PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 22-2211

SIMPLY WIRELESS, INC.,

Plaintiff – Appellant,

v.

T-MOBILE US, INC., f/k/a T-Mobile USA, Inc.; T-MOBILE USA, INC.,

 Defendants – Appellees.

No. 22-2236

SIMPLY WIRELESS, INC.,

Plaintiff – Appellant,

v.

T-MOBILE US, INC., f/k/a T-Mobile USA, Inc.; T-MOBILE USA, INC.,

Defendants – Appellees.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at

Alexandria. Anthony John Trenga, Senior District Judge. (1:21-cr-00597-AJT-JFA)

Argued: December 6, 2023 Decided: August 13, 2024

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Before DIAZ, Chief Judge, and KING and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.

Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge King wrote the majority opinion, in 

which Chief Judge Diaz joined. Judge Rushing wrote an opinion concurring in the 

judgment.

ARGUED: Robert Litowitz, KELLY IP, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Joseph 

J. Mueller, WILMERHALE LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: 

Sean Patrick Roche, CAMERON/MCEVOY, PLLC, Fairfax, Virginia; David Michael 

Kelly, Saul Cohen, Shelby McGowan, KELLY IP, LLP, Washington, D.C.; John R. 

Gerstein, Gabriela Richeimer, CLYDE & CO US LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. 

Brittany Blueitt Amadi, Joss Berteaud, Washington, D.C., Gideon A. Hanft, New York, 

New York, Michaela P. Sewall, WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR 

LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, for Appellees.

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KING, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff Simply Wireless, Inc. is a Virginia telecommunications company 

headquartered in McLean, Virginia, within Fairfax County of the Old Dominion. Simply 

Wireless has operated for about 27 years and has used multiple trademarks, including the 

trademark SIMPLY WIRELESS. In 2021, Simply Wireless initiated this civil action in 

the Eastern District of Virginia alleging, inter alia, that defendants T-Mobile US, Inc. and 

T-Mobile USA, Inc. (collectively “T-Mobile”) had infringed Simply Wireless’s common 

law ownership of a trademark called SIMPLY PREPAID.

1

 After discovery, Simply 

Wireless and T-Mobile submitted cross-motions for summary judgment to the district 

court. Following briefing and argument by counsel, the court — on October 24, 2022 —

awarded summary judgment to T-Mobile. See Simply Wireless, Inc. v. T-Mobile US, Inc., 

No. 1:21-cv-00597 (E.D. Va. Oct. 24, 2022), ECF No. 337 (the “Summary Judgment 

Order”).2

 On appeal, Simply Wireless contends that the summary judgment award made

to T-Mobile is erroneous and must be vacated, in that genuine disputes of material fact 

1 For clarity, we refer to the relevant trademarks in capitalized definitions — that is, 

as (1) SIMPLY WIRELESS, and (2) SIMPLY PREPAID. The lower-case term “Simply 

Wireless” refers to the plaintiff itself, which has owned both of the capitalized trademarks.

2 After filing its Summary Judgment Order under seal on October 24, 2022, the 

district court gave the parties an opportunity to propose redactions. The court responded 

to those proposals and published a slightly redacted version of the Summary Judgment 

Order in the Federal Supplement. See Simply Wireless, Inc. v. T-Mobile US, Inc., 638 F. 

Supp. 3d 644 (E.D. Va. 2022). The sealed version of the Summary Judgment Order is

relied on herein.

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have been presented, and a jury trial is therefore warranted. As explained herein, we agree 

with Simply Wireless and thus vacate and remand.

I.

In reciting the relevant facts, we accept the evidence in the light most favorable to 

Simply Wireless, as the non-moving party with respect to the summary judgment award.

We also draw all reasonable inferences in favor of Simply Wireless. See George & Co. v. 

Imagination Ent. Ltd., 575 F.3d 383, 392 (4th Cir. 2009).

A.

Since 1997, Simply Wireless has offered, promoted, and sold cell phones, 

accessories, and “prepaid airtime.”3 Under its trademark SIMPLY WIRELESS (which 

was registered under federal law), Simply Wireless operated brick-and-mortar retail stores

until 2009. Thereafter, Simply Wireless either closed those stores or converted them into 

retail stores that were branded under another trademark. 

In addition to its various retail locations, Simply Wireless for several years sold 

prepaid airtime through its website. More specifically, from 2002 through 2008, Simply 

Wireless offered prepaid airtime for sale — under its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID

— through its online store, located at www.simplyprepaid.com (the “Simply Prepaid 

website”). During that lengthy period, Simply Wireless also sold third-party wireless

3 “Prepaid airtime” enables a phone user who has not entered into a phone contract 

with a cellular services provider to nevertheless use airtime services by paying in advance.

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phones and accessories to its customers through home shopping television networks,

including those called “HSN” and “QVC.” When Simply Wireless filled such purchase 

orders, it included a “thank you” letter that described how customers could reload their

phones when an allotment of airtime ran low or was depleted. See J.A. 782.4

 In those

letters, Simply Wireless encouraged its customers to visit the Simply Prepaid website to 

refill airtime. Between 2002 and 2008, the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID generated more 

than $20 million in revenue for Simply Wireless. And, from 2002 to 2019, Simply 

Wireless visibly displayed its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID in its Virginia headquarters 

in Fairfax County, along with several trademarks of Simply Wireless’s other brands. Id.

at 681 (explaining that SIMPLY PREPAID was displayed in signage on the walls 

throughout the office prior to 2012 and on the front reception desk from 2012 to 2019).

Beginning in 2009, Simply Wireless paused its sales of prepaid airtime using the 

trademark SIMPLY PREPAID and the Simply Prepaid website. The website was then

inactive from 2009 until about August 2014. According to a Declaration filed herein and 

made by Simply Wireless’s CEO Steven Qureshi (the “CEO Declaration,” or simply the 

“Declaration”), however, Simply Wireless has never intended to abandon its trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID.

5 Indeed, Qureshi states explicitly that Simply Wireless always 

4 Citations herein to “J.A. ___” refer to the contents of the Joint Appendix filed by 

the parties in this appeal.

5 The CEO Declaration contains a statement of CEO Qureshi that is supported by 

16 exhibits, referred to by Simply Wireless as “corroborating documentary evidence.” See

Br. of Appellant 2.

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intended to resume use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. And he confirms that Simply 

Wireless continuously sought business opportunities for its SIMPLY PREPAID trademark. 

More specifically, ¶ 10 of the CEO Declaration recites that:

10. Beginning in 2009, Simply Wireless decided to pause sales of 

prepaid airtime refills through www.simplyprepaid.com. This decision was 

prompted by an industry-wide shift away from prepaid refills (like the ones 

sold through SIMPLY PREPAID). Despite this, Simply Wireless never 

intended to abandon SIMPLY PREPAID. I and Simply Wireless’ co-owner, 

my brother Robert Qureshi, always intended to resume use of the SIMPLY 

PREPAID trademark, continuously sought business opportunities for using 

SIMPLY PREPAID, and resumed its use in 2012.

