PHOTO SERIES FOR

QUANTIFYING FOREST RESIDUES IN THE:

SIERRA MIXED CONIFER TYPE

SIERRA TRUE FIR TYPE

WAYNE G. MAXWELL

FRANKLIN R. WARD

COSPONSORED BY: PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION

 AND PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION

PUBLISHED BY: PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIEMENT STATION

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE

USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-95

OCTOBER 1979
ABSTRACT

Five series of photographs display different forest residue loading levels, by size

classes, for areas of like timber type (Sierra mixed conifer and Sierra true fir) and cutting

objective.

Information with each photo includes measured weights, volumes and other residue

data, information about the timber stand and harvest actions, and assessment of fire behavior

and suppression difficulty.

These photo series provide a fast and easy-to-use means for quantifying and describing

existing and expected residues.

KEYWORDS: Residues, residue management, fuel hazard rating, fire behavior (forest),

slash (Sierra mixed conifer), slash (Sierra true fir), residue measurements, residue

surveys.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF COOPERATION

This publication was developed by the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station and Region 5, Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U. S. Department of

Agriculture, and State of California, Department of Forestry, to serve the needs of forest land

managers in the Pacific Southwest.
CONTENTS

WHAT ARE THESE PHOTO SERIES? ......................................................................................... 1

WHY ARE THEY NEEDED? .......................................................................................................... 1

HOW CAN THEY BE USED? ......................................................................................................... 2

Inventory of Down Residue .................................................................................................. 2

Determination of Desired Residue Level ........................................................................... 4

Prediction of Residues From Planned Cutting and

 Residue Changes From Treatments .............................................................................. 4

HOW WERE THEY DEVELOPED? ............................................................................................... 6

Area Selection and Data Collection .................................................................................... 6

Assessment of Fire Behavior and Suppression Difficulty .............................................. 7

HOW CAN THEY BE SUPPLEMENTED? ................................................................................... 7

HOW ARE LEVELS IN THESE SERIES CODED? .................................................................... 8

Mixed Conifer Size Class 4, Regeneration Cut .............................................................. 11

Mixed Conifer Size Class 4, Partial Cut .......................................................................... 21

Mixed Conifer Size Class 3, Partial Cut .......................................................................... 39

True Fir Size Class 4, Regeneration Cut .......................................................................... 57

True Fir Size Class 4, Partial Cut ...................................................................................... 71
LIST OF PLANT SPECIES CITED

California black oak................................................Quercus kelloggii Newb.

Douglas-fir................................................................Pseudotsuga menzeisii (Mirb.) Franco

grand fir.....................................................................Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.

incense-cedar............................................................Libocedrus decurrens Torr.

Jeffrey pine ...............................................................Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.

ponderosa pine .........................................................Pinus ponderosa Laws.

red fir .........................................................................Abies spp.

sugar pine ..................................................................Pinus lambertiana Dougl.

western white pine ..................................................Pinus monticola Dougl.

white fir .....................................................................Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.

METRIC CONVERSIONS

1 acre = 0.404 7 hectare

2.471 acres = 1 hectare

1 cubic foot = 0.283 2 cubic meter

35.31 cubic feet = 1 cubic meter

1 foot = 0. 304 8 meter

3.281 feet = 1 meter

1 inch = 2.54 centimeter

0.3937 inch = 1 centimeter

1 ton (short) = 0.907 ton (metric)

1.102 tons (short) = 1 ton (metric)
1

WHAT ARE THESE PHOTO SERIES?

These photo series are arrays of photos; each array shows different residue loading

levels generated from like timber types and cutting practices. Each photo is supplemented with

information which includes:

Measured quantities by size classes, average depth, ground area covered, and other

residue data.

Harvest information.

Assessment of fire behavior and suppression difficulty.

Thus, the series provide a basis for quantifying and describing existing and expected

residue loadings on other areas and serve as a communication link among users.

WHY ARE THEY NEEDED?

Timber harvesting, silvicultural practices, and land clearing operations annually

generate forest residues on thousands of acres in the Sierra Nevada.

Although some residues are beneficial for nutrient cycling, soil protection, wildlife

cover, and the microclimate, excessive residues adversely affect the forest environment in

many ways. Much of the forest contains residues in undetermined quantities, which are
2

excessive from the standpoints of resource use, protection, and management. So that residues

may be reduced to a level considered desirable, estimates are needed on quantities that now

exist or will be created by some activity.

