F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

AUG 11 2000

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

BEN GARRISON, as personal

representative of the Estates of Ralph

Garrison deceased and Molly Garrison,

for Molly Garrison individually,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

JOE POLISAR, Albuquerque Police

Chief, JOE BOWDICH, Bernalillo

County Sheriff, in their official and

individual capacities; HOWARD NEAL

TERRY, ERIK LITTLE, JAMES

MONTEITH, Sheriff’s Officers, in their

individual capacities; LT. RUBEN

DAVALOS, LT. J. R. DEBUCK, LT.

JUDD SCHAFFER, SGT. KEVIN

McCABE, Albuquerque Police

Supervisors; STEVE RODRIGUEZ,

Acting Sgt.; CHARLES LOPEZ,

Albuquerque Police Officer; CHRISTINA

BACA, MARY PATRICK, MARY

MARQUEZ, GILBERT DURAN,

Albuquerque Police

Dispatchers/Operators; SGT. KENNETH

BOZELL, LT. LINTHICUM, CAPTAIN

STEBLETON, Bernalillo County

Sheriff’s Supervisors; JAMES

GONZALES, PATRICK LUCERO,

FERMIN ORTEGA, GREG REESE,

DAVID ARCHIBEQUE, DEPUTY VAN

ELDREDGE, Bernalillo County Sheriff’s

Officers,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 99-2193

(D.C. No. CIV-96-1801-LH/DJS)

(District of New Mexico)
*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

**Honorable Frank J. Magill, Senior Circuit Judge, United States Court of Appeals

for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.

1The original complaint is not a part of the record on appeal. Nonetheless, it would

appear that the City of Albuquerque and Bernalillo County were named as defendants,

along with individual officers of each, in the original complaint.

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ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, Circuit Judge, McWILLIAMS, Senior Circuit Judge, and MAGILL**,

Senior Circuit Judge.

On October 3, 1997, Molly Garrison, individually and as the personal

representative of the estate of her deceased husband, Ralph Garrison, filed a second

amended complaint in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico

alleging a violation of civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, asserting several state tort

claims and naming as defendants 12 members of the Albuquerque Police Department and

12 members of the Bernalillo County Sheriff’s office. (The City of Albuquerque and

Bernalillo County were not named defendants in the second amended complaint.1) The

basis for the action was the shooting and killing of Molly Garrison’s husband, Ralph

Garrison, during a search of premises in Albuquerque which were located next door to the
2During the course of the proceedings in the district court Molly Garrison died, and

the Garrisons’ son, Ben Garrison, was substituted as the personal representative of both

Ralph and Molly Garrison’s estates.

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residence where Molly and Ralph Garrison resided. In her amended complaint Molly

Garrison set forth seven claims for relief: (1) unreasonable search in violation of the

Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments; (2) unreasonable seizure in violation of the Fourth

and Fourteenth Amendments; (3) supervisory and official capacity liability for violation

of constitutional rights; (4) conspiring to violate civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (5)

wrongful death caused by law enforcement officers’ assault and battery; (6) false

imprisonment by law enforcement officers; and (7) negligence of law enforcement

officers causing enumerated torts.2 After discovery, all defendants filed motions for

summary judgment. By unpublished orders, the district court on March 31, 1998, granted

some of those motions and thereafter on March 12, 1999, granted additional motions for

summary judgment. Finally, on May 12, 1999, the district court granted all pending

motions for summary judgment and entered an order dismissing all of Garrison’s claims

as to all 24 defendants. Garrison appeals. We affirm.

Some limited background facts become necessary. On December 16, 1996,

pursuant to a search warrant, there was a joint search at about 6:00 a.m. of the premises at

2615 Quincy, Northeast in Albuquerque, New Mexico, carried out by the Albuquerque

Police Department and the Bernalillo County Sheriff’s Office. Molly and Ralph Garrison

resided next door at 2619 Quincy and owned the 2615 premises, which they had rented to
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another. During the course of the search, Ralph Garrison, age 69, exited his back door

and confronted certain of the officers who were conducting the search. The officers were

in SWAT uniforms and told Garrison who they were and what they were doing. Garrison

was ordered to go back into his house which he did, apparently rather reluctantly. Inside,

Garrison called 911 and told the operator his story. The 911 conversation was tape

recorded and is a part of the record on appeal. The conversation ended when Garrison

said he was going out to “shoot the sons-of-bitches.” Garrison then began exiting his

back door, this time with a weapon in his hand, and there was a second confrontation

between Ralph Garrison and certain of the defendants wherein certain of the defendants

shot Garrison as he was aiming his weapon at fellow officers. After the shooting, Ralph

Garrison fell back into his home, and certain of the defendants followed him into the

house, handcuffed him and made a search of the premises in which they allegedly 

“seized” Molly Garrison. An ambulance took Ralph Garrison to a hospital and he died

shortly thereafter. Molly Garrison was not in good health and Ben Garrison was called by

one of the defendants and he came and took charge of his mother.