See J.A. 676. 

The CEO Declaration then identifies specific examples of steps that Simply 

Wireless undertook in 2011 and 2012 in connection with resuming its use of the trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID:

11. For example, in early 2011, Simply Wireless began negotiating 

with Ignite Media, an online retail promotional company, about selling 

cellular phones and airtime via the well-trafficked retail website 

www.topTVstuff.com. Attached as Exhibit 6 are representative examples of 

communications between Simply Wireless and Ignite Media during this time 

frame. Those negotiations focused on the use of the SIMPLY PREPAID 

mark, resulting in sales in 2012 under the SIMPLY PREPAID mark for sales 

of prepaid mobile phones, airtime, and accessories.

See J.A. 676-77. 

As evidence of Simply Wireless’s intentions and resumption efforts concerning its

trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, the CEO Declaration emphasized Exhibit 6 thereof — an 

email sent by a retail promotional company called Ignite Media to CEO Qureshi of Simply 

Wireless on January 6, 2011. Included in that email was a slide deck consisting of 12 

slides. Focused on what it called Simply Wireless’s “2011 Objectives,” the slide deck 

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detailed plans for online marketing and sales of wireless phones, accessories, and prepaid 

airtime by Simply Wireless — using its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID — in addition to 

describing Ignite Media’s marketing capabilities. See J.A. 903-14. Each of the 12 slides

provided by Ignite Media was stamped with SIMPLY WIRELESS. The slide deck 

underlying the 2011 negotiations repeatedly used the term “Simply” and, as the CEO 

Declaration explicitly states, “focused on the use of the SIMPLY PREPAID mark.” Id. at 

677. The slide deck also spoke of, for example, “Simply Making an Impact” through 

“Simply Top Partnerships” for the marketing of wireless phones and accessories. Id. at 

912-14.

In July 2012, Ignite Media forwarded an unsigned proposed agreement to Simply 

Wireless that related to their joint partnership’s marketing of cell phones and prepaid 

airtime in connection with the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, through the website called 

“toptvstuff.com.” And Ignite Media addressed the proposed agreement to “Simply 

Wireless d/b/a/ Simply Prepaid Inc.,” explicitly demonstrating that Simply Wireless had 

informed Ignite Media of its intention to use the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. Id. at 897. 

In the event the partnership between Ignite Media and Simply Wireless terminated, the 

proposed agreement also identified several companies that Simply Wireless might

promptly begin doing business with. Among the companies identified was 

“simplyprepaid.com,” further demonstrating that Simply Wireless intended to continue 

using its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, whether or not its partnership with Ignite Media 

succeeded. Id. at 901.

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On July 31, 2012, approximately two weeks after Ignite Media delivered the 

proposed agreement, Simply Wireless began using the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID in 

connection with sales through toptvstuff.com. See J.A. 677, 703. The results of those 

transactions were modest, but they were certainly multiplicitous. During 2012 and 2013, 

Simply Wireless earned only about $15,500 from sales under the trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID, but engaged in 277 transactions with 243 consumers in 44 states. Id. at 678. 

Following its use of toptvstuff.com to make sales through April 2013, Simply Wireless 

again temporarily ceased its use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. Id. at 708.

B.

Retail dealers for T-Mobile — a major competing cellular provider — began 

operating retail brick-and-mortar stores under the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID in June 

2014.

6 On August 13, 2014, T-Mobile filed an application with the United States Patent 

and Trademark Office (the “PTO”) to register SIMPLY PREPAID as its own trademark. 

And Simply Wireless promptly learned of what it considered to be T-Mobile’s illegal use 

of SIMPLY PREPAID as a T-Mobile trademark. On October 2, 2014, Simply Wireless 

applied — in a competing application — to register its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID with

6 Simply Wireless had used its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID for several years 

before T-Mobile’s alleged acts of infringement in 2014. And Simply Wireless’s extensive 

use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID — as the district court recognized in its Summary 

Judgment Order — resulted in Simply Wireless’s legal ownership of SIMPLY PREPAID 

as a valid “common law trademark.” See Summary Judgment Order 18-19.

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the PTO.

7 Simply Wireless thereafter launched a revamped Simply Prepaid website, 

although it did not begin offering prepaid cell phones for sale through the website until 

2016.

8

 

C.

1.

In 2015, Simply Wireless first sued T-Mobile for, inter alia, trademark infringement,

in the Eastern District of Virginia. And T-Mobile successfully moved in the district court 

for dismissal of that lawsuit in favor of arbitration, which this Court affirmed in 2017. See 

Simply Wireless, Inc. v. T-Mobile US, Inc., 877 F.3d 522, 523 (4th Cir. 2017), abrogated 

by Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 586 U.S. 63 (2019). After the

arbitrator determined that Simply Wireless’s claims in its 2015 lawsuit against T-Mobile 

were not subject to arbitration, Simply Wireless initiated this lawsuit against T-Mobile —

in May 2021 — alleging, inter alia, claims of common law trademark infringement and

trademark dilution.9

7 Because of this litigation, the PTO’s administrative proceedings concerning the 

trademark SIMPLY PREPAID have been stayed.

8 From 2016 to 2018, Simply Wireless earned approximately $6,500 on sales of 

prepaid cell phones through the Simply Prepaid website. In addition to its sales through 

the Simply Prepaid website, Simply Wireless also earned more than a million dollars in 

2015 and 2016 through sales on Amazon Marketplace, an e-commerce platform that allows 

vendors like Simply Wireless to sell products through the Amazon website. Again, from 

2002 to 2019, Simply Wireless consistently displayed its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID

in its headquarters in Fairfax County.

9 In its Complaint of May 2021, Simply Wireless alleged four counts of trademark 

infringement. Counts I and III alleged federal trademark infringement under the Lanham 

(Continued)

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In December 2021, the district court scheduled a summary judgment hearing for 

February 2022. Prior to the scheduled hearing, on January 18, 2022, Simply Wireless and 

T-Mobile filed competing motions for summary judgment. Simply Wireless also filed a 

memorandum in support of its summary judgment request. And it supported that request

with its extensive CEO Declaration.10 According to Simply Wireless, because T-Mobile 

was using Simply Wireless’s trademark SIMPLY PREPAID in connection with the very 

same offerings made by Simply Wireless, T-Mobile was liable to Simply Wireless for the 

statutory tort of trademark infringement, under a theory called “reverse confusion.”

T-Mobile’s motion sought summary judgment on each of Simply Wireless’s 

trademark infringement claims. Among its contentions, T-Mobile asserted that Simply 

Act; Count II alleged trademark infringement under Virginia statutory law; and Count IV 

alleged common law trademark infringement. In a fifth count, Simply Wireless alleged a 

single count of trademark dilution. Both parties consistently refer to those five counts in 

their various appellate submissions as the “trademark infringement claims.” We also 

utilize that designation in several instances, referring to the five counts collectively as a 

package of trademark infringement claims.

