U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5151

Preprared in cooperation with the National Park Service, Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested 

Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota
Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury 

in Forested Watershed Systems—

Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service, Voyageurs National 

Park, Minnesota

Scientific Investigations Report 2009–5151

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

By Laurel G. Woodruff, Mark B. Sandheinrich, Mark E. Brigham, 

and William F. Cannon
U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009

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reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

On the cover. Photograph of soil sample site along the shoreline of Shoepack Lake; sampling was 

done in August 2004, following a wildfire in Section 33, Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota.

Suggested citation:

Woodruff, L.G., Sandheinrich, M.B., Brigham, M.E., and Cannon, W.F., Impact of wildfire on levels of mercury in forested watershed systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations 

Report 2009–5151, 19 p. plus appendices, available online only at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5151/.
iii

Preface

Mercury (Hg) cycling in forest soils is strongly influenced by forest disturbance, especially 

forest fires. Soil, lake water, and age-1 yellow perch were collected from lakes and surrounding 

watersheds in Voyageurs National Park, MN, to study the effect of fire on mercury. Samples 

were collected within the footprint of the Section 33 wildfire, which burned over 4.047 km2

in the Shoepack Lake watershed in 2004, and from lakes and catchments in nearby unburned 

areas of the Park. Analyses of O- and A-horizon soils from the Shoepack Lake fire area show 

losses relative to adjacent unburned areas of (1) ~0.22 mg Hg/m2 in high-fire severity burned 

areas because of complete combustion of the O horizon, and (2) ~0.6 to 0.9 mg Hg/m2 from the 

A horizon in these same areas. The soil survey was conducted 2 weeks after the fire and prior 

to any significant rainfall and indicates that these mercury losses were an immediate and direct 

consequence of combustion and volatilization of mercury from the soil. Soil samples from the 

same sites collected in 2005 and 2006 showed no significant changes in mercury concentrations 

in either O- or A-horizon soils. Water-column data were collected three times a year (spring, 

mid-summer, and late summer) from 2000 through 2006 from four Voyageurs lakes, including 

Shoepack Lake and three nonburn control lakes. Over this short time period, there were significant (p<0.05, where p=probability) decreases in aqueous methylmercury concentrations in three 

of the four lakes, but among the lakes there were no discernible patterns in lake-water chemistry that could be attributed to burned watershed vs. unburned watershed factors. There was 

not a significant difference in concentrations of total mercury in yellow perch from Shoepack 

Lake in 2005 and 2006 (post-fire) relative to that measured during 2000 and 2001 (pre-fire). 

There also was no detectable difference in the growth of age-1 yellow perch in Shoepack Lake 

between 2005 and 2006. The lack of change in methylmercury concentrations in yellow perch 

from Shoepack Lake before and after the fire indicates a lack of effect of fire on the bioavailability of methylmercury in the lake. There also was no apparent increase in nutrients following 

the fire that would have affected perch growth rate. Taken together, data for soil, lake water, 

and age-1 yellow perch show that mobilization of a significant quantity of mercury from soils 

resulting from the Section 33 wildfire had no effect on mercury levels in either lake waters or 

age-1 yellow perch in adjacent Shoepack Lake.
iv

Acknowledgments

This study was conducted in cooperation with the National Park Service (NPS) in Voyageurs National Park, MN. Funding was provided by the National Park Service, the U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Resources Program, the USGS Minnesota Water Science 

Center, and the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse Wisconsin (UW-LX). Cooperation and 

support from Jim Schaberl, Chris Holbeck, and Steve Windels (NPS) is greatly appreciated. 

Field support for soil sampling was provided by Connie Dicken and John Horton (USGS). Sean 

Bailey, Matthew Brantner, Leland Grimm (NPS), Peter Liska, Kevin Miller, and Jake Ogorek 

(UW-LX) assisted in the field during collection of age-1 yellow perch. Sean Bailey, Rebecca 

Curland, and Ryan Legler (UW-LX) assisted in the laboratory analysis of mercury in the yellow perch. Greg Melhus, Wally Larson, and Larry Kallemeyn (USGS), and Joan Elias (NPS) 

assisted with water sampling.
v

Contents

Preface ...........................................................................................................................................................iii

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Study Design...................................................................................................................................................2

Methods...........................................................................................................................................................3

Soils.........................................................................................................................................................3

Lake Waters...........................................................................................................................................5

Age-1 Yellow Perch ..............................................................................................................................6

Results and Discussion.................................................................................................................................7

Soils.........................................................................................................................................................7

Preburn Soil Chemistry ...............................................................................................................7

Soil Chemistry along Gradients of Fire Severity in 2004........................................................9

Soil Chemistry from 2004 to 2006.............................................................................................11

Lake Waters.........................................................................................................................................11

Shoepack Lake Waters—Comparison of Pre-Fire and Post-Fire Conditions..................12

Shoepack Lake Waters Compared to Control Lakes ...........................................................12

Age-1 Yellow Perch ............................................................................................................................12

Summary and Conclusions.........................................................................................................................14

References Cited..........................................................................................................................................17

Appendixes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9...................................................................................................19–51

(Click on appendix number above to access appendix.) 

Figures

1. Location map of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota..........................................................1

2. Location map showing perimeter of Section 33 wildfire footprint (August 11, 2004) 

and 10 soil sample sites...............................................................................................................3

3. Photographs of soil sample areas and collection sites characterized by fire 

severity ...........................................................................................................................................4

4. Soil pit from the Ryan Lake watershed in Voyageurs National Park showing 

different soil horizons...................................................................................................................7

5. Box plots of mercury and carbon concentrations in A- and B-horizon soils 

from Brown, Ryan, and Shoepack Lakes watersheds............................................................8

6. Box plots of concentrations and calculated areal burden for mercury in O-, 

A-, and B-horizon soils from unburned sites within the Section 33 wildfire 

footprint in the Shoepack Lake watershed ..............................................................................9

7. Box plots of calculated areal burdens for carbon and mercury in O- and 

A-horizon soils from sample sites within the Section 33 fire footprint in the 

Shoepack Lake watershed collected across gradients of fire severity............................10

8. Plot of mercury versus carbon for A-horizon soils across fire-severity gradients 

in Section 33 wildfire footprint in Shoepack Lake watershed.............................................11

9. Photographs showing vegetation regeneration from high-severity soil site 6-3 

following the Section 33 wildfire..............................................................................................12
vi

10. Box plots of calculated loads for carbon and mercury in O- and A-horizon soils 

from sample sites within the Section 33 wildfire footprint in the Shoepack Lake 

watershed ....................................................................................................................................13

11. Plot illustrating data and least square regession trendlines in methylmercury 

concentrations in unfiltered lake waters from the four study lakes ..................................14

12. Box plots of total mercury concentrations in age-1 yellow perch.....................................16

Tables

1. Timetable for collection of various sample media in Voyageurs National Park, 

Minn. ...............................................................................................................................................3

2. Summary results of quality-assurance analyses during determination of total 

mercury in samples of yellow perch sampled in 2003–2006 from Brown, Peary, 

Ryan, and Shoepack Lakes in Voyageurs National Park, Minn............................................6

3. Analytical results for total mercury in reference materials from the U.S. National 

Institute of Standards and Technology and the National Research Council of 

Canada............................................................................................................................................6

4. Mercury concentrations in A-horizon soils at 10 sites sampled in 2004 within 

Section 33 wildfire areas. Soils were collected across gradients of fire severity ...........9

5. Median areal burdens for mercury and carbon in O-horizon and A-horizon soils 

collected in 2004 within Section 33 wildfire areas................................................................11

6. Characteristics of age-1 yellow perch sampled from Brown, Peary, Ryan, and 

Shoepack Lakes in Voyageurs National Park in May 2003–2006........................................15

7. Analysis of variance used to test for differences in mercury concentrations and 

total length of age-1 yellow perch for the three control lakes and Shoepack Lake 

before and after the Section 33 wildfire of 2004....................................................................15
vii

Conversion Factors and Datums

Multiply By To obtain

Length

centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.)

millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in.)

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) 

meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) 

Area

square meter (m2

) 0.0002471 acre 

square kilometer (km2

) 247.1 acre

square meter (m2

) 10.76 square foot (ft2) 

Volume

liter (L) 33.82 ounce, fluid (fl. oz)

liter (L) 2.113 pint (pt)

liter (L) 1.057 quart (qt)

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal)

cubic centimeter (cm3

) 0.06102 cubic inch (in3) 

liter (L) 61.02 cubic inch (in3

) 

Mass

gram (g) 0.03527 ounce, avoirdupois (oz)

kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound avoirdupois (lb)

nanogram (ng) 0.0000000000353 ounce, avoirdupois (oz)

Density

kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3

) 0.06242 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3) 

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C=(°F-32)/1.8

Concentrations of chemical constituents in soils are given either in parts per million (ppm) or 

weight percent (wt. %). Calculated areal burdens are given as milligrams per meter squared 

(mg/m2) or grams per meter squared (g/m2). Concentrations of chemical constituents in water 

are given in milligrams per liter (mg/L), micrograms per liter (μg/L), or nanograms per liter (ng/L). 

Concentrations of mercury in age-one yellow perch are given in nanograms per gram (ng/g).

Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested 

Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, 

Minnesota

By Laurel G. Woodruff,1 Mark B. Sandheinrich,2 Mark E. Brigham,1 and William F. Cannon1

2007). As a result, concerns for human and wildlife health 

related to mercury contamination have become widespread. 

Despite an apparent recent decline in atmospheric deposition 

of mercury in many areas of the Upper Midwest(Engstrom 

and Swain, 1997; Engstrom and others, 2007), lakes in which 

fish contain levels of mercury deemed unacceptable for human 

consumption and possibly unacceptable for fish-consuming 

wildlife are being detected with increasing frequency. In 

northern Minnesota, Voyageurs National Park (VNP) (fig. 1) 

protects a series of southern boreal lakes and wetlands situated 

on bedrock of the Precambrian Canadian Shield. Mercury 

Figure 1. Location map of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota.

Minnesota

Voyageurs National Park

EXPLANATION

Water Features

MINNESOTA

Shoepack

Lake

Ryan

Lake

Brown

Lake

Peary

Lake

Area of

figure 2

ONTARIO

93°15' 93°00’ 92°45' 92°30'

48°37'30"

48°30'

48°22'30"

CANADA

UNITED STATES

Rainy

Lake

Kabetogema

Lake

Namakan Lake

0 10 MILES

0

5

5 10 KILOMETERS

Introduction

Atmospheric deposition of mercury to remote lakes in 

mid-continental and eastern North America has increased 

approximately threefold since the mid-1800s(Swain and others, 1992; Fitzgerald and others, 1998; Engstrom and others, 

1

U.S. Geological Survey.

2

University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse.
2 Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

contamination has become a significant resource issue within 

VNP as high concentrations of mercury in loons, bald eagle 

eaglets, grebes, northern pike, and other species of wildlife 

and fish have been found. The two most mercury-contaminated lakes in Minnesota, measured as methylmercury in 

northern pike (Esox lucius), are in VNP.

Recent multidisciplinary U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 

research demonstrated that the bulk of the mercury in lake 

waters, soils, and fish in VNP results from atmospheric deposition (Wiener and others, 2006). The study by Wiener and 

others (2006) showed that the spatial distribution of mercury 

in watershed soils, lake waters, and age-1 yellow perch (Perca 

flavescens) within the Park was highly variable. The majority of factors correlated for this earlier study suggested that 

mercury concentrations in lake waters and age-1 yellow perch 

reflected the influence of ecosystem processes that affected 

within-lake microbial production and abundance of methylmercury (Wiener and others, 2006), while the distribution of 

mercury in watershed soils seemed to be partially dependent 

on forest disturbance, especially the historic forest fire pattern 

(Woodruff and Cannon, 2002).

Forest fire has an essential role in the forest ecosystems 

of VNP (Heinselman, 1996). Because resource and land managers need to integrate both natural wildfire and prescribed 

fire in management plans, the potential influence of fire on an 

element as sensitive to the environment as mercury becomes a 

critical part of their decisionmaking. A number of recent studies have shown that while fire does have a significant impact 

on mercury at the landscape level, the observed effects of fire 

on aquatic environments are highly variable and unpredictable 

(Caldwell and others, 2000; Garcia and Carrigan, 2000; Kelly 

and others, 2006; Nelson and others, 2007). Caldwell and others (2000) described an increase in methylmercury in reservoir 

sediments resulting from mobilization and transport of charred 

vegetative matter following a fire in New Mexico. Krabbenhoft and Fink (2000) attributed increases in total mercury concentrations in young-of-the-year fish in the Florida Everglades 

to release of mercury resulting from peat oxidation following 

fires. A fivefold increase in whole-body mercury accumulation 

by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following a fire in 

Alberta, Canada, apparently resulted from increased nutrient 

concentrations that enhanced productivity and restructured the 

food web of a lake within the fire’s burn footprint (Kelly and 

others, 2006).

For this study, we determined the short-term effects of 

forest fire on mercury concentrations in terrestrial and aquatic 

environments in VNP by comparing and contrasting mercury 

concentrations in forest soils, lake waters, and age-1 yellow perch for a burned watershed and an adjacent lake, with 

similar samples from watersheds and lakes with no fire activity (control watersheds and lakes). The concentration of total 

mercury in whole, 1-year-old yellow perch serves as a good 

biological indicator for monitoring trends in methylmercury 

concentrations in food webs of lakes in North America (Wiener and others, 2007). With a limited gape, age-1 yellow perch 

that hatched the previous year and resided in a lake for 1 year 

feed largely on zooplankton and small benthic invertebrates. 

Thus, age-1 yellow perch provide a baseline for methylmercury concentrations for individual lakes that can be compared 

across spatial areas.

The nine appendixes that accompany this report contain 

the complete datasets for soils, lake waters, and age-1 yellow 

perch collected for this study. This report uses data from these 

three media to provide a framework for evaluating short-term 

effects of fire on mercury in forested soils and possible effects 

of the mobilization of mercury from soils on lake water quality 

and aquatic health.

Study Design

From 2004 to 2006, the USGS and University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse (UW-LX), in cooperation with the National Park 

Service (NPS), collected soils, lake waters, and age-1 yellow 

perch from Shoepack Lake and its adjacent watershed (fig. 1), 

within an area that burned in a natural wildfire in August 2004. 

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects 

of the 2004 wildfire on mercury concentrations in burned 

watershed soils, in lake waters, and in age-1 yellow perch in 

Shoepack Lake. These same three sets of sample media were 

also collected from lakes and watersheds far removed from 

the 2004 fire area (Peary Lake, Brown Lake, and Ryan Lake) 

(fig. 1) to act as unburned controls.

An initial study requested by the NPS was designed 

around a proposed 2004 prescribed fire scheduled for an area 

that encompassed much of the Ryan Lake watershed in VNP. 

The unburned control lakes and watersheds for the original study design were nearby Brown Lake and Peary Lake, 

located west of the proposed prescribed fire area. In 2003, lake 

waters and age-1 yellow perch were collected from these three 

lakes as preburn baseline samples. Soils were collected only 

from the Brown Lake and Ryan Lake watersheds.

An indefinite postponement of the Ryan Lake prescribed 

fire and the outbreak of a lightning-ignited wildfire in July 

2004 in the interior of the Kabetogema Peninsula, a remote 

part of VNP, shifted the geographic focus of the study. By 

August 2004, when the wildfire (by then known as the Section 

33 fire) was extinguished by rain, it had burned more than 

4.047 km2

, including nearly 80% of the shoreline of Shoepack 

Lake (fig. 2). The shift of this research from a study designed 

around prescribed fire to a study centered on a wildfire provided an opportunity to examine intensified fire effects. The 

timing of prescribed fire is largely controlled by soil-moisture 

levels and weather conditions, in part to ensure that fire severity, defined as the impact of the heat pulse to the basal surface, 

is generally low. In contrast, wildfires usually take off under 

uncontrolled conditions of abundant, dry fuel loads and windy, 

dry weather, with resulting high variability in fire severity 

influenced by local conditions.

Lake waters and age-1 yellow perch had been collected in 

the 2004 field season from Ryan Lake, Brown Lake, and Peary 
Methods 3

Lake. After the Section 33 fire, lake waters from Shoepack 

Lake were collected in August and September 2004. Soils 

were collected from the Shoepack Lake watershed in August 

2004, 2 weeks after the Section 33 fire had burned out. In 2005 

and 2006, lake waters and age-1 yellow perch were collected 

from Shoepack Lake, Ryan Lake, Brown Lake, and Peary 

Lake. Soils were collected from the Shoepack Lake watershed 

in 2005 and 2006 and from the Ryan Lake and Brown Lake 

watersheds in 2006. In all cases, soils were collected in close 

proximity, usually within 1 to 2 meters, to the original sample 

sites that had been marked with metal stakes in the first year of 

collecting. For clarity, the complete sampling schedule for all 

three media described above is summarized in table 1.

Methods

Soils

To obtain equivalents to preburn ”control” sites within 

the Section 33 wildfire footprint, the irregular burn pattern 

of the fire was exploited. Within the footprint of the fire, soil 

samples were collected along gradients of fire severity, here 

defined as the effect of the fire to the forest floor. Ten sampling 

areas were selected near the shoreline of Shoepack Lake in 

burned areas (fig. 2). Within each area, three sites that had 

similar topography and vegetation but varying fire severity 

(unburned, low-moderate severity, and high severity) were 

selected. Criteria defining low-moderate and high-severity 

sites were based on field observations of the extent of combustion of forest-floor organic soils. Photographs of site 4 in 

figure 3 are examples of the visual and physical criteria used 

in the field for site-severity classification. Unburned sites were 

largely untouched by fire, although in some cases the forest 

canopy nearby was scorched (fig. 3A). The forest floor was 

unburned and covered with living vegetation (fig. 3B). Lowmoderate-severity sites had some tree mortality (fig. 3C) and 

incomplete combustion and charring of the organic soils at 

the forest floor with little or no exposure of mineral soil (fig. 

3D). At high-severity sites, all trees in the area were killed, 

and downed, woody debris was heavily burned (fig. 3E). There 

was complete combustion of organic soil as well as widespread exposure of mineral soil (fig. 3F).

At each severity sample site, up to three soil samples 

were collected at all sites. These samples are (1) surficial 

organic soil (referred to here as the O horizon), not including 

living plants, fresh litter, or woody debris; (2) topmost mineral 

soil, typically intermixed with organic material (A horizon); 

and (3) the top of the illuviated soil (topmost B horizon). All 

samples were collected volumetrically. In addition, C-horizon 

soils were collected from six of the Section 33 wildfire sites.

Figure 2. Location map showing perimeter of Section 33 wildfire 

footprint (August 11, 2004) and 10 soil sample sites. (See table 4.)

0

0

1 MILE

1 KILOMETER

8 Sample site locations

Perimeter of Section 33 wildfire

August 11, 2004

EXPLANATION

1

2 3 4 5 6

7

8

9

10

Shoepack Lake

Base from U.S. Geological Survey

Kempton Bay, Minn. - Ont., 1999, 1:24,000

Soldier Point, Minn. - Ont., 1999, 1:24,000

Daley Bay, Minn. 1986, 1:24,000

Table 1. Timetable for collection of various sample media in Voyageurs National Park, Minn.

Media sampling

schedule

2003

Planned Ryan Lake 

prescribed burn

2004

Section 33 

wildfire

2005 

Section 33 

wildfire

2006 

Section 33 

wildfire

Watershed soils Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Shoepack Lake Shoepack Lake Shoepack Lake

Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Lake waters Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Peary Lake

Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Peary Lake

Shoepack Lake

Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Peary Lake

Shoepack Lake

Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Peary Lake

Shoepack Lake

Age-1 yellow perch Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Peary Lake

Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Peary Lake

Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Peary Lake

Shoepack Lake

Ryan Lake

Brown Lake

Peary Lake

Shoepack Lake
4 Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

A

B

C

D

E

F

Figure 3. Photographs of soil sample areas and collection sites characterized by fire severity. A and B, site 4–1, unburned; C and 

D, site 4–2, low-moderate severity with charring of forest floor but no exposure of mineral soil; E and F, site 4–3, high severity with 

complete combustion of O horizon and exposure of mineral soil.
Methods 5

Soil samples were stored in cloth bags (organic soils) 

or plastic bags (mineral soils) and air dried prior to analysis. 

Dried soils were sieved to <2 mm. Soil that passed through 

the sieve was further ground to <150 μm prior to analyses. 

O-horizon soils were split, with one portion ashed at 500°C 

for 13 hours. Analytical methods used, including the precision, accuracy, and measurement range for each element in 

each analytical method, are described in detail in Taggert 

(2002) and briefly described here. Forty-two major, minor, and 

trace elements were measured in mineral and ashed soils by a 

combined method utilizing inductively coupled plasma-atomic 

emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass 

spectrometry. Selenium was measured on mineral and unashed 

organic soils using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Total 

mercury was determined for mineral and unashed organic soils 

using a cold vapor technique. Total carbon in mineral soils was 

determined using an automated carbon analyzer. Percent carbon for the O horizon was calculated as 100 − % ash. Samples 

were submitted to the USGS contract laboratory with a full 

set of reference standards. Splits of the sieved samples were 

submitted as blind duplicates at a rate of 1 in 10. A relative 

percent difference between blind duplicates of less than 25% 

was deemed acceptable, as was always the case for mercury 

and carbon data for this study. Duplicate soil analyses are 

included in the complete tables in this report’s appendixes.

To obtain the mass of the O horizon, a fixed area was 

laid out and all decomposed organic-rich material within the 

area was collected down to the top of the mineral soil. This 

material was weighed in the field and again after complete air 

drying to a constant weight. The mass of the O horizon was 

calculated as the weight of the dry soil—collected material 

per unit area. For the A horizon, a fixed area was excavated 

down to the base of the horizon and all soil was removed. The 

volume of the excavation was determined by lining the cavity 

with a plastic bag and filling it with pinto beans to the original ground level. The beans were then weighed, with three 

replications. The volume of the cavity was later calculated 

using a formula established in the laboratory that related the 

weight of the pinto beans to a fixed volume. For the B horizon, 

10 short plugs were collected with a small hand metal sampler 

of known volume. All mineral soil samples were weighed 

in the field and reweighed following air drying to a constant 

weight. Mineral soils were hand sieved to <2 mm with all soil 

passing through the sieve reweighed to obtain the total weight 

of the <2-mm fraction. The density of the <2-mm fraction (g/

cm3

) was calculated from the weight of the sieved fraction 

and the calculated volume of the original cavity (A horizon) 

or metal sampler (B horizon). For A-horizon soils, this density 

was converted to areal burdens (mass per area; for example, g/

m2 or mg/m2

) by dividing by the average depth of the sample 

cavity.

Soils were categorized by watershed, horizon, fire severity, and year collected. Relationships among geochemical data 

were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods 

with Tukey post hoc tests to determine significant variations between means (ANOVA, SYSTAT 11 software, Systat 

Software, Inc., San Jose, Calif.).

Lake Waters

Lake-water samples were collected from Shoepack Lake 

and three control lakes (Ryan, Brown, and Peary), both prefire and post-fire (table 1). Pre-fire water-chemistry data were 

also available for these and other VNP lakes from an earlier 

study in the Park (Goldstein and others, 2003). For this study, 

Ryan, Brown, and Peary Lakes were routinely sampled during 

2003, 2004, and 2005. Shoepack Lake was added to the yearly 

lake-water-sampling schedule in 2004 after the Section 33 fire 

in the Shoepack Lake catchment and the postponement of prescribed fire in the Ryan catchment. For all lakes, waters typically were sampled in May (a few weeks after ice-out), July, 

and again in late summer (mid-August to mid-September). In 

addition, the NPS collected two rounds of samples in 2006 as 

part of their routine monitoring of VNP lakes. During the NPS 

sampling, water samples for mercury analysis were collected 

by protocols used in this study and analyzed by the USGS.

Epilimnetic water from each lake was dip sampled just 

below the lake surface (approximately 5 cm), near the approximate centroid of the lake surface. Sampling was conducted 

using trace-metal-clean protocols that have been demonstrated 

to not contaminate samples. Total mercury, methylmercury, 

elemental mercury, and total organic carbon were analyzed 

at the USGS Wisconsin Mercury Research Laboratory in 

Middleton, WI. Total mercury concentrations were determined 

using USEPA method 1631 (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 2002) as modified by Olson and DeWild (1999). 

Methylmercury concentrations were determined using methods described in DeWild and others (2002). Total mercury 

values were required to be accurate to within 10 percent of the 

“true” concentration when concentrations exceeded 0.4 ng/L, 

10 times the method detection limit (MDL), and methylmercury values were required to be accurate to within 10 percent 

of the “true” concentration when concentrations exceeded 

0.2 ng/L (as mercury), approximately 10 times the MDL of 

0.025 ng/L. Total organic carbon concentrations were determined using a carbon analyzer using Standard Method 5301D 

(American Public Health Association and others, 1998). Major 

ions were analyzed at the USGS National Water Quality 

Laboratory in Lakewood, CO, using methods of Fishman and 

Friedman (1989). The laboratory maintains quality objectives through the use of standard reference water samples that 

constitute a minimum of 10 percent of the analyses and have 

published acceptance ranges that must be met.

For Shoepack Lake, pre-fire and post-fire conditions were 

compared using the t-test (PROC TTEST, SAS 9.13 software, 

SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Time trends for all lakes were tested 

by regression of log-transformed concentrations vs. time, 

in years. Because some concentration data were censored 

(reported as less than the method detection limit), maximum 

likelihood regression was used (PROC LIFEREG, SAS 9.13) 
6 Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

to properly account for censoring. The log transformation 

removed moderate heteroscedasticity in the data.

Age-1 Yellow Perch

One-year-old yellow perch were sampled shortly after 

ice-out in May 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006 from Brown Lake, 

Peary Lake, and Ryan Lake, and in May 2005 and 2006 from 

Shoepack Lake (table 1). Fish were collected with seines and 

a small electroshocker fished in littoral habitat. Each fish was 

measured [total length (TL) to 1 mm], weighed (to 0.01 g), 

and stored at -30°C in a labeled plastic bag until lyophilized 

at -85°C to a constant dry weight. The age of each fish was 

determined by examination of three or more scales taken from 

the area of insertion of the left pectoral fin (DeVries and Frie, 

1996). Freeze‐dried tissue was homogenized in a stainlesssteel blender. We digested 0.10-g subsamples with a modification of USEPA method 1631 (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 2001). Subsamples were digested for 3 hours at 95°C 

in a solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid, followed by digestion with bromine monochloride (BrCl) at 40°C for 8 hours. 

Each digestate was analyzed by flow injection cold-vapor 

atomic fluorescence spectroscopy with a Leeman Labs Hydra 

AF Gold Plus Mercury Analyzer.

Method precision (relative standard deviation) from triplicate analyses of homogenized fish averaged 6.4% (table 2). 

Mean recovery of mercury from fish samples spiked before 

digestion was 94.5%. Mean measured concentrations of total 

mercury in three standard reference materials were within or 

very near the certified ranges, which ranged from 57.4–64.6 to 

724–872 ng/g dry weight (table 3). The accuracy of mercury 

determinations for each batch of fish samples was verified by 

the concomitant analyses of (1) certified reference materials 

from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Research Council of Canada 

(NRCC), (2) triplicate subsamples of homogenized fish, (3) 

spiked (before digestion) subsamples of homogenized fish, 

and (4) blanks and standards taken through the digestion 

procedures. Concentrations of total mercury in all fish samples 

exceeded our estimated method detection limit of 1.70 ng/g 

dry weight.

In order to determine if mercury concentrations and 

growth of yellow perch from Shoepack Lake had changed 

as results of the fire in 2004, we used analysis of variance 

with a “beyond Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI)” design 

(Underwood, 1992; 1994). This design required data on yellow perch from Shoepack Lake and control lakes (Brown, 

Peary, and Ryan) prior to 2005. Data on TL and mercury 

concentrations in age-1 yellow perch were obtained from 

all four lakes in 2000 and 2001 in conjunction with another 

project within VNP (Wiener and others, 2006). Therefore, we 

used data on yellow perch collected in 2000 and 2001 (before 

the fire) and in 2005 and 2006 (after the fire) for the analysis 

of variance.

Table 3. Analytical results for total mercury in reference materials from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology and 

the National Research Council of Canada.

[Reference materials were analyzed with samples of yellow perch from 2003 through 2006 in Brown, Peary, Ryan, and Shoepack Lakes, Voyageurs National 

Park, Minn. Ng/g, nanograms per gram]

Reference material

Certified concentration 

range

(ng/g dry weight)

Our results

n

Mean concentration

(ng/g dry weight)

95% confidence 

interval

NIST mussel tissue 57.4–64.6 27 61.1 58.5–63.7

NRCC lobster hepatopancreas (TORT–2) 210–330 27 256.4 247–265.8

NRCC dogfish muscle (DORM–1) 724–872 12 816.1 776.9–855.3

Table 2. Summary results of quality-assurance analyses during determination of total mercury in samples of yellow perch sampled in 

2003–2006 from Brown, Peary, Ryan, and Shoepack Lakes in Voyageurs National Park, Minn.

Material analyzed Performance measure Our results

Standard reference materials Measured concentrations within the certified range 51 of 66

Fish tissue spiked before digestion Percent recovery:

 mean

 range

94.5%

74.6%–117%

Triplicate subsamples of fish Method precision (coefficient of variation):

 mean

 range

6.1%

0.1%–17.7%

NIST mussel tissue Method detection limit (ng/g dry weight) 1.55–1.70 ng/g
Results and Discussion 7

Results and Discussion

Soils

Complete datasets for all soils collected from the Shoepack Lake watershed within the Section 33 wildfire footprint 

and from the Ryan Lake and Brown Lake watersheds are 

reported in appendixes 1 through 7. Data are given in weight 

percent (wt. %) or parts per million (ppm). All three study 

lakes are underlain by Precambrian bedrock consisting of fineto medium-grained biotite schist, often cut by pegmatite dikes 

(Day and others, 1990). Soils in the study areas are typically 

sandy loams developed on thin glacial deposits largely derived 

from material similar in composition to underlying metamorphic rocks (Erickson, 1981). A soil pit from the Ryan Lake 

watershed in VNP is shown in figure 4. A typical soil profile in 

VNP has an O horizon of decomposing organic material overlying an A horizon, a dark brown to black mineral soil with 

some organic matter accumulation. Some soils in VNP have 

very thin or no A horizon and an O horizon may sit directly 

on an E horizon, a pale gray mineral soil leached of many 

mineral and organic constituents. The B-horizon subsoil often 

is reddish because of subsurface accumulation of clays or iron, 

while the C horizon is little-weathered soil parent material.

The chemistry of B- and C-horizon soils collected 

from the three study watersheds plot along consistent trends 

expected for soils derived from similar parent mineralogy, 

principally plagioclase, quartz, and micas. There were no 

significant differences in soil parent chemistry noted among 

the three watersheds. C-horizon soils from the Shoepack Lake 

watershed have mercury concentrations that range from <0.02 

ppm Hg (the lower method detection limit) to 0.03 ppm Hg, 

notably lower than the average concentrations of mercury in 

unburned O-horizon (0.14 ppm Hg) and A-horizon soils (0.15 

ppm Hg). This supports the conclusion of Wiener and others (2006) that geologic sources of mercury in VNP soils are 

apparently insignificant.

Preburn Soil Chemistry

Mercury in soils is typically bound to organic carbon. 

Because soils from the Ryan Lake and Brown Lake watersheds had no statistically significant differences in soil 

Figure 4. Soil pit from the 

Ryan Lake watershed in 

Voyageurs National Park 

showing different soil horizons.

O horizon

predominantly organic matter

~2 to 5 cm thick

A horizon

mineral soil with organic matter

~1 to 5 cm thick

E horizon

gray, leached zone

variable depth and thickness

B horizon

red/yellow zone of accumulation

variable depth and thickness

C horizon

little altered till over bedrock

average depth ~ 60 cm
8 Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

ANOVA tests showed no significant differences for concentrations of mercury, or any other elements, between soils from 

equivalent horizons in unburned Shoepack Lake watershed 

sites and control sites from the Ryan Lake and Brown Lake 

watersheds, suggesting that the unburned sites at Shoepack 

Lake can be used as ”pre-fire” control sites for the fire-severity 

comparisons that follow.

Concentrations and the areal burdens of mercury in the 

three soil horizons collected from 10 unburned sites from 

chemistry between samples collected in 2003 and samples 

collected in 2006, data from both years were combined for 

comparisons. The distributions of mercury and carbon in 

A and B horizons for soils from the two control watersheds 

and for unburned sites in the Section 33 fire area are shown 

in figures 5A and 5B. A-horizon soils typically have much 

higher mercury concentrations than B-horizon soils. A- and 

B-horizon soils also have the good correlation of mercury with 

carbon observed for many forest soils (Grigal, 2002) (fig. 5C). 

Figure 5. Box plots of A, mercury, and B, carbon concentrations 

in A- and B-horizon soils from Brown Lake and Ryan Lake 

watersheds collected in 2003 and 2006 and from the unburned 

sites from the Shoepack Lake watershed collected in 2004. C, 

The relationship between mercury and carbon in both horizons. 

Number in parentheses is number of samples used for each plot.

A

B

C

MERCURY, IN PARTS PER MILLION

Brown Lake

Ryan Lake Shoepack Lake

SOIL HORIZON

A 

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

B A B A B 

(8) (27) (10)

CARBON, IN WEIGHT PERCENT

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Brown Lake Ryan Lake

Shoepack Lake

SOIL HORIZON

A B A B A B 

(8) (27) (10)

CARBON, IN WEIGHT PERCENT

MERCURY, IN PARTS PER MILLION

0 10 20 30 40

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.0

EXPLANATION

Median

90th percentile

75th percentile

25th percentile

10th percentile

(n) Sample

population size
Results and Discussion 9

Shoepack Lake are shown as box plots in figure 6. Although 

organic O-horizon soils typically have high concentrations of 

mercury, predominantly mineral soils will contain the larger 

masses of mercury because of their higher densities. Therefore, while an O horizon is more combustible than underlying 

mineral soils and so represents a major source of mercury 

potentially mobilized by fire, A-horizon soils, if sufficiently 

heated, could be a more significant mercury source.

Soil Chemistry along Gradients of Fire Severity in 

2004

Concentrations and calculated areal burdens for carbon 

and mercury in both O- and A-horizon soils collected from 

similar fire-severity gradients in 2004 from the Section 33 fire 

footprint are given in figure 7. By our severity classification, 

all O-horizon soils were totally combusted at high-severity 

sites and all contained mercury was released. The fire’s impact 

on mercury contained in A-horizon soils is variable among 

the sampled areas (table 4). Two sites (sites 1 and 5) show 

little effect of fire on mercury in minerals soils, but data from 

the other eight sites indicate significant mercury mobilization from high-severity sites and possibly slight losses from 

low-moderate-severity sites. A plot of mercury vs. carbon in 

A-horizon soils shows that both elements were mobilized at 

high-severity sites (fig. 8). ANOVA testing of A-horizon soils 

across the fire-severity gradient indicates that concentrations 

and areal burdens of mercury and carbon are statistically significantly lower in high-severity sites compared to both lowmoderate-severity and unburned sites. However, the differences in mercury and carbon between low-moderate-severity 

sites and unburned sites are not statistically significant.

Table 4. Mercury concentrations in A-horizon soils at 10 sites 

sampled in 2004 within Section 33 wildfire areas. Soils were 

collected across gradients of fire severity.

[Descriptions of fire severity criteria are given in the text. ppm Hg, parts per 

million mercury]

Section 33

sample area

Fire severity

Unburned

(ppm Hg)

Low-moderate

(ppm Hg)

High

(ppm Hg)

Site 1 0.03 0.05 0.03

Site 2 0.03 0.16 0.23

Site 3 0.04 0.01 0.15

Site 4 0.03 0.19 0.26

Site 5 0.04 0.04 0.06

Site 6 0.01 0.09 0.18

Site 7 0.01 0.19 0.14

Site 8 0.08 0.04 0.12

Site 9 0.02 0.11 0.14

Site 10 0.01 0.11 0.15

Figure 6. Box plots of A, 

concentrations, and B, calculated 

areal burden (mass per unit area) 

for mercury in O-, A-, and B-horizon 

soils from unburned sites within the 

Section 33 wildfire footprint in the 

Shoepack Lake watershed. Number 

in parentheses is number of samples 

used for each plot.

A

BMERCURY, IN PARTS PER MILLION

(10) (10) (10)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

SOIL HORIZON

O A B

MERCURY, IN MILIGRAMS PER SQUARE METER

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

(10) (10) (10)

O A B

SOIL HORIZON

EXPLANATION

Median

90th percentile

75th percentile

25th percentile

10th percentile

(n) Sample

population size
10 Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

The mobilization of mercury from mineral soils observed 

for the Section 33 wildfire high-severity sites is an important 

observation on the fate of mercury during wildfire. While 

mineral soils are the largest pool of mercury sequestered in 

soils (Grigal, 2002), few studies have quantified mercury 

emissions from mineral soils following fire (Engle and others, 

2005; Biswas and others, 2007). Results from this study show 

that the Section 33 wildfire created conditions of sufficient 

intensity and duration to release some fraction of sequestered 

mercury and carbon in uppermost mineral soils.

