HAZARD RANKING SYSTEM (HRS) DOCUMENTATION RECORD- REVIEW COVER 

SHEET

 

Name of Site: Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume

U.S. EPA ID No. INN000510479

Date Prepared: September 2014

Contact Persons

Documentation Record: Mark Jaworski 

 Site Investigation Program, Federal Programs Section

 Indiana Department of Environmental Management

 (317) 233-2407

 

Pathways, Components, or Threats Not Scored

Surface Water Migration Pathway, Soil Exposure Pathway, and Air Migration Pathway:

The Surface Water Migration Pathway, Soil Exposure Pathway, and Air Migration Pathway 

were not scored as part of this Hazard Ranking System (HRS) evaluation. These pathways 

were not included because a release to these media does not significantly affect the overall 

score and because the ground water pathway produces an overall score above the minimum 

requirement for the Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume to qualify for inclusion on the 

National Priorities List (NPL).
HRS DOCUMENTATION RECORD

Name of Site: Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume

This site had been known previously as the Kokomo Garrison & Main Water Treatment Wellfield. The 

current site name is the Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume. The online EPA database

(Superfund Enterprise Management System) will be updated to reflect the new name when possible. 

EPA Region: 5 

Street Address*: The intersection of S. Elizabeth St. and E. Vaile Ave, 

 (Figure 1-2 of this HRS Documentation Record)

Date Prepared: September 2014

City, County, State, Zip Code: Kokomo, Howard County, Indiana 46901

General Location in the State: North Central Indiana (Figure 1-1 of this HRS Documentation Record)

Topographic Map: Kokomo, Indiana Quad (7.5’) (Ref. 3) 

Latitude: 40o 28' 46.000" North

Longitude: 86o

 06' 50.859" West 

Reference Point: The intersection of S. Elizabeth Street and E. Vaile Ave, Kokomo. 

 The intersection is the approximate center of the known location with 

 VOC contamination in ground water. 

Congressional District: 4 

 

*The street address, coordinates, and contaminant locations presented in this HRS documentation 

record identify the general area the site is located. They represent one or more locations EPA 

considers to be part of the site based on the screening information EPA used to evaluate the site for 

NPL listing. EPA lists national priorities among the known "releases or threatened releases" of 

hazardous substances; thus, the focus is on the release, not precisely delineated boundaries. A site is 

defined as where a hazardous substance has been "deposited, stored, disposed, or placed, or has 

otherwise come to be located." Generally, HRS scoring and the subsequent listing of a release merely 

represent the initial determination that a certain area may need to be addressed under CERCLA. 

Accordingly, EPA contemplates that the preliminary description of facility boundaries at the time of 

scoring will be refined as more information is developed as to where the contamination has come to be 

located.

Scores

Air Pathway Not Scored

Ground Water Pathway 100.00

Soil Exposure Pathway Not Scored

Surface Water Pathway Not Scored

HRS SITE SCORE 50.00

1 
WORKSHEET FOR COMPUTING HRS SITE SCORE

S S2

1. Ground Water Migration Pathway Score (Sgw) 100.00 10,000.00 

2a. Surface Water Overland/Flood Migration Component

(from Table 4-1, line 30)

NS*

2b. Ground Water to Surface Water Migration Component

(from Table 4-25, line 28)

NS

2c. Surface Water Migration Pathway Score (Ssw)

Enter the larger of lines 2a and 2b as the pathway 

score.

NS

3. Soil Exposure Pathway Score (Ss)

(from Table 5-1, line 22)

NS

4. Air Migration Pathway Score (Sa)

(from Table 6-1, line 12)

NS

5. Total of Sgw

2 + Ssw2 + Ss2 + Sa2 10,000.00

6. HRS Site Score

Divide the value on line 5 by 4 and take the square root

50.00

Notes: *NS = Not Scored

 

2
HRS Table 3-1 –Ground Water Migration Pathway Scoresheet

Factor Categories and Factors Maximum

Value

Value

Assigned

Likelihood of Release to an Aquifer:

1. Observed Release 550 550

2. Potential to Release:

 2a. Containment 10 NS

 2b. Net Precipitation 10 NS

 2c. Depth to Aquifer 5 NS

 2d. Travel Time 35 NS

 2e.Potential to Release [lines 2a x (2b + 2c + 2d)] 500 NS

3. Likelihood of Release (higher of lines 1 and 2e) 550 550

Waste Characteristics:

4. Toxicity/Mobility (a) 10,000

5. Hazardous Waste Quantity (a) 100

6. Waste Characteristics 100 32

Targets:

7. Nearest Well 50 50

8. Population:

 8a. Level I Concentrations (b) 68,906.94

 8b. Level II Concentrations (b) NS

 8c. Potential Contamination (b) NS

 8d. Population (lines 8a + 8b + 8c) (b) 68,906.94

9. Resources 5 0

10. Wellhead Protection Area 20 20

11. Targets (lines 7 + 8d + 9 + 10) (b) 68,976.94

Ground Water Migration Score For An Aquifer:

12. Aquifer Score [(lines 3 x 6 x 11)/82,500]c

 550 x 32 x 36,048 = 634,444,800/82,500 = 7,690.24 100 100.00

Ground Water Migration Pathway Score:

13. Pathway Score (Sgw), 

 (highest value from line 12 for all aquifers evaluated)c 100 100.00

(a) Maximum value applies to waste characteristics category

(b) Maximum value not applicable c

 Do not round to nearest integer

NS - Not Scored

3 
D

 ̈¦§I-69

Kokomo Garrison and 

Main Water Treatment Plant Wellfield

Longitude -86° 6' 50.859"

Latitude 40° 28' 46.000"

§ ̈¦I-69

§ ̈¦I-80

 ̈¦§I-65

§ ̈¦I-74

§ ̈¦I-70

 ̈¦§I-94

§ ̈¦I-64

§ ̈¦I-90

I-469

§ ̈¦

§ ̈¦I-265

I-275

§ ̈¦

§ ̈¦ § ̈¦I-70

I-465

§ ̈¦I-65

I-164

§ ̈¦

§ ̈¦I-80

§ ̈¦I-74

§ ̈¦I-69

Figure 1-1 - Kokomo Garrison and Main Water Treatment Plant Wellfield 

EPA ID: INN000510479, 

Kokomo, Howard County, Indiana - Area Location Map

Non Orthophotography Data - 

Source: State of Indiana Geographic 

Information Office Spatial Database 

Engine. 

TopographySource: Indiana Map Framework Data, Topo USA 

(www.indianamap.org) 

Map Projection: UTM Zone 16 N Map Datum: NAD83

Kokomo,

Howard County

This map is intended to serve as an aid in graphic representation 

only. This information is not warranted for accuracy 

or other purposes.

Mapped by: Lorraine Wright, Date: September 27, 2013

D Kokomo Garrison and Main Water Treatment Plant Wellfield

Interstates

μ

0 400 Miles

0 4020 Kilometers
D

j

D

#*

#*

kj

kj kj

#* ")

#*

#* #*

kj

")

kj

")

kj

#*#*

#* #*#*

#*

#*

#* #*

#*

#*

S"

S"

S"

S"

MW1 (20-23 ft.) 

 E2SB9 / ME2SB9

 1,1-Dichloroethane - 83 ug/L

 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 66 ug/L

 Vinyl chloride - 62 ug/L

MW2 (43-48 ft.)

 E2SC0 / ME2SC0

 1,1-Dichloroethane - 2.9 ug/L

 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 16 ug/L

 Vinyl chloride - 4.9 ug/L

MW3 (43-48 ft.) (Dup)

 E2SC1 / ME2SC1

 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 59 ug/L 

 Vinyl chloride - 20 ug/L

 1,1-Dichloroethane - 6 ug/L

Municpal Well 20

PW7 - 325 ft.

E2SE4 / ME2SE4

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 5.8 ug/L

Vinyl chloride - 3.7 ug/L

MW6 (61.5 ft.)

E2SC4 / ME2SC4 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 3.5 ug/L

Vinyl chloride - 2.3 ug/L

MW7 (80.5 ft.) 

E2SD3 / ME2SD3 

VOC's - ND

Muncipal Well 21 

PW8 - 263 ft.

E2SE5 / ME2SE5

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 0.17 ug/L

RCW1 (depth unknown)

E2SE8 / ME2SE8

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 6.3 ug/L

Vinyl chloride 2.2 ug/L

Municipal Well 19

PW5 - 300 ft.

E2SD9 / ME2SD9 

Vinyl chloride - 5.2 ug/L

PW6 (300 ft.) (Dup)

E2SE0 / ME2SE0

Vinyl chloride 5.2 ug/L

MW4 (25.5 ft.)

 E2SC2 / ME2SC2

 1,1-Dichloroethane - 1,800 ug/L

 1,1-Dichloroethylene - 620 ug/L

 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 77,000 ug/L 

 trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 2,600 ug/L

 Trichloroethylene - 20,000 ug/L 

 Vinyl chloride - 5,500 ug/L

MW5 (48 ft.)

 E2SC3 / ME2SC3

 1,1-Dichloroethane - 5.4 ug/L

 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 20 ug/L

 Trichloroethylene - 15 ug/L

 Vinyl chloride - 2.4 ug/L Municipal Well C

PW2 - 382 ft.

E2SE2 / ME2SE2

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 23 ug/L 

Vinyl chloride - 5.7 ug/L

PW3 (382 ft.) (Dup)

E2SE3 / ME2SE3 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 22 ug/L 

Vinyl chloride - 5.8 ug/L

Municipal Well 18

PW4 - 299 ft.

E2SE1 / ME2SE1 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 1.9 ug/L

Vinyl chloride - 3.8 ug/L Ground Water Plume Centroid

Longitude -86° 6' 50.859" 

Latitude 40° 28' 46.000"

Ground Water Plume Area

294.141425272825 acres

12,812,749.2337336 sq feet

1,190,348.11595922 sq meters

Phillips St Wellfield

Peats Bog Wellfield

Kokomo Garrison Wellfield

Main Water Treatment Plant Wellfield

RCW-7 (200 ft.)

