A Physico
- Chemical Comparison o f KiOR “ Naphtha (Lignocellulosic), Hydrotreated, C5
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- Branched, Cyclic a nd Linear ” w ith Fossil Fuel Hydrodesulfurized Naphtha
KiOR “ N ap h tha (Lignocellulosic), Hydrotreated , C5
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- Branched , Cyclic a nd Linear ” :
Conventional fast p yrolysis is the thermal decomposition of l ignin, cellulose, and he micellu l ose by heating in the absence of oxygen at more than 500 °C. Under appropriate pyrolysis operation conditions, biomass can be converted to relatively high yields (~70 wt %) of liquids

— a mixture of organic compounds (pyrolysis oil) and water. The pyrolysis oils are oxygenated hydrocarbon compounds that result from the thermal breakdown of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Collectively, pyrolysis oil comprises a complex mixture of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, sugars, phenols, furans, and multifunctional compounds such as hydroxyacetaldehyde. The relative amounts of each compound class can vary depending on the biomass feedstock used and the operating conditions employed during pyrolysis. The proprietary KiOR process is unique. It combines the pyrolysis described above with a proprietary cata lyst and conventional fluid catalytic cracking technology. This process catalytically converts lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. Hydrotreating further convert s the products of conventional pyrolysis to a hydrotreated renewable crude analog , “ paraffin waxes (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C5

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- branched, cyclic and linear ,” that is a high

- quality oil substitute demonstrated to be less corrosive and with lower oxygen content compared to other bio

- based oils. It may be refined using conventional distilla tion technology

. Once refined, the distillation cuts are comparable to their fossil fuel based counterparts and can easily be blended with the existing fuel supply

. KiOR naphtha is a hydrocarbon cut of the KiOR crude analog, “ paraffin waxes (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C5

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- branched, cyclic and linear ”.
**KiOR “**  **nap h**  **tha (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C**  **5 -**  **12**
**- branched, cyclic and linear**  **” is**  **indistinguishable in performance from its fossil fuel counterparts.**  See the infrared comparison of KiOR “ nap h tha (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C 5

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- branched, cyclic and linear ” and fossil

- fuel naphtha (Figure 1). It should be noted that the conventional fossil fuel used for infrared comparison contains 10% ethanol, which is not present in the KiOR “ naptha (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, c5

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- branched, cyclic and linear ”. The added ethanol pr esents as peaks , and may slightly skew the hydrocarbon peaks. Comparison o f KiOR “ Nap h tha (Lignocellulosic), Hydrotreated , C5
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- Branched , Cyclic a nd Linear” with i ts F ossil F uel Analog :
KiOR “n ap h tha (lignocellulosic), Hydrotreated, C 5
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- Branched, Cyclic and Linear ”

1. CAS N umber : 12676 11

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- 7 2. Description : “A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained from a lignocellulosic feedstock by thermocatalytic conversion followed by hydrotreatment. It consists predomina n tly of branched, cyclic and linear aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons having ca rbon numbers in the range of C 5

- C1 2 and boiling in the range of approximately 21° C to 160 ° C ( 7 0 ° F to 320 ° F) .” 3. Vapor P ressure : approximately 20.7 kPa 4. Specific G ravity : approximately 0.8

- 0.83 5. Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 2. 2 log K ow , mean for the complex mixture, generally in compliance with EPA OPPTS 830.7550 * 6. PIONA Analysis : Branched aliphatics approximately 5

- 18%Linear aliphatics approximately 2

- 12% Cyclic aliphatics approximately 25

- 55 % Aromatics approximately 20

- 45 %

Fossil F uel H ydrodesulfurized N aphtha

1. CAS N umber : 64742

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- 0 (represented in the attached Low Benzene Naphthas Robust Summary ) 2. CAS Description : “ A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. It consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C4 through C11 and boiling in the range of approximately minus 20 ° C to 190 ° C (

- 4 ° F to 374 ° F) ” 3. Vapor P ressure : approximately 75.8

- 89.6 kPa , Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) 4. Specific G ravity : approximately 0. 77 5. Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 2.73

- 3.86 log K ow , m easured range for representative constituents present in the category streams * 6. PIONA Analysis : Branched aliphatics approximately 32 % Linear aliphatics approximately 5 % Cyclic aliphatics approximately 9 % Aromatics approximately 29 %

Figure 1. Infrared comparison of KiOR “ naphtha (lignocellulosic), hydrotreated, C 5

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- branched, cyclic and linear ” (top) with f ossil fuel hydrodesulfurized naphtha (bottom)

. N ote that the commercial CITGO fossil fuel product contains 10% ethanol, which is not found in the KiOR product . This will be seen as peaks, and may skew hydrocarbon peaks slightly

.

* While not appropriate for characterizing the solubility of complex mixtures , several good

- faith effor ts have been made to utilize accepted in vitro or in silico modeling methodologies to provide somewhat

- informative data

.