Figure 7. Box plots of calculated 

areal burdens for carbon and 

mercury in O- and A-horizon 

soils from sample sites within 

the Section 33 wildfire footprint 

in the Shoepack Lake watershed 

collected across gradients of fire 

severity. Number in parentheses 

is number of samples used for 

each plot. 

A

B

O horizon

CARBON, IN GRAMS PER SQUARE METER

(0) (10) (10)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

High Low- Unburned

Moderate

FIRE-SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

0.0

(0) (10) (10)

MERCURY, IN MILLIGRAMS PER SQUARE METER

High Low- Unburned

Moderate

FIRE-SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION

O horizon

C

DCARBON, IN GRAMS PER SQUARE METER

(10) (10) (10)

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

A horizon

High Low- Unburned

Moderate

FIRE-SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION

MERCURY, IN MILLIGRAMS PER SQUARE METER

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

A horizon (10) (10) (10)

High Low- Unburned

Moderate

FIRE-SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION

EXPLANATION

Median

90th percentile

75th percentile

25th percentile

10th percentile

(n) Sample

population size
Results and Discussion 11

Median values for areal burdens of mercury and carbon in 

O-horizon and A-horizon soils collected in 2004 are given in 

table 5. If the unburned sites from the Shoepack Lake watershed are representative of average mercury concentrations of 

the forest soils prior to the ignition of the Section 33 wildfire, 

these data suggest that at sites where all the organic forest 

floor material was combusted, exposing mineral soils (equivalent to high-severity sites), approximately 0.21 mg Hg/m2

 was 

potentially liberated from combusted organic material during 

the fire. For A-horizon soils, the difference between unburned 

and high-severity sites suggests potential mobilization of 

about 0.89 mg Hg/m2

. Based on these values, total mercury 

mobilization from soils within areas of high-severity fire in the 

Section 33 wildfire was about 1.1 mg Hg/m2

. This is similar 

to mercury emissions of 0.26 to 0.86 mg Hg/m2 estimated by 

Turetsky and others (2006) for fire events in upland forests, 

but less than their estimates of 2 to 7 mg Hg/ m2 for fire events 

in boreal forest regions.

Fire severity was the primary control on mercury 

mobilization from the Section 33 wildfire, similar to findings 

from other studies (for example, Harden and others, 2004; 

Amirbahman and others, 2004; Kelly and others, 2006). Fire 

severity maps based on satellite imagery were constructed for 

the Section 33 fire by the USGS and the NPS. These maps 

show that approximately 4.047 km2

 were burned in the fire; 

vegetation mapping suggests that the landscapes within the 

burn perimeter could be characterized as about half upland 

and half wetland areas. On the basis of satellite imagery, it 

is estimated that about 75% of the upland areas and none of 

the wetland areas could be classified as high severity, giving a total of about 1.52 km2

 burned in high-severity settings 

(S. Weyenbery, NPS, personal communication, 2007). Using 

our calculation of mercury losses from high-severity burned 

soils of about 1.1 mg Hg/m2

, we estimate that a total of ~1.6 

km of mercury were potentially mobilized from soils within 

the Section 33 wildfire footprint.

Soil Chemistry from 2004 to 2006

Soils were collected in successive years from areas as 

close as possible to the original sample sites, always within 1 

to 2 m of the stake marking the 2004 site. Typical site regeneration at high-severity sites over the 2-year timeframe of the 

study is shown in figure 9. In May 2005, 9 months following 

the fire, severe sites often had a mat of liverwort growing on 

exposed mineral soil. By May 2006, liverwort had often disappeared, replaced by mosses and grasses. Variations with time 

for all three severity classifications for mercury and carbon 

are given in figure 10. ANOVA testing found no significant 

trends for mercury or carbon for soils from the same horizon 

collected in close proximity to one another with the same fire 

severity classification over the different years. It was noted in 

the field that there was a decrease in the quantity of O-horizon 

soils collected within a fixed area for sites classified as lowmoderate severity. In 2004, O-horizon samples were collected 

from all 10 sites. In 2005, O-horizon samples were collected 

from eight sites, but by 2006 only two of the sites still had 

sufficient quantities of organic material to collect (fig. 10). The 

cause of this depletion in O horizon is not known.

Lake Waters

This section reports on methylmercury in unfiltered water 

and related concentrations of total mercury in unfiltered water, 

and total organic carbon. Complete water-quality data are 

reported in appendix 8. Concentrations of mercury and methylmercury are given in units of nanograms per liter (ng/L), 

equivalent to parts per trillion.

Aqueous concentrations of methylmercury are a key 

indicator of exposure of aquatic food webs to methylmercury, 

and thus aqueous methylmercury is a key species of interest in 

studies of mercury in natural waters. Because water-column 

data were compiled from several sampling efforts extending 

Table 5. Median areal burdens for mercury and carbon in 

O-horizon and A-horizon soils collected in 2004 within Section 33 

wildfire areas.

[Soils were collected across gradients of fire severity. Descriptions of fireseverity criteria are given in text. g/m2

, grams per square meter; mg/m2, 

micrograms per square meter]

Areal burdens and fire 

severity

Soil horizon

O horizon A horizon

Mercury (mg/m2

):

 High 

 Low-moderate

 Unburned

0.00

0.22

0.21

0.13

0.77

1.02

Carbon (g/m2

):

 High

 Low-moderate

 Unburned

0

1,131

1,374

420

1,013

1,180

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

CARBON, IN WEIGHT PERCENT

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

MERCURY, IN PARTS PER MILLION

Unburned

High

Low-Moderate

Figure 8. Plot of mercury versus carbon for A-horizon soils 

collected in 2004 across fire-severity gradients in Section 33 

wildfire footprint in Shoepack Lake watershed.
12 Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

both before (2000–2002) and after (2006) the planned study, 

and also because of the unplanned Section 33 wildfire replacing the originally planned Ryan Lake prescribed fire, there 

are some year-to-year variations in sampling regime (table 3). 

Because of these variations and the relatively short duration of 

data collection, statistical analyses should be interpreted with 

due caution.

Shoepack Lake Waters—Comparison of Pre-Fire 

and Post-Fire Conditions

The distribution of methylmercury concentrations was 

somewhat lower in Shoepack Lake in the post-fire period 

(2004-2006) than in the pre-fire period (2000-2003). This 

difference was significant (two-tailed t-test; p=0.03). The 

mean difference was 0.0816 ng/L, which is 28 percent of the 

mean pre-fire methylmercury concentration of 0.283 ng/L. For 

reasons discussed earlier, readers are cautioned to not attach 

too much weight to statistical summaries of this small dataset. However, methylmercury appears to have significantly 

decreased in Shoepack lake waters rather than increased, 

relative to pre-fire conditions, and the lack of a sharp increase 

in aqueous methylmercury shortly following a significant 

wildfire is an important finding for natural resource managers. 

Aqueous total mercury and total organic carbon concentrations 

in Shoepack Lake were not significantly different post-fire 

compared to pre-fire.

Shoepack Lake Waters Compared to Control 

Lakes

The suggestion of a step decrease in aqueous methylmercury concentrations in Shoepack Lake should be viewed in the 

context of the three control lakes—Ryan, Brown, and Peary 

Lakes. Three of the four sampled lakes, including Shoepack 

Lake, had downward trends in aqueous methylmercury concentrations over the period from 2000–2006 (fig. 11). When 

data for all four lakes were combined, the trend in aqueous 

methylmercury is still significant (p=0.008). Given that two of 

the three control lakes (Ryan and Peary) had downward trends, 

similar to Shoepack Lake, the downward trend in Shoepack 

Lake cannot be attributed to the fire in that lake’s catchment. 

It is more likely that lakes in the Park were responding to 

another factor or set of factors, such as decreased atmospheric 

mercury inputs or changes in regional precipitation patterns, 

which could affect both mercury methylation rates and inputs 

from connected wetlands to lakes.

Age-1 Yellow Perch

A total of 384 yellow perch from the four study lakes 

collected in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006 were analyzed 

(table 3). The sample size for individual lakes ranged from 

11 to 47 fish (median, 30). Data are reported in appendix 9 as 

whole-body concentrations (wet weight) of total mercury in 

nanograms/gram (ng/g), or parts per billion. The annual mean 

TL and mass of age-1 yellow perch were generally consistent 

within each lake (table 6). Annually, the mean TL and mass 

of fish were generally least from Brown Lake (50–55 mm TL, 

1.08–1.47 g) and greatest from Shoepack Lake (60–67 mm 

TL, 1.68–2.40 g).

Total mercury concentrations in the yellow perch varied 

markedly within and among lakes during the 4 years of the 

Figure 9. Photographs showing vegetation regeneration from 

high-severity soil site 6-3 following the Section 33 wildfire. A, 

August 2004, 2 weeks following the fire; B, May 2005, 9 months 

after the fire; C, May 2006, 17 months after the fire.

A

B

C
Results and Discussion 13

A

B

C

D

Figure 10. Box plots of calculated loads for carbon and mercury in A and B, O-horizon, and C and D, 

A-horizon soils from sample sites within the Section 33 wildfire footprint in the Shoepack Lake watershed 

collected over the length of this study. The individual data points for O-horizon low-moderate sites in 2006 

are plotted as filled blue squares. Number in parentheses is number of samples used for each plot.

O horizon

2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

CARBON, IN GRAMS PER SQUARE METER

500

1,500

2,500

3,500

FIRE SEVERITY, BY YEAR

(0) (0) (0) (10) (8) (2) (10) (10) (9)

High LowModerateUnburned

MERCURY, IN MILLIGRAMS PER SQUARE METER

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006

0.0

FIRE SEVERITY, BY YEAR

O horizon

(0) (0) (0) (10) (8) (2) (10) (10) (9)

High LowModerateUnburned

CARBON, IN GRAMS PER SQUARE METER

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006

FIRE SEVERITY, BY YEAR

A horizon

(10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10)

High LowModerateUnburned

MERCURY, IN MILLIGRAMS PER SQUARE METER

0

1

2

3

2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006

FIRE SEVERITY, BY YEAR

A horizon

(10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10) (10)

High LowModerateUnburned

EXPLANATION

Median

90th percentile

75th percentile

25th percentile

10th percentile

(n) Sample

population size
14 Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

study (table 6 and fig. 12). For example, mean mercury concentrations in yellow perch from Peary Lake varied more than 

fourfold from 2004 (31 ng/g) to 2006 (137 ng/g). Mean mercury concentrations were least in yellow perch collected from 

Peary Lake in 2004 (31 ng/g) and greatest in yellow perch 

collected from Ryan Lake in 2003 and 2004 (180 ng/g).

While there was a significant variation in mercury concentrations for age-1 yellow perch among the control lakes 

after the fire (table 7, p<0.0001), there was not a significant 

difference in concentrations of total mercury in yellow perch 

from Shoepack Lake in 2005 and 2006 (after fire) relative 

to that measured during 2000 and 2001 (before fire; table 7, 

p>0.57). The effect of fire on concentrations of mercury in 

aquatic biota is primarily dependent upon the characteristics of 

the watershed (Allen and others, 2005) and trophic structure of 

the aquatic ecosystem (Kelly and others, 2006). For example, 

Garcia and Carignan (2005) examined the relation between 

mercury concentrations in fish from 38 drainage lakes with 

clear-cut, burnt, or undisturbed watersheds. Highest mercury 

concentrations were found in fish from lakes in partially burnt 

watersheds. However, relative to control lakes in undisturbed 

catchments, there was no significant enhancement of mercury 

in fish from lakes within completely burnt watersheds. Similarly, no effects of forest fire on methylmercury concentrations 

in zooplankton and fish were observed in boreal lakes (Garcia 

and Carignan, 1999, 2000). Conversely, Kelly and others 

(2006) found that mercury bioaccumulation in fish increased 

after fire as a result of an increase in nutrient concentrations 

that increased productivity and restructured the food web.

Although methylmercury bioavailability may increase 

after fire, a concomitant increase in nutrient flux to a lake may 

result in an increased productivity that results in a reduction 

in methylmercury in fish via biodilution or growth dilution 

(Allen and others, 2005). There was not a detectable difference in the growth of age-1 yellow perch in Shoepack Lake 

between years (table 7, p>0.31); hence, the data suggest that 

the lack of change in methylmercury concentrations in yellow 

perch from Shoepack Lake was the result of a lack of effect of 

fire on the bioavailability of methylmercury in the lake rather 

than growth dilution.

Summary and Conclusions

Analyses of soils for this study confirm that in VNP, 

mercury is deposited across the landscape by atmospheric 

deposition. Thus, variations in the distribution of mercury 

in soils across the Park are the result of differences in mercury delivery to the forest floor and processes that can affect 

mercury cycling in soils and not of differences in soil parent 

UNFILTERED METHYLMERCURY, IN NANOGRAMS PER LITER

0.01

0.10

1.00

SAMPLE DATE, MONTH/YEAR

01/00 01/01 01/02 01/03 01/04 01/05 01/06 01/07

Method detection limit (0.04 nanogram per liter)

Figure 11. Plot illustrating 

data and least square 

regession trendlines in 

methylmercury concentrations 

in unfiltered lake waters 

from the four study lakes. 

Data points circled have 

values lower than the 

method detection limit of 0.04 

nanograms per liter.
Summary and Conclusions 15

Table 6. Characteristics of age-1 yellow perch sampled from Brown, Peary, Ryan, and Shoepack Lakes in Voyageurs National Park in 

May 2003–2006. 

 [Perch sampled in May for each of the years from 2000 through 2006; Shoepack Lake was not sampled in 2003 and 2004. g, grams; Hg, mercury; Max, maximum 

value; Min, minimum value; mm, millimeters; NA, not available; n, sample size (the number of fish); ng/g, nanograms per gram; SE, standard error of the mean]

Year Statistic

Brown Lake Peary Lake Ryan Lake Shoepack Lake

Total 

length 

(mm)

Wet 

weight

(g)

Total Hg 

(ng/g wet 

weight)

Total 

length 

(mm)

Wet 

weight

(g)

Total Hg 

(ng/g wet 

weight)

Total 

length 

(mm)

Wet 

weight

(g)

Total Hg 

(ng/g wet 

weight)

Total 

length 

(mm)

Wet 

weight

(g)

Total Hg 

(ng/g wet 

weight)

2000 Mean

SE

Min

Max

n

48

0.42

44

54

29

1.07

0.02

0.84

1.46

29

97

2.0

79

125

29

64

3.1

57

79

6

2.20

0.32

1.64

3.71

6

94

2.8

86

106

6

47

0.37

43

51

29

0.91

0.02

0.63

1.14

29

178

3.7

143

223

29

51

0.92

42

63

29

1.13

0.07

0.64

2.14

29

158

6.2

88

235

29

2001 Mean

SE

Min

Max

n

51

0.34

48

54

20

1.11

0.02

0.96

1.30

20

59

1.5

46

76

20

47

1.4

40

57

10

0.88

0.07

0.56

1.35

10

67

5.6

50

111

10

62

0.59

58

66

19

2.20

0.07

1.73

2.87

19

177

7.0

135

247

19

53

1.0

50

56

5

1.30

0.08

1.15

1.59

5

119

9.2

85

142

5

2003 Mean

SE

Min

Max

n

55

0.46

49

63

47

1.47

0.36

1.09

2.12

47

88

1.7

71

115

47

51

0.84

45

64

30

1.26

0.68

0.77

2.38

30

64

1.7

47

79

30

54

1.2

47

74

29

1.37

0.12

0.73

3.81

29

180

13.0

29

297

29

NA NA NA

2004 Mean

SE

Min

Max

n

50

0.48

43

55

30

1.08

0.03

0.75

1.41

30

57

1.6

42

81

30

58

0.28

56

60

23

1.83

0.04

1.49

2.22

23

31

0.65

25

35

23

66

0.71

60

79

29

2.37

0.06

1.71

3.48

29

180

4.71

140

258

29

NA NA NA

2005 Mean

SE

Min

Max

n

53

0.67

46

30

39

1.34

0.05

0.91

2.04

39

73

1.8

57

105

39

55

0.61

51

58

14

1.35

0.05

1.08

1.65

14

92

14

35

167

14

50

1.4

43

64

14

1.09

0.09

0.73

2.06

14

89

14.3

35

174

14

60

0.49

55

64

28

1.68

0.05

1.16

2.09

28

111

6.68

47

159

28

2006 Mean

SE

Min

Max

n

53

0.48

49

60

30

1.24

0.04

0.91

1.88

30

138

3.4

98

175

30

57

0.91

49

73

30

1.71

0.09

0.99

3.31

30

137

3.47

101

177

30

57

0.56

51

63

30

1.72

0.05

1.25

2.33

30

160

5.1

97

221

30

67

0.89

60

70

11

2.40

0.13

4.52

2.97

11

127

5.58

97

168

11

Table 7. Analysis of variance used to test for differences in mercury concentrations and total length of age-1 yellow perch for the 

three control lakes and Shoepack Lake before and after the Section 33 wildfire of 2004. 

[The effect of the wildfire (Impact) was tested by first determining if the Time(After fire) × Control interactions were significant and then determining if the 

Time(After fire) × Impact interactions were significant. df, degrees of freedom; MS, mean square; F, distribution of two ratios; and P, probability value; error 

term, denominator for the calculation of the F statistic. See Underwood (1992) for detailed explanation]

Source of variation df Differences in mercury concentrations Differences in total length

MS F P MS F P

Time(After fire) × Among locations 3 5,789 — — 141 — —

Time(After fire) × Impact versus controls 1 4,457 0.6541 0.57 277 3.591 0.31

Time(After fire) × Among controls 2 6,815 9.9062 <0.0001 77 6.362 0.002

1

The denominator for the F ratio was the mean square of Time(After) × Among controls.

2

The denominator for the F ratio was the mean square of the residual.
16 Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota

combustion of the forest floor, and also from A-horizon soils 

if the temperature and duration of fire results in high-fireseverity impacts to the forest floor. At high-severity sites in 

the Section 33 wildfire, ~0.22 mg Hg/m2 was mobilized by 

complete combustion of the O horizon, and ~0.6 to 0.9 mg Hg/

m2 from the A horizon in these same areas. Mineral soils at 

low-moderate-severity sites show little significant changes in 

mercury values, although some mercury certainly is released 

by the partial combustion of organic soils.

Analyses of lake waters showed that despite the mobilization of significant quantities of mercury from watershed 

soils, aqueous total mercury and total organic carbon concentration in waters from Shoepack Lake were not significantly 

different from pre-fire concentrations. This lack of notable 

changes in lake-water chemistry following fire suggests that, 

in watersheds with relatively subdued topography, there may 

not be significant input of material from the burned landscape 

into lake waters. An overall downward trend in methylmercury concentrations in lake waters in three of the four lakes in 

chemistry. Comparison of soil chemistry between unburned 

sites selected within the Section 33 fire footprint and unburned 

control lakes confirms that site-to-site comparisons of soil 

chemistry across gradients of burn severity provide reliable 

data on the fate of mercury sequestered with organic carbon 

during fire. Mercury is mobilized from O-horizon soils by 

D

C

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

YEAR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

TOTAL MERCURY, IN NANOGRAMS PER GRAM WET WEIGHT

50

0

100

150

200

250

YEAR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

TOTAL MERCURY, IN NANOGRAMS PER GRAM WET WEIGHT

Figure 12. Box plots of total mercury 

concentrations in age-1 yellow perch 

from A, B, and C, the three control 

lakes—Brown, Peary, and Ryan—and 

D, fire-impacted Lake Shoepack. The 

mean is represented by the dotted line 

within the box, and individual outlying 

points are shown as solid circles.

YEAR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

TOTAL MERCURY, IN NANOGRAMS PER GRAM WET WEIGHT

50

100

150

200

250

300

YEAR

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

TOTAL MERCURY, IN NANOGRAMS PER GRAM WEIGHT

B

A

EXPLANATION

Median

90th percentile

75th percentile

25th percentile

10th percentile

(n) Sample

population size
References Cited 17

VNP sampled in this study may be an indication of changes in 

regional mercury trends.

No changes in methylmercury for age-1 yellow perch, 

which provide a good baseline for a lake’s aquatic food web, 

were found for perch in Shoepack Lake following the Section 33 wildfire. Statistical analyses indicate that this lack of 

change in methylmercury concentrations was the result of a 

lack of effect of fire on the bioavailability of methylmercury in 

the lake rather than on growth dilution.

In the timeframe of this study, we conclude that fire can 

mobilize large quantities of the mercury that have accumulated 

in forest soils over time. However, in forested watersheds with 

relatively subdued topography, similar to those in VNP, the 

bulk of this mercury apparently does not make its way into 

either a burned watershed’s lake or aquatic food web.

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Appendix 1—A Horizon Chemistry, Ryan and Brown Lakes, Voyageurs National Park, MN 19

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La Li 

(wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

V-03-01A 2003 48.51360 -92.70532 Ryan Lake 4.30 1.03 1.85 1.00 0.42 0.96 0.07 0.18 <1 7 578 1.0 0.35 0.5 40.0 12.2 32 3.08 14.7 10.4 0.15 0.05 20.2 18

V-03-02A 2003 48.52164 -92.70490 Ryan Lake 2.14 0.76 1.00 0.43 0.25 0.26 0.12 0.08 <1 3 345 1.1 0.12 0.4 99.4 25.8 19 1.99 17.8 4.8 0.15 0.02 43.7 10

V-03-03A 2003 48.52124 -92.70567 Ryan Lake 3.58 0.81 0.99 0.96 0.26 1.00 0.07 0.13 <1 3 368 0.8 0.14 0.1 41.4 8.8 22 1.97 15.2 7.9 0.12 0.03 24.2 8

V-03-04A 2003 48.51987 -92.70518 Ryan Lake 3.78 0.63 2.13 0.74 0.33 0.62 0.08 0.16 <1 6 414 1.1 0.28 0.3 58.3 37.3 37 2.30 41.4 9.3 0.17 0.04 27.7 14

V-03-05A 2003 48.51889 -92.70403 Ryan Lake 3.24 1.31 1.17 0.92 0.29 0.80 0.08 0.14 <1 5 524 0.7 0.30 0.6 19.1 7.5 22 1.86 10.4 7.4 0.18 0.04 10.3 9

V-03-05A dup 2003 48.51889 -92.70403 Ryan Lake 3.18 1.28 1.12 0.92 0.29 0.77 0.08 0.14 <1 5 508 0.7 0.30 0.6 19.8 7.4 24 2.03 11.3 7.3 0.17 0.03 10.7 9

V-03-06A 2003 48.51519 -92.70383 Ryan Lake 3.43 1.07 1.75 0.70 0.35 0.57 0.09 0.16 <1 7 554 0.7 0.31 0.9 22.2 9.3 37 3.50 16.4 8.3 0.21 0.03 11.7 16

V-03-07A 2003 48.51681 -92.70174 Ryan Lake 3.14 1.32 1.80 0.59 0.37 0.65 0.09 0.14 <1 6 359 0.7 0.23 0.5 15.5 8.6 77 2.90 32.5 7.3 0.18 0.03 8.5 12

V-03-08A 2003 48.51711 -92.70057 Ryan Lake 2.06 0.58 0.83 0.47 0.18 0.48 0.09 0.08 <1 4 334 0.4 0.19 0.2 11.8 4.8 17 0.86 8.6 4.3 0.20 <0.02 6.9 5

V-03-09A 2003 48.51831 -92.70119 Ryan Lake 3.19 1.37 1.31 0.80 0.33 0.74 0.08 0.14 <1 4 707 0.7 0.24 0.9 18.0 7.5 25 1.91 9.1 7.1 0.17 0.03 9.3 10

V-03-10A 2003 48.51792 -92.69938 Ryan Lake 2.77 0.87 0.79 0.74 0.24 0.74 0.08 0.10 <1 4 427 0.6 0.20 0.3 15.1 9.2 16 1.09 9.4 5.8 0.19 0.02 8.4 6

V-03-11A 2003 48.51568 -92.70500 Ryan Lake 3.51 0.96 1.13 0.98 0.27 0.96 0.06 0.13 <1 3 476 0.7 0.18 0.3 17.3 7.4 22 1.79 10.1 7.8 0.12 0.02 9.4 9

V-03-11A dup 2003 48.51568 -92.70500 Ryan Lake 3.59 0.99 1.17 1.04 0.29 0.97 0.06 0.14 <1 4 499 0.8 0.20 0.3 18.1 8.2 25 1.59 12.1 8.2 0.12 0.03 9.8 10

V-03-12A 2003 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake 5.40 1.00 1.70 1.30 0.43 1.58 0.03 0.20 <1 3 408 1.0 0.22 <0.1 17.4 6.6 43 1.43 12.0 11.5 0.06 0.03 9.6 17

V-03-13A 2003 48.51373 -92.70505 Ryan Lake 3.68 0.94 1.65 0.85 0.39 0.92 0.07 0.17 <1 6 377 0.8 0.26 0.2 17.6 7.0 35 2.63 10.0 8.9 0.15 0.03 9.1 14

V-03-14A 2003 48.51351 -92.70242 Ryan Lake 3.65 1.19 1.13 1.05 0.32 1.03 0.07 0.14 <1 3 536 0.8 0.24 0.5 21.9 15.6 24 1.51 12.9 7.9 0.11 0.03 13.1 8

V-03-15A 2003 48.51373 -92.78778 Brown Lake 4.88 1.34 1.18 1.51 0.33 1.64 0.05 0.13 <1 3 544 0.9 0.23 0.4 17.6 7.3 25 2.18 13.0 9.8 0.08 0.03 9.0 11

V-03-16A 2003 48.51392 -92.78711 Brown Lake 3.77 1.08 1.62 1.06 0.39 0.81 0.08 0.17 <1 6 589 0.8 0.35 0.5 23.6 14.5 32 2.52 15.2 9.6 0.14 0.04 13.2 16

V-03-17A 2003 48.51284 -92.78577 Brown Lake 4.45 0.76 2.04 1.00 0.43 0.76 0.09 0.23 <1 4 572 1.4 0.32 0.4 71.5 54.7 43 3.61 29.7 11.0 0.13 0.04 29.3 23

V-03-18A 2003 48.51218 -92.78512 Brown Lake 3.44 1.02 1.70 0.59 0.42 0.76 0.10 0.17 <1 4 487 0.9 0.31 0.9 18.6 12.3 46 3.67 25.5 8.5 0.12 0.03 10.2 16

V-06-01A 2006 48.51472 -92.70396 Ryan Lake 4.23 0.79 1.78 0.72 0.31 0.84 0.05 0.19 <1 7 411 1.2 0.24 0.5 21.9 7.6 37 <5 16.4 10.2 0.17 0.03 12.1 14

V-06-02A 2006 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake 3.18 0.78 1.01 0.76 0.25 0.77 0.06 0.12 <1 5 322 0.8 0.19 0.3 17.2 4.6 24 <5 12.5 7.6 0.20 0.02 9.9 7

V-06-03A 2006 48.51574 -92.70515 Ryan Lake 5.10 0.97 2.02 1.01 0.43 1.26 0.04 0.24 <1 5 444 1.1 0.25 0.4 26.1 13.2 48 <5 21.7 13.6 0.08 0.03 14.5 16

V-06-04A 2006 48.51947 -92.70412 Ryan Lake 3.31 1.35 1.06 0.97 0.33 0.81 0.09 0.12 <1 6 396 0.8 0.16 0.6 14.4 5.6 25 <5 8.6 7.6 0.14 0.03 7.8 8

V-06-05A 2006 48.52139 -92.70499 Ryan Lake 4.86 0.77 2.13 1.13 0.47 0.80 0.07 0.19 <1 7 524 1.6 0.18 0.4 80.2 57.7 46 <5 25.5 11.7 0.10 0.04 26.2 22

V-06-06A 2006 48.52126 -92.70521 Ryan Lake 4.47 0.96 0.79 1.33 0.23 1.40 0.04 0.12 <1 3 429 0.9 0.07 0.2 20.6 4.6 21 <5 13.4 9.8 0.07 0.02 11.7 5

V-06-07A 2006 48.52016 -92.70523 Ryan Lake 4.82 1.00 1.54 1.27 0.37 1.20 0.05 0.16 <1 6 465 0.9 0.12 0.2 17.1 13.5 34 <5 12.9 11.3 0.13 0.02 9.8 11

V-06-08A 2006 48.51816 -92.70107 Ryan Lake 4.88 1.32 1.71 1.28 0.41 1.30 0.05 0.20 <1 4 604 0.9 0.14 0.5 17.6 7.7 43 <5 9.3 11.8 0.09 0.03 9.8 12

V-06-09A 2006 48.51760 -92.70024 Ryan Lake 2.71 0.76 0.77 0.68 0.23 0.73 0.07 0.10 <1 3 362 0.7 0.09 0.4 12.8 5.4 22 <5 9.3 6.2 0.15 0.02 7.7 4

V-06-10A 2006 48.51627 -92.70162 Ryan Lake 3.36 1.57 1.41 0.66 0.41 0.75 0.10 0.15 <1 5 432 0.7 0.20 0.7 15.3 10.7 41 <5 10.2 8.1 0.16 0.03 8.7 11

V-06-11A 2006 48.51359 -92.70248 Ryan Lake 3.55 1.18 0.92 1.11 0.30 0.99 0.07 0.12 <1 2 454 0.8 0.08 0.5 14.3 10.4 28 <5 9.5 8.0 0.09 0.02 8.6 6

V-06-12A 2006 48.71781 -92.69928 Ryan Lake 2.72 0.78 0.71 0.75 0.22 0.69 0.09 0.10 <1 4 382 0.6 0.08 0.3 13.4 6.4 22 <5 10.8 6.4 0.15 0.02 7.6 6

V-06-13A 2006 48.51214 -92.78509 Brown Lake 4.94 1.32 2.38 0.75 0.61 1.25 0.06 0.24 <1 5 483 1.1 0.19 1.0 17.2 14.6 72 <5 22.2 12.7 0.07 0.03 9.8 22

V-06-14A 2006 48.51289 -92.78571 Brown Lake 4.56 0.71 1.84 0.92 0.41 0.63 0.10 0.18 <1 5 474 1.9 0.22 0.4 114.0 87.6 45 <5 42.9 9.3 0.13 0.04 68.5 20

V-06-15A 2006 48.51385 -92.78703 Brown Lake 5.44 1.17 1.20 1.71 0.38 1.87 0.03 0.14 <1 3 458 1.1 0.10 0.2 16.1 7.3 32 <5 4.3 12.1 0.04 0.02 8.7 12

V-06-15A dup 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake 5.49 1.20 1.15 1.72 0.37 1.88 0.03 0.14 <1 3 459 1.3 0.09 0.2 17.9 8.5 36 <5 5.1 11.7 0.04 0.02 9.7 12

V-06-16A 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake 4.10 1.39 1.47 1.20 0.42 0.96 0.06 0.16 <1 4 572 1.1 0.24 0.8 22.0 11.8 35 <5 15.7 9.4 0.10 0.03 11.9 14

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Watershed

*Because of analytical laboratory issues, Cs detection limits in 2003 were 0.05 ppm and 5 ppm in 2006.
Appendix 1—A Horizon Chemistry, Ryan and Brown Lakes, Voyageurs National Park, MN 20

V-03-01A 2003 48.51360 -92.70532 Ryan Lake

V-03-02A 2003 48.52164 -92.70490 Ryan Lake

V-03-03A 2003 48.52124 -92.70567 Ryan Lake

V-03-04A 2003 48.51987 -92.70518 Ryan Lake

V-03-05A 2003 48.51889 -92.70403 Ryan Lake

V-03-05A dup 2003 48.51889 -92.70403 Ryan Lake

V-03-06A 2003 48.51519 -92.70383 Ryan Lake

V-03-07A 2003 48.51681 -92.70174 Ryan Lake

V-03-08A 2003 48.51711 -92.70057 Ryan Lake

V-03-09A 2003 48.51831 -92.70119 Ryan Lake

V-03-10A 2003 48.51792 -92.69938 Ryan Lake

V-03-11A 2003 48.51568 -92.70500 Ryan Lake

V-03-11A dup 2003 48.51568 -92.70500 Ryan Lake

V-03-12A 2003 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake

V-03-13A 2003 48.51373 -92.70505 Ryan Lake

V-03-14A 2003 48.51351 -92.70242 Ryan Lake

V-03-15A 2003 48.51373 -92.78778 Brown Lake

V-03-16A 2003 48.51392 -92.78711 Brown Lake

V-03-17A 2003 48.51284 -92.78577 Brown Lake

V-03-18A 2003 48.51218 -92.78512 Brown Lake

V-06-01A 2006 48.51472 -92.70396 Ryan Lake

V-06-02A 2006 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake

V-06-03A 2006 48.51574 -92.70515 Ryan Lake

V-06-04A 2006 48.51947 -92.70412 Ryan Lake

V-06-05A 2006 48.52139 -92.70499 Ryan Lake

V-06-06A 2006 48.52126 -92.70521 Ryan Lake

V-06-07A 2006 48.52016 -92.70523 Ryan Lake

V-06-08A 2006 48.51816 -92.70107 Ryan Lake

V-06-09A 2006 48.51760 -92.70024 Ryan Lake

V-06-10A 2006 48.51627 -92.70162 Ryan Lake

V-06-11A 2006 48.51359 -92.70248 Ryan Lake

V-06-12A 2006 48.71781 -92.69928 Ryan Lake

V-06-13A 2006 48.51214 -92.78509 Brown Lake

V-06-14A 2006 48.51289 -92.78571 Brown Lake

V-06-15A 2006 48.51385 -92.78703 Brown Lake

V-06-15A dup 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake

V-06-16A 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Watershed Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

2,900 0.93 5.7 26.6 900 66.3 72.8 0.65 6.1 1.6 168 <0.1 4.1 0.4 1.2 48 0.8 9.5 121 0.6 17.70

2,400 0.60 2.6 26.8 1,140 21.8 38.6 0.42 4.8 0.5 93 <0.1 4.5 0.2 1.6 26 0.4 13.7 53 0.6 33.10

333 0.54 3.9 12.8 620 28.6 59.3 0.49 4.7 1.1 159 <0.1 3.0 0.2 1.6 31 0.4 8.7 32 0.4 20.20

1,950 1.17 5.1 22.1 1,040 41.9 64.4 0.50 5.5 1.5 116 <0.1 6.6 0.3 2.3 53 0.5 8.1 74 0.9 20.80

2,620 0.65 4.3 12.6 750 61.3 65.7 0.65 4.2 1.4 151 <0.1 3.2 0.3 0.9 34 0.5 5.1 109 0.5 22.50

2,560 0.74 4.2 13.4 740 59.3 64.0 0.67 4.3 1.5 148 <0.1 3.3 0.3 0.9 33 0.4 5.2 111 0.6 23.00

3,690 0.99 4.6 22.8 790 58.1 60.5 0.65 4.8 1.4 125 <0.1 3.7 0.3 1.0 48 0.7 5.3 176 0.9 24.80

1,970 15.30 4.2 30.1 630 49.2 48.9 0.72 3.9 2.2 131 <0.1 3.0 0.3 0.8 41 1.3 3.9 159 0.8 28.20

184 0.55 2.3 12.7 560 30.3 24.3 0.44 2.7 0.9 99 <0.1 2.1 0.2 0.6 23 0.3 3.0 33 0.7 34.20

2,740 0.53 4.0 14.7 720 46.0 54.3 0.48 4.2 1.1 166 <0.1 3.1 0.3 0.8 37 0.4 4.6 220 0.7 23.30

1,130 0.55 2.9 8.8 650 42.0 39.9 0.54 3.4 0.9 135 <0.1 2.7 0.2 0.7 26 0.4 3.8 57 0.5 25.90

1,490 0.51 3.8 13.3 580 38.0 56.0 0.42 4.3 0.9 152 <0.1 3.0 0.2 0.8 35 0.3 4.4 61 0.4 18.90

1,610 0.59 4.1 15.6 640 42.0 60.6 0.46 4.6 1.2 155 <0.1 3.2 0.3 0.8 37 0.4 4.7 66 0.4 19.90

232 0.62 5.2 21.3 200 35.7 58.5 0.35 5.7 1.1 211 <0.1 3.1 0.3 1.0 54 0.4 5.6 46 0.3 7.58

821 0.69 4.8 19.1 600 44.6 57.4 0.50 5.1 1.5 146 <0.1 3.1 0.3 0.9 49 0.5 4.9 76 0.5 21.00

2,270 0.53 4.2 13.0 580 47.4 66.9 0.47 4.6 1.1 188 <0.1 3.1 0.4 0.9 34 0.4 5.3 70 0.4 19.40

2,260 0.47 3.9 14.8 580 39.2 93.9 0.63 4.2 1.0 231 <0.1 2.6 0.2 0.8 32 0.3 5.1 40 0.3 12.10

3,150 1.05 5.1 23.3 960 57.2 69.1 0.66 5.0 1.7 148 <0.1 4.0 0.2 1.2 46 0.6 6.0 90 0.7 20.60

3,120 1.49 7.4 37.4 1,630 48.1 69.0 0.65 7.0 1.7 135 <0.1 5.6 0.5 2.9 58 0.7 10.0 105 1.0 16.60

