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Filed 1/13/15 P. v. Maldonato CA1/4

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION FOUR

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

PAUL EUGENE MALDONATO,

Defendant and Appellant.

 A139855

 (Marin County

 Super. Ct. No. SC179310A)

I.

INTRODUCTION

Appellant has a drug problem. He started consuming alcohol at age 13, and taking 

drugs at age 15. By age 17, he had tried cocaine, Ecstasy, heroin, marijuana, methadone, 

methamphetamine and other psychedelic drugs.

Appellant’s drug-related convictions include one in 1993 for being intoxicated in a 

public place, a 2002 Florida conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia, a 2003 

Colorado conviction for “possession of cannabis,” a 2005 Colorado conviction for felony 

possession of a controlled substance, and his current convictions to which he pled guilty, 

to wit: possession of a controlled substance, possession of LSD for sale, and possession 

of marijuana for sale.

In this case appellant was granted probation. Among the conditions he agreed to

was that he not use drugs, including marijuana. He subsequently violated his probation 

by testing positive for several addictive drugs.
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In June 2013, appellant sought treatment at the Bayside Marin Intensive 

Outpatient Program and stated to personnel there that “my drug use is killing me and it’s 

[sic] time to stop.” He admitted that he needed residential treatment.

Despite this, one month later, appellant filed a motion to modify the terms of his 

probation to allow him to use marijuana for medicinal purposes. The trial court denied 

his request.

On appeal, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to

allow him to use medicinal marijuana. We conclude that there was no such abuse of 

discretion or error by the trial court in denying his motion.

II.

PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUNDS

On February 14, 2012, a criminal complaint was filed by the Marin County 

District Attorney’s Office charging appellant with three counts of transportation of a 

controlled substance (cocaine, hydrocodone, oxycodone) (Health & Saf. Code, § 11352, 

subd. (a))

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(Counts 1, 3, 5), three counts of possession for sale of a controlled substance 

(cocaine, hydrocodone, oxycodone) (§ 11351) (Counts 2, 4, 6), one count each of 

importation, sale, distribution, and transportation of LSD (§ 11379, subd. (a)) (Count 7), 

possession for sale of LSD (§ 11378) (Count 8), sale or transportation of marijuana 

(§ 11360, subd. (a)) (Count 9), and possession of marijuana for sale (§ 11359) (Count 

10).

Referencing the presentence report prepared by the probation department, 

respondent’s brief contains the following recitation of facts concerning the circumstances 

of appellant’s arrest and subsequent charges, which are not in dispute:

“During a traffic stop, [appellant], who had a full extradition warrant out of 

Colorado for dangerous drugs, was found in possession of narcotics on his person. Inside 

a small blue container in his left pant pocket, suspected cocaine was found. Appellant 

admitted it was crack cocaine. A search of the vehicle revealed more suspected narcotics 

 

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 All further undesignated statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code.
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and contraband: 600 to 800 narcotic pain pills (283 pills of [o]xycodone, 744 pills of 

[h]ydrocodone), several sheets of suspected LSD (650) tabs, eye dropper containing 

suspected liquid LSD, less than two ounces (56.2 grams) of suspected cocaine, glass 

pipes used for smoking narcotics, suspected concentrated hashish (15.3 grams), over one 

ounce of marijuana (36 grams), 15.3 grams of concentrated marijuana, scales, plastic 

baggies, hypodermic needles, bags which had contained marijuana and cocaine, and a 

large amount of cash, $16,421.00[.] A tourniquet and cotton swabs, commonly used by 

drug dealers who inject narcotics, and a California driver’s license and a Green Dot card 

in the name of Dave Edgar Allen with [appellant’s] photo was found. The driver’s 

license number returned to an Ann Nguyen, [appellant’s] driver’s license was expired.”

After appellant’s arrest, a search warrant was obtained and executed at appellant’s 

home. The return on the warrant confirmed that additional drug and drug dealing 

accoutrements were found at the residence, including 674.6 grams of marijuana.

On April 2, 2012, pursuant to a negotiated settlement, appellant pleaded guilty to 

one count each of possession for sale of a controlled substance (Count 2), possession for 

sale of LSD (Count 8), and possession for sale of marijuana (Count 10). The remaining 

counts were dismissed with Harvey2 waivers. Sentencing was set for April 26, 2012.

At the sentencing hearing, the court suspended imposition of sentence and placed 

appellant on three years supervised probation, subject to conditions to which appellant 

agreed. The terms of the grant of probation included that appellant would “not use, 

consume, or possess any non-prescribed or illegal substances, including prescribed 

medical marijuana, unless specifically authorized by the court.” (Italics added.)