10 Rule 56(c)(4) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure spells out the requirements 

for the use of “Affidavits or Declarations” in summary judgment proceedings. It provides 

that

[a]n affidavit or declaration used to support or oppose a [summary judgment] 

motion must be made on personal knowledge, set out facts that would be 

admissible in evidence, and show that the affiant or declarant is competent 

to testify on the matters stated.

See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(4). Section 1746 of Title 28, entitled “Unsworn declarations 

under penalty of perjury,” is located in the “Evidence; Documentary” Chapter of that Title. 

It provides that an unsworn declaration may be used to support, evidence, establish, or 

prove a matter, as required or permitted under federal law, if made in writing and properly 

subscribed by the person making it. The CEO Declaration in these proceedings has 

satisfied — without objection — the mandate of Rule 56(c)(4), as well as § 1746.

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Wireless had not established that it owned the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID when TMobile first used it in mid-2014. More specifically, T-Mobile maintained that asserting a 

protectible interest in a common law trademark requires continuous and exclusive use 

thereof. And T-Mobile claimed that Simply Wireless had not demonstrated such 

continuous and exclusive use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. T-Mobile 

alternatively asserted — by way of a footnote — that even if Simply Wireless could 

establish that it had accrued common law trademark ownership rights in SIMPLY 

PREPAID, Simply Wireless had nevertheless abandoned those rights due to three

consecutive years of nonuse.

11 That is, according to T-Mobile, Simply Wireless had failed 

to use the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID for three years, from January 1, 2009 through 

December 31, 2011 (the “presumption period”).

12 

11 In its memorandum supporting summary judgment, T-Mobile argued an

abandonment of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID by Simply Wireless, and maintained 

that:

Even if Plaintiff could establish some rights in the name Simply Prepaid, 

Plaintiff’s failure to maintain continuous use still constitutes abandonment 

of those rights. “Non-use [of a mark] for three consecutive years 

. . . constitutes prima facie evidence of abandonment” and “a mandatory 

inference of intent not to resume use,” which the alleged owner has the 

burden to rebut. See Emergency One, Inc. v. Am. FireEagle, Ltd., 228 F.3d 

531, 535-36 (4th Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted). Plaintiff did not use 

the name Simply Prepaid for three consecutive years, triggering the 

presumption.

See J.A. 170 n.4 (brackets, ellipsis, and parenthetical in original).

12 The district court and the parties agree that the presumption period spanned the 

three-year period from 2009 to 2011. During oral argument, it was clarified that the 

presumption period extended from January 1, 2009 until December 31, 2011.

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2.

 In February 2022, the district court conducted argument proceedings in 

Alexandria, Virginia, concerning the competing summary judgment motions. During those

proceedings, the court focused on the competing positions of the parties concerning

ownership of the common law trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, and also on the parties’

contentions with respect to the abandonment issue. 

According to Simply Wireless, the common law ownership of a trademark has two 

requirements — first, that the putative owner (here, Simply Wireless) be the first user of 

such a trademark and, second, that the putative owner has not abandoned the trademark. 

Simply Wireless maintained that it had first used the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID in 

2002 and had never abandoned it. Simply Wireless’s position was thus that it had always 

owned — and yet retained ownership of — the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID.

On the other hand, T-Mobile’s primary position in the February 2022 court session 

was that the abandonment principles of the Lanham Act do not apply to a common law 

trademark.13 T-Mobile primarily argued that a protectible interest in a common law 

13 The Lanham Act was enacted in 1946 and provides, inter alia, protection for 

trademarks by prohibiting infringements on the rights of trademark holders. See Pub. L. 

No. 79-489 (1946). The Act is codified at 15 U.S.C. §§ 1051-1127, and § 1127 provides 

that

[a] mark shall be deemed to be “abandoned” if . . . its use has been 

discontinued with intent not to resume such use. Intent not to resume may 

be inferred from circumstances. Nonuse for 3 consecutive years shall be 

prima facie evidence of abandonment. “Use” of a mark means the bona fide 

use of such mark made in the ordinary course of trade, and not made merely 

to reserve a right in a mark.

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trademark requires its continued and exclusive use. If that proposition had been adopted

by the district court as a controlling principle of law, an abandonment assessment would 

not have been required. According to T-Mobile, the relevant inquiry was whether Simply 

Wireless had continuously and exclusively used its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID until 

the alleged infringement thereof by T-Mobile in June 2014. And — T-Mobile argued —

Simply Wireless had failed to do so.

During the February 2022 argument proceedings, the district court also sought the 

parties’ positions on whether, if an abandonment assessment needed to be made by the 

court concerning the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, any genuine and material factual 

disputes existed concerning whether there had been an abandonment by Simply Wireless. 

The parties then agreed on the legal principle that the Lanham Act’s statutory presumption 

of abandonment is triggered by three consecutive years of nonuse. Nevertheless, the parties

disputed whether Simply Wireless had intended — during the three-year presumption 

period — to resume use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. 

In early April 2022, the district court scheduled a “supplemental hearing” that 

specifically related to, inter alia, the abandonment issue. See Simply Wireless, Inc., ECF 

No. 330. The court entered an order requesting the parties to respond to several issues, 

including the directive that they be prepared to address

what [Simply Wireless] did during the three year period from 2009 through 

2011 that evidenced its intent to resume the use of SIMPLY PREPAID 

within the foreseeable future and what relevance [Simply Wireless’s] post2011 conduct had with respect to whether it abandoned the use of SIMPLY 

PREPAID as of the end of the three year period[.]

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Id. at 2. The court conducted its supplemental argument proceedings in late April 2022. 

At the conclusion of those proceedings, the court took the pending summary judgment 

motions under advisement.

D.

On October 24, 2022, the district court filed its Summary Judgment Order awarding

summary judgment to T-Mobile on Simply Wireless’s trademark infringement claims 

concerning the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. The court therein also denied the summary 

judgment request interposed by Simply Wireless. Notably, the Summary Judgment Order

explicitly ruled — favorably to Simply Wireless and against T-Mobile — that Simply 

Wireless had acquired common law ownership rights in the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. 

The Court therein explained that

to establish common law trademark ownership of the [trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID], Simply Wireless need only establish that it (1) used the 

[trademark SIMPLY PREPAID] first and (2) that such use was deliberate 

and continuous, not sporadic, casual or transitory. Simply Wireless has 

satisfied both requirements. . . . Therefore, Simply Wireless accrued 

common law ownership rights in the [trademark SIMPLY PREPAID] and 

therefore may be divested of those rights only through its abandonment of 

the [trademark SIMPLY PREPAID].

See Summary Judgment Order 18-19. 