1,290 0.80 4.6 31.4 1,320 43.8 44.6 0.55 4.9 1.4 152 <0.1 3.5 0.2 1.0 46 0.6 5.1 207 0.5 23.60

916 1.57 4.6 18.9 700 44.8 42.5 0.56 5.1 0.9 145 <0.1 4.0 0.3 1.2 54 0.6 5.8 65 0.6 19.00

177 0.63 3.0 12.8 430 44.7 36.1 0.53 3.9 0.5 130 <0.1 2.7 0.2 0.9 33 0.3 4.6 28 0.6 22.80

978 0.98 5.5 18.2 520 47.9 63.8 0.46 6.0 1.2 190 <0.1 4.6 0.4 1.5 63 0.7 6.4 75 0.5 11.30

2,320 0.59 3.4 10.7 730 47.1 59.9 0.46 4.0 1.2 147 <0.1 2.6 0.4 0.8 32 0.4 4.7 94 0.6 20.90

6,570 1.54 5.2 25.8 890 33.5 69.4 0.46 8.1 1.2 141 <0.1 8.6 0.6 2.3 63 0.5 9.9 62 1.0 13.70

319 0.43 3.1 9.0 410 25.0 58.8 0.32 4.3 0.9 195 <0.1 2.9 0.4 1.1 26 14.5 6.7 27 0.3 11.70

1,220 0.69 3.9 15.4 650 29.9 74.5 0.42 5.5 1.1 174 <0.1 3.5 0.4 1.1 45 0.6 5.1 56 0.5 14.80

1,070 1.18 4.7 14.8 620 35.5 62.4 0.34 5.6 1.2 215 <0.1 3.5 0.4 1.0 50 0.5 6.1 102 0.3 13.30

206 0.49 2.5 8.5 570 31.1 32.3 0.30 3.4 0.8 126 <0.1 2.2 0.3 0.7 26 0.4 3.9 31 0.6 25.70

2,310 0.74 3.4 16.2 740 49.4 60.0 0.55 3.9 1.3 151 <0.1 2.7 0.4 0.9 39 0.5 4.4 107 0.8 24.30

1,470 0.52 3.2 8.9 670 34.5 64.8 0.35 4.0 0.9 170 <0.1 3.0 0.4 0.8 30 0.4 5.6 62 0.4 17.70

366 0.66 2.8 7.6 660 32.3 36.9 0.41 3.5 0.9 121 <0.1 2.4 0.2 0.7 26 0.3 4.0 31 0.6 26.20

1,070 0.85 5.2 30.3 1,300 32.6 49.3 0.32 6.8 1.3 206 <0.1 4.0 0.3 1.4 63 0.6 6.1 192 0.4 13.40

2,950 1.82 4.9 39.6 2,030 35.2 56.8 0.51 6.4 1.3 115 <0.1 5.9 0.8 4.6 50 0.6 17.8 79 1.4 18.00

1,100 0.39 3.6 10.9 430 28.2 83.2 0.18 4.7 0.9 238 <0.1 3.2 0.4 1.0 34 0.3 5.4 29 0.2 6.67

1,060 0.51 4.8 13.6 430 27.7 84.2 0.20 4.6 0.8 241 <0.1 3.7 0.4 0.9 33 0.3 5.5 29 0.2 6.91

2,500 0.86 4.3 22.2 820 43.8 70.8 0.35 4.7 1.3 171 <0.1 4.1 0.4 1.2 40 0.4 6.6 88 0.6 17.40
Appendix 2—B Horizon Chemistry, Ryan and Brown Lakes, Voyageurs National Park, MN 21

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La Li

(wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

V-03-01B 2003 48.51360 -92.70532 Ryan Lake 5.75 1.05 2.32 1.31 0.52 1.43 0.03 0.24 <1 4 558 1.1 0.22 0.2 32.5 12.5 45 2.54 15.5 13.0 0.07 0.03 16.4 25

V-03-02B 2003 48.52164 -92.70490 Ryan Lake 5.49 0.65 2.82 1.27 0.52 0.90 0.05 0.24 <1 5 552 1.4 0.23 0.2 72.0 43.7 56 4.30 28.0 12.1 0.08 0.04 30.4 32

V-03-03B 2003 48.52124 -92.70567 Ryan Lake 5.54 1.10 1.03 1.66 0.31 1.89 0.02 0.17 <1 1 462 1.0 0.14 <0.1 27.8 4.3 27 1.76 10.6 11.5 0.03 0.02 16.0 8

V-03-04B 2003 48.51987 -92.70518 Ryan Lake 6.19 1.02 2.19 1.53 0.48 1.61 0.02 0.22 <1 3 508 1.4 0.21 <0.1 32.4 12.0 52 2.89 27.7 14.3 0.05 0.03 16.7 20

V-03-05B 2003 48.51889 -92.70403 Ryan Lake 5.53 1.15 1.55 1.63 0.40 1.70 0.02 0.24 <1 3 544 1.0 0.17 0.1 21.9 6.1 37 1.72 14.4 13.1 0.03 0.02 11.3 14

V-03-06B 2003 48.51519 -92.70383 Ryan Lake 6.12 0.74 3.34 1.01 0.53 1.09 0.04 0.30 <1 7 556 1.3 0.31 0.2 33.6 12.1 80 4.20 26.6 15.6 0.10 0.04 17.9 35

V-03-07B 2003 48.51681 -92.70174 Ryan Lake 6.56 1.06 3.07 0.93 0.63 1.50 0.02 0.30 <1 5 418 1.2 0.24 0.1 21.1 10.3 87 3.48 20.5 15.1 0.06 0.04 11.4 26

V-03-08B 2003 48.51711 -92.70057 Ryan Lake 5.62 1.14 2.33 1.29 0.46 1.77 0.02 0.22 <1 3 433 1.0 0.16 <0.1 13.7 6.5 55 1.04 19.5 13.0 0.05 0.02 7.6 11

V-03-09B 2003 48.51831 -92.70119 Ryan Lake 6.23 1.16 2.70 1.31 0.58 1.51 0.02 0.29 <1 4 573 1.2 0.20 0.2 23.9 9.6 57 4.65 12.0 14.4 0.05 0.03 12.7 24

V-03-09B dup 2003 48.51831 -92.70119 Ryan Lake 6.17 1.15 2.62 1.35 0.60 1.47 0.02 0.28 <1 4 573 1.2 0.21 0.2 20.4 9.4 56 2.54 12.5 14.8 0.05 0.04 11.1 24

V-03-10B 2003 48.51792 -92.69938 Ryan Lake 6.03 1.26 1.06 1.72 0.34 2.18 0.01 0.18 <1 2 536 1.1 0.10 <0.1 15.3 4.1 31 0.89 6.0 13.1 0.03 0.02 8.1 9

V-03-11B 2003 48.51568 -92.70500 Ryan Lake 5.61 1.13 1.67 1.64 0.38 1.77 0.02 0.21 2 4 515 1.0 0.16 <0.1 17.4 6.5 35 2.33 10.2 12.1 0.04 0.03 9.2 14

V-03-12B 2003 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake 6.44 1.14 2.19 1.60 0.53 1.92 0.01 0.23 <1 2 455 1.2 0.17 <0.1 18.6 8.3 53 2.84 13.8 14.8 0.04 0.03 10.2 26

V-03-13B 2003 48.51373 -92.70505 Ryan Lake 6.06 1.19 2.67 1.30 0.58 1.60 0.03 0.27 <1 5 474 1.0 0.23 0.2 21.0 9.4 53 2.99 13.2 13.6 0.06 0.03 10.3 26

V-03-14B 2003 48.51351 -92.70242 Ryan Lake 5.85 1.28 1.67 1.81 0.48 1.96 0.01 0.21 <1 2 506 1.1 0.11 <0.1 16.0 9.5 40 2.19 6.1 13.1 0.02 0.02 8.4 15

V-03-14B dup 2003 48.51351 -92.70242 Ryan Lake 5.95 1.32 1.65 1.85 0.49 1.99 0.01 0.21 <1 2 541 1.1 0.14 0.1 15.4 8.9 39 1.77 6.9 12.9 0.02 0.03 8.8 15

V-03-15B 2003 48.51373 -92.78778 Brown Lake 6.15 1.14 1.37 1.91 0.41 2.20 0.01 0.16 <1 2 518 1.3 0.16 <0.1 17.6 7.4 36 2.19 5.4 13.0 0.03 <0.02 9.1 15

V-03-16B 2003 48.51392 -92.78711 Brown Lake 5.91 0.79 2.59 1.64 0.54 1.38 0.02 0.27 <1 4 572 1.3 0.28 0.1 35.2 16.3 52 3.17 19.7 15.7 0.05 0.03 18.5 30

V-03-17B 2003 48.51284 -92.78577 Brown Lake 6.46 0.76 3.00 1.29 0.58 1.17 0.04 0.31 <1 4 607 1.8 0.34 0.2 65.9 65.7 69 4.84 40.3 15.2 0.07 0.04 28.2 37

V-03-18B 2003 48.51218 -92.78512 Brown Lake 6.56 1.01 3.38 0.84 0.69 1.61 0.03 0.33 <1 4 477 1.4 0.26 0.2 21.7 14.6 97 3.75 26.2 16.6 0.04 0.04 11.6 36

V-06-01B 2006 48.51472 -92.70396 Ryan Lake 6.74 0.89 3.82 0.97 0.55 1.23 0.03 0.30 <1 6 424 1.5 0.23 0.2 24.9 13.0 81 <5 29.6 18.0 0.08 0.04 13.6 38

V-06-02B 2006 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake 6.48 1.13 2.32 1.60 0.54 1.89 0.01 0.22 <1 6 425 1.3 0.09 <0.1 18.3 8.8 62 <5 13.8 15.9 0.03 0.03 10.1 25

V-06-03B 2006 48.51574 -92.70515 Ryan Lake 6.67 1.05 3.23 1.13 0.63 1.75 0.02 0.29 <1 4 410 1.5 0.22 0.1 28.0 12.3 74 <5 19.6 17.2 0.04 0.03 14.9 30

V-06-04B 2006 48.51947 -92.70412 Ryan Lake 5.89 1.12 2.19 1.67 0.52 1.61 0.01 0.23 <1 4 483 1.4 0.08 <0.1 18.4 8.4 50 <5 9.1 14.1 0.03 0.03 10.1 21

V-06-05B 2006 48.52139 -92.70499 Ryan Lake 6.75 0.88 3.08 1.95 0.66 1.39 0.02 0.26 <1 7 641 1.4 0.15 0.1 56.1 47.8 75 6 18.5 14.3 0.03 0.04 20.1 40

V-06-06B 2006 48.52126 -92.70521 Ryan Lake 6.07 1.20 0.87 2.17 0.26 2.33 <0.01 0.14 <1 1 485 1.4 0.02 <0.1 17.7 2.6 26 <5 3.8 12.4 0.01 <0.02 8.8 5

V-06-07B 2006 48.52016 -92.70523 Ryan Lake 8.06 1.28 3.25 2.08 0.63 2.03 0.02 0.26 <1 5 576 1.9 0.14 0.2 32.6 27.8 69 5 19.4 19.0 0.04 0.04 16.0 28

V-06-08B 2006 48.51816 -92.70107 Ryan Lake 7.07 1.33 2.85 1.68 0.63 1.89 0.02 0.27 <1 3 507 1.3 0.10 0.1 21.3 9.0 57 <5 9.3 15.7 0.03 0.03 10.1 24

V-06-09B 2006 48.51760 -92.70024 Ryan Lake 7.12 1.73 2.25 1.78 0.58 2.35 0.01 0.28 <1 19 481 1.2 0.10 0.1 17.8 7.1 51 <5 10.1 16.4 0.03 0.04 8.9 9

V-06-10B 2006 48.51627 -92.70162 Ryan Lake 7.61 1.34 3.47 1.04 0.78 1.94 0.01 0.34 <1 5 429 1.8 0.18 0.1 24.1 13.5 90 <5 15.2 18.1 0.03 0.04 12.2 28

V-06-11B 2006 48.51359 -92.70248 Ryan Lake 6.93 1.70 1.97 2.18 0.59 2.18 0.01 0.23 <1 3 540 1.3 0.05 <0.1 20.4 7.6 45 <5 6.4 14.9 0.01 0.02 10.4 12

V-06-12B 2006 48.71781 -92.69928 Ryan Lake 7.57 1.47 1.90 2.12 0.54 2.34 0.02 0.26 <1 4 580 1.3 0.05 0.1 28.2 8.5 45 5 9.9 18.3 0.02 0.03 14.0 17

V-06-13B 2006 48.51214 -92.78509 Brown Lake 8.24 1.32 4.38 1.05 1.08 2.03 0.02 0.38 <1 5 477 1.5 0.19 0.2 29.1 19.0 129 6 26.0 20.6 0.02 0.04 14.4 47

V-06-14B 2006 48.51289 -92.78571 Brown Lake 7.90 0.97 3.62 1.54 0.78 1.37 0.04 0.32 <1 5 584 1.9 0.23 0.2 79.1 69.0 85 7 53.6 16.9 0.07 0.06 34.8 43

V-06-15B 2006 48.51385 -92.78703 Brown Lake 6.48 1.12 2.49 1.84 0.64 1.74 0.02 0.23 <1 5 537 1.4 0.32 0.2 27.8 11.2 64 <5 13.3 14.4 0.04 0.03 14.0 27

V-06-15B dup 2006 48.51385 -92.78703 Brown Lake 6.66 1.14 2.55 1.91 0.66 1.80 0.02 0.23 <1 5 556 1.8 0.19 0.2 27.9 12.3 54 <5 12.8 16.5 0.04 0.04 14.0 28

V-06-16B 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake 7.99 1.47 1.95 2.47 0.60 2.68 0.01 0.20 <1 3 533 2.1 0.20 <0.1 23.7 8.8 46 5 5.4 17.5 0.01 0.03 12.1 20

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Watershed

*Because of analytical laboratory issues, Cs detection limits in 2003 were 0.05 ppm and 5 ppm in 2006.
Appendix 2—B Horizon Chemistry, Ryan and Brown Lakes, Voyageurs National Park, MN 22

V-03-01B 2003 48.51360 -92.70532 Ryan Lake

V-03-02B 2003 48.52164 -92.70490 Ryan Lake

V-03-03B 2003 48.52124 -92.70567 Ryan Lake

V-03-04B 2003 48.51987 -92.70518 Ryan Lake

V-03-05B 2003 48.51889 -92.70403 Ryan Lake

V-03-06B 2003 48.51519 -92.70383 Ryan Lake

V-03-07B 2003 48.51681 -92.70174 Ryan Lake

V-03-08B 2003 48.51711 -92.70057 Ryan Lake

V-03-09B 2003 48.51831 -92.70119 Ryan Lake

V-03-09B dup 2003 48.51831 -92.70119 Ryan Lake

V-03-10B 2003 48.51792 -92.69938 Ryan Lake

V-03-11B 2003 48.51568 -92.70500 Ryan Lake

V-03-12B 2003 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake

V-03-13B 2003 48.51373 -92.70505 Ryan Lake

V-03-14B 2003 48.51351 -92.70242 Ryan Lake

V-03-14B dup 2003 48.51351 -92.70242 Ryan Lake

V-03-15B 2003 48.51373 -92.78778 Brown Lake

V-03-16B 2003 48.51392 -92.78711 Brown Lake

V-03-17B 2003 48.51284 -92.78577 Brown Lake

V-03-18B 2003 48.51218 -92.78512 Brown Lake

V-06-01B 2006 48.51472 -92.70396 Ryan Lake

V-06-02B 2006 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake

V-06-03B 2006 48.51574 -92.70515 Ryan Lake

V-06-04B 2006 48.51947 -92.70412 Ryan Lake

V-06-05B 2006 48.52139 -92.70499 Ryan Lake

V-06-06B 2006 48.52126 -92.70521 Ryan Lake

V-06-07B 2006 48.52016 -92.70523 Ryan Lake

V-06-08B 2006 48.51816 -92.70107 Ryan Lake

V-06-09B 2006 48.51760 -92.70024 Ryan Lake

V-06-10B 2006 48.51627 -92.70162 Ryan Lake

V-06-11B 2006 48.51359 -92.70248 Ryan Lake

V-06-12B 2006 48.71781 -92.69928 Ryan Lake

V-06-13B 2006 48.51214 -92.78509 Brown Lake

V-06-14B 2006 48.51289 -92.78571 Brown Lake

V-06-15B 2006 48.51385 -92.78703 Brown Lake

V-06-15B dup 2006 48.51385 -92.78703 Brown Lake

V-06-16B 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Watershed Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

1,700 0.71 6.4 29.3 800 28.0 72.2 0.36 6.8 1.2 204 <0.1 5.0 0.4 1.3 62 0.6 7.4 113 0.4 5.73

2,380 1.43 6.8 29.7 670 29.4 87.7 0.40 8.0 1.4 149 <0.1 11.8 0.6 2.3 82 0.6 9.3 60 0.7 8.22

206 0.33 6.1 10.6 190 18.8 88.4 0.20 5.4 0.8 244 <0.1 5.0 0.5 2.1 34 0.4 8.3 25 <0.2 3.97

386 0.84 6.3 22.6 420 20.5 90.7 0.25 7.0 1.2 223 <0.1 6.8 0.5 1.8 63 0.6 6.8 45 0.3 8.50

439 0.55 6.4 13.8 280 16.1 83.5 0.26 6.1 1.1 240 <0.1 3.9 0.4 1.0 53 0.5 6.0 47 <0.2 3.01

876 1.67 8.1 37.8 650 29.8 65.4 0.52 7.5 1.6 174 <0.1 6.0 0.4 1.7 94 1.0 6.6 135 0.6 7.45

457 1.21 7.4 38.4 420 24.7 56.0 0.41 7.0 1.4 231 <0.1 5.0 0.3 1.3 85 1.3 6.5 77 0.4 5.25

252 0.98 5.8 17.8 170 18.7 58.8 0.23 6.4 0.9 254 <0.1 4.2 0.3 1.0 71 0.4 5.4 34 0.4 5.41

749 0.92 7.5 28.8 530 22.5 70.1 0.42 7.3 1.3 242 <0.1 5.2 0.3 1.2 80 0.6 6.9 110 0.3 4.06

740 0.92 7.4 28.1 520 22.5 71.3 0.34 7.3 1.4 236 <0.1 5.2 0.4 1.1 78 0.7 5.9 108 0.3 4.05

250 0.46 5.2 14.0 150 17.2 81.1 0.17 6.0 0.7 281 <0.1 7.7 0.4 0.9 41 0.4 5.0 27 <0.2 2.92

451 0.54 5.4 21.2 290 22.5 85.3 0.28 6.0 0.9 235 <0.1 3.8 0.4 1.0 51 0.4 5.8 40 0.2 5.02

260 0.70 6.2 28.6 110 22.4 80.6 0.22 6.9 1.1 244 <0.1 3.8 0.4 1.1 67 0.5 5.7 50 0.2 1.91

623 0.80 6.7 28.7 360 28.7 70.6 0.38 7.1 1.7 236 <0.1 4.1 0.4 1.1 75 0.5 6.9 75 0.3 6.76

621 0.49 5.6 16.4 180 18.4 92.8 0.20 6.5 1.0 252 <0.1 3.3 0.4 1.0 52 0.3 5.8 39 <0.2 2.03

622 0.54 5.7 17.0 190 19.4 94.6 0.24 6.7 1.1 259 <0.1 3.3 0.4 0.9 52 2.1 5.9 39 <0.2 2.04

909 0.35 4.9 15.8 290 17.9 104.0 0.18 5.4 0.9 273 <0.1 6.3 0.4 0.9 39 0.4 5.5 51 <0.2 1.62

984 0.87 7.6 26.8 1,510 20.1 89.2 0.33 7.1 1.6 186 <0.1 5.7 0.5 1.5 72 0.7 6.8 128 0.5 5.20

2,560 1.67 8.9 54.1 1,560 30.4 92.6 0.42 8.6 2.2 171 <0.1 7.7 0.8 3.3 84 0.9 11.2 140 1.0 4.87

586 0.97 8.1 39.7 1,080 24.4 53.7 0.37 8.1 1.6 233 <0.1 5.0 0.3 1.5 90 0.8 6.9 204 0.4 5.22

520 3.31 7.5 38.1 550 23.2 53.5 0.40 7.8 1.6 179 <0.1 5.5 0.4 1.6 103 0.8 6.1 86 0.7 5.32

252 1.03 4.9 29.2 150 20.5 73.3 0.18 6.9 1.1 234 <0.1 8.4 0.4 1.2 70 0.3 5.8 39 <0.2 2.37

547 1.53 6.8 28.3 470 30.4 65.8 0.24 7.5 1.4 236 <0.1 5.3 0.4 1.5 93 0.6 6.3 91 0.3 2.80

468 0.76 5.6 16.7 540 16.0 79.8 0.22 6.2 1.1 217 <0.1 3.9 0.4 1.1 65 0.4 5.6 63 0.3 2.73

3,470 1.84 6.9 29.6 440 25.1 99.3 0.32 7.9 1.4 200 <0.1 12.5 0.7 2.3 98 0.6 7.8 64 0.6 2.28

229 0.27 3.3 5.7 110 17.0 88.3 0.11 4.4 0.6 266 <0.1 4.5 0.5 1.1 28 0.2 5.8 19 <0.2 1.23

922 1.21 6.8 27.0 500 23.2 107.0 0.24 8.6 1.4 261 <0.1 8.1 0.6 2.2 82 0.5 8.3 54 0.4 3.39

380 1.05 6.2 24.3 530 21.1 77.8 0.25 7.1 1.2 262 <0.1 5.0 0.4 1.3 79 0.5 6.6 78 <0.2 2.95

357 1.18 5.6 17.2 180 24.0 75.6 0.39 8.1 1.2 317 <0.1 5.0 0.5 1.4 75 0.4 8.1 39 <0.2 3.07

497 1.43 6.9 35.9 430 34.2 57.4 0.43 7.5 1.7 283 <0.1 5.9 0.3 1.6 95 0.7 6.6 91 0.2 2.97

461 0.83 4.9 19.0 200 23.4 105.0 0.19 7.1 1.1 282 <0.1 4.6 0.5 1.2 57 0.3 7.5 35 <0.2 1.97

383 1.02 6.4 16.4 240 24.3 106.0 0.25 8.3 1.3 297 <0.1 6.4 0.5 1.6 64 0.3 8.7 36 <0.2 3.17

551 1.43 8.2 45.7 1,070 21.8 59.6 0.34 10.6 1.6 283 <0.1 7.9 0.4 2.2 113 0.8 8.8 212 0.3 2.61

1,710 2.42 7.7 78.8 1,870 24.1 89.3 0.35 10.4 1.6 191 <0.1 10.7 0.7 4.8 94 0.7 15.3 146 1.0 4.39

763 0.94 6.2 30.5 970 21.4 86.8 0.31 6.7 1.3 224 <0.1 5.4 0.5 1.6 63 0.6 7.8 113 0.3 4.76

793 0.80 7.0 26.6 1,030 22.6 92.5 0.27 7.6 1.3 235 <0.1 6.0 0.5 1.7 65 6.5 9.0 109 0.3 5.08

511 0.47 16.9 17.0 360 22.0 120.0 0.17 7.1 1.1 322 <0.1 7.5 0.6 5.0 48 0.6 19.6 47 <0.2 1.25
Appendix 3—O Horizon Chemistry, Ryan and Brown Lakes, Voyageurs National Park, MN 23

Ash Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La 

(%) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

V-03-01O 2003 48.51360 -92.70532 Ryan Lake 25.15 5.69 4.50 2.88 1.61 0.87 1.16 0.28 0.26 <1 9 1,460 2.0 0.69 3.2 109.0 25.5 43 6.66 41.3 16.9 0.15 0.1 47.8

V-03-01O dup 2003 48.51360 -92.70532 Ryan Lake 20.60 3.56 11.10 1.60 1.47 1.46 0.40 0.78 0.12 <1 4 2,380 5.4 0.30 5.9 408.0 58.6 23 5.77 114.0 8.7 0.08 0.1 191.0

V-03-02O 2003 48.52164 -92.70490 Ryan Lake 11.05 4.60 5.33 1.46 1.74 0.74 1.25 0.28 0.17 <1 4 1,210 1.7 0.30 1.7 109.0 30.8 33 3.92 43.0 11.1 0.09 0.0 59.8

V-03-03O 2003 48.52124 -92.70567 Ryan Lake 17.72 5.21 6.58 3.51 1.80 0.99 0.69 0.63 0.21 <1 10 1,370 2.5 0.60 3.4 208.0 132.0 57 6.95 77.3 13.4 0.12 0.1 93.7

V-03-04O 2003 48.51987 -92.70518 Ryan Lake 10.00 3.85 12.20 2.21 2.16 1.37 0.62 0.73 0.17 <1 7 1,170 1.0 0.62 4.8 30.9 13.4 32 5.66 61.1 9.4 0.12 0.1 15.4

V-03-05O 2003 48.51889 -92.70403 Ryan Lake 9.50 5.34 7.39 3.14 1.75 0.99 0.87 0.51 0.26 <1 10 1,660 1.5 0.69 7.2 42.2 20.7 53 9.68 54.4 15.4 0.16 0.1 22.2

V-03-06O 2003 48.51324 -92.70163 Ryan Lake 16.30 5.56 6.84 3.00 1.60 1.10 1.18 0.37 0.27 <1 7 839 1.2 0.46 2.8 30.8 18.4 66 6.61 39.4 15.1 0.14 0.1 16.7

V-03-07O 2003 48.51681 -92.70174 Ryan Lake 18.70 2.61 13.90 1.52 1.92 2.22 0.55 1.08 0.11 <1 3 1,640 1.0 0.31 7.4 27.6 49.4 34 9.09 102.0 6.6 0.09 0.0 15.1

V-03-08O 2003 48.51711 -92.70057 Ryan Lake 6.30 4.48 9.98 2.38 1.87 1.10 0.98 0.56 0.20 <1 6 2,620 1.1 0.56 7.3 30.7 17.6 32 9.03 53.5 12.3 0.15 0.1 16.0

V-03-09O 2003 48.51831 -92.70119 Ryan Lake 14.80 3.20 11.10 1.39 1.80 1.77 0.77 0.76 0.14 <1 5 1,720 1.0 0.41 5.8 28.0 41.2 22 5.05 80.7 8.9 0.10 0.0 15.5

V-03-10O 2003 48.51792 -92.69938 Ryan Lake 11.60 4.75 6.77 1.75 2.14 1.05 1.39 0.35 0.18 <1 4 1,730 1.1 0.31 5.1 24.4 18.5 53 3.75 44.4 12.3 0.10 0.0 12.8

V-03-11O 2003 48.51568 -92.70500 Ryan Lake 17.75 5.48 4.80 2.88 1.70 0.86 1.22 0.65 0.23 <1 8 1,200 1.6 0.61 2.2 59.4 23.0 39 8.18 49.4 14.5 0.22 0.1 33.5

V-03-12O 2003 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake 13.65 5.66 3.54 2.97 1.81 0.78 1.31 0.31 0.26 <1 8 813 1.2 0.59 1.9 32.9 14.5 39 7.70 30.9 15.8 0.19 0.1 16.6

V-03-13O 2003 48.51373 -92.70205 Ryan Lake 19.70 4.12 8.09 1.60 1.74 1.07 1.14 0.40 0.18 <1 5 1,580 1.2 0.42 4.5 39.6 35.9 23 4.92 49.6 11.2 0.09 0.1 22.5

V-03-14O 2003 48.51351 -92.70242 Ryan Lake 16.55 4.69 6.98 1.76 2.12 0.98 1.29 0.41 0.15 <1 4 1,400 1.1 0.42 2.8 32.7 12.3 26 4.32 35.7 11.6 0.13 0.1 18.3

V-03-15O 2003 48.51373 -92.78778 Brown Lake 21.10 4.92 7.76 2.67 2.01 1.19 0.98 0.53 0.21 <1 6 1,220 1.2 0.51 3.1 34.4 15.5 49 5.25 48.1 13.7 0.12 0.1 17.6

V-03-16O 2003 48.51392 -92.78711 Brown Lake 16.05 4.16 10.70 2.10 1.84 1.60 0.65 0.74 0.18 <1 3 2,840 1.6 0.41 4.8 117.0 43.0 34 5.06 95.6 10.8 0.09 0.0 54.6

V-03-16O dup 2003 48.51392 -92.78711 Brown Lake 17.95 2.34 15.60 1.49 1.58 2.03 0.44 0.88 0.11 1 4 2,620 0.8 0.27 9.4 23.5 18.2 25 5.99 120.0 6.5 0.11 0.0 13.2

V-03-17O 2003 48.51284 -92.78577 Brown Lake 13.60 5.34 7.17 2.64 2.03 1.12 1.14 0.47 0.23 <1 5 1,140 1.3 0.42 2.4 32.6 16.1 36 5.36 43.6 15.1 0.11 0.1 16.2

V-03-18O 2003 48.51218 -92.78512 Brown Lake 11.40 5.71 5.05 2.81 1.68 0.88 1.20 0.34 0.25 <1 8 1,440 1.7 0.56 3.3 93.9 21.9 38 5.33 42.1 15.4 0.16 0.1 41.9

V-06-1 O 2006 48.51472 -92.70396 Ryan Lake 19.80 5.57 4.54 2.78 1.64 0.81 1.17 0.54 0.28 <1 8 1,080 1.3 0.68 2.7 44.8 18.0 48 12.00 44.1 18.1 0.17 0.1 22.8

V-06-2 O 2006 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake 12.50 5.87 6.32 2.62 1.74 1.01 1.18 0.89 0.19 <1 7 1,230 1.4 0.49 2.6 58.7 21.7 35 6.00 65.2 12.3 0.19 0.0 29.7

V-06-3 O 2006 48.51574 -92.70515 Ryan Lake 18.00 5.51 5.70 2.31 1.40 0.88 1.34 0.40 0.24 <1 5 1,290 1.1 0.46 2.2 33.3 18.3 40 <5 44.2 15.3 0.10 0.0 17.1

V-06-4 O 2006 48.51947 -92.70412 Ryan Lake 11.70 4.62 10.80 2.11 2.00 1.49 0.88 0.94 0.17 <1 3 889 0.9 0.37 5.1 25.7 13.0 31 <5 64.4 10.9 0.10 0.0 13.1

V-06-5 O 2006 48.52139 -92.70499 Ryan Lake 9.50 2.43 11.70 1.13 1.40 1.59 0.37 1.03 0.08 <1 2 1,740 3.5 0.25 5.4 195.0 53.6 16 <5 86.5 6.7 0.07 0.0 92.0

V-06-6 O 2006 48.52126 -92.70521 Ryan Lake 24.30 4.64 4.12 1.11 1.78 0.60 1.72 0.27 0.15 2 2 856 1.1 0.25 1.4 19.8 7.4 28 <5 26.7 12.3 0.09 0.0 10.9

V-06-7 O 2006 48.52016 -92.70523 Ryan Lake 27.30 6.22 3.08 2.14 1.75 0.62 1.52 0.28 0.20 <1 6 609 1.1 0.34 1.6 25.0 19.9 36 <5 26.8 15.8 0.10 0.0 13.4

V-06-8 O 2006 48.51816 -92.70107 Ryan Lake 27.30 4.97 3.89 2.29 1.49 0.69 1.51 0.31 0.22 <1 5 1,150 1.1 0.41 2.3 26.7 13.4 32 <5 26.8 14.2 0.14 0.0 13.7

V-06-9 O 2006 48.51760 -92.70024 Ryan Lake 6.30 1.72 13.50 1.11 1.81 2.28 0.39 1.49 0.07 <1 3 1,300 0.9 0.22 6.9 21.3 58.1 21 6 114.0 5.2 0.08 <0.02 12.6

V-06-10 O 2006 48.51627 -92.70162 Ryan Lake 13.50 5.51 9.05 2.62 1.62 1.59 1.12 0.64 0.23 <1 6 748 1.1 0.34 4.6 24.5 19.1 57 <5 56.8 14.1 0.09 0.0 13.1

V-06-11 O 2006 48.51359 -92.70248 Ryan Lake 13.30 3.71 11.40 1.32 1.54 1.23 0.71 0.75 0.13 <1 3 1,350 0.8 0.30 7.0 20.9 31.8 24 <5 67.1 8.6 0.08 0.0 12.3

V-06-12 O 2006 48.51781 -92.69928 Ryan Lake 12.30 3.59 10.50 1.21 1.77 1.70 0.83 0.89 0.14 <1 2 1,310 1.0 0.31 5.3 22.8 36.5 24 <5 74.5 9.4 0.08 0.0 12.7

V-06-13 O 2006 48.51214 -92.78509 Brown Lake 21.50 6.43 6.32 2.94 1.29 1.22 1.59 0.33 0.27 <1 4 1,240 1.2 0.46 4.5 28.9 27.1 65 <5 47.5 15.8 0.10 0.0 15.3

V-06-14 O 2006 48.51289 -92.78571 Brown Lake 13.00 5.29 9.64 2.26 1.74 1.56 0.79 0.85 0.20 <1 4 2,570 1.8 0.29 3.4 119.0 31.1 42 <5 95.3 11.6 0.08 0.0 66.5

V-06-15 O 2006 48.51385 -92.78703 Brown Lake 13.00 5.08 10.70 2.42 1.79 1.42 0.69 1.02 0.17 <1 6 1,390 1.0 0.47 4.1 28.5 13.6 37 <5 60.2 12.0 0.10 0.0 14.5

V-06-15 O dup 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake 12.30 4.10 9.88 2.19 1.88 1.38 0.82 0.95 0.17 <1 5 1,310 1.1 0.45 3.7 29.1 12.9 36 <5 56.5 11.9 0.11 0.0 14.7

V-06-16 O 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake 10.30 3.85 12.10 1.83 1.97 1.67 0.68 1.08 0.13 <1 5 1,150 0.8 0.39 4.8 27.9 15.2 26 <5 57.5 9.1 0.12 0.0 14.7

*Because of analytical laboratory issues, Cs detection limits in 2003 were 0.05 ppm and 5 ppm in 2006.

