4 μm in diam at septa, most cells slightly inflated. SUBHYMENIUM of hyphae similar to those of trama but

interwoven. BASIDIA clavate, 30-45 x 9-11 μm with (2-) 4 sterigmata 3-4 x 1 μm. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES fusoid, symmetrical, smooth, (11-) 13-18 (-22) x 6-7 μm, thin-walled, in KOH golden

yellow singly and bright brown-yellow in mass, inamyloid, in cotton blue moderate to deep blue.

ROD name Gastroboletus sp. nov. # Trappe 2897 and 7515 Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
S1 - 44

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gastrosuillus amaranthii Thiers

Distribution: Endemic to California. Known from a single site outside the range of the northern spotted owl:

CALIFORNIA, Tehama Co., Lassen National Park, junction of Hwy 89 and Hwy 36.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by presence of glandular dots on the stem, dark brown cap, white to tan

tubes, and small spores.

Season: Fruits in June.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of various Pinaceae

at 1,650 m elevation.

Reference: THEIRS, H.D. 1989. Gastroboletus revisited. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 49:355-359.

Description: SPOROCARPS 10-35 mm broad, suilloid, the cap surface dark brown,

glabrous, staining purple with KOH, no color change when bruised. FLESH white

to pale yellow, not changing color when bruised. TUBES aligned from vertical to

above horizontal, contorted and anastomosed, 3-8 mm long, white to pale tan.

TUBE MOUTHS angular, <1 mm broad, white. STEM 1-2.5 x 1-1.5 mm, white

with occasionally yellow tints, glandular dots present but sometimes obscure,

turning purple with KOH. ODOR mild. TASTE mild. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS a loose

tangle of hyaline to pale yellow, thin-walled hyphae. STIPE FLESH of hyphae

similar to that of peridium but tending to be parallel. TUBE TRAMA of

interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae. PLEUROCYSTIDIA fasiculate, at first

purple at base in KOH, eventually entirely purple, thin-walled, cylindric to

subclavate, 25-31 x 7-8 μm. SPORES subellipsoid to subcylindric, apiculus

eccentric, smooth, thin-walled, 6.5-8 x 3-4 μm, in KOH hyaline to pale

brown singly, inamyloid, cyanophilic.

ROD name Gastrosuillus sp. nov. # Trappe 7516

No photograph available
S1 - 45

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gastrosuillus umbrinus Trappe & Castellano, in ed.

Distribution: Endemic to California. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Deadfall Meadows, west of Gazelle.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by presence of glandular dots on the stem, dark brown tubes, and a

small stem-columella.

Season: Fruits in September.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of various Pinaceae

above 2,350 m elevation, particularly Pinus monticola.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. Some new

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with the Northwest Forest

Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

Description: SPOROCARPS 25-50 mm broad, boletoid, the cap margins upturned,

the cap surface dark brown with a sparse tomentum over a shiny-smooth surface.

FLESH brown-white to pale brown. TUBES adnate to decurrent, aligned from

vertical to above horizontal, contorted and anastomosed, 8-17 mm long, brownolive to dark brown. TUBE MOUTHS circular to ellipsoid, 0.5-2 mm broad, dark

brown. STEM 10-20 x 7-15 mm, ventricose or tapering downward, barely

protruding below the tubes, pale brown to brown with brown to black glandular

dots from apex to base, the flesh pale brown with brown patches especially

near the apex. ODOR pleasant. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS a loose tangle of hyaline,

thin-walled hyphae 3-8 μm in diam at septa, many cells slightly inflated, the

tissue obscured by abundant, extracellular, brown granules. PERIDIAL FLESH

of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 4-10 μm in diam at septa, most

cells strongly inflated, with scattered, extracellular, brown granules. STIPE

FLESH of hyphae similar to that of peridium but tending to be parallel.

CAULOCYSTIDIA clustered, obscured by dense deposits of amorphous pigment

that are vinaceous in KOH mounts of fresh specimens, brown in long-dried

specimens rehydrated in KOH. TUBE TRAMA parallel, of hyaline, thin-walled

hyphae 1.5-3 μm in diam at septa, a few cells slightly inflated. SUBHYMENIUM of ± isodiametric cells 5-8 μm in diam.

BASIDIA (2-) 4-spored clavate, 18-28 (-35) x 7-9 μm. PLEUROCYSTIDIA in clusters, hyaline, thin-walled, obtusecylindric, 60-90 x 6-9 μm, often with crystalline contents, the bases obscured by dense deposits of brown, amorphous

material, single cystidia scattered in hymenium, hyaline, thin-walled, obtuse-cylindric, 25-35 x 6-8 μm. SPORES

ellipsoid, the apiculus eccentric, smooth, thin-walled, 7-10 x (3-) 3.5-4 μm, in KOH pale yellow singly and brownyellow in mass, inamyloid, cyanophilic.

ROD name Gastrosuillus sp. nov. # Trappe 7516

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
S1 - 46

Family Hysterangiaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gautieria magnicellaris (Pilat) Stewart & Trappe, in ed.

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co.,

Klamath National Forest, Deadfall Meadows; OREGON, Deschutes Co., Deschutes National Forest, Lava Lake

campground. Also known from Michigan, New York, Europe, and México. Not known from Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the ridged, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid, large spores, and exposed

gleba.

Season: Fruits from July through October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Pinus spp. in

Mexico and Abies concolor in the western North America above 1,650 m elevation.

Reference: CÁZARES, E., GARCÍA, J., CASTILLO, J., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1992. Hypogeous fungi from northern México.

Mycologia 84:341-359.

Description: SPOROCARPS as dried 11-24 x 9-27 mm, globose, subglobose,

irregularly lobed, flattened or depressed at the point of attachment. LOCULES large

and fully exposed. RHIZOMORPH basal, single, ±1.5 mm diam. PERIDIUM drying

brown from the exposed spore mass. Exposed tramal tissue mostly drying thin

and obscured by spores, where visible pale yellow to red brown. KOH on spore

mass red-brown, quickly fading, trama no reaction; FeSO4 on spore mass greengray, gray-yellow-green; Melzer’s reagent and ETOH, no reaction. GLEBAL

SPORE MASS drying brown to red-brown, trama tissue drying pale yellow and

red brown. LOCULES 0.5-10 x 0.5-6 mm, labyrinthiform to rounded, some

continuous through the entire sporocarp, empty. COLUMELLA in mature

sporocarps not prominent, white, drying pale orange-yellow. PERIDIUM

(margins of exposed locules) of tiers of napiform cells 7-30 x 10-25 μm.

COLUMELLA of hyaline hyphae inflated up to 10 μm, with spines ±1 μm

projecting from the inner wall towards the interior. TRAMA of hyaline, thinwalled, septate hyphae, 2-7 μm broad, weakly gelatinized with age; oleiferous

hyphae rare, detectable in Melzer’s reagent. SUBHYMENIUM a palisade of

subpolygonal cells 9-32 x 7-13 μm, thin-walled, merging into intertwined

hyphae of the trama. BASIDIA 4-spored, 40-60 x 11-16 μm, thin-walled, broadly clavate, sterigmata 2-2.5 x 2-2.5 μm.

BRACHYBASIDIOLES 15-33 x 7-9 μm, cystidioid elements infrequent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ellipsoid to

broadly ellipsoid, 17-24 x 12-15 (-18) μm including sterigmal appendage and epispore, 17-24 x 8-12 μm excluding

epispore, wall ±1.5 μm thick, sterigmal appendage 2-3 μm at the base of epispore, 1-3 μm long, ornamentation of 9-

13 forking and anastomosing, longitudinal to occasionally spiraling ridges, (1-) 2-3.5 (-4) μm tall, 3-5 μm broad, in

KOH pale green-yellow singly, yellow in mass, slowly cyanophilic.

ROD name Gautieria magnicellaris

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 47

Family Hysterangiaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gautieria otthii Trog

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co.,

Klamath National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, trail to Haypress Meadows; OREGON, Josephine Co.,

Dutcher Creek. Also known from Switzerland.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by longitudinally ridged, small spores and short sterigmata.

Season: Fruits in August and October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Pinus ponderosa

and other Pinaceae between 800 m and 1,650 m elevation.

Reference: TROG, J.G. 1857. Naturforsch. Ges. Bern Mitt. p. 43.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 5 cm in diam, globose to subglobose, flat or

depressed. PERIDIUM white with red tones, but emergent apical surfaces becoming

brown with patches of ochre to yellow. KOH immediately a faint dark redorange; FeSO4

, pale green; Melzer’s reagent, quickly red-brown, soon fading in

intensity; ETOH, no reaction. GLEBA pale brown to yellow brown. KOH on

trama no reaction; FeSO4, pale green; Melzer’s reagent, immediately brown,

fading in intensity; ETOH, no reaction. LOCULES up to 0.5 x 2 mm,

labyrinthiform, generally radiating away from the stipe, empty. COLUMELLA

gray white, cartilaginous, drying red-brown, up to 2 mm broad, branching

near the base. PERIDIUM 65-150 μm thick, of thick-walled, napiform cells

17-40 μm in diam. COLUMELLA of hyaline hyphae 1-5 μm in diam, inflated

to 18 μm in diam adjacent to septa, inflated areas filled with granules and

spines ±1 μm long, projecting from the inner wall surface toward the

interior. TRAMA narrow, of hyaline, thin-walled, hyphae 3-5 μm in diam,

gelatinizing in age, oleiferous hyphae present. SUBHYMENIUM of subpolygonal

cells 10-30 x 5-13 μm, progressively smaller as the subhymenium merges into

the linear hyphae composing the trama. BASIDIA 4-spored, (12-) 18-30 (-45) x

6-9 μm, thin-walled, clavate. SPORES ellipsoid, 13-18 x 7-10 μm including sterigmal appendage and epispore, 13-18 x

5-7 μm excluding epispore, often somewhat flattened at the apex, wall ±1 μm thick, sterigmal appendage truncate,

prominent, 1-2 μm wide, ornamentation of 9-12, sometimes forking, longitudinal ridges, 0.5-1.5 (-2) μm tall, 2-3 μm

broad, ridge margins humped to cleft, grooves between ridges smooth to finely crenulate, in KOH pale green-yellow

singly, yellow in mass, in Melzer’s reagent, red-orange singly, dark red-orange in mass, slowly cyanophilic.

No photograph available

ROD name Gautieria otthii
S1 - 48

Family Leotiaceae Morphological Habit cup fungus

Gelatinodiscus flavidus Kanouse & A.H. Smith

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from 10 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: OREGON, Linn Co., Iron Mountain; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Recreational Area, The

Potholes; Marion Co., Mount Hood National Forest, 2 miles southwest of Breitenbush Lake; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Deer Lake; Olympic National Park, Hurricane Ridge Rd.; Olympic National

Park, Sol Duc Park; Lewis Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Narada Falls; Mount Rainier National Park, Reflection

Falls; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Ricksetter Point; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National

Forest, Silver Tip Lake. Although reported by Carpenter (1976) from Lane Co. and Jefferson Co. in Oregon, these

collections were not found. Not known from California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by bright yellow apothecia on

a short, bright yellow, gelatinous stem and spores that measure 26-34 x 9-11

μm contained within an inoperculate ascus.

Season: Fruits from April through August.

Substrate and habitat: Forms scattered to gregarious sporocarps on cones, twigs and foliage of Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis. It consistently fruits near or under melting snowbanks.

References: CARPENTER, S.E. 1976. Taxonomy, morphology and ontogeny of Gelatinodiscus flavidus. Mycotaxon

3:209-232. KANOUSE, B.B., AND SMITH, A.H. 1940. Two new genera of Discomycetes from the Olympic National

Forest. Mycologia 32:756-759.

Description: SPOROCARPS short-stipitate, apotheciate, to about 4 mm tall.

APOTHECIA regular from above, 1-5 mm in diam, at first concave, becoming flat

then convex at maturity. HYMENIUM bright yellow, even, opaque. MARGIN

glabrous, not extending beyond hymenial surface. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE

concolorous with hymenial surface, appearing translucent or gelatinous,

glabrous except for short yellow fuzz at the very base. STEM slender, 2-5 mm

long, about 1 mm thick. ASCI opening by a broad pore, 8-spored, amyloid in

part of the apical region, maturing simultaneously in nature. PARAPHYSES

curved at the apices, branched, hyaline. SPORES nearly ellipsoid to oblongellipsoid but with one end slightly broader than the other, 26-34 x 9-11 μm,

biguttulate, smooth, hyaline to yellow at first, brown spore print.

ROD name Gelatinodiscus flavidus

Photos courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 49

Family Glomaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Glomus radiatum (Thaxter) Trappe & Gerdemann

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., 3.3 km south of the city of Smith River; OREGON, Lane Co., Willamette

National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area, The Potholes; WASHINGTON, Lewis Co., Wenatchee National Forest,

Goat Rocks Wilderness Area, Knuppenburg Lake. Also known from West Virginia.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its large spores with thick

walls and the striking radial arrangement of spores within the sporocarp.

Season: Fruits in June, October, and November.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis and Sequoia sempervirens below 1,650 m elevation.

Reference: GERDEMANN, J.W., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1974. The Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest. Mycol. Mem.

5:1-76.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 9 x 7 x 3 mm, generally flattened and lobed,

firm, attached to roots or organic matter, near white to gray-yellow where surface

hyphae become matted. PERIDIUM absent. Sporocarp developing acrogenously.

SUBTENDING HYPHAE somewhat coarser than glebal hyphae, the opening into the

spore up to 6 μm wide, only partially occluded by spore wall thickening but

occluded by a plug below the spore base. SPORES ellipsoid to oblong, obovoid

or rarely globose, at or near the surface thin-walled and vesicular, becoming

progressively thicker walled in the direction of the sporocarp base, 60-110

(-120) x 48-75 (-90) μm, arranged in a distinct radial pattern, grouped or

widely dispersed in a matrix of a coarse thin-walled hyphae, usually

containing hyphae similar to those in gleba, wall 4-8 μm thick, laminate, pale

yellow.

No photograph available

ROD name Glomus radiatus
S1 - 50

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gymnomyces abietis Trappe & Castellano, in ed.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 15 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Carter Meadows summit; Marble Mountain Wilderness

area, Haypress Meadows; Mount Shasta, Wagon camp; OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak

summit; Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Phlox Point; Deschutes Co., Three Sisters Wilderness Area,

trail up South Sister; Jefferson Co., Mount Jefferson Wilderness Area, south of Shirley Lake; Klamath Co., Crater

Lake National Park, Mount Scott; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, West Lava campground; Willamette National

Forest, 1.4 km up Olallie trail; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Wildcat Mountain; Willamette National Forest,

Bunchgrass Mountain; Willamette National Forest, Parish Lake trail; Willamette National Forest, Crescent Peak, on

ridge just south of summit; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Rainy Pass,

trail to Lake Ann. Two sites are known from outside the assessment area; one in Lassen National Park, the other in

Tehama Co., Mineral.

Distinguishing Features: Varies strikingly with developmental stages. Gymnomyces abietis differs from

Martellia alba (Harkness) Singer & Smith in lacking cystidia and gelatinized peridial hyphae. In addition, the spore

ornamentation of G. abietis is evenly amyloid, with rods often joined to form short, thick lines. The spore

ornamentation of M. alba, is erratically amyloid, and the rods are occasionally connected by low, inamyloid lines.

The spores of G. abietis are nearly all 8-10 μm long, whereas those of M. alba are nearly all 10-15 μm long.

Season: Fruits from July through October.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps beneath the soil surface associated with the roots of Abies spp. and

possibly other Pinaceae above 1,000 m elevation.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A.

1999. Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

associated with the Northwest Forest Plan.

Mycotaxon (in press).

Description: SPOROCARPS 6-28 x 10-40 mm, the base indented, radially rugose,

and with soil attached by basal mycelium. PERIDIUM 100-200 μm thick, readily

separable, in youth thin, white, pubescent, soon becoming smooth, pale yellow,

sometimes with rose-blushed to orange-brown areas, sometimes slowly

becoming slightly brown, often rupturing to expose glebal locules. GLEBA

white in youth, soon pale orange-yellow. COLUMELLA white, small to

prominent, basal pad of sterile tissue. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive.

PERIDIAL EPICUTIS a loose to tightly packed trichodermium of obtuse-cylindric

to clavate or occasionally versiform, hyaline, thin-walled end cells (2-) 3-5

μm in diam, this in age collapsing to appear appressed-interwoven. PERIDIAL

SUBCUTIS of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 μm in diam with

scattered cells inflated up to 10 μm in diam and occasional nests of

sphaerocysts where subcutis and tramal intersections merge. TRAMA of

subparallel, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 μm in diam, at tramal junctions

with occasional to many cells inflated up to 25 μm in diam and with

occasional nests of sphaerocysts. SUBHYMENIUM with 3-4 tiers of isodiametric

cells, those nearest the central stratum of the trama up to 6-15 (-25) μm in

diam. BASIDIA 1-4-spored, clavate, 23-29 (-40) x (6-) 8-13 (-15) μm, sterigmata ± 5 x 1 μm. CYSTIDIA absent. SPORES

globose to broadly ellipsoid, 8-10 (-14) x (7-) 7.5-9.5 (-11) μm, hyaline, ornamented in youth by unevenly amyloid

rods and inamyloid lines ≤ 0.5 x 0.2-0.5 μm, rods sometimes joined in short rows, by maturity the rods evenly

amyloid, (0.3-) 1 (-1.5) x 0.3-1 μm, often joined to form short, thick lines or connected by narrow, low, amyloid lines

on the spore surface to form a partial to or sometimes nearly complete reticulum; sterigmal appendage with a strongly

amyloid, basal collar or a large, amyloid deposit on one side.

ROD name Gymnomyces sp. nov. # Trappe 1690, 1706, 1710, 4703, 5052, 5576

7545, Martellia sp. nov. # Trappe 311, 1700, 5903

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
S1 - 51

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Gymnomyces nondistincta Trappe & Castellano, in ed.

Description: SPOROCARPS 4 x 5 cm, subglobose, indented base. PERIDIUM pale

tan, slowly turning pale red-brown where handled, smooth. GLEBA loculate, pale

brown-yellow. COLUMELLA absent. ODOR of wine. TASTE not recorded.

PERIDIAL EPICUTIS 25-50 μm thick, of appressed, thin-walled hyphae 2-4 μm in

diam, the cell contents yellow-brown. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS 75-125 μm thick, of

interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-4 μm in diam. TRAMA of subparallel

to interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 μm in diam. SUBHYMENIUM of

interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 μm in diam, with occasional

cells inflated to 7-12 μm. BASIDIA clavate, 15-30 x 10-15 μm, 1-4 spored,

sterigmata ±6 x 1 μm. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES

globose, 7-9 (-11) μm in diam, in KOH hyaline to pale yellow, ornamented

with strongly amyloid rods and spines (0.5-) 1-1.5 (-2) x 0.5-1 μm, these

often merged in 2’s or 3’s to form short lines, in places the spore surface with

minute amyloid granules.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Phlox Point.

Distinguishing Features: Of the other Gymnomyces or Martellia spp. with small, globose spores (Singer &

Smith 1960, Smith 1963), M. subochracea Smith and M. fragrans Smith both have a peridial epicutis of

dermatocystidia, which M. nondistincta lacks. Martellia foetens Singer & Smith has a spore ornamentation and

peridial epicutis similar to that of G. nondistincta but has cystidia and a subhymenium of enlarged, isodiametric cells,

both lacking in G. nondistincta.

Season: Fruits in September.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis and Tsuga mertensiana at 1,850 m

elevation.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with

the Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

No photograph available

ROD name Martellia sp. nov. # Trappe 649
S1 - 52

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Gymnopilus punctifolius (Peck) Singer

Distribution: Known from 42 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co.,

Jedediah Smith State Park; Humboldt Co., Humboldt Redwoods State Park; Prairie Creek State Park; Mendocino

Co., Jackson State Forest, junction of Rd. 408 and Rd. 409; Sonoma Co., Armstrong Redwoods State Park;

OREGON, Benton Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Salem District, Belfountain; BLM, Eugene District,

between Rd. 15-6-18 and Rd. 15-6-7; Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Still Creek; BLM, Salem

District, off Rd. 3-5E-5; BLM, Salem District, off Rd. 7-2E-35; Lane Co., McKenzie Bridge; BLM, Eugene District,

off Rd. 17-8-13.1; Linn Co., BLM, Salem District, east of Crabtree; BLM, Salem District, Shorter Creek; Marion

Co., BLM, Salem District, off Crooked Finger Rd.; Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head

Experimental Forest; BLM, Salem District, Bald Mountain; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Joyce; Olympic National

Park, Elwha campground; OIympic National Park, Olympic Hot Springs; Olympic National Park, Soleduc

campground B; Grays Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest, Quinault Research Natural Area; Olympic National

Forest, Quinault Research Natural Area, Humptulips ridge; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Twin Creek;

Mount Rainier National park, 4 km south of Stevens Canyon entrance; King Co., near Woodinville; Money Creek

campground; near Snoqualmie Pass, Denny Creek forest camp; Lake Wilderness; Kittitas Co., Easton, Lake Kachess

campground; Lewis Co., near Randle, Cispus Environmental Learning Center; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National

Park, Lower Tahoma Creek; Mount Rainier National Park, Green Lake; Mount Rainier National Park, Ipsut Creek

campground; Kirkland Pass; Mount Rainier National Park, St. Andrews Park; Mount Rainier National Park, Rampart

Ridge; Mount Rainier National Park, Longmire campground; Mount Rainier National Park, Kautz Creek; San Juan

Co., Friday Harbor Biological Station; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Sloan Creek trail;

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Monte Cristo;

Whatcom Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Ermine Creek. Also known from throughout the western

United States, east to Wyoming.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by green-blue-yellow gilled

sporocarp with green-yellow gills, a twisted striate stem with lavender

mycelium at the base, growing on brown cubicle rotted wood, and a rusty-orange spore print.

Season: Fruits from August through January.

Substrate and habitat: Forms sporocarps on well-decayed, large, conifer stumps, logs, and snags containing

brown cubical rot.

Description: CAP 25-100 mm broad, convex with enrolled margin, smooth to

slightly scaly near the disc, moist to dry, color a variable blend of green, blue and

yellow, (often a mixed blue-green) retained when dried. FLESH thick, greenochraceous. GILLS green-yellow becoming dirty brown-yellow, spotted with

yellow or rusty-orange stains. STEM (25-) 100-150 X 5-10 (-14) mm, flexuous,

striate, concolorous with cap, often with distinctive lavender mycelium at the

base. VEIL absent. ODOR not distinctive. TASTE very bitter. PILEIPELLIS a

cutis of repent brown hyphae with projecting narrow (1.3-3 μm diam) capitate

pileocystidia. LAMELLAR TRAMA subregular, with yellow pigment soluble in

KOH. PLEUROCYSTIDIA AND CHEILOCYSTIDIA similar, 20-30 x 3-4 μm,

capitate-ventricose to filiform, rare to abundant, hyaline. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present. SPORES subovoid to subellipsoid, 4-5.5 (-6) x 3.5-4

(-5) μm, punctate roughened, germ pore absent, dextrinoid.

ROD name Gymnopilus punctifolius

Reference: HESLER, L.R. 1969.

North American Species of

Gymnopilus. Mycol. Mem. 3:1-

117.

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 53

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Hebeloma olympianum Smith, Evenson & Mitchel

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from five sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Soleduc Falls trail; Olympic National Park, Olympic Hot

Springs; Olympic National Park, Whiskey Bend; Olympic National Park, Elwha River trail; Olympic National Park,

Storm King Mountain; Grays Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest, Quinault Research Natural Area.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the small inconspicuous

gilled sporocarps with a viscid, brown cap with pallid gills, fibrillose stem at

the darkening base and a dull brown spore print.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps usually occur in association with the roots of various Pinaceae spp.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., EVENSON, V.S., AND MITCHEL, D.H. 1983. Veiled Species of Hebeloma in the Western

United States. 101 p.

Description: CAP 10-25 mm broad, obtuse to convex, initially faintly fibrillose

becoming smooth, viscid, dull cinnamon disc becoming more pale towards the

margin. FLESH thin, brown. GILLS pallid, becoming brown with age, neither

beaded with droplets nor spotted with spores. STEM 20-40 x 2.5-3.5 mm, equal,

faintly fibrillose, pale and silky at apex, more dark brown toward base. VEIL

faintly fibrillose, not forming an annular zone. ODOR AND TASTE mild, not

distinctive. PILEIPELLIS an ixotrichoderm with abundant 1.5 μm hyphae in the

epicuticular layer, a hyphoid layer present beneath the epicuticular layer.

CHEILOCYSTIDIA (18-) 22-27 x 4-7 μm, relatively short, filamentous to

narrowly clavate. SPORES 7-9 x 4-5.5 μm, finely punctate roughened,

asymmetrical, more or less dextrinoid, dull brown spore print.

ROD name Hebeloma olympianum

Photos courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 54

Family Helvellaceae Morphological Habit Elfin Saddle

Helvella compressa (Synder) N.S. Weber

Distribution: Known from 67 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Marin Co.,

Samuel P. Taylor State Park, Lily Gulch; Audubon Canyon Ranch, gulch above Volunteer Canyon; Audubon Canyon

Ranch, below Bolinas Ridge Rd.; Mount Tamalpais; Sonoma Co., Annadel State Park; Camp Meeker; Trinity Co.,

Gray Falls, Trinity campground; Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Hobo Gulch; OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw

National Forest, Marys Peak; Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Salem District, near Finely Wildlife Refuge;

BLM, Salem District, Marys Peak Resource Area; Corvallis, Beechwood Place; Witham Hill; Clackamas Co.,

Wilsonville; Rivermill Park, near Estacada; Peterson Rd., near Estacada; BLM, Salem District, Elk Prairie; BLM,

Salem District, Cascades Resources Area; Douglas Co., BLM, Coos Bay District, Cedar Creek; Jackson Co., Rogue

River National Forest, Camp Latagwa; Rogue River National Forest, Armstrong Gulch; Rogue River National Forest,

Beaver/Newt Gulch; Rogue River National Forest, Haskins Gulch; Rogue River National Forest, French Gulch;

Thompson Creek; BLM, Medford District, Round Mountain; BLM, Medford District, Wellington Butte; BLM,

Medford District, Miller Mountain; Josephine Co., Siskiyou National Forest, Meyer’s campground; Lane Co., BLM,

Eugene District, Swamp Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Little Fall Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Fox Hollow

Research Natural Area; BLM, Eugene District, Harms Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Fish Creek; BLM, Eugene

District, Jasper Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Cedar Flats; BLM, Eugene District, junction of Rd. 4086 and Rd. 19-6-

13; BLM, Eugene District, Lost Creek; BLM, Eugene District, off Rd. 19-4-21; BLM, Eugene District, Anthony

Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Rattlesnake Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Middle Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Lost

Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Call Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Gosage Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Mill Creek;

BLM, Eugene District, Badger Mountain; BLM, Eugene District, Martin Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Black Butte;

Lincoln Co., near Siletz; Siuslaw National Forest, .4 km from junction of Rd. 37 and Rd. 3710; Linn Co., BLM,

Salem District, Cascades Resources Area; BLM, Eugene District, Shotgun Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Parsons

Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Cash Creek; near Scio; Peterson’s Butte; Marion Co., BLM, Salem District, Crooked

Finger; Washington Co., BLM, Salem District, Wirts Creek; Yamhill Co., BLM, Salem District, Tillamook Resource

Area; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Lake Crescent; Olympic National Park, Sol Duc Park;

Olympic National Park, Ennis Creek; San Juan Co., Friday Harbor Biological Station; Olympic National Park, La

Poel campground; Olympic National Park, east side of Lake Mills; Olympic National Park, Mount Angeles; Kittitas

Co., Easton; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek. Also known from throughout the

western United States.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a stipitate, apotheciate

sporocarp, the margins of the apothecium curve over and obscure the

hymenial surface when young, the hymenial surface is dark gray-brown while

the abhymenial surface ivory to off-white and densely villose.

Season: Fruits from March through July.

Substrate and habitat: On soil in low to mid-elevation, mixed woods often including Pseudotsuga menziesii or

Quercus spp. and which may be subject to low levels of occasional disturbance.

Reference: WEBER, N.S. 1975. Notes on western species of Helvella. I. Beih.

Nova Hedwigia 51:25-38.

Description: SPOROCARPS stipitate, apotheciate, 20-80 (130) mm tall. APOTHECIA

when young with margin curved over hymenial surface and obscuring it, gradually

expanding, finally 2 (-3) prominent lobes usually separated by a acute sinus, at

maturity compressed, in face view to 20-30 (-40) mm tall x 18-30 mm broad x

7-13 (-25) mm thick. HYMENIAL SURFACE dark gray-brown, even. ABHYMENIAL

SURFACE ivory to off-white, densely and persistently villose, even. MARGIN

obscuring young hymenium, straight to flaring in age. STEM 15-120 x 3-10

mm, basically round in cross section, equal to tapering toward the apex, ivory

to cream color or off-white. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, thin-walled, 8-

spored. SPORES ellipsoid, 19.5-21 x 12-14 μm.

ROD name Helvella compressa

Photo courtesy of M. Seidl/H. Thiers
S1 - 55

Family Helvellaceae Morphological Habit Elfin Saddle

Helvella crassitunicata N.S. Weber

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from 20 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: OREGON, Deschutes Co., Deschutes National Forest, Three Creek Lake; Hood River Co., Mount Hood

National Forest, Timberline trail; Mount Hood National Forest, Tilly Jane campground; Lane Co., Willamette

National Forest, Mount Washington Wilderness, trail near Benson Lake; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee

National Forest, 1.6 km south of Lake Valhalla; Wenatchee National Forest, Glacier Peak Wilderness, Lyman Lake;

Okanogan National Forest, Lake Ann trailhead; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Rainy Pass; Clallam Co.,

Olympic National Park, Bogachiel Peak; Lewis Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Eagle Peak trail; Mount Rainier

National Park, Mazama Ridge; Mount Rainier National Park, Narada Falls; Mount Rainier National Park, Pinnacle

Peak; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Green Lake; Mount Rainier National Park, Cushman Ridge; Mount

Rainier National Park, Round Pass; Mount Rainier National Park, Gobbler’s Knob; Mount Rainier National Park,

Indian Henry’s Hunting Ground; Skagit Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Hidden Lake Peak;

Whatcom Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Austin Pass region. Not known from California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a subsessile to short

stipitate, apotheciate sporocarp. The apothecium is bowl-shaped, with a

brown to gray-brown hymenium and abhymenial surface. The abhymenial

surface is ridged and becomes paler toward the base, the ridges do not extend

to the apothecium margin.

Season: Fruits from August through October.

Substrate and habitat: Scattered to gregarious on soil, especially along trails, in montane regions with Abies

spp.

Reference: WEBER, N.S. 1975. Notes on western species of Helvella. I. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 51:25-38.

Description: SPOROCARPS subsessile to short stipitate, apotheciate, up to 20-30

mm tall. APOTHECIA bowl-shaped when young, spreading in age, regular from

above to slightly compressed, to 40 mm in diam at maturity. HYMENIAL SURFACE

some shade of brown to gray-brown. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE concolorous with

hymenial surface near margin, paler toward the base, lacking extensive ridges.

STEM up to 20 mm long, consisting of rounded ribs resembling soft folds, ivory

to off-white. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, 8-spored, with a single basal scar.

PARAPHYSES straight, narrowly clavate, by maturity at least some with

distinctly thickened walls. SPORES ellipsoid, 23-28 (-30) x 13-15 μm,

smooth.

ROD name Helvella crassitunicata

Photo courtesy of T. O’DellPhoto courtesy of J.A. Weber
S1 - 56

Family Helvellaceae Morphological Habit Elfin Saddle

Helvella elastica Bulliard:Fries

Distribution: Known from 21 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co.,

Lake Earl Wildlife Area; OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Woods Creel Rd.; Douglas Co., Bureau of

Land Management (BLM), Coos Bay District, near Sawyer’s Bridge; Lane Co., BLM, Eugene District, Lost Creek;

BLM, Eugene District, Dogwood Creek; BLM, Eugene District, Carr Creek; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest,

Oxbow Organizational Area; Marion Co., BLM, Salem District, Sinker Creek; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co.,

Olympic National Park, lower Elwha River; Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Falls trail; Gifford Pinchot

National Forest, Iron Creek day use area; Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Cispus Environmental Center; Pierce Co.,

Mount Rainier National Park, Ipsut Creek campground; Mount Rainier National Park, Green Lake; Mount Rainier

National Park, near southwest entrance; Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek; Mount Rainier National

Park, Longmire; Mount Rainier National Park, lower Kautz Creek; San Juan Co., Friday Harbor Biological Station;

Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest,

San Juan campground; Thurston Co., Priest Point Park; Tacoma Prairies. This species is scarce in the PNW but

widespread elsewhere.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a stipitate, apotheciate

sporocarp, the margins never obscure the hymenial surface when young, the

hymenial surface is pale to dark brown, the abhymenial surface is ivory to offwhite and glabrous, and the stem is round. Several taxa have a rounded stem

and brown hymenium on a lobed apothecium, H. elastica is the only one in this region with a glabrous abhymenial

surface.

Season: Fruits from May through December.

Substrate and habitat: Typically gregarious on soil under conifers in damp areas. Although it does not routinely

fruit in recently (within 2 years) heavily disturbed areas, it may fruit in open areas under conifers and in areas subject

to limited foot traffic.

Reference: WEBER, N.S. 1975. Notes on western species of Helvella. I. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 51:25-38.

Description: SPOROCARPS stipitate, apotheciate, 20-110 mm tall at maturity.

APOTHECIUM when very small broadly saddle-shaped, margins not covering the

young hymenium, by maturity typically 2 (-3) lobed, often appearing tilted on the

apex of the stem, margins of each lobe recurved and folded one over the other,

lobes typically separated by a broad sinus. HYMENIAL SURFACE pale to dark

brown (black brown at high elevations, rarely white). ABHYMENIAL SURFACE

ivory to cream-colored, glabrous. STEM rounded in cross section, often

tapering slightly to the apex, ivory to cream-colored or tinged with ochre near

the base. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, thin-walled, 8-spored. SPORES

ellipsoid, 18-23 (-24) x 11.5-13.5 μm, smooth (occasionally with coarse

warts on some spores in age).