The Summary Judgment Order then turned to and conducted the abandonment

analysis provided for in § 1127 of Title 15. Pursuant thereto, a rebuttable presumption of 

abandonment is established when a trademark challenger can show the lack of use of a 

valid trademark by the putative owner for three consecutive years. If the § 1127 statutory

presumption of abandonment applies, the putative owner — such as Simply Wireless — is

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entitled to rebut the presumption by evidence that it intended, during the three-year period 

of nonuse, to resume its use of the trademark. According to the Summary Judgment Order,

“Simply Wireless did not use the SIMPLY PREPAID mark in commerce for over threeand-a-half years, from 2009 to July 31, 2012, thereby triggering the presumption of 

abandonment.” See Summary Judgment Order 19.

The Summary Judgment Order thus turned to an assessment of whether Simply 

Wireless had presented sufficient evidence to rebut the presumption of abandonment, that 

is, to demonstrate that Simply Wireless intended — during the presumption period — to 

resume its use of SIMPLY PREPAID. The Summary Judgment Order observed that 

Simply Wireless, to prove such use, was relying on the following evidence:

(1) its annual renewal of the simplyprepaid.com domain; (2) discussions it 

had, beginning in 2011, with Ignite Media — an online retail promotional 

company — about selling cellular phones and airtime via toptvstuff, and its 

subsequent actual use of the [trademark SIMPLY PREPAID] on toptvstuff 

beginning in July 2012; and (3) the declaration from its CEO submitted in 

opposition to T-Mobile’s motion for summary judgment that Simply 

Wireless always intended to resume use of the [trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID].

See Summary Judgment Order 21-22. 

After assessing the summary judgment record and the competing contentions, the

Summary Judgment Order concluded that Simply Wireless had

failed as a matter of law to produce sufficient evidence that would allow a 

reasonable factfinder to conclude that Simply Wireless formed the intent to 

resume use of the SIMPLY PREPAID mark during the statutory three-year 

period of non-use (2009-2011) . . . and that such resumption would be in the 

reasonably foreseeable future[.]

 

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See Summary Judgment Order 26-27. The court therefore awarded summary judgment to

T-Mobile on Simply Wireless’s claims of trademark infringement. 

Simply Wireless has timely appealed that ruling, filing separate notices of appeal

on November 21, 2022 and on November 29, 2022. We have consolidated those appeals 

and possess jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

II.

We review de novo a district court’s disposition of cross-motions for summary 

judgment. See Fusaro v. Howard, 19 F.4th 357, 366 (4th Cir. 2021). “When cross-motions 

for summary judgment are before a court, the court examines each motion separately, 

employing the familiar standard under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”

See Desmond v. PNGI Charles Town Gaming, L.L.C., 630 F.3d 351, 354 (4th Cir. 2011). 

And a summary judgment award is only appropriate if “there is no genuine dispute as to 

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” See Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 56(a). In assessing T-Mobile’s summary judgment award, we are obliged to accept

and view the evidence in the light most favorable to Simply Wireless — as the party

opposing T-Mobile’s motion — and to draw all reasonable inferences in Simply Wireless’s 

favor. See George & Co. v. Imagination Ent. Ltd., 575 F.3d 383, 392 (4th Cir. 2009). 

Of importance, our Court has recognized that the intent-to-resume-use inquiry 

underlying an abandonment analysis “is an intensely factual question.” See Emergency 

One, Inc. v. Am. FireEagle, Ltd., 228 F.3d 531, 538 (4th Cir. 2000) (“Emergency One I”). 

So long as the evidence on an abandonment inquiry goes beyond “simply asserting a vague, 

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subjective intent to resume use of a mark at some unspecified future date,” the intent issue 

is “rarely amenable to summary judgment.” See ITC Ltd. v. Punchgini, Inc., 482 F.3d 135, 

150 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).

III.

Simply Wireless appeals from the Summary Judgment Order, maintaining that

genuine disputes of material fact have been shown on the abandonment issue and that 

summary judgment is therefore precluded. As explained herein, we are satisfied that such

disputes have been established concerning, inter alia, Simply Wireless’s timely intent to 

resume use of its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. As a result, we are constrained to vacate 

and remand.

A.

1.

In resolving T-Mobile’s summary judgment motion, the district court applied the 

abandonment test spelled out in 15 U.S.C. § 1127. Pursuant thereto, three years of nonuse 

of a valid common law trademark creates a rebuttable presumption of abandonment. At 

that point, the burden shifts to the putative owner of the trademark — i.e., Simply Wireless 

— to demonstrate that it intended to resume use of its trademark, and that such intention 

was formed during the three-year presumption period. See Emergency One I; see also

Emergency One, Inc. v. Am. Fire Eagle Engine Co., 332 F.3d 264, 266 (4th Cir. 2003)

(“Emergency One II”). We have also explained that, during the critical three-year 

presumption period, the putative owner must intend to resume its use of the trademark in 

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the “reasonably foreseeable future,” rather than “at some unspecified future date.” See 

Emergency One I, 228 F.3d at 537. 

2.

In this appeal, Simply Wireless does not challenge the district court’s finding that it

failed to use the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID for the three-year period from the 

beginning of 2009 to the end of 2011. That unchallenged finding triggers the statutory 

presumption of abandonment. But Simply Wireless does not concede the most important 

issue in this litigation. That is, Simply Wireless plants its feet firmly on the proposition

that it has presented sufficient evidence to show its intent — during the presumption period 

— to resume use of its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. 

Again, our Court has recognized that the intent to resume use inquiry “is an intensely 

factual question.” See Emergency One I, 228 F.3d at 538. In Emergency One I, the putative 

owner of a trademark — a manufacturer of rescue vehicles — sued a competing 

manufacturer for trademark infringement. In response, the alleged infringer claimed that 

the putative owner had abandoned its trademark. The district court decided that a trial was 

warranted, and a single factual issue was submitted to the jury: whether the contested 

trademark had been abandoned. 

After the jury found in favor of the putative owner — i.e., that the owner had not 

abandoned its trademark — the infringer appealed. It urged our Court to reverse, arguing, 

inter alia, that it was entitled to judgment as a matter of law due to an abandonment under 

the three-year provision of § 1127. In rejecting that contention, our Emergency One I

decision reasoned that, although the putative owner had not used its trademark for three

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years, it had proved its timely intent to resume use thereof. That showing of intent was 

sufficient to defeat the infringer’s position on abandonment. And as the Second Circuit

later held when it adopted our Emergency One I precedent, so long as a putative trademark 

owner has presented evidence beyond “simply asserting a vague, subjective intent to 

resume use of a mark at some unspecified future date,” resolution of the intent inquiry is

“rarely amenable to summary judgment.” See ITC Ltd. v. Punchgini, Inc., 482 F.3d 135, 

150 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Those decisions present two substantial legal obstacles for T-Mobile’s effort to 

secure an affirmance of the Summary Judgment Order. That is, (1) the intent to resume 

use inquiry “is an intensely factual question,” as we held in Emergency One I, and (2) the 

intent inquiry is “rarely amenable to summary judgment,” as the Second Circuit ruled when 

it adopted our Emergency One I precedent.