Background

E2SE7/ME2SE7

VOCs - ND

RCW-5 (347 ft.)

Background

E2SF1 / ME2SF1

ND

RCW-4 (202 ft.)

Background

E2SF0 / ME2SF0

VOCs - ND

RCW-6 (depth unknown)

Background

E2SF8 / ME2SF8

VOCs - ND

Municipal Well B

PW1 (203 ft.)

E2SE6 / ME2SE6

VOCs - ND

MW-8 (34')

E2SD0 / ME2SD0 

VOCs - ND

MW9 (75 ft.)

E2SC9 / ME2SC9 

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene - 0.99 ug/L

MW10 (27 ft.)

E2SD1 / ME2SD1

VOCs - ND

MW11 (75 ft.)

E2SD2 / ME2SD2 

VOCs - ND

D

F

E G1 G2

Figure 1-2 Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume* - EPA ID: INN000510479, 

Kokomo, Howard County, Indiana 

Non Orthophotography Data - 

Source: State of Indiana Geographic 

Information Office Spatial Database 

Engine. The sample location coordinates were collected 

using GPS. The sample results were extracted from IDEM's 

SampDB.

Orthophotography - 

Source: Indiana Map Framework Data 

(www.indianamap.org) 

Map Projection: UTM Zone 16 N Map Datum: NAD83

This map is intended to serve as an aid in graphic representation 

only. This information is not warranted for accuracy 

or other purposes.

Mapped by: Lorraine Wright, Date: February 18, 2014

Orthophotography - 2005

μ

October 2011 IDEM Site Inspection Sampling Event Concentrations

were utilized to determine the Groundwater Plume Boundary.

Document References: Tables 2, 3, 4, and Reference 103 of the 

Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume HRS Documentation Record.

The approximate plume boundary line was digitized by connecting 

the well locations exhibiting observed release concentrations. The

concentrations on the map represent observed release 

concentrations detected above the Contract - Required 

Quantitation Limit (CRQL).

S" Background Samples

#* Municipal Well 

") Residential Well 

kj Monitoring Well 

D Ground Water Plume Centroid

* Only CERCLA hazardous substances are evaluated 

Dup Duplicate

ND Not detected

ug/L micrograms/liter

VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds

Wellhead Protection Area - 1 Year Delineation

Wellhead Protection Area - 5 Year Delineation

Wellhead Protection Area - 10 Year Delineation

Kokomo Boundary

j Surface Intake

 Approximate Ground Water Plume Boundary 

Howard Co.

0 0.5 1 Miles

0 0.5 Kilometers 1

D

E Vaile Ave

E Markland Ave State Rd 22 S Plate St S Elizabeth St S Diamond St

S Cooper St

E Murden St

S Calumet St

S Plate St E Murden St

Inset - Ground Water Plume Centroid 
")

")

")

")

")

D

")

PPG

Omnisource

Padfields Auto Body

Millbank Manufacturing Empty Industrial Building

Coan Engineering Transmisssion

Stite Cleaners

Hunt's Salvage & Coal Yards

Wiese Collision Repair

Wiese Oldsmobile GMC Incorporated 

ASF PARTNERSHIP

Chrysler LLC

GMCH-Kokomo

Delphi Plant 1

RACER/Motors Liquidation Company

(Former GM Delco Plant 5)

Figure 1-3 Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume* 

EPA ID: INN000510479, Kokomo, Howard County, Indiana - Possible Sources Map

Non Orthophotography Data - 

Source: State of Indiana Geographic 

Information Office Spatial Database 

Engine. 

Orthophotography - 

Source: Indiana Map Framework Data. 2005 Orthophoto 

(www.indianamap.org) 

Map Projection: UTM Zone 16 N Map Datum: NAD83

This map is intended to serve as an aid in graphic representation 

only. This information is not warranted for accuracy 

or other purposes.

μ Mapped by: Lorraine Wright, Date: July 1, 2014

Howard Co. Approximate Ground Water Plume Boundary

Wellhead Protection Area - 1 Year Delineation

Wellhead Protection Area - 5 Year Delineation

Wellhead Protection Area - 10 Year Delineation

Wellhead Protection Area - 3000-ft Fixed Radius Delineation

October 2011 IDEM Site Inspection Sampling Event Concentrations

were used to define Groundwater Plume Boundary.

The approximate plume boundary line was digitized by 

connecting the well locations exhibiting the observed 

release concentrations.

 

* Used HRS criteria of an observed released

Document References: "Description of Possible Sources"

listed under Sec 2.2 (Source Characterization) and Reference 103 

of Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume HRS Document 

Record.

0 1,000 Feet 2,000

0 500 1,000 Meters

Inset - Ground Water Plume Centroid 

D

E Vaile Ave

E Markland Ave State Rd 22 S Plate St S Elizabeth St S Diamond St

S Cooper St

E Murden St

S Calumet St

S Plate St E Murden St

") Potential Sources

D Ground Water Plume Centroid

Kokomo Boundary
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305-001.000-002. 

91. IDEM, Voluntary Remediation Agreement – PPG Industries – Carter St. Parcel, Inc. 

VRP # 6101004, June 22, 2012. 26 pages.

92. Reference Number Reserved

93. Osborn, Rex, IDEM, electronic mail to Charles Gebien, EPA, May 31, 2013. Subject: 

Removal Referral. 4 pages.

94. Reference Number Reserved 

95. Kavanaugh, Jeffery, IDEM, electronic mail to Mark Jaworski, IDEM, December 12, 

2013. Subject: RE: Kokomo Garrison and Main Water Treatment Plant Well Field 

HRS Doc. Rec. and PPG Industries, VRP # 6951202, #6101003, and #6101004. 2 

pages.

96. IDEM, Drinking Water Branch website, Water System Details for Indiana American 

Water- Kokomo accessed January 28, 2014. 3 pages.

https://myweb.in.gov/IDEM/DWW/JSP/WaterSystemDetail.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=408

146&tinwsys_st_code=IN&wsnumber=IN5234007

97. Reference Number Reserved 

98. Indiana Department of Environmental Management, Affidavit of Mark Jaworski, May 13, 

2014. 1 page

13 
99. U.S. EPA, Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated solvents 

in Ground Water, September 1998. 246 pages. 

100. IDEM, E-Mail from Aaron Aldred to Amanda Owen, Kokomo Wellfield, June 18, 2013. 4 

pages. 

101. U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources of Wildcat Creek and Deer Creek Basins, 

Howard and Parts of Adjacent Counties, Indiana, 1979-82. 1985. 98 pages. 

102. Freeze, R. Allan and John A. Cherry, Groundwater, 1979. 5 pages. Excerpt. 

103. IDEM, E-Mail, with attachment, from Lorraine Wright to Mark Jaworski, Geographic 

Coordinates for the Intersection of S. Elizabeth Street and E. Vaile Avenue, Kokomo, 

IN, June 10, 2014. 3 pages. 

104. Revitalizing Auto Communities Environmental Response Trust, First Quarter 2012 

Progress Report, RCRA Corrective Action, Attachment A, April 13, 2012. 7 pages. 

105. ARCADIS, RCRA Facility Investigation Data Report, Map Showing TCE Concentration 

Contours for Unit S1, 2006. 1 page. 

106. ARCADIS, RCRA Facility Investigation Data Report, Map Showing TCE Concentration 

Contours for Unit S2, 2006. 1 page. 

107. IDEM, E-Mail from Daniel Chesterson to Mark Jaworski, Subject: Kokomo Garrison & 

Main - RCW6, June 17, 2014. 1 page. 

108. Indiana American Water, E-mail, with attachment, from Kirk D. Kuroiwa to Mark 

Jaworski, Subject: Kokomo Garrison and Main Wellfields, May 15, 2014. 11 pages. 

109. Indiana American Water, E-mail, with attachment, from Kirk D. Kuroiwa to Mark 

Jaworski, Subject: Data Request, May 15, 2014. 2 pages. 

110. IDEM, E-Mail from James Sullivan to Mark Jaworski, Subject: Reference 8 Explanation, 

June 25, 2014. 1 page. 

14 
KOKOMO CONTAMINATED GROUND WATER PLUME

SUMMARY

The Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume site consists of a ground water plume with 

no identified source. Chlorinated solvents, specifically vinyl chloride, have been detected in 

the ground water within several of the city of Kokomo’s municipal wells. The city water utility 

is operated by the Indiana American Water Company (INAWC) and serves approximately 

55,000 people (Ref. 96, pp. 1, 2). 

The Kokomo Garrison Well Field consists of nine (9) wells located on the eastern edge of the 

city along Wildcat Creek (Ref. 8, p. 11; Figure 1-2). Five (5) of the wells have been 

contaminated by a ground water plume of chlorinated solvents, principally cis-1,2-

dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC) (Contaminated Ground Water From 

Public Wells Sample Table #3 of this HRS Documentation Record; Figure 1-2 of this HRS 

documentation record). Facilities that have been identified and/or investigated as possible 

contributors to the ground water plume are shown in Figure 1-3 and in Section 3.1.1 of this 

HRS documentation record. The Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume is depicted 

aerially by ground water sample locations obtained from municipal wells and established 

monitoring wells in the surrounding area, with detections of the above mentioned chlorinated 

solvents meeting observed release criteria (Figure 1-2; Section 3.1.1; Contaminated Ground 

Water Samples Background Ground Water Sample Table #1, Contaminated Ground Water 

From Residential Wells Sample Table #2, Contaminated Ground Water From Public Wells 

Sample Table #3, and Contaminated Ground Water From Monitoring Wells Sample Table #4

of this HRS documentation record). The depicted plume encompasses approximately 294 

acres and is composed of trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), 1,1-

dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), cis-1,2-DCE, trans -1, 2 dichloroethylene (trans -1,2-DCE), and 

VC (Figure 1-2). 

