No. 88-579
INTHE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
1989

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF JEREMY GERSOVITZ,
Petitioner and Appellant, and
CATHERINE ANN SIEGNER, Respondent and Respondent.

APPEAL FROM: DistrictCourtof theFourthJudicialDistrict, In and for theCountyof Missoula, TheHonorableJohn S. Henson, Judgepresiding.
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
CarolA. Mitchell, Missoula, Montana Joan Uda, Helena, Montana
ForRespondent:
MarthaE. McClain, Missoula, Montana
ForAmicusCuriae:
BruceB. Barrett, MontanaAssociationof Jewish Communities, Missoula, Montana
I-

Submittedon Briefs: June 16, 1989

1
-- 3 Decided: August 25, 1989

L.- iri
--* ,. ?. Filed:

### -; 

## - '5

-.-- k 1 I

### -

--a- ) -i1 .) (> 

### -- w.. LCJustice John Conway Harrison delivered the Opinion of the Court.

This isan appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, in and for the County of Missoula, the Honorable John S. Henson presiding. Judge Henson issued findings of fact and conclusions of law and order in this marriage dissolution action. Appellant Jeremy Gersovitz appeals from the custody order concerning the parties' minor child. We affirm. Three issues are presented by the appellant, Jeremy Gersovitz, which we will condense into two issues as stated by the respondent, CatherineAnn Siegner. 1. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in ordering a residential plan which placed the child with respondentwife,after the child reachesa school age? 2. Did the District Court abuse its discretion in its determination that neither party should have the exclusive right todetermine the child's religiouseducation? The parties met in Washington, D.C. while attending school to earn graduate degrees. Respondent (hereinafter referred to as Catherine) received a bachelor's and master's degree in journalism. The appellant (hereinafterreferred to
as Jeremy) holds abachelor's degree inpolitical scienceand
a master's degree in journalism. After receiving their degrees, the parties found work in Missoula, Montana in January of 1986. The parties were married on February 14, 1986. Their son, Alexander Samuel Gersovitz (hereinafter referred to as Alex) was born on August 1, 1986. Jeremy and Catherine separated in December, 1987. At the time of their separation, Catherine moved out of the family home to a residence within several blocks of Jeremy and the partiesworked out an amiable joint custody arrangement. Shortly after Catherine moved, Jeremy filed a petition for the dissolutionof themarriage. Between the time of the filing for dissolutionand the trial,the parties shared joint custody ofAlex. The central issue here is whether Alex should reside with Catherine or Jeremy afterhe reaches school age. Each party made several recommendations to the court prior to and during the trial regarding the residence and
care of Alex. After hearing the evidence, the court structured a plan which would enable each parent to have physical custody of Alex during certainperiods of the year. Alex was approximately threeyears of agewhen this plan was established. Jeremy objects to that portion of the plan which placesAlex in the custody of Catherine afterhebegins school. Section 40-4-212, MCA, sets forth the factors to be considered when determining the best interest of the child. The court noted in its findings that both parents were loving, concerned and capable parents. Both sought joint custody and each requested to be the primary custodian commencing with Alex's school years. However, the court concluded that the child must reside primarily with one parent during the time he attends school so his education will not be interrupted by multiple custodial transfers. Further, the court concluded that it was in Alex's best interest that he spend time with both parents during the
summer. The court, in findingno. 31 noted: It is in the best interest of the minor child to reside with Respondent