In order to establish its timely intention to resume use of its common law trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID, Simply Wireless relies on evidence that undermines the abandonment

ruling of the district court. The CEO Declaration explicitly explains Simply Wireless’s

intentions concerning its use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. It also recounts Simply 

Wireless’s 2011 negotiations with Ignite Media concerning the marketing of products 

under the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. And the Declaration then summarizes, inter alia,

the resulting sales transactions. 

Simply Wireless thus maintains that the summary judgment record — particularly 

the CEO Declaration — establishes for summary judgment purposes Simply Wireless’s

timely intent to resume use of its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, and that genuine issues

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of material fact in that regard justify a jury trial. In support of that proposition, Simply 

Wireless asserts that the CEO Declaration is strongly corroborated by its contents, 

including the following: 

• the 12-slide deck sent to Simply Wireless by Ignite Media in January 

2011 describing a partnership between the businesses; 

• the July 2012 proposed agreement between Simply Wireless and 

Ignite Media about marketing cell phones and prepaid airtime under

the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID; and 

• Simply Wireless’s post-2011 sales under the trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID. 

3.

For its part, T-Mobile contends on appeal that the Summary Judgment Order 

correctly ruled that the CEO Declaration is overly vague and indefinite, and that the 

Declaration fails to sufficiently support Simply Wireless’s assertion of a timely intention

to resume use of its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. T-Mobile even maintains that the CEO 

Declaration is contradicted — rather than supported — by its own contents. And, in TMobile’s view, the Summary Judgment Order correctly ruled that Simply Wireless failed 

to establish its timely intent to resume its use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID.

Perhaps lacking confidence in its position supporting an affirmance of the Summary 

Judgment Order’s abandonment ruling, T-Mobile pursues an alternative argument for 

sustaining the judgment challenged by Simply Wireless. T-Mobile argues that, even if the 

district court erred in making its abandonment ruling, T-Mobile is nevertheless entitled to 

an affirmance of the summary judgment award because the court fatally erred in applying 

the statutory abandonment test to a common law trademark. Maintaining that the 

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abandonment inquiry applies only to registered trademarks, and that the inquiry does not 

apply to common law trademarks such as SIMPLY PREPAID, T-Mobile contends that the 

court erred in addressing the abandonment question.

B.

1.

Simply Wireless maintains that the Summary Judgment Order mischaracterized the 

CEO Declaration and failed to construe the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom in the 

light most favorable to Simply Wireless. And we agree that the CEO Declaration expressly 

confirms Simply Wireless’s timely intention to resume its use of the trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID. In ¶ 10 thereof, the Declaration states, in pertinent part:

Simply Wireless never intended to abandon SIMPLY PREPAID. I and 

Simply Wireless’ co-owner, my brother Robert Qureshi, always intended to 

resume use of the SIMPLY PREPAID trademark, continuously sought 

business opportunities for using SIMPLY PREPAID, and resumed its use in 

2012.

See J.A. 676. In its very next paragraph, the Declaration recounts Simply Wireless’s 2011 

negotiations with Ignite Media concerning the marketing of products under its trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID:

For example, in early 2011, Simply Wireless began negotiating with Ignite 

Media, an online retail promotional company, about selling cellular phones 

and airtime via the well-trafficked retail website www.topTVstuff.com.

Attached as Exhibit 6 are representative examples of communications 

between Simply Wireless and Ignite Media during this time frame. Those 

negotiations focused on the use of the SIMPLY PREPAID mark, resulting in 

sales in 2012 under the SIMPLY PREPAID mark for sales of prepaid mobile 

phones, airtime, and accessories.

Id. at 676-77. 

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As our fallen colleague Judge Michael explained more than 20 years ago in 

Emergency One I, a trademark owner “cannot defeat an abandonment claim, as well as the 

purposes of the Lanham Act, by simply asserting a vague, subjective intent to resume use 

of a mark at some unspecified future date.” See Emergency One I, 228 F.3d at 537. Rather 

than being vague or subjective, however, the CEO Declaration is specific and predicated

on personal knowledge. As such, the Declaration strongly supports Simply Wireless’s

essential and timely intent to resume use of its contested trademark. See GSH Trademarks 

Ltd. v. Sia “Baltmark Invest,” No. 1:20-cv-0271, 2021 WL 1999791, at *4-5 (E.D. Va. 

May 18, 2021) (deeming single knowledgeable witness’s testimony sufficient to establish 

intent to resume use of trademark).

How the evidence will impact a summary judgment issue usually hinges on whether 

it is sufficiently specific and non-conclusory. For example, “conclusory testimony” —

amounting to “little more than a denial in a pleading” — will not defeat the presumption 

of a trademark abandonment. See Imperial Tobacco Ltd. v. Philip Morris, Inc., 899 F.2d 

1575, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1990). The CEO Declaration, however, is specific and far from 

conclusory. It explicitly reveals Simply Wireless’s intent, during the presumption period, 

to resume its use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. And the Declaration provides 

specific support for the proposition that, “in early 2011, Simply Wireless began negotiating 

with Ignite Media” to market cell phones and airtime through www.toptvstuff.com. See

J.A. 676. As the Declaration recites, “[t]hose negotiations focused on the use of the 

SIMPLY PREPAID mark.” Id. at 677.

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The CEO Declaration is thus sufficient to establish — for summary judgment 

purposes — that Simply Wireless timely intended to resume its use of the trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID. CEO Qureshi carefully explained in some detail Simply Wireless’s 

plan to resume such use, and he named the third party (Ignite Media) that was negotiating 

with Simply Wireless during the presumption period. The Declaration even identified the 

channel for distribution of Simply Wireless’s products (toptvstuff.com) in connection with 

the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID.

The district court thus erred in ruling that the CEO Declaration was overly “vague 

and indefinite,” and that it failed to show that Simply Wireless timely intended to resume 

its use of its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. In so ruling, the district court had to reject —

i.e., simply disbelieve — the Declaration’s express statement that Simply Wireless 

intended, during the presumption period, to resume its use of the trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID. And the court also had to reject the Declaration’s recounting of the steps taken 

by Simply Wireless to resume its use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, including its

early 2011 negotiations with Ignite Media that “focused on the use of the SIMPLY 

PREPAID mark.” See J.A. 677. Because this is a summary judgment proceeding, 

however, the district court was not entitled to make such adverse credibility findings. See 

Jacobs v. N.C. Admin. Off. of the Cts., 780 F.3d 562, 569 (4th Cir. 2015). Put simply, the 

summary judgment record had to be accepted in the light most favorable to Simply 

Wireless, as the non-moving party.

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2.