ROD name Helvella elastica

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano

Photo courtesy of G. Barron
S1 - 57

Family Helvellaceae Morphological Habit Elfin Saddle

Helvella maculata N.S. Weber

Distribution: Known from 17 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co.,

Larabee Butte; Marin Co., Alpine Lake; Audobon Canyon Ranch, Galloway Canyon; Mount Tamalpias; Mendocino

Co., Dimmick Memorial Grove State Park; Navarro River area, Masonite forest campground; Sonoma Co., Stewart

Point Rd.; OREGON, Benton Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Salem District, Bellfountain Rd.; BLM,

Salem District, east of Reese Creek; Corvallis, Peavy Arboretum; Corvallis, Beechwood Place; Beldon Creek; Linn

Co., Cascadia State Park; Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest; Siuslaw

National Forest, along Rd. 858 2 km from junction of Rd. 858 and Bible Creek Rd.; Yamhill Co., 5.8 km west of

Willamina; WASHINGTON, San Juan Co., Friday Harbor Biological Station; Jefferson Co., Chimacum; Olympic

National Park, Twin Creeks Natural Area. Also widespread across the North Temperate zone.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a stipitate, apotheciate

sporocarp, the margins of the apothecium curve over and obscure the

hymenial surface when young, the hymenial surface is gray-brown,

abhymenial surface is cream at first, then yellow and densely villose, the stem

is strongly ribbed. Helvella crispa (Scop. : Fr.) Fr. differs in being ivory to

pale buff overall and not developing gray-brown discolorations; it also has slightly smaller spores, 17-21 (-24) x 10-13

(-14) μm. Helvella compressa differs in having a stem that is round and smaller spores.

Season: Fruits from September through April.

Substrate and habitat: Found scattered to gregarious at low to mid elevation under mixed conifers or

hardwoods. This taxon is not restricted to old growth.

Reference: WEBER, N.S. 1975. Notes on western species of Helvella. I. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 51:25-38.

Description: SPOROCARPS stipitate, apotheciate, at maturity (15-) 50-155 mm

tall. APOTHECIA when young with margin obscuring the hymenium, expanding in

age and then 2 (-3) lobed and slightly wrinkled over the apex of the stalk, margin

straight to flaring. HYMENIAL SURFACE gray-brown, obscurely mottled.

ABHYMENIAL SURFACE cream colored at first then yellow, in age with gray to

gray-brown areas, densely villose at all ages. STEM 15-125 x 2-3.5 mm at

maturity, strongly ribbed with ribs not continuing on abhymenial surface of

apothecium, lacunose, nearly white to very pale buff when young developing

gray-brown patches in age. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, 8-spored. SPORES

ellipsoid, 20-23.5 x 12-14 (-15) μm, smooth.

ROD name Helvella maculata

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 58

Family Discinaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Hydnotrya inordinata Trappe & Castellano, in ed.

Description: SPOROCARPS irregular, convoluted and enfolded with one or a few

openings from the interior, 8-30 mm in diam, gray-pink and pubescent in youth,

becoming dark red-brown and more or less smooth. GLEBA complex, of enfolded

tramal plates forming canals and locules 0.5-3 mm broad, trama concolorous

with the sporocarp surface or paler, the locules lined with pale pink hymenia in

youth, becoming dark red-brown as spores mature, the tips of the paraphyses

exceeding the asci and white to pale red-brown, in deteriorating specimens

sometimes pale yellow. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive. ECTAL EXCIPULUM

40-75 μm thick, of hyaline to yellow, globose to ellipsoid cells and obtuse to

clavate, emergent hyphal tips 10-38 μm in diam, the walls 0.5-2.5 μm thick,

the cells generally aligned in radiate rows. ENTAL EXCIPULUM 40-120 μm

thick, of hyaline to yellow, interwoven, mostly thin-walled hyphae 5-12 μm

in diam at the septa, the cells mostly inflated to 8-30 μm. TRAMA up to 1 mm

thick, of tightly interwoven, hyaline, mostly thin-walled hyphae 4-8 (-10) μm

in diam at septa, occasional cells inflated to 5-15 (-30) μm. SUBHYMENIUM

similar to trama except cells generally not inflated. ASCI (6-) 8-spored,

cylindric, mostly born in a hymenium but many also embedded in the subhymenium, hyaline, straight to sinuous,

fragile and mostly breaking under pressure in microscope mounts, ±300 x 25-33 μm with a long-tapered base, the

apex rounded, the lateral walls ±1 μm thick, the walls immediately below the apex thickened up to 3 μm, the apex

itself thin-walled and neither pored nor operculate, inamyloid. PARAPHYSES crowded, 4-6 μm in diam, septate,

hyaline, thin-walled, the cells below the tips not or only slightly inflated, the tips clavate and inflated to 5-8 (-10) μm,

exceeding the asci by 70-100 μm and completely enclosing them. SPORES uniseriate, globose to ellipsoid, subhyaline

in youth and brown-yellow at maturity, 20-30 x 20-28 μm in water excluding ornamentation, 2-5 μm larger in KOH

mounts, ornamentation of crowded, flexuous, tapered spines 2-3 (-4) x 0.2-1 μm, these sometimes erect and free but

more often disorderly and mucilage embedded, aggregated into clusters or collapsed into indistinct mats, young spores

often with surface deposits of brown, amorphous material, spore walls ±1 μm thick, young spores cyanophilic, mature

spores cyanophilic or not.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from four sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Wildcat Mountain Rd.; Deschutes Co., Deschutes

National Forest, Devils Lake; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, West Lava campground; Marion Co., Willamette

National Forest, Mount Jefferson Wilderness Area.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by small, convoluted to enfolded sporocarps and large spores with

disorderly ornamentation.

Season: Fruits in March, April, and July.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps usually occur in association with the roots of Abies amabilis, Pinus contorta,

Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla from 1,100 m to 2,000 m elevation.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with

the Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

ROD name Hydnotrya sp. nov. # Trappe 787 and 792

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
S1 - 59

Family Discinaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Hydnotrya subnix Trappe & Castellano, in ed.

Description: SPOROCARPS irregular to deeply convoluted and enfolded, lacking

openings from the interior, 50 x 65 mm in diam, dark red-brown, glabrous to

minutely roughened. GLEBA complex, of enfolded tramal plates forming canals

and locules 1-10 mm broad, concolorous with the sporocarp surface, the canals

and locules lined with concolorous hymenia, the tips of the paraphyses

exceeding the asci and white to pale red-brown. ODOR AND TASTE strongly of

spicy garlic. PERIDIUM 130-300 μm thick. ECTAL EXCIPULUM 40-60 μm thick,

a palisade of hyaline, obtuse to clavate, tapered, and irregular emergent

hyphal tips 5-15 (-25) μm in diam, the walls up to 1 μm thick, occasional

cells with brown contents. ENTAL EXCIPULUM 90-250 μm thick, of hyaline to

brown, interwoven to radiate, mostly thin-walled hyphae 5-12 μm in diam at

the septa, the cells mostly inflated to 8-30 (-40) μm, scattered cells and

lengths of sparingly septate hyphae with brown contents. TRAMA 300-500 μm

thick, of tightly interwoven, hyaline, mostly thin-walled hyphae 4-8 (-10) μm

in diam at septa, occasional cells inflated to 5-15 (-30) μm, scattered cells and

lengths of hyphae with brown contents. SUBHYMENIUM similar to medullary

excipulum except cells generally not inflated. ASCI 8-spored, cylindric, mostly born in a hymenium but some also

embedded in the subhymenium, hyaline, straight to sinuous, 300-340 x 25-40 μm with a long-tapered base, the apex

rounded, the lateral walls ±0.5-1 μm thick, the walls immediately below the apex thickened up to 2 μm, the apex itself

thin-walled and neither pored nor operculate, pale yellow in Melzer’s reagent. PARAPHYSES crowded, 4-6 μm in diam,

septate, hyaline, thin-walled, the tips clavate and inflated to 5-8 (-10) μm, exceeding the asci by 80-130 μm and

completely enclosing them. SPORES uniseriate, globose to rarely ellipsoid, in KOH brown-yellow in youth, brown at

maturity, 23-20 μm in diam excluding ornamentation; ornamentation in youth of minute, crowded, mucilageembedded spines ±1 μm tall, the spines soon covered by an amorphous, brown, irregular, warty partial reticulum 3-5

μm tall, the ridges and warts 0.5-4 μm broad, spore walls ±1 μm thick, inamyloid, young spores cyanophilic, older

spores varying from cyanophilic to hardly staining.

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, Skamania Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, junction of Gumboot Mountain Rd. and Canyon

Rd.

Distinguishing Features: Macroscopically Hydnotrya subnix resembles robust specimens of H. cerebriformis.

However, spores of the former are larger than those of the latter, and the spines become hidden under the

mucilaginous reticulum of H. subnix, whereas those of H. cerebriformis remain prominent and visible at maturity.

Season: Fruits in June.

Substrate and habitat: Sporocarps usually occur in association with the roots of Abies amabilis at 1,000 m

elevation.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with

the Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

ROD name Hydnotrya subnix sp. nov. # Trappe 1861

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
S1 - 60

Family Hygrophoraceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Hygrophorus caeruleus Miller

Description: CAP 50-90 mm broad, moist, glabrous, rimose and cracked, blue to

cream colored. FLESH dingy blue-green and cream. GILLS blue-green, waxy.

STEM 25-50 x 15-25 mm, tapering abruptly toward base, dry, apex pruinose,

innately longitudinally fibrillose below, creamy toward apex, intensifying to

blue-green to dirty pale brown below. VEIL absent. RHIZOMORPHS white,

numerous. ODOR strongly farinaceous. TASTE mild, becoming unpleasant.

PILEIPELLIS an ixocutis of thin-walled, hyaline hyphae 2.5-5 μm in diam. GILL

TRAMA of parallel hyphae. CLAMP CONNECTIONS abundant. SPORES ellipsoid,

(6.5-) 7-9 x 4-5 μm, thin-walled, inamyloid.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from three sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: OREGON, Hood River Co., Mount Hood National Forest, off trail 645; Jefferson Co., Deschutes

National Forest, Jack Creek; WASHINGTON, Kittitas Co., Twenty-Nine Pines.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its robust, blue-tinged,

gilled mushroom with blue-green, waxy gills, a conspicuous basal

rhizomorph and a distinctly farinaceous odor. It fruits near melting

snowbanks with Pinaceae. Hygrophorus canescens and H. pallidus have

similar stature and coloration, but have no odor, interwoven gill trama, smaller

spores, and different plant associates. Hygrophorus subviolaceus is similarly

colored but has interwoven lamellar trama, a cap cuticle with narrower (2-3 μm diam) hyphae, and a more fragile,

slender stature.

Season: Fruits from May through July and possibly fall.

Substrate and habitat: Occurs in soil in association with roots of Pinaceae spp. near melting snowbanks.

References: MILLER, JR., O. K. 1984. A new taxa of Hygrophorus from North America. Mycologia 76:816-820.

LARGENT , D. L. 1985. The Agaricales of California. 5. Hygrophoraceae. Eureka: Mad River Press, Inc. 208 p.

ROD name Hygrophorus caeruleus

,

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 61

Family Hygrophoraceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Hygrophorus vernalis A.H. Smith

Description: CAP 30-50 mm broad, obtusely umbonate with incurved margin,

viscid, moderate yellow-brown when young, becoming tinged with brighter pale

vinaceous colors in age. FLESH thick, concolorous with cuticle or pale vinaceous.

GILLS arcuate, becoming long decurrent, white or paler than pileus margin.

STEM 40-60 x 7-9 mm, equal to slightly bulbous, white, with the thin layer of

gluten on the lower portion forming shiny dingy yellow patches. ODOR AND

TASTE not distinctive. BASIDIA 50-70 x 7-11 μm, 2- and 4-spored. GILL TRAMA

divergent. PLEUROCYSTIDIA AND CHEILOCYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS

rare (cuticular hyphae) to relatively common (gill trama). SPORES oblongellipsoid, 11-15.5 x 5.5-7 μm, smooth, inamyloid.

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from three sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Panther Creek Meadows;

WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, near Deer Lake; Olympic National Park, Hell Creek;

Olympic National Park, near Elwha campground. Not known from Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a white to yellow-brown or

vinaceous, gilled mushroom with a viscid pileus, sordid white gills and stem

with a thin glutinous layer on the base. Hygrophorus variicolor has a darker

cap lacking vinaceous tones and much smaller spores (7-9 x 4.5-5.5 μm).

Season: Fruits in April through July.

Substrate and habitat: Occurs in soil in association with roots of Pinaceae spp. near melting snowbanks.

References: HESLER, L. R., AND SMITH, A. H. 1963. North American Taxa of Hygrophorus. Knoxville: The

University of Tennessee Press. LARGENT, D. L. 1985. The Agaricales of California. 5. Hygrophoraceae. Eureka:

Mad River Press, Inc. 208 p.

ROD name Hygrophorus vernalis

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan

Photo courtesy of S.A. Redhead
S1 - 62

Family Leucogastraceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Leucogaster citrinus (Harkness) Zeller & Dodge

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 20-45 mm, reniform, pale yellow to dark yellow,

with 1 to several coarse rhizomorphs emanating from base, concolorous with

peridium. KOH on peridium pale brown-pink then brown, ETOH negative,

FeSO4 faintly gray. GLEBA white, trama white, locules spherical, 0.5-3 mm

broad, empty, smaller toward peridium. PERIDIUM 60-200 μm thick, of

periclinal, compact, pallid yellow hyphae 2-4 μm diam, with a red pigment in

KOH. TRAMA 60-80 μm thick, of subparallel, orange, thin-walled, gelatinous

hyphae, 2-5 μm in diam. BASIDIOLES 100-125 x 5 μm, claviform, hyaline,

thin-walled. APOBASIDIA 100 x 5-7 μm, clavate, 4-spored, thin-walled,

sterigmata lacking. SPORES subglobose, 8-11 x (7-) 8-9 μm, including

spinose-reticulate ornamentation, hyaline, enclosed in hyaline perisporal sac,

ornamentation 1-1.5 μm high, 2-2.5 μm apart, spine base 0.2 μm wide, spore

wall 1 μm thick, excluding ornamentation.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from eight sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Russian Wilderness Area, near Duck Lake; OREGON,

Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, north fork of Rock Creek; just south of the Alsea summit on hwy. 34; Curry

Co., Siskiyou National Forest, Wild Rouge Wilderness Area, Upper Stair Creek; Jackson Co., Bureau of Land

Management, Medford District, Howard Prairie; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Yellow Bottom campground;

WASHINGTON, Thurston Co., Fort Lewis Military Reservation, Farley Block, stand 4; Fort Lewis Military

Reservation, Stellar Block, stand 3.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its yellow peridium, small

spores with tall ornamentation and lack of inflated cells in the trama.

Season: Fruits from August through November.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Abies concolor, A. lasiocarpa, Pinus contorta, P.

monticola, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla from 280 to 2,000 m elevation.

Reference: ZELLER, S.M., AND DODGE, C.W. 1924. Leucogaster and Leucophleps in North America. Ann. Mo. Bot.

Gard. 11:389-410.

ROD name Leucogaster citrinus

Photo courtesy of W. Colgan III
S1 - 63

Family Leucogastraceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Leucogaster microsporus Fogel nov. prov.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 40 x 50 mm, reniform, base indented with

peridial tissue extending to the center of the sporocarp, glabrous, white with some

yellow stains, drying pale red. GLEBA white, drying pale yellow-pink, exuding

white, sticky latex when cut, locules spherical, 0.5-1 mm broad, empty in center

of sporocarp, filled with spores next to peridium. RHIZOMORPHS absent. KOH

pale yellow on peridium, FSW negative, FSW + ETOH dull blue-violet. ODOR

sweet. PERIDIUM 100-300 μm thick, of periclinal, pale yellow, thin-walled

hyphae, 3-5 μm in diam, cells becoming inflated to 15 μm, some oleiferous,

yellow, thin-walled hyphae, outer 60 μm obscured in KOH by yellow,

amorphous, pigment balls in Melzer’s reagent. TRAMA 60-125 μm thick, of

subparallel, yellow, septate, thin-walled hyphae, 2-3 μm in diam, cells

becoming inflated to 10 μm. BASIDIOLES 30-35 x 3-4 μm, claviform, thinwalled, hyaline, some encrusted with a hyaline crystalline deposit in KOH.

APOBASIDIA 30-60 x 6-7 μm, claviform, 4-spored, thin-walled, hyaline,

sterigmata lacking. SPORES subglobose, 6-10 x 5-6 μm, including reticulate

ornamentation, enclosed in a hyaline perisporal sac, ornamentation of

reticulate spines 0.25-0.5 μm high, 2 μm apart, with low connecting lines forming 5-6 sided alveoli.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from 10 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Trinity Co., Castle Crags State Park, Soda Creek; OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw National

Forest, Marys Peak Rd.; Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, southeast of Timothy lake; Curry Co.,

Siskiyou National Forest, Panther Lake, Long Term Ecosystem Productivity study site ESLW block; Lane Co.,

Willamette National Forest, H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Stand 11; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest,

Sheep Creek Canyon; Willamette National Forest, Maude Creek; Marion Co., Mount Hood National Forest,

headwaters of Clackamas River, along Cub Creek; Wasco Co., Mount Hood National Forest, near Summit Lake Rd.;

WASHINGTON, Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Quartz Creek Big Trees.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its small spores, inflated cells in the peridium and trama, and a

rather thick peridium.

Season: Fruits from August through November.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla at

330-1,000 m elevation.

Reference: ZELLER, S.M., AND DODGE, C.W. 1924. Leucogaster and Leucophleps in North America. Ann. Mo. Bot.

Gard. 11:389-410.

ROD name Leucogaster microsporus

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 64

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Macowanites chlorinosmus A.H. Smith & Trappe

Description: CAP 2.5-5.5 cm broad, convex to broadly convex-depressed,

surface at least subviscid when wet but soon dry, cutis in age splitting irregularly

or merely somewhat rimose, ivory to pallid yellow over marginal area, disc buff

to more dingy ochraceous, cutis separable to center. FLESH white. ODOR of

chlorine faint to strong. TASTE unpleasant, not acrid. GLEBA adnate to apex of

stipe, up to 2 cm deep in widest part, sublamellate to labyrinthiform, pale

ochraceous when young, becoming orange ochraceous in age. STEM- COLUMELLA 1-3 cm long, 6-9 mm thick, equal or nearly so, solid, fragile,

white within, surface white to pallid, unchanging on injury, pallid as dried.

FLESH OF PERIDIUM of heteromerous tissue, the sphaerocysts thin-walled.

PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of appressed, interwoven hyphae with occasional greatly

inflated isolated cells along the base of the epicuticular turf. PERIDIAL

EPICUTIS of a compact subgelatinous trichodermium of versiform elements

adhering together to form a layer with outlines of individual cells often not

clear, the component elements of the hyphae with variously enlarged cells (up

to 20 μm broad) clavate, cylindric, or fusoid end-cells showing clearly.

DERMATOPSEUDOCYSTIDIA scattered to rare. SUBHYMENIUM with cells 6-12 μm in diam, this area grading imperceptibly

into the central area which is composed of inflated cells and appears to be entirely pseudoparenchymatic in sections

revived in KOH. BASIDIA 23-30 x 9-12 μm, clavate, 4-spored, hyaline. CYSTIDIA abundant and voluminous, 50-65 x

10-15 μm, subclavate-mucronate, cylindric mucronate, or narrowly clavate, with a slight amount of refractive content,

walls very thin and cystidia collapsing by late maturity and then hard to demonstrate in KOH mounts. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 8-9.5 x 6.5-7.5 μm, excluding ornamentation, strongly

amyloid, ornamentation of small warts 0.3-0.5 (0.8) μm high, clumped or united into small groups but no semblance

of a reticulum present.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from nine sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Redwoods State Park, Prairie Creek; OREGON, Curry Co., Boardman State

Park; Lane Co., Neptune State Park; Lincoln Co., Devils Lake State Park; Tillamook Co., Cape Lookout State Park;

Cape Meares State Park; Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest, at summit along old highway

101; Camp Meriweather boy scout camp; WASHINGTON, Grays Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest, Willaby

Creek, near Rain Forest trail on South Shore Rd.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the chlorine odor, subgelatinous epicutis of the peridium with its

elements forming a distinct layer, a dark brown gleba, and the numerous thin-walled cystidia. Macowanites

chlorinosmus is distinguished from the similar Macowanites fulvescens by its smaller spores.

Season: Fruits in January, July, August, September, October, and November.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Picea sitchensis and Tsuga heterophylla below 200

m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1963. New astrogastraceous fungi from the Pacific Northwest. Mycologia 55:421-441.

ROD name Macowanites chlorinosmus

Photos courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 65

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Macowanites lymanensis Cázares & Trappe

Description: SPOROCARPS 7-23 x 12-36 mm, subglobose to turbinate, lobed or

depressed at the center. PERIDIUM pale dull yellow with brown stains on cap,

white towards margin, glabrous, recurved and often attached to stem but

sometimes separated to reveal locules. GLEBA loculate, pale orange yellow or

slightly yellowed, locules 0.3-1 mm broad. STEM-COLUMELLA inconspicuous to

prominent, white, percurrent to truncated. FLESH white. RHIZOMORPHS absent.

ODOR strongly yeasty. TASTE mild. STEM-COLUMELLA of hyaline, thin-walled,

tightly interwoven hyphae, 2-8 μm in diam, many cells inflated up to 10-20

μm in diam. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS 20-70 μm thick, composed of appressed,

thin-walled hyphae 2-5 μm in diam, with most cells inflated up to 10-20 μm

in diam, pale yellow in KOH and Melzer’s reagent, and a subcutis composed

of thin-walled, hyaline, inflated cells and sphaerocysts 10-40 μm in diam.

TRAMA 35-140 μm wide, of thin-walled, hyaline sphaerocysts but

occasionally with a central strand of interwoven, thin-walled hyphae 3-6 μm

in diam. SUBHYMENIUM cellular, 1-3 (-5) cells deep, the cells 10-15 (-20) μm

in diam, hyaline. BASIDIA 28-45 x 11-17 μm, thin-walled, clavate, 2-4 spored,

hyaline. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES globose to subglobose, 7-13 (-17) x 7-12 (-14) μm,

excluding ornamentation, symmetrical, amyloid, ornamentation 1-2 μm tall, of rods or warts, sometimes connected by

lines, occasionally partially reticulate.

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Glacier Peak Wilderness Area, Lyman Lake, campsite on

eastern shore near the inlet of Cloudy Pass Creek.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the thin peridial epicutis of appressed hyphae, the relatively large

spores with ornamentation 1-2 μm tall, consisting of individual rods or warts often connected in lines or forming a

partial reticulum, and a total absence of cystidia.

Season: Fruits in September.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis and A. lasiocarpa at 1,700 m

elevation.

Reference: CÁZARES, E., AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1991. Alpine and subalpine fungi of the

Cascade and Olympic Mountains. 2. Macowanites lymanensis sp. nov. Mycotaxon

42:333-338.

ROD name Macowanites lymanensis

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
S1 - 66

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Macowanites mollis A.H. Smith & Trappe

Description: SPOROCARPS 10-30 mm broad, depressed globose to depressedpileate, surface white, lubricous, drying cinnamon tan. GLEBA white to tan.

STEM-COLUMELLA reduced, percurrent or nearly so, stipe 4-6 x 2-3 mm, white.

PERIDIAL EPICUTIS of inflated cells 8-15 μm diam. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS a turf of

dermatopseudocystidia mixed with somewhat gelatinized, branched hyphae, the

turf elements versiform-clavate, contorted, fusoid, capitate-pedicelate, etc., but

generally under 30 μm long. Oleiferous hyphae absent. TRAMA at first (near

margin of peridium) filamentose but at maturity greatly enlarged cells seen

scattered throughout. SUBHYMENIUM of vesiculose elements which at

maturity are 10-18 μm in diam and form a layer 2-3 cells deep. BASIDIA 1-2-

spored, clavate, 24-33 x 10-13 μm, hyaline, readily collapsing. BASIDIOLES

numerous. CYSTIDIA rare to scattered, 38-56 x 5-8 μm, filamentoseacuminate to narrowly clavate-mucronate, with a small amount of refractive

content variously distributed (as seen in KOH). CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent.

SPORES globose, 10-15 μm in diam or subglobose to ellipsoid, 11-14 (-16) x

9.5-13 μm, ornamentation of small spines unconnected or fused in groups of 2-3, 0.6-1 μm high and +0.25 μm broad

at base, completely covered with amylaceous material, spore wall thin to slightly thickened.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: OREGON, Multnomah Co., Columbia Gorge Recreational Area, Larch Mountain; WASHINGTON, Pierce

Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Lower Tahoma Creek at junction of Nisqually River. Additional information is

needed to ascertain if the two collections from Lower Tahoma Creek may in fact be one site.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its white peridium and much reduced stem, extremely narrow

elements of the spore ornamentation, and peridial structure.

Season: Fruits in July and September.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Abies grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga

heterophylla above 1,000 m elevation.

References: PEGLER, D.N., AND YOUNG, T.W.K. 1979. The gastroid Russulales. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 72:353-388.

SINGER, R., AND SMITH, A.H. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem. Torr. Bot.

Club 21:1-112.

ROD name Macowanites mollis

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan
S1 - 67

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Marasmius applanatipes Desjardin

Description: CAP 10-18 mm diam, convex to plano-convex, surface smooth to

rugulose-striate, dry, glabrous, subhygrophanous, dark red-brown overall when

young, in age cap becoming dark brown to brown, margin fading to brown-gray,

gray-brown, gray-orange or pink-tan. GILLS adnate to adnexed, subdistant to

distant, broad, at first tan to gray- orange, in age becoming brown. STEM 30-40

x 1.5-3 mm, gradually narrowed downward, typically compressed and cleft, but

sometimes subcylindric, hollow, pubescent to velutinous overall, upper half

buff to orange-white or brown-orange, lower half brown-gray to dark brown

or dark red-brown. ODOR AND TASTE strongly garlic-like. PILEIPELLIS a

hymeniform layer of pyriform to broadly clavate erect cells, these ranging

from hyaline or pale yellow and thin-walled, to dark brown and thick-walled.

GILL TRAMA of inamyloid, nongelatinous hyphae. CAULOCYSTIDIA clustered,

42-78 x 5.5-9 μm, irregularly cylindric, rarely lobed, with moderately thick,

hyaline walls. BASIDIA 2- and 4-spored. PLEUROCYSTIDIA absent.

CHEILOCYSTIDIA 33-48 x 6-9 μm, cylindric to clavate, often bifid or with

scattered knobs. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES broadly ellipsoid to

amygdaliform, 8.5-10 (-12) x 5-6 μm, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid.

Distribution: Endemic to California. Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co. Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Sand Flat on the flanks of Mount Shasta; Siskiyou Co.,

Klamath National Forest, Carter Meadows. Two other sites with two collections each are known from Yuba Pass,

Sierra Co., California and Placer Co., California (Desjardin 1985). The two populations from outside the assessment

area have been heavily logged and this taxon has not been recollected from these areas since.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a cap colored red-brown on the disc and brown-gray, gray-brown,

gray-orange or pink-tan on the margin; a strong garlic-like odor and taste; a compressed and cleft, entirely pubescent

bicolored stem; and growth associated with mixed conifers at elevations above 2,000 meters. Diagnostic microscopic

features include: a hymeniform pileipellis of smooth, clavate cells; bifid cheilocystidia; absence of pleurocystidia;

inamyloid gill trama; and relatively broad, amygdaliform spores.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits on Pinaceae litter in forests above 2,000 m elevation.

Reference: DESJARDIN, D.E. 1985. New marasmioid fungi from California. Mycologia 77:894-902.

No photograph available

ROD name Marasmius applanatipes
S1 - 68

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Martellia fragrans A.H. Smith

Description: SPOROCARPS 1-4.5 cm broad, globose or nearly so, surface

glabrous and usually with much dirt adhering, pallid to pale cinnamon brown;

FeSO4 on surface negative, KOH on surface red. ODOR vanilla-like.

RHIZOMORPHS absent. GLEBA loculate, white to off white at first then brown in

age. COLUMELLA absent. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS of dermatocystidia 18-27 x 4-8

μm, bluntly fusoid, and many brown to ochraceous in KOH, the layer almost

obliterated in old specimens. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS ochraceous to rusty brown in

KOH, of interwoven filaments, sphaerocysts absent. SUBHYMENIUM of

interwoven hyphae 4-8 μm in diam, lacking sphaerocysts. BASIDIA 4-spored,

clavate, thin-walled, hyaline, 23-38 x 8-11 μm. CYSTIDIA in hymenium rare

to scattered, filamentose with crooked apices. SPORES globose to

subglobose, 8-11 x 7.5-10 μm, amyloid, wall slightly thickened,

ornamentation as separate rods and spines 0.7-1.5 (-2) μm high, some fused

into small groups or lines.

Distribution: Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt

Co., near Big Hill; OREGON, Jackson Co., Rogue River National Forest, 1.4 km east of Dutchman’s Peak along

Siskiyou Summit Rd.; Lane, Co., Williamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area, Ollalie trail. There are also

three sites outside the assessment area but on Federal land located on the Swain Mountain Experimental Forest,

Lassen National Forest, Plumas Co., California. Not known from Washington. Also known from Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the vanilla-like odor, brown gleba, spores with rods and spines that

are somewhat connected, and the turf of dermatocystidia.

Season: Fruits from June through November.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of or Pseudotsuga menziesii or Tsuga mertensiana

from 1,500 to 2,500 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1963. New astrogastraceous fungi from the Pacific Northwest. Mycologia 55:421-441.

No photograph available

ROD name Martellia fragrans
S1 - 69

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Martellia idahoensis A.H. Smith

Description: SPOROCARPS 8-40 (50) mm broad, globose-depressed or irregular,

irregularly ridged or grooved, at first merely wrinkled, with little or no dirt

adhering to the surface, white when young, finally pale brown in some areas,

rarely overall, drying pallid. GLEBA loculate, white at first, in age pale brown.

COLUMELLA poorly developed, when present dendroid. FLESH of peridium

white, unchanging. ODOR none. TASTE not recorded. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS over

200 μ thick consisting of a staggered palisade of hyphae with enlarged cells

and ending in clavate end-cells, or these showing irregular proliferations,

rarely with narrow or branched elements in the palisade. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS

a layer of nongelatinized, repent, interwoven hyphae with pockets of slightly

inflated cells. TRAMA composed entirely of hyaline, subparallel to slightly

interwoven hyphae extending. LATICIFEROUS HYPHAE rare, brown in KOH,

crooked. SUBHYMENIUM broad, cellular, of large and small sphaerocysts.

BASIDIA 29-45 x 11-16 μm, clavate, hyaline, (1-) 2-4 spored, sterigmata 5-8

μm long, narrowly conic, erect or slightly oblique, straight or nearly so, apical.

MACROCYSTIDIA arising from deeper in the tramal tissue than the basidia, 40-50

x 9-10 μm, with banded to granular pale yellow content, clavate to subcylindric, obtuse, scattered. LEPTOCYSTIDIA

rare, 30-37 x 12-15 μm, clavate-mucronate; a second type (76-90 x 9-14 μm) present and narrowly clavate, found on

fresh material but not demonstrated again from dried material. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES globose to

broadly ellipsoid, 10-13 x 9-11.5 μm, amyloid, ornamentation echinate to verrucose, 1-1.5 (-2) μm tall, elements

unconnected or anastomosing to form compound warts, very few lines or ridges.

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Benton Co.,

Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak campground; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area,

Ollalie trail. Not known from California or Washington. Also known from Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the relatively large, echinate to verrucose spores and the presence of

macrocysitida.

Season: Fruits from August through October.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa, A. procera, Picea

engelmannii, and Tsuga mertensiana from 1,200 to 1,650 m elevation.

Reference: SINGER, R., AND SMITH, A.H. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem.

Torr. Bot. Club 21:1-112.

ROD name Martellia idahoensis Photo courtesy of University of Michigan
S1 - 70

Family Russulaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Martellia maculata Singer & A.H. Smith

Description: SPOROCARPS 1-2 cm thick, globose, surface uneven to alveolate,

pallid, with brown stains in places. GLEBA pallid but also with brown stains in

places. COLUMELLA absent. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS an epithelium several cells deep,

the walls hyaline to yellow, smooth, nongelatinous. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of

interwoven, hyaline, subgelatinous hyphae. TRAMA subgelatinous, hyphae only

slightly inflated, hyaline, thin-walled. SPHAEROCYSTS absent. SUBHYMENIUM

gelatinous, hyaline, the cells badly collapsed but short and more or less

isodiametric. BASIDIA clavate, 20-24 x 10-12 μm, yellow, 2- and 4-spored.

BASIDIOLES numerous, yellow. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS

absent. SPORES subglobose to ellipsoid, 10-15 x 8.5-11 μm, wall about 1-1.5

μm thick, in KOH cinnamon-tan in KOH, ornamentation of spines up to 1

μm high and 0.5 μm broad which are amyloid only at the tip or on one side

near the tip, smaller amyloid granules also present on the spore surface but

for the most part all elements unconnected.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from many dozens of locations in western Oregon, and

western Washington. It occurs from sea level to high elevation. This taxon was inadvertently added to the list.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the cellular peridial epicutis, large spores with unique amyloid

reaction and lack of cystidia.

Season: Fruits September through November.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of various Pinaceae from sea level to high elevation.

Reference: SINGER, R., AND SMITH, A.H. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem.

Torr. Bot. Club 21:1-112.

No photograph available

ROD name Elaphomyces sp. nov. # Trappe 1038
S1 - 71

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Mycena hudsoniana A.H. Smith

Description: CAP 20-50 mm diam, obtusely conic to campanulate at maturity,

pellucid-striate, nonviscid, glabrous, nearly black or dark gray towards the

margin, margin pale gray to white, fading to pale smoky gray overall. GILLS

ascending-adnate, often with a short decurrent tooth, close, moderately broad,

pale smoky gray with paler edge. STEM 30-50 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindric, fragile,

hollow, minutely prunose when young, glabrescent, pale gray above, dark gray

below, base covered with coarse white fibrils. ODOR faintly fragrant.

PILEIPELLIS of repent hyphae 1.5-3.5 μm diam with numerous diverticula,

these ranging from wart-like to long and branched. TRAMA dextrinoid.

STIPITIPELLIS a cutis of diverticulate hyphae. BASIDIA 2-4 spored.

CHEILOCYSTIDIA numerous, 21-45 x 8-22 μm, clavate to broadly clavate,

densely covered with evenly spaced, cylindrical spinulae 1-3.5 x 0.8-1.4 μm,

hyaline. Also there are less numerous, irregularly shaped, contorted to

constricted cells with unevenly spaced, longer and coarser excrescences.

PLEUROCYSTIDIA similar to cheilocystidia. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present.

SPORES pip-shaped, 8-10 x 5-6 μm, smooth, amyloid, white spore print.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from seven sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: OREGON, Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, watershed II;

WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, just below Deer Lake; Olympic National Park, Boulder Lake

trail; King Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Smith Brook Rd. , near Steven’s Pass; Lewis Co., Mount Rainier National

Park, Reflection Lakes; Mount Rainier National Park, Narada Falls; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie

National Forest, Barlow Pass, south fork of the Sauk River.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the large, nearly black to dark gray, nonviscid, glabrous, striate cap,

the pale smoky gray gills, a gray to dark gray, dry stem, the faintly fragrant (not farinaceous nor raphanoid) odor, the

relatively large, pip-shaped, amyloid spores, the distinctive cheilocystidia of two types, broadly clavate, spinulose

pleurocystidia, a nongelatinous pileipellis and stipitipellis of diverticulate hyphae and growth on conifer needles.