Inventory techniques, such as the planar intersect method, are useful when a high

degree of accuracy is needed but are time consuming and costly to apply extensively. Photo

series can be used to make fast, easy, and inexpensive quantifications of residue, adequate for

most management needs.

There has been no way for all resource disciplines to become readily familiar with

volumes and descriptions of residue so that they can make quantitative inputs to residue management. Likewise, because fuel rating systems axe specialized and subjective, they too are not

readily adapted to other environmental components. These deficiencies can be overcome with

the photo series.

HOW CAN THEY BE USED?

Inventory of Down Residue

Loadings in various residue size classes, average residue depth, and ground area

covered are characteristics that are visible in the photographs; hence, users can estimate any of

these characteristics on an area being inventoried by comparing them with the photos as follows:

1. Observe each characteristic of the residue on the ground (e.g., 3.1- to 9-inch loading).
3

2. Select a photo that nearly matches, or photos that bracket, the observed characteristic.

3. Obtain the quantitative value for the characteristic being estimated from the data

sheet accompanying the selected photo (or interpolate a value between photos).

These steps are repeated for each characteristic desired. If the general area being inventoried

has zones of obvious differences in residue loading, the user should consider making separate

determinations for each zone; these can then be weighted and cumulated for the whole area.

Residue characteristics not distinguishable in the photographs are duff and litter depth,

proportion of sound residue by species, and proportion rotted. If values for these characteristics

are desired in an inventory, they must be derived from independent sampling or observations.

Inventory information can be used by land managers to (1) evaluate impacts residues

have on various aspects of forest management, (2) identify areas of unacceptable residue

loading, (3) identify priority areas for treatment, (4) estimate amount of utilizable material, and

(5) predict characteristics of fire behavior and resistance to suppression.
4

Determination of Desired Residue Level

Land management objectives can be more nearly achieved if a team of appropriate

specialists can participate in specifying residues that should remain onsite after completion of a

cutting activity. Individuals helping with these determinations can study the photo series to

recognize the appearance of various quantities and distributions of residue. With this knowledge, each individual can describe in quantitative terms the residue thought necessary to meet

environmental concerns and goals of a particular specialty. The team can then use the photo

series as a communication tool to resolve differences in arriving at a desired level of residue.

After treatment, the degree to which objectives were achieved can be judged by comparing observed posttreatment loading with the desired level description.

Prediction of Residues From Planned Cutting and

Residue Changes From Treatments

Photo series are a rudimentary aid for predicting amounts of residue from cutting and

changes in residue from treatments. Many factors, such as condition of timber stand, topography, logging method, and intensity of utilization, affect the volume of resulting residues.

Therefore, users should bear in mind that these series depict only a few of the possible combinations.
5

To predict residue volumes from planned cutting, the user compares timber volume and

size information from cutting plans with this kind of information in the photo series. Selecting

a photo series level or levels with similar stand characteristics, the user refers to data sheet

loadings, considers factors that differ from the photo series situations, and quantifies the

loading expected.

Predicted loadings can be used to support changes in cutting and removal actions and to

plan appropriate treatments.

To predict residue changes from treatments, the user studies the treated and untreated

levels in the photo series to gain knowledge of relative changes or reductions affected by

sample treatments. Then, comparing residue inventory or preharvest prediction information

with levels in the series, the user predicts the change a specific treatment may produce.

Predicted change in residue from treatments can aid in (1) identifying treatments that

will reduce residues to the desired level, (2) selecting the most cost-effective treatments, and

(3) estimating tons that will be consumed by fire or removed in other ways. Improved accuracy

in estimating tons consumed by fire will increase the reliability of calculations of emissions

from particulates and chemical compounds.
6

HOW WERE THEY DEVELOPED?

Area Selection and Data Collection

Areas photographed for these series were selected to show typical residue loading

variations resulting from commonly applied harvest and cultural practices in selected major

vegetative types of the Sierra Nevada. Photos were taken and collected as follows:

1. Areas were photographed and the material in the photo area sampled in accordance with

USDA Forest Service national guidelines.l

2. Measurements were made in accordance with the “Handbook for Inventorying Downed

Woody Material.”2

 Specific gravities used for calculating loadings are based on ovendry

weights and air-dry volumes.

3. Information about timber stands, logging practices, and residue treatments were obtained

from timber sale records in field offices or estimated on the site if such records were not

available.

1U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1975. National fuel classification and inventory system,

preliminary draft. 61 p. , illus. Wash. Off., Washington, D. C. 2Brown, James K. 1974. Handbook for inventorying downed woody material. USDA For. Serv.Gen. Tech. Rep.