The CEO Declaration also explains the relevance of the January 2011 email to CEO

Qureshi from Ignite Media endorsing the slide deck. Focusing on Simply Wireless’s “2011

Objectives,” the slide deck details the plans agreed upon for Simply Wireless’s online sales 

and marketing of wireless phones, accessories, and airtime, in addition to describing Ignite 

Media’s marketing capabilities. See J.A. 903-14. And the slide deck envisioned that 

Simply Wireless would be “extend[ing] the success metrics of HSN and QVC” through a 

partnership with Ignite Media. Id. at 904. Through HSN and QVC, Simply Wireless had 

marketed cell phones that could be refilled with airtime sold in connection with its 

trademark SIMPLY PREPAID.

Resisting the compelling factual recitation of the CEO Declaration, T-Mobile argues 

that it is contradicted by its own contents and the summary judgment record. For example, 

T-Mobile asserts that the slide deck fails to mention the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID —

but instead was stamped with the name “Simply Wireless.” In its view, the Declaration’s 

statement that the negotiations with Ignite Media “focused on the use of the SIMPLY 

PREPAID mark” was also contradicted. See J.A. 677. In short, however, there is no such 

contradiction. In assessing a summary judgment award, we are obliged to construe the 

evidence in the light most favorable to Simply Wireless. And as this Court has previously 

recognized, even circumstantial evidence — or reasonable inferences therefrom — can 

defeat a summary judgment motion. See Roehling v. Nat’l Gypsum Co. Gold Bond Bldg. 

Prods., 786 F.2d 1225, 1229 (4th Cir. 1986) (reversing award of summary judgment where 

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trial court “failed to draw the reasonable inferences from plaintiff’s circumstantial 

evidence”). 

Although the 12-slide deck does not mention the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, it 

corroborates the CEO Declaration’s confirmation of Simply Wireless’s intent to resume its 

use thereof. For example, the slide deck relies on “extend[ing] the success metrics of HSN 

and QVC.” See J.A. 904. Through HSN and QVC, Simply Wireless had marketed cell 

phones for years that could be refilled with airtime sold in connection with its trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID. When Simply Wireless filled orders placed through HSN and QVC, 

it included a “thank you” letter that encouraged customers to visit the Simply Prepaid 

website to refill airtime for their newly purchased phone. Id. at 782. A reasonable jury, 

therefore, could accept the slide deck as compelling evidence that the 2011 negotiations

between Simply Wireless and Ignite Media “focused on the use of the SIMPLY PREPAID 

mark.” Id. at 677.

3.

The July 2012 proposed agreement between Simply Wireless and Ignite Media was

also part of and further explained in the CEO Declaration. The Declaration’s explanation

was that Simply Wireless intended — during the three-year presumption period — to 

resume its use of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. And a trial court assessing a summary 

judgment motion should “consider evidence and testimony regarding . . . practices that 

occurred before or after the three-year statutory period to infer . . . intent to resume use 

during the three-year period.” See Crash Dummy Movie, LLC v. Mattel, Inc., 601 F.3d 

1387, 1392 (Fed. Cir. 2010). For example, if an “invoice was dated seven months after the 

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expiration of the nonuse period,” it could corroborate an “intent to use during the nonuse 

period.” See GSH Trademarks Ltd., 2021 WL 1999791, at *5 (emphasis in original). Like 

an invoice, Ignite Media forwarded the July 2012 agreement to Simply Wireless, addressed 

as “Simply Wireless d/b/a Simply Prepaid Inc” — just months after the presumption period 

had concluded. See J.A. 897. 

According to the Summary Judgment Order, the proposed agreement with Ignite 

Media failed to establish that Simply Wireless actually intended to resume its use of the 

SIMPLY PREPAID trademark, and that such intent was formed within the presumption 

period. Again, the facts must be viewed in favor of Simply Wireless. And — for summary 

judgment purposes — the 2011 negotiations actually led to and resulted in the 2012 

proposed agreement. And those negotiations “focused on the use of the SIMPLY 

PREPAID mark, resulting in sales in 2012 under the SIMPLY PREPAID mark.” See J.A. 

677.

The Summary Judgment Order discussed an August 2012 email from Ignite Media 

to CEO Qureshi, regarding an “initial testing budget” that was to be used for the trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID on toptvstuff.com. See Summary Judgment Order 23. And the district 

court mentioned a June 2014 email, which referred to SIMPLY PREPAID as one of the

potential names for a new website. The proposed agreement and those emails, however, 

according to the Summary Judgment Order, most likely reflected “preliminary, exploratory 

efforts,” rather than proof of a definite plan to resume use of the trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID. Id. Unfortunately, the court construed that evidence in isolation, and in favor

of T-Mobile, rather than in favor of Simply Wireless. Viewed in the proper light, a jury 

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could find that the proposed agreement with Ignite Media supported Simply Wireless’s

timely intent to resume use of its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, and that such intent was 

formed during the three-year presumption period. The proposed agreement therefore

supports Simply Wireless’s timely intent to resume use of its trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID, as explained and confirmed by the CEO Declaration.

4.

Simply Wireless’s sales in 2012 and 2013 involving its trademark SIMPLY 

PREPAID provide further support for its timely intent to resume use of its trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID. The Summary Judgment Order, however, characterized Simply 

Wireless’s post-2011 sales as “sporadic, [casual], and transitory.” See Summary Judgment 

Order 24. On that basis, T-Mobile argues that those sales fail to corroborate Simply 

Wireless’s timely intent to resume use of its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID. In these 

circumstances, however, an assessment of whether those events were “sporadic,” “casual,”

or “transitory,” was for a jury. 

Even if Simply Wireless’s modest $15,500 in sales in 2012 and 2013 — involving

277 transactions with 243 consumers in 44 states — are deemed to be paltry, they are

additional evidence of Simply Wireless’s timely intent to resume use of its trademark. Our 

Emergency One I decision ruled more than 20 years ago that the promotional use of a 

trademark on clothing and merchandise could rebut a presumption of abandonment. As 

Judge Michael recognized, the “continuous promotion of the brand by using it on hats, Tshirts, tote bags, and souvenir nameplates is evidence of some intent to resume use of the 

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mark.” See 228 F.3d at 537.

14 Sales made using the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, even 

if not a commercial triumph, should not be disregarded. Simply Wireless’s transactions 

under its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID in 2012 and 2013 further corroborate its timely

intent — between 2009 and 2011 — to resume use thereof.

C.

1.

a.

Having resolved that the district court erred in its abandonment ruling, we turn to 

T-Mobile’s alternative contention for affirmance of the judgment. More specifically, TMobile alternatively challenges as erroneous the court’s use of the § 1127 statutory 

abandonment test in assessing the ownership of a common law trademark. According to 

T-Mobile, what it called the “continuous use” test should have been applied. See, e.g., Br. 

of Appellee 48. And because Simply Wireless had failed to establish continuous use, TMobile argues, Simply Wireless never acquired common law ownership of the trademark 

SIMPLY PREPAID. As a result, summary judgment in T-Mobile’s favor is warranted on 

that ground, even if the Summary Judgment Order’s abandonment ruling was erroneous. 