Season: Fruits from April through July.

Substrate and habitat: Restricted to conifer forests and usually found on woody debris or duff near snow banks

above 700 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1947. North American species of Mycena. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 521 p.

ROD name Mycena hudsoniana

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan
S1 - 72

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Mycena monticola A.H. Smith

Description: CAP 10-30 mm diam, conic to campanulate, pellucid-striate to

slightly sulcate, nonviscid, hygrophanous, glabrous, disc red, margin flame red to

pink-red, fading to pink at maturity. GILLS ascending-adnate, often with a short

decurrent tooth, close, broad, white to pink with concolorous edges. STEM 40-

75 x 1-2.5 mm, cylindric, prunose at apex, glabrous elsewhere, base covered

with coarse white fibrils, pink overall at first, turning dingy brown from the

base upwards in age. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive. PILEIPELLIS of repent

hyphae 2-3.5 μm in diam, covered with simple to branched diverticula 2-23

μm long, these often in dense clusters. HYPODERMIUM of dextrinoid hyphae

inflated up to 45 μm in diam. STIPITIPELLIS a layer of repent hyphae with

scattered diverticula 1-10 μm long, and terminal cells similar to

cheilocystidia but smaller. BASIDIA 4-spored. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 14.5-35 (-49)

x 4.5-18 μm, forming a sterile band on lamellae edge, subcylindric to clavate

or irregular in outline with fairly numerous, unevenly spaced, simple to

branched diverticula 5-18 μm long, hyaline. PLEUROCYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present. SPORES pip-shaped, 8-10.5 x 5-5.8 μm, smooth, weakly

amyloid, white spore print.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 10 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, trail to Haypress Meadows; Klamath National Forest,

Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, Stansha trail; Klamath National Forest, Canyon Creek trail; OREGON, Deschutes Co., Willamette National Forest, McKenzie Pass; Klamath Co., Winema National Forest, near Lake of the

Woods; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Lost Prairie campground; Wasco Co., Mount Hood National Forest,

Bear Springs campground; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Hurricane Ridge; Kittitas Co.,

Wenatchee National Forest, Kachess campground; Lewis Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Reflection Lakes.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a cap that is red on the disc and pink on the margin (dries pink

overall), has white to pale pink, nonmarginate lamellae, and a stem that is initially pink overall but becomes brown

from the base upwards through maturation and handling. Microscopically, pleurocystidia are absent, the

cheilocystidia are covered apically with numerous, fine, relatively long branched diverticula, the pileipellis is

composed of cylindric, nongelatinous hyphae with numerous fine, branched diverticula, and the stipitipellis is

composed of sparsely diverticulate hyphae.

Season: Fruits from August through November and also in March.

Substrate and habitat: Restricted to conifer forests above 1,000 m elevation, particularly those with Pinus spp.

and usually found in gregarious, caespitose clusters in duff.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1947. North American species of Mycena. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 521 p.

ROD name Mycena monticola

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 73

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Mycena overholtsii A.H. Smith & Solheim

Description: CAP 20-50 mm diam, convex, becoming plano-convex and

pellucid-striate in age, subhygrophanous, glabrous, sooty gray when young,

fading in age to pale gray, margin becoming gray-white. GILLS broadly adnate

to subdecurrent, broad, white to pale gray, often staining yellow or gray. STEM

40-100 x 2-6 mm, cylindric or enlarged and connate at the base, terete or

compressed, puberulous to glabrous above, base covered with a dense layer of

white to tan downy tomentum, apex white to tan, base concolorous but

becoming dingy red-brown under the tomentum in age. ODOR yeast-like.

TASTE mild. PILEIPELLIS an ixocutis of repent hyphae 1.5-3.5 μm diam,

smooth or with a few scattered simple diverticula, embedded in a gelatinous

matrix. PILEUS TRAMA dextrinoid. STIPITIPELLIS a layer of repent smooth (or

with few scattered diverticula) hyphae, with irregularly cylindric and often

lobed terminal cells occurring in dense tufts and curving outward. BASIDIA 4-

spored. CHEILOCYSTIDIA (30-) 45-65 x 2-5.5 (-8) μm, scattered, subcylindric

to subfusoid, smooth, hyaline. PLEUROCYSTIDIA uncommon, similar to

cheilocystidia. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES narrowly pip-shaped, 6-

7.5 x 3-4.5 μm, smooth, amyloid, white spore print.

Distribution: Known from eight sites within the range of the northern spotted owl; CALIFORNIA, Humboldt

Co., Six Rivers National Forest, intersection of Rd. 30 and rd. 2; Siskiyou Co., Mount Shasta, near Horse Camp;

Klamath National Forest, Russian Wilderness Area, near Sugar Lake; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee

National Forest, Steven’s Pass; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, along Kotsuck Creek; Mount Rainier

National Park, Ghost Lake; Mount Rainier National Park, Yakima Park Rd., below Sunrise Point; Snohomish Co.,

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass. It is also found outside the assessment area on the Okanogan

National Forest in Washington. Not known from Oregon. Also known from Wyoming.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by forming some of the largest sporocarps of any Mycena, with caps up

to 50 mm in diameter and a stem up to 100 mm long. It forms a dark gray cap that fades to pale gray in age and with

exposure, gills that are white to pale gray and often subdecurrent, and a pallid stem that has the lower half covered in

downy white to tan tomentum.

Season: Fruits from March through July.

Substrate and habitat: Restricted to conifer forests above 1,000 m elevation, particularly those with Abies spp.

and usually found in gregarious, caespitose clusters on decayed wood near snow banks or just after snow melt.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1947. North American species of Mycena. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 521 p.

ROD name Mycena overholtsii

Photo courtesy of T. O’DellPhoto courtesy of S. Trudell
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Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Mycena quinaultensis Kauffman

Description: CAP 10-25 (-40) mm in diam, obtusely conic to campanulate,

becoming obtusely umbonate and often with a small papilla on top of umbo,

wrinkled, pellucid-striate to sulcate, surface glabrous, viscid, entirely brown to

black when young, disc remaining so or fading slightly in age, margin fading

through brown to pale brown. GILLS ascending-adnate or with a short decurrent

tooth, subdistant to distant, brown, white at first then gray in age with

concolorous edges. STEM 40-70 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindric, finely prunose or more

commonly glabrous, base with coarse white fibrils, viscid, brown to pale

brown overall. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive. PILEIPELLIS an ixocutis of

repent, smooth hyphae 2-4.5 μm diam, embedded in a gelatinous matrix.

TRAMA inamyloid. STIPITIPELLIS similar to the pileipellis with curved, poorly

differentiated terminal cells. BASIDIA 4-spored. CHEILOCYSTIDIA AND

PLEUROCYSTIDIA conspicuous, 58-95 x 10-18 μm (centrally), fusiform to

subcylindric, frequently long-pedicellate, hyaline. CLAMP CONNECTIONS

present. SPORES pip-shaped, 8-9.5 x 4.5-5 μm, smooth, amyloid, white spore

print.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 21 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Six Rivers National Forest, Patrick Creek; Humboldt Co., near Orick;

Humboldt Redwoods State Park; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Still Creek; Mount Hood

National Forest, near Rhododendron; Josephine Co., near Grants Pass; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, near

McKenzie Bridge; near Blue River; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Crescent Beach; Olympic National Forest,

Klahanie campground; Olympic National Forest, Quinault Lake; Olympic National Park, near Quinault Lake;

Olympic National Park, lower Soleduc River; Olympic National Park, Lake Mills; Grays Harbor Co., Olympic

National Forest, Quinault Research Natural Area; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Hoh River; King Co.,

Schmitz Park; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek; Okanogan Co., Okanogan National

Forest, near Wolf Creek; Whatcom Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Shuksan Arm; Mount BakerSnoqualmie National Forest, Baker Lake.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by forming obtusely umbonate, sulcate to wrinkled, viscid caps colored

brown to black on the disc with pale brown margins, white lamellae that are ascending-adnate, and a viscid, brown

stem covered on the base with white fibrils. Microscopically, the pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are fusiform to

subcylindric and quite large, pileipellis and stipitipellis hyphae are nondiverticulate, and the pileus and lamellar trama

are nondextrinoid (an unusual feature in Mycena).

Season: Fruits from late May through December.

Substrate and habitat: Found in gregarious, caespitose clusters on senescent conifer needles or uncommonly on

decayed wood in conifer forests.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1947. North American species of Mycena. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 521 p.

ROD name Mycena quinaultensis

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan
S1 - 75

Family Lentinaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Neolentinus adhaerens (Alb. & Schw.:Fr.) Redhead & Ginns

Description: CAP 20-50 mm in diam, slightly depressed or umbonate convex to

applanate, viscid in patches, pale gray-brown to dark yellow-red-brown, finely

scaly, progressively covered with an amber resin which darkens and hardens

with age. FLESH tough, beige. GILLS subdistant with smooth to uneven

flocculose edges, pale brown. STIPE 30-70 x 6-16 mm, central to eccentric,

hirsute-tomentose at apex, becoming glabrous at base, pale yellow-brown

darkening to dark gray-brown at clavate base. ODOR pleasant. TASTE bitter,

astringent. GILL TRAMA parallel. PLEUROCYSTIDIA 60-125 μm, lageniform,

thin- to slightly thick-walled. CHEILOCYSTIDIA to 150 μm long, filiform to

subclavate, frequently in bundles, covered with a yellow, encrusting pigment.

CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES cylindrical to bacilliform, 7-10.5

(-11.5) x 3-3.5 μm, inamyloid.

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: WASHINGTON, Clallam

Co., Olympic National Park, Soleduc Falls trail. Also known from WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Dalles Recreational

Area but without specific locality information. Also known from Europe. Not known from Oregon and California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by pale gray-brown to dark

yellow-red-brown cap with subdistant, finely fimbriate, pale brown gills, the

entire mushroom gradually covered by a red-brown resinous coating. Neolentinus kauffmanii (Smith) Redhead &

Ginns has a red-brown cast when dried, does not secrete a red-brown resinous coating, and has more crowded, more

fimbriate gills, and smaller, shorter spores (4.5 -6.7 x 2.5-3.5 μm).

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Saprophytic on conifer logs.

Reference: REDHEAD, S. A., AND GINNS, J. H. 1985. A reappraisal of agaric genera associated with brown rots of

wood. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 26:349-381.

ROD name Neolentinus adherens

Photo courtesy of S.A. Redhead
S1 - 76

Family Lentinaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Neolentinus kauffmanii (Smith) Redhead & Ginns

Description: CAP 22-45 (-80) mm in diam, convex to applanate, pruinose to

glabrous, dry (but can be tacky), white to pale pink-yellow or vinaceous becoming

dull tan in age. FLESH tough, pale pink-tan. GILLS moderately crowded with

uneven denticulate edges, white or pale pink-tan. STEM 10-30 (-60) x 2-5 (12)

mm, usually curved and eccentric, hirsute-tomentose at apex, becoming

glabrous at base, concolorous with cap. ODOR not distinctive. TASTE bitter,

then acrid. GILL TRAMA parallel. PLEUROCYSTIDIA 60-100 x 7-12 μm,

lanceolate to ventricose fusoid with a rounded apex, CHEILOCYSTIDIA up to

125 μm long, similar to pleurocystidia in shape. CLAMP CONNECTIONS

present. SPORES cylindrical, 4.5 -6.7 x (2-) 2.5-3 (-3.5) μm, inamyloid.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 23 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Fort Dick; Jedediah Smith State Park, Rugg Grove; near Klamath, Wilson Creek

rd.; Humboldt Co., Redwood National Park, Fern Canyon near mouth west of spillway; Patrick’s Point State Park;

OREGON, Coos Co., Beaver Hill Forest; north Bandon; Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head; Van

Duzer Wayside; Siuslaw National Forest, Otis; Tillamook Co., Cape Meares State Park; Siuslaw National Forest,

Cascade Head Experimental Forest, Neskowin Creek campground; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National

Park, Whiskey Creek Beach; Olympic National Park, Soleduc Falls trail; Grays Harbor Co., Lake Quinault, North

Rd.; Quinault Research Natural Area; Humptulips; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Hoh River trail; Olympic

National Park, West Twin Creek Research Natural Area; 8.3 km south of Lake Quinault on South Rd.; Pierce Co.,

Buckley crossroads; near Copalis Beach, the Pines; Skagit Co., Alger Bog.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a pale-pink to pink-tan

tricholomatoid mushroom on Picea sitchensis logs with crowded denticulate

gills. Neolentinus adhaerens secretes a red-brown resin, has a gray dingy cast

when dried, less crowded gills and longer spores (7-11 x 3-3.5 μm).

Season: Fruits throughout the year.

Substrate and habitat: Saprophytic, causing brown pocket rot in Picea sitchensis.

Reference: REDHEAD, S. A., AND GINNS, J. H. 1985. A reappraisal of agaric genera associated with brown rots of

wood. Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 26:349-381.

ROD name Neolentinus kauffmanii

Photo courtesy of E. Butler
S1 - 77

Family Sarcosomataceae Morphological Habit cup

Neournula pouchetii (Berthet & Riousset) Paden

Description: SPOROCARPS subsessile to short stipitate apothecia, to 40 mm tall at

maturity, when very young clavate, hollow in upper portion, expanding and

spreading to urnulate or margin splitting and spreading in age, from above

regular, 20-30 mm in diam. HYMENIAL SURFACE varying from pale pink-gray,

gray touched with purple, or dingy pink before exposure to gray at maturity,

even to slightly irregular. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE at first nearly white to very

pale gray, darkening to brown-gray to gray in age, discoloring on handling to

brown or brown-black, when fresh with a pale gray felted layer, paler to

nearly white at the base. STEM expanding smoothly or more or less distinct,

rounded in cross section, paler than the abhymenial surface. ASCI operculate,

inamyloid, relatively thick-walled, base narrow and curving. SPORES

subcylindric to obscurely fusoid, the majority narrowly ellipsoid, 23-32 x 8-

10.5 μm, ornamented with low random ridges and warts.

Distribution: Known from 18 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Benton Co., Woods

Creek rd. at gate junction; Siuslaw National Forest, milepost 50.8 on hwy. 34 near Marys Peak Rd.; Clackamas Co.,

Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Salem District, Cascades Resource Area, north of 3-53-4 Rd.; Curry Co.,

Umpqua National Forest, Pistol River; Siskiyou National Forest, Fairview Mountain; Jackson Co., BLM, Medford

District, Slagel Creek; Rogue River National Forest, Seattle trailhead; Lane Co., H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest,

Stand L202; BLM, Eugene District, Anthony Creek; Linn Co., BLM, Salem District, Cascades Resource Area, near

Trout Creek; Willamette National Forest, Iron Mountain, 1/4 mile from trailhead; Willamette National Forest, 1 mile

west of Lost Prairie campground; Willamette National Forest, Tombstone Pass; Willamette National Forest, H.J.

Andrews Experimental Forest, Carpenter Mountain; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Elwha

campground loop trail; Lewis Co., Mount Rainier National Park, along State hwy. 123, 4 miles north of hwy. 12; San

Juan Co., Friday Harbor Lake, near Beaverton Valley; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest,

above Monte Cristo campground; Thurston Co., Capitol State Forest, 3.5 miles up D2000 Rd. from Sherman Valley

campground. Also known from Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a subsessile to stipitate

sporocarp, which when young is hollow and club-shaped, it expands to become urn-shaped or irregularly split. The

hymenium is dingy pink, pale pink-gray, gray tinged with purple, or gray; the abhymenial surface is white to pale gray

or brown. Typically the stem is immersed in soil, litter or duff and is round in cross section with basal rhizomorphs.

Urnula craterium (Schwein. : Fr.) Fr. differs in having dark gray urn-shaped sporocarps, appears to be associated with

Quercus, and has smooth spores 25-25 x 12-14 μm.

Season: Fruits from March through July.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in conifer stands ranging from about 35 to over 200 years old.

Reference: PADEN, J.W., AND TYLUTKI, E.E. 1968[1969]. Idaho Discomycetes. I. A new genus of the

Sarcoscyphaceae. Mycologia 60:1160-1168.

ROD name Neournula pouchetii

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 78

Family Strophariaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Nivatogastrium nubigenum (Harkness) Singer & A.H. Smith

Description: SPOROCARPS 10-24 mm broad, 15-40 mm tall, subglobose to

truncate, margin abruptly decurved, rarely umbonate, surface glabrous, smooth,

somewhat viscid, evenly ochraceous or with streaks or darker areas of tawny,

fading to white in age. GLEBA loculate to sublamellate, pale red-brown. STEM

5-25 mm long, 5-12 mm thick, equal to somewhat bulbous, somewhat matted

fibrillose, dry and unpolished, solid or rarely tubular. COLUMELLA percurrent,

solid, white. VEIL white or off-white, cortina-like, causing the margin of the

peridium and the apex of the stipe to be silky-shining in age, evanescent.

ODOR fragrant sweet. TASTE mild. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS of gelatinous, narrow,

interwoven, hyaline hyphae. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of subparallel, thin-walled,

irregularly enlarged hyphae, up to 12 μm in diam. VEIL consisting of slightly

gelatinized hyphae. FLESH of stem and columella of interwoven hyphae with

cells up to 25 μm in diam, hyphae in the columella hyaline, those in the lower

portion of the stem colored, throughout, both structures loosely arranged,

nongelatinized. All hyphae inamyloid. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. TRAMA

of regularly arranged, subhyaline to yellow, interwoven hyphae, some cells

irregularly enlarged. SUBHYMENIUM up to 50 μm thick, of inflated to subisodiametric cells 10-25 (-33) x 8-18.5 (-25)

μm, interior to this layer occurs a layer of somewhat gelatinized hyphae, up to 15 μm in diam. BASIDIA 17-21 x 6-8.2

μm, hyaline, clavate, 2-4-spored. BASIDIOLES common, vesiculose, about 16 x 12.5 μm. CYSTIDIA 60-100 x 15-25

μm, pale brown-yellow to brown, thin-walled, fusoid-ventricose, the neck long and in optical section with undulating

walls, the apex obtuse to subacute. SPORES ellipsoid, (3-) 7.5-9 (-12) x (3-) 5.5-6.3 μm, smooth, asymmetrical, germ

pore present, apex not truncate, thick-walled, golden ochraceous to honey colored, inamyloid.

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from 13 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, English Peak;

Mount Shasta, Horse camp; Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Bunny Flat; Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Sand Flats;

Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Panther Meadow; Shasta-Trinity National Forest, Red Butte; OREGON, Deschutes

Co., Deschutes National Forest, Tumalo Mountain trail; Deschutes National Forest, Three Creeks Lake; Deschutes

National Forest, Odell Butte; Klamath Co., Crater Lake National Park, below Goodbye Creek campground; Crater

Lake National Park, Mazama campground; Crater Lake National Park, Lost Pond; Lane Co., Willamette National

Forest, near McKenzie Pass, Frog Camp. There are also five sites outside the assessment area located in Lassen

Volcanic National Park in California. Not known from Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its agaricoid, sweet-smelling sporocarps and inamyloid, honey

colored spores which possess a germ pore.

Season: Fruits from May through early October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits on the surface of rotten Abies logs at high elevation (above 1,300 m).

Reference: SINGER, R. AND SMITH, A.H. 1959. Studies on secotiaceous fungi – V. Nivatogastrium gen. nov. Brittonia

11:224-228.

ROD name Nivatogastrium nubigenum

Photo courtesy of S. TrudellPhoto courtesy of M. Seidl
S1 - 79

Family Octavianinaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Octavianina cyanescens Trappe & Castellano, in ed.

Description: SPOROCARPS subglobose to more or less flattened, 12-25 mm in

diam, felty, yellow-white to pale yellow, in places with a scant overlay of dark

brown fibrils, overnight collection developing dark blue stains where bruised.

RHIZOMORPHS lacking. GLEBA loculate, moist, dark gray-brown to brownblack, with gray tramal plates separating minute, rounded, mostly spore-filled

locules. ODOR not distinctive. TASTE not recorded. PERIDIUM 150-300 μm

thick. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS a narrow layer of appressed, pale brown, thin-walled

hyphae 2-7 μm in diam, occasional cells inflated to 5-10 μm. PERIDIAL

SUBCUTIS with pale brown, thin-walled hyphae near the epicutis grading to

hyaline near the gleba, 2-6 μm in diam but commonly inflated to 10-30 μm.

TRAMA of hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-4 μm in diam, the cells often

inflated to 4-8 μm. SUBHYMENIUM of hyaline, thin-walled, more or less

isodiametric cells 5-10 μm in diam. BASIDIA clavate, hyaline, thin-walled,

30-35 x 11-14 μm, sterigmata up to 5-7 x 1.5-2 (-3) μm. CLAMP CONNECTIONS

absent. SPORES globose to occasionally broadly ellipsoid, 13-18 (-20) μm in

diam excluding the ornamentation of subangular cones (3-) 4-5 (-7) x 1-6 μm

in KOH, 2-4 x 1-6 μm in water, with occasional interspersed spines and smaller cones, all cones composed of

agglutinated spines and forming 4-7 sided polygons at the base, dark brown, sterigmata often remaining attached as an

inconspicuous pedicel, in Melzer’s reagent spore walls deep orange red, ornamentation hyaline and only 2-4 μm tall,

heated in cotton blue the spines forming the cones separating and becoming erect, 4-8 x 1.5-3 μm.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, English Mountain, above The Potholes.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the bluing reaction of the peridium and its relatively darkly

pigmented spores with tall spore ornamentation.

Season: Fruits in September.

Substrate and habitat: Found with Tsuga mertensiana at 1,900 m elevation.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with

the Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

No photograph available

ROD name Octavianina sp. nov. # Trappe 7502
S1 - 80

Family Octavianinaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Octavianina macrospora Singer & A.H. Smith

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 2 cm in diam, white when fresh, glabrous.

GLEBA loculate, presumably white when fresh. STERILE BASE present. PERIDIAL

EPICUTIS consisting of a collapsed turf of clavate to cystidioid cells 18-27 x 4-8

μm or 20-30 x 3.5 μm if fusoid. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of hyaline, interwoven,

subgelatinous hyphae, 3-6 μm in diam. SPHAEROCYSTS AND OLEIFEROUS HYPHAE

absent. TRAMA of thin-walled, hyaline, hyphae. SUBHYMENIUM hyphal about

the diameter of the base of the basidium, 1-2 cells below the basidium the

cells enlarging in age to sphaerocysts. BASIDIA 1-2 spored, 29-37 x 10-13

μm, clavate, thin-walled, content granular and ochraceous in KOH.

CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES broadly ellipsoid,

17-23 x 12-16 μm, wall 1.5-2 μm thick, in KOH pale tan, inamyloid,

ornamentation of spines 1-1.5 (2.5) x 0.5 μm, the spines distinct but often

touching at the base.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Twin Bridges campground.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by thick-walled, inamyloid

spores and a peridial turf of cystidioid elements.

Season: Fruits in August.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: SINGER, R., AND SMITH, A.H. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem.

Torr. Bot. Club 21:1-112.

No photograph available

ROD name Octavianina macrospora
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Family Octavianinaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Octavianina papyracea Singer & A.H. Smith

Description: SPOROCARPS 1 cm in diam, brown, globose, unchanging. GLEBA

loculate, near pink-tan as dried, with an abundant cream colored latex when cut,

COLUMELLA absent. PERIDIUM as dried almost like a thin nut shell, the exterior

surface pale red-brown. ODOR not recorded. TASTE mild. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS of

appressed, tan hyphae with some free hyphal ends at surface as a rudimentary

turf, hyphal ends 3-4 μm in diam. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of hyaline, subgelatinous

hyphae with slightly thickened walls, interwoven, laticiferous hyphae present.

SPHAEROCYSTS absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. TRAMA of interwoven,

hyaline, inamyloid, subgelatinous hyphae with slightly thickened walls.

SUBHYMENIUM of cells 10-13 μm in diam. BASIDIA 20-32 x 9-13 μm, thinwalled, hyaline, 1-2 spored, sterigmata 10 μm or more long. CYSTIDIA

scattered, 46-60 x 10-13 μm, thin-walled, hyaline, subcylindric to enlarged

near apex and with an apical projection. SPORES globose to subglobose, 14-

17 μm, hyaline, inamyloid, thick-walled ±1 μm, ornamentation of dense,

unfused spines 2-3 μm long and 0.5-1 μm at the base.

Distribution: Endemic to California. Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., near Trinidad, Spruce Cove; Redwoods State Park, near Orick, Fern Canyon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by inamyloid spores and a sporocarp that exudes a latex when cut.

Season: Fruits in November and December.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Pinaceae in forests dominated by Sequoia

sempervirens below 650 m elevation.

Reference: SINGER, R., AND SMITH, A.H. 1960. Studies on secotiaceous fungi. IX. The astrogastraceous series. Mem.

Torr. Bot. Club 21:1-112.

No photograph available

ROD name Octavianina papyracea
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Family Otideaceae Morphological Habit cup

Otidea leporina (Batsch:Fries) Fuckel

Description: SPOROCARPS are substipitate to short stipitate, short-ear shaped to

occasionally long-eared shaped, 2-6 cm tall. HYMENIAL SURFACE dull yellowbrown to brown-yellow, margin entire. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE concolorous with

hymenial surface or sometimes red-brown to dingy ochre. STEM up to 6 mm

long, white covered with hyphae. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, 8-spored.

PARAPHYSES hyaline, curved to hooked at the apex. SPORES ellipsoid, 12-13

(-14) x (6-) 7 (-8) μm, smooth, biguttulate.

Distribution: Known from nine sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Lake Earl Wildlife Refuge; Humboldt Co., King Range Conservation

park; Big Lagoon State Park; OREGON, Douglas Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Roseburg District, north

of Cooper Creek; BLM, Coos Bay District, .5 km north of Rd. 21-8-35.1; Lane Co., BLM, Eugene District, off Rd.

18-8-21; Willamette National Forest, Mill Creek; Lincoln Co., Fogarty Creek State Park; Tillamook Co., Cape

Lookout State Park. Not known from Washington. Also widespread in the North Temperate zone.

Distinguishing Features: This is not a strategy 1 fungal species but is

included in this handbook because it was listed as a species needing

protection under the protection buffer status of the ROD. Characterized by

the short ear-shaped, yellow-colored sporocarps and long spores.

Season: Fruits from October through December.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with Picea spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: KANOUSE, B.B. 1949 [1950]. Studies in the genus Otidea. Mycologia 41:660-677.

ROD name Otidea leporina

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 83

Family Otideaceae Morphological Habit cup

Otidea onotica (Persoon:Fries) Fuckel

Description: SPOROCARPS substipitate to short stipitate, spoon to ear-shaped,

taller than broad, 60-100 mm tall, 10-40 (-60) mm broad. HYMENIAL SURFACE pale

yellow with touches of pink-apricot to rose, margin even. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE

pale brown-orange to dull yellow. STEM irregular, covered with white to cream

hyphae. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, 8-spored. PARAPHYSES hyaline, slender,

typically strongly curved at the apex. SPORES ellipsoid, (9-) 11-12 (-13) x

(5.5-) 6 (-8.5) μm, smooth, biguttulate.

Distribution: Known from 23 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co.,

near stateline off hwy. 199; OREGON, Benton Co., Woods Creek Rd.; Coos Co., Bureau of Land Management

(BLM), Coos Bay District, Burnt Ridge; Clackamas Co., BLM, Salem District, Pine Rockcut; Dougals Co., BLM,

Coos Bay District, west of Paradise Creek Rd.; BLM, Coos Bay District, off Rd. 2.1; BLM, Roseburg District, Beaver

Creek; BLM, Roseburg District, Elk Creek; BLM, Roseburg District, North Myrtle Creek; BLM, Roseburg District,

west of Rd. 29-8-29.2; BLM, Roseburg District, near junction of Rd. 31-3-10.3 and Rd. 31-3-11.0; BLM, Roseburg

District, Bear Gulch; Josephine Co., Siskiyou National Forest, near Takilma, Oregon Caves Rd.; Lane Co.,

Willamette National Forest, Lamb Butte Scenic Area; Willamette National Forest, Brush Creek; Willamette National

Forest, northwest of Rd. 1928; BLM, Eugene District, end of Rd. 17-7-43; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, east

of Major Creek; Willamette National Forest, junction of hwy. 20 and Rd. 2047; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., near

Blewett; King Co., near Redmond; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek, near hwy. 709;

San Juan Co., Friday Harbor Biological Station. Also widespread in the North Temperate zone.

Distinguishing Features: This is not a strategy 1 fungal species but is

included in this handbook because it was listed as a species needing

protection under the protection buffer status of the ROD. Characterized by

the relatively bright yellow sporocarps with pink to rose tints in the

hymenium. The colors are not obvious, however, in dried specimens.

Season: Fruits from August through December.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with Pseudotsuga menziesii dominated forests.

Reference: KANOUSE, B.B. 1949 [1950]. Studies in the genus Otidea. Mycologia 41:660-677.

ROD name Otidea onotica

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 84

Family Otideaceae Morphological Habit cup

Otidea smithii Kanouse

Description: SPOROCARPS are subsessile, apotheciate, 3-9 cm tall, typically taller

than broad, brown to deep purple-brown when fresh. HYMENIAL SURFACE margin

even. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE somewhat darker purple-brown. STEM covered with

off-white hyphae. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, 8-spored. PARAPHYSES hyaline,

curved to hooked at their apices. SPORES narrowly ellipsoid, (12-) 13.5 (-15.5)

x (6-) 6.5 (-8) μm, smooth, biguttulate.

Distribution: Known from four sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Earl Lake State Park;

OREGON, Benton Co., Woods Creek Rd.; WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Lower

Tahoma Creek; Lewis Co., Gifford-Pinchot National Forest, Camp Creek Falls trail. Also known from Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the medium to deep purplebrown hymenial surface both when fresh and dry and the spoon-shaped to

more or less ear-shaped sporocarps.

Season: Fruits from August through December.

Substrate and habitat: Solitary to gregarious on exposed soil, duff or moss under Populus trichocarpa,

Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: KANOUSE, B.B. 1938 [1939]. Notes on new or unusual Discomycetes. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 24

(pt.1):25-29.

ROD name Otidea smithii

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan
S1 - 85

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Phaeocollybia californica A.H. Smith

Description: CAP 20-80 x 10-30 mm, convex-campanulate with more or less

acute umbo, glabrous, glutinous, some shade of yellow-brown to orange-brown,

becoming red-brown in age. CONTEXT white in central disc, staining red. GILLS

pink-brown or yellow-brown aging to bright rusty-brown. STEM aerial portion

(15-) 20-80 x 4-8 mm, cartilaginous, stuffed soon becoming hollow, apex pale

brown at first, becoming dark orange to red-brown in age. PSEUDORHIZA up to

200 mm, red-brown ending in a salmon-colored thready rhizomorph. ODOR

faint or not distinctive. TASTE occasionally faintly bitter. CHEILOCYSTIDIA a

mixture of hyaline, thin-walled lageniform and thick-walled secretory

tibiiform elements, the later with 2 μm capituli, elongated 1-1.5 μm necks

and widely inflated bases. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES limoniform

or elongated amygdaliform with pronounced straight apical beak, 8-10 x

4.8-6 μm, heavily ornamented, in KOH dark orange-amber.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 20 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., near Crescent City; Humboldt Co., near McKinleyville, Murray Rd.; King

Range Conservation Park; Mendocino Co., Van Damme State Park, Fern Canyon trail; Shasta Co., Castle Crags State

Park; OREGON, Benton Co., Dinner Creek; Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Salem District, Bellfountain Rd.;

Douglas Co., BLM, Roseburg District, near Elk Creek; BLM, Roseburg District, Myrtle Creek; Josephine Co.,

Grants Pass; Takilma; Lane Co., Bunker Hill; Cedar Creek; Elmira; Siltcoos; Lincoln Co., Van Duzer wayside;

Multnomah Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Larch Mountain; Tillamook Co., Cape Meares State Park; Siuslaw

National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest; WASHINGTON, Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Twin

Creek Research Natural Area.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a cartilaginous stem

extending well below ground level as a pseudorhiza, a pale amber-brown to dark orange brown cap with a hollow

stem, a long thready pseudorhiza, and a dark cinnamon-brown spore print. Phaeocollybia kauffmanii is much larger,

has a densely stuffed stem which does not become hollow, and it has clavate cheilocystidia. Phaeocollybia piceae is

uniformly orange colored, has a stuffed stem, and clavate cheilocystidia. Phaeocollybia sipei is uniformly orange

colored, has smaller, less ornamented spores, and clavate cheilocystidia. Phaeocollybia spadicea is larger, lacks

amber or orange tones to the cap, has a densely stuffed stem covered with dense fibrillose patches, and smaller spores.

Season: Fruits in March, May, October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with the roots of Abies amabilis, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and

Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1957. A contribution toward a monograph of Phaeocollybia, Brittonia 9:195-216.

ROD name Phaeocollybia californica

Photo courtesy of L.L. Norvell
S1 - 86

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Phaeocollybia dissiliens A.H. Smith & Trappe

Description: CAP 30-60 mm in diam, obtusely conic with enrolled margin to

expanded umbonate, glutinous, orange to brown-orange or yellow-brown with

cinnamon tones, hygrophanous. FLESH watery, tan. GILLS crowded, nearly free,

pale yellow, becoming cinnamon-brown from spores. STEM overall >180 mm

long including pseudorhiza, aerial portion 70-120 x 8-18 mm, apex initially

pale but darkening with age, hollow, readily splitting lengthwise. ODOR AND

TASTE not distinctive. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 28-37 x 3.5-6 μm, filamentous. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present on terminal elements, cheilocystidia, and in pileipellis.

SPORES ovate, 6-7.5 x 3.7-4.5 μm, apex blunted and not beaked, minutely

punctate roughened, asymmetrical, in KOH red-brown.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from eight sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Benton Co., MacDonald State Forest; Lane Co., Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District, Bunker

Hill; Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest; Fogarty Creek State Park; Tillamook

Co., Cape Lookout State Park; Oswald West State Park; Pacific City; Point Lookout State Park.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a cartilaginous stem

extending well-below ground level as a pseudorhiza, a capthat is orange to

brown-orange or yellow-brown with cinnamon tones with pale orange-white

gills, a very pale orange-white hollow stem, and a dark cinnamon-brown spore

print. Phaeocollybia radicata, another small-spored species with clamp connections, has a smaller cap (only to 30

mm broad), narrower stem (2-3 mm broad), and tibiiform cheilocystidia with refractive necks. Phaeocollybia sipei

has slightly smaller spores and lacks clamp connections.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with the roots of Abies amabilis, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and

Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: SMITH , A.H. AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1972. The higher fungi of Oregon’s Cascade Head Experimental Forest

and vicinity I. The genus Phaeocollybia (Agaricales) and notes and descriptions of other species in the Agaricales.

Mycologia 64:1138-1153.