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Watershed
Appendix 3—O Horizon Chemistry, Ryan and Brown Lakes, Voyageurs National Park, MN 24

Ash

(%)

V-03-01O 2003 48.51360 -92.70532 Ryan Lake 25.15

V-03-01O dup 2003 48.51360 -92.70532 Ryan Lake 20.60

V-03-02O 2003 48.52164 -92.70490 Ryan Lake 11.05

V-03-03O 2003 48.52124 -92.70567 Ryan Lake 17.72

V-03-04O 2003 48.51987 -92.70518 Ryan Lake 10.00

V-03-05O 2003 48.51889 -92.70403 Ryan Lake 9.50

V-03-06O 2003 48.51324 -92.70163 Ryan Lake 16.30

V-03-07O 2003 48.51681 -92.70174 Ryan Lake 18.70

V-03-08O 2003 48.51711 -92.70057 Ryan Lake 6.30

V-03-09O 2003 48.51831 -92.70119 Ryan Lake 14.80

V-03-10O 2003 48.51792 -92.69938 Ryan Lake 11.60

V-03-11O 2003 48.51568 -92.70500 Ryan Lake 17.75

V-03-12O 2003 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake 13.65

V-03-13O 2003 48.51373 -92.70205 Ryan Lake 19.70

V-03-14O 2003 48.51351 -92.70242 Ryan Lake 16.55

V-03-15O 2003 48.51373 -92.78778 Brown Lake 21.10

V-03-16O 2003 48.51392 -92.78711 Brown Lake 16.05

V-03-16O dup 2003 48.51392 -92.78711 Brown Lake 17.95

V-03-17O 2003 48.51284 -92.78577 Brown Lake 13.60

V-03-18O 2003 48.51218 -92.78512 Brown Lake 11.40

V-06-1 O 2006 48.51472 -92.70396 Ryan Lake 19.80

V-06-2 O 2006 48.51580 -92.70547 Ryan Lake 12.50

V-06-3 O 2006 48.51574 -92.70515 Ryan Lake 18.00

V-06-4 O 2006 48.51947 -92.70412 Ryan Lake 11.70

V-06-5 O 2006 48.52139 -92.70499 Ryan Lake 9.50

V-06-6 O 2006 48.52126 -92.70521 Ryan Lake 24.30

V-06-7 O 2006 48.52016 -92.70523 Ryan Lake 27.30

V-06-8 O 2006 48.51816 -92.70107 Ryan Lake 27.30

V-06-9 O 2006 48.51760 -92.70024 Ryan Lake 6.30

V-06-10 O 2006 48.51627 -92.70162 Ryan Lake 13.50

V-06-11 O 2006 48.51359 -92.70248 Ryan Lake 13.30

V-06-12 O 2006 48.51781 -92.69928 Ryan Lake 12.30

V-06-13 O 2006 48.51214 -92.78509 Brown Lake 21.50

V-06-14 O 2006 48.51289 -92.78571 Brown Lake 13.00

V-06-15 O 2006 48.51385 -92.78703 Brown Lake 13.00

V-06-15 O dup 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake 12.30

V-06-16 O 2006 48.51383 -92.78757 Brown Lake 10.30

*Becaus 

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Watershed Li Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

26 7,270 2.29 8.9 62.8 4,620 107.0 122.0 1.4 9.0 3.4 348 0.1 7.1 0.8 2.2 75 1.1 23.4 436 0.4

16 9,670 1.89 4.1 140.0 10,235 46.9 116.0 1.33 8.5 1.6 859 <0.1 6.5 0.6 3.6 43 0.6 69.3 673 0.3

12 4,450 1.44 4.5 32.0 4,840 67.0 98.1 0.98 6.2 2.7 445 <0.1 4.1 0.7 2.7 47 0.6 22.7 210 0.2

20 16,141 3.28 7.1 81.3 8,700 109.0 179.0 1.66 9.4 3.1 433 0.1 10.0 1.4 4.8 73 1.0 32.0 420 0.4

17 13,913 2.32 7.7 38.7 9,320 134.0 136.0 1.41 5.2 3.0 409 0.1 5.3 1.2 5.0 53 1.0 10.4 916 0.3

29 15,144 2.74 8.0 57.1 6,130 128.0 162.0 1.52 7.8 3.2 371 0.1 6.9 1.4 2.0 87 1.1 11.2 929 0.4

25 6,280 2.24 7.7 52.3 4,720 73.9 132.0 1.05 6.8 2.7 331 <0.1 5.6 0.8 1.5 80 0.9 8.0 443 0.5

10 13,308 1.78 3.3 39.2 12,022 53.9 106.0 1 4.0 1.9 666 <0.1 2.7 1.0 0.9 39 0.6 7.3 968 0.2

18 11,235 2.32 6.3 37.7 6,640 115.0 176.0 1.34 6.3 2.8 597 0.1 5.0 0.8 1.5 64 0.8 9.6 1,350 0.5

12 9,090 2.07 4.3 28.4 8,190 82.0 115.0 1.16 5.1 2.3 650 <0.1 3.6 0.6 1.1 46 0.7 7.9 984 0.2

14 10,569 1.63 5.5 37.4 4,600 58.6 128.0 0.89 5.3 2.0 458 <0.1 5.1 0.6 1.2 52 0.6 7.0 799 0.3

21 2,430 2.25 6.9 54.6 5,200 118.0 94.8 1.58 7.7 3.2 370 <0.1 6.1 0.8 1.9 77 0.9 15.4 282 0.6

22 4,250 1.96 7.7 40.3 3,710 108.0 140.0 1.41 7.9 3.4 255 <0.1 5.6 0.9 1.7 81 0.9 10.7 303 0.5

13 7,770 1.54 5.6 27.9 4,900 77.1 138.0 1.06 6.2 2.4 617 <0.1 4.1 0.6 1.4 50 0.6 11.3 579 0.3

16 7,450 1.74 5.0 31.4 4,760 84.8 147.0 0.93 5.3 2.1 437 <0.1 4.2 0.7 1.2 45 0.6 8.3 266 0.4

25 9,650 2.56 6.5 43.3 7,610 75.9 108.0 1.03 6.6 2.6 357 <0.1 5.2 0.8 1.6 68 0.9 8.9 561 0.4

24 9,670 2.94 5.4 111.0 11,067 67.2 87.3 1.26 6.9 2.2 722 <0.1 6.0 0.7 3.1 61 0.8 20.3 897 0.4

12 10,392 2.58 3.6 44.7 20,240 48.5 82.4 0.83 3.6 1.6 777 <0.1 3.5 0.4 1.0 39 0.5 6.3 1,620 0.2

27 8,040 1.95 7.2 38.5 6,690 52.9 108.0 0.77 7.1 2.2 346 <0.1 6.2 0.5 1.7 70 0.9 8.7 517 0.3

25 6,830 1.94 8.0 61.4 4,830 102.0 128.0 1.28 8.2 2.8 358 <0.1 6.7 0.9 1.9 73 1.0 20.1 454 0.4

25 9,150 3.47 10.1 36.7 5,040 90.1 134.0 1.58 7.2 55.8 276 0.1 6.7 1.0 2.1 86 1.6 10.6 302 0.4

20 4,640 2.00 6.3 51.2 6,880 82.8 92.2 1.43 7.7 34.3 377 <0.1 37.6 0.8 2.0 64 0.9 15.4 284 0.3

19 11,301 1.95 7.7 32.3 3,830 66.7 88.1 0.76 6.3 12.2 400 <0.1 4.8 0.6 1.5 64 0.9 8.3 215 <0.2

17 12,813 2.20 5.6 33.8 9,880 58.7 114.0 1.26 6.5 16.8 355 <0.1 3.5 1.0 1.1 53 0.8 7.5 692 0.2

10 8,970 1.63 3.8 98.7 10,962 34.6 89.0 0.97 5.3 6.8 810 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1.8 26 0.5 40.5 620 <0.2

8 5,010 1.08 4.2 14.4 3,060 29.5 82.2 0.46 5.5 1.5 323 <0.1 2.7 0.6 1.0 37 0.5 6.5 167 <0.2

16 4,960 1.50 6.6 29.0 3,440 43.0 114.0 0.68 6.5 2.3 221 <0.1 4.2 0.8 1.3 60 0.7 7.0 175 0.3

17 4,590 1.57 6.7 26.8 2,870 60.6 87.9 0.75 7.0 2.4 339 <0.1 4.2 0.4 1.2 63 0.7 7.9 333 0.3

7 12,968 1.77 2.4 35.2 13,409 27.4 94.7 0.82 0.3 1.8 603 <0.1 1.8 0.8 0.6 22 0.5 6.3 894 <0.2

21 6,850 2.22 6.7 44.1 8,240 42.7 103.0 0.79 6.1 2.2 362 <0.1 3.8 0.9 1.3 66 0.9 7.0 504 0.3

9 8,920 1.73 4.8 20.8 9,080 43.6 90.2 0.79 4.5 2.5 720 <0.1 2.8 0.4 0.9 32 0.5 6.3 689 <0.2

10 7,550 1.87 4.6 21.6 9,040 43.3 98.4 0.82 4.6 1.9 591 <0.1 3.0 0.5 1.0 36 0.6 7.3 749 <0.2

29 5,680 2.54 7.7 49.8 4,580 63.0 79.0 0.81 7.9 2.7 450 <0.1 4.9 0.6 1.6 77 0.9 8.7 661 0.2

26 8,010 2.86 6.1 112.0 11,285 33.9 76.3 0.85 7.5 2.2 688 <0.1 4.8 0.6 2.9 58 0.7 24.3 690 0.2

19 15,367 3.12 6.3 50.0 11,566 69.4 99.4 1.27 6.3 2.8 396 <0.1 4.4 0.8 1.4 53 1.0 9.5 757 0.3

20 14,745 2.62 5.9 45.6 10,644 66.6 95.9 2.74 5.8 2.9 383 <0.1 4.6 0.8 1.4 54 0.9 9.1 714 0.3

14 12,248 2.39 4.7 35.9 10,736 68.2 104.0 1.08 4.9 2.4 540 <0.1 3.4 0.7 1.2 43 0.7 8.1 392 0.2
Appendix 4—A Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 25

25

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La Li 

(wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

SP-04-1-1A 2004 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 5.73 1.40 1.56 1.53 0.45 2.03 0.02 0.15 <1 2 447 1.3 0.16 0.1 18.2 5.0 33 1.72 8.0 13.40 0.03 <0.02 9.4 14

SP-04-1-2A 2004 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 4.94 1.29 1.25 1.32 0.39 1.69 0.04 0.12 <1 2 426 1.1 0.15 0.2 14.8 4.7 19 2.04 5.1 11.50 0.05 0.02 7.7 11

SP-04-1-3A 2004 48.49508 -92.88588 high 5.19 1.54 1.67 1.28 0.45 1.67 0.04 0.16 <1 3 486 1.1 0.19 0.3 15.9 5.9 35 2.84 8.3 12.60 0.03 0.02 8.5 14

SP-04-2-1A 2004 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 2.98 1.31 1.05 0.86 0.32 0.76 0.10 0.10 <1 4 532 0.7 0.19 0.6 19.5 8.9 21 1.77 7.1 7.02 0.23 0.03 10.2 7

SP-04-2-2A 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 4.23 1.37 1.24 1.20 0.34 1.31 0.05 0.14 <1 3 539 1.0 0.19 0.5 18.1 4.1 24 2.86 5.1 10.20 0.16 0.02 9.7 9

SP-04-2-2A dup 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 4.44 1.33 1.29 1.27 0.35 1.42 0.06 0.14 <1 3 564 1.0 0.21 0.5 18.7 4.3 22 2.81 6.7 11.10 0.15 0.03 10.6 9

SP-04-2-3A 2004 48.49626 -92.88962 high 5.38 2.00 1.71 1.52 0.44 1.69 0.05 0.15 <1 7 783 1.5 0.35 0.6 23.3 5.8 34 3.27 10.8 13.30 0.03 0.04 12.2 12

SP-04-3-1A 2004 48.49990 -92.88320 high 5.43 1.31 1.34 1.45 0.39 1.99 0.02 0.13 <1 2 434 1.3 0.14 0.2 14.9 5.0 31 1.55 5.0 13.10 0.04 0.02 8.1 11

SP-04-3-2A 2004 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 5.65 1.03 2.05 1.41 0.41 1.49 0.02 0.24 <1 5 513 1.3 0.39 0.2 27.6 6.6 44 1.35 18.8 16.10 <0.02 0.04 14.8 14

SP-04-3-3A 2004 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 2.79 0.94 1.01 0.71 0.24 0.74 0.12 0.10 <1 4 348 0.6 0.20 0.2 15.3 4.4 21 1.17 9.8 7.18 0.15 0.02 8.6 8

SP-04-4-1A 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 2.75 0.51 1.28 0.62 0.22 0.54 0.11 0.11 <1 5 272 0.7 0.24 0.3 16.5 4.3 24 0.98 8.6 7.54 0.26 0.03 9.0 9

SP-04-4-2A 2004 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 2.48 0.68 0.95 0.41 0.23 0.61 0.09 0.08 <1 3 185 0.7 0.20 0.4 14.2 2.2 23 3.10 6.1 6.19 0.19 0.02 7.7 6

SP-04-4-3A 2004 48.49830 -92.89090 high 5.61 1.72 1.70 1.68 0.42 1.87 0.05 0.15 <1 6 527 1.2 0.22 0.4 19.8 4.7 23 1.79 8.4 14.00 0.03 0.03 10.3 11

SP-04-5-1A 2004 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 4.79 1.39 1.10 1.49 0.31 1.81 0.03 0.12 <1 2 426 1.1 0.09 0.1 12.2 3.2 17 1.52 3.0 11.30 0.06 <0.02 6.4 8

SP-04-5-2A 2004 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 5.39 1.31 1.27 1.60 0.32 2.05 0.02 0.13 <1 2 415 1.2 0.12 0.1 12.5 3.2 25 0.92 5.6 12.20 0.04 <0.02 6.6 8

SP-04-5-3A 2004 48.50060 -92.88840 high 4.72 2.23 1.50 1.41 0.40 1.56 0.07 0.13 <1 6 863 1.0 0.20 0.7 17.1 4.5 28 1.81 13.1 10.90 0.04 0.03 8.9 9

SP-04-6-1A 2004 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 3.35 0.88 1.58 0.84 0.32 0.74 0.09 0.13 <1 5 557 1.0 0.35 0.6 19.5 6.3 29 4.12 10.3 9.78 0.18 0.03 10.5 12

SP-04-6-2A 2004 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 3.90 1.34 1.19 1.15 0.27 1.07 0.06 0.15 <1 4 547 1.0 0.26 0.2 19.0 2.8 23 2.19 7.9 11.40 0.09 0.02 10.6 8

SP-04-6-3A 2004 48.50180 -92.89100 high 5.05 1.90 1.35 1.50 0.31 1.63 0.05 0.16 <1 5 660 1.2 0.26 0.5 20.4 3.4 29 2.98 13.4 13.00 <0.02 0.03 11.2 8

SP-04-7-1A 2004 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 3.24 0.61 0.93 0.88 0.24 0.84 0.07 0.12 <1 3 294 0.8 0.16 0.2 15.7 2.6 20 1.52 6.1 9.12 0.14 <0.02 8.9 5

SP-04-7-2A 2004 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 3.66 0.57 1.90 0.71 0.29 0.70 0.07 0.13 <1 5 322 1.2 0.28 0.2 23.5 13.8 33 3.05 11.5 9.04 0.19 0.03 13.0 15

SP-04-7-3A 2004 48.50480 -92.89560 high 5.32 1.59 1.39 1.37 0.35 1.87 0.03 0.12 <1 4 544 1.5 0.22 0.3 17.9 4.4 22 2.50 6.0 12.40 <0.02 0.03 9.6 10

SP-04-8-1A 2004 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 3.76 1.09 1.49 0.75 0.47 1.01 0.06 0.12 <1 3 386 0.9 0.21 0.2 14.4 6.5 35 2.44 6.5 9.58 0.12 0.03 7.9 10

SP-04-8-2A 2004 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 5.12 0.79 2.04 1.31 0.48 1.09 0.03 0.23 <1 4 525 1.2 0.23 0.2 28.7 6.7 37 2.88 14.8 15.10 0.04 0.03 15.4 14

SP-04-8-3A 2004 48.50180 -92.87250 high 5.05 0.94 1.91 1.09 0.44 1.37 0.04 0.17 <1 4 361 1.2 0.23 0.2 20.1 5.6 35 2.49 12.6 13.20 0.08 0.03 11.0 15

SP-04-9-1A 2004 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 3.01 1.16 0.80 0.94 0.28 0.87 0.08 0.09 <1 2 605 0.8 0.18 0.5 18.6 5.9 11 1.35 5.1 7.25 0.14 0.02 11.1 5

SP-04-9-1A dup 2004 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 2.98 1.14 0.76 0.89 0.27 0.87 0.08 0.08 <1 2 588 0.7 0.17 0.5 18.0 5.8 17 1.70 4.4 7.10 0.13 0.02 10.5 5

SP-04-9-2A 2004 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 3.93 1.03 1.22 1.26 0.38 1.04 0.08 0.16 <1 3 586 1.0 0.24 0.4 25.0 12.4 27 2.30 7.1 10.20 0.11 0.03 13.7 8

SP-04-9-3A 2004 48.50130 -92.87270 high 5.27 1.78 1.90 1.27 0.47 1.54 0.05 0.17 <1 5 688 1.3 0.33 0.6 21.6 7.1 37 2.90 11.7 13.10 0.02 0.03 12.0 12

SP-04-10-1A 2004 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 4.20 1.24 1.68 0.97 0.43 1.11 0.06 0.14 <1 5 768 1.0 0.23 0.7 21.2 6.7 35 2.72 9.4 11.30 0.15 0.03 10.5 13

SP-04-10-2A 2004 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 4.07 1.27 1.26 0.95 0.34 1.18 0.05 0.12 <1 4 503 0.9 0.27 0.5 19.2 4.3 27 2.07 6.6 9.70 0.11 0.03 10.5 9

SP-04-10-3A 2004 48.50180 -92.88450 high 4.84 1.47 1.21 1.31 0.27 1.66 0.02 0.14 <1 4 627 1.1 0.23 0.7 22.4 3.5 23 1.75 9.0 12.40 <0.02 0.04 11.9 7

SP-04-10-3A dup 2004 48.50180 -92.88450 high 4.87 1.51 1.25 1.46 0.28 1.66 0.03 0.15 <1 4 650 1.3 0.25 0.7 21.3 3.5 24 2.04 8.6 12.60 <0.02 0.03 11.4 7

SP-05-1-1A 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 3.68 1.26 0.86 1.03 0.25 1.29 0.06 0.10 <1 2 461 1.0 0.13 0.2 13.8 2.6 20 1.29 5.4 8.91 0.09 <0.02 7.6 6

SP-05-1-1A dup 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 3.84 1.21 0.78 1.01 0.25 1.35 0.05 0.08 <1 1 425 1.0 0.11 0.2 12.8 2.7 21 0.87 4.2 8.34 0.07 <0.02 7.1 5

SP-05-1-2A 2005 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 3.43 1.36 0.80 0.96 0.30 1.10 0.07 0.08 <1 2 466 1.5 0.14 0.4 15.0 3.4 18 1.84 6.3 7.66 0.09 <0.02 8.4 6

SP-05-1-3A 2005 48.49508 -92.88588 high 4.47 1.44 1.26 1.18 0.34 1.45 0.05 0.12 <1 2 575 1.1 0.17 0.4 16.3 5.0 28 2.29 6.9 10.60 0.07 0.02 8.5 10

SP-05-2-1A 2005 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 3.57 1.08 1.25 1.04 0.35 0.92 0.08 0.12 <1 5 682 0.9 0.26 0.6 25.5 15.8 30 2.51 6.1 9.32 0.23 0.03 13.5 8

SP-05-2-2A 2005 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 3.93 1.34 1.30 1.08 0.31 1.16 0.05 0.12 <1 3 652 1.0 0.27 0.6 17.6 4.1 26 2.92 6.9 9.74 0.15 0.03 9.5 8

SP-05-2-3A 2005 48.49626 -92.88962 high 5.32 1.57 1.42 1.49 0.36 1.93 0.02 0.14 <1 4 622 1.4 0.21 0.4 17.2 4.3 36 1.78 7.0 13.00 <0.02 0.03 9.2 10

SP-05-3-1A 2005 48.49990 -92.88320 high 3.49 1.23 0.98 0.91 0.31 1.17 0.06 0.08 <1 2 347 0.8 0.11 0.3 13.2 3.3 23 1.34 4.5 7.76 0.09 <0.02 7.4 8

SP-05-3-2A 2005 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 4.06 0.94 1.62 0.92 0.31 1.02 0.04 0.14 <1 4 464 1.2 0.24 0.4 22.5 6.1 31 1.92 13.8 10.70 0.06 0.02 12.5 12

SP-05-3-3A 2005 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 3.81 1.19 1.22 0.98 0.32 1.12 0.07 0.12 <1 4 413 0.8 0.18 0.2 16.2 4.1 28 1.71 9.8 9.09 0.09 <0.02 8.8 9

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity
Appendix 4—A Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 26

26

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La Li 

(wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-05-4-1A 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 1.16 0.44 0.56 0.30 0.13 0.18 0.13 0.05 <1 3 164 0.4 0.14 0.5 9.5 3.4 11 0.30 5.4 2.80 0.26 <0.02 5.6 3

SP-05-4-1A dup. 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 1.38 0.46 0.61 0.36 0.15 0.23 0.15 0.05 <1 4 188 0.6 0.16 0.5 11.3 3.8 12 0.49 6.9 3.43 0.26 <0.02 6.3 3

SP-05-4-2A 2005 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 2.22 0.41 0.84 0.49 0.17 0.45 0.06 0.08 <1 4 201 0.7 0.26 0.3 13.7 1.5 17 0.40 6.1 6.45 0.18 <0.02 7.4 5

SP-05-4-3A 2005 48.49830 -92.89090 high 4.90 1.89 1.48 1.50 0.36 1.67 0.03 0.13 <1 6 573 1.3 0.23 0.7 19.5 5.0 29 1.75 9.9 11.70 <0.02 0.03 9.9 9

SP-05-5-1A 2005 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 3.96 1.27 1.19 1.10 0.34 1.33 0.06 0.09 <1 2 513 1.0 0.29 0.4 13.4 4.2 22 1.35 4.4 8.58 0.11 <0.02 6.8 9

SP-05-5-2A 2005 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 4.22 1.41 1.02 1.20 0.28 1.56 0.04 0.09 <1 2 477 1.0 0.12 0.2 11.8 3.2 22 1.58 3.4 9.64 0.08 <0.02 6.3 6

SP-05-5-3A 2005 48.50060 -92.88840 high 4.00 1.52 1.06 1.08 0.29 1.36 0.05 0.10 <1 4 666 1.1 0.21 0.6 16.6 3.4 24 1.73 6.8 9.48 0.11 0.03 8.9 6

SP-05-6-1A 2005 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 3.86 0.89 1.66 0.93 0.37 0.91 0.07 0.14 <1 4 512 1.8 0.35 0.4 20.1 5.8 33 3.49 10.4 10.80 0.17 0.03 10.4 13

SP-05-6-2A 2005 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 2.48 1.61 1.02 0.59 0.22 0.46 0.05 0.08 <1 4 598 0.5 0.14 0.4 15.9 3.4 18 0.46 9.3 7.09 0.06 0.02 8.8 6

SP-05-6-3A 2005 48.50180 -92.89100 high 4.25 1.40 1.00 1.25 0.24 1.51 0.02 0.12 <1 3 511 1.0 0.17 0.3 15.3 2.6 22 0.69 7.4 11.00 <0.02 0.02 8.2 6

SP-05-7-1A 2005 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 1.21 0.59 0.57 0.36 0.14 0.24 0.14 0.04 <1 4 229 0.4 0.11 0.2 9.1 1.6 13 0.84 5.9 2.90 0.38 <0.02 5.0 3

SP-05-7-2A 2005 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 2.49 0.49 1.33 0.51 0.20 0.35 0.10 0.07 <1 5 355 1.2 0.28 0.4 23.0 9.3 22 2.35 12.5 5.54 0.32 0.03 13.5 8

SP-05-7-3A 2005 48.50480 -92.89560 high 4.90 1.91 1.48 1.42 0.39 1.71 0.03 0.12 <1 3 556 1.2 0.24 0.3 20.1 5.0 31 2.53 8.6 11.60 0.02 0.03 10.9 10

SP-05-8-1A 2005 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 3.04 0.87 1.15 0.78 0.30 0.84 0.08 0.09 <1 3 409 0.7 0.20 0.4 13.9 5.8 22 1.44 5.7 7.42 0.15 0.02 7.6 8

SP-05-8-2A 2005 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 4.01 0.48 1.55 0.84 0.37 0.61 0.05 0.15 <1 3 471 1.4 0.26 0.3 33.3 5.8 33 1.61 14.9 11.10 0.09 0.03 19.0 11

SP-05-8-3A 2005 48.50180 -92.87250 high 3.87 0.97 1.60 0.84 0.37 1.01 0.06 0.14 <1 4 320 1.1 0.22 0.5 15.5 5.0 33 1.72 10.6 10.20 0.10 0.03 9.5 12

SP-05-9-1A 2005 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 3.35 1.44 0.91 1.04 0.35 1.10 0.09 0.09 <1 2 696 0.9 0.18 0.7 14.3 7.2 25 3.29 5.9 8.59 0.12 0.06 8.1 7

SP-05-9-2A 2005 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 2.56 1.32 0.94 0.77 0.35 0.64 0.11 0.10 <1 2 592 0.8 0.18 0.5 16.1 12.5 22 1.32 9.5 6.83 0.14 0.02 9.1 6

SP-05-9-3A 2005 48.50130 -92.87270 high 4.00 2.03 1.45 1.11 0.38 1.08 0.05 0.13 <1 4 940 1.0 0.32 1.2 21.5 9.8 32 3.04 15.4 10.70 0.05 0.04 11.7 10

SP-05-10-1A 2005 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 4.78 1.44 1.98 0.90 0.48 1.42 0.06 0.17 <1 5 775 1.1 0.27 0.8 20.1 9.0 53 3.07 10.3 13.20 0.13 0.04 11.1 15

SP-05-10-2A 2005 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 3.88 1.04 1.16 1.04 0.31 1.22 0.05 0.11 <1 4 476 1.0 0.26 0.4 18.0 3.9 24 1.60 5.1 9.55 0.14 0.03 10.0 8

SP-05-10-3A 2005 48.50180 -92.88450 high 4.41 1.18 1.02 1.28 0.23 1.55 0.02 0.11 <1 3 557 1.2 0.26 0.5 16.7 2.7 21 0.68 7.1 10.70 0.02 0.02 9.1 5

SP-05-10-3A dup. 2005 48.50180 -92.88450 high 4.60 1.28 1.14 1.33 0.25 1.59 0.02 0.13 <1 3 585 1.1 0.21 0.5 18.9 3.4 26 1.42 8.8 11.40 <0.02 0.03 10.2 6

SP-06 1-1A 2006 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 5.53 1.40 1.24 1.40 0.35 1.83 0.02 0.13 <1 4 492 0.9 0.11 0.3 12.9 4.7 32 <5 11.0 11.10 0.03 0.02 7.2 10

SP-06 1-2A 2006 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 4.79 1.43 1.12 1.25 0.38 1.54 0.05 0.12 <1 2 445 0.8 0.12 0.4 13.6 4.5 31 <5 10.8 9.50 0.04 <0.02 7.2 10

SP-06 1-3A 2006 48.49508 -92.88588 high 5.25 1.21 0.92 1.44 0.25 1.73 0.02 0.15 <1 3 461 1.0 0.07 0.2 14.9 3.1 25 <5 6.9 11.10 0.03 <0.02 8.6 6

SP-06 2-1A 2006 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 3.42 1.13 1.15 0.92 0.31 0.78 0.10 0.14 <1 6 577 0.8 0.16 0.5 20.0 11.4 32 <5 12.5 8.09 0.20 0.03 11.2 8

SP-06 2-2A 2006 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 4.93 1.64 1.40 1.31 0.38 1.41 0.05 0.16 <1 5 803 1.1 0.24 0.9 20.8 6.9 34 <5 11.1 10.80 0.10 0.03 11.1 12

SP-06 2-3A 2006 48.49626 -92.88962 high 6.44 1.48 1.70 1.68 0.42 2.08 0.01 0.20 <1 7 547 1.2 0.16 0.3 17.5 5.5 44 <5 10.1 14.20 <0.02 0.02 9.9 13

SP-06 3-1A 2006 48.49990 -92.88320 high 5.31 1.41 1.23 1.37 0.36 1.77 0.03 0.14 <1 4 473 1.1 0.08 0.4 15.4 5.3 35 <5 9.1 11.00 0.04 <0.02 8.3 10

SP-06 3-2A 2006 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 4.72 0.95 1.40 1.01 0.29 1.15 0.04 0.18 <1 4 441 1.0 0.18 0.4 20.9 5.8 34 <5 14.9 11.50 0.05 0.02 11.8 10

SP-06 3-3A 2006 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 4.42 1.28 1.19 1.12 0.28 1.24 0.06 0.17 <1 4 450 0.8 0.11 0.2 14.8 5.1 30 <5 12.5 10.80 0.07 0.02 8.3 9

SP-06 3-3A dup 2006 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 4.26 1.27 1.17 1.23 0.28 1.37 0.06 0.16 <1 4 446 0.8 0.26 0.3 17.9 6.2 37 <5 15.5 10.80 0.07 0.03 9.7 10

SP-06 4-1A 2006 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 4.62 1.05 1.43 1.15 0.39 1.21 0.07 0.17 <1 4 438 0.9 0.13 0.4 22.0 18.2 35 <5 11.6 11.10 0.11 0.03 12.4 10

SP-06 4-2A 2006 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 3.35 0.67 0.90 0.73 0.18 0.75 0.08 0.11 <1 6 239 1.2 0.26 0.5 17.4 2.7 19 <5 11.1 9.91 0.13 0.03 9.9 5

SP-06 4-3A 2006 48.49830 -92.89090 high 5.76 1.39 1.46 1.65 0.35 1.85 0.02 0.14 <1 5 448 1.2 0.08 0.5 15.1 5.3 33 <5 11.2 13.40 <0.02 0.02 8.0 9

SP-06 5-1A 2006 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 4.10 1.36 1.13 1.23 0.30 1.35 0.07 0.11 <1 4 623 0.9 0.24 0.7 16.6 6.3 33 <5 6.9 9.05 0.13 0.03 8.3 11

SP-06 5-2A 2006 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 5.66 1.33 1.09 1.62 0.31 1.97 0.02 0.13 <1 3 430 1.1 <0.04 0.1 11.4 3.8 30 <5 5.9 12.50 0.03 <0.02 6.1 9

SP-06 5-3A 2006 48.50060 -92.88840 high 3.56 1.29 1.08 0.87 0.27 0.98 0.09 0.10 <1 7 497 1.0 0.15 0.5 13.1 4.4 25 <5 8.1 8.09 0.19 0.02 7.3 7

SP-06 6-1A 2006 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 4.65 1.09 0.97 1.09 0.29 1.41 0.04 0.12 <1 5 403 1.2 0.12 0.3 13.6 4.6 29 <5 8.9 10.10 0.09 <0.02 7.7 7

SP-06 6-2A 2006 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 4.34 1.24 1.42 1.10 0.30 1.02 0.04 0.16 <1 7 649 1.1 0.28 0.8 19.9 6.7 32 <5 16.5 11.10 0.07 0.04 11.0 10

SP-06 6-3A 2006 48.50180 -92.89100 high 5.00 1.41 1.06 1.43 0.23 1.54 0.02 0.17 <1 5 542 1.1 0.13 0.4 16.5 3.1 27 <5 12.9 11.90 <0.02 0.03 9.2 7

SP-06 6-3A dup 2006 48.50180 -92.89100 high 4.93 1.41 1.00 1.43 0.22 1.56 0.02 0.15 <1 5 573 1.1 0.12 0.5 15.9 2.9 23 <5 14.4 11.60 <0.02 0.02 8.9 7
Appendix 4—A Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 27

27

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La Li 

(wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-06 7-1A 2006 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 2.50 0.40 1.01 0.57 0.18 0.44 0.12 0.09 <1 6 234 0.7 0.08 0.3 17.9 3.5 22 <5 9.5 5.99 0.24 0.02 10.8 5

SP-06 7-2A 2006 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 3.47 0.68 1.47 0.69 0.26 0.61 0.09 0.12 <1 9 359 1.4 0.21 0.4 23.5 11.8 29 <5 12.3 7.67 0.24 0.03 13.7 11

SP-06 7-3A 2006 48.50480 -92.89560 high 5.37 1.90 1.46 1.50 0.37 1.58 0.03 0.14 <1 6 594 1.3 0.20 0.6 20.0 6.3 30 <5 18.6 11.80 0.02 0.03 10.7 11

SP-06 8-1A 2006 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 5.36 1.05 1.24 1.31 0.32 1.60 0.02 0.17 <1 5 499 1.1 0.19 0.4 18.2 8.5 30 <5 11.4 12.30 0.04 0.03 9.6 10

SP-06 8-2A 2006 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 4.38 0.63 1.74 1.00 0.37 0.70 0.07 0.19 <1 6 472 1.2 0.23 0.6 31.6 9.4 38 <5 22.8 11.10 0.09 0.04 18.6 11

SP-06 8-2A dup 2006 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 4.18 0.60 1.66 0.97 0.36 0.68 0.07 0.18 <1 7 457 1.5 0.23 0.6 32.8 9.2 36 <5 22.2 10.30 0.10 0.03 18.5 10

SP-06 8-3A 2006 48.50180 -92.87250 high 5.42 1.19 1.47 1.25 0.33 1.45 0.03 0.23 <1 6 465 1.2 0.21 0.3 21.8 3.7 36 <5 33.4 14.50 0.04 0.03 11.9 10

SP-06 9-1A 2006 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 3.40 1.28 0.81 0.97 0.30 0.93 0.09 0.10 <1 4 654 0.9 0.12 0.7 16.2 7.7 22 <5 8.8 7.70 0.13 0.02 9.6 6

SP-06 9-2A 2006 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 3.43 1.16 1.04 0.88 0.32 0.81 0.10 0.12 <1 6 623 0.9 0.16 0.6 18.4 18.4 27 <5 14.1 7.99 0.15 0.03 10.2 7

SP-06 9-3A 2006 48.50130 -92.87270 high 4.81 1.20 1.34 1.15 0.31 1.33 0.03 0.17 <1 5 586 1.3 0.26 0.8 18.6 6.6 33 <5 13.0 11.80 0.05 0.03 10.2 10

SP-06 10-1A 2006 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 4.97 1.59 1.83 1.18 0.50 1.22 0.07 0.18 <1 6 641 0.9 0.19 1.0 20.2 8.1 38 <5 11.8 11.60 0.13 0.03 10.7 17

SP-06 10-2A 2006 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 5.21 1.43 1.50 1.29 0.41 1.37 0.04 0.16 <1 7 610 1.2 0.22 0.9 20.6 7.7 35 <5 10.8 11.10 0.11 0.03 11.3 15

SP-06 10-3A 2006 48.50180 -92.88450 high 4.90 1.22 1.02 1.36 0.23 1.48 0.02 0.15 <1 5 555 1.2 0.15 0.8 17.0 3.3 24 <5 10.1 10.20 0.03 0.03 9.4 7

*Because of analytical laboratory issues, Cs detection limits in 2004 and 2005 were 0.05 ppm and 5 ppm in 2006.
Appendix 4—A Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 28

28

SP-04-1-1A 2004 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned

SP-04-1-2A 2004 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium

SP-04-1-3A 2004 48.49508 -92.88588 high

SP-04-2-1A 2004 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned

SP-04-2-2A 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium

SP-04-2-2A dup 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium

SP-04-2-3A 2004 48.49626 -92.88962 high

SP-04-3-1A 2004 48.49990 -92.88320 high

SP-04-3-2A 2004 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium

SP-04-3-3A 2004 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned

SP-04-4-1A 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-04-4-2A 2004 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium

SP-04-4-3A 2004 48.49830 -92.89090 high

SP-04-5-1A 2004 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned

SP-04-5-2A 2004 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium

SP-04-5-3A 2004 48.50060 -92.88840 high

SP-04-6-1A 2004 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned

SP-04-6-2A 2004 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium

SP-04-6-3A 2004 48.50180 -92.89100 high

SP-04-7-1A 2004 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned

SP-04-7-2A 2004 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium

SP-04-7-3A 2004 48.50480 -92.89560 high

SP-04-8-1A 2004 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned

SP-04-8-2A 2004 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium

SP-04-8-3A 2004 48.50180 -92.87250 high

SP-04-9-1A 2004 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned

SP-04-9-1A dup 2004 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned

SP-04-9-2A 2004 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium

SP-04-9-3A 2004 48.50130 -92.87270 high

SP-04-10-1A 2004 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned

SP-04-10-2A 2004 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium

SP-04-10-3A 2004 48.50180 -92.88450 high

SP-04-10-3A dup 2004 48.50180 -92.88450 high

SP-05-1-1A 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned

SP-05-1-1A dup 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned

SP-05-1-2A 2005 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium

SP-05-1-3A 2005 48.49508 -92.88588 high

SP-05-2-1A 2005 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned

SP-05-2-2A 2005 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium

SP-05-2-3A 2005 48.49626 -92.88962 high

SP-05-3-1A 2005 48.49990 -92.88320 high

SP-05-3-2A 2005 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium

SP-05-3-3A 2005 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

406 0.28 4.8 13.8 460 21.6 77.3 0.20 5.1 1.5 264 <0.1 4.4 0.3 1.1 42 0.4 5.8 34 0.2 3.98

578 0.24 3.6 10.9 570 25.8 69.1 0.24 4.6 1.4 230 <0.1 2.6 0.2 0.9 31 0.3 4.6 37 0.3 8.48

727 0.58 4.5 15.5 790 33.1 77.5 0.36 5.0 1.8 246 <0.1 3.0 0.3 1.0 49 0.4 5.2 58 0.3 8.44

2960 0.59 3.3 8.6 900 52.2 50.0 0.61 4.0 1.5 171 <0.1 3.0 0.4 0.9 31 0.4 5.5 52 0.5 23.60

1350 0.44 4.1 8.9 630 38.2 70.2 0.45 4.7 2.8 213 <0.1 3.3 0.4 1.0 34 0.7 6.2 61 0.4 13.30

1370 0.47 4.2 10.2 630 39.5 76.2 0.49 4.8 1.2 222 <0.1 3.2 0.5 1.0 37 0.4 5.6 63 0.4 12.10

764 0.53 4.7 16.7 1,200 60.0 81.3 1.01 5.8 3.4 282 <0.1 3.9 0.6 1.3 47 0.7 7.4 64 0.8 5.52

388 0.25 3.7 12.0 330 24.4 73.1 0.21 5.0 1.4 243 <0.1 3.1 0.4 0.9 37 0.5 5.1 27 <0.2 4.65

254 1.00 7.4 16.8 320 38.9 58.6 0.46 6.2 3.0 202 <0.1 5.0 0.4 6.3 75 0.7 6.7 50 0.4 3.69

411 0.69 3.3 12.3 620 40.1 35.6 0.60 3.3 2.3 128 <0.1 2.6 0.2 4.0 31 0.4 4.0 37 0.6 26.10

177 0.88 3.9 10.8 840 40.0 29.5 0.70 3.3 2.1 95 <0.1 2.8 0.2 1.1 37 0.5 3.9 41 0.5 27.80

132 0.43 2.4 6.1 830 33.5 29.3 0.58 3.3 1.6 126 <0.1 2.9 0.2 3.5 23 0.4 4.0 35 0.5 31.40

465 0.58 4.3 14.1 740 38.3 77.5 0.55 5.3 3.0 250 <0.1 3.9 0.4 1.2 48 0.4 5.6 69 0.5 3.08

434 0.18 3.4 7.8 330 19.5 82.5 0.19 4.3 1.5 237 <0.1 2.3 0.3 0.8 29 0.3 4.5 31 <0.2 6.24