On May 29, 2013, a petition to revoke appellant’s probation was filed alleging that 

on March 29 and April 12, 2013, appellant tested positive for cocaine, on April 15, 2013, 

he tested positive for benzodiazepines, and on May 9, 2013, he tested positive for opiates 

and morphine. The petition noted that appellant had registered as a narcotics offender the 

previous September, and explained that he had been given several opportunities to 

 

2

 People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754.
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comply with the above-quoted term of his probation due to significant health issues, but 

he was continuing to engage “in criminal behavior.” The petition recommended that 

appellant receive a 90-day jail sentence for the violation of “a major term of his 

probation,” but that it be stayed “pending the successful completion of an intense

outpatient treatment program.”

Apparently, between the time the petition to revoke appellant’s probation was filed 

in late May and the hearing on the motion in July, appellant enrolled in an outpatient 

treatment program at Bayside Marin on June 6, 2013. The Bayside Marin treatment plan, 

later submitted by appellant in support of his motion to modify the terms of his probation, 

noted that appellant’s long term goal was to remain abstinent from addictive substances 

because “my drug use is killing me and its [sic] time to stop.”

On July 9, 2013, the court revoked appellant’s probation on the ground that he 

consumed restricted drugs, allegations appellant admitted at the hearing and after 

appropriate advisements. Appellant’s probation was revoked, but reinstated. One 

condition for the reinstatement of his probation status was appellant’s successful 

completion of “an intense outpatient treatment program.”

At the conclusion of the hearing, appellant’s counsel asked the court to modify the 

terms of his probation to allow appellant to consume marijuana for medicinal reasons. 

Specifically, counsel advised the court that appellant was suffering from chronic 

ulcerative colitis and submitted one-page abstracts from four research reports purporting

to show that marijuana can be helpful in treating this condition. The abstracts appear to 

be from research conducted in Canada, Italy (2), and Israel.3 Counsel also submitted a 

statement from a Dr. Lovejoy, a doctor of osteopathic medicine, recommending the use 

of marijuana. The court refused to grant the modification that day, but set a hearing on 

 

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 The prosecutor objected to consideration of these abstracts on the grounds of 

hearsay. The court agreed that they were “objectionable,” but considered them only as 

part of an ex parte application by appellant for the modification. The abstracts were not 

submitted as exhibits in connection with appellant’s written motion, and were not 

referenced by anyone at the hearing.
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the issue to enable appellant to file a formal motion, and to enable the prosecutor and 

probation department to respond.

On July 17, 2013, appellant filed a written motion for a modification of his 

probation to allow the use of medical marijuana. The motion was supported by records 

from Bayside Marin, which was providing therapy to appellant to overcome his drug 

issues, medical records from the Veteran’s Administration confirming that appellant was 

suffering from various maladies, including colitis, and an email exchange with the 

probation department which confirmed that the department was not taking a position on 

the motion. In addition, the motion was supported by a preprinted form signed by John 

Lovejoy, D.O., whose services were billed to appellant by Priceless Evaluations, and 

which included the following: “The purpose of this medical marijuana recommendations 

is to clearly represent that the individual (i.e., patient) whose information is indicated on 

this recommendation is a patient who was evaluated by the Licensed Physician whose 

name and license is indicated below who concluded that based on the patient’s medical 

problems (i.e., medical conditions), he or she is permitted to possess and or cultivate 

medical marijuana in accordance with California Health and Safety Code Section 

11362.5, Compassionate Use Act of 1996 (i.e., Proposition 215).”

The motion was opposed by the prosecutor who filed written opposition.

A hearing on the motion was held on August 15, 2013. After hearing the 

arguments of counsel, the court took the matter under submission. The next day, a 

minute order was entered denying the motion. The court noted that denial was based “on 

the defendant’s illness, his primary physician’s failure to specify marijuana as an 

appropriate drug to treat his condition; and failure of the moving party to fullfil [sic] the 

requirement of ‘Leal’ before the probation condition may be found invalid.”

Appellant filed a notice of appeal on September 13, 2013.

III.

DISCUSSION

The court's reference to “Leal” in its minute order is to People v. Leal (2012) 210 

Cal.App.4th 829 (Leal), a case discussed and relied on by both parties here and below. 
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We begin our consideration of Leal by confirming its preliminary holding that the

standard of review applicable to the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion to modify 

his probation is abuse of discretion. That standard of review is highly deferential and the 

sentencing court abuses its discretion only when its determination is arbitrary or 

capricious or exceeds the bounds of reason under a totality of the circumstances. (Id. at 

p. 843.)