INT-16, 24 p., illus. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah.
7

Assessment of Fire Behavior and Suppression Difficulty

Quantities of dead and down fuel in each photo example were assessed for wildfire

spread rate, flame length, and resistance to suppression, based on assumed conditions of 0- to

15-percent slope, 4-percent fine fuel moisture, and 10-miles-per-hour windspeed at 20 feet;

procedures used were determined from fuel model scaling tables developed by Dr. David V.

Sandberg, and a resistance to suppression matrix developed by Wayne G. Maxwell.3

HOW CAN THEY BE SUPPLEMENTED?

If users in the Pacific Southwest find they have important local residue loadings not

adequately represented, they can supplement these series or develop additional series by

following procedures described in the referenced documents. The series in this publication may

be usable, in total or in part, in appropriate vegetative types in other regions.

These series do not show residue loadings in stands undisturbed by cutting activities.

Natural residue photo series are being developed for inventorying such areas.

3

Unpublished data on file at Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon.
8

HOW ARE LEVELS IN THESE SERIES CODED?

The data for each level are presented on the page facing the photo. Facing picture and

data pages have the same code for the residue situation shown. The code shows:

a. Order of rank from lightest loading to heavist loading shown in the series of

photographs.

b. Forest type; e.g., MC = mixed conifer, TF = true fir.

c. Forest size class, where:

1 = < 5-inch d. b. h. 3 = 12- to 20-inch d. b. h.

2 = 5- to 11-inch d. b. h. 4 = > 20-inch d. b. h.

d. Cutting practice, where:

RC = regeneration cut (clearcut, seed tree, shelterwood).

PC = partial cut (tree selection, group selection, overstory removal, understory removal, sanitation).
9

EXAMPLE: 1-MC-4-RC is the first photo in the series for mixed conifer, > 20-inch diameter trees, after harvest by regeneration cutting.

This report augments published photo series for residue levels in western forest vegetative types.4

4

Maxwell, Wayne G., and Franklin R. Ward. 1976. Photo series for quantifying forest residues in the: Coastal

Douglas-fir--hemlock type, coastal Douglas-fir--hardwood type. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-51, 103 p.,

illus. Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oreg.

Maxwell, Wayne G., and Franklin R. Ward. 1976. Photo series for quantifying forest residues in the: Ponderosa

pine type, ponderosa pine and associated species type, lodgepole pine type. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-52,

73 p., illus. Pac. Northwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Portland, Oreg.

NOTE: The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information

and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval

of any product or service by the U. S. Department of Agriculture to the exclusion of others

which may be suitable.
10
11

MIXED CONIFER

SIZE CLASS 4

REGENERATION CUT

A SERIES OF 3 LEVELS

REMINDERS TO USERS:

1. The marker in these photos is 1 foot square, and the pole is painted in contrasting colors at 1-foot

intervals to provide perspective.

2. Stumps are not included in residue quantities.

3. Rotted residue is that which would come apart or splinter when kicked.
12

1-MC-4-RC
13

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 1-MC-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.1 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 61 

0.0 – 0.25 0.2 13 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.3 

0.26 – 1.0 2.6 174 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger Jeffrey pine (percent) 64 

1.1 – 3.0 4.8 385 white fir (percent) 27 

3.1 – 9.0 4.3 360 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 2.8 225 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 9 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 14.7 1,157 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 18 X Spread rate (chains/hour) 0 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 12 X Flame length (Feet) 0 

Average stems/acre cut 10 X Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 34 X Suppression (chains/man-hour) 3.0 

Stand age (years) 300 X REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Shelterwood X 

Yarding method Tractor X 

Slash treatment Tractor pile & burn X 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 22 X 

 

First entry in old-growth stand. 
14

2-MC-4-RC
15

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 2-MC-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.5 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 91 

0.0 – 0.25 0.4 27 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 1.4 

0.26 – 1.0 5.7 381 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger Jeffrey pine (percent) 75 

1.1 – 3.0 11.8 945 white fir (percent) 21 

3.1 – 9.0 8.9 726 other (percent) 4 

9.1 – 20.0 2.7 216 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 6.9 553 

Total 36.4 2,848 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 22 X Spread rate (chains/hour) 9 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 20 X Flame length (Feet) 6 

Average stems/acre cut 54 X Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 24 X Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.1 

Stand age (years) 250 X REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Clearcut X 

Yarding method High-lead X 

Slash treatment None X 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 7 X 

 