Pumping data exists to demonstrate that the unconsolidated materials and the bedrock are 

hydraulically interconnected in the area of the well field (Ref. 14, pp. 1-8). Multiple 

investigations and searches have been conducted to identify the source(s)of the 

contamination at the Kokomo Garrison Well Field; however, because of the known complex 

geology, multiple possible current and historical contaminant sources, and extensive pumping 

of ground water in this area that has likely resulted in commingling of multiple possible 

releases, individual sources of the contamination and the extent of any possible sourcespecific releases cannot be determined for HRS purposes at this time. 

HISTORY

Raw water sample results taken from the Kokomo Garrison Well Field by INAWC and 

15 
submitted to the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM), showed VC

levels exceeding its Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 2.0 ug/l in two (2) wells between 

2007 and 2010 (Refs. 85, pp. 1-5; 86, pp. 3- 29). Concentrations of arsenic were also 

detected in raw water in three (3) of the five municipal wells discussed in the Summary (Ref. 

4, p. 23 [depicted by samples ME2SE2, ME2SE3, ME2SD9, ME2SE0, and ME2SE1]; Figure 

1-2). Since arsenic issues are being addressed by Indiana’s Voluntary Remediation Program 

(VRP), the elevated levels of arsenic in the ground water are not being addressed under this 

HRS documentation record (See discussion of PPG in Attribution Section on page 45 of this 

HRS documentation record). 

As a result of the elevated levels of chlorinated solvents detected in the ground water in the 

municipal wells, the IDEM Site Investigation Program conducted a Pre-CERCLIS Screening 

and recommended that the Kokomo Garrison and Main Water Treatment Well Fields be 

entered into CERCLIS (Ref. 80, pp. 1, 2). A Preliminary Assessment of the well fields was 

completed on December 29, 2010 (Ref. 81, p. 9). 

On October 3, 2011, the IDEM Site Investigation Program conducted a Site Inspection (Ref. 

4, p. 8). A total of twenty-five (25) ground water samples, including three (3) duplicate 

samples and four (4) background samples were obtained (Ref. 4, p. 8). Ten (10) monitoring 

wells were sampled (plus one duplicate); six (6) municipal wells were sampled (plus two 

duplicates): and six (6) residential or commercial wells were sampled (including four 

background samples) (Ref. 4, p. 8). VC was detected in ground water in municipal wells #18, 

#19, #20, and well C, located within the Kokomo Garrison Well Field, at levels exceeding the 

MCL set by U.S. EPA (Ref. 4, p. 10). Municipal well #21 was found to be contaminated with 

cis-1,2-DCE (Refs. 4, p. 218; 11, p. 8). On May 31, 2013, IDEM requested EPA’s assistance 

in evaluating a possible source of the ground water plume, the former Delphi Plant 1 located 

at 700 East Firmin Street in Kokomo, for a potential removal action (Ref. 93, pp. 1, 2). 

IDEM’s concern is that residents located in direct proximity to the impacted ground water

may be affected by vapor intrusion (Ref. 93, pp. 1, 2).

A Ground Water Investigation Monitoring Event – July 2013, Data Submittal Report, dated 

September 24, 2013, was submitted to IDEM’s VRP for compliance regarding the three VRP

projects; #6951202, #6101003, and #6101004 at the PPG industries, Inc., properties located 

just south of the impacted well field (Ref. 61, p. 2). The report identified the monitoring and 

supply well network, the ground water potentiometric surface in the upper and lower 

overburden material and the bedrock, the concentrations of volatile organic compounds 

(including TCE and VC) (Ref. 61, pp. 77- 87, 89, 91, 92). Currently seventy three (73) 

monitoring wells have been installed for assessing the three (#6951202, #6101003, and 

#6101004) VRP projects (Ref. 61, pp. 2, 71, 72).

16 
2.2 SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION

 

2.2.1 Source Identification

 

Number of Source: 1 

Source Type: Other: Ground Water Plume with No Identified Source

Description and Location of Source (Figure 1-2)

The source consists of a contaminated ground water plume with no identified source located 

north and south of Wildcat Creek in central Kokomo (Contaminated Ground Water from 

Residential Wells Sample Table #2, Contaminated Ground Water from Public Wells Sample

Table #3, Contaminated Ground Water from Monitoring Wells Sample Table #4, and Figure 

1-2 Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume of this HRS documentation record). The 

source of contamination in the Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume is unknown. 

Due to the complex regional geology, multiple possible current and historical contaminant 

sources, and extensive pumping of ground water in this area that has likely resulted in 

commingling of multiple possible releases, individual sources of the contamination and the 

extent of any possible source-specific releases cannot be determined for HRS purposes at 

this time. A description of possible sources that may have used or released solvents can be 

found in Section 2.4.2.1.5 and Figure 1-3 of this HRS documentation record. 

The ground water samples used to delineate the outline of the plume, which covers

approximately 294 acres (Figure 1-2 of this HRS documentation record); Sections 3.0.1 and 

3.1.1 of this HRS documentation record). The area of the ground water plume is based on 

available samples that meet the criteria for an observed release and the target distance limit 

is measured from the center of the area of observed ground water contamination (Ref. 1, pp. 

45, 46; Section 3.1.1 of this HRS documentation record).

The contaminated ground water plume is located north and south of Wildcat Creek in central 

Kokomo (Figure 1-2 of this HRS documentation record). 

2.2.2 Hazardous Substances Associated with a Source

The following hazardous substance is associated with the source (see Section 3.1.1 of this 

HRS documentation record): 

 - trichloroethylene (TCE ) 

 - 1,1-dichloroethane, 

 - 1,1-dichloroethylene, 

 - cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE) 

 - trans -1, 2 dichloroethylene, 

 - vinyl chloride (VC)

17 
Location of the source with reference to a map:

See Figure 1-2, Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume

2.2.3 Hazardous Substances Available to a Pathway

Containment Description Containment 

Factor Value References

Gas release to air:

The air migration pathway was not evaluated; 

therefore, gas containment was not evaluated

Not Scored

Particulate release to air:

The air migration pathway was not evaluated; 

therefore, gas containment was not evaluated. 

Not Scored

Release to ground water:

The applicable containment factor value was 

determined based on existing analytical evidence of 

hazardous substances in ground water from private 

and public wells. Therefore, based on evidence of 

release, the highest Ground Water Migration Pathway 

Containment Factor Value of 10 was assigned to 

Source No. 1 as specified in Table 3-2 of the HRS 

Rule (Ref. 1. Section 3.1.2.1)

10

Ref. 1, Table 3-2, p.70

See Section 3.1.1 of this 

HRS documentation

Release via overland migration and/or flood:

The surface water pathway was not scored; therefore, 

surface water overland/flood migration component 

containment was not evaluated

Not Scored

18 
2.4.2 Hazardous Waste Quantity

2.4.2.1 Source Hazardous Waste Quantity

2.4.2.1.1 Hazardous Constituent Quantity (Tier A)

The hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 could not be adequately 

determined according to the HRS requirements; that is, the total mass of all 

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 

hazardous substances in the source is not known and cannot be estimated with 

reasonable confidence [Ref. 1, pp. 64-65 (Section 2.4.2.1.1)]. There are insufficient 

historical and current data (Manifests, PRP records, State records, Permits, Waste 

concentration data, etc.) available to adequately calculate the total mass of all 

CERCLA hazardous substances in the source and the associated releases from the 

source. Therefore, there is insufficient information to evaluate the associated releases 

from the source to calculate the hazardous constituent quantity for Source No. 1 with 

reasonable confidence. As a result, the evaluation of hazardous waste quantity 

proceeds to the evaluation of Tier B, hazardous wastestream quantity (Ref. 1, Section 

2.4.2.1.1, pp. 64, 65). 

Hazardous Constituent Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

 

2.4.2.1.2. Hazardous Wastestream Quantity (Tier B)

The hazardous wastestream quantity for Source No. 1 could not be adequately 

determined according to the HRS requirements; that is, the total mass of all hazardous 

wastestreams and CERCLA pollutants and contaminants in the source is not known 

and cannot be estimated with reasonable confidence [Ref. 1, pp. 65 (Section 

2.4.2.1.2)]. There are insufficient historical and current data (Manifests, PRP records, 

State records, permits, etc.) available to adequately calculate the total mass of all 

hazardous wastestreams and CERCLA pollutants and contaminants in the source and 

the associated releases from the source. Therefore, there is insufficient information to 

evaluate the associated releases from the source to calculate the hazardous 

wastestream quantity for Source No. 1 with reasonable confidence. The information 

available is not sufficient to evaluate Tier B source hazardous wastestream (Ref. 1, 

Section 2.4.2.1.2, p. 65). 

Hazardous Wastestream Quantity Assigned Value: NS 

 

2.4.2.1.3. Volume (Tier C)

Horizontal and vertical extent of the plume cannot be determined based on available

sampling data; a sufficient number of samples are not available to statistically represent the 

19 
range of contaminant concentrations throughout the source. Therefore, the source volume is

unknown, but greater than 0 (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.3, p. 65). 

Source Type Description

(# drums or dimensions)

Units

(yd3/gal) References

Other Unknown -- Ref. 1, Table 2-5 

Sum (yd3/gal): > 0 

Equation for Assigning Value (Ref. 1, Table 2-5): N/A

Volume Assigned Value: Unknown, but > 0 

2.4.2.1.4. Area (Tier D)

The area measure (Tier D) is not evaluated for source type “other” (Ref. 1, Table 2-5, p. 65). 

Area Assigned Value: NA

2.4.2.1.5. Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value

Volume of ground water plume: >0 

Highest assigned value assigned from Ref. 1, Table 2-5: > 0

Source Hazardous Waste Quantity Value: >0 (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.2.1.5, p. 65).

 

SUMMARY OF SOURCE DESCRIPTIONS

Source 

No.

Source 

Haz. 

Waste 

Quantity

Value 

Source 

Hazardous 

Constituent 

Quantity 

Complete? 