Before assessing the merits of that alternative contention, we must evaluate whether it can

be pursued by T-Mobile in the absence of a cross-appeal.

14 Pursuant to our Emergency One I decision, the promotional use of a trademark 

can rebut a presumption of abandonment. And from 2002 to 2019, Simply Wireless

displayed its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID in its Virginia headquarters in Fairfax County. 

See J.A. 681. Simply Wireless’s promotional use during that time period is compelling

evidence of its timely intent to resume use of its trademark SIMPLY PREPAID.

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b.

Although T-Mobile did not notice a cross-appeal from the Summary Judgment 

Order, it can be entitled to pursue its alternative contention “as long as the acceptance of 

the argument would not lead to a reversal or modification of the judgment rather than an 

affirmance.” See JH ex rel. JD v. Henrico Cnty. Sch. Bd., 326 F.3d 560, 567 n.5 (4th Cir. 

2003). Otherwise stated, the filing of a cross-appeal is “unnecessary where an appellee 

seeks nothing more than to preserve a judgment in its favor.” See Reynolds v. Am. Nat. 

Red Cross, 701 F.3d 143, 155 (4th Cir. 2012) (cleaned up). And that which T-Mobile seeks 

here is an affirmance of summary judgment in its favor, even if the district court’s 

abandonment ruling was erroneous. Put succinctly, T-Mobile is entitled to “urge in support 

of [the summary judgment award] any matter appearing in the record, although [its] 

argument may involve an attack upon the reasoning of the lower court.” See El Paso Nat. 

Gas Co. v. Neztsosie, 526 U.S. 473, 479 (1999). Consistent therewith, we are content to

evaluate the alternative contention for affirmance being pursued by T-Mobile, that is, that 

the summary judgment in its favor can be affirmed in any event.

2.

In pursuing its alternative contention, T-Mobile challenges the legal test that was 

applied in the Summary Judgment Order. T-Mobile maintains that the district court’s

inquiry into “continuous use” of the contested trademark — rather than an abandonment

thereof — should apply here because Simply Wireless owned only a common law 

trademark. On the other hand, Simply Wireless maintains that, when common law 

ownership of a trademark has been established, the § 1127 statutory abandonment test is 

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the only proper inquiry for a judicial assessment of whether ownership rights in a trademark 

have been lost. Although the parties characterize this dispute differently, the legal issue 

presented is not complicated — i.e., does the statutory abandonment test of § 1127 of Title 

15 apply to a common law trademark? If so, the district court properly applied the statutory 

abandonment test, and T-Mobile’s alternative theory for affirmance must be rejected.

3.

In support of its “continuous use” contention, T-Mobile relies primarily on our 2009 

decision in George & Co. v. Imagination Ent. Ltd. We therein ruled that the putative owner 

of a common law trademark (such as Simply Wireless) is entitled to assert priority over a 

junior user (such as T-Mobile) “so long as that owner continues to make use of the mark.”

See 575 F.3d 383, 400 (4th Cir. 2009). But that decision did not preclude the district court 

from applying the statutory abandonment inquiry. As Judge Hamilton explained in George

& Co. (applying § 1127), when a common law trademark owner has ceased use of “the 

mark without an intent to resume use in the reasonably foreseeable future,” then “the mark 

is said to have been abandoned.” Id. at 400 (citing Emergency One I, 228 F.3d at 535

(internal quotation marks omitted)).15 Put simply, when common law ownership of a 

15 T-Mobile’s effort to also rely on the Third Circuit’s decision in Kars 4 Kids Inc. 

v. America Can!, 8 F.4th 209 (3d Cir. 2021), is not persuasive. That decision ruled that the 

first party to adopt a mark is entitled to assert its ownership “so long as it continuously uses 

the mark in commerce.” Id. at 219. But that discussion was cabined to the initial accrual 

of ownership rights in a common law trademark. Moreover, the court of appeals therein 

actually determined that the common law owner of the contested trademark “had 

established continuous use prior to” the junior user’s first use of the trademark, precluding 

a statutory abandonment. Id. For similar reasons, T-Mobile’s reliance on Airs Aromatics 

(Continued)

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trademark has accrued, those rights persist until — and unless — they are legally 

abandoned.

In support of T-Mobile’s proposition that § 1127 does not apply to disputes over 

common law trademarks, T-Mobile resorts to several out-of-circuit authorities, including

a district court decision from California. See Spin Master, Ltd. v. Zobmondo Ent., LLC, 

944 F. Supp. 2d 830 (C.D. Cal. 2012). In Spin Master, the California trial court ruled that 

“the inquiry into common law priority is not controlled by the requirements of

abandonment.” Id. at 852. We are bound by our precedent, however, and thus reject TMobile’s alternative basis for affirmance. Our Emergency One I and Emergency One II

decisions each involved a common law trademark. In applying the statutory abandonment 

test of § 1127, Emergency One II explained that priority to use an “unregistered trademark

. . . is determined by the first actual use of the mark in a genuine commercial 

transaction.” See 332 F.3d at 267 (cleaned up). But our good colleague Judge Traxler also 

recognized that such priority rights “can be lost through abandonment.” Id. at 268 (citing 

Emergency One I, 228 F.3d at 535-36). In this situation, after Simply Wireless secured its 

common law ownership of the trademark SIMPLY PREPAID, the relevant inquiry was

whether the trademark had been abandoned, under the two-part test of § 1127. The district 

court was correct in applying the statutory abandonment test. 

LLC v. Victoria’s Secret Stores Brand Mgmt., Inc., 744 F.3d 595 (9th Cir. 2014), is not 

compelling.

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In ruling that the abandonment inquiry applies in an ownership dispute concerning 

a common law trademark, we reject T-Mobile’s invitation to stray from our precedent in 

the Emergency One decisions. In so doing, we also join at least two of our sister circuits 

and the applicable Restatement in applying the abandonment inquiry to a dispute involving 

a common law trademark. See, e.g., Vais Arms, Inc. v. Vais, 383 F.3d 287, 293-94 (5th 

Cir. 2004); Nat. Answers, Inc. v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., 529 F.3d 1325, 1329-30 (11th 

Cir. 2008); see also Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 30 cmt. a. (Am. Law Inst. 

1995) (“The [abandonment] defense is applicable to infringement claims at common law 

and to claims for the infringement of marks registered under the Lanham Act.”). In these

circumstances, T-Mobile’s alternative contention for affirmance must be rejected.

IV.

Pursuant to the foregoing, we vacate the Summary Judgment Order and remand for 

such other and further proceedings as may be appropriate.

VACATED AND REMANDED

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RUSHING, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:

I agree that Simply Wireless has—just barely—raised a genuine issue of material 

fact about whether it intended, during the presumption period, to resume bona fide use of 

the SIMPLY PREPAID mark in the reasonably foreseeable future. I write separately to 

clarify the applicable legal standard for abandonment cases at summary judgment and to 

explain how that standard applies here.