First entry in old-growth stand. 
16

3-MC-4-RC
17

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 3-MC-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.9 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 87 

0.0 – 0.25 0.7 47 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 2.1 

0.26 – 1.0 9.6 641 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 38 

1.1 – 3.0 21.6 1,731 sugar pine (percent) 24 

3.1 – 9.0 13.7 1,152 other (percent) 38 

9.1 – 20.0 52.4 4,340 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 27.9 2,351 

Total 125.9 10,262 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 11.4 X Spread rate (chains/hour) 12 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 10.1 X Flame length (Feet) 8 

Average stems/acre cut 12 X Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 23 X Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.4 

Stand age (years) 150 X REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Clearcut X 

Yarding method Tractor X 

Slash treatment None X 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 6 X 

 

Old slash from partial cut prior to this clearcut entry was 

in evidence. 
18
19

MIXED CONIFER

SIZE CLASS 4

PARTIAL CUT

A SERIES OF 8 LEVELS

REMINDERS TO USERS:

1. The marker in these photos is 1 foot square, and the pole is painted in contrasting colors at 1-foot

intervals to provide perspective.

2. Stumps are not included in residue quantities.

3. Rotted residue is that which would come apart or splinter when kicked.
20

1-MC-4-PC
21

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 1-MC-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.01 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 89 

0.0 – 0.25 0.2 13 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.1 

0.26 – 1.0 2.0 134 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 60 

1.1 – 3.0 3.8 304 incense-cedar (percent) 40 

3.1 – 9.0 0.5 42 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 0 0 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 6.5 493 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 4.6 X Spread rate (chains/hour) 3 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 4.6 X Flame length (Feet) 2 

Average stems/acre cut 15 X Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 22 X Suppression (chains/man-hour) 6.0 

Stand age (years) 150 X REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection X 

Yarding method Tractor X 

Slash treatment Machine pile & burn X 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 8 X 

 
22

2-MC-4-PC
23

1

 see remarks. 

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 2-MC-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.4 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 100 

0.0 – 0.25 1.0 67 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 1.8 

0.26 – 1.0 4.1 274 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger Douglas-fir (percent) 43 

1.1 – 3.0 8.0 641 incense-cedar (percent) 34 

3.1 – 9.0 9.6 751 other (percent) 19 

9.1 – 20.0 3.9 284 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 4 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 26.6 2,017 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 5.8 X Spread rate (chains/hour) 3 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 5.3 X Flame length (Feet) 3 

Average stems/acre cut 23 X Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 20 X Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.0 

Stand age (years) 150 X REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Overstory removal X 

Yarding method Rubber tire skidder X 

Slash treatment Machine treat1 X 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 8 X 

 

Treated with Hydro-ax machine. 
24

3-MC-4-PC
25

1

 Required yarding unmerchantable material (YUM) down to 8-inch diameter, small end, and 10-foot length. 

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 3-MC-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.2 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 36 

0.0 – 0.25 0 0 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.6 

0.26 – 1.0 0.4 27 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger incense-cedar (percent) 25 

1.1 – 3.0 3.1 248 sugar pine (percent) 16 

3.1 – 9.0 8.9 766 other (percent) 19 

9.1 – 20.0 12.2 1,140 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 40 

20.1+ 4.0 427 

Total 28.6 2,608 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 35 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 0 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 33.5 x Flame length (Feet) 0 

Average stems/acre cut 32 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 22 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 2.4 

Stand age (years) 250 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Group selection x 

Yarding method Skyline x 

Slash treatment YUM1 & underburn x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) <1 x 

 

First entry in old-growth stand. 
26

4-MC-4-PC
27

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 4-MC-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 1.1 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 91 

0.0 – 0.25 0.8 53 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 1.7 

0.26 – 1.0 4.0 267 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 38 

1.1 – 3.0 6.2 497 Douglas-fir (percent) 18 

3.1 – 9.0 14.7 1,071 other (percent) 36 

9.1 – 20.0 8.9 724 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 8 

20.1+ 3.6 296 

Total 38.2 2,908 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 24 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 7 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 22 x Flame length (Feet) 4 

Average stems/acre cut 15 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 24 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.2 

Stand age (years) 200+ x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Overstory removal x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 12 x 

 

 Much old, treated slash on ground from prior sales. 
28

5-MC-4-PC
29

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 5-MC-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.1 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 69 

0.0 – 0.25 0.5 33 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.3 

0.26 – 1.0 5.3 354 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger incense-cedar (percent) 85 