(Y/N)

Containment Factor Value by Pathway

Ground 

Water (GW)

(Ref. 1, 

Table 3-2)

Surface Water (SW) Air

Overland/flood

(Ref. 1,

Table 4-2)

GW to SW

(Ref. 1,

Table 3-2)

Gas

(Ref. 1,

Table 6-3)

Particulate

(Ref. 1,

Table 6-9)

1 > 0 N 10 NS* NS* NS* NS*

*NS (Not Scored) 

20 
3.0 GROUND WATER MIGRATION PATHWAY

3.0.1 General Considerations

Regional Geology

The area surrounding the Kokomo Garrison Well Field is in the Tipton Till Plain physiographic 

unit of the Upper Wabash River basin in north-central Indiana (Ref. 7, pp. 3, 5). The Tipton 

Till Plain is characterized as nearly flat to gently undulating, poorly drained, and featureless. 

Surface relief is generally less than 10 feet per 1,000 feet. The till plain is underlain by 

ground moraine and ablation tills. Resurgent periods during the retreat of the last glacial ice 

produced large concentric recessional moraine ridges. Relief across the moraines is low, 

generally less than 50 feet, although relief is slightly greater in several areas. The 

recessional moraines are 1 to 6 miles wide. Stratigraphy in the till plain area tends to be 

horizontally continuous, and less complex than in morainal deposits, except where thin till 

covers morainal deposits (Ref. 7, p. 5).

The Tipton Till Plain is underlain by buried moraines and thick deposits of drift. This is 

composed of an uncemented silty, sandy, calcareous till containing abundant pebbles and 

cobbles with scattered beds and lenses of silt, sand, and gravel (Ref. 7, p. 6). Thickness of 

the unconsolidated glacial drifts is approximately 50 feet in the city of Kokomo (Ref. 7, figure 

39, p. 11).

Regionally, soils primarily consist of the Crosby series. Crosby series soils are described as 

being deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that occupy uplands, and are nearly level to 

gently sloping. These soils are formed in the thin deposits of loess, and in underlying glacial 

till. Crosby soils are moderate in organic matter content (Ref. 6, p. 2).

Regional Hydrogeology

The Tipton Till Plain contains discontinuous buried sand and gravel aquifers (Ref. 7, p. 18). 

These aquifers are small, discontinuous deposits (lenses) of sand and gravel at scattered 

elevations. Braided streams and sub-ice channels formed sinuous sand and gravel deposits, 

which are not continuous over broad areas. Further disruption of deposits resulted from 

glacial scour and shoving. Discontinuous aquifers supply adequate water for domestic 

needs; however, the larger yields necessary for agricultural, industrial, and municipal needs 

may be unavailable. Most wells penetrate several lenses of sand and gravel (Ref. 7, p. 18).

In the discontinuous sand and gravel aquifers, the interconnection between ground water and 

surface water is not evident due to the low permeability of the enclosing materials. Water in 

discontinuous sand and gravel aquifers is generally confined. When several discontinuous 

aquifers are penetrated, the potentiometric head in each successive aquifer is generally lower 

than the potentiometric head of the aquifer above it. This is indicative of ground water 

21 
recharge through low-permeability materials. Well yields (exclusive of domestic wells) from 

discontinuous sand and gravel deposits range from 20 to 300 gallons per minute, with a 

median of 90 gallons per minute. Median depths of wells in discontinuous sand and gravel 

aquifers are slightly greater than that of wells in continuous sand and gravel (buried and 

surficial) to accommodate larger drawdowns (Ref. 7, p. 18).

Ground water flow in the carbonate bedrock aquifer is through vertical fractures, horizontal 

bedding planes, and solution openings. Dissolution and mechanical weathering of the 

carbonate bedrock aquifer by surface water entering the ground water system has further 

enhanced the secondary permeability of the carbonate bedrock aquifer throughout the Upper 

Wabash River basin. The hydraulic conductivity of a carbonate bedrock aquifer is greatest 

near the pre-glacial erosion surface and decrease with depth. This secondary enhancement 

permeability is responsible for the largest well yields available from the carbonate bedrock 

aquifer (Ref. 7, p. 20). 

In the Upper Wabash River basin, yields from the Silurian-Devonian carbonate bedrock 

aquifer are suitable for domestic uses. Well yields from the Silurian-Devonian carbonate 

bedrock aquifer system range from 15 to 1,250 gallons per minute. Median yields for 

nondomestic wells are 200 and 360 gallons per minute for the Silurian and Devonian 

carbonate rocks, respectively. If sufficient water is not found in the unconsolidated deposits, 

the carbonate bedrock is a dependable source in most of the Upper Wabash River basin 

(Ref. 7, p. 20).

A Silurian carbonate bedrock aquifer underlies nearly all of the Upper Wabash River basin 

(Ref. 7, p. 20). The uppermost bedrock unit overlain by glacial till is the Kokomo Limestone 

Member that characteristically consists of thinly laminated and dolomitic limestone (Ref. 9, p. 

15). 

Site Geology

- Stratum 1 (uppermost): Unconsolidated Deposits (Upper, Middle, and Lower Units)

Unconsolidated materials overlie the bedrock surface at the Garrison and Main Water 

Treatment Well Fields. The unconsolidated materials were glacially deposited and consist 

primarily of till and outwash sand and gravel. Specific information on the nature of the 

subsurface materials was obtained from well logs (Ref. 8, pages 72 through 114) and 

previous investigation within the Kokomo Garrison Well Field (Ref. 8, Appendices B and C, 

pages 60 through 114). The Kokomo Garrison Well Field partially overlaps the plume area 

and the Main Water Treatment Well Field is approximately one-half mile northeast of the 

northeastern boundary of the plume, as shown in Figure 1- 2). 

The unconsolidated deposits range from 10 to 150 feet thick in the site vicinity, with the 

thickest sequences occurring in a buried valley. Buried valleys are drainage features eroded 

22 
into the bedrock surface that were subsequently filled with sediments, and buried by glacial 

till. The orientation of drainage on this bedrock surface was primarily to the west, and the 

trend of the buried valley is east west. Outwash sand and gravel deposits occur within the 

unconsolidated deposits, and range from zero to 50 feet thick (Ref. 8, p. 12). There are two 

continuous sand and gravel deposits occurring primarily within the buried valley. This buried 

valley is located north of Kokomo (Ref. 8, p. 12). 

- Stratum 2 (deepest): Bedrock (Kokomo Limestone, Liston Creek Limestone, and 

Mississinewa Shale Units)

Bedrock underlying the Kokomo Garrison Well Field is primarily limestone and dolomite 

(Kokomo Limestone and Liston Creek Limestone Members of the Wabash Formation) (Ref. 

8, pp. 12, 13). This carbonate bedrock contains fractures, solution channels, and thin 

interbedded shale units. The upper portions of the bedrock, generally above the elevation of 

680 feet amsl, display greater density of fracturing and solution channeling. The Kokomo and 

Liston Creek Limestones are underlain by relatively impermeable shale (Mississinewa Shale 

Member of the Wabash Formation) (Ref. 8, p. 12). However, this shale aquifer appears to be 

interconnected through various fractures that cut through all three bedrock layers (Ref. 100, 

p. 3). The contact between the limestone and dolomite units and the underlying 

Mississinewa Shale occurs at an approximate elevation of 475 feet amsl beneath the 

Kokomo Garrison Well Field (Ref. 8, p. 12). 

The elevation of the bedrock surface varies from approximately 800 feet amsl in the southern 

portions of the Kokomo Garrison Well Field to less than 700 feet amsl in the main channel of 

the buried valley located north of Kokomo. The orientation of drainage on this bedrock 

surface was primarily to the west and the trend of the buried valley is east-west as defined by 

the 700- and 750-foot contours (Ref 8, p. 12).

A bedrock investigation and characterization study was prepared by Conestoga-Rovers & 

Associates (CRA) for the Delphi Corporation Electronics and Safety Division former Plant 1 

property, located approximately 4,800 feet southwest of the Kokomo Garrison Well Field and 

approximately 500 feet southwest of the southwestern boundary of the plume (Ref. 9, p. 40; 

Figure 1- 3 of this HRS documentation record). At Delphi, the top of the Kokomo Limestone 

is typically between the elevations of 787.3 and 804.8 feet AMSL. The unit is approximately 

40 to 60 feet thick (Ref. 9, p. 15). Results of various downhole geophysical and hydraulic 

tests indicate the Kokomo Limestone contains hydraulically significant fractures below its 

weathered surface. The Kokomo Limestone slopes slightly to the southwest (Ref. 9, p. 16). 

The Liston Creek Limestone Member underlies the Kokomo Limestone Member. The Liston 

Creek Limestone consists of about 30 feet of cherty limestone and dolomitic limestone that 

rests with sharp, but probably conformable contact on the Mississinewa Shale Member (Ref. 

5, p. 3, 4, 5 and 6). At Delphi, the top of the Liston Creek Limestone is typically encountered 

23 
between elevations of 735.5 and 750.3 feet AMSL, and is approximately 43 feet thick. The 

most hydraulically significant bedding plane fractures were identified in the middle of the unit 

and at the base of the unit. As with the Kokomo Limestone, the Liston Creek Limestone 

slopes to the southwest (Ref. 9, p. 16). 

The Mississinewa Shale Member consists of argillaceous dolomitic siltstone and silty 

dolomite (Ref. 5, p. 5). At Delphi, the top of the Mississinewa Shale is typically encountered 

between elevations of 694.5 and 707.2 feet AMSL. The Mississinewa Shale is approximately 

100 feet thick, and according to CRA, acts as low permeability layer to ground water 

identified in the bedrock units above it (Ref. 9, p. 16).

Site Hydrogeology

Within the Garrison and Main Water Treatment Well Fields, the topography associated with 

Wildcat Creek, Kokomo Creek, and the INAWC Reservoirs controls both surface water 

drainage, and ground water flow. From areas both north and south of Wildcat Creek, surface 

water and ground water drainage is towards Wildcat Creek, Kokomo Creek, and the INAWC 

Reservoirs. Wildcat creek receives ground water flow from areas northeast and southeast of 

the city (Ref. 8, p. 14). 