Leal, decided by Division Two of this court, involved a defendant who agreed to a 

grant of probation which included a term forbidding him to use marijuana, even for 

medicinal reasons. The underlying crimes for which Leal was found guilty by a jury 

were possession of marijuana for sale while armed, three firearm offenses, and resisting a 

peace officer. (Leal, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 833.) Sentencing for those convictions 

also disposed of another pending case which included another offense for possession of 

marijuana for sale offense. (Ibid). The court affirmed the trial court’s imposition of the 

challenged probation condition finding no abuse of discretion. (Ibid.)

The court analyzed the defendant’s challenge by incorporating the three-part test

applied generally to help assess the appropriateness of challenged probation conditions 

set forth in People v. Lent (1975) 15 Cal.3d 481, 486 (Lent), known colloquially as the 

Lent test. (Leal, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 840.) That examination has been explained 

by our high court much more recently than its original articulation in 1975 in Lent: 

“ ‘We review conditions of probation for abuse of discretion. [Citations.] Generally, “[a] 

condition of probation will not be held invalid unless it ‘(1) has no relationship to the 

crime of which the offender was convicted, (2) relates to conduct which is not in itself 

criminal, and (3) requires or forbids conduct which is not reasonably related to future 

criminality. . . .’ [Citation.]” [Citation.] This test is conjunctive—all three prongs must 

be satisfied before a reviewing court will invalidate a probation term. [Citations.] As 

such, even if a condition of probation has no relationship to the crime of which a 

defendant was convicted and involves conduct that is not itself criminal, the condition is 

valid as long as the condition is reasonably related to preventing future criminality. 
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[Citation.]’ [Citations.]” (Leal, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 840, italics added; People v. 

Olguin (2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 379–380.)

As part of this analytical process the Leal court opined that the court first was

required to determine if the defendant had a valid authorization to use medicinal 

marijuana under the Compassionate Use Act (CUA). The Leal court explained that at 

this stage a trial court’s role is simply to decide if the medicinal marijuana use 

authorization was validly issued, which includes whether the defendant has made a facial 

showing through a qualified physician that the defendant’s health would benefit from the 

use of marijuana. (Leal, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at pp. 839-840.)

Unlike Leal, where the prosecution did not dispute the validity of the defendant’s 

CUA authorization, here the prosecution has hotly contested the validity of appellant’s 

authorization both below and on appeal.

The Attorney General in this case makes three related points in this regard: 

(1) appellant’s treating doctors, while prescribing numerous (16) medications to control 

his colitis, did not recommend marijuana as one of them, (2) instead appellant simply 

went to a marijuana clinic and followed the perfunctory process of getting an 

authorization from a clinic staff physician, and (3) there is no showing that medicinal 

marijuana was needed or would be beneficial in controlling his condition. Indeed, the 

trial court’s minute order denying the modification rests, in part, on the fact that 

appellant’s regular attending doctors did not recommend marijuana for his colitis, or for 

any other medical condition.

Appellant’s response is that the approval of the use of medicinal marijuana by 

Dr. Lovejoy created a presumption that marijuana is appropriate for the treatment of his 

colitis. In support of this assertion, appellant cites again to Leal. (Leal, supra, 210 

Cal.App.4th at p. 838.) But, Leal did not proffer such a rule of presumption relying on 

the fact that the prosecution simply “made no discernible effort to challenge the validity 

of the card Leal produced. [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 839.)

Turning to the record in this case, the evidence reputed to support appellant’s 

claim that he would achieve a legitimate medical benefit from the use of marijuana was 
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virtually nonexistent. First, appellant had been diagnosed with ulcerative colitis in 2003, 

according to the VA medical records he submitted, and that condition continued unabated 

until at least 2012. As already noted, appellant was a chronic drug user, which included 

marijuana. If appellant was going to obtain any therapeutic benefit from the use of 

marijuana to control either his illness or his symptoms, there likely would be some 

reflection of that indicated in the records.

More importantly, although prescribing 16 different drugs for appellant’s illnesses, 

his primary caregivers did not recommend that he seek authorization for medicinal 

marijuana.4 Given the fact that there was no admissible evidence produced showing that 

marijuana is a recognized form of treatment for colitis, it was reasonable to infer that 

appellant’s primary care doctors did not think it useful.

Last, the form authorization signed by Dr. Lovejoy does not speak to the need for 

appellant to use marijuana for control of his colitis or its symptoms. Instead the form 

generically recites that he “concluded that based on the patient’s medical problems (i.e., 

medical conditions), he or she is permitted to possess or cultivate medical marijuana in 

accordance with California Health and Safety Code Section 11362.5, Compassionate Use 

Act of 1996 (i.e., Proposition 215).”