1.1 – 3.0 12.0 962 ponderosa pine (percent) 15 

3.1 – 9.0 12.9 1,113 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 10.8 915 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 41.5 3,377 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 5.8 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 9 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 5.8 x Flame length (Feet) 6 

Average stems/acre cut 7 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 26 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.9 

Stand age (years) 100 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 8 x 

 
30

6-MC-4-PC
31

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 6-MC-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.4 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 97 

0.0 – 0.25 1.6 107 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.4 

0.26 – 1.0 8.7 581 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 54 

1.1 – 3.0 6.1 489 incense-cedar (percent) 24 

3.1 – 9.0 20.5 1,772 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 6.9 632 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 22 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 43.8 3,581 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 23 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 10 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 20.5 x Flame length (Feet) 6 

Average stems/acre cut 34 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 26 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.7 

Stand age (years) 100 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 36 x 

 

 Some old, untreated slash on ground from cutting 

prior to recent sale. 
32

7-MC-4-PC
33

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 7-MC-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.3 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 67 

0.0 – 0.25 0.6 40 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 2.4 

0.26 – 1.0 6.7 447 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger incense-cedar (percent) 52 

1.1 – 3.0 10.8 865 white fir (percent) 45 

3.1 – 9.0 3.7 254 other (percent) 3 

9.1 – 20.0 8.0 693 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 21.2 1,774 

Total 51.0 4,073 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 27 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 9 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 23 x Flame length (Feet) 6 

Average stems/acre cut 30 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 28 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.6 

Stand age (years) 250 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 12 x 

 

 
34

8-MC-4-PC
35

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 8-MC-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 1.0 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 95 

0.0 – 0.25 1.0 67 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 1.0 

0.26 – 1.0 5.9 394 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger Douglas-fir (percent) 68 

1.1 – 3.0 7.9 633 ponderosa pine (percent) 4 

3.1 – 9.0 22.9 1,741 other (percent) 1 

9.1 – 20.0 7.3 647 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 27 

20.1+ 16.5 1,102 

Total 61.5 4,584 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 5.5 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 9 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 4.8 x Flame length (Feet) 5 

Average stems/acre cut 24 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 17 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.7 

Stand age (years) 80 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 12 x 

 

 Some old, large residue from early cutting existed on 

this site prior to recent cutting. 
36
37

MIXED CONIFER

SIZE CLASS 3

PARTIAL CUT

A SERIES OF 8 LEVELS

REMINDERS TO USERS:

1. The marker in these photos is 1 foot square, and the pole is painted in contrasting colors at 1-foot

intervals to provide perspective.

2. Stumps are not included in residue quantities.

3. Rotted residue is that which would come apart or splinter when kicked.
38

1-MC-3-PC
39

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 1-MC-3-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.1 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 88 

0.0 – 0.25 0.2 13 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.8 

0.26 – 1.0 1.9 127 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger incense-cedar (percent) 100 

1.1 – 3.0 0.8 64 (percent) 

3.1 – 9.0 0.4 35 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 1.1 95 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 4.4 334 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 3.9 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 4 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 3.8 x Flame length (Feet) 2 

Average stems/acre cut 30 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 15 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 6.0 

Stand age (years) 80 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Hand piled & burned x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 30 x 

 

 General marking on this sale was to cut all stems over 

10-inch d.b.h. 
40

2-MC-3-PC
41

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 2-MC-3-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.4 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 85 

0.0 – 0.25 0.2 13 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 1.1 

0.26 – 1.0 2.8 187 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger ponderosa pine (percent) 43 

1.1 – 3.0 3.1 248 Jeffrey pine (percent) 39 

3.1 – 9.0 4.9 413 incense-cedar (percent) 3 

9.1 – 20.0 1.2 96 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 15 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 12.2 957 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 6.5 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 12 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 6.3 x Flame length (Feet) 6 

Average stems/acre cut 50 x Resistance to 2.0 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 15 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 

Stand age (years) 80 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 24 x 

 

 General marking rule on this sale was to cut all 

stems over 10-inch d.b.h. 
42

3-MC-3-PC
43

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 3-MC-3-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.2 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 69 

0.0 – 0.25 0.4 27 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.8 

0.26 – 1.0 2.6 174 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger black oak (percent) 65 

1.1 – 3.0 5.1 409 incense-cedar (percent) 25 

3.1 – 9.0 6.9 417 ponderosa pine (percent) 10 

9.1 – 20.0 0 0 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 15.0 1,027 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 6.7 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 5 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 6.5 x Flame length (Feet) 3 