The middle sand and gravel unit of the unconsolidated deposits extends beneath the well 

fields. The thickness of this unit is approximately 20 and 40 feet at the Main Water Treatment 

and Garrison Well Fields, respectively. Ground water in this aquifer occurs under semiconfined to confined conditions, where the sand and gravel is completely saturated, and is 

overlain by the finer grained till (Ref. 8, p. 13). The Garrison and Main Water Treatment Well 

Fields draw ground water from the unconsolidated/bedrock aquifer systems. This aquifer is 

vertically separated from the middle sand and gravel aquifer by a unit of finer grained silt and 

clay. Ground water in this aquifer also occurs under semi-confined conditions (Ref. 8, p. 13).

The limestone and dolomite bedrock aquifer extends beneath the entire Garrison and Main 

Water Treatment Well Fields, and ranges from 100 to 375 feet thick. This aquifer is 

approximately 200 feet thick at the Main Water Treatment Well Field where production wells 

have been completed in this unit (Ref. 8, p. 13). Ground water in this aquifer occurs under 

semi-confined to confined conditions (Ref. 8, p. 13-14). 

The main factors controlling ground water flow in the Garrison and Main Water Treatment 

Well Fields are the configuration of the bedrock, the thickness, and extent of the sand and 

gravel aquifers, and the heterogeneity within the unconsolidated and consolidated materials. 

Ground water originating in the southern portions within the well fields flows north and west. 

In the area of the buried valley, ground water flows primarily east to west (Ref. 8, p. 14). 

Within the glacial till/bedrock interface, including the upper five feet of the weathered bedrock 

surface of the Kokomo Limestone, ground water was encountered at Delphi. The interface is 

comprised of sand and gravel, and is typically a couple feet thick. The ground water occurs 

24 
under a semi-confined condition approximately 20 to 25 feet below grade. The flow is 

generally northwesterly with a seasonal northerly component (Ref. 9, p. 71).

As noted by CRA in the bedrock investigation and characterization study, the Kokomo 

Limestone and the Liston Creek Limestone are the predominant stratigraphic units that 

comprise the bedrock aquifer in the Kokomo area. Both units are located above the 

Mississinewa Shale. Ground water storage and flow in the two limestone units is 

predominantly through open fractures, joints, bedding planes, and solution channels as flow 

through uncompromised rock was determined to be negligible (Ref. 9, p. 18). 

Fracture identification from surface geophysical analysis was performed by CRA, and was 

outlined in the bedrock investigation and characterization study. Results of lineament studies 

and geophysical survey efforts did identify suspected high angle fractures at and adjacent to 

Delphi. The predominant high angle fractures identified at Delphi appear to be oriented in a 

northeast-southwest direction between Delphi and the Garrison and Main Water Treatment 

Well Fields. These suspected high angle fractures in combination with known bedding plane 

fractures have apparently created zones of increased hydraulic conductivity and 

transmissivity within the bedrock between the Delphi and the high capacity pumping at the 

Garrison and Main Water Treatment Well Fields (Ref. 9, p. 69). 

The results of the lineament studies and the hydraulic assessments indicate a suspected 

bedrock fault at Delphi. The suspected fault appears to extend in a northwest direction. 

According to CRA, this vertical bedrock feature restricts flow within bedding plane factures, 

and acts as a ground water divide promoting divergent ground water flow within the bedrock 

aquifer (Ref. 9, p. 69).

- Aquifer Interconnection within 2 miles

The unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits, and the fractured limestone and dolomite 

bedrock regionally act as a unconsolidated/bedrock aquifer system (Ref. 8, p. 13). Several 

lines of documentation substantiate hydraulic connection between the unconsolidated 

materials and the bedrock within two miles of the site.

First, the nature of the unconsolidated/bedrock aquifer system allow for both horizontal flow 

and vertical flow within and between the formations. The Kokomo Garrison Well Field 

partially overlaps the plume area and the Main Water Treatment Well Field is approximately 

1mile northeast of the northeastern boundary of the plume (Figure 1-2 of this HRS 

documentation record). These well fields draw ground water from the unconsolidated/bedrock 

aquifer system (Ref. 8, p. 13). Second, five to 50 feet of glacial till overlies outwash sand and 

gravel, and bedrock within the Kokomo Garrison Well Field (Ref. 8, page 13). The till was 

deposited in continuous layers, whereas the sand and gravel was deposited in discontinuous 

sheets interspersed within the till. The layers of till are semiconfining beds, and ground water 

is confined in the sand and gravel aquifers. Ground water is also locally confined within open 

25 
fractures and solution channels in the upper beds of limestone and dolomite that underlie 

glacial deposits (Ref. 101, p. 26). Because of the contrast in hydraulic conductivity between 

the layers of till and the sand and gravel aquifers, horizontal flow predominates in the aquifers 

and is negligible in the semiconfining till. Recharge to the aquifers, however, is by downward 

vertical leakage through the semiconfining layers, and discharge is by upward vertical 

leakage through semiconfining beds and the streambeds (Ref. 101, p. 26).

Further, a bedrock fracture assessment completed in March 2007 by Conestoga-Rovers & 

Associates (CRA) documented connection between the unconsolidated and bedrock 

aquifers. CRA performed an Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) geophysical survey to 

assess the suspected high angle fractures in the top three layers of bedrock – the Kokomo 

Limestone, Liston Creek Limestone, and Mississinewa Shale (Ref. 9, pp. 24-28). The ERT 

survey shows that the various aquifers beneath the Delphi Plant 1 site are vertically 

connected by high angle fractures which cut through the bedrock units. This suggests that 

the fractures in the Liston Creek Limestone and the Mississinewa Shale are continuous from 

the Delphi Plant 1 site to the Kokomo Garrison and Main Water Treatment Wellfield. 

Horizontal connectivity between the Delphi Plant 1 and the Kokomo Garrison and Main Water 

Treatment Wellfield is clearly shown by gradient and hydrograph data (Ref. 100, p. 2). Some 

of these fractures are drainage channels that flow to the northeast. The report concluded that 

the bedrock fractures are likely acting as preferential ground water migration pathways 

between the Delphi Plant 1 site and the Kokomo Garrison Well Field (Ref. 100, p. 3) within 2 

miles of the plume.

Also, bedrock is close to the surface at Wildcat Creek and some sands may be directly 

interconnected. Sand and gravel deposits, especially those below and directly adjacent to 

Wildcat Creek, are thick, highly sorted, permeable (valley train) deposits that yield significant 

amounts of ground water (Ref. 9, p. 15). Former drainage channels cut into the bedrock 

surface (Ref. 9, p. 15). These drainage channels have cut through different bedrock 

stratigraphic units (Ref. 9, p. 15). The bedrock channels likely developed along predominant 

high angle bedrock fractures and are therefore likely to control bedrock ground water flow 

directions. These suspected bedrock fractures also appear to influence surface water flowing 

overburden deposits as the bedrock drainage appear to be in locations and orientations 

similar to Wildcat Creek and Little Wildcat Creek (Ref. 9, p. 15). At and adjacent to the site, 

the surface of the Kokomo limestone is covered with 13 to 30 feet of unconsolidated glacial 

drift. The first 5 to 10 feet of the Kokomo limestone is extremely weathered and fractured 

(Ref. 9, p. 16). Based on the saturated sand and gravel deposits in direct contact with the 

bedrock surface directly north of the site, the former Pete’s Run is expected to contribute to 

the bedrock ground water system (Ref. 9, p. 17). Data shows that there is a direct correlation 

between precipitations events, surface elevation in Wildcat Creek and Bedrock water levels

(Ref. 9, p. 17).

Available pump test data also indicate interconnection between the unconsolidated and 

bedrock aquifers. To further study the interconnectivity of the bedrock layers, the Bedrock 

26 
Characterization Report prepared by CRA analyzed hydraulic influences on monitoring wells 

in the shallow, unconsolidated aquifer and bedrock aquifers at the Delphi Plant 1 site. The 

Kokomo Garrison Well Field, which pumps from the Salamonie Dolomite bedrock aquifer, 

170 feet below the Mississinewa Shale Interface, creates a distinctive pumping signature due 

to the time interval and volumes of ground water pumped. CRA was able to find correlations 

with the pumping signature from the Kokomo Garrison Well Field and with hydrographs 

created from transducer data from the monitoring wells screened in the Liston Creek 

Interface and Mississinewa Shale Interface bedrock aquifers. According to CRA, pumping 

from the Garrison and Main Water Treatment Well Fields appear to influence ground water 

elevations in bedrock monitoring wells on and adjacent to Delphi. Northeast ground water 

flow directions were observed by Delphi monitoring wells, and suggest the Garrison and Main 

Water Treatment Well Fields pumping operations influence water levels, and hydraulic 

gradients in areas directly northeast of the Delphi property boundary. The gradient and the 

hydrograph data suggest the Garrison and Main Water Treatment Well Fields pumping 

influence within the Liston Creek Limestone interface, Liston creek Limestone, and 

Mississinewa Shale interface fractures appears to be at least 4,000 feet (Ref. 9, p. 47, 113).

Additional evidence of unconsolidated/bedrock aquifer interconnection is the continuous 

presence of VOCs from the near surface to bedrock in monitoring well samples (Ref. 9, 

pages 138 and 139). At Delphi, the VOC concentration in the ground water decreases with 

depth. The maximum total VOC concentration in the shallow water table (approximately 8 to 

12 feet below ground surface) is approximately 100 ppm. The maximum total VOC 

concentration in the glacial till/bedrock interface is approximately 14 ppm. The maximum 

total VOC concentration in the bedrock is approximately 0.6 ppm (Ref. 9, p. 75). This 

dramatic decrease in concentrations between the glacial till/bedrock interface and the 

underlying bedrock suggests there is a hydraulic connection between the weathered surface 

of the glacial till/bedrock interface and the first hydraulically significant fracture below the 

glacial till/bedrock interface. Ground water analytical results from a sample collected below 

the Mississinewa Shale at the Louisville Limestone interface did not detect any VOCs 

suggesting that VOCs have not migrated below the shale unit (Ref. 9, p. 76).

Based on this evidence of aquifer interconnection, the unconsolidated deposits aquifers and 

bedrock aquifers are considered to be a single hydrologic unit for HRS scoring purposes (i.e., 

the “unconsolidated/bedrock aquifer system”) (Ref. 1, Section 3.0.1.2).