ROD name Phaeocollybia dissiliens

Photo courtesy of L.L. Norvell
S1 - 87

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Phaeocollybia gregaria A.H. Smith & Trappe

Description: CAP 30-60 mm in diam, conic to broadly conic, glabrous,

glutinous, gray-brown. FLESH thin, pliant. GILLS pale gray, becoming red-brown

from spores. STEM aerial portion 80-180 x 8-15 mm, apex glabrous, pale pinkgray. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 20-35 x 2-5 μm,

filamentous to narrowly clavate, somewhat irregular in outline. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES limoniform with prominent apical beak, 9-11 x

5.5-6 μm, obscurely punctate-roughened, in KOH pale red-brown.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a cartilaginous stem

extending well-below ground level as a pseudorhiza, a glutinous, gray-brown

cap , a pink-gray stem, and a dark red-brown spore print. Phaeocollybia

spadicea has a dark brown to black cap, fibrillose patches on the apical stem,

smaller more coarsely ornamented spores, and tibiiform cheilocystidia.

Phaeocollybia piceae has an orange-red cap, bitter taste, spores lacking an

apical beak, and wider clavate cheilocystidia.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with the roots of Picea sitchensis and Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Reference: SMITH , A.H. AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1972. The higher fungi of Oregon’s Cascade Head Experimental Forest

and vicinity I. The genus Phaeocollybia (Agaricales) and notes and descriptions of other species in the Agaricales.

Mycologia 64:1138-1153.

ROD name Phaeocollybia gregaria

Photo courtesy of E. Butler
S1 - 88

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Phaeocollybia kauffmanii (A.H. Smith) Singer

Description: CAP 8-15 (-25) cm in diam, campanulate with enrolled margin,

glabrous, viscid to glutinous, orange to brown. FLESH firm, creamy white,

frequently staining orange. GILLS more or less free, crowded, pale pink-tan

becoming red-brown from spores. STEM aerial portion 200-400 x 15-35 (40)

mm, gradually tapered to a long pseudorhiza, dry, longitudinally striate, pale

pink-tan, becoming darker to nearly black in age, thick cartilaginous rind

densely packed with a pallid pith. ODOR faintly farinaceous. TASTE

farinaceous. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 30-40 x 5-9 μm, narrowly clavate; clamp

connections absent. SPORES limoniform to amygdaliform with a small apical

beak, 8-10 (-11) x 4.5-6 (-7) μm, rugulose-roughened, amber in KOH.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 34 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Jedediah Smith State Park, Stout Grove; Six Rivers National Forest, Smith

River National Recreation Area, Dry Lake; Humboldt Co., King Range Conservation Park; Prairie Creek State Park;

Patrick’s Point State Park; McKinleyville; Mendocino Co., Russian Gulch State Park; Jackson State Forest; Van

Damme State Park; Shasta Co., Castella; Sonoma Co., Camp Meeker; OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw National

Forest, Marys Peak, Chintimini Creek; Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak campground loop trail; Clackamas Co.,

Mount Hood National Forest, Wildcat Mountain; Estacada; Coos Co., Winchester Forest; Douglas Co., Lake

Tahkenitch; Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Roseburg District, Johnson Creek; Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National

Forest, 7.5 km from Dolph junction; Linn Co., BLM, Salem District, Quartzville Rd., near Dogwood picnic area;

Multnomah Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Larch Mountain; Tillamook Co., BLM, Salem District, Bald

Mountain, Camp Cooper; Siuslaw National Forest, lower Cascade Head rd.; Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head

Experimental Forest; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Rugged Ridge trail; Grays Harbor

Co., near Copalis; Sylvia Lake State Park; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, between Twin Creeks; Spruce

Creek; Mason Co., Schafer State Park; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, upper Tahoma campground; Mount

Rainier National Park, Ipsut Creek; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass;

Whatcom Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Silver Fir campground. Also known from British

Columbia and Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a viscid, orange- to

chestnut-brown, involute campanulate cap, a cucumber-farinaceous odor, and

a massive cartilaginous pink stem filled with dense, firm, white pith.

Phaeocollybia californica is much smaller and more fragile, has longer, darker

spores, and tibiiform cheilocystidia. Phaeocollybia oregonensis has a drab colored cap, small bullet-shaped, pale,

punctate-roughened spores, and occasional clamp connections. Phaeocollybia piceae is smaller and more fragile and

lacks the dense, firm stipitipith.

Season: Fruits from late September through early January.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with the roots of Abies amabilis, Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and

Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1957. A contribution

toward a monograph of Phaeocollybia. Brittonia

9:195-217.

ROD name Phaeocollybia kauffmanii

Photo courtesy of C. Ardrey
S1 - 89

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Phaeocollybia oregonensis A.H. Smith & Trappe

Description: CAP 20-70 (110) mm in diam, convex with incurved margins

becoming plane with acute umbo and straight margin, glabrous, viscid to

glutinous, some shade of drab-brown or gray-brown. FLESH creamy to pinkwhite, stipitipith generally firm and dense, unchanging or staining slightly

brown. GILLS free, gray-white, becoming more drab in age and darker when

covered with spores. STEM including pseudorhiza to 304 mm, stuffed, aerial

portion 20-60 (-75) x 7-12 (-16) mm, more or less equal, dry to slightly moist,

apex gray-tan grading into brown and orange-brown or purple-brown below.

ODOR mild, of cucumbers, or raw potatoes. TASTE mild, sometimes quite

bitter. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 24-34 x (2-) 3-6 μm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate,

gelatinized. CLAMP CONNECTIONS sporadic to frequent. PILEIPELLIS

suprapellis up to 300 μm thick, composed of gelatinized hyphae 2-4 μm in

diameter, overlying a pellis of slightly inflated 5-10 μm in diam, amber

hyphae. SPORES ellipsoid, 5.2-7.5 (-8) x (3-) 3.5-4.5 μm, asymmetrical,

virtually smooth to sparsely punctate roughened, in KOH pale red-brown.

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Clackamas Co.,

Mount Hood National Forest, Wildcat Mountain; Multnomah Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Larch Mountain.

Also known from British Columbia.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a cartilaginous, slender, smoky-tan, stuffed stem extending wellbelow ground level as a pseudorhiza, a drab-brown to gray-brown cap, gray-white lamellae, and a dark red-brown

spore print. Phaeocollybia carmanahensis is smaller, has a thinner, glassy suprapellis (less than 50 μm thick) and

lacks clamp connections.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with the roots of Abies amabilis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga

heterophylla.

Reference: SMITH , A.H. AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1972. The higher fungi of Oregon’s Cascade Head Experimental Forest

and vicinity I. The genus Phaeocollybia (Agaricales) and notes and descriptions of other species in the Agaricales.

Mycologia 64:1138-1153.

ROD name Phaeocollybia oregonensisPhoto courtesy of L.L. Norvell
S1 - 90

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Phaeocollybia piceae A.H. Smith & Trappe

Description: CAP (11-) 15-40 (-55) mm in diam, convex-campanulate, glabrous,

moist to subviscid, bright orange to red-orange. FLESH pale orange-tan to pinktan, thin. GILLS pale orange-tan, becoming clay-colored from spores. STEM

aerial portion 20-98 x 3-10 mm, apex glabrous or covered with short, dark redbrown fibrils, apex orange intensifying to deep orange-red in age. STIPITIPITH

usually insect-eaten in mature sporocarps. ODOR variable, usually faint. TASTE

usually slightly to intensely bitter. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 16-38 x 4-5 (-6) μm,

narrowly clavate, regular to slightly irregular in outline. CLAMP CONNECTIONS

absent. SPORES limoniform with a slightly blunted apical beak, 8.7-10.2 (-

11) μm, slightly to moderately ornamented, in KOH red-brown.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 12 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Trinidad; Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest; OREGON, Benton Co.,

Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak Scenic Botanical Area; Bureau of Land Management, Salem District, Reese

Creek; Clackamas Co., Wildcat Mountain; Lane Co., Bunker Hill; Tillamook Co., Oswald West State Park; Siuslaw

National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., La Push, Third Beach parking

lot; La Push; Olympic National Park, Rugged Ridge trail; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Twin Creek

Research Natural Area. Also known from British Columbia.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a cartilaginous stem

extending well-below ground level as a pseudorhiza, a bright orange to redorange, subviscid, broadly to acutely convex-campanulate cap, free gills, and a

dark red-brown spore print. Phaeocollybia californica lacks the bright orange

coloration on the cap and has tibiiform cheilocystidia. Phaeocollybia gregaria has a gray-brown, glutinous cap, mild

taste, more prominently beaked spores, and cylindrical to more narrowly clavate cheilocystidia. Phaeocollybia

kauffmanii is a much more robust mushroom with a browner cap and dense firm stipitipith rarely consumed by insects.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with the roots of Abies amabilis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga

heterophylla.

Reference: SMITH , A.H. AND TRAPPE, J.M. 1972. The higher fungi of Oregon’s Cascade Head Experimental Forest

and vicinity I. The genus Phaeocollybia (Agaricales) and notes and descriptions of other species in the Agaricales.

Mycologia 64:1138-1153.

ROD name Phaeocollybia piceae

Photo courtesy of L.L. Norvell
S1 - 91

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Phaeocollybia scatesiae A.H. Smith & Trappe

Description: CAP 30-65 mm broad, acutely to obtusely conic with enrolled

margin becoming broadly campanulate with straight, decurved margin, umbo

often acute, glabrous, viscid to glutinous, some shade of yellow-brown to

orange-brown, becoming red-brown to brown-black in age. CONTEXT gray to

olive in central disc. GILLS pale yellow, pink or yellow-brown. STEM hollow,

aerial portion 40-65 x 4-8 (12) mm, cartilaginous, pale pink to orange-brown,

becoming dark orange-brown in age. PSEUDORHIZA up to 200 mm, salmoncolored. ODOR faintly floral when young, sometimes raphanoid, farinaceous,

pungent or not distinctive. TASTE faintly bitter when young, later mild.

CHEILOCYSTIDIA relatively abundant, 20 x 2-3 x 1.5-2 μm, lageniform to

capitulate tibiform with narrow necks, hyaline, thick refractive walls.

CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. BASIDIA 4-spored, 26-34 x 5-6.5 μm hyaline.

SPORES ovate to limoniform with pronounced straight apical beak, 7-9.5 x

4.5-5.5 μm, heavily ornamented except apical beak, in KOH dark rustybrown.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 16 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., near Crescent City; Humboldt Co., King Range Conservation Area, along King

Peak Rd.; Mendocino Co., Van Damme State Park; OREGON, Benton Co., Dinner Creek, Alsea summit;

Clackamas Co., Wildcat Mountain; Coos Co., Cape Mountain; Lane Co., Bunker Hill; Lincoln Co., Fogarty Creek

State Park; Van Duzer wayside; Multnomah Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Larch Mountain; Tillamook Co.,

Lonfibre tree farm; Nestucca; Coral Mountain; Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest;

WASHINGTON, Grays Harbor Co., Copalis Beach; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Twin Creek Research

Natural Area, Hoh River Valley.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its extremely densely fasiculate habit, moderately sized, glutinous,

pale yellow-brown to brown-black cap and smooth, cartilaginous, hollow stems. Phaeocollybia scatesiae is

distinguished from P. californica by its ceaspitose habit, slightly smaller stature, glutinous yellow-brown to brownblack cap. Phaeocollybia californica is not usually ceaspitose but is found in close to crowded “loose” bundles and is

generally more robust and has more distinct orange colors in the cap.

Season: Fruits in March, May, October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with the roots of Abies spp., Picea sitchensis, and Vaccinium spp. from sea

level to 1,250 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1957. A contribution toward a

monograph of Phaeocollybia, Brittonia 9:195-216. NORVELL, L.L.

1998. The biology and taxonomy of Pacific Northwest species of

Phaeocollybia Heim (Agaricales, Cortinariaceae). University of

Washington. Ph.D thesis. 391 p.

ROD name Phaeocollybia scatesiae

Photo courtesy of L.L. Norvell
S1 - 92

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Phaeocollybia sipei A.H. Smith

Description: CAP 25-120 mm in diam, obtusely umbonate with enrolled margin

expanding to broadly umbonate, glutinous to viscid, brown-orange to orangebrown. FLESH, ODOR AND TASTE not recorded. GILLS pale yellow-buff when

young becoming pink-buff and then deep yellow-brown. STEM aerial portion

60-120 x 3-6 mm, soon hollow, apex yellow, darkening to ferruginous or

purple-red from the base up. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 30-40 x 7-9 μm, cylindrical to

broadly clavate. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES subelliptic with rounded

apex, lacking an apical beak, 5.5-6.5 x 3.5-5 μm, faintly ornamented, in

KOH ochraceous tawny.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from seven sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Benton Co., Bellfountain; Dinner Creek; Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak campground; Lane Co.,

Eugene; Lincoln Co., Fogarty Creek State Park; Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National Forest, 1.5 miles north of Oswald

West State Park; Cascade Head Experimental Forest.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a cartilaginous stem

extending well-below ground level as a pseudorhiza, an orange cap with

orange gills, a yellow stem, and a dark red-brown spore print. Phaeocollybia

californica lacks the intense orange coloration on the cap, has larger, heavily

ornamented spores, and tibiiform cheilocystidia. Phaeocollybia dissiliens has

slightly larger spores and definite clamp connections. Phaeocollybia piceae has much larger, more heavily

ornamented spores.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with the roots of Abies amabilis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga

heterophylla.

Reference: SMITH , A.H. 1957. A contribution toward a monograph of Phaeocollybia. Brittonia 9:195-216.

ROD name Phaeocollybia sipei Photo courtesy of L.L. Norvell
S1 - 93

Family Strophariaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Pholiota albivelata Murrill

Description: CAP 40-80 mm in diam, broadly convex to plano-convex,

glabrous, smooth to rugulose overall, viscid, pale vinaceous brown to dark

vinaceous brown, margin slightly paler. FLESH white. GILLS adnate to arcuate,

close, dark brown. STEM 50-100 x 4-10 mm, cylindric, slightly enlarged base,

dry, appressed-fibrillose or floccose above annulus, scurfy to nearly glabrous

below annulus, white overall or yellow at the base. PARTIAL VEIL persistent,

membranous, white, striate on upper surface, floccose on lower surface.

ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive. PILEIPELLIS 100 μm thick, an ixocutis of

repent hyphae 1.5-3 μm in diam embedded in a gelatinous matrix. GILL

TRAMA inamyloid. BASIDIA 4-spored. CHEILOCYSTIDIA 20-56 x 3-7 μm,

filamentous-capitate. PLEUROCYSTIDIA (chrysocystidia) abundant, 30-50 x 5-

12 μm, clavate to mucronate, hyaline but with coagulated, amorphous,

refractive, yellow to golden contents in KOH, or ochraceous to red in

Melzer’s reagent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES ellipsoid, 7-9 x 4-5.5

μm, smooth, germ pore minute, dark yellow-brown spore print.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 38 sites, all within the range of the northern spotted

owl. Of the total of 52 collections, most sites have scant information that does not allow specific land allocation to be

determined. The sites with nonvague information include: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., near Trinidad; Near

Orick; Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park; OREGON, Coos Co., Coos County Forest, Beaver Hill area; Clackamas

Co., Mount Hood National Forest, near Mile Bridge; Mount Hood National Forest, Still Creek; Mount Hood National

Forest, Camp Creek campground; Mount Hood National Forest, near Welches; Lane Co., Siuslaw National Forest,

Indian Creek; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Lake Crescent; Jefferson Co., Olympic

National Park, Graves Creek; Olympic National Park, Hoh River; Olympic National Park, Mount Angeles; King Co.,

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Tunnel Creek; Mason Co., Olympic National Forest, headwaters of

Lilliwayup Creek; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Tahoma Creek; Mount Rainier National Park, Ipsut

Creek; Whatcom Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Hannegan Pass, Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National

Forest, Stevens Pass; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Silver Fir campground. Vague sites are located in

CALIFORNIA, Trinity Co.; OREGON, Benton Co.; Coos Co.; Clackamas Co.; Josephine Co.; Lane Co.;

Lincoln Co.; Polk Co.; WASHINGTON, Grays Harbor Co.; King Co.; Thurston Co.; Whatcom Co.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a conspicuous, persistent, white, membranous annulus, smooth,

ellipsoid spores 7-9 x 4-5.5 μm, abundant, clavate to mucronate pleurocystidia with yellow, globular to amorphous

refractive contents (i.e., chrysocystidia), filamentous, subcapitate cheilocystidia, and a distinctly gelatinous pileipellis.

Pholiota albivelata is most closely related to P. sipei A. H. Smith & Hesler, described from the Willamette Valley in

Oregon. Pholiota sipei has a slightly more yellow annulus, and differs considerably in micromorphology. Pholiota

sipei has larger spores (9-12 x 4.5-6 μm) and has two types of pleurocystidia, i.e., chrysocystidia like those of P.

albivelata but smaller, plus large leptocystidia that are fusoid ventricose and measure 50-75 x 10-20 μm.

Distinguished from Stropharia hormanii by spore color.

Season: Fruits from late April through early January.

Substrate and habitat: Apparently restricted to conifer forests and usually found as scattered, single sporocarps

on fallen branches or other conifer debris.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., AND HESLER, L.R. 1968. The North American

species of Pholiota. Lubrecht & Cramer, Monticello, New York. 402 p.

ROD name Pholiota albivelata

Photo courtesy of University of Michigan
S1 - 94

Family Sarcoscyphaceae Morphological Habit cup

Pithya vulgaris Fuckel

Description: SPOROCARPS sessile to short-stipitate, pulvinate, apotheciate.

HYMENIAL SURFACE regular at first, sometimes becoming slightly irregular in age,

1-6 (-15) mm in diam, 1-2 mm in profile, at first subcylindric, broadening in age

to discoid, even, flat to slightly convex, bright orange. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE

glabrous near margin with white, anchoring hyphae toward the base, tinged

with color of hymenium at margin and paler and whiter toward base. ASCI

operculate, inamyloid, to 300-325 μm long. SPORES globose, 12-14 μm in

diam, hyaline, eguttulate.

Distribution: Known from 20 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw

National Forest, Marys Peak, Meadow Edge trail; Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Salem District, Bellfountain

Rd.; Douglas Co., Umpqua National Forest, DEMO study, Dog Prairie block; BLM, Roseburg District, Little Wolf

Creek; BLM, Roseburg District, Buck Creek; BLM, Roseburg District, near junction of Olalla Creek and Thompson

Creek; BLM Roseburg District, Dice Creek; BLM Roseburg District, Stouts Creek, BLM, Roseburg District, near

junction of Rd. 30-7-22.1 and Rd. 30-7-27.1; Jackson Co., BLM, Medford District, Butte Falls; BLM, Medford

District, 1.6 km east of Howard Prince Reservoir; Rogue River National Forest, near Camp Latgawa; Josephine Co.,

Rogue River National Forest, 1.8 km west of Steve Peak; Rogue River National Forest, Miller Lake; Linn Co.,

Willamette National Forest, Lost Prairie; Willamette National Forest, Tombstone Pass; Willamette National Forest,

H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Carpenter Mountain; WASHINGTON, Kittias Co., Snoqualmie Pass; Lewis Co.,

Mount Rainier National Park, Eagle Peak; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass.

Several vague localities occur in California. Also widespread in boreal forests of the North Temperate zone.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by pulvinate, sessile to shortstipitate sporocarps, 1-15 mm in diam, with a bright orange hymenium,

occurring on leaves and twigs of conifers (particularly Abies sp. and Sequoia

sp.) near melting snow. Pithya cupressina (Batsch : Fr.) Fr. differs in having

smaller sporocarps, typically less than 4 mm in diam, shorter asci (to 250 μm),

and slightly smaller ascospores (10-12 μm). It fruits on species of Juniperus,

Thuja, and Sequoiadendron. Pithya lacunosa (Ellis & Ev.) Seaver has similar morphology as P. vulgaris, it fruits on

Abies species and is separated from P. vulgaris on the basis of asci that are 200-225 μm long. Pithya lacunosa was

described from Maine. Based on Seaver’s (1928) descriptions, a key difference between P. vulgaris and P. lacunosa is

the smooth vs. lacunose hymenium, potentially a developmental character.

Season: Fruits from March through May, also in November.

Substrate and habitat: Saprophyte or a needle endophyte. It fruits on wet, dead, usually detached branch tips

(with needles) and twigs of Abies and Sequoia, in montane areas often within several yards of snowbanks or within a

few weeks of snow melt.

Reference: SEAVER, F.J. 1928. The North

American Cup-Fungi (Operculates). New York:

Seaver. 284 p.

ROD name Pithya vulgaris

Photos courtesy of M.A. Castellano
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Family Sarcosomataceae Morphological Habit cup

Plectania milleri Paden & Tylutki

Description: SPOROCARPS sessile, discoid, apotheciate. HYMENIAL SURFACE

more or less regular, varying to compressed from above, 10-40 mm in diam, 5-20

mm in profile, cupulate to broadly bowl shaped or in age nearly discoid, dark

brown to purple-brown or nearly black, drying black, even. ABHYMENIAL

SURFACE black, covered with appressed dark brown to black hyphae, lacking

orange granules near the margin. MEDULLARY EXCIPULUM of interwoven hyphae

with ramifying, dark brown hyphae extending from the ectal excipulum

toward the hymenium. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, 8-spored, walls slightly

thickened. SPORES ellipsoid, 21-25.5 x 9-10.5 μm (Paden & Tylutki) [(24.4-)

26.3-27.6 (-28.9) x 10.5-12.5 μm in fresh material from Oregon], with

homogeneous contents, smooth.

Distribution: Known from four sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Josephine Co.,

Rogue River National Forest, Miller Lake; Klamath Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Lakeview District,

east of Miner’s Creek; BLM, Lakeview District, near junction of Clover Creek Rd. and Rd. 38-6E-33; Wasco Co.,

Mount Hood National Forest, trail to Little Boulder Lake. Also known from Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized as a sessile, black cup with a

black, stellate margin and hirsute abhymenial surface and occurs in the spring

and summer. Pseudoplectania melaena (Pers.:Fr.) Sacc. differs in having

globose spores, and fruiting on dead twigs and branches of conifers in early spring. Sarcosoma mexicana is much

more gelatinized.

Season: Fruits in May.

Substrate and habitat: Associated with mixed conifers.

Reference: PADEN, J.W., AND TYLUTKI, E.E. 1969. Idaho Discomycetes. II. Mycologia 61:683-693.

ROD name Plectania milleri

Photo courtesy of M. Beug
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Family Thelephoraceae Morphological Habit chantrelle

Polyzellus multiplex (Underwood) Murrill

Description: CAP 5-15 cm in diam, often in multiples, plano-convex to

flabelliform, occasionally becoming slightly to deeply depressed when mature,

slightly fibrillose to rough-glabrous, dry, dark purple-violaceous to purple-black

or paler with violet tones predominating. FLESH somewhat brittle, violet to

black, becoming dark black-green in KOH. ODOR mild to faintly pungent.

TASTE not distinctive. HYMENIAL ridges strongly decurrent, forked, often

anastomosing, more or less blunt, concolorous with cap but frequently

becoming gray-violet when dried. STEM 30-50 (-70) x 8-25 mm, compound,

more or less eccentric to lateral, upper portion covered by decurrent ridges,

dark violaceous-black. TRAMA green-black in KOH. SPORES tuberculate to

angular tuberculate, 4.5-9 x 4.5-8 μm, inamyloid, spore print white.

Distribution: Known from 19 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co.,

Hoopa Indian Reservation, South Mill Creek Rd.; Hoopa Indian Reservation, Big Hill Rd., behind summer cabins;

OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest , Little Crater Lake; Mount Hood National Forest,

intersection of Rd. 5810 and Rd. 5820; Deschutes Co., Deschutes National Forest, Elk Lake, south of campground;

Deschutes National Forest, between upper Snowshoe Lake and Long Lake; Lane Co., near Mule Prairie; Willamette

national Forest, Smith Lake; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Lost Prairie campground; Marion Co., Willamette

National Forest, Battle Axe Creek drainage, 1.6 km east of Jawbone Flat; Willamette National Forest, Opal Creek;

Wasco Co., Mount Hood National Forest, off Barlow rd.; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National

Forest, Indian Creek trail; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, St. Andrews Creek; Mount Rainier National Park,

near Carbon River Ranger Station; Skagit Co., Okanogan National Forest, Easy Pass trailhead; Lewis Co., Gifford

Pinchot National Forest, Cispus Environmental Center; Skamania Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, off Rd. 43;

Snohomish Co., Mount Pilchuck State Park. Also occurs elsewhere in the United States (south to New Mexico and

east to Maine).

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the dark purple sporocarps

with blunt gray-violet hymenial ridges and a white spore print. Craterellus

cinereus var. multiplex is more brown, has ellipsoid, smooth spores (8-11 x 5-6

μm) and tissues which do not stain green in KOH. Gomphus clavatus is paler, has ellipsoid, smooth spores (9-12 x 5-

6 μm) and tissues which also do not stain green in KOH.

Season: Fruits in June through November.

Substrate and habitat: Occurs in association with roots of Abies spp. in late-successional, mid-elevation,

montane, conifer forests.

Reference: CORNER, E.J.H. 1966. A

Monograph of Cantharelloid Fungi.

Oxford University Press, Cambridge.

ROD name Polyzellus multiplex

Photo courtesy of M. Beug
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Family Otidiaceae Morphological Habit cup

Pseudaleuria quinaultiana Lusk

Description: SPOROCARPS sessile to substipitate, apotheciate. HYMENIAL

SURFACE broadly bowl-shaped to repand, from above regular to slightly irregular,

7-35 mm in diam, in profile 5-15 mm tall, bright red-orange, more or less even.

ABHYMENIAL SURFACE concolorous to somewhat paler, invested with long

somewhat matted hairs less dense toward point of attachment. MARGIN

somewhat enrolled at first, straight to flaring in age, invested with pale tan to

very pale brown hairs. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, thin-walled, 8-spored,

with paired basal scars and apparently arising from croziers. PARAPHYSES

straight. SPORES ellipsoid, 15.5-19.5 x 7.5-10.5 μm (Lusk, 1987) or fresh

spores in water 18.2-21.5 x (8.5-) 9.1-10.4 μm, smooth.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from five sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: OREGON, Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Drift Creek Wilderness; Marion Co., Silver Falls State Park;

WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, east of Forks; Olympic National Park, Rugged Ridge trail;

Grays Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest, Quinault rainforest trail. Not known from California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a vernally fruiting bright

red-orange, sessile to substipitate cup fungus with a hairy, red-orange,

abhymenial surface. Pseudoplectania nigrella (Pers. : Fr.) Fuckel differs in

having globose spores and in fruiting on the ground in late spring to early

summer. Plectania melastoma (Sowerby : Fr.) Fuckel differs in having orange granules on the abhymenial surface

near the margin and in releasing pink to rose pigments when sections of that region are mounted in KOH.

Sarcoscypha coccinea (Fr.) Lambotte differs in typically having a rosy red (rarely nearly white) hymenium, fruiting on

or adjacent to hardwood twigs and branches especially Acer macrophyllum Pursch, multiguttulate spores 25-35 x 11-

14 μm, asci with thickened walls and long, narrow bases. Aleuria aurantia has a orange hymenium, reticulate,

ornamented spores, and fruits in heavily disturbed areas from fall into early spring.

Season: Fruits from March through May.

Substrate and habitat: Occurs on disturbed microsites (trail sides, recent windthrow mounds) in low elevation

old-growth forest that includes Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: LUSK, D.E. 1987. Pseudaleuria quinaultiana, a new genus and species of operculate Ascomycete from

the Olympic Peninsula. Mycotaxon 30:417-431.

ROD name Pseudaleuria quinaultiana

Photo courtesy of J. Weber
S1 - 98

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria amyloidea Marr & Stuntz

Description: SPOROCARPS 7-13 x 7-15 cm, white to orange-white with

subareolate regions of brown superficial hyphae, when mature the stem almost

entirely brown, branches pale orange with a tinge of pale red, occasionally with

small violet-gray bruised spots, apices concolorous, a distinctive band of pale

camel brown hyphae visible in the basal region of a radially sectioned stem.

FLESH of stem similar to that of fresh material, flesh of the branches yellowwhite. STEM single, conical to cylindrical, stout, 2-6.5 x 2-4.5 cm, branching

from the base up to 8 times, lower nodes commonly polychotomous, axils

frequently acute or turbinate, branches slight to moderately divergent, lower

branches sometimes connate, up to 4 cm diam, primary and secondary

internodes lengthening up to 3 cm, upper branches generally short, numerous

and compacted on the primary branches, the more congested sporocarps

cauliflower-like in form, pluridigitate or plurinodulose near the apices;

apices rounded. Consistency fleshy fibrous when fresh, drying hard, brittle,

and slightly chalky-friable. FLESH OF STEM amyloid; flesh of fresh sporocarps

instantly turquoise green with FSW; the brown band in the stem darkening

with KOH; PYR, ANW, GUA, PHN or ANO negative. ODOR slightly sweet.

TASTE not distinctive. CONTEXT HYPHAE forming a densely stratified subparallel layer about 60 μm thick, the

underlying context compactly interwoven, context of the branches of parallel hyphae, 4-19 μm in diam, moderately

cyanophilic, thick-walled, ampulliform swellings near septa rare in the branches, sparse in the stem, 8-22 μm in diam,

walls of the swellings moderately ornamented in the stem, nearly smooth in the branches. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE

sparse, 3.5-4 μm in diam or up to 9 μm in localized bulbous regions. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, loosely interwoven

hyphae, 2-4 μm in diam, cyanophilic globular inclusions common. BASIDIA clavate, 47-82 x 7-10 μm, cyanophilic, 2-

4 spored. STERIGMATA 4-6 μm long, slightly incurved or straight, not divergent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS common.

SPORES narrowly cylindrical, 7-10 x 3-4 μm, (mean = 8.9 x 3.6), finely ornamented, warts cyanophilic, apricot yellow

spore print.

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from nine sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Haypress Meadows; Klamath National Forest,

just past turnoff to Ten Bears trail; OREGON, Klamath Co., Willamette National Forest, Trapper Creek trailhead;

Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, Waldo Lake; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National Forest,

Indian Creek trail; Kittitas Co., Lake Kachess; Pierce Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, near junction

of Rd. 37 and Rd. 59; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Glacier Peak Wilderness, Sulphur

Creek; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Sloan Creek trail.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a flesh which instantly turns blue-green with FSW, a band of pale

brown hyphae visible in the basal region of a radially sectioned stem, amyloid flesh, and short, narrowly cylindrical,

nearly smooth spores. Ramaria velocimutans, R. celerivirescens, R. claviramulata, and R. rubiginosa are other

species which have one or more of the first three features. None of these species, however, resembles R. amyloidea

with respect to the short, narrowly cylindrical, nearly smooth spores, and they differ further either in sporocarp color

or in lacking clamp connections.

Season: Fruits in September and October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND

STUNTZ, D.E. 1973.

Ramaria of Western

Washington. Biblio. Mycol.

38:1-232.

ROD name Ramaria amyloidea

Photo courtesy of C. Marr

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria araiospora Marr & Stuntz

Description: SPOROCARPS 5-13 x 2-8 cm, base white to yellow-white, or

discoloring brown-white, branches red in youth, pale red at maturity, apices nearly

concolorous in primordial sporocarps, apices of mature sporocarps maize yellow

or pale to deep orange, context concolorous. STEM single, slightly bulbous, 2-3 x

1.5 cm, sometimes nearly fasciculate, covered with a thin white basal

tomentum; branching up to 6 times from the base, polychotomous to

dichotomous, axils acute or turbinate and branches slight to moderately

divergent, internodes elongated in mature sporocarps, branches mostly slender,

1-5 mm diam, some basal branches up to 4 cm diam, forked or finely divided

near apices; apices acute to subacute. Consistency fleshy-fibrous when fresh,

brittle when dried. FLESH of stem inamyloid; PYR, ANW, GUA, PHN, or

ANO negative; occasionally exceptions occurring with GUA, and ANW.

ODOR not distinctive. TASTE not distinctive. FLESH HYPHAE parallel near the

surface to interwoven towards the base, parallel in the branches, mostly

uninflated, some moderately inflated, 4-14 μm in diam, walls smooth to

slightly fluted, cyanophilic, thin, 0.25-1 μm, ampulliform swellings near septa,

8-15 μm in diam, walls of the vesicles moderately ornamented in the stem,

slightly ornamented in the branches, crystalline masses occurring in the stem. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE present but

infrequent, 3-4.5 μm in diam. SUBHYMENIA of interwoven hyphae, 2-3 μm in diam, thin-walled. BASIDIA clavate, 43-

75 x 7-12 μm, contents not granulate, 1-4 spored. STERIGMATA 4-8 μm long, straight, erect or slightly divergent.

CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES subcylindrical, 8-13 x 3-4.5 μm, (mean = 9.9 x 3.7), finely ornamented with

cyanophilic warts.

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from eight sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Big Lagoon; Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest; OREGON, Benton Co.,

Bureau of Land Management, Salem District, Reese Creek; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park,

Soleduc Falls; Pierce Co., Dalles Recreation Area; Mount Rainier National Park, Lower Tahoma Creek; Grays

Harbor Co., 16.5 km west of Hoquiam; Lake Sylvia State Park.

Distinguishing Features: The two varieties of R. araiospora are separated on the sole characteristic of the

presence or absence of yellow apices at maturity. Ramaria subbotrytis is coral pink when young, fading to creamy

ochraceous when mature. The apices of R. subbotrytis tend to be rounded and those of R. araiospora subacute to

acute.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

ROD name Ramaria araiospora

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria aurantiisiccescens Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 11 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, Haypress

Meadows; Humboldt Co., Fickle Hill Rd.; OREGON, Benton Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Salem

District, Reese Creek; Coos Co., BLM, Coos Bay District, Sandy Creek; Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest,

junction of Rd. 1929 and Rd. 17; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, Waldo Lake trail; Linn Co., Willamette

National Forest, near Iron Mountain trailhead; Marion Co., BLM, Salem District, off Rd. 782; WASHINGTON, Lewis Co., Pleasant Valley; Pierce Co., Dalles Recreation Area; Skamania Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest,

Forlorn lakes.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the yellow to orange sporocarps which lack clamp connections and

red tones, fleshy-fibrous consistency, positive reactions of ANW, GUA, PHN and ANO, and spores averaging 10.8 x

4.0 μm. In the field it is difficult to distinguish R. aurantiisiccescens from several other orange-colored Ramaria

species of similar habit, R. gelatiniaurantia, R. 1ongispora and R. sandaracina except by the positive macrochemical

tests. In addition R. sandaracina has clamp connections on the hyphae, R. gelatiniaurantia has a gelatinous

consistency, and R. 1ongispora has longer, more coarsely warted spores.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington.

Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 8-10 x 2-8 cm, white, upper base and lowest branches

pale yellow to yellow, shading upwards into pale orange or orange-yellow, the

apices nearly dark orange. STEM single to nearly compound, 1-4 x 1-2 cm, a

thin, white basal tomentum present, branching 4-7 times from the base,

polychotomous or dichotomous, axils acute to rounded and branches slightly

divergent, internodes elongated up to 5 cm in length, branches 0.2-1 cm in

diam, bifid to finely divided near apices; apices subacute. FLESH of stem

fleshy-fibrous when fresh, inamyloid, ANW, GUA, PHN and ANO positive;

PYR negative. ODOR slightly sweet. TASTE not distinctive. FLESH HYPHAE

interwoven in the stem, parallel in the branches, uninflated to moderately

inflated, 4-16 μm in diam, thin-walled, smooth, nongelatinized, strongly

cyanophilic, hyphae infrequently vesicular near a septum, up to 12 μm in

diam, walls of swellings nearly smooth in the branches, moderately

ornamented in the stipe. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE rare, slender, 2-3 μm in

diam. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, interwoven hyphae, 3-4 μm in diam.

BASIDIA clavate, 45-60 x 8-12 μm, l-4-spored. STERIGMATA variable, mostly

4-7 μm, up to 22 μm. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES cylindrical to

subpip-shaped, 8.5-14 x 3-5 μm, (mean = 10.8 x 4), ornamented with fine, lobed, cyanophilic warts.

ROD name Ramaria aurantiisiccescens

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 101

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria botrytis var. aurantiramosa Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, Lewis Co., Pleasant Valley.

Distinguishing Features: The striate spores help distinguish R. botrytis

var. aurantiiramosa from most other Ramaria taxa. Ramaria botrytis var.

aurantiiramosa is distinguished from Ramaria botrytis var. botrytis by the orange coloration of the upper branches. It

is separated from R. rubripermanens by its larger spores.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 8-15 x 6-17 cm, opaque white, bruising pale yellow to

gray-orange, primary branches concolorous with stem, terminal branches pale

orange or a shade more brown. FLESH white. STEM single or fasciculate, if the

latter then 2 or 3 stems present, tapering, massive, 3.5-8 x 3.5-6 cm, primary

branches few, mostly 2 or 3, short to moderately elongate, thick, up to 3 cm

diam, upper branch systems compacted on primary branches or stem, 3 cm or

less in length, pluridigitate near apices; apices subacute, rounded, or nodulose,

fleshy-fibrous when fresh, drying hard. FLESH of stem slowly and weakly

amyloid; PYR, PHN and ANO negative; slight color changes with

application of ANW, GUA, of thin to moderately thick-walled, hyphae.

SPORES 12-16 x 4-6 μm, (mean = 13.5 x 4.7), with a suprahilar depression

and a dorsal and ventral convexity, striae steeply oblique, cyanophilic.

ROD name Ramaria botrytis var. aurantiramosa

Photo courtesy of M.A. CastellanoPhoto courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 102

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria celerivirescens Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from 14 sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Fickle Hill Rd.; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National

Forest, Hoodview campground; Josephine Co., Bureau of Land Management, 3 km south of Cave Junction;

WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Little Wenatchee Rd., 1.5 km from Little Wenatchee Ford

trailhead; King Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Tunnel Creek; Lewis Co., Pleasant Valley, along Rd.

74; Gifford Pinchot National Forest, North Fork campground; Mason Co., Mason Lake; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier

National Park, lower Tahoma Creek; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, 6 km along Rd. 59 from hwy. 706;

Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, near junction of Rd. 37 and Rd. 59; Mount Rainier National park, 2.8 km

from Stevens Canyon entrance; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Glacier Peak Wilderness,

Sulphur Creek; King Co., 16.5 km east of Enumclaw.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a flesh which instantly turns blue-green after application of FSW, a

distinctive band of pale brown hyphae visible in the basal region of a radially sectioned stem, and amyloid flesh.

Ramaria celerivirescens differs from R. amyloidea with respect to the occurrence of clamp connections, sporocarp

form and spore ornamentation. Ramaria velocimutans is a third species which has a band of pale brown hyphae in the

stem and reacts quickly with FSW, but it differs in its larger size and white sporocarps. Ramaria formosa discolors

with handling and the hyphae have clamp connections.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D.

AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973.

Ramaria of Western

Washington. Biblio. Mycol.

38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 6-18 x 3-10 cm, white or yellow-white, covered with

subareolate patches of brown to red-brown superficial hyphae, branches pale to

pale orange, apices pale to yellow, a distinctive band of pale brown hyphae

visible in the basal region of a radially section stem, flesh of the branches

subconcolorous or slightly more red than surface. STEM single, roughened,

cylindrical or tapered, 2-7 x 1-3 cm, branching up to 10 times, axils acute to

turbinate and branches slightly divaricate, lower branches with internodes up

to 5 cm long and up to 1.3 cm in diam, upper branches bifid or multifid near

apices, apices subacute to rounded, fleshy-fibrous. FLESH of stem slowly

amyloid, instantly dark green with FSW, the brown band in the stem

darkening with KOH; PYR, ANW, GUA, PHN and ANO negative; with

more time GUA may become weakly positive. FLESH of interwoven

hyphae, 6-l1 μm in diam in the stem, parallel hyphae, 3-20 μm in diam in

the branches, walls smooth or slightly fluted, moderately cyanophilic, thinwalled, cyanophilic inclusions sometimes conspicuous, hyphae frequently

vesicular near a septum, 10-18 μm in diam, vesicle walls distinctively

ornamented in the stem, moderately so in the branches. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE

rare, mostly 2.5-3.5 μm in diam. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, interwoven hyphae, 3-5 μm in diam. BASIDIA clavate,

41-70 x 7-11 μm, 2-4-spored. STERIGMATA 3-8 μm long, mostly straight, occasionally incurved, not divergent. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES subcylindrical with a prominent lateral apiculus, 8-11 x 4-6 μm, (mean = 9.5 x 4.6),

subcylindrical with a prominent lateral apiculus, apiculus up to 2 x 2 μm, ornamented with coarse, irregularly shaped,

cyanophilic warts, gray-yellow-orange spore print.

ROD name Ramaria celerivirescens

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 103

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria claviramulata Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from two sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Mendocino Co., Van Damme State Park; WASHINGTON, King Co., Mount BakerSnoqualmie National Forest, Goldmyer Hot Springs trail. Not known from Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by branches similar to the apices of Clavariadelphus species, positive

reaction of the context to FSW, red reaction of the hymenium to KOH, the brown-colored sporocarps, thick-walled

hyphae, and spores with a large apiculus.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 5-9 x 3.5-4.5 cm, brown-white, sometimes with

subareolate regions of superficial hyphae of darker brown, branches gray-orange,

apices mostly concolorous, flesh brown-white. STEM single or occasionally 2-3

in a fascicle, tapering, slender, 1.4 x 0.5-2 cm, branching dichotomous, axils

acute and branches moderately divergent, internodes distinct but not greatly

elongated, up to 3 cm, branches generally not diminishing greatly in diam

upwards, some terminal branches distinctively enlarged, up to l.5 cm broad,

resembling some of the irregular clubs of Clavariadelphus, forked to antlered,

apices rounded or blunt, fleshy-fibrous when fresh, drying hard. FLESH of

stem inamyloid, FSW positive, KOH positive on fresh and dried specimens,

dried sporocarps turning red; PYR, ANW, GUA, PHN and ANO negative.

ODOR musty. TASTE bitter. FLESH thick-walled (1-4 μm), subparallel to

interwoven hyphae, 5-9 μm in diam in stem, thick-walled (0.25-2.5 μm),

parallel hyphae 5-22 μm in diam in branches, walls smooth or fluted,

moderately cyanophilic, ampulliform inflations near septa rare, 13-20 μm in

diam, walls of swellings distinctly ornamented in the stem, less so in the

branches. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE absent. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled,

interwoven hyphae 3-6 μm in diam. BASIDIA clavate, 65-75 x 8-8.5 μm, 2-4-spored. STERIGMATA 5-8 μm long,

straight, not divergent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES elongate to ellipsoid, 9-10.5 x 4-5 μm, (mean = 9.3 x

4.7), apiculus prominent up to 3 x 2 μm, ornamented with fine, lobed, cyanophilic warts, some spores nearly smooth.

ROD name Ramaria claviramulata

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 104

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria concolor f. marrii Petersen

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: WASHINGTON,

Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Sloan Creek campground. It is also reported from one

site in northern California with vague locality data. Also known from Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the distinct sporocarp form, the white rhizomorphs arising from a

mycelial mat and the size of the spores.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: PETERSEN, R.H. 1975. Ramaria subgenus Lentoramaria with emphasis on North American taxa. Biblio.

Mycol. 43:1-161.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 6 cm high, up to 4.5 cm broad, stipitate,

repeatedly branched, arising from a white mycelial mat and white rhizomorphic

strands. STEM red-tan, up to 1.5 cm long, bruising brown, branches lax, open to

somewhat divaricate, mostly dichotomous, red-tan, axils open to lunate,

concolorous to surrounding branches; apices delicate, digitate, cream tan to

pale tan. ODOR indistinct or weakly of anise. TASTE bitter, weakly astringent,

not acrid. HYMENIUM in FSW slowly slate green, purple-blue to purple-black

with added ETOH; bright deep blue in GUA, yellow-brown to copper-brown

in KOH; ANW, PYR, ANO negative. CYSTIDIOID STRUCTURES in hymenium

hyphal, 1.5 μm in diam, projecting from hymenial surface up to 40 μm, thinwall, gnarled, often once-branched, leptocystidial. SPORES elongate, ovoid

to ellipsoid, 7.8-10 x 3.7-4.8 μm, thin-walled, moderately cyanophilic,

apiculus prominent, eccentric, truncate, ornamentation of obscure, low warts

or ridges.

ROD name Ramaria concolor f. marrii

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 105

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria cyaneigranosa Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from eight sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Big Lagoon; Big Hill Rd.; Lord Ellis Summit; OREGON, Douglas Co.,

Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Roseburg District, Irwin Rocks Reseach Natural Area; Lane Co., BLM, Salem

District, Scattered Tracts South; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Lake Creek trail; Pierce Co.,

Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek; Mount Rainier National Park, Ipsut Creek.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its red sporocarp, spores 4.5 μm or wider, with verrucose

ornamentations, and red to violet brown reactions with PHN and ANO. Ramaria stuntzii is bright scarlet in youth, and

is easily distinguished by its robust habit and amyloid context. Ramaria cyaneigranosa is red to salmon, and R. araiospora is magenta red, at least in var. rubella. The three varieties of R. cyaneigranosa are separated on sporocarp

color, form, and spore length. Ramaria cyaneigranosa var. cyaneigranosa has the longest spores, the most intensely

red branches, and yellow tips.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 4-12 x 2-11 cm, white, branches pale red, apices

sometimes nearly concolorous, usually minutely dotted with pale yellow or redyellow. STEM single or branched at base, 0.5-3.5 x 0.4-3 cm, arising from a

slender, taproot-like structure, frequently thick or slightly bulbous; branching 3-

5 times from base, lower nodes usually polychotomous, branches frequently

connate, axils acute to u-shaped and branches slightly divergent, internodes

often short, especially upper ones, branches slender to somewhat flattened and

wider, shortly furcate, polydigitate or nodulose near apices, apices subacute to

rounded, fleshy-fibrous when fresh, drying brittle. FLESH of stem

inamyloid, PHN and ANO positive; occasional weak reactions with GUA,

PYR, and ANW. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive. FLESH of parallel to

interwoven hyphae 3-10 μm in diam with crystalline masses, of thin-walled,

parallel, inflated hyphae 3-20 μm in diam in the branches, all walls smooth

and cyanophilic, ampulliform inflations near septa, 9-14 μm in diam, walls

of the swellings slightly ornamented, false clamp connections sometimes

present. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, interwoven hyphae, 2-5 μm in diam.

BASIDIA clavate, 49-80 x 6.12 μm, cyanophilic, l-4-spored. STERIGMATA 4-10

μm long, straight or slightly incurved, slightly divergent or erect. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE present, 2-4 (-6) μm in diam.

CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES subcylindrical, 8-15 x 4-6 μm, (mean = 11.0 x 4.6), ornamented with distinct,

irregularly shaped cyanophilic warts, pale yellow spore print.

ROD name Ramaria cyaneigranosa

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 106

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria fasciculata var. sparsiramosa Coker

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from two sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park; WASHINGTON, Mason Co.,

Mason Lake. Not known from Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Ramaria conjunctipes produces smaller, more

slender, less branched sporocarps, and has smaller spores (6-10 x 4-6.5 μm). Spores of R. fasciculata var. tsugensis

are apparently identical with spores of R. fasciculata var. sparsiramosa associated with western hemlock. It is likely

that R. fasciculata var. tsugensis does not differ significantly from R. fasciculata var. sparsiramosa and that further

study will conclude that they are synonymous.

Season: Fruits in November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: PETERSEN, R.H. 1982. Contributions toward a monograph of Ramaria. V. Type specimen studies of taxa

described by W.C. Coker. Sydowia 35:176-205.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 6 x 4 cm, subspherical to broadly obovate in

outline. STEM fasciculate with up to 10 individuals, loosely bound by superficial

white tomentum, slender, up to 4 mm thick, rooting somewhat, white where

protected. Branches of individual sporocarps in 2-4 ranks, up to 3 mm thick

below, 2 mm or less above, terete, fleshy pallid salmon to salmon colored to

pale tan, flesh solid to locally hollow, white, somewhat stringy, axils narrowly

rounded, internode ratio diminishing rather abruptly apically in maturity, apices

pale yellow, minutely double-dichotomous when young, minutely digitate by

maturity. ODOR negligible to mildly aromatic. TASTE negligible to mildly

fabaceous. MACROCHEMICAL REACTIONS not recorded. FLESH of parallel,

thin-walled, hyaline hyphae up to 10 μm in diam in branches. BASIDIA 45-55

x 6-7 μm, clavate, 4-spored. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES broadly

ovate to broadly cylindrical, 7.2-9.7 x 4.7-5.8 μm, obscurely roughened,

small warts often indiscernable.

ROD name Ramaria fasciculata var. sparsiramosa

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 107

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria gelatiniaurantia Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from eight sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Jedediah Smith State Park, Howland Hill Rd.; Mendocino Co., Northern

California Coast Range Preserve, Elder Creek; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, near south

fork of Eagle Creek; Mount Hood National Forest, junction of Rd. 4610 and Rd. 150; Mount Hood national Forest,

Fish Creek Rd.; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Soleduc Falls; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier

National Park, Ipsut Creek; Skamania Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, off Rd. 43.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a gelatinous, orange sporocarp that does not bruise or when it does it

is dull violet, with a yellow band on the stem, and with spores averaging 9.3 x 4.1 μm. Ramaria sandracina differs by

having clamp connections. Ramaria gelatiniaurantia var. gelatiniaurantia and R. gelatiniaurantia var. violeitinges are

separated from each other by the color of the apices, the macrochemical reaction with GUA, and the prominence or

rarity of gleoplerous hyphae in the base.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 6-22 x 4-11 cm, white, pale yellow to yellow

immediately above substrate, exposed branches and apices orange, stem flesh

marbled, translucent gray-white alternating with waxy opaque-white areas, yellow

at least in the ultimate branches. STEM compound, up to 9 branches, connate,

gelatinous primary axes in various stages of development, mostly dichotomous,

axils acute to turbinate and branches scarcely divergent, internodes elongating

up to 4 cm in length, lower branches sometimes laterally fused, up to 2 cm in

diam, upper branches slender, commonly 1-4 mm in diam, forked to finely

divided near the apices; apices mostly acute, gelatinous, especially in the

base when fresh. FLESH in stem inamyloid, PYR, ANW, GUA, PHN and

ANO negative. ODOR fabaceous. TASTE not distinctive. FLESH of

interwoven hyphae, 3-5 μm in diam in the stem, of thin-walled, parallel

hyphae 3-12 μm in diam in the branches, walls smooth, surrounded by

gelatinous matrix, cyanophilic globular inclusions common, hyphae

frequently vesicular near septa, 9-17 μm in diam, walls of the swellings up to

2 μm in diam, ornamented in the stipe, less ornamented in the branches.

GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE rare, 2-3.5 μm diam. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled,

interwoven, 2-3 μm in diam. BASIDIA clavate, 70-82 x 8-11 μm, 4-spored. STERIGMATA 4-5 μm long, straight. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES subcylindrical, 8-11 x 3.5-5 μm, (mean = 9.3 x 4.1), ornamented with small,

cyanophilous warts.

ROD name Ramaria gelatiniaurantia

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 108

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria gracilis (Pers. ex Fries) Quélet

Distribution: Known from four sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Mendocino

Co., Jackson State Forest; Humboldt Co., near Arcata, Fickle Hill; OREGON, Benton Co., Beaver Creek;

WASHINGTON, San Juan Co., Friday Harbor. Also known from New York and Europe.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by possession of small, delicately ornamented, broadly cylindrical to

ovoid spores, and skeletal hyphae with strongly cyanophilic walls.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 2.5 x 2 cm, pale orange, apices milk white, flesh

white. STIPE single, slender, 3 x 2 mm, with a distinct felty white basal tomentum

and rhizomorphic strands, branching about 5 times from the stem, dichotomous to

polychotomous, axils mostly acute and branches slightly divergent, lower

internodes elongated to approximately 0.6 cm, branches maximum diameter

about 2 mm, sometimes flattened at nodes and terminal nodes slightly

flabellate, bifid to cristate near apices; apices acute, coriaceous when fresh.

FLESH of stem inamyloid, PYR, ANW, GUA, PHN, and ANO negative.

ODOR AND TASTE not recorded. RHIZOMORPHS AND MYCELIAL STRANDS dimitic,

thin-walled, clamped, generative hyphae, 2-3 μm in diam, skeletal hyphae

straight, l.2-2.5 μm in diam, thick-walled to the point of closing the lumen;

hyphae of the tomentum narrow, about 2 μm in diam. FLESH of interwoven

hyphae in the stem, of parallel hyphae in the branches, dimitic, generative

hyphae , thin-walled, 3-10 μm in diam, ampulliform inflations near septa 9-

13 μm in diam, walls of the swellings smooth to delicately ornamented,

skeletal hyphae 3-6 μm in diam, straight to undulated in outline, thick-walled,

0.5-2 (-3) μm in diam, strongly cyanophilic and conspicuously differentiated from generative hyphae when stained in

cotton blue. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE not observed. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, compactly interwoven, 2-3 μm in diam.

BASIDIA clavate, 37-48 x 5-7 μm, 4-spored. STERIGMATA 4-6 μm long, straight, not divergent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS

common. SPORES ellipsoid to ovoid with a prominent apiculus, 5-6.5 x 3.5-4 μm, (mean = 5.3 x 3.5), delicately

ornamented with shallow, lobed, cyanophilic warts in subspiral arrangement.

ROD name Ramaria gracilis

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 109

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria hilaris var. olympiana Petersen

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, Grays Harbor Co., near Humtulip. Also known from one report with vague locality data from

Jefferson Co., Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a gelatinous trama and the lack of clamp connections on the basidia.

Similar to R. gelatinaurantia.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: PETERSEN, R.H. AND SCATES, C. 1988. Vernally fruiting taxa of Ramaria from the Pacific Northwest.

Mycotaxon 33:101-144.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 10 x 6 cm, broadly fusiform to broadly obconic

in outline. STEM up to 17 x 13 mm, single, tapering to a point, smooth, without

abortive branchlets, rubbery in texture, off-white at base, upward bright yellow,

surface slippery although not moist, flesh firm-gelatinous, translucent, more or

less hyaline, white outward, branches ascending, erect to somewhat divergent,

more or less terete, bright yellow below, upward a lively pallid salmon, flesh

firm-gelatinous, brittle, progressively more yellow upward, with no pink tints;

internodes diminishing gradually upward; axils rounded to minutely turbinate,

apices minutely digitate when young, usually dichotomous, elongating

somewhat by maturity, bright yellow, hardly fading in maturity. ODOR

faintly fabaceous. TASTE indistinct. FLESH of stem SYR weakly positive,

FCL positive, ANW, PHN, PYR equivocal to weakly positive, ANO, GUA,

NOH, IKI, TYR, KOH negative. TRAMA of stem of hyaline, thin-walled,

tightly interwoven hyphae 4-16 μm in diam, with occasional lacunae of

agglutinating material, ampulliform inflations usually at septa, up to 21 μm

broad, wall up to 1 μm thick, with extensive stalactitiform ornamentation.

TRAMA of upper branches, of tightly packed, thin-walled, parallel hyphae 4-17

μm in diam, inflated (especially inward), wall occasionally torulose, especially near septa, ampulliform inflations at

septa, symmetrical, thin-walled, occasionally with delicate stalactitiform ornamention. GLOEOPLEROUS HYPHAE

occasional, 3-4 μm in diam, equal, yellow, tortuous. BASIDIA 57-68 x 8-9 μm, clavate, contents with scattered minute

granules and small guttules, 4-spored. STERIGMATA slender, straight. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ellipsoid,

9.4-11.2 x 4.0-5.0 μm, yellow, thin-walled, ornamentation of scattered small, flat, occasionally lobed warts.

No photograph available

ROD name Ramaria hilaris var. olympiana
S1 - 110

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria largentii Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 12 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, Haypress

Meadows; OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak; Jackson Co., Bureau of Land

Management, Medford District, Howard Prairie; WASHINGTON, Chelan Co., Wenatchee National Forest, Smith

Brook; Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, North Fork campground; Pleasant Valley, along Rd. 74; Pierce

Co., Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, along Rd. 59 6

km from hwy 706; Mount Rainier National park, along hwy. 706, 8 km from southwest entrance; Mount Rainier

National Park, 2.6 km from Stevens Canyon entrance; Skamania Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, junction of

Rd. 23 and Rd. 2328; Gifford Pinchot National Forest, DEMO study block PH-U3.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the large, conspicuously ornamented spores 11-15 x 3.5-5 μm.

Ramaria longispora differs in the lack of clamp connections, and in its slender habit, compound stem.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pinus monticola, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 12-15 x 7-14 cm, white to pale yellow, branches pale

orange, concolorous or more orange towards the apices. STEM up to 4 x 5 cm,

single or subfasciculate (up to 9 branches), cylindrical or broadly conical, with a

basal tomentum, small abortive branches frequently diverging from the upper

base, mostly polychotomous in the lower nodes and dichotomous above, axils

subacute to u-shaped, branches subparallel to moderately divaricate, internodes

of mature sporocarps elongated, the lower ones up to 4 cm long, branches

slender, generally less than 1 cm in diam, bifid to multifid near the rounded

apices, fleshy-fibrous when fresh, drying brittle with chalky-friable

properties. FLESH of stem white, the subsurface of branches concolorous

becoming paler towards the center. ODOR slightly sweet. TASTE not

distinctive. FLESH inamyloid, ANW and GUA positive, PYR, PHN, and

ANO negative. FLESH a loosely interwoven tomentum covering stem, cells

2.5-3.5 μm in diam, context of the stem compactly interwoven, parallel in the

branches, 4-15 μm in diam, walls smooth, cyanophilous, thin-walled,

occasionally hyphae ampulliform near septa, 7-20 μm in diam, walls of the

swellings slightly ornamented in the stem. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE common,

2.5-4 (-9) μm in diam. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, compactly interwoven hyphae, 2.5-5 μm in diam. BASIDIA clavate,

65-102 x 9-13 μm, mostly 4-spored. STERIGMATA 3-8 μm long, incurved or straight, slightly divergent. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present. SPORES subcylindrical, 11-15 x 3.5-5 μm, (mean = 13.4 x 4.5), ornamented with conspicuous,

irregularly shaped, cyanophilic warts, golden yellow spore print.

ROD name Ramaria largentii

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 111

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria lorithamnus (Berk.) Petersen

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: WASHINGTON, Pierce

Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Frying Pan Creek trail. Also known from Australia and New Zealand.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the lack of clamp connections, and the fasciculate, sparingly

branched sporocarp that lacks any pink or salmon coloration.

Season: Fruits in September.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: PETERSEN, R.H. 1988. Contributions toward a monograph of Ramaria VII: New taxa and miscellany.

Mycologia 80:223-234.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 8 x 4.5 cm, fasciculate or densely ceaspitose,

branched, individual sporocarps branched once or twice (rarely three times),

slender. STEM almost absent, up to 1 x 4 mm, smooth, white where protected,

cream colored. Major branches 2, terete, erect, yellow to slightly green-yellow,

brighter below when young, axils narrowly rounded, internodes diminishing

gradually, apices awl-shaped, pale yellow, especially when young, bruises

sometimes vinescent, then rusty brown. ODOR faintly fabaceous. TASTE

indistinct to weakly fabaceous. FLESH of stem inamyloid, PYR negative;

KOH, NOH, PHN rusty brown; GUA slowly, weakly positive; FCL slowly

green-black; ANO ambiguous. TRAMA of branches of hyphae 3-7.5 μm in

diam, thin-walled, parallel, somewhat inflated, of two types: (i) homogeneous

in content, and (ii) with submottled contents under phase contrast, suggestive

of gloeoplerous consistency. TRAMA of stem similar to branches,

ampulliform septa common, up to 10 μm wide, somewhat thick-walled,

unornamented. SUBHYMENIUM of hyphae 1.5-2.5 μm in diam. BASIDIA 60-70 x

9-12 μm, clavate, 4-spored. STERIGMATA up to 7 μm long, somewhat curved,

erect. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ovate to ellipsoid, 7.9-9.4 x 4.7-5.8

μm, thin-walled, hilar appendix papillate, ornamentation of meandering low warts and ridges.

ROD name Ramaria lorithamnus

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 112

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria maculatipes Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from three sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, Haypress

Meadows; Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest; WASHINGTON, Mason Co., Mason Lake. Not known from

Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the presence of clamp connections, an amyloid context, red-brown

stains or bruises, and negative macrochemical tests. Ramaria maculatipes is readily distinguished by sporocarp color

or macrochemical reactions other than amyloidity. Ramaria rubribrunnescens has approximately the same sporocarp

color and staining as R. maculatipes, but has an inamyloid context, lacks clamp connections, and has large, striate

spores.

Season: Fruits in November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 10 x 6 cm, orange white, base and lower branches

staining red, branches peach, apices pale yellow, context concolorous with surface,

generally drying paler than gray-orange, upper branches retaining a faint tinge of

salmon and stained areas dark red-brown, the flesh orange white or slightly more

salmon in the upper branches, water-marbled. ODOR AND TASTE not distinctive.

STEM single, tapering, 2-4 x 1.5-2 cm, branching up to 7 times from the stem,

nodes frequently polychotomous, axils acute or turbinate and branches

moderately divergent, internodes elongated up to 3 cm, lower branches up to

2.5 cm in diam, upper branches mostly 2-6 mm in diam; polydigitate or

polynodulose near rounded apices, fleshy-fibrous. FLESH of stem slowly

amyloid, GUA blue; PYR, ANW, PHN and ANO negative. FLESH of the

stem of compactly interwoven, parallel in the branches, 4-13 μm in diam,

walls of the branches slightly fluted, thin-walled in the branches, slightly

thicker in the stem, cyanophilic, vesiculation of cells near septa rare.

GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE abundant in the stem, rare in the branches, forming

bulbous regions 8-20 μm in diam, except for these localized regions the

diameter 4-6 μm. SUBYHMENIA thin-walled, interwoven hyphae, 2-4 μm in

diam. BASIDIA clavate, 57-80 x 8-9 μm, 4-spored. STERIGMATA 2-5 μm long, straight or slightly incurved, slightly

divergent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES subcylindrical, 9-11 x 4-5 μm, (mean = 10.2 x 4.3), ornamented with

fine, cyanophilic warts in subspirals, gray-orange spore print.

ROD name Ramaria maculatipes

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
S1 - 113

Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria rainierensis Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from two sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., Patrick’s Point State Park; WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Mount

Rainier National Park, Panther Creek, near intersection of Rd. 123.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a terrestrial habit, cream to tan-colored sporocarps, and skeletal

hyphae with nearly acyanophilic walls.

Season: Fruits in December and March.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Abies spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 2-8 x 0.4-7 cm, yellow-white when young, at maturity

pale gray-orange, basal tomentum white, terminal branches slightly paler than

lower ones, flesh orange-white to brown, dried sporocarps pale gray-orange,

context orange-white. STEM single, slender, 0.5-3.5 x 0.2-1 cm, with basal felty

tomentum, surface scurry; branching mostly dichotomous, axils subacute to

narrowly u-shaped, branches slightly divergent, slender, 2-8 mm in diam,

slightly flattened especially at nodes, internodes varying from 0.2-2.5 cm in

length, shortly forked, cristate or rarely single near acute apices, consistency

coriaceous when fresh, drying brittle. ODOR negligible in young sporocarps,

in older sporocarps resembling anise. TASTE bitter. FLESH of stem

inamyloid; PYR, ANW, GUA and ANO positive. RHIZOMORPHS dimitic,

generative hyphae 2-3.5 μm in diam, ampulliform inflations near septa

common, 8-16 μm in diam, walls of the swellings ornamented, skeletal

hyphae 2-6 μm in diam, straight, walls 1-3 μm thick, acyanophilic. FLESH of

the stem of parallel hyphae near the surface, otherwise interwoven, subparallel

in the branches, dimitic, branches mostly with generative hyphae, 3-10 μm in

diam, walls smooth, slightly cyanophilic, thin-walled, skeletal hyphae sparsely

distributed in the stem, thick-walled, 1.5-3 μm in diam. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE absent. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled,

intewrwoven hyphae 2-3.5 μm in diam. BASIDIA clavate, 50-77 x 7-11 μm, cyanophilic, l-5-spored. STERIGMATA 4-9

μm long, straight or slightly incurved, slightly divergent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES ellipsoid with a

prominent lateral apiculus that is commonly 1 x 1.5 μm, 7-10 x 4.5-6 μm, (mean = 8.5 x 5), ornamented with distinct,

cyanophilic warts arranged in subspirals, apricot yellow spore print.

No photograph available

ROD name Ramaria rainierensis
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria rubella var. blanda Petersen

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt

Co., Patrick’s Point State Park; WASHINGTON, San Juan Co., Friday Harbor. Also known from the Appalachian

Mountains. Not known from Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the absence of bright pink coloration of the rhizomorphic strands in

KOH, slightly smaller spores than variety rubella, and a distinctily unilateral hymenium. Ramaria rubella f. blanda is

similar to R. polonica, but R. polonica usually has cystidioid elements in the hymenium.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits on wood in conifer forests.

Reference: PETERSEN, R.H. 1975. Ramaria subgenus Lentoramaria with emphasis on North American Taxa. Biblio.

Mycol. 43:1-161.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 8 cm high, up to 5.5 cm broad, fusiform to

subspherical, lignicolous. ODOR indistinct. TASTE acrid. STEM almost branched

from base, up to 1 cm thick, with basal mycelium, white at base. BRANCHES up to

4 mm thick, more or less strict to open and spreading, often flattened, especially

at axils, and then branching somewhat antler-like, pink-tan, pale pinkcinnamon, pale vinaceous cinnamon, to avellaneous, internodes diminishing

gradually, axils narrowly to broadly rounded, usually sterile. FLESH white,

tough. HYMENIUM usually unilateral, smooth, sterile surface rugulose,

apparently somewhat paler than hymenium, apices delicate and erect to open

and rounded, white to pale cream color, FSW deep olive-grey. BASIDIA 45-

50 x 7.4-8.9 μm, clavate, 4-spored. STERIGMATA straight, divergent,

peripheral. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES broadly ovoid to broadly

ellipsoid, 6.3-8.1 x 4.4-5.9 μm, ornamentation of scattered prominent warts

or short meandering ridges, red-tan spore print, thin-walled, apiculus

prominent, eccentric, over 1 μm long, often with hump at upper base, tapering

distally.

ROD name Ramaria rubella var. blanda Photo courtesy of C. Marr
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria rubribrunnescens Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known from three sites within the range of the northern

spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest; OREGON, Douglas Co., Bureau of Land

Management, Roseburg District, Tater Hill; WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park, Ipsut

campground. It is also reported from the Olympic Peninsula with vague locality data.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by red-brown stains and lack of clamp connections. Ramaria

cystidiophora var. maculans, R. maculatipes, R. vinosimaculans, and R. rubiginosa also develop these red-brown

stains. Ramaria rubribrunnescens differs from these species by it lack of clamp connections and longer spores.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the surface of the ground. Associated with

Pinaceae spp.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western

Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 7-16 x 5.5-11 cm, white to orange-white, branches of

immature sporocarps red with pale yellow apices, in age than pale brown-orange,

base and lower branches stain red, context concolorous with the surface, dried

sporocarps generally gray-pale yellow, stained regions retaining some of the redbrown color, flesh pale yellow. STEM single, frequently slender and tapering,

older sporocarps a subfascicle of several to numerous slender primary branches,

mostly dicotomous at least in the upper nodes, axils subacute or narrowly ushaped, branches slightly divergent, internodes elongated at maturity, branches

generally slender, mostly 1-5 mm in diam, bifid to finely divided near acute

to rounded apices, consistency fleshy-fibrous when fresh, drying brittle and

chalky-friable. ODOR sweet in age, resembling anise. TASTE indistinct.

STIPE CONTEXT inamyloid; weak reaction to ANW and GUA; PYR, PHN and

ANO negative. FLESH of interwoven hyphae in the stem, parallel in the

branches, 2-6 μm in diam in the stem, 4-13 μm in diam in the branches,

conspicuous cyanophilic globules present in hyphae of branches, hyphal walls

smooth or fluted, moderately cyanophilic, walls 0.25-1.5 (-2) μm thick,

ampulliform inflations near septa infrequent, 9-12 μm, walls of the swellings

moderately ornamented in the stipe, nearly smooth in the branches. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE not abundant, mostly 2-4.5

μm diam. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, interwoven hyphae, 2.5-4 μm in diam. BASIDIA clavate, 41-67 x 8-11 μm,

hymenial cells strongly cyanophilic, 2-4-spored. STERIGMATA 5-7 μm long, slightly incurved and divergent. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES subcylindrical, 10-14 x 3.5-5 μm, (mean = 12.3 x 4.4), cyanophilic, ornamentation very

fine, some spores smooth or nearly so, gray-yellow spore print.

ROD name Ramaria rubribrunnescens

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria rubrievanescens Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Known from 10 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Mendocino Co.,

Elder Creek Bottoms; Humboldt Co., King Range Conservation park; Siskiyou Co., Duck Lake; Six Rivers National

Forest, junction of Rd. 15 and Rd. 12N55; Klamath National Forest, just past turnoff to Ten Bears trail; OREGON, Douglas Co., Bureau of land management, Roseburg District, Rock Creek; Klamath Co., Deschutes National Forest,

Odell Butte; WASHINGTON, King Co., Greenwater Rd. 16.5 km east of Enumclaw; Kittitas Co., Lake Kachess

State Park; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Sloan Creek campground. There is also a

report from the east slope of the Oregon Cascades with vague locality data. Also known from eastern North America

and eastern Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the striate spores, evanescence of the pink color, present only in

primordial branch tips and the presence of clamp connections.