Average stems/acre cut 19 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 20 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 2.4 

Stand age (years) 90 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Lop & scatter; spot burn x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 10 x 

 

 
44

4-MC-3-PC
45

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 4-MC-3-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.3 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 91 

0.0 – 0.25 0.5 33 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 1.2 

0.26 – 1.0 4.4 294 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger ponderosa pine (percent) 67 

1.1 – 3.0 4.0 321 Douglas-fir (percent) 12 

3.1 – 9.0 6.1 498 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 1.4 120 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 21 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 16.4 1,266 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 12.5 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 7 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 12.5 x Flame length (Feet) 4 

Average stems/acre cut 28 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 19 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 2.0 

Stand age (years) 60 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Lop & scatter x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 12 x 

 

 
46

5-MC-3-PC
47

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 5-MC-3-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.6 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 87 

0.0 – 0.25 0.3 20 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 1.1 

0.26 – 1.0 2.6 174 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger Jeffrey pine (percent) 89 

1.1 – 3.0 4.4 353 white fir (percent) 7 

3.1 – 9.0 7.0 566 incense-cedar (percent) 4 

9.1 – 20.0 5.6 449 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 19.9 1,562 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 8.6 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 13 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 8.4 x Flame length (Feet) 6 

Average stems/acre cut 60 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 15 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.7 

Stand age (years) 80 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 30 x 

 

 General marking rule on this sale was to cut all 

stems over 10-inch d.b.h. 
48

6-MC-3-PC
49

1

See remarks

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 6-MC-3-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.6 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 100 

0.0 – 0.25 0.1 7 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 3.4 

0.26 – 1.0 2.3 154 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger ponderosa pine (percent) 45 

1.1 – 3.0 3.0 240 (percent) 

3.1 – 9.0 10.9 978 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 2.0 192 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 55 

20.1+ 2.1 224 

Total 20.4 1,795 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) * Spread rate (chains/hour) 5 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) * Flame length (Feet) 3 

Average stems/acre cut 100 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 6 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.3 

Stand age (years) 90 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Understory removal1 x 

Yarding method x 

Slash treatment Broadcast burn x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 60 x 

 

 Understory removed by precommercial thinning. 
50

7-MC-3-PC
51

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 7-MC-3-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.6 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 83 

0.0 – 0.25 0.8 53 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.8 

0.26 – 1.0 7.2 481 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger ponderosa pine (percent) 36 

1.1 – 3.0 7.5 601 black oak (percent) 17 

3.1 – 9.0 6.9 491 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 3.2 342 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 47 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 25.6 1,968 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 12.5 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 9 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 12.5 x Flame length (Feet) 6 

Average stems/acre cut 28 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 19 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.9 

Stand age (years) 60 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 12 x 

 
52

8-MC-3-PC
53

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 8-MC-3-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.3 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 57 

0.0 – 0.25 0.2 13 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.4 

0.26 – 1.0 1.8 120 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger ponderosa pine (percent) 58 

1.1 – 3.0 3.7 296 incense-cedar (percent) 16 

3.1 – 9.0 13.3 1,127 white fir (percent) 5 

9.1 – 20.0 20.7 1,761 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 21 

20.1+ 13.6 1,202 

Total 53.3 4,519 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 7.5 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 0 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 6.5 x Flame length (Feet) 0 

Average stems/acre cut 19 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 20 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.5 

Stand age (years) 90 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Broadcast burn x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 2 x 

 
54
55

TRUE FIR

SIZE CLASS 4

REGENERATION CUT

A SERIES OF 6 LEVELS

REMINDERS TO USERS:

1. The marker in these photos is 1 foot square, and the pole is painted in contrasting colors at 1-foot

intervals to provide perspective.

2. Stumps are not included in residue quantities.

3. Rotted residue is that which would come apart or splinter when kicked.
56

1-TF-4-RC
57

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 1-TF-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.1 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 68 

0.0 – 0.25 0.2 13 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.2 

0.26 – 1.0 1.1 73 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger red fir (percent) 100 

1.1 – 3.0 2.9 232 (percent) 

3.1 – 9.0 0.4 34 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 0 0 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 4.6 352 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 30 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 0 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 28 x Flame length (Feet) 0 

Average stems/acre cut 32 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 25 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 12 

Stand age (years) 150 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Shelterwood x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Broadcast burn x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 24 x 

 
58

2-TF-4-RC
59

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 2-TF-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.1 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 93 