- Aquifer Discontinuities within 4 miles

No discontinuities which completely transect the interconnected unconsolidated/bedrock 

aquifer system are present within the 4-mile target distance limit. Two main types of 

discontinuous aquifers within the Kokomo Garrison Well Field region (which overlaps the 

plume area) are buried sand and gravel aquifers. These aquifers are small, discontinuous 

deposits (lenses) of sand and gravel at scattered elevations. Braided streams and sub-ice 

channels formed sinuous sand and gravel deposits, which are not continuous over broad 

27 
areas. Further disruption of deposits resulted from glacial scour and shoving (Ref. 7, page 

18, see Figure 2). 

Other potential aquifer boundaries, (aka aquifer discontinuities), such as a mountain range, 

ocean, bedrock fault, etc., are not located within a 4-mile radius of the site.

SUMMARY OF AQUIFER(S) BEING EVALUATED

Aquifer 

No. Aquifer Name

Is Aquifer 

Interconnected with 

Upper Aquifer within 

2 miles? (Y/N/NA)

Is Aquifer 

Continuous 

within 4-mile 

TDL? (Y/N)

Is Aquifer 

Karst? (Y/N)

1 Unconsolidated NA Y N 

2 Bedrock Y Y N 

3.1 LIKELIHOOD OF RELEASE

3.1.1 Observed Release

Aquifer Being Evaluated: The interconnected unconsolidated and bedrock aquifer 

Establishing an observed release by chemical analysis requires analytical evidence of a 

hazardous substance in the media significantly above background level (Ref. 1, Section 2.3, 

p. 63). If the background concentration is not detected (or is less than the detection limit), an 

observed release is established when the sample measurement equals or exceeds its own 

Sample Quantitation Limit (SQL) and that of the background sample. If the SQL cannot be 

established, the U.S. EPA Contract-Required Quantitation Limit (CRQL) is used in place of 

the SQL (Ref. 1, Table 2-3, p. 63). Samples were analyzed for VOCs using CLP SOWM01.2 

(Trace Volatiles) analysis procedure and metals using CLP SOW ISM01.3 (ICP-MS) (Ref. 4, 

p. 8). 

Chemical Analysis

On October 3 and 4, 2011, IDEM Site Investigation Program staff conducted sampling for the 

Kokomo Garrison Well Field (Ref. 4, p. 8). Twenty-five groundwater samples were collected 

along with the prescribed Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) samples and analyzed 

at an EPA Contract Laboratory Program lab. Additional information regarding the handling 

and collection method are discussed in the Site Inspection Report (Ref. 4, pp. 8, 9). 

Analyses included CLP SOW ISM01.3 (ICP-MS) for Metals and CLP SOW SOM01.2 (Trace 

28 
Volatiles) for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Ref. 4, p. 8). 

- Background Concentrations:

IDEM Site Investigation Program staff conducted sampling for the Kokomo Garrison Well 

Field (Ref. 4, p. 8). Four (4) background water samples were obtained from residential wells 

(Ref. 4, p. 8). 

Background Ground Water Sample Table #1

(Obtained from 4 established residential wells)

EPA

CLP#

IDEM

location# 

Date Location

Depth 

Below 

Ground 

Surface

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous 

Substance 

Concentration 

(Adjusted 

Concentration)

μg/L

Contract 

Required 

Quantitation 

Limit (CRQL)

μg/L

Reference

ES2E7 RCW-7 10/04/11 School 200 ft

VC

Trans-1,2-DCE

Cis-1,2-DCE

TCE

ND*

ND

ND

ND

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Ref. 4, pp. 

222, 251, 

292, 293; 

11, p. 13; 

13, p. 20

E2SF0 RCW-4 10/04/11 Residential 202 ft

VC

Trans-1,2-DCE

Cis-1,2-DCE

TCE

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Ref. 4, pp. 

362, 386, 

425, 426; 

11, p. 10; 

13, p. 20

E2SF1 RCW-5 10/04/11 Residential 347 ft

VC

Trans-1,2-DCE

Cis-1,2-DCE

TCE

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Ref. 4, pp. 

19, 368, 

386, 432, 

433; 

11, p. 11; 

13, p. 20

E2SF8 RCW-6 10/04/11 Residential 140 ft

VC

Trans-1,2-DCE

Cis-1,2-DCE

TCE

1,1-DCE

1,1-DCA

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Ref. 4, pp. 

370, 386, 

435, 436; 

11, p. 12; 

13, p. 20; 

107, p.1

ND* = Not Detected

** Limits used for all results reported in this table are equivalent to the CRQLs as defined by Exhibit C, Section 1 of CLP SOW SOM01.2. 

CRQLs reported for these results are equivalent to the CRQLs defined by the HRS Section 1.1 (Ref. 1, p. 59). 

29 
- Contaminated Samples:

In 2011, IDEM’s Site Investigation Program conducted SI activities at the Kokomo Garrison 

Well Field and surrounding areas (Ref. 4, p. 8). The ground water obtained from monitoring 

wells and municipal wells was found to be contaminated with chlorinated VOCs (Ref. 

Sections 3.1.1 and 3.3.2.2 of this HRS documentation record).

The extent of the ground water plume is depicted by samples from municipal wells, 

residential wells, and monitoring wells meeting observed release criteria (Fig. 1-2 of this HRS 

documentation record). The extent of this plume has not been completely delineated at this 

time but has been characterized by data from monitoring wells and municipal wells (Ref. 

Section 3.1.1 of this HRS documentation record and Figure 1-2 of this HRS documentation 

record).

The plume currently measures approximately 294.14 acres (Fig. 1-2 of this HRS 

documentation record). The area of the ground water plume is based on available samples 

that meet the criteria for an observed release (Section 3.1.1 of this Documentation Record). 

The plume boundary was digitized by connecting wells that met observed release criteria 

(Figure 1-2 of this HRS documentation record). Background wells were identified outside the 

boundaries of the plume (Section 3.1.1 of this HRS documentation record; Figure 1-2 of the 

HRS documentation record). 

The following set of tables depicts the samples that meet the observed release criteria (Ref. 

1, Table 2-3, p. 63). These tables list the organic hazardous substances with their 

concentrations and SQLs for each sample. These samples were qualified as “releases” 

based on the criteria in the HRS (Ref. 1, Section 2.3, Table 2-3, p. 63). The well locations 

are depicted on Figure 1-2 of this HRS documentation record. 

Contaminated Ground Water from Residential Wells Sample Table #2* 

EPA 

CLP# IDEM # Date Location

Depth 

Below 

Ground 

Surface

(feet)

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous 

Substance 

Concentration 

(Adjusted 

Concentration)

μg /L

Contract 

Required 

Quantitation 

Limit 

(CRQL)

μg/L

Reference

ES2E8 RCW-1 10/04/11 Residential 76 ft VC

Cis-1,2-DCE

2.2

6.3

0.5

0.5

Refs. 4, p.360,

386, 422,; 

11, p. 9; 

13, p. 20

*Limits used for all results reported in this table are equivalent to the CRQLs as defined by Exhibit C, Section 1 of CLP SOW SOM01.2. 

CRQLs reported for these results are equivalent to the CRQLs defined by the HRS Section 1.1 (Ref. 1, p. 59). 

**Note: The water from this well is not used for drinking water. It is used for watering a garden

30 
Contaminated Ground Water from Public Wells Sample Table #3

EPA

CLP# IDEM # Date Location

Depth 

Below 

Ground 

Surface

Hazardous

Substance

Hazardous 

Substance 

Concentration 

(Adjusted 

Concentration)

μg/L

Contract 

Required

Quantitation 

Limit (CRQL)

μg/L

Reference

E2SD9 PW-5 10/04/11 IN-AWC Well 

19 300 ft VC 5.2 0.5

Refs. 4, pp. 

202, 250, 323; 

8, p.16, 84; 

11, p. 5; 

13, p. 19

E2SE0 PW-6 10/04/11 Duplicate of 

PW-5 300 ft VC 5.2 0.5

Refs. 4, 

pp.204, 250, 

320; 8, p.16, 

84; 

11, p. 6; 

13, p. 19

E2SE1 PW-4 10/04/11 IN-AWC Well 

18 300 ft VC

Cis-1,2-DCE

3.8

1.9

0.5

0.5

Refs. 4, pp. 

206, 250, 317, 

452; 8, p.16, 

81; 

11, p. 4

13, p. 19: 

E2SE2 PW-2 10/04/11 IN-AWC Well 

C 

382 ft VC

Trans-1,2-DCE

Cis-1,2-DCE

5.7

0.86

23

0.5

0.5

4.0

Refs. 4, pp. 

208, 210, 250, 

314, 450, 451; 

8, p.16; 

11, p. 2

13, p. 19

E2SE3 PW-3 10/04/11 Duplicate of 

PW-2 

382 ft VC

Trans-1,2-DCE

Cis-1,2-DCE

5.8

0.84

22

0.5

0.5

2.0

Refs. 4, p. 

212, 214, 250, 

305, 308, 450, 

451; 8, p.16; 

11, p. 3

13, p. 19

E2SE4 PW-7 10/04/11 IN-AWC Well 

20 325 ft VC

Cis-1,2-DCE

3.7

5.8

0.5

0.5

Refs. 4, p. 

216, 250, 302; 

8, p.16, 90; 

11, p. 7

13, p. 19

*Limits used for all results reported in this table are equivalent to the CRQLs as defined by Exhibit C, Section 1 of CLP SOW SOM01.2. 

CRQLs reported for these results are equivalent to the CRQLs defined by the HRS Section 1.1 (Ref. 1, p 59). 

31 
Contaminated Ground Water from Monitoring Wells Sample Table #4

EPA 

CLP# IDEM # Date Location

Depth 

Below 

Ground 

Surface

Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous 

Substance 

Concentration 

(Adjusted 

Concentration)

μg/L

Contract 

Required 

Quantitation 

Limit 

(CRQL) μg/L

Reference

E2SB9 MW-1 10/04/11

SW Corner of 

Delphos St. 

and 

Defenbaugh 

St.