Season: Fruits in June, September and October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above ground, associated with Pinaceae spp.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 7-8 x 6.5-8.5 cm, milk-white discoloring yellow,

bruising brown-violet, primordial branch tips flushed with pink, pink coloration

fades during maturation and soon after collecting, mature branches yellow-white,

flesh white. STIPE single, massive, 3.5-9 x 2-4.5 cm, branches crowded,

vertically compressed on the stipe and curving inwards about 1-4 cm long,

lower branches usually very short and broad, 2-4 cm in diam, connation

frequent in lower parts, upper branches mostly 1-4 mm in diam, axils u-shaped,

slightly divergent, bifurcate to pluridigitate near obtuse, rounded or decidedly

blunt apices, consistency punky firm when fresh. ODOR faintly sweet.

TASTE slightly similar to nuts. FLESH of stem slowly amyloid; PYR, ANW,

GUA, PHN, and ANO negative. FLESH of interwoven, mostly thin-walled

hyphae, wall surface smooth to fluted, ampulliform swellings near septa 9-12

μm diam, walls of the swellings distinctly ornamented. GLEOPLEROUS

HYPHAE throughout context, generally 3-5 μm in diam, in vesicular regions up

to 12 μm in diam. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, interwoven hyphae, 2.5-4.5

μm diam, with globular cyanophilic inclusions. BASIDIA clavate, 55-87 x 8-11

μm, (2-) 4-spored. STERIGMATA 3-7 μm long, straight, not divergent, also

containing cyanophilic inclusions. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES mummy-shaped, 11-13 x 4-5.5 μm, (mean =

11.7 x 4.9), ornamented with conspicuous, cyanophilic striae, pale yellow spore print.

ROD name Ramaria rubrievanescens

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria rubripermanens Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from four sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, Haypress

Meadows; OREGON, Douglas Co., Bureau of Land Management, Roseburg District, Red Ponds Research Natural

Area; Jackson Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Medford District, off Rd. 34-2E-29; Josephine Co., BLM,

Medford District, east of hwy. 199. It is reported with vague locality data from the Olympic Peninsula in Washington

and the Oregon Cascades.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its short, striate spores, red color of terminal branches which persists

at maturity and sporocarps that do not bruise red to violet brown.

Season: Fruits in June and October.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the ground, associated with Pinaceae spp.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 9-13 x 9-16 cm, white to yellow-white, lower branches

orange to red-white, apices pink-white to dull red. CONTEXT white. ODOR musty

sweet. TASTE indistinct. STEM single, massive, 3-8 x 4 cm branch systems

crowded, about 2-4 cm long, lower branches usually very short and broad, 2-4

cm diam, connation frequent in lower parts, upper branches mostly 1-4 mm

diam, axils mostly acute to subacute, slightly divaricate, pluridigitate near

subacute to rounded apices, consistency punky-firm when fresh. FLESH of

stem slowly amyloid; PYR, ANW, GUA, PHN, and ANO negative. FLESH of

interwoven hyphae in stem, parallel in branches, 4-15 μm in diam, hyphae of

the stipe 0.25-2.5 μm in diam, hyphae of the branches mostly 0.25-1 μm in

diam, numerous cyanophilic globules conspicuous in the hyphae of the

branches, ampulliform inflations near septa, 11-23 μm in diam, walls of the

swellings distinctly ornamented, especially those in the stipe. GLEOPLEROUS

HYPHAE interweaving throughout context, 3.5-5 μm in diam or in vesicular

regions up to 20 μm in diam. SUBHYMENIA of thin-walled, interwoven hyphae

2-4 μm in diam, with cyanophilic globular inclusions. BASIDIA clavate, 31-62

x 7-11 μm, cyanophilic, mostly (2-) 4-spored. STERIGMATA 3-6 μm long,

straight, not divergent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES subellipsoid to mummy-shaped, 8-13 x 3.5-4.5 μm,

(mean = 10.3 x 3.8), ornamented with oblique to longitudinal striae, striae distinctly more cyanophilic than wall.

ROD name Ramaria rubripermanens

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria spinulosa var. diminutiva Petersen

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Mendocino

Co., Van Damme State Park; WASHINGTON, Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Glacier

Peak Wilderness, Sulphur Creek. Also known from Europe. Not known from Oregon.

Distinguishing Features: This particular variety is not listed in the ROD but is the only variety of R. spinulosa

that occurs in our region. Characterized by the brown base, lack of clamp connections and wide spores.

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the ground, associated with Pinaceae spp.

Reference: PETERSEN, R.H. 1988. Contributions toward a monograph of Ramaria VII: New taxa and miscellany.

Mycologia 80:223-234.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 13 x 10 cm, usually much smaller, obpyriform in

outline. STEM up to 5 x 2.3 cm, usually much narrower, gnarled, smooth, with a

few abortive branchlets upward, sometimes mycelial at very base, deep tan to

brown overall, often orange-brown below, staining brown. Major branches 3-5,

more or less terete, up to 1.5 cm thick, concolorous with branches. Branches in

3-6 ranks, ascending, often rugulose longitudinally, brown to somewhat

violaceous brown; internodes diminishing gradually at maturity; axils narrowly

rounded; upper branches 1-1.5 mm thick, equal, erect, giving a delicate

appearance, apices subcristate to irregularly digitate when young, extending

to digitate by maturity, rounded, not inflated, violaceous brown when young,

concolorous with branches at maturity. ODOR negligible or faintly of

chocolate. TASTE faintly sour. FLESH of stem dull brown, streaked as though

with wood grain; FCL positive; inamyloid, SYR, PHN, PYR, GUA, ANO,

and ANW negative. SPORES broadly cylindrical to ovoid, 7.2-10.1 x 4.7-6.1

μm, ornamentation of small streaks or ridges and small warts, thin-walled,

hilar appendage blunt, papillate.

ROD name Ramaria spinulosa var. diminutiva Photo courtesy of C. Marr
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria stuntzii Marr

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 11 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Jedediah Smith State Park; Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest; Siskiyou Co.,

Klamath National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness Area, Haypress Meadows; OREGON, Clackamas Co.,

Mount Hood National Forest, near south fork of Eagle Creek; Mount Hood National Forest, Salmon River trail;

Douglas Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Eugene District, Upper Elk Meadows Research Natural Area;

BLM, Roseburg District, above Dutchman Creek; BLM, Medford District, Mount Gurney; Linn Co., BLM, Salem

District, east of Crabtree on Rd. 226; Marion Co., BLM, Salem District, Clear Down; WASHINGTON, Clallam

Co., Olympic National Park, Soleduc Falls; Grays Harbor Co., Lake Sylvia Sate Park; King Co., Mount BakerSnoqualmie National Forest, Goldmeyer Hot Springs trail; Lewis Co., Pleasant Valley; Skamania Co., Gifford

Pinchot National Forest, off Rd. 43; Gifford Pinchot National Forest, junction of trail 199 and Rd. 41.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the intense scarlet branches of young sporocarps, its robust habit and

the strong amyloid reaction of the stem (even when dried).

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the ground, associated with Pinaceae spp.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS 6-17 x 4-14 cm, white to pale orange near base,

branches scarlet in youth, fading to pale orange-red at maturity, flesh concolorous

or paler near the center of branches. STEM single, massive, 2-7 x 2.5-7 cm, much

branched, internodes elongated up to 5 cm, polychotomous to mostly

dichotomous, axils frequently turbinate and nodes slightly flattened, branches

slightly to moderately divergent, primary branches up to 4 cm in diam, bifid to

multifid near rounded or nodulose apices, consistency punky fibrous. ODOR

indistinct. TASTE slightly bitter. FLESH of stem strongly amyloid; PHN, ANO

and GUA, positive; PYR sometimes reactive; ANW negative. FLESH

subparallel to interwoven in stem, parallel in branches, 2-15 μm in diam, a

few hyphae highly inflated up to 22 μm in diam, walls smooth, cyanophilic,

thin ampulliform inflations near septa, 9-15 μm in diam, wall of the

swellings slightly ornamented in the branches, moderately ornamented in the

stem. GLEOPLEROUS HYPHAE 2-4 μm in diam with localized bulbous regions

up to 16 μm in diam. SUBHYMENIA thin-walled, interwoven hyphae, 2-4 μm in

diam. BASIDIA clavate, 45-75 x 7-10 (-12) μm, (l or) 4-spored. STERIGMATA 3-

10 μm long, straight, slightly divergent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES

subcylindrical, 7-10 x 3-5 μm, (mean = 8.3 x 4), ornamented with small lobed warts, apricot yellow spore print.

ROD name Ramaria stuntzii

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria thiersii Petersen & Scates

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Mendocino

Co., Jackson State Forest. It also is known from one site in the Sierra Nevada Range in California, outside of the

assessment area. Also known from Idaho. Not known from Oregon or Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a context that reacts with most reagents, inamyloid stem flesh, and

roughened spores that average over 13 μm in length.

Season: Fruits in June.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the ground, associated with Pinaceae spp.

Reference: PETERSEN, R.H. 1988. Contributions toward a monograph of Ramaria VII: New taxa and miscellany.

Mycologia 80:223-234.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 15 x 8 cm, obpyramidal to subcylindrical in

outline, stem up to 7 x 6 cm, obpyramidal, white, smooth, weakly to strongly

brown where bruised, 3-5 branches, ascending to flaring, white to pale yellow,

white when hypogeous, salmon-colored when epigeous, internodes diminishing

upward gradually at maturity, axils rounded, often split below, apices digitate to

molar-like when young, coarsely digitate by maturity, white where protected,

pallid green-yellow where exposed. ODOR AND TASTE indistinct. FLESH white,

not mottled, soft to spongy. ANO, ANW, PYR, PHN, FCL positive; KOH

darkening on hymenium; inamyloid, NOH, negative. FLESH of stem of

hyphae 3-12 μm in diam, hyaline, tightly interwoven, wall up to 1 μm thick,

with extensive and coarse stalactitiform ornamentation, context of branches

of upper branches 4-12 μm in diam, hyaline, wall up to 1 μm thick, more or

less parallel, extensively but not exclusively adherent, ampulliform inflations

rare, thin-walled, with extensive but delicate stalactitiform ornamentation.

GLOEOPLEROUS HYPHAE of yellow-refringent hyphae 3-5 μm in diam.

SUBHYMENIA rudimentary. BASIDIA 45-50 x 7-8 μm, clavate, 4-spored.

STERIGMATA stout, straight. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES cylindrical

to narrowly ellipsoid, occasionally subsigmoid, 11.6-15.8 x 4-5 μm, ornamentation of small, discrete low warts, thinwalled.

ROD name Ramaria thiersii

Photo courtesy of M. Seidl
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Family Ramariaceae Morphological Habit coral

Ramaria verlotensis Marr & Stuntz

Distribution: Endemic to California and Washington. Known two sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co., Jedediah Smith State Park; WASHINGTON, Snohomish Co., Mount BakerSnoqualmie National Forest, Verlot (old campground).

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a broad, cauliflowerlike, pale yellow-pink sporocarp, long basidia,

warty spores, averaging 10.1 x 4.9 μm, and gelatinized, thin-walled hyphae that lack clamp connections.

Season: Fruits in November.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in humus or soil and matures above the ground, associated with Pinaceae spp.

Reference: MARR, C.D. AND STUNTZ, D.E. 1973. Ramaria of Western Washington. Biblio. Mycol. 38:1-232.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 13 x 9 cm, apparently broadly obovate to broadly

pyriform, stem single, small, branches almost from base, white below, mealy to

densely but superficially pruinose at base, yellow above; consistency solid, white,

firm-gelatinous to hard-rubbery, watery when fresh, branches pallid salmon to

salmon, dichotomous, flattened, internodes diminishing gradually at maturity,

axils often flattened, acute. FLESH of stem FCL positive; inamyloid, ANO,

ANW, GUA, PHN, and PYR negative. FLESH of stem of hyphae 3-14 μm in

diam, hyaline, thin-walled, usually inflated, tightly interwoven, adherent to

very locally free, agglutinating substance intercellular, ampulliform inflations

abundant, wall up to 0.5 μm thick, scallion-shaped, with extensive, coarse

stalactitiform ornamentation. Tramal hyphae of upper branches hyaline, thinwalled, of cigar-shaped cells, 3-15 μm in diam, adherent, parallel,

ampulliform inflations occasional, up to 15 μm broad, thin-walled,

unornamented, also some hyphae 3-5 μm in diam, straight, freely branched,

not adherent, loosely arranged. GLOEOPLEROUS HYPHAE common in stem, 3-8

μm in diam, refringent, with abrupt inflations, uncommon in subhymenium,

undelimited, often with tibiiform termination. SUBHYMENIUM extensive, of

tightly interwoven hyphae. BASIDIA 70-80 x 8-10 μm, clavate, inflated apically only at maturity; contents

homogeneous to obscurely vacuolate, weakly cyanophilous, 4-spored; sterigmata straight, long and slender. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES broadly ellipsoid to subovate, 9.0-11.2 x 4.7-6.1 μm, (mean = 10.1 x 4.9), thin-walled,

ornamentation of large warts or low, discrete plates covering extensive wall area.

ROD name Ramaria verlotensis

Photo courtesy of C. Marr
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Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Rhizopogon brunneiniger A.H. Smith

Distribution: Endemic to California and Oregon. Known from six sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Marin Co., near Inverness; Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Deadfall Meadows;

OREGON, Benton Co.,10.8 km west of Philomath on Alsea hwy.; Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest,

Barlow Forest camp; Douglas Co., Umpqua National Forest, Limpy Rock Research Natural Area; Umpqua National

Forest, 3.3 km west of Basket Butte.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the basal attachment of

rhizomorphs, and a glabrous, black, shiny peridium.

Season: Fruits in September and October.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with roots of assorted Pinaceae including Abies concolor, Pinus

contorta, P. monticola, P. muricata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, and T. mertensiana, from sea level to

2,350 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., AND ZELLER, S.M. 1966. A preliminary account of the North American species of

Rhizopogon. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 14:1-177.

Description: SPOROCARPS 1-2 cm diam, globose to subglobose and some

ellipsoid, lacunose at times, dark red-brown to black-brown, blackening completely

upon drying, with a group of basal rhizomorphs or a single basal rhizomorph.

GLEBA loculate, white at first, becoming olivaceous, drying pale brown to olive.

COLUMELLA absent (as seen on dried material). TRAMA of interwoven, hyaline,

gelatinous, smooth, narrow hyphae. SUBHYMENIUM of thick-walled cells.

BASIDIA 8-spored. BASIDIOLES hyaline, becoming thick-walled, amorphous

content amyloid. PERIDIUM a single layer of hyaline, thin-walled, very closely

interwoven hyphae, no green visible in mounts revived in KOH. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES cylindric to narrowly oblong, 5-6.5 (-7) x 1.8-

2.3(-2.5) μm, smooth, thin-walled, in KOH hyaline singly, yellow-brown in

mass, inamyloid.

No photograph available

ROD name Rhizopogon brunneiniger
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Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Rhizopogon chamaleontinus A.H. Smith

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Josephine Co.,

Siskiyou National Forest, at saddle near Chinaman Hat. Also known from Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the white peridium that

stains vinaceous to fuscus, an olive to black reaction of KOH on the peridium,

lack of any yellow tones to the peridium and an unusual amyloid pattern of the spores, immature spores are dark

violet, mature spores are inamyloid.

Season: Fruits in June and September.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii and scattered Pinus

lambertiana at 1,100 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., AND ZELLER, S.M. 1966. A preliminary account of the North American species of

Rhizopogon. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 14:1-177.

Description: SPOROCARPS 1-2 cm diam, globose to irregular, when young with

numerous appressed fibrils and rhizomorphs but nearly glabrous in age or as dried,

white when young, staining fuscous to vinaceous fuscous, fuscous black when

dried; FSW on surface quickly black, KOH olive then black. GLEBA loculate,

pallid, becoming brown as dried. COLUMELLA absent. ODOR AND TASTE not

recorded. PERIDIUM of elongate cells 5-12 μm in diam, some vinaceous red

when mounted in KOH, at times hyphae of the outer trama also red. TRAMA of

gelatinous, interwoven hyphae 4-7 μm in diam. SUBHYMENIUM of hyaline,

subgelatinous hyphae, branching candelabra-like (not filamentose

interwoven or cellular). BASIDIA 4-6-spored, 7-9 μm broad at apex, clavate,

length variable. BASIDIOLES apparently not thick-walled. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES elongate, drop-shaped to subelliptic or at times

somewhat irregular, 6-9 x 3-4.5 (-5) μm, wall slightly thickened, spores in

outer locules amyloid, those in the interior inamyloid.

No photograph available

ROD name Rhizopogon sp. nov. #Trappe 9432
S1 - 124

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Rhizopogon ellipsosporus Trappe, Cast. & Amaranthus, in ed.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from a two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Jackson Co., Bureau of Land Management, Medford District, above Cantrell-Buckley Park; Josephine

Co., Siskiyou National Forest, on spur road off Rd. 2800.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized within Rhizopogon by short, broad spores.

Season: Fruits in October.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii and scattered Pinus

lambertiana at 850 m elevation.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with

the Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 15 x 24 mm, subglobose, brown with scattered,

appressed, concolorous rhizomorphs. GLEBA loculate, pale yellow-brown, the color

a combination of the white to brown trama and the pale brown-yellow spore mass.

COLUMELLA absent. ODOR AND TASTE not recorded. PERIDIUM 120-160 μm thick,

of appressed-interwoven, hyaline to pale yellow, thin-walled hyphae 3-4 μm in

diam, many cells inflated to 4-6 μm in diam, with abundant, extracellular

deposits of amorphous yellow-brown pigment in KOH, in Melzer’s reagent the

pigment orange-brown. TRAMA with a central strand of loosely interwoven,

hyaline hyphae 2-3 μm in diam with gelatinous-thickened, glassy-appearing

walls, the broad zones between the central strand and locule margins of

similar but tightly interwoven hyphae that diverge to form a filamentous

subhymenium. BASIDIA thin-walled, clavate, 12-24 x 4-10 μm.

BRACHYBASIDIOLES ellipsoid, hyaline 13-20 (-30) x 8-11 (-20) μm with walls

gelatinous-thickened up to 5 μm. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES

ellipsoid to obovoid or occasionally irregular, (4-) 4.5-6 x 3-4 μm, smooth,

thin-walled, sterigmal attachment ± 1 μm broad, in KOH hyaline singly and

brown-yellow in mass, inamyloid, slightly cyanophilic.

No Photograph Available

ROD name Alpova sp. nov. #Trappe 9730
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Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Rhizopogon evadens var. subalpinus A.H. Smith

Distribution: Known from 15 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou Co.,

Klamath National Forest, Deadfall Meadows; OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, Still Creek

campground; Deschutes Co., Deschutes National Forest, Soap Creek; Deschutes National Forest, Wickiup Plains;

Douglas Co., Umpqua National Forest, Cascade Pass; Umpqua National Forest, Windigo Pass; Hood River Co.,

Mount Hood National Forest, Tillie Jane campground; Klamath Co., Winema National Forest, Miller Lake, Digit

Point campground; Lane Co., Willamette National Forest, 1 km north of Waldo Lake; Willamette National Forest, The

Potholes; WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, northeast slope of Sun Top

Mountain; Skamania Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Indian Prairie; Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Juniper

Peak; Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Peterson Prairie; Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Trapper Creek Wilderness

Area. Also known from Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by yellow-brown peridium that stains red when handled, the small

narrow spores, and the inflated cells in the lower portion of the peridium.

Season: Fruits from August through October.

Substrate and habitat: Usually found in association with the roots of Tsuga mertensiana or Abies spp. from

1250 to 2,350 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., AND ZELLER, S.M. 1966. A preliminary account of the North American species of

Rhizopogon. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 14:1-177.

Description: SPOROCARPS 10-30 mm in diam, globose, subglobose or irregular,

white when fresh, fibrillose under a lens, staining ochraceous and then red, in age

yellow-brown, with appressed rhizomorphs over the surface, in age specimens that

have remained uninjured are merely dingy pallid; KOH dark red, ETOH slowly

pink-brown and FSW distinctly olive. ODOR indistinct. GLEBA loculate, white

becoming pale and then darker olivaceous. COLUMELLA absent. PERIDIUM

somewhat separable, when cut at first pallid but soon red, of appressedinterwoven hyphae 4-12 μm in diam, many scattered inflated cells present in

the lower portion, pink next to gleba on fresh sections mounted in KOH,

when sections of dried material are revived in KOH the layer is evenly brown

with numerous amorphous pigment deposits. TRAMA of hyaline, refractive,

gelatinous hyphae. SUBHYMENIUM cellular. BASIDIA 6-8 spored, subcylindric,

hyaline, thin-walled. BASIDIOLES 6-12 μm broad, subglobose to oval, thinwalled. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES narrowly

oblong, 6.5-7.5 x 2 μm, smooth, in KOH hyaline singly and in mass,

inamyloid, thin-walled.

ROD name Rhizopogon evadens var. subalpinus

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
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Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Rhizopogon exiguus Zeller

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon and Washington. Known from five sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Marys Peak; Josephine Co., Siskiyou National Forest, Waters

Creek; Lane Co., approximately 1.6 km south of Mapleton; WASHINGTON, Pierce Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie

National Forest, Silver Springs campground; Kittitas Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, just east of

Naches Pass.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a farinaceous odor, long basidia, the oval to ellipsoid, red-brown

spores and the bright red-brown peridium in KOH.

Season: Fruits in March, August, September, and November.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla at

950 m elevation.

Reference: ZELLER, S.M. 1939. New and noteworthy Gasteromycetes. Mycologia 31:1-32.

Description: SPOROCARPS 2-10 mm broad, globose to subglobose, lobed in large

specimens, white with ochraceous mottling, becoming brown, fibrils scanty

above, rhizomorphic below. GLEBA loculate, white then brown. ODOR

farinaceous. PERIDIUM of compactly interwoven hyphae in mass bright redbrown in KOH, at the exterior with yellow, loosely interwoven hyphae but not

forming a distinct epicutis, hyphae thin-walled or walls very slightly thickened.

TRAMA of hyaline, refractive, subparallel to interwoven hyphae, not obviously

gelatinous. SUBHYMENIUM of branched filaments. BASIDIA 20-40 x 6-7.5 μm,

narrowly clavate, walls may be thickened slightly as well as colored pale

cinnamon in KOH. BASIDIOLES 14-20 x 7-10 μm, hyaline, thin-walled,

nongelatinous. CYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES oval

to ellipsoid, base truncate from broad basal scar, 7-8 x 5-5.5 μm, yellow

singly, red-brown in mass, inamyloid, wall smooth and slightly thickened.

ROD name Rhizopogon exiguus

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
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Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Rhizopogon flavofibrillosus A.H. Smith

Distribution: Known from six sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co.,

Six Rivers National Forest, junction of Rd. 15 and Rd. 13N27; Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Deadfall

Meadows; OREGON, Curry Co., Siskiyou National Forest, LTEP study, Pistol River block, control plot; Siskiyou

National Forest, LTEP study, Fairview Block, LSLW plot; Deschutes Co., Deschutes National Forest, Cultus Lake,

along southeast side of Rd. 4630; Josephine Co., Siskiyou National Forest, on Illinois Valley rd. across from Rd. 011.

Also known from Idaho, Channel Islands National Park, California and Montana. Not known from Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the yellow peridium that stains dull purple-red in KOH and the

spores that are narrowly ellipsoid to nearly oblong.

Season: Fruits from July through November.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of various Pinaceae, including Abies concolor, A.

lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Pinus attentuata, P. contorta, P. lambertiana, P. muricata, or Pseudotsuga menziesii

from 950 to 2350 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., AND ZELLER, S.M. 1966. A preliminary account of the North American species of

Rhizopogon. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 14:1-177.

Description: SPOROCARPS 3-5.5 2.2-5.5 cm, globose to depressed-subglobose or

irregular, pallid when very young but soon overlaid with pale brown-yellow fibrils

and rhizomorphs, at maturity variously colored, green-yellow over some areas and

rose tinted over others but remaining pallid in the most protected places, virgate

from appressed fibrils, attached by a basal cluster of rhizomorphs which extend

up toward the surface; KOH on fresh peridium dull purple-red, FSW slowly

pale olivaceous, ETOH negative. GLEBA loculate, white becoming pale

olivaceous. COLUMELLA absent. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS in the form of a

trichodermium of short branched hyphae with end cells 26-40 x 5-9 μm and

subcylindric to clavate, hyaline and thin-walled. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of

appressed, parallel to interwoven hyphae, red in KOH from dissolved

pigment, some encrusting pigment present on surface or near it; scattered

groups of enlarged cells present. TRAMA of nongelatinous, refractive,

hyaline, subparallel to interwoven hyphae 2-4 μm in diam. SUBHYMENIUM

reduced. BASIDIA 6-spored, 16-20 x 6-7 μm, hyaline, thin-walled. BASIDIOLES

resembling basidia. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES narrowly elliptic to

nearly oblong, 5.5-6.5 (-7) x 2.5-2.8 μm, smooth, thin-walled, in KOH hyaline,

inamyloid.

ROD name Rhizopogon flavofibrillosus

Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
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Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Rhizopogon inquinatus A.H. Smith

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Linn Co.,

Willamette National Forest, Longbow campground; Willamette National Forest, Tombstone Pass. Also known from

Idaho. Not known from California or Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the fuscus stains on the peridium and the large amyloid globules

in the peridium.

Season: Fruits in September and October.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Pinus jeffreyi, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga

heterophylla from 500 to 1,400 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., AND ZELLER, S.M. 1966. A preliminary account of the North American species of

Rhizopogon. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 14:1-177.

Description: SPOROCARPS about 2 cm in diam, globose to subglobose, appressed

fibrillose when fresh, white at first, on exposure to air pale tan and where handled

slowly staining inky-fuscous but with an intervening red stage; KOH red then

fuscous-black, FSW olivaceous but finally black. ODOR absent. GLEBA loculate

to labyrinthform, olive, when cut soon becoming olive-brown to black but when

dried dark olivaceous. COLUMELLA absent. PERIDIUM of loosely interwoven,

hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 3-5 μm in diam, as revived in KOH with dark redbrown granules of amorphous pigment, in Melzer’s reagent, (both fresh and

dried) with amyloid globules up to 30 μm or more in diam, no large inflated

cells present. TRAMA of gelatinous, branched, interwoven hyphae 3-5 μm in

diam. SUBHYMENIUM of gelatinous-filamentous branches extending to a weak

cellular region below hymenium. BASIDIA 4-6- spored. BASIDIOLES hyaline,

thin-walled, subgelatinous, 6-9 μm in diam. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent.

SPORES elliptic to oval and with a distinct cup-like truncation at base, 6.5-7.5

(-8) x 3-3.5 μm, smooth, thin-walled, in KOH dingy yellow singly, red-brown

in mass, inamyloid.

No photograph available

ROD name Rhizopogon inquinatus
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Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Rhizopogon parksii A.H. Smith

Distribution: Known from literally hundreds of locations in northern California, western Oregon, and western

Washington and into British Columbia. It occurs from sea level to high elevation.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized characterized by its dark olive gleba, distinct reaction of the

peridium to bruising, and its relatively short spores.

Season: Fruits in August through December.

Substrate and habitat: Usually found in small or large groups in duff under Pseudotsuga menziesii forests.

Reference: SMITH, A.H., AND ZELLER, S.M. 1966. A preliminary account of the North American species of

Rhizopogon. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 14:1-177.

Description: SPOROCARPS up to 10-40 mm in diam, subglobose to irregular and

lobed, felty, in youth white, staining pink to violet where bruised, with age

developing an covering of dark hyphae, at maturity dark gray to dark olive with

brown to brown-black areas overlying sordid white. GLEBA white in youth, soon

becoming gray to olive, at maturity dark olive-gray to dark olive. ODOR fungoid

to pungent. TASTE not distinctive. PERIDIUM with an epicutis of brown, loosely

interwoven hyphae with thin to somewhat thickened walls, flagellate hyphal

ends often common, in water or Melzer’s reagent with scattered to abundant

black granules that dissolve in KOH to form a green fluid; subcutis a

relatively thick layer of interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae, the layer

pink to red in KOH and often with red to orange amorphous debris. TRAMA

of interwoven hyphae with walls that become gelatinous-thickened at

maturity. SUBHYMENIUM cellular. BASIDIA hyaline, 14-16 x 4-6 μm. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS lacking. SPORES ellipsoid to ovoid, 5-7 x 2.5-3 μm, smooth,

hyaline, thin-walled.

ROD name Rhizopogon sp. nov. #Trappe 1692 & 1698 Photo courtesy of J.M. Trappe
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Family Entolomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Rhodocybe nitida (Quélet) Baroni & Largent, in ed.

Distribution: Known from four sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt

Co., South Fork Eel Watershed; WASHINGTON, Grays Harbor Co., Olympic National Forest, Quinault Research

Natural Area; Jefferson Co., Olympic National Park, Hoh River; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National

Forest, Barlow Pass. Also known from Europe.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a moderately large, broadly campanulate, shiny, nonstriate cap

colored dark blue to almost black, a close, broad, pallid gills, a long and slender, dark blue, fibrillose-striate stem,

subisodiametric, angled-nodulose, pink spores, lack of cystidia, and a thin pileipellis of densely entangled,

subgelatinized hyphae. Rhodocybe trachyspora var. purpureoviolacea differs in forming a cap that is distinctly

translucent-striate when moist and colored purple-gray or dark brown-gray with purple tints and typically fades to

shades of brown, lacks a farinaceous or raphanoid odor, and has a pileipellis of loosely interwoven, gelatinized

hyphae. Leptonia carnea is macromorphologically nearly indistinguishable from R. nitida but differs in forming

much larger and less nodulose spores (8.8-13.3 x 6-10.4 μm), and a stipitipellis with clusters of loosely entangled to

interwoven hyphae. Personal communications with Drs. David Largent and Tim Baroni revealed that this taxon

belongs in Rhodocybe and they intend to make the formal transfer in the near future.

Season: Fruits in July through November.

Substrate and habitat: Usually found as single sporocarps or in small groups in duff under conifer or mixed

conifer-hardwood forests.

References: QUÉLET, L. 1883. Quelques espéces critiques ou nouvelles de la flore mycologique de France. Assoc.

Franç. Avan. Sci. (La Rochelle, 1882). 1:387-412. QUÉLET, L. 1886. Enchridion fungorum in europa media et

præsertim in Gallia vigentium. Lutatiae, 264 p.

Description: CAP 20-45 mm diam, conic, expanding with age to broadly convex

with a conic umbo or broadly campanulate, surface smooth, shiny, radially

appressed-fibrillose, not pellucid-striate, dark blue or blue-black to nearly black

overall, fading only slightly in age. GILLS nearly free to narrowly adnate, close

to crowded, broad, buff or dingy white at first, then pink. STEM 30-85 x 2.5-5

mm, cylindric or slightly tapering downward, sometimes almost rooting,

longitudinally fibrillose-striate, sometimes twisted, dry, shiny, solid or narrowly

fistulose, dark blue to blue-black, base white or dingy yellow. ODOR slightly

farinaceous or raphanoid. TASTE mild. PILEIPELLIS a thin ixocutis of repent,

cylindric hyphae 2.5-6 μm in diam, densely entangled and embedded in a

thin, gelatinous matrix. HYPODERMIUM of inflated cells 25-60 x 20-25 μm.

STIPITIPELLIS of repent, parallel hyphae. BASIDIA 4-spored. CYSTIDIA absent.

CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES subisodiametric, 6-8 angled in side

view but angles rounded and almost nodulose, angled in end view, 6.5-9 x

6.5-7.5 μm, deep pink to pink-brown spore print.

ROD name Entoloma nitidum

Photos courtesy of T. Baroni
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Family Entolomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Rhodocybe speciosa Lennox ex Baroni

Distribution: Endemic to Washington. Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

WASHINGTON, King Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Denny Creek campground; Pierce Co.,

Mount Rainier National Park, Tahoma Creek; Snohomish Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Barlow

Pass.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a tan colored, dry,

nonstriate, convex cap, the pink, sinuate gills, a yellow-orange, fibrillose-streaked stem, the slightly wrinkled and

angular pink spores, a lack of hymenial cystidia, the presence of procumbent pilocystidia, clamp connections, and

habit on conifer wood. Rhodocybe speciosa may be confused in the field with several other pink-spored taxa, such

as Leptonia formosa (Fr. : Fr.) Gillet, Nolanea fructifragrans Largent & Thiers, and Nolanea cetrata (Fr.) Kummer.

All of the latter taxa differ from R. speciosa, however, in forming distinctly pellucid-striate caps when fresh and

moist, in lacking clamp connections, and in having nonwrinkled, more strongly angular spores that are much larger

(in the range 8-11 x 6-8.5 (-10) μm).

Season: Fruits in October and November.

Substrate and habitat: Usually found in gregarious, caespitose clusters on rotten conifer wood at high elevation.

Reference: BARONI, T. J. 1981. A revision of the genus Rhodocybe Maire (Agaricales). Beih. Nova Hedwigia 67:1-

194.

Description: CAP 15-40 mm in diam, convex to nearly plane in age, not pellucidstriate, surface dry, glabrous or appearing somewhat powdery, hygrophanous,

uniformly tan or honey brown, fading with moisture loss to pale tan. GILLS

sinuate, horizontal, crowded, broad, white but becoming pink to pale pinkorange. STEM 30-45 x 3-8 mm, cylindric, apex prunose, central portion silvery,

fibrillose-streaked, base with matted white mycelium, pale yellow to pale

orange above, base slightly darker. ODOR AND TASTE farinaceous. PILEIPELLIS

of repent, cylindric hyphae 3-14 μm in diam, with procumbent versiform

pilocystidia 18-65 x 8-14 μm, cells hyaline, nonencrusted, nongelatinous.

STIPITIPELLIS of repent, parallel hyphae giving rise to clusters of erect,

versiform caulocystidia 40-70 x 6.5-24 μm. BASIDIA 4-spored. CLAMP

CONNECTIONS present. SPORES subglobose to obovoid, slightly angular and

wrinkled in side view, angular in end view, 5.5-7 x 5-5.5 μm, pink to pinkbrown spore print.

ROD name Rhodocybe speciosa

Photo courtesy of T. Baroni
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Family Sarcosomataceae Morphological Habit cup

Sarcosoma latahense Paden & Tylutki

Distribution: Also known from Idaho. Known from 10 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Douglas Co., Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Roseburg District, Thunder Bod; Lane Co.,

Willamette National Forest, Hemlock Butte; Willamette National Forest, Lowder Mountain trail; BLM, Eugene

District, near Gosage Creek; BLM, Eugene District, 1.6 km north of Bear Mountain; BLM, Eugene District, east of

Round Mountain; Linn Co., Willamette National Forest, Iron Mountain, .4 km up trail; BLM, Salem District, near

Trout Creek; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Barnes Point; King Co., Mount BakerSnoqualmie National Forest, Deception Falls; Whatcom Co., Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, intersection

of road to Baker Lake and Rd. 3707. Another site with vague locality data was found at Oregon, Benton Co., Marys

Peak. Not known from California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a substipitate, black cup

with a tomentose abhymenial surface and lacking a highly gelatinized

interior. Sarcosoma mexicana (Ellis & Holway) Paden & Tylutki is the

common Sarcosoma in the Cascade and Coast Ranges from California to

Washington. It has a well-developed and persistent gelatinous interior, spores

that measure 23-34 x 10-14 μm, heavily pigmented hairs on the abhymenial

surface of the apothecia and occurs from November into April.