0.0 – 0.25 0.3 20 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.6 

0.26 – 1.0 1.4 93 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger grand fir (percent) 100 

1.1 – 3.0 3.8 304 (percent) 

3.1 – 9.0 1.4 121 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 0 0 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 0 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 6.9 538 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 14 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 0 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 13 x Flame length (Feet) 0 

Average stems/acre cut 15 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 25 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 6.0 

Stand age (years) 150 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Shelterwood x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Machine pile & burn x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 24 x 

 

 Complete history of this site not known, but it 

appeared that at least two entries had been made prior to 

the shelterwood cut. 
60

3-TF-4-RC
61

1

Required yarding unmerchantable material (YUM) down to 10-inch diameter, small end, and 10-foot length. 

2

See remarks 

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 3-TF-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.4 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 100 

0.0 – 0.25 0.3 20 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.7 

0.26 – 1.0 3.6 240 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger red fir (percent) 84 

1.1 – 3.0 12.1 970 (percent) 

3.1 – 9.0 6.4 560 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 4.1 357 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 16 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 26.5 2,147 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 40 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 2 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 38 x Flame length (Feet) 3 

Average stems/acre cut 36 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 25 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.3 

Stand age (years) 150 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Shelterwood x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment YUM1 & machine treat2 x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) x 

 

 Treated with Trackmac machine 
62

4-TF-4-RC
63

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 4-TF-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.3 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 88 

0.0 – 0.25 0.9 60 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.4 

0.26 – 1.0 5.3 354 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 83 

1.1 – 3.0 4.6 369 (percent) 

3.1 – 9.0 15.8 1,338 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 2.1 195 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 17 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 28.7 2,316 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 36 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 5 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 33 x Flame length (Feet) 4 

Average stems/acre cut 34 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 26 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.1 

Stand age (years) 200 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Burned concentrations x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 18 x 

 

 
64

5-TF-4-RC
65

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 5-TF-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.2 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 95 

0.0 – 0.25 0.2 13 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.7 

0.26 – 1.0 2.0 134 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger red fir (percent) 86 

1.1 – 3.0 4.8 385 western white pine (percent) 2 

3.1 – 9.0 11.0 945 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 10.4 911 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 12 

20.1+ 3.1 261 

Total 31.5 2,649 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 12 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 5 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 11 x Flame length (Feet) 3 

Average stems/acre cut 10 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 25 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 2.0 

Stand age (years) 200 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Shlterwood x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Lop to 25-inch height x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 24 x 

 

 Entry prior to this cut had left much large, 

untreated residue. 
66

6-TF-4-RC
67

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 6-TF-4-RC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.7 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 92 

0.0 – 0.25 1.6 107 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.2 

0.26 – 1.0 6.3 421 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 48 

1.1 – 3.0 6.2 497 incense-cedar (percent) 4 

3.1 – 9.0 16.2 1,372 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 28.1 2,499 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 48 

20.1+ 25.6 2,604 

Total 84.0 7,500 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 40 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 8 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 35 x Flame length (Feet) 5 

Average stems/acre cut 43 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 24 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.7 

Stand age (years) 150 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Clearcut x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 15 x 

 

 
68
69

TRUE FIR

SIZE CLASS 4

PARTIAL CUT

A SERIES OF 5 LEVELS

REMINDERS TO USERS:

1. The marker in these photos is 1 foot square, and the pole is painted in contrasting colors at 1-foot

intervals to provide perspective.

2. Stumps are not included in residue quantities.

3. Rotted residue is that which would come apart or splinter when kicked.
70

1-TF-4-PC
71

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 1-TF-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.4 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 95 

0.0 – 0.25 0.5 33 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 0.5 

0.26 – 1.0 2.2 147 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger red fir (percent) 93 

1.1 – 3.0 6.3 505 (percent) 

3.1 – 9.0 7.3 627 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 1.3 110 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 7 

20.1+ 0 0 

Total 17.6 1,422 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 30 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 3 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 29 x Flame length (Feet) 2 

Average stems/acre cut 32 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 25 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 3.0 

Stand age (years) 150 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Group selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Lop to 25-inch height x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 24 x 

 

 
72

2-TF-4-PC
73

1

Required yarding unmerchantable material (YUM) down to 10-inch diameter, small end, and 10-foot length. 