As indicated, the district court by three separate orders granted the defendants’

motions for summary judgment and entered judgment in favor of all defendants on all

claims. The orders of the district court were in considerable detail. In sum, the district

court held that on the record before it Officer Terry of the Albuquerque Police

Department had not used excessive force in shooting Ralph Garrison and that his actions,
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under the described circumstances were “objectively reasonable” and that there was no

violation of any constitutional right; that the ensuing search of the Garrison residence was

a legitimate “protective sweep;” and that any “detention” of Molly Garrison culminating

in placing her in the care of her son was proper under “the Fourth Amendment’s

caretaking function.” For similar reasons, the district court concluded that the state

claims asserted in the complaint were without merit.

On appeal, counsel’s main argument is that the district court usurped the function

of a jury, and that all of the various issues should have been submitted to a jury and not

decided on summary judgment. In thus arguing, counsel necessarily relies on the 

depositional testimony of the various defendants, since Ralph Garrison was dead and

could not give his version of events.

As concerns Garrison’s § 1983 claim, the Supreme Court in Graham v. Connor,

490 U.S. 386, 395-7 (1989) spoke as follows:

 Today we make explicit what was implicit in Garner’s

[Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1 (1985)] analysis, and hold

that all claims that the law enforcement officers have used

excessive force – deadly or not – in the course of an arrest,

investigatory stop, or other “seizure” of a free citizen should

be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its

“reasonableness” standard, rather than under a “substantive

due process” approach. 

 * * * * * 

 

 As in other Fourth Amendment contexts, however, the

“reasonableness” inquiry in an excessive force case is an

objective one: the question is whether the officers’ actions are
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“objectively reasonable” in light of the facts and

circumstances confronting them, without regard to their

underlying intent or motivation.

In line with Graham, in Allen v. Muskogee, Okl., 119 F.3d 837, 840 (10th Cir.

1997), cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1148 (1998), we spoke as follows:

 We analyze a § 1983 claim of excessive force by

determining whether the officers’ actions were objectively

reasonable in light of the surrounding facts and

circumstances. 

* * * * * 

 The excessive force inquiry includes not only the officers’

actions at the moment that the threat was presented, but also

may include their actions in the moments leading up to the

suspect’s threat of force. Of course, the use of force must be

judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer “on the

scene,” who is “often forced to make split-second judgments .

. . about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular

situation.” However, as we stated in Sevier: “[t]he

reasonableness of Defendants’ actions depends both on

whether the officers were in danger at the precise moment

that they used force and on whether Defendants’ own

reckless or deliberate conduct during the seizure

unreasonably created the need to use such force.” We will

thus consider an officer’s conduct prior to the suspect’s threat

of force if the conduct is “immediately connected” to the

suspect’s threat of force (citations omitted).

We agree that Officer Terry and the two other officers who fired at Ralph

Garrison when he was aiming his weapon at other officers were acting “objectively

reasonable in the light of surrounding facts and circumstances.” Counsel argues that

under Allen, which cited with approval Sevier v. City of Lawrence, Kan., 60 F.3d 695,

699 (10th Cir. 1995), the defendants’ “own reckless or deliberate conduct during the
3

In Sevier, footnote 7, we said that “negligent actions precipitating a confrontation

would not, of course, be actionable under § 1983.”

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seizure unreasonably created the need to use such force.”3 We see no “reckless or

deliberate” conduct by any of the defendants which in any way created “the need to use

such force.” In this regard, counsel stresses the fact that when Ralph Garrison returned

to his residence after his first confrontation with the officers, one of the officers

remarked that he hoped Garrison would not return with a gun. Counsel suggests that

such utterance somehow proves that the officers’ conduct somehow precipitated the

second confrontation wherein the shooting occurred. We fail to see the connection. The

central fact is that when the fatal shots were fired, Ralph Garrison was aiming his gun at

other officers at the scene. Considering the circumstances, we agree that Officer Terry

was acting “objectively reasonable.” He did not have to wait for Garrison to fire the first

shot.

After being shot, the officers followed Ralph Garrison into the house where they

made a “protective sweep” for their own safety. Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325

(1990); United States v. Soria, 959 F.2d 855 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 882

(1992). Such, in our view, was also “objectively reasonable.” Nor do we perceive any

unlawful “detention” of Molly Garrison. She was obviously infirm, and the officers, in a

sense, took care of her until they turned her over to her son. Certainly there was no

“excessive force” by any of the officers. See United States v. King, 990 F.2d 1552, 1560
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(10th Cir. 1993), where we, citing Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973),

observed that police officers are expected to exercise “community caretaking functions”

which are independent of any criminal investigation.

As to Garrison’s state claims, we are disinclined to disturb the district court’s

understanding of local New Mexico law or his application thereof to the present facts.

Judgment affirmed.

Entered for the court,

Robert H. McWilliams

Senior Circuit Judge