20-23 ft

VC

Cis-1,2-DCE

1,1-DCA

62

66

83

20

20

20

Refs. 4,

pp.188, 250, 

263; 

11, p. 17; 

13, p. 19

E2SC0 MW-2 10/04/11

SW Corner of 

Delphos St. 

and 

Defenbaugh 

St.

43-48 ft VC

Cis-1,2-DCE

4.9

16

0.5

0.5

Refs. 4, pp. 

192, 250, 269; 

11, p. 18; 

13, p. 19

E2SC1 MW-3 10/04/11 Duplicate of 

MW-2 43-48 ft VC

Cis-1,2-DCE

20

59

0.5

5.0

Refs. 4, pp. 

194, 196, 250, 

272; 

11, p. 19; 

13, p. 19

E2SC9 MW-9 10/04/11 S of PPG 

Facility 75 ft Cis-1,2-DCE 0.99 0.5

Refs. 4, pp. 

198, 250, 329, 

475; 

11, p. 9; 13, p. 

19

E2SC2 MW-4 10/04/11

SW of Jay St. 

and 

Defenbaugh 

St.

25.5 ft

VC

Trans-1,2-

DCE

Cis-1,2-DCE

TCE

1,1-DCE

1,1-DCA

5500

2600

77000

20000

620

1800

400

400

4000

4000

400

400

Refs. 4, pp. 

342, 344, 251, 

395, 396, 398, 

399; 

11, p. 20; 

13, p. 19

E2SC3 MW-5 10/04/11 9 ft north of 

MW-4 48 ft

VC

Cis-1,2-DCE

TCE

2.4

20

15

0.5

0.5

0.5

Refs. 4, pp. 

346, 251, 401, 

402; 

11, p. 21; 

13, p. 19

E2SC4 MW-6 10/04/11

NW corner of 

Foster Stand 

Delphos St.

61.5 ft

VC

Trans-1,2-

DCE

Cis-1,2-DCE

TCE

2.3

0.51

3.5

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Refs. 4,

pp.348, 250, 

404, 405; 

11, p. 22; 

13, p. 19

** Limits used for all results reported in this table are equivalent to the CRQLs as defined by Exhibit C, Section 1 of CLP SOW SOM01.2. 

CRQLs reported for these results are equivalent to the CRQLs defined by the HRS Section 1.1 (Ref. 1, p. 59). 

32 
Level I Sample Table #5

EPA CLP# Hazardous 

Substance

Hazardous 

Substance 

Concentration 

(Adjusted 

Concentration) μg/L

Benchmark

Concentration

μg/L

Benchmark Reference

E2SD9 VC 5.2 1.7x10-2 Cancer Risk Ref 2, p. 14; 4, pp. 

202, 250

E2SE0 VC 5.2 1.7x10-2 Cancer Risk Ref 2, p. 14; 4, 

pp.204, 250

E2SE1 VC 3.8 1.7x10-2 Cancer Risk Ref 2, p. 14; 4, pp. 

206, 250

E2SE2 VC 5.7 1.7x10-2 Cancer Risk Ref 2, p. 14; 4, pp. 

208, 210, 250

E2SE3 VC 5.8 1.7x10-2 Cancer Risk Ref 2, p. 14; 4, pp. 

212, 214, 250

E2SE4 VC 3.7 1.7x10-2 Cancer Risk Ref 2, p. 14; 4, pp. 

216, 250

Attribution:

The Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume is a contaminated ground water plume 

originating from unknown sources where hazardous substances may have been released 

and seeped through the ground to the aquifer. When the source itself consists of a ground 

water plume with no identified source, no separate attribution is required (Ref. 1, Sec. 3.1.1).

There are several possible sources of chlorinated solvents in the area. The sources of the 

contamination in the Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume have not been determined. 

A bedrock characterization report was prepared by Conestoga-Rovers and Associates (CRA) 

for the Delphi Corporation Electronics and Safety Division (Delphi) (Ref. 9, p. 1). According 

to that report, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contaminants were detected in the bedrock

ground water (Ref. 9, pp. 63, 64, 70, 75, 131-136, 138-139; Figure 1-2 of this HRS 

documentation record).

The report stated that it was unclear if the VOCs detected in the bedrock wells located 

outside of Delphi’s property are from the Delphi releases or from releases associated with 

other facilities that have used the same solvents (Ref. 9, pp. 76, 79).

Ground water samples collected during the Site Inspection from Delphi’s monitoring wells 

33 
confirmed elevated levels of trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane, and cis-1,2-DCE, and VC

(Ref. 4, p. 10; Contaminated Ground Water from Monitoring Wells Sample Table #4 of this 

HRS documentation record; Figure 1-2). 

There are three IDEM VRP projects in the immediate area. Seventy three (73) monitoring 

wells have been installed on the Omnisource and PPG properties for assessing the ground 

water for the three VRP projects (Ref. 61, p. 2). VOCs have been detected in ground water 

samples obtained by the Omnisource and PPG consultants in some of the 73 monitoring 

wells. 

In addition, elevated levels of TCE and degradation products have also been detected on 

ASF Partnership, Stites Cleaners, and GMCH properties (Refer to Summary of Investigations 

table of this HRS documentation record). 

Pumping data exists to demonstrate that the unconsolidated materials and the bedrock are 

hydraulically interconnected in the area of the well field (Ref. 14, pp. 1-8). Multiple 

investigations and searches have been conducted to identify the source(s) of the 

contamination at the Kokomo Garrison Well Field; however, because of the known complex 

geology, multiple possible current and historical contaminant sources, and extensive pumping 

of ground water in this area that has likely resulted in commingling of multiple possible 

releases, individual sources of the contamination and the extent of any possible sourcespecific releases cannot be determined for HRS purposes at this time. 

In addition to the Pre-CERCLIS Screening, Preliminary Assessment, and Site Inspection 

Work conducted at this site, IDEM staff searched State files in an attempt to identify possible

sources of the contamination at the Kokomo Garrison Well Field. The table below lists those 

facilities identified through the search. 

Summary of Investigations of Current and Historical Facilities 

Associated with Solvents

Name Investigation Date Samples Substances Comments References

ASF 

Partnership

Phase I 

Environmental 

Site Assessment 

2007 Ground Water PCE As of 2013, 

180 pounds of 

VOCs have 

been removed 

from soil and 

ground water

Ref. 15, p. 8; 

57, p. 6

Milbank 

Manufacturing 

Co. Inc.

Waste Manifests 2011 None Waste paint, 

coolants, waste 

kerosene, 

grease, 

unidentified 

solvents (10 

The facility 

ceased 

operations. It 

is not known if 

the 

unidentified 

Ref. 37, p. 2; 

43, pp. 3-6; 

30, p. 1; 31, p. 

1 

34 
gallons per 

month)

solvents 

included 

chlorinated 

solvents.

Empty 

Industrial 

Building

LUST Site 

Investigation

Report

1995 Ground Water Lead, benzene, 

ethylbenzene, 

toluene, 

xylenes, TPH, 

possible 

solvents 

associated with 

dry cleaners

Ground water 

samples were 

not analyzed 

for chlorinated 

solvents. The 

property was a 

former dry 

cleaners.

Ref. 49, pp. 4, 

17, 41-59

Omnisource Phase II 

Environmental 

Site Assessment

2006 Ground Water TCE

cis-1,2-DCE 

VC

The facility is 

in IDEM’s 

Voluntary 

Remediation 

Program

Ref. 61, pp. 

421-425

Site Cleaners Further Site 

Investigation

2013 Ground Water PCE The facility is 

in IDEM’s 

State Cleanup 

program

Ref. 59, pp. 1, 

5, 6

Hunt’s 

Salvage and 

Coal Yard

IDEM Inspection 2013 None unknown Fluids were 

observed 

leaking onto 

surrounding 

soils. Referred 

to EPA.

Ref. 58, pp. 1, 

8 

PPG 

Industries

Ground Water 

Investigation 

Monitoring 

Report

2013 Ground Water 1,1,1 TCA 1,1-

DCA

cis-1,2-DCE 

trans-1,2-DCE 

PCE

VC

The facility is 

in IDEM’s 

Voluntary 

Remediation 

Program

Ref. 61, pp. 2, 

12-70,

GMCH RCRA Facility 

Investigation 

Report

2013 Ground Water TCE The facility is 

being 

addressed by 

RCRA 

Corrective 

Action 

Ref. 66, pp. 1, 

140-142 

Chrysler LLC Ground water 

monitoring

2008 Ground Water TCE

cis-1,2-DCE, 

VC

The facility is 

in IDEM’s 

Voluntary 

Remediation 

Program

Ref. 78, p. 1; 

79, pp. 1-3 

Delphi Plant 1 Ground water 

monitoring wells

2013 Ground Water 1,1-DCA

1,1-DCE

Cis-1,2 DCE

Trans 1,2 DCE

TCE

VC

IDEM referred 

the site to the 

U.S. EPA for 

possible 

removal action 

due to 

concerns of 

Ref. 69, pp. 2, 

3. 4; 93, pp. 1-

4 

35 
vapor intrusion 

in the nearby 

residential 

areas

IDEM Site 

Investigation 

(SI)

2013 Ground Water 1,1-DCA

1,1-DCE

Cis-1,2 DCE

Trans 1,2- DCE

TCE

VC

SI report 

confirms 

contamination 

in ground 

water at 

municipal 

wells and 

within a mile 

southwest of 

the well field

Tables 2, 3

and 4 of this 

HRS 

Documentatio

n Record

Abbreviations

VC Vinyl Chloride

PCE Tetrachloroethene

1,1-DCA 1,1- Dichloroethane

1,1-DCE 1,1- Dichloroethene

Cis-1,2 DCE Cis - 1,2 Dichloroethene

Trans 1,2 DCE Trans 1,2 Dichloroethene 

TCE Trichloroethene

TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons

IDEM staff also conducted a search of State files to determine if other facilities could be 

possible sources of the contamination at the Kokomo Garrison Well Field. Staff also 

conducted several interviews with these active facilities. 