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 2-TF-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.3 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 97 

0.0 – 0.25 0.3 20 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 2.0 

0.26 – 1.0 2.1 140 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 27 

1.1 – 3.0 3.5 280 ponderosa pine (percent) 33 

3.1 – 9.0 8.9 765 other (percent) 12 

9.1 – 20.0 3.9 403 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 28 

20.1+ 6.0 481 

Total 24.7 2,089 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 4.5 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 5 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 4.0 x Flame length (Feet) 3 

Average stems/acre cut 2 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 44 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.7 

Stand age (years) 250 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment YUM1 x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 14 x 

 

 
74

3-TF-4-PC
75

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 3-TF-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.4 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 100 

0.0 – 0.25 1.2 80 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 1.8 

0.26 – 1.0 4.1 274 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger red fir (percent) 57 

1.1 – 3.0 6.6 529 white fir (percent) 26 

3.1 – 9.0 10.6 909 ponderosa pine (percent) 2 

9.1 – 20.0 12.7 1,113 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 15 

20.1+ 3.8 321 

Total 39.0 3,226 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 22 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 7 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 18 x Flame length (Feet) 4 

Average stems/acre cut 11 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 30 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 1.5 

Stand age (years) 250 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Group selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment Lop & scatter x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 48 x 

 

 
76

4-TF-4-PC
77

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 4-TF-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.6 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 99 

0.0 – 0.25 1.3 87 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 3.3 

0.26 – 1.0 5.8 387 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 93 

1.1 – 3.0 7.8 625 incense-cedar (percent) 3 

3.1 – 9.0 19.1 1,586 sugar pine (percent) 2 

9.1 – 20.0 8.6 710 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 2 

20.1+ 6.4 526 

Total 49.0 3,921 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) 8.0 x Spread rate (chains/hour) 8 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) 7.5 x Flame length (Feet) 5 

Average stems/acre cut 30 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 18 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.7 

Stand age (years) 120 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Tree selection x 

Yarding method Tractor x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 30 x 

 

 
78

5-TF-4-PC
79

1

see remarks 

DATA SHEET Residue descriptive code 5-TF-4-PC 

LOADING OTHER MEASUREMENT 

Size class Weight Volume Average residue depth (feet) 0.6 

(inches) (tons/acre) Ft3/acre Ground area covered by residue 1⁄4-inch diamter and larger (percent) 92 

0.0 – 0.25 0.5 33 Average duff and litter depth (inches) 5.0 

0.26 – 1.0 4.7 314 Sound residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger white fir (percent) 71 

1.1 – 3.0 6.2 497 (percent) 

3.1 – 9.0 20.0 1,769 (percent) 

9.1 – 20.0 45.0 3,767 Rotted residue 3.1-inch diameter and larger (percent) 29 

20.1+ 29.9 2,817 

Total 106.3 9,197 

HARVEST INFORMATION HARVEST INFORMATION SOURCE 

Sale Records Onsite estimation 

ASSESSMENT OF THE FIRE BEHAVIOR AND 

SUPRESSION DIFFICULTY 

Gross volume (M fbm/acre) * 1 Spread rate (chains/hour) 7 

Net volume (M fbm/acre) * 1 Flame length (Feet) 5 

Average stems/acre cut 40 x Resistance to 

Average d.b.h. of stems cut (inches) 20 x Suppression (chains/man-hour) 0.5 

Stand age (years) 300 x REMARKS 

Cutting prescription Sanitation cut x 

Yarding method None x 

Slash treatment None x 

Period since cut or treatment (months) 96 x 

 

 No volume removed from cutting; trees were felled 

to remove diseased trees from stand. 
80

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980 - 697-236
The mission of the PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION is to provide the knowledge, technology, and alternatives for present and future protection, management, and use of forest,

range, and related environments.

Within this overall mission, the Station conducts and stimulates research to facilitate and to accelerate progress toward the following goals:

1. Providing safe and efficient technology for inventory, protection,

and use of resources.

2. Developing and evaluating alternative methods and levels of resource management.

3. Achieving optimum sustained resource productivity consistent with

maintaining a high quality forest environment.

The area of research encompasses Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and,

in some cases, California, Hawaii, the Western States, and the Nation.

Results of the research are made available promptly. Project headquarters are at:

Anchorage, Alaska La Grande, Oregon

Fairbanks, Alaska Portland, Oregon

Juneau, Alaska Olympia, Washington

Bend, Oregon Seattle, Washington

Corvallis, Oregon Wenatchee, Washington

 Mailing address: Pacific Northwest Forest and Range

Experiment Station

809 N.E. 6th Ave.

Portland, Oregon 97232