286 0.22 3.3 8.5 250 20.2 70.2 0.19 4.6 1.2 251 <0.1 3.5 0.3 0.9 34 0.3 4.9 23 <0.2 4.45

1050 0.55 3.7 13.6 1,200 35.5 75.3 0.70 4.5 2.1 304 <0.1 2.9 0.4 1.0 41 0.5 6.5 103 0.6 7.51

3720 0.60 4.8 12.1 1,260 48.7 56.6 0.57 4.2 3.7 119 <0.1 3.6 0.4 1.4 43 0.7 5.1 121 0.5 20.80

1170 0.71 5.2 7.9 870 36.8 55.2 0.53 4.4 2.2 174 <0.1 3.4 0.4 1.2 43 0.6 5.3 78 0.4 12.40

924 0.65 4.8 12.0 1,190 50.1 71.5 0.79 4.9 2.4 257 <0.1 3.5 0.5 1.2 45 0.6 5.6 109 0.7 4.70

103 0.60 4.0 7.1 560 21.4 44.2 0.36 3.9 2.3 123 <0.1 2.6 0.3 12.8 33 0.4 4.3 19 0.6 20.60

245 0.78 4.6 15.5 860 35.4 44.6 0.59 4.6 2.7 106 <0.1 5.3 0.3 5.1 46 1.8 5.7 53 0.6 20.50

643 0.33 3.8 13.3 750 41.1 77.7 0.59 4.8 3.5 247 <0.1 3.1 0.5 1.0 36 0.4 5.8 40 0.4 6.11

1150 0.57 3.5 11.5 710 40.1 47.8 0.39 5.0 2.0 195 <0.1 3.0 0.2 1.0 38 0.4 5.2 64 0.4 16.00

248 0.72 7.4 17.9 660 28.9 63.6 0.29 6.6 2.1 162 <0.1 4.6 0.4 5.1 70 0.7 6.2 47 0.4 5.98

211 0.90 5.1 17.2 540 23.4 53.0 0.33 5.6 2.3 190 <0.1 4.6 0.3 2.1 60 0.5 5.2 41 0.5 8.21

1570 0.58 3.3 6.1 780 46.7 63.1 0.47 3.4 2.3 181 <0.1 2.7 0.2 0.8 24 0.4 4.3 76 0.5 20.10

1490 0.53 3.0 6.4 770 43.4 60.6 0.41 3.2 2.6 180 <0.1 2.4 0.2 0.8 23 0.4 4.1 75 0.4 19.80

1780 0.56 5.1 12.5 930 46.0 83.8 0.52 5.2 2.6 189 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1.2 41 0.7 6.0 48 0.5 14.70

1980 0.66 5.3 16.4 1,580 52.0 61.0 0.58 5.4 2.8 254 <0.1 5.2 0.4 1.3 53 0.7 5.9 139 0.5 8.68

4980 0.87 4.3 16.8 1,030 35.1 66.0 0.51 5.1 3.0 182 <0.1 3.8 0.4 1.1 46 0.7 6.0 131 0.6 12.40

1120 0.60 3.7 11.9 480 51.5 60.8 0.51 4.6 1.8 186 <0.1 3.1 0.4 1.0 36 0.4 5.9 46 0.5 15.60

549 0.36 4.8 9.5 480 54.6 67.3 0.57 4.8 1.4 228 <0.1 3.5 0.5 1.2 37 0.4 6.6 68 0.5 5.40

588 0.36 4.8 10.7 520 54.5 71.8 0.60 4.8 1.5 233 <0.1 3.5 0.5 1.2 39 0.5 6.7 73 0.6 6.14

412 0.30 3.2 7.7 560 28.2 52.7 0.30 3.5 1.4 205 <0.1 2.3 0.3 0.8 26 0.5 4.1 38 0.3 16.30

342 0.28 2.8 9.0 470 26.6 50.9 0.24 3.2 1.2 208 <0.1 2.2 0.2 0.8 23 0.7 4.8 31 0.3 13.20

993 0.43 2.9 8.1 710 33.5 56.5 0.31 3.2 1.9 188 <0.1 2.6 0.3 0.8 23 0.3 4.0 48 0.4 17.30

1390 0.48 4.0 12.7 740 31.4 70.9 0.29 4.2 0.9 218 <0.1 3.1 0.4 0.9 37 0.4 4.6 66 0.3 12.20

3450 0.81 4.3 12.5 860 51.9 63.9 0.65 4.8 1.3 173 <0.1 3.5 0.5 1.1 38 0.5 6.0 51 0.5 17.80

1600 0.65 4.2 10.2 820 60.8 67.0 0.60 4.3 2.1 198 <0.1 3.4 0.3 1.0 36 1.0 5.3 79 0.4 17.00

553 0.47 4.0 17.8 760 35.5 74.3 0.48 4.8 2.4 260 <0.1 3.6 0.3 1.1 41 0.4 5.7 46 0.4 3.40

619 0.28 2.6 9.8 620 19.8 51.4 0.23 3.4 3.2 169 <0.1 2.3 0.1 0.8 25 0.3 3.9 37 0.4 17.00

468 0.70 4.9 17.4 660 36.3 54.6 0.37 4.4 2.2 156 <0.1 3.7 0.2 7.0 45 0.5 5.8 62 0.7 16.30

378 0.51 4.0 14.6 440 27.3 55.0 0.28 4.1 2.6 173 <0.1 3.1 0.2 3.7 35 0.4 4.8 34 0.4 16.60
Appendix 4—A Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 29

29

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-05-4-1A 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-05-4-1A dup. 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-05-4-2A 2005 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium

SP-05-4-3A 2005 48.49830 -92.89090 high

SP-05-5-1A 2005 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned

SP-05-5-2A 2005 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium

SP-05-5-3A 2005 48.50060 -92.88840 high

SP-05-6-1A 2005 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned

SP-05-6-2A 2005 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium

SP-05-6-3A 2005 48.50180 -92.89100 high

SP-05-7-1A 2005 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned

SP-05-7-2A 2005 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium

SP-05-7-3A 2005 48.50480 -92.89560 high

SP-05-8-1A 2005 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned

SP-05-8-2A 2005 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium

SP-05-8-3A 2005 48.50180 -92.87250 high

SP-05-9-1A 2005 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned

SP-05-9-2A 2005 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium

SP-05-9-3A 2005 48.50130 -92.87270 high

SP-05-10-1A 2005 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned

SP-05-10-2A 2005 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium

SP-05-10-3A 2005 48.50180 -92.88450 high

SP-05-10-3A dup. 2005 48.50180 -92.88450 high

SP-06 1-1A 2006 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned

SP-06 1-2A 2006 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium

SP-06 1-3A 2006 48.49508 -92.88588 high

SP-06 2-1A 2006 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned

SP-06 2-2A 2006 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium

SP-06 2-3A 2006 48.49626 -92.88962 high

SP-06 3-1A 2006 48.49990 -92.88320 high

SP-06 3-2A 2006 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium

SP-06 3-3A 2006 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned

SP-06 3-3A dup 2006 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned

SP-06 4-1A 2006 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-06 4-2A 2006 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium

SP-06 4-3A 2006 48.49830 -92.89090 high

SP-06 5-1A 2006 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned

SP-06 5-2A 2006 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium

SP-06 5-3A 2006 48.50060 -92.88840 high

SP-06 6-1A 2006 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned

SP-06 6-2A 2006 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium

SP-06 6-3A 2006 48.50180 -92.89100 high

SP-06 6-3A dup 2006 48.50180 -92.89100 high

Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

97 0.49 1.7 7.1 830 32.4 16.8 0.48 1.7 1.6 57 <0.1 1.6 <0.1 0.6 15 0.3 2.3 30 0.7 39.60

96 0.59 1.9 7.8 910 35.2 19.6 0.74 2.0 3.4 65 <0.1 1.8 0.1 0.8 18 0.4 2.9 35 0.9 38.00

116 0.65 3.2 5.7 640 29.1 22.8 0.43 3.0 1.6 71 <0.1 2.3 0.1 2.1 26 0.4 3.3 29 0.6 23.70

607 0.50 4.1 16.4 850 189.0 74.1 2.96 4.9 2.6 247 <0.1 3.7 0.3 1.1 41 0.4 5.8 84 0.6 6.69

1140 0.27 2.7 11.6 750 29.9 58.1 0.26 3.7 2.0 193 <0.1 2.7 0.2 0.9 28 0.3 4.2 64 0.4 15.60

667 0.27 2.8 9.5 520 24.0 69.1 0.24 3.8 3.3 223 <0.1 2.4 0.2 0.8 26 0.3 4.5 48 0.3 10.90

672 0.51 3.5 11.2 650 41.5 64.2 0.56 4.1 1.6 231 <0.1 2.9 0.3 0.9 31 0.4 5.2 70 0.4 13.00

2570 0.67 5.0 14.0 1,110 42.5 58.0 0.61 4.8 4.0 135 <0.1 3.9 0.2 1.6 43 0.6 5.5 91 0.6 16.70

3050 0.53 3.2 10.4 1,390 40.2 38.6 0.54 3.1 1.9 135 <0.1 2.7 0.2 1.0 28 0.5 3.9 108 0.7 24.40

524 0.38 3.7 9.7 660 31.3 61.9 0.45 4.0 4.4 211 <0.1 3.0 0.3 1.0 31 0.4 5.0 68 0.4 4.07

63 0.37 1.5 6.4 810 24.1 21.4 0.49 1.7 1.9 71 <0.1 1.5 0.1 7.1 15 0.3 2.3 35 0.5 38.20

596 0.75 3.1 13.5 1,140 51.4 37.2 0.75 3.3 2.6 76 <0.1 3.1 0.2 7.1 29 0.5 5.2 83 0.8 30.70

844 0.37 4.1 14.7 2,060 45.5 82.7 0.57 4.7 2.3 239 <0.1 3.6 0.4 1.1 39 0.5 6.1 69 0.5 8.41

1100 0.62 3.0 8.7 970 43.3 49.7 0.43 3.2 1.8 142 <0.1 2.5 0.3 0.9 31 0.4 3.8 69 0.5 22.90

160 0.67 5.4 15.9 1,150 37.3 59.5 0.39 5.6 3.3 108 <0.1 4.1 0.3 9.7 47 0.6 6.6 48 0.7 17.20

264 0.90 4.8 16.2 860 32.0 50.4 0.38 4.4 1.5 160 <0.1 3.1 0.3 1.6 47 0.6 4.4 62 0.8 17.00

2380 0.48 3.0 10.9 900 37.0 67.5 0.32 3.3 2.1 214 <0.1 2.1 0.3 0.8 27 0.3 3.8 133 0.3 18.10

2130 0.57 3.4 11.3 1,020 41.4 58.0 0.45 3.5 1.9 172 <0.1 2.7 0.3 0.8 29 0.4 4.8 109 0.6 25.80

3580 0.64 4.7 17.1 1,770 65.6 68.3 0.61 4.4 4.0 231 <0.1 3.7 0.5 1.2 42 0.6 5.2 234 0.6 15.70

3930 1.06 5.1 23.3 1,130 42.7 67.0 0.55 5.5 4.5 216 <0.1 3.6 0.5 1.3 56 0.8 6.1 142 0.4 10.70

713 0.62 3.7 9.8 500 47.4 61.5 0.54 4.3 2.0 173 <0.1 3.6 0.3 1.0 33 0.4 5.1 48 0.6 16.10

354 0.31 3.7 8.4 410 38.4 62.9 0.40 4.0 4.3 202 <0.1 2.8 0.4 1.1 31 0.4 5.1 48 0.6 9.78

420 0.41 4.0 11.7 460 40.9 66.3 0.40 4.5 1.9 212 <0.1 2.9 0.3 1.1 32 0.4 5.7 51 0.5 9.88

533 0.34 3.3 15.2 520 27.5 77.2 0.27 4.2 1.0 254 <0.1 3.4 0.4 0.9 33 0.3 5.0 45 0.2 5.94

864 0.36 2.9 16.9 690 23.2 71.8 0.19 4.0 0.8 226 <0.1 3.5 0.3 0.9 30 0.3 4.7 48 0.2 9.86

560 0.38 3.5 12.8 320 24.1 67.1 0.26 3.6 0.9 235 <0.1 2.8 0.4 1.0 30 0.4 4.8 29 <0.2 4.73

1160 0.75 3.9 14.8 1,080 42.5 50.4 0.65 4.5 1.6 161 <0.1 3.3 0.4 1.0 37 0.5 5.3 63 0.6 21.50

2890 0.70 4.1 14.8 900 53.7 85.0 0.55 5.1 1.5 233 <0.1 3.8 0.6 1.1 39 0.5 6.7 104 0.4 12.10

340 0.46 4.5 19.4 530 26.2 75.8 0.45 5.7 1.6 274 <0.1 3.8 0.4 1.1 51 0.4 6.8 31 0.4 1.81

1070 0.46 3.4 14.0 590 25.9 78.5 0.25 4.6 0.9 235 <0.1 4.4 0.4 1.0 34 0.3 5.6 41 0.3 7.80

387 0.77 4.7 17.2 460 35.0 52.7 0.36 4.7 1.3 174 <0.1 3.3 0.3 5.4 45 0.5 5.8 51 0.5 14.30

708 0.77 4.1 14.2 480 32.1 64.0 0.33 4.3 1.1 195 <0.1 2.8 0.4 3.7 40 0.4 5.2 48 0.4 12.70

641 0.92 4.3 15.0 420 35.7 69.1 0.40 3.9 1.1 179 <0.1 3.3 0.4 3.7 38 0.5 5.6 46 0.4 13.20

2290 1.07 4.2 11.9 770 33.9 63.5 0.41 5.7 1.3 190 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1.7 45 0.5 5.9 52 0.4 14.60

260 0.91 4.3 7.5 1,060 34.2 36.8 0.53 4.5 1.8 107 <0.1 3.4 0.3 6.7 27 0.6 5.4 42 0.6 22.30

494 0.44 3.3 17.2 630 22.7 78.6 0.30 5.3 1.0 244 <0.1 5.0 0.4 1.0 38 0.3 5.2 53 0.5 4.82

1680 0.74 3.2 15.8 720 44.7 72.4 0.43 3.6 1.0 193 <0.1 3.3 0.4 0.9 29 0.4 5.3 86 0.4 15.20

389 0.29 3.0 11.1 220 18.0 86.4 0.24 4.9 0.8 254 <0.1 3.3 0.4 0.8 30 0.2 5.1 23 <0.2 3.30

546 0.65 2.9 11.5 660 41.3 53.1 0.57 4.1 1.3 182 <0.1 2.4 0.4 0.8 31 0.3 4.7 50 0.6 22.30

1110 0.50 3.1 11.1 530 30.3 58.8 0.38 4.6 1.1 202 <0.1 2.7 0.4 0.9 30 2.1 5.1 46 0.3 11.40

2800 0.88 4.5 15.0 1,200 50.5 70.8 0.57 5.4 1.7 187 <0.1 3.8 0.5 1.3 43 0.6 6.4 120 0.7 14.20

757 0.56 3.8 8.7 750 35.4 65.1 0.40 4.9 1.2 230 <0.1 3.2 0.4 1.1 34 0.4 5.7 65 0.4 5.77

805 0.50 3.7 9.6 820 35.1 63.3 0.48 4.3 1.3 230 <0.1 3.2 0.4 1.1 34 0.4 5.6 75 0.4 5.85
Appendix 4—A Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 30

30

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-06 7-1A 2006 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned

SP-06 7-2A 2006 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium

SP-06 7-3A 2006 48.50480 -92.89560 high

SP-06 8-1A 2006 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned

SP-06 8-2A 2006 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium

SP-06 8-2A dup 2006 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium

SP-06 8-3A 2006 48.50180 -92.87250 high

SP-06 9-1A 2006 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned

SP-06 9-2A 2006 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium

SP-06 9-3A 2006 48.50130 -92.87270 high

SP-06 10-1A 2006 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned

SP-06 10-2A 2006 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium

SP-06 10-3A 2006 48.50180 -92.88450 high

Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

99 0.80 2.6 9.4 1,170 22.4 32.3 0.41 3.8 0.9 77 <0.1 2.3 0.2 24.9 26 0.3 4.7 26 0.5 28.60

527 0.90 3.3 16.8 1,100 33.0 45.2 0.75 5.0 1.3 108 <0.1 3.4 0.4 6.1 36 0.5 6.2 61 0.8 24.20

1350 0.48 3.7 17.3 1,560 51.3 80.3 0.56 5.6 1.5 240 <0.1 3.4 0.5 1.0 40 0.4 6.8 79 0.6 8.05

2770 0.65 3.9 13.3 470 27.7 61.1 0.36 5.0 1.1 226 <0.1 3.6 0.4 1.0 37 0.4 5.8 51 0.3 5.52

227 1.05 5.0 21.1 1,420 39.8 53.5 0.51 6.8 1.5 125 <0.1 4.1 0.4 10.5 53 0.5 7.2 49 0.6 16.90

219 1.03 5.0 19.5 1,420 38.4 53.1 0.53 6.1 1.5 120 <0.1 4.2 0.4 10.8 51 0.5 7.1 49 0.7 17.00

531 0.73 5.4 13.4 810 28.4 64.2 0.43 5.6 1.8 214 <0.1 3.9 0.4 1.8 47 0.5 6.6 53 0.3 5.85

1980 0.69 2.8 9.5 880 43.8 56.0 0.46 3.9 1.3 195 <0.1 2.7 0.3 0.8 26 0.3 4.5 99 0.4 18.10

3230 0.75 3.2 14.6 960 40.9 54.7 0.58 4.5 1.2 172 <0.1 2.9 0.4 0.9 33 0.4 5.2 83 0.7 20.60

1660 0.63 4.6 14.0 760 44.9 63.5 0.44 5.3 1.5 209 <0.1 3.5 0.4 1.1 41 0.4 6.4 113 0.4 10.10

3860 0.86 4.3 16.6 1,110 42.0 64.6 0.50 5.9 1.2 203 <0.1 4.1 0.4 1.1 46 0.5 6.7 150 0.5 11.80

2460 0.96 4.2 15.1 590 44.4 73.7 0.52 5.5 1.3 206 <0.1 3.8 0.5 1.2 43 0.5 6.5 67 0.5 11.40

639 0.47 3.6 9.7 380 42.8 61.8 0.42 4.4 1.3 207 <0.1 3.1 0.5 1.1 31 0.5 5.9 58 0.4 9.33
Appendix 5—B Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 31

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La Li 

(wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

SP-04-1-1B 2004 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 6.13 1.20 1.84 1.54 0.47 2.10 0.01 0.19 <1 2 425 1.4 0.15 <0.1 15.6 8.7 47 2.24 6.9 13.4 0.02 0.02 8.3 23

SP-04-1-2B 2004 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 6.33 1.24 1.69 1.57 0.42 2.17 0.01 0.17 <1 2 421 1.3 0.17 <0.1 16.1 6.1 42 2.30 7.7 13.1 0.02 <0.02 8.4 20

SP-04-1-3B 2004 48.49508 -92.88588 high 6.27 1.23 1.85 1.49 0.42 2.01 0.02 0.21 <1 4 421 1.4 0.26 0.1 17.2 6.4 47 3.21 34.8 14.1 0.03 0.03 9.2 19

SP-04-2-1B 2004 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 6.22 1.31 1.68 1.80 0.56 2.02 0.02 0.22 <1 3 525 1.2 0.13 <0.1 20.3 7.8 48 2.14 8.9 13.4 0.05 0.03 10.6 13

SP-04-2-2B 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 6.00 1.27 1.64 1.62 0.41 2.01 0.02 0.20 <1 2 450 1.1 0.14 <0.1 17.5 5.0 38 1.58 6.2 13.5 0.03 0.02 9.5 16

SP-04-2-3B 2004 48.49626 -92.88962 high 6.17 1.22 1.47 1.69 0.35 2.22 0.01 0.18 <1 2 415 1.3 0.41 <0.1 15.8 4.2 33 1.61 5.7 13.7 <0.02 <0.02 8.4 14

SP-04-3-1B 2004 48.49990 -92.88320 high 6.30 1.27 1.50 1.65 0.40 2.26 0.01 0.16 <1 2 417 1.3 0.19 <0.1 15.4 5.0 35 1.52 5.8 12.3 0.02 <0.02 8.2 16

SP-04-3-2B 2004 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 6.15 0.99 2.26 1.41 0.42 1.60 0.02 0.27 <1 4 434 1.0 0.26 <0.1 26.3 6.4 49 1.44 17.3 15.0 0.03 0.03 14.4 18

SP-04-3-3B 2004 48.49950 -92.88430 low/ub 5.39 1.04 1.36 1.45 0.27 1.81 0.01 0.20 <1 3 386 1.0 0.17 <0.1 15.8 3.5 31 0.67 8.5 13.2 0.03 <0.02 8.6 10

SP-04-4-1B 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 5.69 0.83 1.96 1.49 0.45 1.36 0.02 0.25 <1 3 458 1.0 0.21 0.1 22.1 6.8 46 1.04 13.6 14.5 0.05 0.03 12.7 18

SP-04-4-1B dup 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 5.61 0.85 1.89 1.43 0.45 1.35 0.03 0.24 <1 3 452 1.0 0.23 0.1 22.4 6.3 44 2.39 15.5 14.2 0.04 0.03 12.5 17

SP-04-4-3B 2004 48.49830 -92.89090 high 6.19 1.18 1.65 1.71 0.41 2.02 0.02 0.18 <1 3 423 1.1 0.14 <0.1 15.7 5.4 37 2.79 7.8 13.2 0.03 0.02 8.3 16

SP-04-5-1B 2004 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 6.17 1.28 1.42 1.83 0.38 2.24 0.01 0.16 <1 2 474 1.2 0.11 <0.1 13.6 4.4 29 3.24 5.4 12.8 0.03 <0.02 7.0 14

SP-04-5-2B 2004 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 6.10 1.28 1.32 1.73 0.32 2.30 0.01 0.15 <1 1 405 1.4 0.09 <0.1 14.1 4.0 26 2.05 5.3 12.0 <0.02 <0.02 7.4 11

SP-04-5-3B 2004 48.50060 -92.88840 high 6.04 1.31 1.33 1.58 0.35 2.22 0.02 0.17 <1 2 400 1.3 0.09 <0.1 13.7 4.2 31 3.74 4.6 12.5 <0.02 <0.02 7.3 12

SP-04-6-1B 2004 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 6.18 0.97 2.62 1.26 0.46 1.41 0.03 0.24 <1 4 424 1.7 0.47 <0.1 21.8 6.8 54 5.67 24.2 14.6 0.07 0.03 11.8 28

SP-04-6-2B 2004 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 5.96 0.92 2.38 1.46 0.37 1.58 0.03 0.23 <1 4 420 1.1 0.35 <0.1 17.7 5.5 42 2.44 10.5 16.2 0.05 0.03 9.8 23

SP-04-6-3B 2004 48.50180 -92.89100 high 5.61 1.13 1.10 1.51 0.24 1.98 0.01 0.18 <1 2 418 1.2 0.13 <0.1 12.7 2.6 26 1.34 5.9 12.6 0.02 <0.02 6.8 8

SP-04-6-3B dup 2004 48.50180 -92.89100 high 5.51 1.11 1.09 1.48 0.25 1.96 0.01 0.18 <1 2 400 1.1 0.15 <0.1 15.2 2.8 26 1.72 6.0 12.5 0.02 <0.02 8.1 8

SP-04-7-1B 2004 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 6.17 0.97 1.68 1.68 0.42 1.77 0.02 0.23 <1 3 445 1.2 0.23 <0.1 19.8 4.9 44 2.46 13.7 15.4 0.03 0.02 10.8 15

SP-04-7-2B 2004 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 6.85 0.75 3.83 1.14 0.48 1.26 0.04 0.24 <1 5 438 2.2 0.39 <0.1 24.2 28.5 67 6.62 31.3 14.8 0.08 0.04 13.4 55

SP-04-7-3B 2004 48.50480 -92.89560 high 6.15 1.27 1.23 1.72 0.31 2.38 0.01 0.13 <1 2 407 1.4 0.15 0.1 12.4 4.1 28 1.60 5.0 12.1 0.02 <0.02 6.4 11

SP-04-8-1B 2004 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 5.93 1.16 1.83 1.33 0.45 1.83 0.02 0.20 <1 3 476 1.3 0.26 0.2 16.9 7.2 46 1.85 11.3 13.1 0.05 0.03 8.7 18

SP-04-8-2B 2004 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 6.60 0.91 2.44 1.68 0.63 1.45 0.02 0.29 <1 4 551 1.2 0.22 <0.1 28.8 9.0 62 3.07 17.0 16.4 0.03 0.04 15.0 24

SP-04-8-2B dup 2004 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 6.74 0.94 2.45 1.73 0.63 1.50 0.02 0.29 <1 4 565 1.0 0.22 <0.1 27.6 9.5 69 3.68 18.1 16.1 0.03 0.03 14.3 25

SP-04-8-3B 2004 48.50180 -92.87250 high 6.69 1.06 2.41 1.35 0.51 1.78 0.03 0.22 <1 4 396 1.5 0.23 <0.1 17.5 8.5 66 2.90 15.4 14.9 0.07 0.03 9.8 27

SP-04-9-1B 2004 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 5.79 1.15 1.11 1.69 0.31 2.03 0.01 0.18 <1 2 472 1.1 0.13 <0.1 16.7 4.1 28 1.59 3.9 11.8 0.02 0.02 9.7 11

SP-04-9-2B 2004 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 6.09 1.12 1.68 1.83 0.49 1.80 0.02 0.26 <1 3 550 1.2 0.17 <0.1 25.1 7.4 47 2.00 6.8 13.8 0.03 0.03 13.9 16

SP-04-9-3B 2004 48.50130 -92.87270 high 6.87 1.21 2.57 1.28 0.63 1.95 0.02 0.22 <1 4 369 1.4 0.28 <0.1 17.3 8.1 63 2.76 13.1 14.7 0.04 0.03 9.8 31

SP-04-10-1B 2004 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 6.42 1.30 2.37 1.41 0.51 1.85 0.02 0.24 <1 3 686 1.3 0.21 0.3 21.3 9.7 53 3.71 12.6 15.1 0.06 0.03 11.0 24

SP-04-10-2B 2004 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 6.50 1.26 1.85 1.62 0.47 2.17 0.02 0.21 <1 2 458 1.2 0.17 <0.1 15.8 6.0 43 2.52 6.6 14.0 0.03 0.02 8.4 20

SP-04-10-3B 2004 48.50180 -92.88450 high 5.70 1.19 1.25 1.60 0.34 2.04 0.01 0.19 1 2 448 1.2 0.11 <0.1 15.8 3.9 31 1.72 8.2 12.5 0.02 <0.02 8.5 11

SP-05-1-1B 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 5.06 1.05 0.71 1.51 0.21 2.03 <0.01 0.11 <1 1 417 1.4 0.06 0.2 14.7 2.0 10 0.81 1.6 11.5 <0.02 <0.02 8.0 5

SP-05-1-2B 2005 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 5.36 1.12 1.14 1.55 0.32 2.03 0.01 0.12 <1 2 417 1.5 0.13 <0.1 14.4 3.3 20 1.82 3.0 13.5 <0.02 <0.02 7.6 10

SP-05-1-3B 2005 48.49508 -92.88588 high 5.43 1.09 1.49 1.44 0.38 1.85 0.01 0.16 <1 2 451 1.3 0.14 <0.1 18.1 4.6 30 1.99 4.5 14.5 0.03 0.02 10.2 12

SP-05-2-1B 2005 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 5.68 1.14 1.87 1.67 0.59 1.86 0.01 0.18 <1 2 523 1.3 0.12 <0.1 23.0 7.6 34 1.26 4.9 14.8 0.03 0.03 11.9 13

SP-05-2-2B 2005 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 5.37 1.20 1.05 1.53 0.31 2.07 0.01 0.14 <1 1 432 1.3 0.10 <0.1 25.3 2.9 16 0.78 3.8 13.3 0.03 <0.02 13.0 7

SP-05-2-3B 2005 48.49626 -92.88962 high 5.80 1.18 1.73 1.54 0.41 2.11 0.01 0.15 <1 2 396 1.3 0.15 <0.1 16.0 4.6 28 1.30 3.6 14.8 <0.02 <0.02 8.6 16

SP-05-2-3B dup 2005 48.49626 -92.88962 high 6.37 1.30 1.79 1.63 0.43 2.29 0.01 0.16 <1 2 409 1.4 0.17 <0.1 15.0 4.2 24 2.95 3.5 15.8 <0.02 <0.02 8.1 18

SP-05-3-1B 2005 48.49990 -92.88320 high 5.53 1.20 1.22 1.55 0.36 2.12 0.01 0.13 <1 1 412 1.4 0.12 <0.1 15.4 4.3 25 0.72 3.0 12.6 0.02 <0.02 7.8 10

SP-05-3-2B 2005 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 5.55 0.88 2.23 1.16 0.39 1.48 0.02 0.20 <1 3 399 1.3 0.15 0.1 21.3 4.6 28 1.93 11.5 14.6 0.05 0.02 11.7 18

SP-05-3-3B 2005 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 5.24 0.97 1.67 1.45 0.36 1.65 0.02 0.20 <1 2 430 1.2 0.20 0.1 19.3 4.0 18 1.24 8.1 14.9 0.03 0.02 10.4 12

SP-05-4-1B 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 4.96 0.72 1.82 1.21 0.36 1.19 0.02 0.19 <1 3 417 1.1 0.21 0.1 25.5 4.8 13 1.60 12.9 14.8 0.05 0.03 13.9 14

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity
Appendix 5—B Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 32

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La Li 

(wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-05-4-1B dup 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 5.33 0.77 1.86 1.27 0.37 1.26 0.02 0.21 <1 3 433 1.2 0.22 0.1 24.7 5.0 22 1.67 15.7 15.3 0.04 0.03 13.5 15

SP-05-4-2B 2005 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 5.52 0.76 2.58 1.23 0.44 1.23 0.02 0.21 <1 4 378 1.4 0.66 0.1 23.6 3.8 17 3.05 14.5 18.1 0.05 0.03 12.8 23

SP-05-4-3B 2005 48.49830 -92.89090 high 5.47 1.10 1.43 1.55 0.37 1.93 0.01 0.14 <1 2 438 1.3 0.12 <0.1 14.7 4.4 19 1.13 4.6 13.5 <0.02 <0.02 7.9 11

SP-05-5-1B 2005 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 3.71 0.75 0.89 0.89 0.23 1.22 <0.01 0.07 <1 2 284 0.7 0.10 0.1 9.2 2.6 6 0.32 3.0 8.4 0.03 <0.02 4.9 7

SP-05-5-2B 2005 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 5.54 1.16 1.28 1.58 0.35 2.16 <0.01 0.11 <1 1 406 1.3 0.12 <0.1 12.1 4.4 17 0.78 3.3 12.4 <0.02 <0.02 6.3 10

SP-05-5-3B 2005 48.50060 -92.88840 high 5.26 1.26 0.94 1.44 0.29 2.12 <0.01 0.11 <1 <1 411 1.3 0.08 <0.1 12.7 2.6 8 0.27 1.8 12.2 <0.02 <0.02 6.6 6

SP-05-6-1B 2005 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 5.51 0.89 2.31 1.25 0.45 1.41 0.02 0.19 <1 3 435 1.5 0.35 0.1 20.8 5.6 29 3.34 12.7 15.3 0.07 0.03 11.0 22

SP-05-6-2B 2005 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 4.92 0.93 1.62 1.29 0.32 1.36 0.02 0.19 <1 3 423 1.1 0.32 0.1 20.6 3.3 15 1.14 7.8 14.5 0.05 0.03 11.0 12

SP-05-6-3B 2005 48.50180 -92.89100 high 5.54 1.10 1.32 1.52 0.30 2.02 <0.01 0.15 <1 2 402 1.2 0.13 <0.1 14.0 3.4 7 1.50 3.3 14.1 <0.02 <0.02 8.1 8

SP-05-7-1B 2005 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 5.53 0.98 1.39 1.59 0.41 1.77 0.01 0.17 <1 2 409 1.1 0.19 <0.1 16.0 4.5 8 2.09 4.2 14.8 0.03 0.02 9.0 10

SP-05-7-2B 2005 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 6.83 0.69 4.17 1.07 0.47 1.14 0.04 0.20 <1 5 435 2.5 0.38 0.1 28.1 25.9 53 5.89 34.1 15.2 0.09 0.04 15.2 46

SP-05-7-3B 2005 48.50480 -92.89560 high 6.04 1.29 1.45 1.56 0.44 2.42 <0.01 0.12 <1 2 407 1.5 0.13 <0.1 14.2 7.0 30 1.19 5.2 13.4 <0.02 <0.02 7.5 14

SP-05-8-1B 2005 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 6.06 1.08 2.26 1.39 0.57 1.86 0.02 0.18 <1 3 431 1.4 0.21 0.1 15.8 6.0 36 1.11 5.6 14.3 0.04 0.03 8.5 22

SP-05-8-2B 2005 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 6.54 0.77 2.73 1.46 0.69 1.22 0.02 0.26 <1 4 550 1.3 0.27 <0.1 27.6 8.4 57 2.88 20.9 18.8 0.03 0.04 15.4 28

SP-05-8-3B 2005 48.50180 -92.87250 high 6.26 1.04 2.53 1.22 0.57 1.67 0.02 0.20 <1 4 386 1.5 0.23 0.1 17.3 6.1 50 2.11 11.8 15.8 0.07 0.03 9.7 24

SP-05-9-1B 2005 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 5.51 1.07 1.11 1.62 0.32 2.07 <0.01 0.12 <1 2 440 1.3 0.15 <0.1 13.3 4.5 13 1.90 2.7 13.6 <0.02 <0.02 7.2 9

SP-05-9-1B dup 2005 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 5.42 1.05 1.05 1.59 0.31 2.04 <0.01 0.12 <1 2 431 1.3 0.12 <0.1 15.2 4.1 14 1.68 3.2 12.9 <0.02 <0.02 7.9 9

SP-05-9-2B 2005 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 6.06 1.16 1.70 1.87 0.53 1.83 0.01 0.21 <1 2 565 1.2 0.18 <0.1 20.3 5.5 28 2.00 5.0 15.1 0.02 0.03 10.9 13

SP-05-9-3B 2005 48.50130 -92.87270 high 5.66 1.11 1.27 1.44 0.34 1.88 <0.01 0.17 <1 2 454 1.3 0.22 0.1 16.6 3.3 21 1.96 4.4 14.1 0.02 0.02 9.0 11

SP-05-10-1B 2005 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 6.37 1.28 2.61 1.39 0.66 1.94 0.01 0.21 <1 3 565 1.4 0.21 0.2 21.1 8.1 43 3.39 8.4 16.9 0.04 0.03 10.9 25

SP-05-10-2B 2005 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 5.99 1.17 1.55 1.61 0.46 2.17 <0.01 0.15 <1 2 452 1.4 0.14 <0.1 14.2 4.7 25 2.47 4.0 14.1 0.02 0.02 8.2 14

SP-05-10-3B 2005 48.50180 -92.88450 high 5.65 1.16 0.92 1.64 0.27 2.22 <0.01 0.14 <1 <1 451 1.3 0.11 <0.1 14.0 1.9 9 2.07 2.0 13.0 <0.02 <0.02 7.7 7

SP-06 1-1B 2006 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 6.02 1.22 1.09 1.72 0.28 2.18 <0.01 0.16 <1 1 413 1.3 0.02 <0.1 17.2 4.6 21 <5 11.5 13.1 <0.02 <0.02 9.0 11

SP-06 1-2B 2006 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 6.36 1.27 1.53 1.73 0.44 2.22 0.01 0.15 <1 3 390 1.4 0.09 <0.1 16.5 6.8 32 <5 7.6 13.3 <0.02 <0.02 8.3 16

SP-06 1-3B 2006 48.49508 -92.88588 high 6.43 1.15 2.04 1.60 0.48 1.96 0.01 0.20 <1 3 388 1.3 0.11 <0.1 21.3 7.5 46 <5 7.6 14.5 0.02 0.02 11.3 19

SP-06 2-1B 2006 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 6.61 1.27 2.08 1.97 0.64 1.91 0.01 0.26 <1 2 537 1.4 0.05 <0.1 25.2 12.2 38 <5 14.3 13.7 0.03 0.03 13.3 21

SP-06 2-2B 2006 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 6.35 1.31 1.68 1.82 0.45 2.16 0.01 0.20 <1 2 452 1.5 0.04 <0.1 15.7 6.7 30 <5 5.0 14.4 <0.02 0.02 8.6 18

SP-06 2-3B 2006 48.49626 -92.88962 high 6.79 1.31 2.20 1.69 0.54 2.21 0.01 0.19 <1 4 388 1.5 0.06 <0.1 15.1 9.7 39 <5 5.9 14.0 0.02 0.02 8.2 25

SP-06 3-1B 2006 48.49990 -92.88320 high 6.67 1.41 1.56 1.84 0.47 2.41 <0.01 0.17 <1 2 401 1.4 0.02 <0.1 17.2 8.1 27 <5 5.1 13.4 <0.02 <0.02 9.0 16