In the first instance, it is appellant’s burden to show that he had a legitimate, 

medical need for marijuana sufficient to justify a modification of a probation term to 

which he did not object, and which was lawfully imposed at the time of sentencing. (See 

People v. Moret (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 839.) The record supports the trial court’s 

conclusion that there was no indication that he had a medical need for marijuana, and on 

that basis alone, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to strike 

the condition.

 

4

 Appellant points out that federal law forbid his VA physicians from prescribing 

marijuana use for medicinal purposes. However, that does not rule out their ability to 

recommend that appellant seek such remedial relief from non-federal physicians who are 

free to prescribe marijuana if medically indicated.
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But, indulging appellant’s claim further, even if that showing had been made, 

application of the three-part Lent test warranted the trial court’s denial as well.

There is no question in our minds that the condition of probation restricting 

appellant from using all mind-altering substances, including marijuana, is both a 

condition that is related to the convictions for possession for sale of a controlled 

substance (Count 2), possession for sale of LSD (Count 8), and possession for sale of 

marijuana (Count 10) to which appellant pleaded guilty, and is related to reducing future 

criminality. As to this last point, appellant has been involved in the criminal justice 

system for drug-related offenses virtually his entire adult life. Prohibiting him from the 

continued use of such substances is clearly related to reducing similar violations in the 

future. Even if marijuana use authorized for medicinal purposes is not itself criminal, if it

is reasonably related to future criminality, its use can be banned as a condition of 

probation. (People v. Hughes (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 1473, 1481; People v. Brooks

(2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1348, 1352.)

But the Leal opinion seems to go further and requires a balancing of the need for 

the modification against the public policy imperatives of rehabilitating appellant and 

protecting the public. This balancing clearly weighs in favor of denying the motion to 

modify. The record here supports an urgent need to retain the probationary term which is 

vital to appellant’s rehabilitation from a life-long embrace of drugs, addictions that he 

readily admitted to his Bayside Marin clinicians were “killing him.” Indeed as discussed 

above, elimination of that prohibition would have been wholly inconsistent with the 

rehabilitation plan developed by Bayside Marin for appellant, the success of which was a 

sine qua non of the court’s willingness to reinstate probation.

Appellant’s drug-related criminality was not only self-destructive, but also

constituted a significant harm to the public as he was a vendor of all forms of mindaltering poisons over a period of many years. Keeping him away from such substances, 

including marijuana, one and one-half pounds of which were found in his home after his 

arrest, is critical to minimizing the harm he had been causing society by his unrelenting 

drug peddling.
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On the other hand, the record of medical need here is no better than that in Leal: 

“[O]n the medical need side, nothing beyond mere possession of a medical use 

identification card. That card meant only that Leal met a minimal threshold, in a 

recommending physician’s view, of getting some unquantified ‘benefit from the use of 

marijuana’ (§ 11362.5, subd. (b)(1)(A)) to help alleviate conditions within the broad 

sweep of the CUA and MMP [Medical Marijuana Program] (§§ 11362.5, subd. (b)(1)(A), 

11362.7, subds. (g)–(h)), which did not require Leal to suffer a serious illness ([People v.] 

Spark [(2004)] 121 Cal.App.4th [259,] 268.). Leal was apparently the only party able to 

produce evidence of the medical benefits marijuana provided him and any alternative 

remedies he may have tried, yet he offered no such evidence. He therefore cannot show 

that the court's implicit step-three finding that the balancing of needs favored prohibiting 

CUA use constituted an abuse of discretion.” (Leal, supra, 210 Cal.App.4th at p. 845, 

fn. omitted.)

Appellant has made no better showing. The sole, admissible evidence of medical 

need is the broad, nonspecific “benefit” recited in the generic form signed by Dr. Lovejoy

which is analogous to the showing of medical need rejected as insufficient in Leal. To 

the contrary, a reasonable inference can be drawn from appellant’s medical records, and 

from his chronic nontherapeutic use of marijuana over many years, that medicinal 

marijuana would be of little or no value in controlling his colitis.

For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion 

in denying appellant’s motion to modify the terms of his probation to allow him to use 

marijuana for medicinal reasons. Indeed, not only is there no showing of an abuse of 

discretion, but the record supports the conclusion that it was critical for appellant’s own 

well-being, and that of the public, that he not use any mind-altering drugs.

IV.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.
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_________________________

RUVOLO, P. J.

We concur:

_________________________

REARDON, J.

_________________________

RIVERA, J.