[Catherine] during the school year because of her parenting abilities, her lack of animosity towards Petitioner [Jeremy] and her greater range of interests. It is less likely thatRespondent will interf ere with Petitioner's relationship with Alex, including providing access to the child, than Petitioner is likely to interfere with Respondent's relationship with the child, including providing access to him. Respondent appears to be more capable of allowingAlex to develop his own identity. Further, her ability to recognize and address the needs of the child to have a strong relationshipwith the other parent is not likely to be hampered by anger towards that parent. The same cannot be said of Petitioner. Included in its order, the court addressed child support, medical insurance, summer vacations, and a residentialplan for Alex before he starts school. It also provided for the custody of Alex and incurred travel costs should one parent
move more than 200 miles from the other, or in excess of 200 miles from Missoula. Jeremy's second issue,which has been supported by an amicus brief by the Montana Association of Jewish Communities, relates to the DistrictCourt's orderno. 9whichprovides as follows: Neither parent shall have the exclusive right todetermine the child's religious education and affiliation. This determination is consistent with the philosophy underlying joint custody and also with the reality of the child's heritage. Jeremy argues that from the time of hisbirth,Alex has been raised Jewish,with the support and cooperation of both parents. He argues that being Jewish is not merely a religion, it is a way of life. Alex's full name,Alexander Samuel Gersovitz, is a Jewish name and he will be recognized by society as a Jew. Jeremy further states that Alex has been circumcised and has regularly and routinely been made apart of the Missoula Jewish community celebration of their faith.Jeremy argues that the District Court abused its discretion in concluding, for all practical purposes, that
once Alex reaches school age, he should be raised in no religion, rather than the religion in which he has been raised since his birth. Jermey claims that because he has been separated from Alex, he will not be raised with sufficient knowledge of Judaism. This,he argues,willmake it difficult, if not impossible, for Alex to live in the Jewish tradition, because a Jewish boy achieves religious responsibility at the age of thirteenwhen he celebrates his barmitzvah, becomes an adult and chooses his religion, Judaism. It is further argued that it is necessary for a school age child to receive the religious training necessary to prepare him for his barmitzvah. It is claimed that the District Court's order which places Alex in his non-Jewish mother's care during the school year prevents Jeremy from raisingAlex in a strongJewish tradition. After carefully studying the transcript, briefs and District Court file,we cannot say that the court abused its discretion in this custody matter. The District Court's order relating to Alex's religion was correct because it reflectsAlex's best interestsand is constitutionallysound. This case presents an issue of first impression in Montana. The First Amendment guarantees religious liberty, and the right of parents to direct the religiousupbringing of their children. Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972),406 U.S. 205, 92 S.Ct. 1526, 32 L.Ed.2d 15. There is a common feature in the cases cited by the appellantand amicus. That is,courts will not debate the merits of different religions or show preference to any religious faith. However, courts will examine religious practices which interfere with the child'sgeneral welfare. Religion as a Factor in Child Custody and Visitation Cases, 22 A.L.R.4th 971. A question of religious educationmustbe strictly limited to the contextof thebest interests of theminor child. The appellant cites In re the Marriage of Simms, a 1987 Colorado district court case, as support for an optionwhich would grant custody of a child to one parent "for the purposes of determining religioustraining." However,Simms,
a district court case rather than a Colorado Supreme Court case,isnotpersuasive. Its factsdiffer from those of this case, which in our opinion, makes Simms inapplicable. In Simms, the mother converted to Judaism before the children
were born. The children were raised in the Jewish faith prior to the divorce of the parents. After the parties separated, the mother reverted to her original faith of Catholicism and began taking the children to church. The Colorado district court thought it would be best if the parents could agree jointly on the issue of religious training for the children,but further found that the parents were not able to do so and after hearing considerable expert testimony, found that itwas most appropriate for oneparent
or the other to determine the religious training of the children. That isnot the situationhere. The facts of this case did not require the District Court to appoint one parent as the religious custodian of Alex. However, under S 40-4-218,MCA, the custodial parent may determine the child's religious training. We find that under the facts of this case, an award of custody for the purpose of religious education should not dominate other elements which comprise the best interestsof thisparticular child.This Court has previously held in In re Marriage of Cole (Mont. 1986), 729 P.2d 1276, 43 St.Rep. 2136; and In rethe Custody and Support of B.T.S. (1986), 219 Mont. 391, 712 P.2d 1298, that the findings and conclusions of a district court regarding the best interests of a child are presumptively correct andwill not be overturned unless there is a clearpreponderanceof evidence against them. Here, the District Court's determination as to the best interests of the minor child was supported by substantial credible evidence. The judgmentof the District Court is affirmed.

We concur:

# -