SP-06 3-2B 2006 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 6.02 0.99 2.18 1.29 0.39 1.66 0.01 0.26 <1 4 382 1.1 0.22 0.1 21.5 7.1 33 <5 12.4 15.4 0.03 0.02 12.2 19

SP-06 3-3B 2006 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 6.16 1.07 2.40 1.53 0.43 1.80 0.01 0.25 <1 3 396 1.1 0.96 <0.1 19.2 7.0 36 <5 10.0 15.7 <0.02 0.02 11.1 21

SP-06 4-1B 2006 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 6.10 1.08 2.09 1.66 0.51 1.82 0.02 0.23 <1 3 459 1.3 0.10 <0.1 23.5 25.4 36 <5 12.2 14.0 0.03 0.02 12.9 20

SP-06 4-1B dup 2006 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 6.12 1.06 1.97 1.72 0.50 1.88 0.01 0.18 <1 4 448 1.4 0.07 <0.1 20.0 23.0 50 <5 7.8 14.0 0.03 0.02 10.9 19

SP-06 4-2B 2006 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 5.59 0.91 1.24 1.27 0.30 1.55 0.03 0.20 <1 4 274 1.7 0.35 0.2 22.8 3.4 35 6 12.0 15.3 0.05 0.03 13.5 12

SP-06 4-3B 2006 48.49830 -92.89090 high 6.27 1.19 1.56 1.84 0.39 2.08 <0.01 0.17 <1 1 416 1.4 0.02 <0.1 15.4 5.8 33 <5 4.6 13.1 <0.02 <0.02 8.5 16

SP-06 5-1B 2006 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 5.63 1.24 1.26 1.70 0.34 2.06 0.01 0.14 <1 2 417 1.1 0.02 0.1 12.9 4.4 38 <5 3.7 11.9 0.03 <0.02 6.8 11

SP-06 5-2B 2006 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 6.01 1.21 1.25 1.87 0.31 2.21 <0.01 0.14 <1 <1 407 1.2 0.02 <0.1 11.0 3.9 29 <5 3.1 12.2 <0.02 <0.02 6.0 11

SP-06 5-3B 2006 48.50060 -92.88840 high 5.98 1.35 1.27 1.64 0.37 2.21 <0.01 0.16 <1 <1 391 1.2 0.02 <0.1 13.1 5.9 38 <5 2.7 13.0 <0.02 <0.02 7.2 11

SP-06 6-1B 2006 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 6.23 1.19 1.83 1.60 0.45 2.13 0.01 0.18 <1 2 389 1.4 0.08 <0.1 14.3 9.7 41 <5 7.6 14.1 0.02 0.02 7.9 19

SP-06 6-2B 2006 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 6.21 1.10 2.04 1.60 0.42 1.84 0.02 0.21 <1 4 389 1.6 0.16 <0.1 18.8 10.7 48 <5 9.9 15.0 0.04 0.02 10.2 21

SP-06 6-2B dup 2006 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 5.86 1.02 2.00 1.54 0.40 1.73 0.02 0.20 <1 4 387 1.1 0.20 <0.1 16.2 5.9 43 <5 8.6 13.8 0.04 0.02 8.8 19

SP-06 6-3B 2006 48.50180 -92.89100 high 5.80 1.15 1.53 1.67 0.30 2.09 0.02 0.19 <1 3 391 0.9 0.21 <0.1 16.6 4.6 38 <5 6.6 14.6 0.02 0.02 8.7 12

SP-06 7-1B 2006 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 6.23 0.95 1.99 1.77 0.49 1.68 0.02 0.23 <1 3 434 1.1 0.15 <0.1 18.5 9.2 35 <5 7.9 15.3 0.03 0.03 10.2 19
Appendix 5—B Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 33

Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La Li 

(wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-06 7-2B 2006 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 6.70 0.90 3.27 1.28 0.56 1.52 0.02 0.22 <1 4 380 1.9 0.25 <0.1 22.3 19.3 61 6 18.6 15.0 0.05 0.04 12.3 45

SP-06 7-3B 2006 48.50480 -92.89560 high 6.30 1.31 1.22 1.85 0.34 2.35 <0.01 0.14 <1 2 407 1.6 0.05 <0.1 13.6 7.1 32 <5 5.3 12.7 <0.02 <0.02 7.4 13

SP-06 8-1B 2006 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 6.37 1.11 1.94 1.60 0.44 1.93 0.01 0.21 <1 3 436 1.3 0.12 0.2 17.5 7.1 47 <5 5.7 13.8 0.03 0.03 9.7 20

SP-06 8-2B 2006 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 6.02 0.95 2.24 1.77 0.60 1.43 0.01 0.28 <1 3 522 1.1 0.12 <0.1 27.2 9.4 58 <5 10.8 13.7 <0.02 0.03 15.1 23

SP-06 8-3B 2006 48.50180 -92.87250 high 6.24 0.96 2.30 1.50 0.47 1.60 0.02 0.22 <1 4 415 1.3 0.25 <0.1 25.5 5.1 46 <5 10.7 17.0 0.03 0.03 13.7 21

SP-06 8-3B dup 2006 48.50180 -92.87250 high 6.16 0.94 2.37 1.37 0.48 1.54 0.02 0.25 <1 3 410 1.2 0.22 0.1 24.6 5.0 46 <5 8.1 15.7 0.03 0.03 13.6 22

SP-06 9-1B 2006 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 5.65 1.13 1.01 1.80 0.31 1.99 <0.01 0.17 <1 2 469 1.3 0.02 <0.1 18.7 3.6 29 <5 2.5 12.5 <0.02 <0.02 10.2 9

SP-06 9-2B 2006 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 6.48 1.20 1.80 1.93 0.55 1.95 0.01 0.21 <1 3 523 1.5 0.07 <0.1 20.0 7.6 54 <5 9.8 14.8 <0.02 0.03 11.1 15

SP-06 9-3B 2006 48.50130 -92.87270 high 6.02 1.05 1.84 1.50 0.41 1.76 0.01 0.21 <1 3 400 1.6 0.21 <0.1 19.6 4.7 38 <5 5.6 15.6 0.02 0.02 10.7 19

SP-06 10-1B 2006 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 6.46 1.21 2.57 1.58 0.62 1.79 0.01 0.23 <1 3 488 1.4 0.12 0.1 17.5 8.6 58 <5 8.4 15.2 0.03 0.03 9.9 27

SP-06 10-2B 2006 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 6.28 1.23 1.75 1.74 0.48 2.01 0.01 0.19 <1 5 487 1.1 0.08 0.1 18.2 8.2 44 <5 4.8 13.6 0.04 0.03 9.6 20

SP-06 10-3B 2006 48.50180 -92.88450 high 5.77 1.22 1.27 1.78 0.37 2.16 <0.01 0.18 <1 3 439 1.4 0.02 <0.1 14.9 4.0 36 <5 2.7 13.7 <0.02 <0.02 8.2 12

*Because of analytical laboratory issues, Cs detection limits in 2004 and 2005 were 0.05 ppm and 5 ppm in 2006.
Appendix 5—B Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 34

SP-04-1-1B 2004 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned

SP-04-1-2B 2004 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium

SP-04-1-3B 2004 48.49508 -92.88588 high

SP-04-2-1B 2004 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned

SP-04-2-2B 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium

SP-04-2-3B 2004 48.49626 -92.88962 high

SP-04-3-1B 2004 48.49990 -92.88320 high

SP-04-3-2B 2004 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium

SP-04-3-3B 2004 48.49950 -92.88430 low/ub

SP-04-4-1B 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-04-4-1B dup 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-04-4-3B 2004 48.49830 -92.89090 high

SP-04-5-1B 2004 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned

SP-04-5-2B 2004 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium

SP-04-5-3B 2004 48.50060 -92.88840 high

SP-04-6-1B 2004 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned

SP-04-6-2B 2004 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium

SP-04-6-3B 2004 48.50180 -92.89100 high

SP-04-6-3B dup 2004 48.50180 -92.89100 high

SP-04-7-1B 2004 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned

SP-04-7-2B 2004 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium

SP-04-7-3B 2004 48.50480 -92.89560 high

SP-04-8-1B 2004 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned

SP-04-8-2B 2004 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium

SP-04-8-2B dup 2004 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium

SP-04-8-3B 2004 48.50180 -92.87250 high

SP-04-9-1B 2004 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned

SP-04-9-2B 2004 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium

SP-04-9-3B 2004 48.50130 -92.87270 high

SP-04-10-1B 2004 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned

SP-04-10-2B 2004 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium

SP-04-10-3B 2004 48.50180 -92.88450 high

SP-05-1-1B 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned

SP-05-1-2B 2005 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium

SP-05-1-3B 2005 48.49508 -92.88588 high

SP-05-2-1B 2005 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned

SP-05-2-2B 2005 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium

SP-05-2-3B 2005 48.49626 -92.88962 high

SP-05-2-3B dup 2005 48.49626 -92.88962 high

SP-05-3-1B 2005 48.49990 -92.88320 high

SP-05-3-2B 2005 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium

SP-05-3-3B 2005 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned

SP-05-4-1B 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

312 0.55 5.5 23.1 410 17.0 78.4 0.17 5.9 1.0 254 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1.1 51 0.4 5.7 42 <0.2 1.32

288 0.33 4.5 22.1 790 18.2 78.2 0.18 5.6 0.8 269 <0.1 3.5 0.4 1.0 42 0.4 5.4 46 <0.2 1.73

314 0.78 5.4 35.3 230 23.2 75.0 0.26 5.9 1.3 265 <0.1 3.4 0.4 1.0 55 0.5 5.7 46 <0.2 2.05

653 0.39 6.5 18.9 310 17.8 85.6 0.23 7.4 1.2 275 <0.1 4.8 0.4 1.3 51 0.5 6.9 39 <0.2 2.72

293 0.34 5.1 14.7 510 17.9 86.1 0.19 6.1 0.8 266 <0.1 4.4 0.4 1.1 45 0.4 5.7 37 <0.2 2.49

265 0.32 4.4 13.1 230 16.0 77.1 0.16 5.6 0.8 263 <0.1 3.5 0.4 1.0 41 0.4 6.1 24 <0.2 1.26

285 0.28 4.0 15.0 290 16.1 83.4 0.14 5.2 0.7 270 <0.1 3.4 0.3 0.9 41 0.3 5.1 31 <0.2 1.50

240 1.14 6.9 21.0 180 20.8 61.6 0.34 6.5 1.5 213 <0.1 5.8 0.3 4.5 76 0.6 7.4 47 0.4 2.60

219 0.75 5.4 12.0 130 16.8 65.6 0.23 5.0 1.2 230 <0.1 3.3 0.3 1.7 49 0.6 5.0 24 <0.2 2.10

253 0.98 6.9 21.2 400 20.1 70.4 0.32 6.5 2.1 189 <0.1 4.2 0.3 1.3 66 0.6 5.8 51 <0.2 4.75

251 0.95 7.0 23.4 400 21.2 68.2 0.31 6.3 1.4 187 <0.1 4.3 0.3 1.3 65 0.6 6.0 65 0.3 4.93

245 0.45 5.0 17.7 180 17.0 82.8 0.18 5.6 0.9 252 <0.1 4.5 0.3 1.0 46 0.4 5.0 33 <0.2 1.60

255 0.33 3.8 13.8 180 18.0 100.0 0.15 5.3 0.8 299 <0.1 5.9 0.4 1.2 38 0.3 5.4 28 <0.2 1.73

288 0.25 3.6 11.4 110 14.4 86.9 0.12 5.4 0.6 277 <0.1 3.7 0.3 0.8 35 0.2 5.4 21 <0.2 0.87

289 0.35 4.1 13.1 90 15.4 75.2 0.17 5.5 0.7 287 <0.1 3.9 0.3 1.0 41 0.3 5.6 25 <0.2 1.32

739 0.59 7.0 21.7 1,830 19.8 74.0 1.56 6.9 66.1 187 <0.1 5.1 0.3 2.3 66 0.7 6.0 82 0.4 5.75

254 1.12 7.2 16.7 510 20.7 72.2 0.28 5.8 1.4 208 <0.1 4.4 0.4 2.0 69 0.7 6.2 38 0.4 3.24

229 0.39 4.4 9.0 260 16.0 70.3 0.17 4.5 0.8 251 <0.1 3.4 0.3 0.9 37 0.4 4.8 22 <0.2 1.60

245 0.42 4.5 8.6 270 16.7 70.0 0.18 4.6 1.0 247 <0.1 3.1 0.4 1.1 36 0.4 5.0 23 <0.2 1.80

210 0.78 6.8 18.4 210 17.9 76.7 0.22 6.3 1.5 219 <0.1 3.9 0.5 9.2 57 0.6 5.5 28 0.3 2.00

494 1.25 7.5 32.7 950 19.7 77.9 0.34 7.0 1.5 159 <0.1 6.0 0.4 8.2 81 0.9 6.7 93 0.6 4.79

257 0.26 3.3 13.0 210 16.0 83.5 0.18 4.9 0.8 273 <0.1 3.3 0.3 0.8 32 0.3 5.1 29 <0.2 1.29

1,340 0.61 5.0 19.4 500 22.0 65.3 0.31 6.1 1.1 255 <0.1 3.8 0.3 1.0 51 0.4 6.0 64 0.2 3.28

356 0.71 8.0 25.3 480 19.4 87.2 0.29 8.6 1.6 207 <0.1 6.7 0.5 3.9 85 0.7 6.5 50 0.3 2.34

356 0.87 7.8 29.2 500 19.8 84.9 0.30 8.5 1.5 211 <0.1 5.0 0.6 3.8 85 0.8 6.2 53 0.3 2.37

257 1.23 6.1 28.7 500 18.1 64.5 0.30 7.1 1.0 235 <0.1 5.1 0.4 2.7 69 0.6 5.5 44 0.7 3.54

330 0.32 4.6 11.3 300 18.6 82.7 0.18 5.2 0.8 258 <0.1 3.4 0.3 0.9 35 0.4 5.3 30 <0.2 1.57

424 0.47 6.6 19.2 430 18.2 94.8 0.23 7.3 1.1 252 <0.1 5.0 0.4 1.2 58 0.6 6.3 37 <0.2 1.94

336 0.71 5.6 28.6 960 20.1 66.3 0.25 7.1 0.9 254 <0.1 3.9 0.3 1.2 70 0.6 5.6 53 0.3 2.98

3,400 0.87 6.0 23.8 1,110 20.1 87.7 0.27 6.7 1.1 253 <0.1 4.5 0.5 1.3 61 0.6 6.7 141 0.3 2.82

336 0.61 5.3 16.9 270 18.2 77.3 0.20 6.2 0.8 268 <0.1 3.0 0.4 1.0 53 0.4 5.6 49 0.2 1.73

241 0.57 4.8 12.4 130 17.3 75.2 0.23 5.2 1.0 256 <0.1 3.1 0.3 0.9 43 0.5 5.6 29 0.2 1.78

194 0.18 4.6 6.0 150 14.5 67.8 0.13 3.5 1.5 236 <0.1 3.3 0.3 1.1 24 0.3 5.5 13 0.2 1.49

212 0.20 3.6 9.1 480 16.3 75.0 0.15 4.4 3.4 237 <0.1 2.7 0.3 0.9 32 0.3 4.7 25 <0.2 1.80

381 0.52 4.7 13.1 290 19.6 75.4 0.20 4.7 4.7 225 <0.1 3.1 0.4 1.0 48 0.4 5.5 32 <0.2 2.28

441 0.34 5.6 17.0 310 15.9 78.6 0.23 7.0 5.7 234 <0.1 4.0 0.4 1.2 60 0.6 6.3 37 <0.2 2.69

245 0.20 3.9 8.1 220 16.6 71.4 0.17 4.7 2.3 245 <0.1 6.3 0.4 1.0 34 0.5 5.4 22 <0.2 2.85

250 0.32 4.5 13.4 310 16.3 72.2 0.16 5.2 2.2 238 <0.1 3.2 0.4 1.0 47 0.4 5.8 25 0.6 1.29

248 0.31 6.2 12.8 320 16.3 73.8 0.14 5.3 0.8 250 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1.1 49 0.4 5.5 24 <0.2 1.21

208 0.27 3.8 12.6 280 16.7 74.7 0.20 4.4 4.4 240 <0.1 3.0 0.4 0.9 33 0.4 5.9 28 0.4 2.86

198 1.17 5.8 16.4 300 21.1 51.1 0.29 5.1 1.6 187 <0.1 3.7 0.3 6.1 70 0.5 6.6 35 0.6 5.50

195 0.93 5.4 12.2 210 18.4 62.4 0.36 4.9 3.6 198 <0.1 3.5 0.4 3.5 58 0.5 5.4 28 0.4 4.39

197 1.07 6.3 13.4 440 18.7 64.5 0.27 5.1 2.3 159 <0.1 4.3 0.4 1.5 59 0.6 5.8 43 0.3 4.68
Appendix 5—B Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 35

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-05-4-1B dup 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-05-4-2B 2005 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium

SP-05-4-3B 2005 48.49830 -92.89090 high

SP-05-5-1B 2005 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned

SP-05-5-2B 2005 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium

SP-05-5-3B 2005 48.50060 -92.88840 high

SP-05-6-1B 2005 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned

SP-05-6-2B 2005 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium

SP-05-6-3B 2005 48.50180 -92.89100 high

SP-05-7-1B 2005 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned

SP-05-7-2B 2005 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium

SP-05-7-3B 2005 48.50480 -92.89560 high

SP-05-8-1B 2005 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned

SP-05-8-2B 2005 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium

SP-05-8-3B 2005 48.50180 -92.87250 high

SP-05-9-1B 2005 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned

SP-05-9-1B dup 2005 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned

SP-05-9-2B 2005 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium

SP-05-9-3B 2005 48.50130 -92.87270 high

SP-05-10-1B 2005 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned

SP-05-10-2B 2005 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium

SP-05-10-3B 2005 48.50180 -92.88450 high

SP-06 1-1B 2006 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned

SP-06 1-2B 2006 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium

SP-06 1-3B 2006 48.49508 -92.88588 high

SP-06 2-1B 2006 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned

SP-06 2-2B 2006 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium

SP-06 2-3B 2006 48.49626 -92.88962 high

SP-06 3-1B 2006 48.49990 -92.88320 high

SP-06 3-2B 2006 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium

SP-06 3-3B 2006 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned

SP-06 4-1B 2006 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-06 4-1B dup 2006 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned

SP-06 4-2B 2006 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium

SP-06 4-3B 2006 48.49830 -92.89090 high

SP-06 5-1B 2006 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned

SP-06 5-2B 2006 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium

SP-06 5-3B 2006 48.50060 -92.88840 high

SP-06 6-1B 2006 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned

SP-06 6-2B 2006 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium

SP-06 6-2B dup 2006 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium

SP-06 6-3B 2006 48.50180 -92.89100 high

SP-06 7-1B 2006 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned

Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

204 1.02 6.5 14.2 450 19.6 63.7 0.26 5.2 1.3 166 <0.1 4.4 0.4 1.6 62 0.6 5.8 44 0.3 4.52

198 1.19 8.6 12.4 1,020 21.4 59.9 0.32 6.5 4.4 149 <0.1 4.8 0.4 5.9 72 1.0 6.3 50 0.3 4.52

208 0.34 4.1 16.1 160 15.3 73.5 0.16 4.6 0.9 225 <0.1 4.1 0.4 1.1 44 0.4 5.5 25 0.2 1.88

277 0.12 2.1 14.0 210 11.3 45.4 0.11 3.0 0.7 151 <0.1 12.7 0.2 0.6 22 0.2 3.3 19 <0.2 2.69

220 0.37 3.4 14.8 160 14.2 77.6 0.12 4.6 1.0 241 <0.1 5.3 0.4 0.9 36 0.3 5.0 21 <0.2 2.02

206 0.19 3.1 8.5 120 13.7 67.0 0.14 4.2 1.5 254 <0.1 2.8 0.3 0.8 30 0.4 4.7 16 <0.2 1.62

487 0.60 6.9 17.4 1,690 18.9 67.9 0.27 5.8 3.1 167 <0.1 4.9 0.4 2.3 62 0.7 5.8 74 0.4 5.01

453 0.81 6.8 10.6 520 22.6 62.4 0.30 4.9 1.8 176 <0.1 3.8 0.4 1.6 56 0.7 6.0 42 0.3 5.25

207 0.44 4.3 11.4 360 14.2 73.9 0.15 4.3 0.9 229 <0.1 2.8 0.4 0.9 42 0.4 4.8 19 <0.2 1.77

172 0.70 5.3 13.7 230 16.3 72.1 0.17 5.3 1.3 205 <0.1 3.3 0.4 8.1 49 0.5 4.9 22 <0.2 2.93

420 1.44 7.4 35.6 1,120 18.9 71.2 0.32 5.9 1.7 136 <0.1 8.8 0.5 11.1 85 0.9 6.5 81 0.8 6.89

233 0.38 3.6 21.0 310 15.9 77.5 0.15 4.8 1.6 263 <0.1 2.8 0.4 0.9 37 0.4 4.8 24 <0.2 1.84

433 0.49 5.5 17.2 570 19.7 65.2 0.21 5.5 1.0 221 <0.1 3.4 0.4 1.2 60 0.5 5.1 61 0.2 3.28

250 0.83 8.7 22.9 680 21.5 74.6 0.26 7.9 1.7 164 <0.1 5.1 0.5 4.5 91 0.7 6.2 57 0.3 2.96

222 1.12 6.2 21.4 560 16.9 57.4 0.30 6.5 1.1 208 <0.1 5.0 0.4 2.1 76 0.6 5.3 46 0.5 4.69

554 0.26 3.9 7.8 310 16.5 81.7 0.16 4.5 0.7 232 <0.1 2.4 0.4 0.9 33 0.3 4.5 28 <0.2 1.86

462 0.23 3.7 7.5 300 15.5 82.5 0.14 4.2 0.7 228 <0.1 2.4 0.4 0.8 32 0.3 4.6 27 <0.2 1.72

393 0.36 6.3 13.6 470 18.8 96.1 0.22 6.6 1.3 242 <0.1 4.0 0.5 1.3 59 0.5 5.9 36 <0.2 2.56

325 0.36 5.0 8.9 440 18.4 72.1 0.20 4.7 1.0 227 <0.1 2.9 0.4 1.1 41 0.8 4.8 42 <0.2 2.56

1,530 0.60 6.0 19.5 890 17.3 82.7 0.23 7.3 1.2 244 <0.1 4.4 0.4 1.4 69 0.6 6.8 89 0.2 2.13

297 0.39 4.3 11.8 250 15.6 79.2 0.17 5.3 0.7 243 <0.1 3.9 0.4 0.9 45 0.4 4.9 41 <0.2 1.90

182 0.28 3.8 5.8 90 13.8 72.9 0.15 4.1 0.7 244 <0.1 2.7 0.5 1.0 31 0.3 4.7 18 <0.2 2.14

272 0.41 3.6 9.3 210 14.4 78.6 0.11 4.7 0.7 266 <0.1 4.4 0.4 1.0 32 0.4 5.7 23 <0.2 1.33

299 0.32 3.3 16.6 720 15.3 75.2 0.07 5.2 0.7 264 <0.1 3.4 0.4 1.0 38 0.3 5.6 27 <0.2 1.60

265 0.90 4.6 21.2 440 15.5 74.8 0.11 6.0 0.8 244 <0.1 3.8 0.4 1.1 59 0.4 5.8 31 0.2 1.54

615 0.55 5.7 21.2 380 16.1 86.3 0.15 7.9 2.0 254 <0.1 5.0 0.5 1.3 63 0.5 7.2 56 <0.2 2.22

375 0.36 4.3 14.4 510 15.1 82.2 0.11 6.3 0.8 262 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1.1 46 0.4 6.5 33 <0.2 1.75

288 0.60 4.1 21.8 570 14.6 74.5 0.12 6.5 0.8 259 <0.1 4.2 0.4 1.0 55 0.4 6.1 31 <0.2 1.38

313 0.41 4.0 16.3 260 14.3 85.0 0.07 5.9 0.7 284 <0.1 3.5 0.4 1.0 43 0.3 6.2 23 <0.2 1.14

247 1.41 5.3 17.1 260 17.9 54.2 0.22 5.9 1.3 211 <0.1 4.5 0.3 3.8 72 0.4 6.7 37 0.3 3.09

256 1.76 5.2 16.7 290 17.2 68.4 0.18 5.8 1.1 228 <0.1 4.9 0.4 3.8 72 0.4 6.4 30 0.3 2.11

1,260 1.29 5.2 17.0 360 20.0 78.6 0.17 6.3 1.3 233 <0.1 5.4 0.5 1.9 63 0.5 6.2 64 0.3 2.28

1,070 1.14 4.6 16.6 330 18.7 79.0 0.17 5.9 1.0 237 <0.1 4.0 0.5 1.6 59 0.3 5.1 38 0.3 2.08

206 1.02 5.7 8.4 650 23.9 60.5 0.22 5.7 2.2 204 <0.1 5.0 0.4 6.2 43 0.7 6.2 34 0.4 5.35

242 0.40 3.6 14.6 170 14.6 78.5 0.07 5.2 0.6 248 <0.1 3.6 0.4 1.0 45 0.2 5.3 24 <0.2 1.38

400 0.41 3.3 10.5 330 16.4 78.0 0.07 4.7 0.5 244 <0.1 3.9 0.4 0.8 33 0.3 5.3 27 <0.2 2.26

259 0.27 2.9 8.5 150 13.1 85.2 0.05 4.6 0.6 258 <0.1 2.8 0.4 0.8 33 0.2 5.1 17 <0.2 0.74

287 0.41 3.1 12.3 120 14.1 77.1 0.06 5.5 0.6 278 <0.1 3.0 0.4 0.9 38 0.2 5.6 19 <0.2 1.68

332 0.65 3.7 20.0 360 16.2 75.8 0.10 5.6 0.7 255 <0.1 3.5 0.4 1.0 51 0.4 5.4 31 <0.2 1.68

279 0.98 4.9 22.5 620 16.6 74.8 0.16 5.9 1.0 228 <0.1 4.3 0.4 1.6 59 0.5 5.9 36 0.3 2.72

284 0.75 4.8 15.2 590 19.8 71.6 0.19 5.6 1.1 214 <0.1 4.5 0.4 1.4 58 0.4 5.2 35 0.2 2.92

238 0.81 5.0 12.1 340 18.3 67.9 0.20 4.4 0.9 224 <0.1 3.3 0.5 1.1 46 0.5 5.6 26 0.2 2.20

263 1.03 5.2 16.8 330 16.6 77.6 0.12 6.3 1.1 205 <0.1 5.1 0.5 8.6 70 0.4 6.5 31 0.3 2.42
Appendix 5—B Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 36

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-06 7-2B 2006 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium

SP-06 7-3B 2006 48.50480 -92.89560 high

SP-06 8-1B 2006 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned

SP-06 8-2B 2006 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium

SP-06 8-3B 2006 48.50180 -92.87250 high

SP-06 8-3B dup 2006 48.50180 -92.87250 high

SP-06 9-1B 2006 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned

SP-06 9-2B 2006 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium

SP-06 9-3B 2006 48.50130 -92.87270 high

SP-06 10-1B 2006 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned

SP-06 10-2B 2006 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium

SP-06 10-3B 2006 48.50180 -92.88450 high

Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

390 1.26 5.4 26.9 710 17.4 76.0 0.22 6.9 1.3 185 <0.1 5.1 0.4 5.3 77 1.4 6.1 81 0.5 3.29

278 0.36 3.3 12.3 290 15.3 84.2 0.09 4.8 0.6 273 <0.1 3.6 0.4 1.0 33 0.3 5.5 21 <0.2 1.26

887 0.48 4.7 15.3 580 15.9 70.2 0.14 5.6 1.0 244 <0.1 3.6 0.4 1.1 52 0.4 6.2 56 0.2 2.09

366 0.88 6.3 19.3 460 18.6 74.8 0.18 7.6 1.2 196 <0.1 5.1 0.5 3.5 79 0.5 6.7 49 0.2 1.85

268 1.06 5.0 15.2 720 18.8 72.9 0.21 6.6 1.4 201 <0.1 5.2 0.4 2.6 68 0.3 6.0 55 0.3 2.79

267 0.89 5.0 14.7 730 18.2 65.3 0.20 6.1 1.3 199 <0.1 7.6 0.4 2.8 70 0.3 6.5 55 0.3 2.79

276 0.33 3.2 9.2 280 17.0 75.8 0.12 5.3 0.9 245 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1.0 33 0.2 5.9 27 <0.2 1.35

410 0.50 5.0 18.4 490 16.7 91.5 0.14 7.6 1.2 254 <0.1 4.3 0.5 1.2 58 0.4 6.5 34 <0.2 1.76

266 0.70 4.6 13.1 750 16.5 75.5 0.19 5.7 1.1 226 <0.1 3.9 0.4 1.2 56 0.4 5.6 46 <0.2 2.00

856 0.64 5.3 19.9 1,020 18.4 71.9 0.18 7.3 1.0 228 <0.1 5.3 0.4 1.2 68 0.5 6.3 90 0.2 1.68

926 0.78 4.4 14.6 340 20.9 80.7 0.25 6.0 0.9 249 <0.1 4.1 0.5 1.1 48 0.4 5.8 45 0.2 2.06

240 0.51 3.5 10.5 140 14.6 70.2 0.14 5.2 0.7 251 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1.0 44 0.2 5.2 23 <0.2 0.97
Appendix 6—O Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 37

Ash Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La 

% (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

SP-04-1-1 O 2004 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 69.35 5.72 2.65 1.71 1.69 0.56 2.01 0.07 0.17 <1 3 820 1.2 0.26 0.7 21.9 7.5 22 3.07 13.9 14.3 0.05 0.03 10.9

SP-04-1-2 O 2004 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 27.20 4.80 6.40 1.37 2.29 1.08 1.70 0.30 0.15 <1 2 1,440 1.0 0.26 3.0 19.4 8.2 17 4.20 31.7 12.0 0.07 0.02 10.1

SP-04-2-1 O 2004 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 21.65 4.81 7.84 2.17 2.18 0.89 1.16 0.67 0.19 <1 8 2,220 1.3 0.68 4.3 39.1 21.0 35 9.57 37.6 12.3 0.22 0.06 19.7

SP-04-2-2 O 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 39.90 5.47 4.58 2.24 1.67 0.63 1.46 0.31 0.21 <1 6 2,020 1.2 0.70 4.3 35.9 11.6 28 8.97 29.2 14.3 0.23 0.06 17.4

SP-04-3-2 O 2004 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 50.95 6.08 3.38 2.58 1.65 0.60 1.39 0.19 0.26 <1 6 1,260 1.6 0.55 2.1 45.1 19.9 57 6.85 34.1 16.5 0.05 0.05 24.5

SP-04-3-3 O 2004 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 14.39 4.33 11.00 2.22 1.85 1.39 1.08 0.72 0.19 <1 6 1,850 0.9 0.46 2.4 31.5 13.8 34 10.00 71.8 11.6 0.11 0.04 17.4

SP-04-4-1 O 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 12.65 4.72 6.91 3.05 2.06 0.90 0.86 0.95 0.20 <1 10 1,810 1.3 0.73 3.6 43.1 20.5 34 7.96 56.2 12.5 0.32 0.07 22.9

SP-04-4-1 O dup. 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 44.30 6.15 2.43 2.6 1.49 0.59 1.58 0.20 0.25 <1 6 755 1.5 0.5 1.8 29.2 14.3 40 5.61 26.3 16.5 0.16 0.05 16.4

SP-04-4-2 O 2004 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 11.11 4.72 8.45 3.03 2.38 1.27 0.94 0.84 0.20 <1 10 1,690 1.5 0.96 3.0 40.8 9.1 34 15.00 78.8 12.2 0.15 0.08 21.6

SP-04-5-1 O 2004 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 44.84 5.18 4.46 1.41 1.94 0.50 1.91 0.20 0.14 <1 2 1,000 1.1 0.21 1.1 17.4 5.6 16 3.55 15.0 12.8 0.12 0.02 8.7

SP-04-5-1 O dup. 2004 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 70.17 5.79 2.69 1.7 1.77 0.55 2.04 0.10 0.17 <1 2 894 1.2 0.27 0.7 20.5 7.3 19 2.89 14.6 14.6 0.07 0.03 10.4

SP-04-5-2 O 2004 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 29.60 4.71 8.83 1.98 1.75 0.81 1.41 0.55 0.17 <1 5 2,120 1.2 0.41 3.4 27.3 9.3 27 7.31 40.2 11.6 0.14 0.03 14.1

SP-04-6-1 O 2004 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 13.89 3.87 10.30 1.94 2.41 1.05 0.85 0.70 0.16 <1 5 2,370 0.9 0.60 7.3 25.7 9.7 31 11.40 59.5 10.8 0.12 0.05 12.9

SP-04-6-2 O 2004 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 47.84 4.66 6.20 2.45 1.73 0.64 0.91 0.31 0.21 <1 10 2,150 1.3 0.76 2.6 37.2 10.8 29 6.91 45.0 13.5 0.08 0.07 19.9

SP-04-7-1 O 2004 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 9.28 3.54 8.69 2.58 2.27 1.05 0.60 1.32 0.15 <1 11 2,040 1.3 0.67 3.3 40.5 13.7 26 11.40 64.8 8.9 0.27 0.06 20.8

SP-04-7-2 O 2004 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 18.80 6.11 4.78 3.82 2.01 0.78 0.78 0.59 0.23 <1 14 1,980 2.9 1.02 3.1 86.1 33.1 41 11.50 47.7 13.8 0.29 0.10 41.5

SP-04-8-1 O 2004 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 11.22 3.61 10.50 1.99 1.95 1.46 0.82 0.85 0.13 <1 5 2,930 1.2 0.47 5.0 42.9 25.7 42 13.40 73.1 8.6 0.15 0.03 21.7

SP-04-8-2 O 2004 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 24.15 5.22 3.55 2.43 1.97 0.85 0.98 0.38 0.23 <1 6 1,670 1.9 0.52 3.2 59.7 46.1 46 7.02 40.5 14.5 0.21 0.05 31.2

SP-04-8-3 O 2004 48.50180 -92.87250 high 43.60 6.34 2.62 2.61 1.61 0.62 1.59 0.21 0.25 <1 6 835 1.5 0.45 1.8 29.1 14.3 40 5.72 27.7 16.0 0.16 0.05 16.3

SP-04-9-1 O 2004 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 14.45 3.03 12.30 1.45 2.46 2.07 0.79 0.90 0.12 <1 4 3,940 1.1 0.41 8.1 39.2 29.4 21 6.82 72.8 7.7 0.15 0.03 25.3

SP-04-9-2 O 2004 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 34.45 4.63 5.94 1.91 1.92 0.97 1.12 0.42 0.21 <1 5 2,200 1.5 0.57 3.6 40.3 48.5 30 9.20 49.5 13.2 0.14 0.05 22.4

SP-04-10-1 O 2004 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 20.55 4.68 8.95 2.08 2.22 1.18 1.27 0.51 0.19 <1 6 2,480 1.1 0.45 6.0 27.6 11.1 31 6.39 56.6 12.5 0.11 0.04 13.8

SP-04-10-2 O 2004 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 41.60 5.83 4.30 2.02 1.61 0.66 1.84 0.21 0.23 <1 5 1,030 1.3 0.46 1.5 28.3 8.4 25 4.97 24.8 14.8 0.12 0.05 14.7

SP-05-1-1 O 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 38.40 5.24 4.01 1.11 2.03 0.47 1.91 0.14 0.14 <1 3 1,200 1.3 0.26 1.3 17.7 5.3 18 3.70 19.6 13.1 0.06 <0.02 9.0

SP-05-1-1 O dup. 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 22.80 5.34 4.87 1.47 1.85 0.65 2.06 0.21 0.11 <1 2 1,030 1.3 0.19 1.4 16.4 6.6 21 2.79 17.7 13.4 0.11 0.02 7.7

SP-05-1-2 O 2005 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 23.25 4.44 7.63 1.21 1.65 1.04 1.57 0.41 0.13 <1 2 1,820 1.2 0.31 4.6 18.6 7.8 30 5.00 37.8 10.7 0.10 0.03 9.5

SP-05-2-1 O 2005 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 20.50 4.86 6.93 1.83 2.00 0.79 1.27 0.51 0.20 <1 6 2,010 1.3 0.56 3.1 33.1 23.2 39 7.77 30.7 12.6 0.16 0.05 16.7

SP-05-3-1 O 2005 48.49990 -92.88320 high 25.05 5.28 3.59 1.44 1.78 0.62 2.01 0.21 0.13 <1 2 675 1.4 0.30 1.1 15.7 7.2 29 3.17 22.7 13.0 0.04 <0.02 8.1

SP-05-3-2 O 2005 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 19.85 5.52 4.67 2.29 1.56 0.72 1.25 0.35 0.22 <1 5 1,280 1.7 0.56 2.6 42.2 16.9 36 7.04 42.4 15.4 0.06 0.05 23.1