Season: Fruits from April through May.

Substrate and habitat: Solitary to gregarious on or near decaying wood, or on litter and soil. Often fruiting near

melting snowbanks in montane regions, also in low elevation conifer forests.

Reference: PADEN, J.W., AND TYLUTKI, E.E. 1969. Idaho Discomycetes. II. Mycologia 61:683-693.

Description: SPOROCARPS turbinate to discoid, substipitate, apotheciate. CUP up

to 75 mm broad, several mm thick when young but relatively plane, becoming

discoid with age and thinner. HYMENIUM at first deep purple, becoming black.

ABHYMENIAL SURFACE gray to black, clothed with an extensive tomentum of

subhyaline to olivehyphae. PARAPHYSES with irregular apices, sometimes

curved, slender, much branched. ASCI operculate, inamyloid, 8-spored. SPORES

elliptical, 24-38 x 9-12 μm, smooth.

ROD name Plectania latahensis

Photo courtesy of D. Arora
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Family Sarcosomataceae Morphological Habit cup

Sarcosoma mexicana (Ellis & Holway) Paden & Tylutki

Distribution: Also known from Mexico and India. Known from 116 sites

within the range of the northern spotted owl. It is particularly abundant in

Oregon within Benton Co., Douglas Co., Jackson Co., Lane Co., and Linn

Co. This is probably an artifact of the intensity of survey for it by BLM

personnel. It also occurs in four historic sites in Washington and a number of sites in northern Mendocino Co. as well

as Del Norte Co. and Siskiyou Co. in northern California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a substipitate, black cup and

distinctly gelatinized interior. Sarcosoma mexicana is the common

Sarcosoma in the Cascade and Coast Ranges from northern California to

central Oregon. It has a well-developed and persistent gelatinous interior,

and smaller spores than S. latahense.

Season: Fruits from November through May.

Substrate and habitat: Solitary to gregarious on or near decaying wood, or on litter and soil. Fruiting in conifer

forests from low to high elevation.

Reference: PADEN, J.W., AND TYLUTKI, E.E. 1969. Idaho Discomycetes. II. Mycologia 61:683-693.

Description: SPOROCARPS wedge-shaped, substipitate, apotheciate. CUP up to 11

cm broad, many mm thick, with age becoming thinner from the collapse of the

gelatinous interior. HYMENIUM black. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE black with heavily

pigmented hairs. ASCI curved at base, operculate, inamyloid, 8-spored. SPORES

elliptical, 23-26 x 10-14 μm, smooth.

ROD name Sarcosoma mexicana

Photo courtesy of E. Butler

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
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Family Sedeculaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Sedecula pulvinata Zeller

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Siskiyou

Co., Mount Shasta. Also known from Lassen Volcanic National Park, Lassen National Forest and Sierra National

Forest in California, and from Colorado and Idaho.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the large, brown, ellipsoid

to irregular spores, powdery gleba at maturity, and pulvinate sporocarp.

Season: Fruits from June through September.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Abies concolor, A. lasiocarpa, A. magnifica, Picea

engelmannii, and Pinus contorta above 2,000 m elevation.

Reference: ZELLER, S.M. 1941. Further notes on fungi. Mycologia 33:196-214.

Description: SPOROCARPS pulvinate, up to 6 cm wide, up to 4 cm tall, surface

smooth to granular with adherent soil, white to gray. GLEBA coarsely loculate,

black except for the white to gray trama becoming powdery at maturity. LOCULES

labyrinthine, 1-12 x 1-3 mm, lined with powdery spores. ODOR AND TASTE mild.

PERIDIUM tough, leathery, 2-3 mm thick above, thin and almost evanescent

below, margin of thicker peridium usually somewhat rolled under so as

sometimes to elevate the basal or under side, composed of large cells with

strongly gelatinized walls. TRAMA 1-2 mm thick, extends centipetally to

unequal depths toward the base. BASIDIA narrow-clavate, 2-spored.

STERIGMATA about as long as the spores, slender. SPORES ovoid to somewhat

ellipsoid or irregular, usually very short-pedicelate, 23-26 x 13-16.2 μm, in

KOH dark brown, inamyloid.

ROD name Sedecula pulvinata

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
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Family Otidiaceae Morphological Habit cup

Sowerbyella rhenana (Fuckel) J. Moravec

Distribution: Known from 14 sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: CALIFORNIA, Del Norte Co.,

Six Rivers National Forest, Big Flat campgound; Humboldt Co., Redwood National Park, Lady Bird Johnson Grove;

Mendocino Co., Jackson State Forest, .8 km from Little Lake Rd., alongside Rd. 409; Van Damme State Park;

Sonoma Co., Salt Point State Park; OREGON, Benton Co., Siuslaw National Forest, along Rd. 3405; Clackamas

Co., near Rhododendron; Mount Hood National Forest, near south fork of Eagle Creek; Bureau of Land Management

(BLM), Salem District, 8.3 km south of Estacada; Linn Co., BLM, Salem District, east of Crabtree on Rd. 226;

Willamette National Forest, Moose Ridge; Marion Co., BLM, Salem District, Sinker Creek; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., near Forks, Bear Creek campground; Lewis Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, near Cispus

Environmental Learning Center. Also known from Europe and Japan.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a stipitate cup with an

orange to yellow-orange hymenium and pale orange to white underside and

stem, and guttulate, reticulate spores that lack an apiculus. Although often

confused with Aleuria spp., the combination of a stem and nonapiculate spores makes it quite distinctive. Other

Sowerbyella species share the yellow or yellow-orange or orange stipitate, cup sporocarp; however, they have

smaller spores and have less reticulation on the spores.

Season: Fruits October through December.

Substrate and habitat: Fruits in scattered to gregarious or caespitose groups in duff of moist, relatively

undisturbed, older conifer forests. One collection was noted to occur under Lithocarpus sp.

References: MORAVEC, J. 1986. A new species and two new combinations in the genus Sowerbyella. Mycol. Helv.

2:93-102. MORAVEC, J. 1988. A key to the species of Sowerbyella (Discomycetes, Pezizales). Ceská Mykol.

42:193-199.

Description: SPOROCARPS stipitate, apotheciate. Cup compressed to regular, up to

10-25 mm in diam, shallowly broadly cupulate to nearly plane in age. HYMENIUM

bright orange to yellow-orange, even. ABHYMENIAL SURFACE pale orange to white,

typically with hyaline, appressed, inconspicuous hairs. MARGIN incurved

becoming straight to flaring in age, sometimes cracking in age, lacking

prominent hairs. STEM tapered, up to 5-20 mm long, up to 2-5 mm thick ,

concolorous with abhymenial surface, also invested with hairs, often several

stems together. PARAPHYSES curved or straight, containing orange granules,

fleetingly green when mounted in Melzer’s reagent. ASCI operculate, 8-

spored, thin-walled. SPORES ellipsoid, 18-23.6 (-26.3) x 9-11.8 μm without

ornamentation, ornamented with a reticulum, the meshes 1.5-4 μm broad,

mostly 6-sided, ridges to 1.5 μm tall, apiculus absent.

ROD name Aleuria rhenana

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell

Photo courtesy of G.L. Barron
S1 - 136

Family Cortinariaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Thaxterogaster pavelekii Trappe, Cast. & Rawlinson, in ed.

Distribution: Endemic to coastal forests in the Pacific Northwest. Known from 10 sites within the range of the

northern spotted owl: OREGON, Lincoln Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cape Perpetua, at top of auto tour; near

Yachats; near Otter Rock; near Agate Beach; 100 meters north of Beachside State Park; Tillamook Co., Cape Lookout

State Park, south of parking area; near junction of Tierra del Mar Rd. and Haystack Rock Rd.; 2.5 km north of Pacific

City on Three Capes Loop; WASHINGTON, Grays Harbor Co., Copalis Beach. Also known from vague locality in

Humboldt Co., California.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the pale yellow-gray to pale brown-gray sporocarp and narrow,

warty, brown spores.

Season: Fruits from March through June, also November.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta below 270 m

elevation.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with

the Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

Description: CAP 7-40 x 12-35 mm, convex to turbinate, the margin appressed

against protruding base or seceded up to a mm to expose underlying locules,

surface thickly slimy-viscid when wet, shiny when dry, pale yellow-gray to pale

brown-gray on disc, towards the margin concolorous or grading to olive-gray or

brown-gray, often radially streaked. GLEBA with radiate-labyrinthiform locules,

dark red-brown to dark brown, with a percurrent stem-columella that often

protrudes beyond the sporocarp base. COLUMELLA columnar and 1-2 mm broad

or often greatly enlarged near the base, white to gray, in wet weather subviscid

or with a viscid zone where the cap margin is appressed, the flesh white

throughout or in age becoming brown-yellow below. ODOR faint or

sometimes musty-raphanoid to sweet-medicinal. TASTE indistinct. PERIDIUM

a tangled ixotrichodermium of thin-walled, hyaline hyphae 3-4 μm in diam,

these becoming appressed to the surface on dried material. FLESH of loosely

interwoven, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae 3-10 μm in diam, the cells mostly

inflated to 5-20 (-30) μm in diam, many isodiametric. TRAMA of subparallel,

thin-walled, hyaline hyphae 3-6 μm in diam, some cells inflated up to 15 μm,

infrequent brown-golden laticiferous hyphae present. SUBHYMENIUM of more

or less isodiametric cells 5-15 (-20) μm in diam. BASIDIA hyaline to brown-golden, 30-40 x 9-11 μm, 2-4-spored.

STERIGMATA ± 5 x 1.5 μm. CLAMP CONNECTIONS absent. SPORES ellipsoid, 14-18 (-21) x (8-) 9-10 (-11) μm excluding

the ornamentation of narrow lines and warts 0.1-0.5 (-1) μm tall and broad, sometimes nearly partially reticulate,

length:width ratio 1.5-2, asymmetric appendage ±1 x 1.5 μm, spore wall ±1.5 μm thick, in KOH brown, inamyloid.

ROD name Thaxterogaster sp. nov. #Trappe 4867, 6242, 7427, 7962, 8520 Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 137

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Tricholoma venenatum Atkinson

Distribution: Known from a single site within the range of the northern spotted owl: WASHINGTON, Clallam

Co., Olympic National Park, Olympic Hot Springs trail. Also known from the Sierra Nevada in California and

Michigan. Not known from Oregon

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by its white spore print; dry,

squamulose, pale tan cap; and white gills. Tricholoma pardinum and T.

huronense also have squamulose caps. However, T. pardinum has a gray to

gray-brown cap, has larger spores (8.6-9.5 x 5.7-6.7 μm), and has large

sphaero-pedunculate, thin-walled, hymenial cystidia. Tricholoma huronense

has a smoky gray cap often streaked pink on the margin, hymenial cystidia,

and grows in association with hardwoods. Tricholoma serratifolium also is occasionally mistaken for T. venenatum

due to its overall pale coloration, frequent brown tinges on the cap and occasional squamules on the cap. However

it lacks clamp connections, has a bitter taste, broader spores, cheilocystidia, and in general a smoother cap surface.

Season: Fruits in November.

Substrate and habitat: Found associated with roots of Pinaceae.

Reference: SHANKS, K.M. 1997. The Agaricales (Gilled Fungi) of California 11. Tricholomataceae II. Mad River

Press, Eureka, CA. 54 p.

Description: CAP 25-130 mm in diam, convex-umbonate, dry, densely mattedfibrillose over the center with scattered pale tan squamules elsewhere, off-white to

pale tan. FLESH white or watery gray. GILLS sinuate attached, white to ivory buff.

STIPE 30-100 x 7-25 mm, equal to slightly clavate or bulbous, silky-fibrillose,

overall pale buff. ODOR AND TASTE indistinct or farinaceous. PILEIPELLIS a layer

of hyaline to pale brown hyphae 2.5-9.5 μm in diam. BASIDIA 40-48 x 7-10 μm,

clavate, hyaline. CHEILOCYSTIDIA absent. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES

ellipsoid, 7.2-10.7 x 4.8-7.2, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid, white

spore print.

ROD name Tricholoma venenatum

Photo courtesy of T. O’Dell
S1 - 138

Family Tricholomataceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Tricholomopsis fulvescens A.H. Smith

Distribution: Known from three sites within the range of the northern spotted owl; WASHINGTON, Pierce Co.,

Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek; Mount Rainier National Park, Green Lake; CALIFORNIA,

Siskiyou Co., Klamath National Forest, Marble Mountain Wilderness, Stanishaw trail. Another collection without

specific locality information is noted from OREGON, Clackamas Co., Mount Hood National Forest, along the

Salmon River.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by yellow-orange cap with

tawny fibrils, yellow lamellae, white spore print, a yellow-brown stem that

darkens to rusty brown where handled, relatively large, broadly ellipsoid

spores, relatively small, clavate cheilocystidia, abundant pleurocystidia, and thick-walled, yellow pileipellis cells.

Similar to T. flavissima (A.H. Smith) Singer, which differs by its long, filamentous cheilocystidia (40-200 x 3-5

μm), having globose to subglobose spores, absence of pleurocystidia and having a stem that does not discolor rusty

brown when handled.

Season: Fruits in September and October.

Substrate and habitat: Found solitary on decayed conifer wood above 1,000 m elevation.

Reference: SMITH, A.H. 1960. Tricholomopsis (Agaricales) in the western hemisphere. Brittonia 12:41-70.

Description: CAP 30-50 mm in diam, broadly convex, dry, appressed-fibrillose

with the fibrils in fascicles near the margin, orange-yellow to yellow-tan on the

disc with tawny fibrils, margin cream tan. GILLS adnate, horizontal, moderately

close, broad, pale yellow, drying red-brown. STEM 60-90 x 8-10 mm, narrowly

clavate, hollow, dry, appressed-fibrillose, yellow-brown, darkening to rusty

brown where handled. ODOR AND TASTE indistinct. PILEIPELLIS a layer or

lattice of tangled, yellow, thick-walled hyphae 3-8 μm in diam. BASIDIA 4-

spored. CHEILOCYSTIDIA abundant, 28-40 x 6-9 μm, clavate to fusoidventricose, hyaline. PLEUROCYSTIDIA abundant, 50-80 x 6-9 μm,

subcylindric to subfusoid, arising from the gill trama and not projecting very

much above the hymenium. CLAMP CONNECTIONS present. SPORES broadly

ellipsoid, 8-10 x 6-7 μm, smooth, inamyloid, white spore print.

ROD name Tricholomopsis fulvescens

Photo courtesy of J. Ammirati
S1 - 139

Family Tuberaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Tuber asa Tulasne & Tulasne

Distribution: Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl: OREGON, Benton, Siuslaw

National Forest, Woods Creek Rd. at watershed gate; Tillamook Co., Cascade Head Experimental Forest, at summit

along old highway 101. Also known from France and Nebraska. Not known from California or Washington.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by the convoluted sporocarp which is dark olive with white furrows

and the subglobose spores ornamented with a tall reticulum.

Season: Fruits in July and October.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla at

170 to 500 m elevation in Oregon; Pinus ponderosa in Nebraska.

Reference: TULASNE, L.R., AND TULASNE, C. 1851. Fungi hypogaei. Histoire et monographie des champignons

hypogés. Friedrich Klincksieck, Paris. 222 p.

Description: SPOROCARPS subglobose, convoluted, 10-15 mm in diam, glabrous,

dark olive with white furrows and patches. GLEBA dark gray-brown marbled with

narrow, off-white veins. ODOR AND TASTE indistinct. PERIDIUM olive,

hygrophanous in cross section. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS 30-50 μm thick, of interwoven,

pale yellow to yellow-brown hyphae 4-10 μm in diam, walls up to 1 μm in

diam, many cells inflated up to 30 (-40) μm in diam, appears

pseudoparenchymatous in places, other places with abundant, emergent, obtuse

to tapered, bulbous, cystidioid or versiform hyphal tips. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of

tightly interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae 2-5 μm in diam, occasional

cells inflated up to 10 μm in diam. TRAMA of tightly interwoven, hyaline,

thin-walled hyphae 3-8 μm in diam, the cells not or only slightly inflated.

PARAPHYSES absent. ASCI ellipsoid to subglobose, 70-85 x 50-70 μm, thinwalled, hyaline, sessile or with a short stem up to 15 x 8 μm, inamyloid.

SPORES globose to subglobose, 1-4 per ascus, in 1-spored asci 36-45 x 35-40

μm in diam excluding ornamentation, in 2-spored asci 25-35 x 25-34 μm, in

3-spored asci 20-31 x 19-29 μm, in 4-spored asci 20-28 x 19-26 μm, brown,

ornamentation an alveolate reticulum (2-) 3 (-4) μm tall, the alveolae with 4-7

sides and (4-) 5-7 (-9) across the spore, spore walls 2-3 μm thick.

No photograph available

ROD name Tuber sp. nov. #Trappe 2302
S1 - 140

Family Tuberaceae Morphological Habit sequestrate

Tuber pacificum Trappe, Castellano & Bushnell, in ed.

Distribution: Endemic to Oregon. Known from two sites within the range of the northern spotted owl:

OREGON, Lane Co., Siuslaw National Forest, Cummins Creek Wilderness Area, Cummins Creek trail; Polk Co.,

Van Duzer Corridor.

Distinguishing Features: Differs from Tuber rapaeodorum Tul. & Tul. in lacking the erect, tapered, hyphal

tips on peridial surface and the pseudoparenchymatous epicutis that characterize the latter. The peridium of T.

separans Gilkey is minutely verrucose and regularly pseudoparenchymatous, in contrast to the smooth, largely

prosenchymatous peridium of T. pacificum. The thick-walled asci of T. pacificum further distinguish if from the

other two species.

Season: Fruits in February, June, and July.

Substrate and habitat: Found in association with the roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla at

235 m elevation.

Reference: TRAPPE, J.M., AND CASTELLANO, M.A. 1999. Some new Ascomycota and Basidiomycota associated with

the Northwest Forest Plan. Mycotaxon (in press).

Description: SPOROCARPS subglobose, convoluted, 6-9 x 4-9 mm, white with

pale brown areas, shallowly furrowed, felty. GLEBA brown to black-brown marbled

with narrow, white veins. ODOR AND TASTE not recorded. PERIDIUM 250-400 μm

thick. PERIDIAL EPICUTIS 20-30 μm thick, of appressed to tangled, hyaline to

pale yellow hyphae 2-5 μm in diam, walls up to 1 μm thick, many cells inflated

to 8-10 μm in diam, appearing pseudoparenchymatous in places, other places

with abundant, emergent, obtuse to tapered, bulbous, cystidioid or versiform

hyphal tips. PERIDIAL SUBCUTIS of tightly interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled

hyphae 1.5-3 μm in diam. TRAMA of tightly interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-5

μm in diam, occasional cells inflated up to 10 μm in diam, walls up to 1.5

μm thick, internal veins similar but of less tightly interwoven tissue.

PARAPHYSES absent. ASCI ellipsoid to subglobose, 70-85 x 55-70 μm, thinwalled in youth but at maturity the walls up to 2 μm thick, hyaline, sessile,

inamyloid. SPORES ellipsoid, 1-4 per ascus, in 1-spored asci 39-45 x 29-35

μm in diam excluding ornamentation, in 2-spored asci 36-43 x 28-32 μm, in

3-spored asci 31-35 x 20-26 μm, in 4-spored asci 23-35 x 16-26 μm;

ornamentation an alveolate reticulum (2-) 3 (-4) μm tall, the alveolae with 5-6

sides and (4-) 6-10 along the spore length, spore walls 2-3 (-3.5) μm thick, brown.

ROD name Tuber sp. nov. #Trappe 12493

Photo courtesy of M.A. Castellano
S1 - 141

Family Boletaceae Morphological Habit mushroom

Tylopilus porphyrosporus (Fries) A.H. Smith & Thiers

Distribution: Endemic to the Pacific Northwest. Known from 28 sites within the range of the northern spotted

owl: CALIFORNIA, Humboldt Co., near McKinleyville; Prairie Creek State Park; Patricks Point State Park, Big

Lagoon County Park; Marin Co., Point Reyes National Seashore, Inverness Ridge; Tomales State Park; Mendocino

Co., Little River; Jackson State Forest; Sonoma Co., Salt Point State Park; OREGON, Coos Co., Coos County

Forest, Beaver Hill; Josephine Co., Siskiyou National Forest, Big Pine campground; Lane Co., Siuslaw National

Forest, near Stilicoos River bridge; Neptune State Park; Lincoln Co., Van Duzer Corridor State Wayside; Siuslaw

National Forest, Cape Perpetua; Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest, Neskowin camp;

Siuslaw National Forest, Cascade Head Experimental Forest, near headquarters; Tillamook Co., Siuslaw National

Forest, junction of hwy 101 and Rd. 1861; Cape Meares State Park; Cape Lookout State Park; WASHINGTON, Clallam Co., Olympic National Park, Solduc Valley, Lovers Lane; Olmpic National Park, Solduc hot springs; Grays

Harbor Co., Olympic National Park, Quinault Research Natural Area; Pierce Co., Mount Rainier National Park,

entrance, Mount Rainier National Park, Green Lake; Mount Rainier National Park, lower Tahoma Creek; Skamania

Co., Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Wind River valley, Government mineral springs; Snohomish Co., Mount BakerSnoqualmie National Forest, Barlow Pass; Whatcom Co., North Cascades National Park, Chilliwack River, near

cabin; Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Boulder Creek trail.

Distinguishing Features: Characterized by a dry, velutinous, black to

very dark brown cap, dark brown to black tubes and tube mouths, a dark

brown, longitudinally ridged, smooth to reticulate stem with a white base, and

flesh that stains blue.

Season: Fruits from August through December.

Substrate and habitat: Solitary to scattered in soil, duff or on well-decomposed logs in association with the

roots of Picea sitchensis and Pseudotsuga menziesii in coastal to mid-elevational forests.

Reference: WOLFE, JR., C.B. 1979. Austroboletus and Tylopilus subgenus Porphyrellus with emphasis on North

American Taxa. Bibliotheca Mycologica 69:1-148.

Description: CAP 60-150 mm in diam, convex to broadly convex, surface dull,

dry, velutinous to tomentose, smooth, very dark brown to black. FLESH white but

staining blue then pink in spots. TUBES 15-20 mm long, dark brown to black and

bruising blue. TUBE MOUTHS dark brown to black and bruising similarly, up to 1

mm in diam. STEM 130-200 x 15-20 mm, cylindric to clavate, dull, dry,

glabrous, longitudinally ridged and often reticulate at the apex, dark brown to

black with a white base. ODOR strong. TASTE mild. PILEIPELLIS a

trichodermium. BASIDIA 4-spored. CYSTIDIA abundant, 35-50 x 12-15 μm,

fusoid-ventricose to mucronate, red-brown in KOH. CLAMP CONNECTIONS

absent. SPORES subfusoid to subcylindric, 13.8-17.6 x 6-9.6 μm,

asymmetrical, smooth, deep red-brown spore print.

ROD name Tylopilus pseudoscaber

Photo courtesy of G. BarronPhoto courtesy of S. Trudell
A- 1

Acknowledgments

We first and foremost thank the following contractors who provided expertise to compile much of

the information and data used in this guidebook: Dennis Desjardin, San Francisco State University,

Robert Fogel, University of Michigan, Lorelei Norvell, University of Washington, James Trappe,

Oregon State University, and Nancy Weber, Oregon State University. Eric Peterson kindly made

information available from his masters thesis, Oregon State University. Photographs are used with

permission of Joseph Ammirati, Catherine Ardrey, David Arora, Tim Baroni, George L. Barron,

Michael Beug, Howard Bigelow (deceased), Eugene Butler, Wes Colgan III, Eric Danell, Robert

Fogel, Gro Gulden, Janet Lindgren, Dan Luoma, Currie Marr, Steve Miller, Lorelei Norvell, Eric

Peterson, David Pilz, Scott Redhead, Maggie Rogers, Freeman Rowe, Herb Saylor, Michele Seidl,

Harry Thiers, James Trappe, Steve Trudell, and James Weber (deceased). Marya Madsen was

instrumental in creating the field forms and the synoptic key to Ramaria species. The following

contributed helpful comments on various portions of the handbook: Rick Davis, James Eblin,

Merrily Ellestad, Brian Frondrick, Linda Giser, Katie Grenier, Judy Harpel, Marya Madsen, Cheryl

McCaffrey, Bob Misley, Randy Molina, Ron Peterson, David Pilz, Bruce Rittenhouse, Larry

Scofield, Nancy Smith, Marty Stein, John Stockman, and James Trappe. We received many helpful

comments from field personnel who attended workshops and had opportunity to peruse the handbook in draft form. The printing of this book was partially supported by a Regional Forester challenge grant.
R- 1

English Equivalents When you know: Multiply by: To find:

micrometers (μm) 25400 inches

millimeters (mm) 25.40 inches

centimeters (cm) 2.540 inches

meters (m) 3.281 feet

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H1- 1

Appendix 1

Helpful Hints to Working With the Synoptic Key to Ramaria Species

A synoptic key to the ROD-listed Ramaria species, in addition to a dichotomous key, is provided.

Although learning to use a synoptic key requires patience and persistence, synoptic keys often are

easier to use than dichotomous keys, particularly for the novice. Species identification with a

synoptic key requires evaluating a sequence of characters to continually narrow the list of potential

species, thereby allowing comparison of morphological similarities between species. Synoptic keys

are easily expanded and less likely to lead the user astray than dichotomous keys (Castellano et al.

1989).

Each species in a synoptic key is assigned a number and arranged in alphabetical order. In addition

to ROD-listed Ramaria species, a few additional Ramaria species have been included in our key to

facilitate accurate identification of those on the ROD. The key is divided into two sections:

macroscopic and microscopic characters. Each section contains numerous categories of characters;

for example, stem, branch and flesh colors. Each character is followed by a list of numbers corresponding to Ramaria species with that character. The number is underlined if the character is

variable and thus is found under more than one character state. Multiple tallies per character indicate a range of characters, or a character and its modifier, or weak characters that may be present or

absent.

Ramaria species identification requires precise microscopic examination. To observe the necessary

features, it is necessary to mount on a microscope slide a thin piece of sporocarp tissue in a drop of

Melzer’s reagent or KOH. Too thick a mount will result in frustration and unnecessary time spent

focusing up and down through the material. A sharp razor blade is essential for achieving thin

mounts, especially with fresh or dried gelatinized material. The ability to distinguish between

similar characters microscopically, such as slightly rounded versus rod-shaped spore ornamentation,

initially is difficult and requires practice. Success with microscopy requires familiarity with a

properly adjusted and calibrated microscope. An improperly adjusted microscope can distort the

image of spores or tissue measurements by as much as 10 percent. Such imprecision could lead to

the selection of an incorrect set of characters and result in incorrect species identification.

Categorizing color variation is subjective and therefore difficult. Because Ramaria spp. often

change color with age, specimens may be described differently at different phenological stages. A

minimal list of color headings, common to Ramaria species, is provided.
H2-1

Appendix 2

Collection, Preservation and Mailing, Tips, Suggestions, and Information and Data Forms

Collecting tips

It is very important to collect the entire specimen. Some ROD species like Phaeocollybia have an

extremely long, radicate stem that can extend more than .3 meters into the soil. Others like

Cortinarius have bulbous bases. And still others, such as Ramaria, can have multiple bases, mycelial mats, and rhizomorphs that can be important in identification. Cordyceps grow from a buried

larvae or truffle, and the ROD listed Asterophora lycoperdoides and Collybia racemosa grow on

other rotting mushrooms.

It is best to use some sort of digging tool when excavating specimens to preserve integrity and

fragile characters such as veil remnants and cortina.

Collect individuals of all ages when possible, particularly Cortinarius and Ramaria whose colors

fade rapidly with maturation.

It is very important to know the substrate: wood, litter-duff, moss, soil, rotten fungi. Along with

color notes, this is best noted at the time of collection. Use the field tag provided.

It is critical to describe the colors present on ALL fresh specimens! Detailed notes are needed for

Ramaria and all Agarics, particularly Phaeocollybia and Cortinarius. Color guides can be helpful.

Be as detailed as possible. Use other colors as modifiers; for example; red-brown, pale salmon with

yellow tints, drab olive with violet tones, bright yellow, chalk white, slightly darker than ivory, dusty

tan, etc.

Place specimens into heavy weight foil, wax bags, or plastic boxes. Some moisture must be preserved, but plastic bags will cause the fungus to rot quickly. We prefer using foil for larger fungi

because when packaged loosely it protects the specimen better than paper.

We have found that plastic tackle and craft boxes with movable dividers work well for collecting

small fungi and also allow ready storage in the refrigerator.

Place individually wrapped specimens into a sturdy container such as a 5-gallon bucket or basket to

avoid squashing them.

Do not mix collections when collecting and storing specimens. Regularly clean your collecting

materials (stray spores can hinder identification).

Spores must be mature when measured for species determination. Sometimes spore maturation in

ascomycetes can be induced by placing a damp paper towel in the container with the specimen in the

refrigerator. Allow a few days or even a week or two, checking regularly for decay, for maturation

to occur.

What to send and how to send it

We accept vouchers of any fungus species from table C-3 of the ROD. Due to the ephemeral nature

of fungi and the unsettled nature of fungal taxonomy, we must have a physical specimen for it to be

recorded as a known site.

Even professional mycologists make errors in determining fungi in the field. It is important to send

us collections for verification.

If possible, take a photo (preferably a slide) of the fungus before drying it. A photographic record

can be extremely useful in making species determinations as well as for educational use. The optimal setup is to use a macro lens and ring flash with 64 ISO film (or 200 if nothing else is available)

with a neutral gray background and something for scale.

Specimens must be sent completely dried, unless prior arrangements are made.
H2-2

Use a food dehydrator that has a fan, at low to medium temperature (90-125 °F). Cut at least one

specimen in half, particularly truffles. It is preferable to cut large specimens such as Ramaria,

Gomphus, Phaeocollybia, Bondarzewia , etc., to facilitate dehydration and storage.

Package dried specimens individually, then package securely, and mail in cardboard boxes. Do not

send fungi in unpadded envelopes! Include your determination, the site form, maps, and descriptive

notes on a field tag or one of the five fungi description forms. The lot form is optional but you may

find it useful for your record keeping.

Each specimen should be accompanied by complete location data, habitat information, notes describing the specimen when fresh (color, texture, taste, odor), collection date and person to contact.

Without this information specimens will be extremely difficult to identify and it will be hard to

relocate sites.

Please try to make a preliminary determination. When you make your determination, note on the

field tag accompanying each specimen what characters led you to this conclusion. Was it spore

length or shape? Colored granules on the abhymenium? Cap color? Hairs on the hymenium?

These notes help us with the verification process. They also help us track mistakes so we can be

better teachers. If you have doubts or have a particularly rare species, please use one of the five

Fungi Description Forms to describe it in greater depth.

Collections will be accessioned into the herbarium at Oregon State University. Upon request, a

portion can be returned to you if you maintain an herbarium. An optimal collection would consist of

multiple specimens both young and mature, properly dried with at least one specimen cut in half.

Even if you have only one specimen, send it anyway.

Completing the site form

This form provides locality and habitat data for each collection site as well as documentation for

ROD species found during your survey. Use this form similarly to a TE&S plant sighting form and

anytime specimens of potential interest are collected. You need fill out only one form per area and

list all the fungi collected from that area or site.

Fill out the form completely. Our team cannot personally visit every site, and we lack the expert

knowledge that you have of the areas where you work.

Fill out one site form per collection site (not per collection). Instructions are found on the back of

the form. A “site” is (1) at least 1.6 km apart, or (2) different habitat/ecotypes within a forested area

(e.g., sale unit). Likewise, if you are confident with your field recognition, it is not absolutely

necessary to collect a specimen every time it is encountered at a site; once or twice per site is adequate. Differences in habitat or substrate per species should be noted on the field tag.

Completing the field tag

Field tags are very useful while foraying or surveying. They are designed to fit into our collection

boxes. Complete one per collection.

The tag’s main function is to ensure that critical data such as location, substrate, and color notes are

not lost in the bustle of a field day.

The field tag is used in addition to the site form; it is not a substitute.

The following are the fields on the field tag with an explanation of the information asked for.

Date: Collection date

Genus and species: Tentative identification of fungus

Collector: Collector of the specimen

Collection number: Collection identification number: O’Dell 4756 or M.M2-12-98-a, etc.

County and State where collection was made:

Land owner: Name of Federal agency and subunit: Siuslaw NF, Alsea RD, etc.

Location and T.R.S.: A geographical place name, road number; as specific as possible.
H2- 3

Substrate: Circle appropriate category

Habitat: Dominant trees, herbs, and shrubs and related notes.

Notes: Fresh specimen notes: color, taste, odor, shape, detail of habitat or substrate, or other

site and specimen information. Use the back as necessary.

Completing the optional lot form

This is an optional form developed for the Corvallis Survey and Manage Team’s recordkeeping. It

has been expressed by some field users that it is useful for their records as well. We have adapted it

for your use. If you are overwhelmed by the paperwork, this is far less important than a complete

site form and some basic descriptive notes about the fresh specimen.

Fill out one lot form per group of collections delivered or send to the Corvallis Survey and Manage

Team. Fill in only the shaded areas. We will complete the form and return a copy to you.

If there is urgency to the verification of your specimen(s), please indicate so on this form or by

phone.

Please fill out only the areas that are shaded gray:

Contact person: Usually the person who sends the collection to us. This is the person we will contact

if questions arise and when we have completed the species verification.

Agency, subunit, address, and phone number: The address to which we will send a copy of the

completed lot form. The phone number of the contact person.

Collection number: Your reference-tracking number for the specimen. Often formatted as a number

and letter system using the collector’s name, initials, collection number or date (Stockman-232 or

J.S. 98-May-04#1, etc.).

Tentative determination: Your determination of what the fungus species is or at least a general

description of the specimen: black-cup with orange granules; chunky, orange-brown polypore with

no stem; glutinous, olive-colored Agaric with 12-inch stem; etc.

Place name: A geographic place name identifiable on a map. For example: Black Butte; Ingals

Creek trailhead, 100 meters east of parking lot; junction of Forest Road 1038 & spur 302, south side

of road.

Completing the optional fungi description forms: Boletoid and polyporus fungi, gilled fungi,

nongilled fungi, Pored Fungi, Sequestrate Fungi, Coralloid Fungi.

These forms are optional but can be used as a place to take notes about freshly collected specimens,

particularly on rare species, or if you really have no idea where to begin. It is extremely difficult to

determine dried specimens without notes on fresh characters.

Descriptive notes of fresh specimens are very important for identifying fungi when they are dry.