Under the Lanham Act, a trademark owner’s failure to “use” a trademark for three 

consecutive years triggers a presumption of abandonment. 15 U.S.C. § 1127; see also id.

(“‘Use’ of a mark means the bona fide use of such mark made in the ordinary course of 

trade . . . .”). “Once the presumption is triggered, the legal owner of the mark has the 

burden of producing evidence of either actual use during the relevant period or intent to 

resume use” in the “reasonably foreseeable future.” Emergency One, Inc. v. Am. 

FireEagle, Ltd., 228 F.3d 531, 535–536 (4th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Because Simply Wireless failed to use the SIMPLY PREPAID mark for three years, it 

bears the burden of producing evidence of intent to resume use. 

Assessing “[w]hether the owner has produced evidence sufficient to meet that 

burden is a question for the court” to decide on summary judgment, applying wellestablished standards. Id. at 540. Generally speaking, “intent is always a subjective matter 

of inference and thus rarely amenable to summary judgment.” ITC Ltd. v. Punchgini, Inc., 

482 F.3d 135, 150 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted). “At the same time, 

however, the summary judgment rule would be rendered sterile” in the “context of an 

abandonment dispute” if the “mere incantation of intent or state of mind” could defeat the 

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presumption of abandonment. Id. (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). For 

this reason, our Court and other courts have held that a “trademark owner cannot rebut a 

presumption of abandonment merely by asserting a subjective intent to resume use of the 

mark at some later date.” Id. (collecting cases); see also Emergency One, 228 F.3d at 537 

(holding that the “owner of a trademark cannot defeat an abandonment claim . . . by simply 

asserting a vague, subjective intent to resume use of a mark at some unspecified future 

date”). “Rather, to rebut a presumption of abandonment on a motion for summary 

judgment, the mark owner must come forward with evidence with respect to what outside 

events occurred from which an intent to resume use during the nonuse period may 

reasonably be inferred.” ITC, 482 F.3d at 150 (internal quotation marks and ellipsis 

omitted); see also Emergency One, 228 F.3d at 537, 540.*

 

Simply Wireless has presented enough evidence to reasonably infer intent to resume 

use during the presumption period, satisfying its burden of production. According to its 

CEO’s declaration, Simply Wireless “began negotiating with Ignite Media” in “early 2011” 

“about selling cellular phones and airtime” through Ignite Media’s website and those 

“negotiations focused on the use of the SIMPLY PREPAID mark.” J.A. 676–677; see also, 

* The majority rightly cites this caselaw, see Maj. Op. 16–17, 19, but its selective 

paraphrase could lead readers to mistakenly believe that anything more than a subjective 

intent to resume use will defeat summary judgment in an abandonment case. That is not 

our law. See Emergency One, 228 F.3d at 540. Nor is it the rule of the ITC decision, which 

the majority endorses. See Maj. Op. 17, 19. There, the Second Circuit held that the mark 

owner failed to adduce evidence from which a reasonable jury could infer intent to resume 

use, even though the owner marshaled evidence of corporate meeting minutes, marketing 

studies, minor sales, trade show exhibitions, and business communications involving the 

mark before, during, and after the presumption period. See ITC, 482 F.3d at 151–153.

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e.g., Crash Dummy Movie, LLC v. Mattel, Inc., 601 F.3d 1387, 1391 (Fed. Cir. 2010) 

(explaining that owner’s “enter[ing] into discussions” with third party about selling 

products bearing the mark could support an intent to resume use, even where no agreement 

resulted). A January 2011 communication from Ignite Media to Simply Wireless 

somewhat corroborates this account, although it never mentions SIMPLY PREPAID. 

More support comes from evidence of a proposed partnership agreement between Simply 

Wireless and Ignite Media in July 2012—six months after the close of the presumption 

period—and sales using the SIMPLY PREPAID mark between July 2012 and April 2013 

on Ignite Media’s website. Cf. ITC, 482 F.3d at 152–153 (holding that “unsolicited 

proposals” regarding use of the owner’s trademark did not defeat the presumption of 

abandonment because there was “no evidence” that the owner “seriously considered these 

unsolicited proposals in a manner that would permit a reasonable jury to infer its intent to 

resume use”). Together, this evidence could permit a reasonable jury to infer that, during 

the presumption period, Simply Wireless formed an intent to resume bona fide use of the 

mark in the reasonably foreseeable future. 

Absent this, Simply Wireless’s evidence would be woefully insufficient. The 

CEO’s declaration that Simply Wireless “never intended to abandon SIMPLY PREPAID” 

and “always intended to resume use of the SIMPLY PREPAID trademark,” J.A. 676, is an 

assertion of “vague, subjective intent to resume use,” Emergency One, 228 F.3d at 537. 

Such statements “cannot defeat an abandonment claim,” id., so the district court was right 

to discount them, contrary to what the majority suggests, see Maj. Op. 22–23. Relatedly,

Simply Wireless’s alleged display of the SIMPLY PREPAID mark “on the [interior] walls” 

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of its office does not show an intent to resume bona fide use in the reasonably foreseeable 

future. J.A. 681; see Imperial Tobacco Ltd. v. Philip Morris, Inc., 899 F.2d 1575, 1581 

(Fed. Cir. 1990) (explaining that the Lanham Act requires showing “‘intent to resume use’” 

not merely “‘intent not to abandon’” (quoting Exxon Corp. v. Humble Expl. Co., 695 F.2d 

96, 102 (5th Cir. 1983)); cf. Maj. Op. 28 n.14. Nor does renewing the domain name for its 

website, which remained dormant from 2009 to 2014. See Specht v. Google Inc., 758 F. 

Supp. 2d 570, 593 (N.D. Ill. 2010) (maintaining “a functional yet almost purposeless 

website” cannot “prevent the abandonment of a mark”), aff’d, 747 F.3d 929 (7th Cir. 2014). 

And the sales from 2015 onward are too far removed from the presumption period to 

reasonably infer an intent to resume use. See, e.g., ITC, 482 F.3d at 152 (holding that sales 

occurring three years after presumption period were “insufficient to support the necessary 

inference that, in the non-use period, [the owner] maintained an intent to resume use”); cf.

Maj. Op. 9 n.8. Even Simply Wireless’s strongest evidence—the CEO declaration—is 

undercut by its reliance on a purportedly “representative example[]” of the 

“communications between Simply Wireless and Ignite Media” in 2011 that makes no 

mention of SIMPLY PREPAID. J.A. 677; see also Maj. Op. 25. 

For these reasons, a jury could reasonably infer, as the district court did, that 

between 2009 and 2011 Simply Wireless did not intend to resume bona fide use of the 

mark in the reasonably foreseeable future. But that same jury could also infer intent to 

resume use. Therefore, Simply Wireless’s “equivocal” evidence is enough to satisfy its 

burden of production at summary judgment. Emergency One, 228 F.3d at 538. Because 

the majority reaches the same ultimate conclusion, I respectfully concur in the judgment. 

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