SP-05-3-3 O 2005 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 22.10 4.97 6.22 1.70 1.71 0.82 1.48 0.36 0.19 <1 4 1,170 1.2 0.33 1.1 24.2 9.7 28 5.24 33.3 13.7 0.08 0.03 12.7

SP-05-4-1 O 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 11.06 4.16 10.80 2.50 1.95 1.28 0.86 1.09 0.18 <1 7 1,970 1.2 0.64 4.1 36.2 14.1 31 10.80 68.5 10.8 0.19 0.06 19.3

SP-05-4-2 O 2005 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 23.10 5.56 4.64 3.18 1.62 0.78 1.16 0.41 0.27 <1 7 1,080 1.5 0.88 1.5 34.8 7.9 45 10.90 46.4 18.6 0.17 0.05 18.1

SP-05-5-1 O 2005 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 32.25 5.69 3.83 1.61 1.86 0.59 2.17 0.15 0.13 <1 2 909 1.2 0.17 1.2 15.8 6.5 25 2.69 14.8 13.5 0.08 <0.02 7.4

SP-05-5-2 O 2005 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 22.10 4.73 10.30 2.00 1.74 0.80 1.37 0.57 0.16 <1 5 2,290 1.3 0.38 3.2 26.8 9.1 28 7.88 42.3 11.7 0.12 0.04 13.7

SP-05-5-3 O 2005 48.50060 -92.88840 high 42.90 5.45 6.26 2.16 1.71 0.61 1.60 0.25 0.19 <1 8 2,130 1.4 0.59 3.4 33.6 9.9 28 7.30 36.3 13.7 0.16 0.06 16.9

SP-05-6-1 O 2005 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 16.45 4.93 8.24 2.04 1.81 0.94 1.09 0.58 0.18 <1 5 2,180 1.3 0.54 6.1 25.4 9.6 33 10.60 54.8 12.9 0.16 0.05 13.1

SP-05-7-1 O 2005 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 7.89 2.46 15.40 1.77 2.60 1.69 0.47 1.41 0.10 <1 6 2,810 1.0 0.39 4.2 29.1 12.4 21 9.98 95.8 6.1 0.21 0.03 16.9

SP-05-7-2 O 2005 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 18.55 5.48 5.43 2.96 2.00 0.71 1.01 0.48 0.20 <1 8 2,010 2.0 0.70 4.0 44.5 35.2 36 11.10 54.0 14.0 0.23 0.07 23.2

SP-05-8-1 O 2005 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 13.65 4.26 8.04 2.29 1.74 1.15 0.89 0.73 0.16 <1 6 2,350 1.4 0.56 5.5 32.9 29.1 31 11.10 54.4 10.8 0.20 0.05 17.4

SP-05-8-2 O 2005 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 17.80 5.25 4.38 3.15 1.42 0.84 0.70 0.54 0.20 <1 5 2,430 3.4 0.57 4.0 112.0 77.1 35 9.51 56.3 12.7 0.21 0.07 52.3

SP-05-8-3 O 2005 48.50180 -92.87250 high 23.35 4.90 7.16 2.49 1.37 0.95 1.02 0.50 0.20 <1 6 2,130 1.3 0.61 5.4 38.5 17.9 35 15.10 44.0 11.8 0.18 0.06 24.1

SP-05-8-3 O dup. 2005 48.50180 -92.87250 high 10.45 3.94 11.7 2.39 2.15 1.36 0.81 1.16 0.17 <1 7 2,030 1.3 0.6 4 33 14.5 31 10.9 73.5 10.5 0.18 0.06 17.4

SP-05-9-1 O 2005 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 13.90 2.73 12.50 1.26 1.57 2.01 0.80 0.84 0.09 <1 3 3,900 0.9 0.25 7.3 31.7 23.0 18 5.20 77.9 6.8 0.11 0.02 20.3

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity
Appendix 6—O Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 38

Ash Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs* Cu Ga Hg In La 

% (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-05-9-2 O 2005 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 24.40 4.29 9.13 1.82 1.64 1.10 1.02 0.55 0.19 <1 5 2,760 1.5 0.47 5.6 36.6 42.5 28 8.75 81.0 11.7 0.09 0.05 19.6

SP-05-10-1 O 2005 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 28.35 5.33 6.04 2.26 1.64 0.95 1.44 0.30 0.23 <1 6 1,860 1.3 0.52 4.5 30.5 10.4 36 6.36 37.2 14.5 0.11 0.05 14.6

SP-05-10-2 O 2005 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 43.35 5.46 3.46 1.83 1.73 0.57 1.62 0.17 0.20 <1 5 1,130 1.3 0.56 1.7 27.5 8.0 27 4.56 20.2 14.0 0.13 0.05 14.0

SP-06 1-2 O 2006 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 32.70 5.49 5.30 1.32 1.71 0.92 1.76 0.30 0.14 <1 2 1,200 1.2 0.23 2.4 16.6 8.1 26 <5 31.3 12.6 0.05 <0.02 8.2

SP-06 2-1 O 2006 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 13.70 4.37 7.39 1.97 1.68 0.93 0.88 0.82 0.17 <1 5 1,840 1.2 0.46 3.3 27.5 20.2 33 <5 42.4 11.1 0.15 0.04 14.3

SP-06 3-3 O 2006 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 13.70 4.05 8.49 1.45 1.47 1.12 0.95 0.65 0.17 <1 4 1,230 0.9 0.32 1.6 22.0 10.6 32 <5 47.6 10.8 0.07 0.03 11.8

SP-06 4-1 O 2006 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 49.30 4.65 5.34 1.60 1.60 0.95 1.09 0.49 0.20 <1 5 1,040 1.1 0.41 2.0 34.5 21.8 41 <5 35.6 13.5 0.10 0.03 18.9

SP-06 5-1 O 2006 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 22.30 5.49 5.87 2.01 1.77 0.70 1.58 0.49 0.15 <1 5 1,690 1.1 0.40 3.0 25.0 8.8 32 <5 33.2 12.7 0.15 0.03 12.6

SP-06 5-1 O dup. 2006 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 18.00 2.73 8.82 1.19 1.17 1.31 0.67 0.79 0.1 <1 2 2,720 0.9 0.29 5.3 26.3 21.2 25 <5 58.1 7.36 0.14 0.02 16.3

SP-06 5-2 O 2006 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 45.00 5.61 3.45 1.25 1.77 0.44 1.93 0.19 0.14 1 2 773 1.1 0.18 0.9 14.9 5.6 18 <5 12.1 12.9 0.10 <0.02 7.4

SP-06 5-3 O 2006 48.50060 -92.88840 high 36.70 6.09 4.49 2.65 1.66 0.68 1.79 0.32 0.20 <1 5 1,330 1.4 0.41 1.9 32.6 11.7 39 6.00 26.7 14.9 0.19 0.04 16.4

SP-06 6-1 O 2006 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 26.50 5.82 4.75 1.50 1.63 0.80 1.39 0.45 0.21 5 6 1,280 1.2 0.55 2.7 28.5 12.1 34 6.00 37.6 14.2 0.13 0.04 14.5

SP-06 7-1 O 2006 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 9.00 5.15 6.63 3.02 2.45 1.21 0.76 1.35 0.14 <1 8 1,690 2.3 0.55 4.7 79.4 28.5 29 11.00 76.2 10.5 0.18 0.06 43.1

SP-06 8-1 O 2006 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 14.30 4.18 9.19 1.83 1.53 1.45 0.87 0.96 0.14 4 3 2,680 1.1 0.35 6.1 26.1 24.3 30 9.00 62.5 10.1 0.14 0.03 14.8

SP-06 9-1 O 2006 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 22.00 5.41 6.54 2.14 2.02 0.74 1.59 0.54 0.16 <1 5 1,790 1.1 0.39 3.0 25.4 8.8 29 <5 34.8 13.0 0.13 0.04 12.7

SP-06 10-1 O 2006 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 21.50 4.75 8.28 2.14 1.48 1.25 1.20 0.56 0.18 <1 4 1,770 1.0 0.36 5.8 23.0 9.3 36 6.00 53.6 12.6 0.11 0.03 11.8

*Because of analytical laboratory issues, Cs detection limits in 2004 and 2005 were 0.05 ppm and 5 ppm in 2006.
Appendix 6—O Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 39

Ash

%

SP-04-1-1 O 2004 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 69.35

SP-04-1-2 O 2004 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 27.20

SP-04-2-1 O 2004 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 21.65

SP-04-2-2 O 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 39.90

SP-04-3-2 O 2004 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 50.95

SP-04-3-3 O 2004 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 14.39

SP-04-4-1 O 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 12.65

SP-04-4-1 O dup. 2004 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 44.30

SP-04-4-2 O 2004 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 11.11

SP-04-5-1 O 2004 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 44.84

SP-04-5-1 O dup. 2004 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 70.17

SP-04-5-2 O 2004 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 29.60

SP-04-6-1 O 2004 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 13.89

SP-04-6-2 O 2004 48.50170 -92.89010 low/medium 47.84

SP-04-7-1 O 2004 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 9.28

SP-04-7-2 O 2004 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 18.80

SP-04-8-1 O 2004 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 11.22

SP-04-8-2 O 2004 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 24.15

SP-04-8-3 O 2004 48.50180 -92.87250 high 43.60

SP-04-9-1 O 2004 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 14.45

SP-04-9-2 O 2004 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 34.45

SP-04-10-1 O 2004 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 20.55

SP-04-10-2 O 2004 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 41.60

SP-05-1-1 O 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 38.40

SP-05-1-1 O dup. 2005 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 22.80

SP-05-1-2 O 2005 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 23.25

SP-05-2-1 O 2005 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 20.50

SP-05-3-1 O 2005 48.49990 -92.88320 high 25.05

SP-05-3-2 O 2005 48.49950 -92.88380 low/medium 19.85

SP-05-3-3 O 2005 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 22.10

SP-05-4-1 O 2005 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 11.06

SP-05-4-2 O 2005 48.49850 -92.89060 low/medium 23.10

SP-05-5-1 O 2005 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 32.25

SP-05-5-2 O 2005 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 22.10

SP-05-5-3 O 2005 48.50060 -92.88840 high 42.90

SP-05-6-1 O 2005 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 16.45

SP-05-7-1 O 2005 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 7.89

SP-05-7-2 O 2005 48.50501 -92.89789 low/medium 18.55

SP-05-8-1 O 2005 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 13.65

SP-05-8-2 O 2005 48.50170 -92.87230 low/medium 17.80

SP-05-8-3 O 2005 48.50180 -92.87250 high 23.35

SP-05-8-3 O dup. 2005 48.50180 -92.87250 high 10.45

SP-05-9-1 O 2005 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 13.90

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity Li Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

16 1,620 0.87 5.0 21.2 1,390 41.0 96.7 0.40 6.2 1.5 333 <0.1 4.3 0.5 1.1 47 0.5 7.4 96 0.3

13 4,730 1.45 4.3 22.4 4,250 46.2 123.0 0.56 5.1 2.2 514 <0.1 3.0 0.3 0.9 39 0.5 6.3 341 0.3

16 12,661 2.26 6.5 32.3 6,990 133.0 156.0 1.86 7.1 3.1 632 0.1 5.3 1.1 1.6 64 0.9 11.0 376 0.6

17 8,630 1.89 6.6 25.1 3,550 162.0 141.0 1.45 6.7 3.2 412 0.1 5.2 1.1 1.6 61 0.9 9.8 390 0.8

19 2,170 1.70 8.0 42.0 3,200 77.9 90.9 1.12 7.8 2.7 312 <0.1 5.4 0.6 11.0 78 1.0 12.1 323 0.9

28 8,060 3.14 5.7 55.7 7,520 77.3 142.0 1.47 5.9 2.4 562 <0.1 4.5 0.7 7.1 63 0.9 8.2 412 0.5

17 9,790 2.98 7.2 42.3 9,870 158.0 148.0 2.36 7.2 3.9 479 0.1 6.6 1.2 2.1 71 1.0 11.9 441 0.7

23 2,690 1.98 7.7 31.5 2,340 63 80 0.89 7.5 2.4 288 <0.1 6 0.5 3.1 73 0.7 8.6 206 0.7

15 5,420 3.33 7.3 40.4 11,274 166.0 140.0 3.65 7.3 5.3 368 <0.1 5.8 1.2 6.5 69 1.2 12.7 602 0.5

11 2,530 0.78 4.2 16.4 2,320 30.5 111.0 0.47 5.2 1.2 393 <0.1 3.8 0.4 0.9 37 0.4 8.3 183 0.3

15 1,680 0.9 4.7 22.8 1,480 42 98.9 0.39 6 1.3 348 <0.1 3.7 0.4 1 49 0.4 7 93 0.4

15 7,620 1.65 5.3 30.1 6,240 60.2 133.0 1.03 5.6 1.9 609 <0.1 4.8 1.0 1.3 49 0.6 9.0 556 0.5

17 21,329 2.28 5.7 27.9 10,623 75.2 154.0 1.42 5.0 2.5 491 <0.1 4.1 0.9 1.6 51 0.8 7.3 1,020 0.2

16 10,303 1.97 7.8 28.2 5,620 151.0 99.2 2.02 7.0 3.8 411 <0.1 5.9 1.1 2.0 69 1.0 9.8 519 1.1

14 6,490 2.47 5.0 35.6 10,820 155.0 169.0 2.56 5.9 3.0 614 <0.1 4.7 1.7 19.5 59 0.9 11.7 558 0.4

21 6,060 3.11 8.4 59.0 8,240 206.0 129.0 3.24 9.9 5.3 391 0.1 7.5 1.7 12.6 80 1.3 21.3 383 0.8

14 15,922 2.67 4.9 41.0 11,053 84.6 170.0 1.49 4.7 2.3 760 <0.1 7.0 0.9 1.5 48 0.8 9.4 933 0.5

17 4,180 2.34 5.9 38.7 6,540 85.1 131.0 1.51 8.7 3.1 396 <0.1 5.7 0.9 12.3 71 0.9 14.0 430 0.5

24 3,010 2.00 7.3 32.2 2,440 60.7 84.7 0.84 7.3 2.1 304 <0.1 6.8 0.5 3.0 75 0.7 8.7 225 0.8

11 15,307 3.26 3.7 29.0 13,350 71.2 214.0 1.10 4.2 2.2 1140 <0.1 3.0 0.6 1.1 36 0.6 7.3 1,290 0.5

15 9,270 1.78 6.7 32.5 6,200 112.0 170.0 1.46 7.0 3.5 598 <0.1 5.8 0.8 1.6 58 0.8 9.7 539 0.8

19 10,837 2.35 5.7 33.6 6,910 68.4 157.0 1.20 5.8 2.4 497 <0.1 4.7 0.7 1.4 53 0.7 9.7 901 0.6

17 3,910 2.11 8.0 27.1 2,250 71.1 103.0 0.91 6.5 2.1 360 <0.1 5.9 0.6 1.5 58 0.8 8.5 134 0.6

9 2,330 0.85 3.8 18.8 1,980 40.0 102.0 0.44 4.4 1.3 400 <0.1 3.4 0.6 1.0 32 0.4 6.8 178 0.4

15 3,060 0.82 3.6 22.6 3,380 24.2 85.9 0.31 4.6 1 392 <0.1 3.6 0.4 0.9 36 0.4 5.6 310 0.3

10 6,750 1.65 3.6 25.1 4,870 48.5 95.1 0.71 4.1 1.5 580 <0.1 2.9 0.5 1.0 33 0.4 5.9 521 0.4

14 11,720 1.75 6.0 27.6 6,260 80.4 147.0 1.27 6.7 2.7 535 0.1 5.0 1.2 1.5 56 0.8 9.2 353 0.4

12 3,790 1.25 3.6 21.8 3,180 27.4 93.3 0.43 4.8 1.1 292 <0.1 3.7 0.5 0.9 36 0.4 5.8 182 0.2

17 2,880 2.10 6.9 47.5 4,060 80.6 102.0 1.10 6.5 2.5 332 <0.1 5.4 0.9 12.7 66 0.8 11.3 341 0.4

19 3,270 2.05 6.1 394.0 3,490 40.7 99.3 0.59 5.5 1.9 403 <0.1 4.3 0.6 6.5 54 0.7 7.5 220 0.4

15 12,760 2.83 5.9 39.5 11,745 106.0 123.0 2.02 6.1 3.4 678 <0.1 5.2 1.1 2.2 59 1.0 10.1 648 0.4

26 4,210 2.42 9.8 31.4 5,500 77.9 102.0 1.29 8.0 3.4 266 <0.1 6.3 0.9 7.4 79 1.3 10.1 390 0.6

14 2,710 0.71 3.6 22.5 2,610 24.4 90.7 0.28 5.3 1.0 360 <0.1 3.1 0.5 0.8 39 0.3 6.4 238 <0.2

16 7,550 1.45 5.7 32.0 6,390 64.3 134.0 0.97 5.5 2.1 662 <0.1 4.5 1.1 1.6 49 0.6 8.9 558 0.4

15 4,870 1.63 6.1 28.8 3,590 112.0 139.0 1.39 6.4 2.8 543 0.1 6.3 0.9 1.5 56 0.7 10.0 413 0.6

19 20,115 2.20 6.7 28.9 8,800 82.7 105.0 1.09 5.3 2.6 430 <0.1 4.0 1.0 1.9 54 0.8 9.0 930 0.4

10 11,409 2.28 3.6 34.9 14,987 71.1 188.0 1.61 3.9 2.0 951 <0.1 3.6 1.5 11.7 39 0.7 9.0 911 0.4

21 9,940 2.48 7.3 43.6 6,720 127.0 135.0 2.05 7.3 3.8 374 <0.1 6.3 1.7 8.5 68 1.1 12.4 523 0.6

15 14,593 2.63 5.5 35.9 8,820 122.0 160.0 1.55 5.9 3.0 594 0.1 4.6 0.8 1.9 56 0.8 9.7 796 0.7

18 6,640 3.06 7.1 57.2 8,900 132.0 131.0 2.00 10.3 3.7 466 <0.1 6.1 1.1 23.5 68 0.9 25.5 601 0.7

17 9,670 2.54 6.0 31.4 5,240 105.0 111.0 1.52 6.1 2.9 576 <0.1 5.4 0.7 2.3 63 0.8 8.4 629 0.7

14 13,906 2.86 5.5 39.2 13,207 95.2 143 2.02 6 3.3 717 <0.1 5 1.2 2.1 57 0.9 10.4 713 0.4

10 13,844 2.64 2.8 27.3 11,814 40.5 102.0 0.69 3.1 1.4 1140 <0.1 2.6 0.5 1.1 29 0.4 6.1 1,310 0.3
Appendix 6—O Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 40

Ash

%

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity

SP-05-9-2 O 2005 48.50097 -92.87247 low/medium 24.40

SP-05-10-1 O 2005 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 28.35

SP-05-10-2 O 2005 48.50192 -92.88459 low/medium 43.35

SP-06 1-2 O 2006 48.49495 -92.88618 low/medium 32.70

SP-06 2-1 O 2006 48.49599 -92.88988 unburned 13.70

SP-06 3-3 O 2006 48.49950 -92.88430 unburned 13.70

SP-06 4-1 O 2006 48.49866 -92.89069 unburned 49.30

SP-06 5-1 O 2006 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 22.30

SP-06 5-1 O dup. 2006 48.50055 -92.88857 unburned 18.00

SP-06 5-2 O 2006 48.50060 -92.88860 low/medium 45.00

SP-06 5-3 O 2006 48.50060 -92.88840 high 36.70

SP-06 6-1 O 2006 48.50142 -92.88990 unburned 26.50

SP-06 7-1 O 2006 48.50540 -92.89810 unburned 9.00

SP-06 8-1 O 2006 48.50166 -92.87214 unburned 14.30

SP-06 9-1 O 2006 48.50080 -92.87210 unburned 22.00

SP-06 10-1 O 2006 48.50210 -92.88490 unburned 21.50

Li Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

15 9,810 1.68 6.2 36.8 7,150 77.9 139.0 1.10 6.2 2.6 777 <0.1 5.0 0.8 2.3 56 0.7 9.3 1,060 0.5

20 8,390 2.12 6.4 29.6 4,650 70.3 147.0 1.04 6.5 2.5 395 <0.1 5.6 0.6 1.7 61 0.7 9.1 610 0.5

15 3,750 1.88 5.9 25.1 1,840 81.7 102.0 1.00 6.1 2.6 309 <0.1 4.6 0.6 1.4 54 0.8 7.9 149 0.6

14 3,250 1.80 4.1 22.1 3,800 24.0 83.6 0.24 4.9 1.0 425 <0.1 2.8 0.4 0.8 37 0.6 5.4 313 <0.2

14 10,029 2.19 6.1 26.0 9,900 74.2 89.9 1.23 6.5 2.9 506 <0.1 4.0 1.3 1.3 48 0.7 9.2 393 0.2

14 4,310 2.33 5.2 33.9 6,680 40.3 97.9 0.61 5.3 2.0 472 <0.1 3.3 0.5 5.5 44 0.8 6.7 319 <0.2

15 11,733 2.17 6.7 19.3 4,460 56.4 96.0 0.85 6.7 2.5 408 <0.1 5.1 0.6 2.4 53 0.8 8.6 286 <0.2

15 6,030 1.54 4.7 27.7 5,670 62.0 111.0 0.81 5.8 2.2 453 <0.1 3.7 0.6 1.2 42 0.6 7.9 410 0.3

9 10,755 2.24 2.9 19.9 7,920 42.9 71.8 0.57 4.3 1.6 785 <0.1 2.6 0.4 0.8 27 2.7 5.9 754 0.3

10 1,890 0.84 4.1 13.7 1,840 25.5 91.5 0.21 4.9 1.2 318 <0.1 2.8 0.5 0.7 31 0.8 5.7 124 <0.2

20 3,670 1.54 6.2 27.7 2,540 67.6 104.0 0.95 7.4 2.4 397 <0.1 3.9 0.9 1.2 60 0.8 9.1 224 0.4

17 10,307 1.88 7.1 19.5 5,230 88.9 97.0 1.20 5.4 5.3 378 <0.1 4.6 0.8 1.5 57 0.9 8.2 368 0.3

14 4,660 2.92 5.2 42.5 14,356 121.0 168.0 2.02 8.0 3.5 523 <0.1 4.2 1.7 76.6 54 0.9 25.0 396 0.3

14 14,495 2.35 4.6 30.4 10,214 55.8 109.0 0.96 4.7 2.2 727 <0.1 3.2 0.7 1.4 41 0.7 7.7 764 0.3

15 6,180 1.40 5.1 23.8 6,230 60.2 118.0 0.97 6.1 2.7 494 <0.1 3.8 0.7 1.2 45 1.2 8.1 434 0.2

19 7,790 3.14 5.9 28.3 8,140 48.9 110.0 0.70 6.3 1.9 439 <0.1 3.5 0.6 1.1 49 0.7 8.0 709 0.3
Appendix 7—C Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 41

Depth Al Ca Fe K Mg Na S Ti Ag As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Ga Hg In La Li 

(cm) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)

SP-1-1 C 2004 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 61 6.61 1.36 1.71 1.74 0.50 2.28 <0.01 0.14 <1 2 423 1.5 0.12 <0.1 17.7 6.5 34 1.80 10.5 14.0 <0.02 <0.02 9.6 15

SP-2-2 C 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 46 6.90 1.40 1.94 1.87 0.64 2.41 <0.01 0.14 <1 2 447 1.5 0.16 <0.1 21.8 7.9 41 1.56 12.0 14.5 <0.02 <0.02 11.2 18

SP-2-2 C dup 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 46 6.79 1.39 1.94 1.78 0.61 2.36 <0.01 0.14 <1 2 436 1.6 0.16 <0.1 22.4 7.8 35 1.51 11.2 14.2 <0.02 0.02 11.4 17

SP-4-3 C 2004 48.49830 -92.89090 high 40 6.68 1.28 1.99 1.68 0.51 2.11 0.01 0.16 <1 2 429 1.3 0.13 <0.1 19.0 8.7 37 2.03 8.8 14.3 0.03 0.02 9.4 16

SP-5-3 C 2004 48.50060 -92.88840 high 50 6.87 1.43 2.05 1.79 0.58 2.35 0.01 0.17 <1 2 434 1.5 0.11 <0.1 14.4 7.2 45 1.88 7.7 14.4 <0.02 0.02 7.9 19

SP-7-3 C 2004 48.50480 -92.89560 high 45 6.37 1.32 1.58 1.68 0.42 2.32 0.01 0.15 <1 1 428 1.4 0.13 <0.1 15.8 5.8 53 1.65 5.4 14.0 <0.02 <0.02 8.4 16

SP-8-3 C 2004 48.50180 -92.87250 high 61 7.73 1.36 3.17 1.29 0.88 2.13 0.02 0.22 <1 2 346 1.7 0.28 <0.1 25.6 10.2 74 3.13 14.0 16.7 0.03 0.03 12.6 39

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity
Appendix 7—C Horizon Chemistry, Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, MN 42

Depth

(cm)

SP-1-1 C 2004 48.49490 -92.88660 unburned 61

SP-2-2 C 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 46

SP-2-2 C dup 2004 48.49617 -92.88976 low/medium 46

SP-4-3 C 2004 48.49830 -92.89090 high 40

SP-5-3 C 2004 48.50060 -92.88840 high 50

SP-7-3 C 2004 48.50480 -92.89560 high 45

SP-8-3 C 2004 48.50180 -92.87250 high 61

Field no. Year

collected Latitude Longitude Fire severity Mn Mo Nb Ni P Pb Rb Sb Sc Sn Sr Te Th Tl U V W Y Zn Se Total C 

(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (wt. %)

241 0.21 3.7 19.5 260 15.5 68.5 0.10 5.6 0.9 275 <0.1 3.1 0.4 1.0 44 0.3 5.4 30 <0.2 0.41

303 0.26 3.9 24.4 360 16.5 82.3 0.09 6.1 2.2 271 <0.1 3.8 0.5 1.1 50 0.4 5.7 29 <0.2 0.45

301 0.20 4.0 23.0 340 16.3 75.4 0.09 6.1 1.9 269 <0.1 4.1 0.4 1.2 51 0.3 5.6 30 <0.2 0.42

273 0.48 4.4 26.3 340 16.1 73.3 0.15 5.7 0.8 253 <0.1 4.4 0.4 1.4 52 0.5 5.6 42 0.4 0.92

325 0.46 4.4 18.9 180 16.4 76.9 0.16 5.8 2.2 278 <0.1 3.0 0.4 0.9 51 0.3 5.0 35 <0.2 1.08

276 0.52 4.3 17.1 360 16.1 82.1 0.15 5.3 0.8 265 <0.1 3.3 0.4 0.9 40 0.3 5.8 28 <0.2 1.18

344 0.76 5.7 28.9 1,010 16.9 64.7 0.20 7.8 2.2 275 <0.1 5.1 0.4 2.7 78 0.7 6.1 54 0.4 1.65
Appendix 8—Water Quality Data, Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 43

Field Lab

Month Day Year (m) (m) (mg/L) (μS/cm) (μS/cm) (°C) (°C) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)

483129092462001 Peary 5 8 2003 300338 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 5 8 2003 300339 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 9 2003 300340 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 19 2004 400181 0.05 3.0 11.4 6.9 7.0 22 26 12.9 2.10 0.852 0.60 1.08 6 8 0

483129092462001 Peary 5 19 2004 400171 0.05 2.3 11.8 7.1 26 30 18.5 13.1 2.48 1.060 0.71 1.14 10 8 0

483109092422601 Ryan 5 19 2004 400173 0.05 3.5 11.1 6.8 7.2 27 31 16.5 13.4 2.65 0.953 0.56 1.10 6 7 0

483059092474501 Brown 8 5 2004 400358 0.05 3.0 8.3 7.4 6.6 26 26 22.5 24.2 2.10 0.884 0.65 1.10 5 6

483129092462001 Peary 8 5 2004 400357 0.05 2.5 8.5 7.3 6.4 32 31 24.0 26.7 2.65 1.160 0.61 1.17 10 12 0

483109092422601 Ryan 8 5 2004 400356 0.05 2.5 8.4 7.0 6.5 30 29 22.8 2.49 0.995 0.53 1.12 6 7 0

482951092531601 Shoepack 8 25 2004 400624 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 9 22 2004 400613 0.05 1.5 8.6 6.4 7.1 29 35 13.5 16.8 2.68 1.150 0.85 1.23 4 5 0

483059092474501 Brown 9 23 2004 400588 0.05 2.5 9.2 7.0 7.0 23 27 21.5 17.2 2.08 0.853 0.62 1.06 6 8 0

483129092462001 Peary 9 23 2004 400607 0.05 2.7 8.9 6.9 6.9 28 32 18.0 16.9 2.56 1.150 0.57 1.17 10 12 0

483109092422601 Ryan 9 23 2004 400594 0.05 2.0 8.8 6.8 7.0 27 32 15.0 16.8 2.48 0.954 0.55 1.12 6 7 0

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 12 2005 500325 0.05 9.9 6.2 6.7 26 31 11.7 2.40 1.040 0.71 1.06 4 4 0

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 12 2005 500611 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 13 2005 500322 0.05 2.4 10.1 6.6 6.8 23 25 10.9 1.96 0.877 0.60 0.98 6 7 0

483129092462001 Peary 5 13 2005 500323 0.05 2.0 10.4 6.8 7.0 27 28 11.1 2.50 1.110 0.64 1.07 8 10 0

483109092422601 Ryan 5 13 2005 500324 0.05 3.2 10.1 6.5 6.8 27 28 11.1 2.46 0.985 0.48 1.01 4 5 0

483059092474501 Brown 7 13 2005 500388 0.05 2.4 7.2 7.1 25 29.0

483129092462001 Peary 7 13 2005 500389 0.05 2.1 7.2 7.3 29 28.7

482951092531601 Shoepack 7 14 2005 500390 0.05 1.2 8.8 7.2 30 27.3

483109092422601 Ryan 7 15 2005 500612 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 9 14 2005 500528 0.05 2.0 8.5 6.9 27 15.0 19.1

483129092462001 Peary 9 14 2005 500529 0.05 2.5 8.2 6.9 29 14.0 19.2

483109092422601 Ryan 9 14 2005 500527 0.05 1.5 8.3 6.5 31 13.5 19.2

483059092474501 Brown 5 16 2006 600190 0.05 3.0 10.1 6.5 19 13.8

483129092462001 Peary 5 16 2006 600189 0.05 2.6 10.1 6.8 22 14.0

483109092422601 Ryan 5 16 2006 600192 0.05 3.5 8.9 6.5 24 15.4

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 17 2006 600191 0.05 1.2 9.9 6.0 20 13.9

482951092531601 Shoepack 7 27 2006 600710 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 7 28 2006 600712 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 7 28 2006 600711 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 7 28 2006 600708 0.05

482805092484101 Agnes 8 2 2006 600709 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 9 15 2006 500526 0.05 1.5 7.9 6.1 27 18.0 18.5

Station no. Lake

Collection Date Sample

no.

Sampling 

depth

Secchi disc 

transparency

Dissolved 

oxygen

pH [field] pH [lab]

Specific 

conductance Air

temperature 

Water

temperature Calcium Magnesium Potassium Sodium Alkalinity Bicarbonate Carbonate
Appendix 8—Water Quality Data, Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 44

Month Day Year (m)

483129092462001 Peary 5 8 2003 300338 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 5 8 2003 300339 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 9 2003 300340 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 19 2004 400181 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 5 19 2004 400171 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 5 19 2004 400173 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 8 5 2004 400358 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 8 5 2004 400357 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 8 5 2004 400356 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 8 25 2004 400624 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 9 22 2004 400613 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 9 23 2004 400588 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 9 23 2004 400607 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 9 23 2004 400594 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 12 2005 500325 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 12 2005 500611 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 13 2005 500322 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 5 13 2005 500323 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 5 13 2005 500324 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 7 13 2005 500388 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 7 13 2005 500389 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 7 14 2005 500390 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 7 15 2005 500612 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 9 14 2005 500528 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 9 14 2005 500529 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 9 14 2005 500527 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 16 2006 600190 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 5 16 2006 600189 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 5 16 2006 600192 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 17 2006 600191 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 7 27 2006 600710 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 7 28 2006 600712 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 7 28 2006 600711 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 7 28 2006 600708 0.05

482805092484101 Agnes 8 2 2006 600709 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 9 15 2006 500526 0.05

Station no. Lake

Collection Date Sample

no.

Sampling 

depth Filtered Unfiltered Filtered Unfiltered

(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L as N) (mg/L as N) (mg/L as P) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (μg/L) (μg/L) (ng/L)

0.96

2.38

1.34

0.24 <0.17 2.41 1.50 0.35 0.43 E0.02 0.09 <0.008 <0.02 E0.004 <0.004 7.6 141 3.4 1.97

0.28 <0.17 1.56 1.86 0.37 0.44 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 0.006 E0.004 7.7 81 0.9 1.72

0.26 <0.17 2.61 3.33 0.50 0.50 0.10 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 0.005 0.005 10.3 190 29.5 3.43

0.23 <0.17 1.06 1.95 0.38 0.46 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 <0.004 0.005 8.5 27 E0.4 1.21

0.25 <0.17 0.55 1.87 0.41 0.55 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 E0.004 0.015 8.6 42 0.9 1.11

0.24 <0.17 1.69 3.52 0.40 0.48 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 E0.003 0.007 9.8 35 E0.6 2.40

15.0 2.46

0.28 0.17 1.35 2.94 0.59 0.71 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 0.008 0.026 14.8 291 10.9 2.78

0.20 <0.17 1.06 1.32 0.36 0.46 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 E0.002 0.010 8.3 47 1.5 1.59

0.22 <0.17 0.75 1.17 0.44 0.53 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 0.005 0.017 8.5 47 2.5 1.33

0.23 <0.17 1.71 2.75 0.42 0.53 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 E0.003 0.012 10.4 26 1.7 2.49

0.34 0.10 3.31 3.46 0.52 0.66 <0.04 0.08 <0.008 <0.02 0.008 0.023 15.3 286 47.2 3.94

15.1 3.74

0.22 <0.10 2.98 1.66 0.38 0.50 <0.04 0.07 <0.008 <0.02 0.006 0.011 9.6 173 13.8 2.56

0.23 <0.10 2.17 1.58 0.37 0.49 <0.04 <0.06 <0.008 <0.02 0.006 0.024 9.3 145 0.7 2.01

0.24 <0.10 3.58 3.28 0.48 0.57 0.08 E0.05 <0.008 <0.02 0.006 0.011 11.2 178 29.1 3.07

10.1 2.24

9.8 1.77

15.3 3.69

12.0 2.35

2.04

1.09

2.55

8.6 1.96

1.53

6.5 3.02

14.7 3.58

2.07

1.58

0.86

2.85

3.05

2.24

Organic 

Chloride Fluoride Silica Sulfate carbon

Ammonia + organic 

nitrogen

Ammonia Nitrite + nitrate Nitrite Orthophosphate Iron Manganese Mercury

Phosphorus
Appendix 8—Water Quality Data, Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 45

Month Day Year (m)

483129092462001 Peary 58 2003 300338 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 58 2003 300339 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 59 2003 300340 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 19 2004 400181 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 5 19 2004 400171 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 5 19 2004 400173 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 85 2004 400358 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 85 2004 400357 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 85 2004 400356 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 8 25 2004 400624 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 9 22 2004 400613 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 9 23 2004 400588 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 9 23 2004 400607 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 9 23 2004 400594 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 12 2005 500325 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 12 2005 500611 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 13 2005 500322 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 5 13 2005 500323 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 5 13 2005 500324 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 

7 13 2005 500388 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 7 13 2005 500389 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 7 14 2005 500390 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 7 15 2005 500612 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 9 14 2005 500528 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 9 14 2005 500529 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 9 14 2005 500527 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 5 16 2006 600190 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 5 16 2006 600189 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 5 16 2006 600192 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 5 17 2006 600191 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 7 27 2006 600710 0.05

483059092474501 Brown 7 28 2006 600712 0.05

483129092462001 Peary 7 28 2006 600711 0.05

483109092422601 Ryan 7 28 2006 600708 0.05

482805092484101 Agnes 82 2006 600709 0.05

482951092531601 Shoepack 9 15 2006 500526 0.05

Station no. Lake

Collection Date Sample

no.