Notes on fresh color, texture, size, taste, and odor are crucial. Detail is critical when describing the

color variations of fungi.

In general, those characters used in the keys for the group of fungi you are working with are the

characters that you should give the most attention to describing or measuring.

If you have the capability, measure spore size and note spore shape, ornamentation under oil immersion at 1000x magnification. This is a microscopic character commonly used in specific descriptions.

If you have additional questions concerning these forms, please contact:

Thom O’Dell: Survey and Manage Mycology Team, USDA Forest Service, PNW Forestry Sciences

Lab, 3200 S.W. Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331. Telephone (541) 750-7404; FAX (541) 758-

7760
H2-4

Electronic communication: IBM(FS): todell/r6pnw_corvallis@fs.fed.us

Survey and Manage Team: Telephone (541) 750-7489: FAX (541) 750-7329

Electronic communication via IBM(FS):

Rick Davis: rdavis/r6pnw_corvallis@fs.fed.us

Bryan Fondrick bfondric/r6pnw_corvallis@fs.fed.us

Jim Eblin: jeblin/r6pnw_corvallis@fs.fed.us

Merrily Ellestad: mellesta/r6pnw_corvallis@fs.fed.us
H2- 5

Directions for Survey and Manage Fungi Site Form

Fill out one site form per site (at least 1.5 km apart or different habitat)

Lot number: For PNW Survey and Manage team to complete.

Date: Date collection(s) were made.

Land ownership: Select: Bureau of Land Management (BLM), USDA Forest Service (USFS), state or private.

Land allocation: Specify if this location is in a late-successional reserve, managed late-successional area, matrix,

adaptive management area, area of critical environmental concern, Research Natural Area, botanical special interest area,

riparian reserve, wilderness, or describe others.

Forest/District/Resource Area: Specify which National Forest and District or BLM District and Resource Area.

State and county: Specify, please do not abbreviate county.

Quad name: Write quad name and circle appropriate map scale. Please do not abbreviate.

TRS: Township, Range, Section, Quarter, Sixteenth of the Quarter Section

Meridian: Found on USGS and Forest map. Willamette is western Washington and Oregon, Humboldt is northwest

California, Mt. Diablo is northeast California.

Latitude and longitude: Please record in decimal form. Please record to 4 decimal places. Do not write UTM’s.

Location/directions to site: Provide a geographical place name such as Icicle River campground, Salmon Berry

wayside, Hart Mountain, Johnny Creek trail. Also provide clear, detailed directions sufficient to relocate site. Include

road numbers, mileage from road junctions and distance and azimuth from road. Map the location on the appropriate

topographic map and label with quad name, township, range, section, quarter and sixteenth. Give approximate distance

in miles from nearest municipality.

Elevation, slope, and aspect: Please be as accurate as possible, specify units where appropriate.

Topography: Circle the appropriate categories or briefly describe area.

Habitat: List dominant overstory trees, indicator shrub and herb species. Use full species name (Pinus ponderosa), not

acronym (PIPO). Note and describe plant association and successional stage if possible. Note general amount, size and

decay class of coarse woody debris. Describe any interesting or unusual observations of habitat. Note substrate if

appropriate.

Collector(s): List collector(s).

Phone number and e-mail: Who should be contacted if questions arise?

New occurrence, specimens photographed and photo of habitat: Circle appropriate category.

List species collected: List names of species collected at site, tentative determinations are OK.

Other notes: Mark if maps, description sheets, or other data are included with collection.
H2-6

SURVEY AND MANAGE FUNGI FIELD SITE FORM Lot number ___________________

COMPLETE ONE SITE FORM PER SITE

Multiple specimens at the same site need only one site form.

Collector(s): __________________________________________________ Date _________________________

Land ownership: BLM USFS State Private Land allocation: ______________________________________

Forest/District/Resource Area: ____________________________________________________________________

State: _________________ County: __________________ Quad name: ______________________ 7.5 min/ 15 min

T: _____ R: _____ Sec. _______ 1/4 ________ 1/16 _______ Meridian: Willamette Mt. Diablo Humboldt

Latitude (4 decimal places): ___________________ Longitude (4 decimal places): _______________________

Location/Directions to site: _______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

Elevation:________________ feet meters Slope: _____________________ Aspect: _________________

Topography: ridge upper slope mid slope lower slope valley swale bench trail roadside

Describe:_______________________________________________________________________________________

Habitat: dominant trees: ___________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

shrubs: _________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

herbs: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

stand structure: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

coarse woody debris: _______________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________
H2- 7

Survey and Manage Boletoid and Polyporous Fungi Description Form

Provide notes and circle as many of the characters from grouped character sets as appropriate.

Genus/species: _____________________________________ Mycology team collection number: _______________

Other collector’s number: ___________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Collected by: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Ecology:

Dominant trees and shrubs: ______________________________________________________________________

Growth habit: single scattered caespitose grouped

Age of specimens: immature mature old mixed

Substrate (circle one): On duff: pine cone leaves needles twig litter

On soil: mineral humus

On wood: conifer hardwood Species: ________________________________________

General characters (write range of dimensions in mm for multiple specimens)

Sporocarp type: Bolete Polypore

Height of entire specimen: ____________________________ Length of stem: ____________________________

Width of cap: ______________ Width of stem at apex: _______________ Widest width of stem: ____________

Taste (don’t swallow): mild strong pleasant unpleasant peppery

Other: ________________________________________________________________________________________

Color (note color gradations, spots, streaks, bruising reactions, changes with age or drying)

Cap surface: ________________________________________ Bruising color: ___________________________

Cap flesh: __________________________________________ Bruising color: ___________________________

Pore layer: _________________________________________ Bruising color: ___________________________

Stem surface: _______________________________________ Bruising color: ___________________________

Stem flesh: _________________________________________ Bruising color: ___________________________

Cap characters:

Surface texture: dry greasy sticky slimy

Surface ornamentation: smooth pubescent fibrillose cracked wrinkled scaly granular velvety

Cap shape: convex plane uplifted irregular centrally depressed Other: _____________________________

Flesh consistency: fleshy brittle spongy Other: _______

Stem characters:

Stem shape: equal ventricose tapered at apex tapered at base clavate bulbous

Surface texture: viscid sticky dry polished glabrous fibrillose punctate

Surface ornamentation: glandular dotted pruinose (lightly powdered) scabrous scaly fibrillose finely

reticulated (netted) coarsely reticulate

Location of reticulum: apex only top 1/2 of stem entire stem Other: _________________________________

Color of ornamentation: _________________________________________________________________________

Annulus present: N Y Annulus color: ___________________________________________________________

Annulus structure: membranous fibrillose cottony-cortina slimy
H2-8

Survey and Manage Gilled Fungi Description Form

Provide notes and circle as many of the characters from grouped character sets as appropriate.

Genus/species: _____________________________________ Mycology team collection number: _______________

Other collector’s number: ___________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Collected by: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Ecology:

Dominant trees and shrubs: ______________________________________________________________________

Growth habit: single scattered caespitose grouped

Age of specimens: immature mature old mixed

Substrate (circle one): On duff: pine cone leaves needles twig litter

On soil: mineral humus

On wood: conifer hardwood Species: ________________________________________

Other: fungus insect

General characters (write range of dimensions in mm for multiple specimens)

Color of spore print: ____________________________________________________________________________

Height of entire specimen: ____________________________ Length of stem: ____________________________

Width of cap: _____________________________Height of cap at center: ________________________________

Width of stem at apex: _____________________Widest width of stem: _________________________________

Odor: mild strong pleasant unpleasant Other: ___________________________________________________

Taste (don’t swallow): mild strong pleasant unpleasant peppery Other: _____________________________

Color (note color gradations, spots, streaks, bruising reactions, changes with age or drying)

Cap surface: ___________________________________________________________________________________

Hygrophanous (watery appearance when wet; changes color when losing moisture): N Y

Cap flesh: _____________________________________________________________________________________

Gills: _______________________________________________________ Gill edge: concolorous darker lighter

Stem surface: __________________________________________________________________________________

Stem flesh: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Cap characters:

Latex: N Y Latex color: ______________________________________________________________________

Surface texture: dry greasy sticky slimy

Surface ornamentation: smooth pubescent fibrillose cracked wrinkled scaly granular warty

Shape: convex conic bell-shaped plane depressed umbilicate funnel mammilate umbonate

Other: ________________________________________________________________________________________

Margin shape: straight uplifted recurved inrolled incurved

Contours of margin: striate even wavy irregular appendiculate Other: _____________________________

Flesh consistency: fleshy brittle spongy tough chalky Other: _____________________________________

(page 2 on reverse)
H2- 9

Stem characters:

Stem shape: equal ventricose tapered at apex tapered at base radicate (rooted) clavate bulbous twisted

Other: ________________________________________________________________________________________

Surface texture: viscid sticky dry polished smooth fibrillose punctate

Surface ornamentation: smooth pruinose (powdered at apex) scaly fibrillose tomentose

Other: ________________________________________________________________________________________

Stem consistency: cartilaginous fibrous chalky Other: ____________________________________________

Flesh texture: solid stuffed hollow Other:_______________________________________________________

Gill characters:

Attachment to stem: free adnexed adnate sinuate decurrent Other:________________________________

Edge shape: entire scalloped wavy serrate eroded Other: ________________________________________

Veil:

Any veil or veil remnants present: N Y if yes, complete the following:

Partial veil: N Y Veil color: ___________________________________________________________________

Veil structure: membranous fibrillose cortina slimy

Annulus: N Y General position of annulus: apical central basal

Annulus type: single double Annulus color: ______________________________________________________

Universal veil: N Y Volva shape: saccate collared sheathing concentric zones

Volva color: ___________________________________________________________________________________

Remnants present on cap: N Y Color of remnant: ________________________________________________

Notes/Sketch:
H2-10

Survey and Manage Nongilled Fungi Description Form

Elfin saddles, Cups, Club-like fungi, Cantharellaceae, Tooth fungi Jelly fungi

Provide notes and circle as many of the characters from grouped character sets as appropriate.

Genus/species: _____________________________________ Mycology team collection number: _______________

Other collector’s number: ___________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Collected by: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Ecology:

Dominant trees and shrubs: ______________________________________________________________________

Growth habit: single scattered caespitose grouped

Age of specimens: immature mature old mixed

Substrate (circle one): On duff: pine cone leaves needles twig litter

On soil: mineral humus

On wood: conifer hardwood Species: ________________________________________

General characters (write range of dimensions in mm for multiple specimens)

Sporocarp type: Morel-types Elfin saddles Cups Club-like fungi Cantharellaceae Tooth fungi Jelly fungi

Height of entire specimen: ____________________________ Length of stem: ____________________________

Width of cap: _____________________________Cap flesh thickness: ___________________________________

Odor: mild strong fragrant farinaceous Other: __________________________________________________

Taste (don’t swallow): mild strong sweet bitter hot Other: _______________________________________

Sporocarp shape: cup disk cushion rabbit-ear truncate club spatulate “mushroom”-like saddle-stipitate

brain-stipitate pitted-stipitate funnel cantherelloid Other: __________________________

Flesh consistency (in cross-section): gelatinous fleshy brittle tough rubbery spongy

Flesh color and bruising: ________________________________________________________________________

Cap color (top of chantrelle or tooth fungus): _________________________________________________________

Hymenium color (spore-bearing surface): ___________________________________________________________

Abhymenium color (opposite spore-bearing surface): __________________________________________________

Abhymenium/cap texture: smooth pubescent scaly granular warty fibrillose greasy sticky dry silky

hygrophanous (changing color when losing moisture)

Stem characters (if present, use cross-section for measurement):

Stem present: N Y (if yes, then continue)

Length (mm): ___________ Width at widest point (mm): ____________ Width at base (mm): ___________

Shape: equal ventricose tapered at apex tapered at base compressed

Other: ________________________________________________________________________________________

Stem flesh texture: gelatinous firm solid stuffed hollow

Flesh color: _______________________________ Surface color: ______________________________________

Surface character: dry moist viscid smooth tomentose ribbed scaly folded grooved wrinkled

fibrillose Other: ______________________________________________________________
H2- 11

Survey and Manage Coral Fungi Description Form

Provide notes and circle as many of the characters from grouped character sets as appropriate.

Genus/species: _____________________________________ Mycology team collection number: _______________

Other collector’s number: ___________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Collected by: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Ecology:

Dominant trees and shrubs: ______________________________________________________________________

Age of specimens: immature mature old mixed

Substrate (circle one): On duff: pine cone leaves needles twig litter

On soil: mineral humus

On wood: conifer hardwood Species: ________________________________________

General characters (write range of dimensions in mm for multiple specimens)

Height of entire specimen (mm): Crown diameter (mm):

Width of stem: _____________ Width of stem at base: _______________

Odor: not distinct weak strong sweet anise beany pungent unpleasant musty earthy citrus

Taste (don’t swallow): not distinct mild strong bitter acrid Other: _________________________________

Surface color (Write range for multiple specimens; note color gradations, spots, streaks, and bruising):

Tips: _________________________________________________________________________________________

Branches: _____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Stem: ________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Bruising (note color and location): _________________________________________________________________

Yellow band at junction of stem and branches (fades after picking and in older specimens): N Y

Color of flesh in cross section:

Tips: _________________________________________________________________________________________

Branches: _____________________________________________________________________________________

Stem: ________________________________________________________________________________________

Rusty root present (pale brown band in lower stipe when cut longitudinally; can look like a water mark): N Y

Branch and stem characters:

Stem form: massive chunky slender single fused fascicled

Stem flesh consistency (one or more): solid hollow fleshy-fibrous brittle rubbery-cartilaginous

firm-cartilaginous slimy-cartilaginous marbled-gelatinous Other: ______________________________________

Branch consistency: fragile firm fleshy-firbous cartilaginous brittle rubbery firmly-gelatinous

slimy-gelatinous) Notes: _________________________________________________________________________

Rhizomorphs present (white threads at base): N Y

Reaction of Melzer’s reagent on interior stem flesh (optional): amyloid dextrinoid none
H2-12

Survey and Manage Sequestrate Fungi Description Form

Provide notes and circle as many of the characters from grouped character sets as needed

Genus/species: _____________________________________ Mycology team collection number: _______________

Other collector’s number: ___________________________ Date: ________________________________________

Collected by: ____________________________________________________________________________________

Ecology:

Dominant trees and shrubs: ______________________________________________________________________

Growth habit: single scattered grouped

Age of specimens: immature mature old mixed

Substrate (circle one): In duff: pine cone leaves needles twig litter

In soil: mineral humus

On wood: conifer hardwood Species: ________________________________________

General characters (write range of dimensions in mm for multiple specimens)

Height (mm) ______________________________ Width (mm): ______________________________________

Shape: globose subglobose irregular top-shaped

Overall consistency: tough crisp rubbery friable hard powdery inside

Odor: mild strong pleasant unpleasant Describe: ________________________________________________

Peridium (outer surface):

Color immediately upon collection: _______________________________________________________________

Color changes or bruising: _______________________________________________________________________

Texture: warty smooth tomentose wrinkled folded crusty

Color change with KOH 5% (when available): _______________________________________________________

Separable from gleba (inner portion): N Y Thickness (mm): ________________________________________

Rhizomorphs present: N Y If yes, attachment: at base along sides overall

Rhizomorph color and changes: __________________________________________________________________

Gleba (inner portion: describe when cut in half):

Arrangement: solid veined gilled convoluted chambered

Texture: powdery cottony marbled gelatinous waxy

Color: ________________________________________________________________________________________

Color changes and bruising after 5 minutes: ________________________________________________________

Latex present: N Y Latex color:________________________________________________________________

Columella present (sterile differentiated tissue): N Y If yes: single robust joins apex of peridium dendroid

Columella color: translucent opaque Other: ______________________________________________________

Stem present: N Y If yes, as: basal pad distinct stem
H2- 13

Field Tags (to be cut up)

Date: _________________________________ Taxon: ___________ Date: _________________________________ Taxon: _________

Collector(s): ___________________________ Coll. # ___________ Collector(s): ___________________________ Coll. # _________

WA - OR - CA - County: __________ Land owner: _____________ WA - OR - CA - County: __________ Land owner: ___________

Location: __________________________________________________ Location: _________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Wood - Moss - Litter - Soil - Fungus Habitat: ____________________ Wood - Moss - Litter - Soil - Fungus Habitat: __________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Notes (color, odor, taste, texture, etc.): ___________________________ Notes (color, odor, taste, texture, etc.): ________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Date: _________________________________ Taxon: ___________ Date: _________________________________ Taxon: _________

Collector(s): ___________________________ Coll. # ___________ Collector(s): ___________________________ Coll. # _________

WA - OR - CA - County: __________ Land owner: _____________ WA - OR - CA - County: __________ Land owner: ___________

Location: __________________________________________________ Location: _________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Wood - Moss - Litter - Soil - Fungus Habitat: ____________________ Wood - Moss - Litter - Soil - Fungus Habitat: __________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Notes (color, odor, taste, texture, etc.): ___________________________ Notes (color, odor, taste, texture, etc.): ________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Date: _________________________________ Taxon: ___________ Date: _________________________________ Taxon: _________

Collector(s): ___________________________ Coll. # ___________ Collector(s): ___________________________ Coll. # _________

WA - OR - CA - County: __________ Land owner: _____________ WA - OR - CA - County: __________ Land owner: ___________

Location: __________________________________________________ Location: _________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Wood - Moss - Litter - Soil - Fungus Habitat: ____________________ Wood - Moss - Litter - Soil - Fungus Habitat: __________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Notes (color, odor, taste, texture, etc.): ___________________________ Notes (color, odor, taste, texture, etc.): ________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

H3- 1

Glossary

abhymenial surface–opposite the spore-bearing surface

acanthophyses–clavate or cylindrical hyphae with pinlike outgrowths near the apex

acrid–peppery

acrogenous–borne at the apex

aculeate–having narrow spines

acute–less than a right angle

acyanophilic–not staining blue when mounted in cotton blue

adnate–gills attached to the stem

adnexed–gills attached narrowly to the stipe

agaricoid–having the overall features of a gilled mushroom

agglutinated–stuck together as if with glue

allantoid–slightly curved with rounded ends

alveolae–honeycomblike hollows

alveolate–marked with honeycomblike hollows

amorphous–having no definite form

ampulliform–flasklike in form

amygdaliform–almond-shaped

amyloid–staining blue or black with application of Melzer’s reagent

anastomose–fusion between hyphae

anise–smell of licorice

annulus–a ring-like partial veil, around the stipe after expansion of the cap

ANO–aniline oil (1:1 aqueous mixture)

ANW–alpha naphthol (5 percent aqueous solution)

apiculate–having an apiculus

apiculus–a short projection at one end, also called a hilar appendage

apobasidium–a basidium with nonapiculate spores, borne symmetrically on the sterigmata and not

forcibly discharged

apothecium–a cup or saucerlike sporocarp in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity

appendiculate–the edge of the expanded pileus fringed with toothlike remains of the veil

applanate–flattened

arcuate–arclike

areoles–cracks or divisions

asci (us)–saclike structure that contains ascospores

Ascomycete (s)–phylum level of classification for ascus-containing fungi

aseptate–lacking septa

astringent–bitter

asymmetrical–not symmetrical

attenuation–narrowing

autolysed–self-digestion of a cell

avellaneous–pale yellow brown

bacilliform–rodlike in form

basal collar–collar located at the base of the spore

basal pad–sterile tissue located at point of attachment

basal scar–scar located at point of attachment of spore to basidium

basidia–cell that produces spores externally on sterigmata

basidiole–a sterile basidiumlike hymenial cell

Basidiomycete(s)–phylum level of classification for basidia containing fungi

bifid–forked

biguttulate–having two oillike drops within the spore

boletoid–resembling bolete in structure

brachybasidole(s)–short basidioles

brunnescent–becoming brown

bryophillous–fungi growing on mosses or liverworts

bulbous–bulblike; a stem with a swelling at the base

two shapes of asci

acanthophyses

bulbous stem base

basidia

campanulate cap

annulus

adnate gills

adnexed gills

basidiole
H3- 2

campanulate–bell shaped

cap cuticle–the outer layer of the pileus

capillitium–sterile, threadlike elements in among the spores

capitate–having a well-formed head

cartilaginous–firm and tough but readily bent

caulocystidia–cystidia found on the stipe

centipetally–toward the center

cheilocystidia–cystidia found on the edge of the lamella

chrysocystidia–smooth, thin-walled cystidia with highly staining contents

circumferentially aligned–aligned along the perimeter of a circle

clamp connections–a hyphal outgrowth that at cell division makes a connection between the

resulting two cells by fusion

clavate–clublike; narrowing in the direction of the base

claviform–clublike; see clavate

cleft–partially split or divided

coagulated–congealed or clotted

coalesced–grown together

columella–a sterile central axis within a mature sequestrate sporocarp

concave–hollowed inward; similar to a bowl

concolorous–of one color

confluent–coming together

conic–shaped like a cone

connate–born together

context–tramal tissue

convex–broadly obtuse

copious–abundant

coral–corallike fleshy fungi in the family Clavariaceae

coriaceous–leatherlike in texture

cortex–a more or less thick outer covering

cortical tissue–tissue from the cortex

cortina–a weblike partial veil covering the gills

crenulate–edged with delicate rounded teeth

cristate–crested

croziers–a hook of an ascogenous hypha before ascus development

crustose–a hard surface layer

crystalloid–resembling crystals

cup–a Discomycete, particularly in the Pezizales or Leotiales

cyanophilic–readily absorbing cotton blue

cystidia–a sterile, distinctively shaped cell

cystidoid–cystidialike

cytoplasm–the protoplasm of a cell

decurrent–running down the stipe

dendroid–treelike in form

denticulate–toothed

dermatopseudocystidia–cystidia-like structures on the edge of the pileus

dextrinoid–staining red or red-brown in Melzer’s reagent

dichophyses–a modified terminal hypha in the hymenium

dichotomous–dividing into two parts

dimitic–having hyphae of two kinds

disc–the round, platelike or curved spore-producing part of an Ascomycete sporocarp

discoid–resembling a disk

distally–situated away from the center of the sporocarp

divaricate–divergent at right angles

diverticula–a pocketlike side branch

earth tongue–sporocarps of the genus Geoglossum

eccentric–not circular

cup-shaped sporocarps

cheilocystidia

clavate cells

two types of columella

conic-shaped cap

corallike sporocarps

crenulate gills

cortina

decurrent gills
H3- 3

echinate–having sharply pointed spines

ectal excipulum–the outer layer such as in the peridium

eguttulate–without guttules

ellipsoid–shaped like an ellipse

emergent–rising out of

encrusted–overlain with a crust

endophytic–living within another

enrolled margin–rolled within

ental excipulum–the inner layer such as in the peridium

ephemeral–lasting a short time

epicuticular–outer layer of tissue

epicutis–outer layer of tissue

epigeous–growing aboveground

epiphytic–living on the surface of another

epithelium–the outer layer of tissue

ETOH–ethanol

euhymenium–containing a palisade of basidia

evanescent–having a short existence

excrescence–an abnormal outgrowth

extracellular–outside the cell

fabaceous–resembling a bean

farinaceous–smells like corn meal

fascicle–a little group or bundle

fasciculate–growing in fascicles

fawn–pale gray-brown

FCL–ferric chloride (10 percent aqueous solution)

ferruginous–resembling iron rust in color

fibrillose–with fine hairs or fibres

fibrils–small fibers

filamentose–threadlike

filiform–threadlike

flabellate–shaped like a fan

flabelliform–shaped like a fan

flexuous–elastic

flocculose–delicately cottony

friable–easily crumbled

FSW–ferric sulphate 10 percent aqueous

fulvous–pale brown-yellow

fungiphobia–afraid of fungi

furcate–forked

furfuraceous–covered with flaky particles

fuscous–brown-gray

fusoid–tapering towards each end

gametangia–cell containing gametes or gametic nuclei

gelatinized–jellylike

gelatinous–jellylike

generative hyphae–hyphae that are branched, septate, with or without clamp connections, thin- or

thick-walled and of unlimited growth

germ pore–a differentiated, frequently apical area in a spore wall

glabrescent–smooth

glabrous–smooth

glandular dot–a dot due to the presence of a gland

gleba–spore-bearing tissue in sequestrate fungi

gleoplerous hyphae–hyphae with very long cells, with numerous oil drops

gloeocystidia–thin-walled, usually irregular cystidia with yellow or highly refractive contents

gluten–a substance that is sticky when wet

glandular dots on stem

flabellate sporocarps

enrolled margin
H3- 4

glutinous–covered with gluten

granulated–covered with very small particles

granules–a small particle

granulose–roughened with granules

gregarious–in groups but not joined together

GUA–tincture of guaiac (saturated solution of gum guaiac in 95 percent ethyl alcohol)

guttules–oillike drops

hemispheric–one of two half-spheres

heteromerous–having sphaerocyst nests among filamentous hyphae

hirsute–having long hairs

hyaline–colorless

hygrophanous–having a water-soaked appearance when wet

hymenium–the spore-bearing layer of tissue

hyphoid–like hyphae in form

hypogeous–growing belowground

IKI–Melzer’s reagent

imbricate–scales partly covering one another like roof tiles

inamyloid–not reacting to Melzer’s reagent

incurved– curved inward

inoperculate–opening by an irregular apical split to discharge spores

internodes–the interval between nodes

intervenose–condition where veins are found in the spaces between gills

isodiametric–having equal diameters

ixocutis–a slimy cuticle

ixotrichoderm(ium)–a trichodermium composed of gelatinized hyphae

KOH–(as mounting medium): potassium hydroxide (2 percent aqueous solution)

KOH–(as macrochemical reagent): potassium hydroxide (10 percent aqueous solution)

labyrinthine–structure of complex paths

lacerate–to tear roughly

lacticiferous hyphae–hyphae which secret a milky juice

lacunose–having a hole or hollow

lamellae–hymenium-covered vertical plates on the underside of the pileus

lamellar–of lamellae

lamellulae–a small lamella

laminate–composed of layers

latex–a milklike juice

lattice–cross-barred; like a network

leptocystidia–a thin-walled smooth cystidia

ligniculous–occurring on wood

limoniform–lemonlike in form

loculate–divided into locules

locules–a cavity

lunate–like a new moon

macrocystidia–cystidia which arise from deep within the hymenium

macrofungi–fungi with sporocarps large enough to be seen without a hand lens

matrix–the substrate in or on which an organism is living

mediostratum–the middle layer

medullary excipulum–tissue below the generative layer in an apothecium

Melzer’s reagent–an iodine reagent

membranaceous–like a thin skin

microfungi–fungi with small sporocarps that are seen only with a hand lens

moniliform–having swellings at regular intervals

monochromatic–consisting of one color or hue

monomitic–consisting a single kind of hyphae

monosporus–one-spored

mottled–having patches of different colors or shades

leptocysidia

intervenose connections

incurved margin
H3- 5

mottling–to be mottled

mucilage–a gelatinous substance

mucilaginous–sticky or viscid

mucronate–an abrupt sharp terminal point

multifid–divided into a number of parts or lobes

multiguttulate–having more than two guttules

mushroom–an enlarged, epigeous, fleshy sporocarp of a fungus

mycophilic–lover of fungi

mycorrhiza(e)–a mutually beneficial symbiotic association of plant roots and fungi

napiform–turnip-like in form

nodulose–having broad-based, blunt, wartlike structures

NOH–ammonium hydroxide (10 percent aqueous solution)

obclavate–inversely clavate

obconic–inversely conic

oblique–not at 45-degree angle

obovoid–ovoid with the broad end towards the apex

obpyramidal–the reverse of pyramid-shaped

obpyriform–the reverse of pear-shaped

obtuse–rounded or blunt

ocher–a red-yellow color

ochraceous–somewhat ocherlike in color

ochre–a red-yellow color

oleiferous–containing a refractive substance

olivaceous–somewhat olive colored

opaque–unable to be seen through

operculate–opening by an apical lid to discharge spores

orbicular–circular

palisade–a layer of columnar cells

pallid–pale

papilla–a small rounded process

papillate–having papilla

paraphyses–a sterile upward growing, basely attached hyphal element in a Ascomycete hymenium

partial veil–a layer of tissue, developed from the stipe, which joins the stipe to the pileus edge

during hymenium development

pedicellate–having a small stalk

pellucid-striate–having a somewhat transparent top so that the gills can be seen from above

percurrent–extending throughout the entire length

periclinal–curved in the direction of the surface

peridium–the outer membrane of a sequestrate sporocarp

perisporal sac–a wall that forms a loose envelope around a spore

PHN–phenol (2 percent aqueous solution)

pileate–having a pileus

pileus–the umbrella-shaped (cap) structure of a mushroom

pileipellis–the cellular cortical layers

pileocystidia–cystidia found on cap

cap cuticle–the outer layer of cells on a cap

pip-shaped–shaped like an apple seed

plage–a smooth, colorless spot on a surface

plano-convex–flat on one side and convex on the other

pleurocystidia–cystidia found on the side of the structure

pluridigitate–multidigitate; many fingerlike structures

plurinodulose–with multiple nodulose elements

polychotomous–having an apex dividing into more than two branches

polypore–a macrofungus with a pored hymenium

pore–a small opening

pruinose–having a frostlike or flourlike surface

pleurocystidia

nodulose spore shape

paraphyses

pileocystidia on cap
H3- 6

pseudocystidia–cells that appear like cystidia but are not cystidia

pseudoparenchymatous–inflated cells in the peridium or trama of certain fungal groups

pseudorhiza–rootlike structure of the lower stipe

pubescent–having soft hairs

puffball(s)–species in the order Lycoperdales

pulvinate–cushionlike in form

punctate–marked with very small spots

pungent–having a strong smell

PYR–pyrogallol (10 percent aqueous solution of pyrogallic acid)

pyriform–pearlike in form

raphanoid–radishlike

recalcitrant–not easily changed

recurved–curved backward or inward

refractive–not translucent

refractive hyphae–hyphae with contents that are colored

refringent–not translucent

repent–prostrate

resupinate–found with the hymenium upward and very little sterile tissue

reticulum–like a net

rhizomorph(s)–a rootlike aggregation of hyphae having a well-defined apical meristem

rhizomorphic–rhizomorphlike

rimose–having small cracks

rimose-rugulose–having small cracks or delicately wrinkled

rostrate–beaked

rugose–wrinkled

saccate–like a sack

salmon–yellow-pink

salmonaceous–somewhat yellow-pink

saprophyte–living upon dead material

scabrous–rough

scurfy–flakes or scales that adhere to the surface

seceded–withdrawn

sepia–brown-gray to dark olive-brown

septa–a dividing wall in fungal cells

sequestrate–sporocarps that normally retain their spores within until it decays in place or is eaten

sessile–without a stem

sheen–shiny or glossy appearance

silica gel–colloidal silica

sinuate–notched

skeletel hyphae–hyphae that are thick-walled, aseptate, of limited length, with thin-walled apices,

usually unbranched

sordid–a dull or muddy color

sphaerocysts–globose cells

spherical–having the form of a sphere

spinulae–a small spine

sporiferous–bearing spores

sporocarp–a general term for a spore-bearing organ

squamule–a small scale

squamulose–having small scales

stalactitiform–having the general form of a stalactite

sterigmal attachment–the attachment point for the spore on the basidium

sterigmata–the structure that attaches the spore to the basidium

stipitate–having a stem

stipitipellis–layer of tissue making up the stem

stipitipith–the tissue within the context of the stem

stratum–a layer of tissue

saccate ascus

squamulose cap

sterigmata on basidium

reticulate

ornamentation

resupinate sporocarp

rhizomorph attached at base
H3- 7

striate–marked by lines, grooves or ridges

striatulate–marked by small lines, grooves or ridges

sub-–prefix for approximating

sulcate - grooved

suprahilar–the area above the sterigmal attachment

suprapellis - the topmost cortical layer

SYR–Syringaldazine in ethanol

tawny–brown-orange to pale brown

terete–cylindrical but narrowing at one end

terrestrial–growing on soil

tibiiform–shaped like a tibia bone

tomentose–a covering of soft, matted hairs

tomentum–downy

tortuous–with repeated twists, bends, or turns

torulose–cylindrical but with swellings at intervals

trama–the layer directly beneath the subhymenium

trichodermium - the outer layer composed of hair-like elements projecting from the surface

truffle(s)–sequestrate basidiomycota, ascomycota, and zygomycota

truncate–ending abruptly

tuberculate–wartlike processes

tubulose–having the form of a tube

turbinate–in the shape of a top

turf–a distinct layer

TYR–l-tyrisine

umbo–a rounded elevation

umbonate–having a rounded elevation

undulate–rising and falling as in waves

ungulate–a hoofed animal

uniseptate–with a single septa

uniseriate–in a single series

urnulate–shaped like an urn

veil–a ringlike tissue on the stipe after sporocarp expansion

velutinous–covered with a silky pubescence

venae externae–veins of pale colored tissue that reach the outer surface within sequestrate

ascomycota

venae internae–dark-colored, spore-bearing tissue that do not reach the outer surface within

sequestrate ascomycota

ventricose–swelling in the middle or on one side

verrucose–small rounded warts

versiform–changing form with age

vesicles–a bladderlike sac

vesicular–vesiclelike

vesiculose–full of vesicles

villose–covered with long soft hairs

vinaceous–the color of wine

violaceous–the color violet

viscid–slimy, sticky, or viscous

Zygomycete(s)–the class of fungi having zygospores

zygospores–the formation of spores by the fusion of gametangia

umbonate cap

veil

verrucose ornamentation
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Castellano, Michael A.; Smith, Jane E.; O’Dell, Thom; Cázares, Efrén; Nugent, Susan. 1999.

Handbook to strategy 1 fungal taxa from the Northwest Forest Plan. Gen. Tech. Rep.

PNW-GTR-476. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Pacific Northwest Research Station. 195 p.

There are 147 fungal species listed under strategy 1 (S1) in the record of decision (ROD) for amendments to

Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management planning documents within the range of the northern spotted

owl. Upon further taxonomic examination of the S1 fungal species, it was determined that only 135 separate

species existed, with the others reduced to synomomy. Most of these S1 fungal species are poorly known and

uncommon to rare. A few S1 fungal species were revealed to be much more common than previously thought.

This handbook was designed to facilitate understanding of the life history of all S1 and protection buffer

species and to aid in their discovery and identification. Each species is represented by a condensed

description, a set of distinguishing features, and information on substrate, habitat, and seasonality. We also

present a list of known sites within the range of the northern spotted owl, a distribution map and additional

references to introduce the available literature on a particular species. A set of artificial taxonomic keys is

presented to aid the worker in identification. A partially illustrated glossary helps introduce the novice to

mycological terms.

Keywords: Mycology, mushrooms, sequestrate fungi, truffles, biodiversity, monitoring, rare fungi, forest

ecology.

The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation.

Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the

National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater

service to a growing Nation.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the

basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or

marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require

alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten

Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and

TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Pacific Northwest Research Station, 333 S.W. First Avenue, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, Oregon 97208-3890.
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