Sampling 

depth

(ng/L)

0.07

0.12

0.06

<0.04

<0.04

0.16

<0.04

0.07

0.11

0.20

0.11

0.06

<0.04

0.08

0.24

0.26

0.16

0.10

0.19

0.17

0.07

0.20

0.10

0.10

<0.04

0.15

0.11

0.06

0.11

0.18

0.26

0.11

0.06

0.10

0.26

0.16

Methylmercury
Appendix 9—Mercury in Age-1 Yellow Perch in Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 46

Fish Total mercury Fish Total mercury

wet weight wet weight dry weight dry weight

Month Day Year (mm) (g) (ng/g) (g) (ng/g) (years)

br03yp019 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.42 71 0.299 338 1

br03yp026 Brown 5 12 2003 58 1.56 77 0.331 361 1

br03yp011 Brown 5 12 2003 56 1.58 76 0.331 364 1

br03yp041 Brown 5 12 2003 50 1.13 72 0.221 367 1

br03yp027 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.31 74 0.262 368 1

br03yp034 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.36 80 0.293 369 1

br03yp021 Brown 5 12 2003 53 1.50 78 0.312 373 1

br03yp018 Brown 5 12 2003 55 1.46 76 0.296 375 1

br03yp013 Brown 5 12 2003 63 2.12 81 0.456 377 1

br03yp017 Brown 5 12 2003 57 1.58 78 0.320 385 1

br03yp015 Brown 5 12 2003 55 1.42 82 0.294 396 1

br03yp043 Brown 5 12 2003 49 1.15 81 0.236 397 1

br03yp012 Brown 5 12 2003 56 1.46 80 0.292 399 1

br03yp006 Brown 5 12 2003 59 1.95 88 0.430 401 1

br03yp044 Brown 5 12 2003 58 1.57 84 0.325 404 1

br03yp030 Brown 5 12 2003 57 1.69 89 0.371 406 1

br03yp025 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.21 83 0.247 407 1

br03yp005 Brown 5 12 2003 53 1.27 81 0.249 411 1

br03yp004 Brown 5 12 2003 59 1.84 89 0.395 415 1

br03yp020 Brown 5 12 2003 58 1.85 77 0.342 417 1

br03yp022 Brown 5 12 2003 59 1.74 86 0.355 419 1

br03yp023 Brown 5 12 2003 53 1.32 83 0.257 425 1

br03yp039 Brown 5 12 2003 53 1.40 86 0.280 430 1

br03yp046 Brown 5 12 2003 58 1.85 90 0.381 436 1

br03yp042 Brown 5 12 2003 53 1.31 87 0.261 437 1

br03yp024 Brown 5 12 2003 52 1.24 82 0.231 438 1

br03yp014 Brown 5 12 2003 55 1.49 89 0.304 438 1

br03yp008 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.33 90 0.270 444 1

br03yp016 Brown 5 12 2003 53 1.40 86 0.270 445 1

br03yp029 Brown 5 12 2003 57 1.79 96 0.385 445 1

br03yp007 Brown 5 12 2003 52 1.32 91 0.268 448 1

br03yp050 Brown 5 12 2003 49 1.16 94 0.242 452 1

br03yp035 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.27 90 0.252 453 1

br03yp037 Brown 5 12 2003 52 1.14 83 0.207 456 1

br03yp009 Brown 5 12 2003 59 1.68 91 0.332 463 1

br03yp010 Brown 5 12 2003 50 1.09 89 0.205 473 1

br03yp051 Brown 5 12 2003 55 1.32 96 0.267 473 1

br03yp028 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.37 104 0.289 493 1

br03yp045 Brown 5 12 2003 57 1.51 103 0.309 505 1

br03yp038 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.48 104 0.298 515 1

br03yp036 Brown 5 12 2003 55 1.47 109 0.310 516 1

br03yp040 Brown 5 12 2003 54 1.17 101 0.226 525 1

br03yp031 Brown 5 12 2003 57 1.58 111 0.334 526 1

br03yp032 Brown 5 12 2003 49 1.17 111 0.244 530 1

br03yp047 Brown 5 12 2003 58 1.62 106 0.319 539 1

br03yp033 Brown 5 12 2003 62 2.02 115 0.427 543 1

br03yp049 Brown 5 12 2003 53 1.36 107 0.262 553 1

pe03yp029 Peary 5 8 2003 61 2.11 47 0.456 216 1

pe03yp023 Peary 5 8 2003 58 1.71 50 0.349 247 1

pe03yp016 Peary 5 8 2003 52 1.28 50 0.248 257 1

pe03yp026 Peary 5 8 2003 56 1.55 53 0.312 261 1

pe03yp019 Peary 5 8 2003 52 1.31 52 0.256 266 1

pe03yp004 Peary 5 8 2003 55 1.65 55 0.341 268 1

pe03yp021 Peary 5 8 2003 64 2.38 58 0.515 270 1

pe03yp006 Peary 5 8 2003 47 0.95 53 0.181 279 1

pe03yp001 Peary 5 8 2003 53 1.52 60 0.312 294 1

pe03yp002 Peary 5 8 2003 57 1.67 58 0.326 295 1

pe03yp020 Peary 5 8 2003 47 1.03 57 0.197 300 1

pe03yp025 Peary 5 8 2003 47 1.06 60 0.206 306 1

pe03yp007 Peary 5 8 2003 54 1.35 62 0.265 318 1

pe03yp010 Peary 5 8 2003 46 0.91 66 0.179 335 1

pe03yp011 Peary 5 8 2003 51 1.24 67 0.247 336 1

pe03yp030 Peary 5 8 2003 50 1.13 70 0.228 345 1

pe03yp022 Peary 5 8 2003 53 1.34 72 0.275 349 1

pe03yp009 Peary 5 8 2003 54 1.18 70 0.235 352 1

pe03yp013 Peary 5 8 2003 52 1.39 70 0.273 354 1

pe03yp003 Peary 5 8 2003 52 1.25 70 0.246 357 1

pe03yp024 Peary 5 8 2003 48 0.98 69 0.187 361 1

pe03yp014 Peary 5 8 2003 50 1.14 72 0.224 364 1

pe03yp005 Peary 5 8 2003 49 1.12 72 0.215 377 1

pe03yp008 Peary 5 8 2003 47 0.96 74 0.188 377 1

pe03yp015 Peary 5 8 2003 48 0.95 68 0.168 384 1

pe03yp018 Peary 5 8 2003 48 1.02 72 0.189 389 1

pe03yp012 Peary 5 8 2003 45 0.77 73 0.144 391 1

pe03yp027 Peary 5 8 2003 46 0.81 79 0.160 398 1

pe03yp017 Peary 5 8 2003 49 0.90 74 0.161 415 1

Sample ID Lake

Collection date Total length Age
Appendix 9—Mercury in Age-1 Yellow Perch in Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 47

Fish Total mercury Fish Total mercury

wet weight wet weight dry weight dry weight

Sample ID Lake Month Day Year (mm) (g) (ng/g) (g) (ng/g) (years)

Collection date Total length Age

pe03yp028 Peary 5 8 2003 49 1.07 79 0.203 417 1

ry03yp023 Ryan 5 12 2003 57 1.36 59 0.266 301 1

ry03yp020 Ryan 5 12 2003 58 1.61 87 0.319 440 1

ry03yp005 Ryan 5 12 2003 54 1.37 100 0.247 555 1

ry03yp025 Ryan 5 12 2003 58 1.68 109 0.320 570 1

ry03yp017 Ryan 5 12 2003 53 1.20 105 0.220 572 1

ry03yp030 Ryan 5 12 2003 67 2.30 111 0.415 614 1

ry03yp010 Ryan 5 12 2003 63 2.04 126 0.409 627 1

ry03yp027 Ryan 5 12 2003 56 1.09 110 0.188 639 1

ry03yp029 Ryan 5 12 2003 60 1.87 126 0.351 669 1

ry03yp012 Ryan 5 12 2003 53 1.23 125 0.226 680 1

ry03yp001 Ryan 5 12 2003 74 3.81 144 0.773 709 1

ry03yp008 Ryan 5 12 2003 54 1.32 145 0.256 746 1

ry03yp003 Ryan 5 12 2003 53 1.09 143 0.208 748 1

ry03yp019 Ryan 5 12 2003 50 1.02 146 0.199 749 1

ry03yp016 Ryan 5 12 2003 50 1.04 189 0.191 1,028 1

ry03yp015 Ryan 5 12 2003 50 1.04 189 0.190 1,034 1

ry03yp021 Ryan 5 12 2003 52 1.27 227 0.253 1,138 1

ry03yp007 Ryan 5 12 2003 49 0.95 218 0.180 1,149 1

ry03yp018 Ryan 5 12 2003 50 1.03 217 0.194 1,151 1

ry03yp011 Ryan 5 12 2003 49 1.03 222 0.186 1,230 1

ry03yp013 Ryan 5 12 2003 50 0.96 165 0.127 1,245 1

ry03yp006 Ryan 5 12 2003 47 0.78 232 0.142 1,277 1

ry03yp002 Ryan 5 12 2003 63 2.08 266 0.411 1,347 1

ry03yp004 Ryan 5 12 2003 47 0.81 262 0.157 1,354 1

ry03yp022 Ryan 5 12 2003 48 0.87 253 0.153 1,440 1

ry03yp009 Ryan 5 12 2003 51 1.01 276 0.191 1,460 1

ry03yp026 Ryan 5 12 2003 47 0.73 285 0.142 1,468 1

ry03yp024 Ryan 5 12 2003 57 1.52 274 0.278 1,498 1

ry03yp014 Ryan 5 12 2003 57 1.50 297 0.282 1,579 1

br04yp021 Brown 5 18 2004 54 1.19 42 0.234 211 1

br04yp018 Brown 5 18 2004 48 1.00 45 0.205 221 1

br04yp020 Brown 5 18 2004 49 1.08 46 0.216 231 1

br04yp026 Brown 5 18 2004 51 1.16 48 0.238 233 1

br04yp004 Brown 5 18 2004 49 1.07 47 0.215 235 1

br04yp012 Brown 5 18 2004 50 1.26 53 0.275 245 1

br04yp008 Brown 5 18 2004 49 1.10 52 0.232 248 1

br04yp028 Brown 5 18 2004 53 1.19 49 0.233 253 1

br04yp017 Brown 5 18 2004 53 1.12 52 0.231 253 1

br04yp003 Brown 5 18 2004 48 1.00 52 0.204 256 1

br04yp027 Brown 5 18 2004 51 1.06 55 0.225 261 1

br04yp010 Brown 5 18 2004 50 1.13 54 0.227 267 1

br04yp016 Brown 5 18 2004 47 0.94 55 0.192 271 1

br04yp011 Brown 5 18 2004 47 0.93 54 0.183 274 1

br04yp005 Brown 5 18 2004 49 1.14 57 0.233 277 1

br04yp019 Brown 5 18 2004 47 0.91 56 0.180 281 1

br04yp002 Brown 5 18 2004 47 0.98 55 0.190 286 1

br04yp030 Brown 5 18 2004 50 1.27 58 0.254 288 1

br04yp006 Brown 5 18 2004 47 0.93 57 0.185 289 1

br04yp014 Brown 5 18 2004 47 0.94 61 0.193 296 1

br04yp013 Brown 5 18 2004 49 1.07 60 0.216 296 1

br04yp015 Brown 5 18 2004 49 1.03 60 0.207 297 1

br04yp024 Brown 5 18 2004 54 1.29 61 0.261 300 1

br04yp029 Brown 5 18 2004 52 1.23 60 0.244 301 1

br04yp023 Brown 5 18 2004 52 1.24 60 0.243 307 1

br04yp007 Brown 5 18 2004 43 0.75 65 0.155 315 1

br04yp009 Brown 5 18 2004 51 0.96 70 0.181 370 1

br04yp022 Brown 5 18 2004 50 1.07 81 0.225 385 1

br04yp025 Brown 5 18 2004 55 1.41 79 0.281 394 1

br04yp001 Brown 5 18 2004 49 0.82 69 0.141 401 1

pe04yp011 Peary 5 19 2004 59 1.93 26 0.419 121 1

pe04yp002 Peary 5 19 2004 60 2.06 25 0.428 122 1

pe04yp022 Peary 5 19 2004 59 1.96 25 0.397 123 1

pe04yp010 Peary 5 19 2004 58 1.70 29 0.366 137 1

pe04yp017 Peary 5 19 2004 59 1.83 28 0.369 141 1

pe04yp019 Peary 5 19 2004 60 2.09 31 0.454 144 1

pe04yp023 Peary 5 19 2004 60 2.02 31 0.432 145 1

pe04yp008 Peary 5 19 2004 60 2.00 31 0.422 146 1

pe04yp001 Peary 5 19 2004 56 1.49 28 0.283 146 1

pe04yp013 Peary 5 19 2004 57 1.87 32 0.404 149 1

pe04yp016 Peary 5 19 2004 57 1.67 30 0.339 149 1

pe04yp021 Peary 5 19 2004 58 1.89 33 0.408 154 1

pe04yp009 Peary 5 19 2004 60 2.03 34 0.440 156 1

pe04yp015 Peary 5 19 2004 60 2.22 34 0.473 158 1

pe04yp014 Peary 5 19 2004 57 1.73 35 0.379 159 1

pe04yp003 Peary 5 19 2004 57 1.56 32 0.306 161 1
Appendix 9—Mercury in Age-1 Yellow Perch in Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 48

Fish Total mercury Fish Total mercury

wet weight wet weight dry weight dry weight

Sample ID Lake Month Day Year (mm) (g) (ng/g) (g) (ng/g) (years)

Collection date Total length Age

pe04yp020 Peary 5 19 2004 58 1.68 33 0.343 162 1

pe04yp004 Peary 5 19 2004 56 1.72 33 0.345 165 1

pe04yp006 Peary 5 19 2004 58 1.89 34 0.389 165 1

pe04yp005 Peary 5 19 2004 57 1.64 34 0.333 165 1

pe04yp007 Peary 5 19 2004 59 1.84 35 0.387 168 1

pe04yp018 Peary 5 19 2004 57 1.54 34 0.304 172 1

pe04yp012 Peary 5 19 2004 58 1.71 35 0.349 173 1

ry04yp021 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.41 141 0.503 675 1

ry04yp026 Ryan 5 18 2004 68 2.49 140 0.509 683 1

ry04yp019 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.37 142 0.486 694 1

ry04yp028 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.40 155 0.519 716 1

ry04yp012 Ryan 5 18 2004 64 2.45 154 0.528 716 1

ry04yp006 Ryan 5 18 2004 64 2.14 159 0.456 745 1

ry04yp011 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.34 167 0.511 766 1

ry04yp018 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.34 175 0.521 784 1

ry04yp017 Ryan 5 18 2004 67 2.52 167 0.537 786 1

ry04yp027 Ryan 5 18 2004 68 2.55 166 0.537 788 1

ry04yp022 Ryan 5 18 2004 66 2.41 159 0.487 788 1

ry04yp016 Ryan 5 18 2004 63 2.21 169 0.474 789 1

ry04yp009 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.57 169 0.547 795 1

ry04yp007 Ryan 5 18 2004 67 2.49 167 0.518 803 1

ry04yp015 Ryan 5 18 2004 63 2.05 180 0.445 828 1

ry04yp023 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.21 189 0.467 893 1

ry04yp029 Ryan 5 18 2004 66 2.37 188 0.498 895 1

ry04yp010 Ryan 5 18 2004 63 2.09 184 0.429 899 1

ry04yp008 Ryan 5 18 2004 67 2.02 180 0.401 906 1

ry04yp003 Ryan 5 18 2004 63 2.09 191 0.441 906 1

ry04yp024 Ryan 5 18 2004 68 2.83 199 0.614 917 1

ry04yp025 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.36 202 0.516 926 1

ry04yp004 Ryan 5 18 2004 64 2.15 194 0.448 929 1

ry04yp020 Ryan 5 18 2004 67 2.62 198 0.549 944 1

ry04yp002 Ryan 5 18 2004 77 3.48 195 0.719 946 1

ry04yp005 Ryan 5 18 2004 65 2.45 206 0.507 993 1

ry04yp014 Ryan 5 18 2004 60 1.71 208 0.349 1,018 1

ry04yp013 Ryan 5 18 2004 63 2.06 211 0.416 1,045 1

ry04yp030 Ryan 5 18 2004 79 2.60 258 0.590 1,137 1

br05yp016 Brown 5 16 2005 60 1.81 57 0.388 264 1

br05yp010 Brown 5 16 2005 60 1.99 57 0.411 274 1

br05yp008 Brown 5 16 2005 50 1.13 59 0.244 275 1

br05yp035 Brown 5 16 2005 55 1.55 58 0.320 282 1

br05yp031 Brown 5 16 2005 46 0.91 57 0.169 305 1

br05yp009 Brown 5 16 2005 53 1.33 64 0.274 313 1

br05yp003 Brown 5 16 2005 49 1.01 65 0.209 313 1

br05yp018 Brown 5 16 2005 53 1.30 63 0.261 313 1

br05yp007 Brown 5 16 2005 55 1.40 65 0.288 317 1

br05yp015 Brown 5 16 2005 54 1.34 64 0.267 320 1

br05yp020 Brown 5 16 2005 60 2.04 70 0.444 321 1

br05yp030 Brown 5 16 2005 48 1.09 65 0.222 322 1

br05yp026 Brown 5 16 2005 52 1.23 64 0.245 324 1

br05yp032 Brown 5 16 2005 50 1.04 65 0.207 325 1

br05yp011 Brown 5 16 2005 50 1.04 61 0.194 326 1

br05yp033 Brown 5 16 2005 48 0.92 67 0.185 336 1

br05yp024 Brown 5 16 2005 52 1.12 66 0.215 345 1

br05yp040 Brown 5 16 2005 54 1.45 67 0.279 351 1

br05yp019 Brown 5 16 2005 55 1.28 74 0.267 356 1

br05yp014 Brown 5 16 2005 59 1.64 73 0.330 362 1

br05yp034 Brown 5 16 2005 48 1.00 67 0.184 363 1

br05yp005 Brown 5 16 2005 49 0.97 78 0.207 367 1

br05yp021 Brown 5 16 2005 58 1.69 77 0.354 370 1

br05yp036 Brown 5 16 2005 57 1.67 73 0.328 373 1

br05yp027 Brown 5 16 2005 58 1.66 76 0.338 373 1

br05yp022 Brown 5 16 2005 53 1.24 74 0.245 375 1

br05yp004 Brown 5 16 2005 49 1.02 79 0.212 379 1

br05yp013 Brown 5 16 2005 57 1.55 81 0.330 382 1

br05yp012 Brown 5 16 2005 56 1.45 84 0.316 388 1

br05yp029 Brown 5 16 2005 48 0.93 78 0.186 392 1

br05yp001 Brown 5 16 2005 60 1.83 74 0.342 394 1

br05yp037 Brown 5 16 2005 52 1.40 80 0.284 395 1

br05yp017 Brown 5 16 2005 57 1.58 91 0.353 409 1

br05yp039 Brown 5 16 2005 52 1.30 84 0.264 415 1

br05yp038 Brown 5 16 2005 49 0.97 83 0.189 427 1

br05yp002 Brown 5 16 2005 51 1.22 82 0.233 432 1

br05yp023 Brown 5 16 2005 48 0.94 88 0.179 464 1

br05yp028 Brown 5 16 2005 59 1.75 93 0.338 480 1

br05yp025 Brown 5 16 2005 56 1.47 105 0.315 491 1

pe05yp004 Peary 5 15 2005 51 1.16 35 0.248 166 1
Appendix 9—Mercury in Age-1 Yellow Perch in Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 49

Fish Total mercury Fish Total mercury

wet weight wet weight dry weight dry weight

Sample ID Lake Month Day Year (mm) (g) (ng/g) (g) (ng/g) (years)

Collection date Total length Age

pe05yp002 Peary 5 15 2005 57 1.61 37 0.356 170 1

pe05yp001 Peary 5 15 2005 55 1.47 36 0.312 170 1

pe05yp007 Peary 5 15 2005 58 1.65 42 0.364 191 1

pe05yp003 Peary 5 15 2005 52 1.14 44 0.240 210 1

pe05yp005 Peary 5 15 2005 57 1.48 46 0.313 217 1

pe05yp006 Peary 5 15 2005 52 1.08 46 0.227 220 1

pe05yp009 Peary 5 15 2005 54 1.26 127 0.266 599 1

pe05yp011 Peary 5 15 2005 53 1.15 120 0.228 606 1

pe05yp013 Peary 5 15 2005 58 1.58 132 0.326 642 1

pe05yp010 Peary 5 15 2005 56 1.48 140 0.317 654 1

pe05yp014 Peary 5 15 2005 55 1.29 150 0.256 753 1

pe05yp008 Peary 5 15 2005 56 1.37 168 0.296 775 1

pe05yp012 Peary 5 15 2005 54 1.22 162 0.246 803 1

ry05yp008 Ryan 5 16 2005 52 1.19 35 0.258 160 1

ry05yp009 Ryan 5 16 2005 51 1.14 36 0.232 175 1

ry05yp013 Ryan 5 16 2005 48 0.92 37 0.182 185 1

ry05yp010 Ryan 5 16 2005 50 0.99 37 0.188 197 1

ry05yp012 Ryan 5 16 2005 55 1.40 47 0.300 219 1

ry05yp014 Ryan 5 16 2005 43 0.73 42 0.134 229 1

ry05yp011 Ryan 5 16 2005 47 0.91 48 0.190 230 1

ry05yp001 Ryan 5 15 2005 64 2.06 96 0.441 446 1

ry05yp003 Ryan 5 16 2005 51 1.09 144 0.238 662 1

ry05yp002 Ryan 5 15 2005 43 0.77 112 0.127 678 1

ry05yp007 Ryan 5 16 2005 47 1.08 127 0.193 712 1

ry05yp005 Ryan 5 16 2005 49 0.95 150 0.198 720 1

ry05yp006 Ryan 5 16 2005 52 1.18 157 0.253 730 1

ry05yp004 Ryan 5 16 2005 48 0.89 174 0.185 836 1

sh05yp010 Shoepack 5 13 2005 60 1.88 50 0.350 269 1

sh05yp029 Shoepack 5 13 2005 55 1.30 50 0.239 269 1

sh05yp006 Shoepack 5 13 2005 55 1.24 49 0.196 308 1

sh05yp019 Shoepack 5 13 2005 57 1.43 47 0.218 311 1

sh05yp004 Shoepack 5 13 2005 66 2.49 60 0.458 325 2

sh05yp013 Shoepack 5 13 2005 57 1.45 65 0.246 382 1

sh05yp022 Shoepack 5 13 2005 62 1.87 69 0.326 399 1

sh05yp002 Shoepack 5 13 2005 75 3.34 84 0.631 442 2

sh05yp025 Shoepack 5 13 2005 61 2.09 88 0.375 492 1

sh05yp030 Shoepack 5 13 2005 59 1.69 95 0.279 573 1

sh05yp008 Shoepack 5 13 2005 61 2.03 112 0.371 614 1

sh05yp007 Shoepack 5 13 2005 59 1.31 97 0.205 617 1

sh05yp012 Shoepack 5 13 2005 57 1.53 111 0.268 631 1

sh05yp023 Shoepack 5 13 2005 58 1.46 103 0.237 636 1

sh05yp011 Shoepack 5 13 2005 62 1.73 113 0.308 637 1

sh05yp021 Shoepack 5 13 2005 61 1.73 116 0.313 641 1

sh05yp032 Shoepack 5 13 2005 56 1.16 121 0.218 642 1

sh05yp015 Shoepack 5 13 2005 65 2.00 116 0.338 685 2

sh05yp003 Shoepack 5 13 2005 62 1.89 139 0.359 729 1

sh05yp001 Shoepack 5 13 2005 64 1.96 135 0.362 730 1

sh05yp024 Shoepack 5 13 2005 61 1.80 121 0.290 748 1

sh05yp005 Shoepack 5 13 2005 62 1.69 130 0.288 760 1

sh05yp027 Shoepack 5 13 2005 60 1.74 135 0.303 774 1

sh05yp016 Shoepack 5 13 2005 60 1.64 132 0.280 775 1

sh05yp031 Shoepack 5 13 2005 64 2.04 140 0.358 801 1

sh05yp018 Shoepack 5 13 2005 63 2.00 152 0.357 853 1

sh05yp017 Shoepack 5 13 2005 60 1.71 150 0.288 891 1

sh05yp026 Shoepack 5 13 2005 63 1.98 151 0.335 893 1

sh05yp009 Shoepack 5 13 2005 63 1.79 149 0.294 904 1

sh05yp014 Shoepack 5 13 2005 60 1.22 145 0.193 918 1

sh05yp020 Shoepack 5 13 2005 61 1.69 159 0.283 950 1

br06yp017 Brown 5 15 2006 53 1.38 98 0.294 460 1

br06yp013 Brown 5 15 2006 54 1.32 103 0.249 544 1

br06yp018 Brown 5 15 2006 50 1.08 119 0.235 549 1

br06yp003 Brown 5 15 2006 60 1.88 124 0.413 564 1

br06yp020 Brown 5 15 2006 51 1.11 123 0.237 576 1

br06yp016 Brown 5 15 2006 53 1.24 123 0.260 589 1

br06yp012 Brown 5 15 2006 54 1.33 118 0.261 600 1

br06yp008 Brown 5 15 2006 53 1.20 132 0.260 609 1

br06yp014 Brown 5 15 2006 52 1.20 129 0.251 616 1

br06yp019 Brown 5 15 2006 49 1.05 136 0.230 619 1

br06yp010 Brown 5 15 2006 53 1.17 132 0.249 621 1

br06yp007 Brown 5 15 2006 50 1.12 123 0.222 623 1

br06yp001 Brown 5 15 2006 54 1.41 133 0.297 633 1

br06yp009 Brown 5 15 2006 54 1.30 122 0.245 648 1

br06yp006 Brown 5 15 2006 55 1.32 134 0.268 660 1

br06yp026 Brown 5 15 2006 51 1.09 144 0.236 663 1

br06yp021 Brown 5 15 2006 51 1.05 137 0.215 668 1

br06yp024 Brown 5 15 2006 55 1.30 149 0.289 670 1
Appendix 9—Mercury in Age-1 Yellow Perch in Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 50

Fish Total mercury Fish Total mercury

wet weight wet weight dry weight dry weight

Sample ID Lake Month Day Year (mm) (g) (ng/g) (g) (ng/g) (years)

Collection date Total length Age

br06yp027 Brown 5 15 2006 58 1.56 148 0.345 671 1

br06yp011 Brown 5 15 2006 57 1.56 134 0.309 674 1

br06yp030 Brown 5 15 2006 51 1.07 149 0.231 691 1

br06yp004 Brown 5 15 2006 51 1.05 135 0.205 693 1

br06yp015 Brown 5 15 2006 53 1.22 142 0.248 699 1

br06yp022 Brown 5 15 2006 52 1.13 150 0.240 707 1

br06yp025 Brown 5 15 2006 56 1.35 158 0.290 737 1

br06yp029 Brown 5 15 2006 55 1.19 165 0.253 776 1

br06yp023 Brown 5 15 2006 51 1.15 164 0.240 786 1

br06yp002 Brown 5 15 2006 57 1.42 158 0.285 787 1

br06yp005 Brown 5 15 2006 51 1.20 172 0.254 811 1

br06yp028 Brown 5 15 2006 50 0.91 175 0.196 812 1

pe06yp017 Peary 5 15 2006 53 1.38 101 0.304 460 1

pe06yp013 Peary 5 15 2006 59 1.72 115 0.362 544 1

pe06yp018 Peary 5 15 2006 57 1.62 120 0.354 549 1

pe06yp003 Peary 5 15 2006 73 3.31 113 0.665 564 1

pe06yp020 Peary 5 15 2006 55 1.65 126 0.361 576 1

pe06yp016 Peary 5 15 2006 57 0.99 105 0.177 589 1

pe06yp012 Peary 5 15 2006 57 1.65 128 0.353 600 1

pe06yp008 Peary 5 15 2006 56 1.71 139 0.391 609 1

pe06yp014 Peary 5 15 2006 64 2.28 130 0.481 616 1

pe06yp019 Peary 5 15 2006 52 1.37 121 0.267 619 1

pe06yp010 Peary 5 15 2006 53 1.29 141 0.292 621 1

pe06yp007 Peary 5 15 2006 51 1.19 142 0.271 623 1

pe06yp001 Peary 5 15 2006 60 1.80 132 0.375 633 1

pe06yp009 Peary 5 15 2006 60 1.86 128 0.368 648 1

pe06yp006 Peary 5 15 2006 51 1.05 116 0.184 660 1

pe06yp026 Peary 5 15 2006 54 1.36 120 0.245 663 1

pe06yp021 Peary 5 15 2006 58 1.78 148 0.394 668 1

pe06yp024 Peary 5 15 2006 58 1.80 142 0.381 670 1

pe06yp027 Peary 5 15 2006 55 1.51 143 0.322 671 1

pe06yp011 Peary 5 15 2006 55 1.52 149 0.337 674 1

pe06yp030 Peary 5 15 2006 58 1.90 151 0.414 691 1

pe06yp004 Peary 5 15 2006 63 2.49 136 0.488 693 1

pe06yp015 Peary 5 15 2006 64 2.18 142 0.443 699 1

pe06yp022 Peary 5 15 2006 59 1.81 156 0.398 707 1

pe06yp025 Peary 5 15 2006 60 1.97 157 0.420 737 1

pe06yp029 Peary 5 15 2006 50 1.29 159 0.264 776 1

pe06yp023 Peary 5 15 2006 62 2.44 162 0.504 786 1

pe06yp002 Peary 5 15 2006 59 1.97 161 0.404 787 1

pe06yp005 Peary 5 15 2006 55 1.48 177 0.324 811 1

pe06yp028 Peary 5 15 2006 49 1.03 165 0.209 812 1

ry06yp002 Ryan 5 16 2006 58 1.73 98 0.360 469 1

ry06yp016 Ryan 5 16 2006 61 2.33 107 0.485 516 1

ry06yp004 Ryan 5 16 2006 52 1.29 110 0.267 532 1

ry06yp026 Ryan 5 16 2006 57 1.72 128 0.380 580 1

ry06yp013 Ryan 5 16 2006 54 1.85 123 0.363 629 1

ry06yp003 Ryan 5 16 2006 54 1.46 138 0.307 657 1

ry06yp019 Ryan 5 16 2006 53 1.35 147 0.294 676 1

ry06yp009 Ryan 5 16 2006 56 1.58 150 0.348 680 1

ry06yp015 Ryan 5 16 2006 60 1.89 156 0.420 701 1

ry06yp011 Ryan 5 16 2006 63 2.13 153 0.455 718 1

ry06yp005 Ryan 5 16 2006 53 1.45 155 0.307 733 1

ry06yp022 Ryan 5 16 2006 59 2.12 156 0.440 751 1

ry06yp025 Ryan 5 16 2006 56 1.52 158 0.320 751 1

ry06yp001 Ryan 5 16 2006 59 2.13 159 0.448 757 1

ry06yp006 Ryan 5 16 2006 56 1.74 150 0.342 764 1

ry06yp017 Ryan 5 16 2006 54 1.51 152 0.299 769 1

ry06yp020 Ryan 5 16 2006 52 1.48 171 0.324 780 1

ry06yp027 Ryan 5 16 2006 56 1.47 171 0.313 805 1

ry06yp018 Ryan 5 16 2006 51 1.25 168 0.259 813 1

ry06yp024 Ryan 5 16 2006 58 1.89 180 0.408 834 1

ry06yp028 Ryan 5 16 2006 56 1.70 172 0.348 839 1

ry06yp014 Ryan 5 16 2006 59 1.89 181 0.405 843 1

ry06yp008 Ryan 5 16 2006 56 1.83 166 0.360 846 1

ry06yp012 Ryan 5 16 2006 59 1.94 184 0.420 851 1

ry06yp029 Ryan 5 16 2006 54 1.62 180 0.338 860 1

ry06yp021 Ryan 5 16 2006 55 1.50 186 0.320 871 1

ry06yp030 Ryan 5 16 2006 56 1.79 183 0.368 891 1

ry06yp007 Ryan 5 16 2006 63 2.07 204 0.439 962 1

ry06yp023 Ryan 5 16 2006 59 1.66 186 0.310 994 1

ry06yp010 Ryan 5 16 2006 56 1.72 221 0.318 1,196 1

sh06yp037 Shoepack 5 17 2006 85 6.33 59 1.367 275 3

sh06yp033 Shoepack 5 17 2006 89 6.26 79 1.418 347 3

sh06yp035 Shoepack 5 17 2006 87 6.29 82 1.366 378 3

sh06yp020 Shoepack 5 17 2006 71 3.10 82 0.642 396 2
Appendix 9—Mercury in Age-1 Yellow Perch in Selected Lakes at Voyageurs National Park, MN 51

Fish Total mercury Fish Total mercury

wet weight wet weight dry weight dry weight

Sample ID Lake Month Day Year (mm) (g) (ng/g) (g) (ng/g) (years)

Collection date Total length Age

sh06yp055 Shoepack 5 17 2006 67 2.36 89 0.457 459 2

sh06yp013 Shoepack 5 17 2006 71 3.33 95 0.645 488 2

sh06yp010 Shoepack 5 17 2006 70 2.83 101 0.575 498 1

sh06yp043 Shoepack 5 17 2006 89 6.45 108 1.397 499 3

sh06yp047 Shoepack 5 17 2006 83 4.52 103 0.909 511 3

sh06yp016 Shoepack 5 17 2006 71 3.53 112 0.767 516 2

sh06yp012 Shoepack 5 17 2006 65 2.02 97 0.378 519 1

sh06yp008 Shoepack 5 17 2006 75 3.91 104 0.758 536 2

sh06yp060 Shoepack 5 17 2006 76 3.87 116 0.816 550 2

sh06yp024 Shoepack 5 17 2006 70 2.88 104 0.540 554 2

sh06yp059 Shoepack 5 17 2006 74 3.45 131 0.753 601 2

sh06yp058 Shoepack 5 17 2006 75 3.74 133 0.812 614 scales missing

sh06yp040 Shoepack 5 17 2006 83 5.04 132 1.078 617 3

sh06yp011 Shoepack 5 17 2006 73 3.44 125 0.692 624 2

sh06yp004 Shoepack 5 17 2006 68 2.39 128 0.482 633 1

sh06yp017 Shoepack 5 17 2006 67 2.13 119 0.400 633 1

sh06yp030 Shoepack 5 17 2006 66 2.47 118 0.461 635 1

sh06yp025 Shoepack 5 17 2006 74 3.49 131 0.717 639 2

sh06yp056 Shoepack 5 17 2006 71 3.32 135 0.698 643 2

sh06yp052 Shoepack 5 17 2006 80 4.50 142 0.994 645 3

sh06yp029 Shoepack 5 17 2006 70 2.73 124 0.522 648 1

sh06yp021 Shoepack 5 17 2006 67 2.64 133 0.532 660 1

sh06yp032 Shoepack 5 17 2006 84 4.61 130 0.902 662 3

sh06yp002 Shoepack 5 17 2006 70 2.88 132 0.561 675 2

sh06yp019 Shoepack 5 17 2006 75 3.65 136 0.731 678 2

sh06yp027 Shoepack 5 17 2006 68 2.66 135 0.530 679 1

sh06yp001 Shoepack 5 17 2006 73 2.86 143 0.572 713 2

sh06yp057 Shoepack 5 17 2006 75 3.46 136 0.651 722 3

sh06yp038 Shoepack 5 17 2006 84 5.59 150 1.144 733 3

sh06yp006 Shoepack 5 17 2006 72 2.79 125 0.468 743 2

sh06yp007 Shoepack 5 17 2006 60 1.52 126 0.255 754 1

sh06yp009 Shoepack 5 17 2006 65 2.05 142 0.384 756 1

sh06yp054 Shoepack 5 17 2006 81 4.25 154 0.860 762 3

sh06yp018 Shoepack 5 17 2006 70 2.92 145 0.544 776 2

sh06yp023 Shoepack 5 17 2006 72 3.30 160 0.672 784 2

sh06yp005 Shoepack 5 17 2006 73 3.30 151 0.634 787 2

sh06yp049 Shoepack 5 17 2006 88 6.14 174 1.305 820 3

sh06yp003 Shoepack 5 17 2006 70 2.97 169 0.588 851 1

sh06yp026 Shoepack 5 17 2006 78 3.67 173 0.744 854 2

sh06yp041 Shoepack 5 17 2006 83 4.98 183 1.048 868 3

sh06yp036 Shoepack 5 17 2006 80 4.02 170 0.780 876 3

sh06yp028 Shoepack 5 17 2006 75 3.38 171 0.653 887 2

sh06yp014 Shoepack 5 17 2006 74 3.12 164 0.574 893 2

sh06yp053 Shoepack 5 17 2006 81 4.27 192 0.863 950 3

sh06yp022 Shoepack 5 17 2006 70 2.84 179 0.523 971 2

sh06yp051 Shoepack 5 17 2006 80 3.93 181 0.733 971 3

sh06yp031 Shoepack 5 17 2006 83 4.64 204 0.936 1,013 3

sh06yp039 Shoepack 5 17 2006 90 6.38 196 1.220 1,027 4

sh06yp045 Shoepack 5 17 2006 89 5.67 205 1.109 1,048 4

sh06yp046 Shoepack 5 17 2006 84 4.78 214 0.937 1,090 3

sh06yp042 Shoepack 5 17 2006 80 4.50 235 0.927 1,138 2

sh06yp034 Shoepack 5 17 2006 88 5.27 232 0.988 1,238 3

sh06yp050 Shoepack 5 17 2006 82 3.64 238 0.650 1,331 3

sh06yp048 Shoepack 5 17 2006 85 4.29 280 0.806 1,490 3
L.G. Woodruff and others—Impact of Wildfire on Levels of Mercury in Forested Watershed Systems—Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota—SIR 2009–5151