Additional Facilities Investigated as Possible Sources

Name Investigation Date Samples Substances Comments References

Weise 

Oldsmobile 

and GMC

Dealership

Site 

Characterization

2007, 

2008

Ground Water Polynuclear 

aromatic 

hydrocarbons

Ground water 

flow is in a 

southeast 

direction

Ref. 20, pp. 2, 

3, 8, 9 10, 23 

Wiese 

Collision 

Repair

Compliance 

Evaluation

2011 None Paint waste 

materials

No violations 

were 

discovered

Ref. 22, pp. 1, 

3, 6, 7

Coan 

Engineering

Interview 2013 None Mineral spirits, 

cutting oils, 

transmission 

fluids

Facility uses 

Crystal Clean 

Inc. to dispose 

of waste 

products

Ref. 46, p. 1

36 
PadField’s 

Auto Body and 

Paint

Interview 2013 None Paint, paint 

solvents 

Facility uses 

Crystal Clean 

Inc. to dispose 

of waste 

products

Ref. 44, p. 1

Former GM 

Delco Plant 5

First Quarter 

2012 Progress 

Report

2011 Ground Water TCE TCE in ground 

water extends 

only 800 feet 

from site 

Ref. 104, pp. 

1-3 

A more detailed history of the facilities listed in the tables above is presented below. 

ASF Partnership

3700-3714 South LaFountain Street

Kokomo, Indiana

The ASF Partnership facility is located at 3700-3714 S. LaFountain Street, Kokomo (Ref. 57, 

p. 1). The property is owned by Bernard Ampe, Thomas Simmons, and James Fleming, 

otherwise known as ASF Partnership (Ref. 57, pp. 5, 8). The surrounding area is primarily 

commercial and residential (Ref. 57, pp. 27, 28). Ground water in the area generally flows in 

the northwest direction toward Wildcat Creek (Ref. 57, p. 12). One building, Terrace Plaza 

shopping center, exists on the property (Refs. 15, p. 10; 57, p. 6). A Phase I Environmental 

Site Assessment of Terrace Plaza revealed two dry cleaning businesses as former tenants of 

the property (Ref. 57, p. 6). Historically, the dry cleaning facilities occupied suites in the 

middle and south end of the shopping center (Ref. 57, p. 8). Stite’s Cleaners is currently 

located at the south end of the shopping center, but no dry cleaning is conducted at this 

facility (Ref. 57, p. 8). 

In November 2007, Troy Risk notified IDEM of a release of tetrachloroethylene to on-site soils 

and ground water at the ASF Partnership facility (Ref. 57, pp. 9, 19). In September 2009, 

Troy Risk submitted a Corrective Action Plan (CAP) for the facility, and IDEM approved the 

CAP in November 2009 (Ref. 15, pp. 4, 5). Troy Risk employed a Multi Phase Extraction 

(MPE) system in October 2011 to remediate the contamination in the ground water (Ref. 15, 

pp. 5, 6). Most recently, the Third Quarter 2013 MPE System Performance and Ground

Water Monitoring Report was sent to IDEM on October 31, 2013 (Ref. 15, pp. 1, 2). Sampling 

for this monitoring report completed on July 11, 2013 revealed contamination remains at the 

property (Ref. 15, p. 3). Monitoring wells MW-1, MW-2, MW-6, MW-7, and MW-9 had 

detections of one or more analytes above their respective laboratory reporting limit (Ref. 15, 

p. 7). MW-1 and MW-9 contained concentrations of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene

(Ref. 15, p. 7). MW-1 also had elevated levels of vinyl chloride (Ref. 15, p. 7). In addition, 

MW-1 and MW-9 contained concentrations of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene and MW-2 and MW-6 

had detections of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (Ref. 15, p. 7). As of September 30, 2013, the 

MPE system has removed approximately 180 pounds of VOCs from the soil and ground

water at the property (Ref. 15, p. 8). Operation and maintenance of the MPE system will 

37 
continue until closure objectives have been met, or until asymptotic behavior is observed 

between ground water concentrations and incremental mass removal of VOCs (Ref. 15, p. 8).

This partnership is located less than two miles to the south of the impacted well field (Figures 

1-2 and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). 

Milbank Manufacturing Co. Inc.

1400 E. Havens Street

Kokomo, Indiana

Milbank Manufacturing Co., Inc. is located at 1400 E. Havens Street (Ref. 29, p. 1). Milbank 

is a manufacturer of electrical meter products (Refs. 28, p. 1; 29, p. 1). The plant opened in 

1950 (Ref. 27, p. 1). Through a national network of manufacturers' representatives they 

provide wholesale electrical distributors with electrical products for the utility, contractor, 

industrial and OEM markets (Ref. 28, p. 1). Currently, Milbank manufactures over 10,000 

different catalog items (Ref. 28, p. 1). 

An inspection conducted on April 18, 1978, noted that paint usage in a dip tank was 90 

gallons per month and that solvent usage was 10 gallons per month (Ref. 37, p. 2). In 1983, 

the company obtained approval to dispose of asbestos powder on a one time basis (Ref. 38, 

p. 1). The powder was generated by drawing metal out of die parts (Ref. 40, p. 1). According 

to a 1991 Hazardous Waste Handler Information Update Form, the facility was conditionally 

exempt generator (Ref. 39, p. 1). In 1998, the company obtained certification to dispose of 

wastewater treatment filter cake (Ref. 41, p. 1). In a letter dated June 16, 1998, IDEM had 

requested additional information regarding the processes that generated the filter cake (Ref. 

42, p. 1). According to a Special Waste Certification Application, the waste was not listed as 

hazardous waste nor was did the waste contain PCBs (Ref. 42, p. 11). On January 7, 2011, 

the company announced it was closing its Kokomo facility (Refs. 30, p. 1; 31, p. 1). Scanned 

copies of manifests for waste disposal related to the closure of the Milbank facility were sent 

by an email from Trace Tandy with Milbank to Lisa Frost (IDEM) in June 2011 (Ref. 43, pp. 1, 

3-6). Coolants, used oil, non-regulated solids, aerosols, waste hydrochloric acid, waste paint 

materials, waste kerosene, waste potassium hydroxide, and grease were disposed via the 

use of Safety Kleen services (Ref. 43, pp. 3-6). 

This facility is located less than one mile to the north of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). Although this facility had utilized solvents in their 

former operations, no investigation involving soil or ground water sampling have been 

reported to IDEM.

38 
Empty Industrial Building

815 North Touby Pike

Kokomo, Indiana

According to tax records, the property is owned by 815 N. Touby Pike LLC (Ref. 47, p. 1). A 

representative for the LLC is Jason Coan, one of the same business partners for Coan 

Engineering (Ref. 46, p. 1). According to an interview with Mr. Coan, the building is strictly 

used as a parts warehouse only (Ref. 46, p. 1). No chemicals are stored within the 

warehouse nor are any people employed at this building (Ref. 46, p. 1). Mr. Coan noted that 

prior to the purchase of this property, which occurred in 1997 or 1998, the facility was used 

as a uniform laundry service (Ref. 46, p. 1). He stated that the previous property owner had 

conducted remediation activities on the property prior to the purchase (Ref. 46, p. 1). A 

heating oil spill was reported to IDEM in October 1995. The extent of the spill was 

investigated and remediated (Ref. 48, pp. 1-2). A review of the Phase II report that discussed 

the investigation revealed that eight soil samples and three ground water samples (from three 

installed monitoring wells) were obtained (Ref. 49, pp. 7, 16). The ground water samples 

were analyzed for TPH, gasoline products (benzene, toluene, xylene, and MTBE), SVOCs, 

and lead (Ref. 49, pp. 16, 37, 53-59). The soil samples were analyzed for the same 

compounds except that only two of the eight samples were also sampled for chlorinated 

VOCs (Ref. 49, pp. 16, 43-52). No chlorinated VOCs were detected in those two samples 

(Ref. 49, p. 17). Lead, benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, xylenes, tph and methylene (lab 

artifact) were detected in the in some of the soil samples (Ref. 49, p. 17). Monitoring well 

data depicts ground water flow from the property to be in a south southwest direction towards 

Kokomo Creek (Ref. 49, pp. 11, 23). Since a full VOC scan was not performed for all ground 

water and soils samples collected from this former uniform laundry service facility, a potential 

exists that this property may be a source of chlorinated volatile organic compounds. This 

facility is located less than 1 mile north of the impacted wells (Figures 1-2 and 1-3 of this HRS 

documentation record). 

Omnisource 

990 East Carter Street

Kokomo, Indiana

The former Omnisource facility is located at 990 East Carter Street, Kokomo (Ref. 18, p. 2). 

The property is 19 acres located in the center of Kokomo (Ref. 17, p. 6). In addition, a 

municipal well field operated by INAWC is located approximately 1,500 feet east of a former 

underground storage tank (UST) that was located on the property (Ref. 17, p. 6). 

The property has been owned by PPG Industries, Inc. since September 2010 (Ref. 18, p. 2). 

Prior to PPG Industries, Omnisource owned the property from January 2007 to September 

2010 (Ref. 18, p. 2). Omnisource is a recyclable material merchant wholesaler (Ref. 63, p. 

1). Mervis Industries Inc., an auto shredding, salvaging, and metal recycling facility, which 

39 
owned the property from 1991 to 2007 (Refs. 62, p. 1, 2; 17, p. 6). The property was 

operated as a scrap metal facility by Universal Steel for approximately 30 years prior to 

Mervis’ ownership. The property was used as a landfill before being purchased by Universal 

Steel (Ref. 19, p. 4).

Volatile organic compounds were detected at the former Omnisource property in more recent 

ground water monitoring events (Ref. 61, pp. 421-433). A Phase II Environmental Site 

Assessment was completed for the property in November 2006 by Golder Associates, Inc 

(Ref. 61, pp. 421-425). Trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE) 

were found at 76 ug/L and 264 ug/L respectively (Ref. 61, p. 422). In 2010, a Baseline Site 

Investigation was completed for the property by IWM Consulting Group (Ref. 61, pp. 430-

433). VOCs discovered include cis-1,2-DCE, TCE, and VC (Ref. 61, p. 431). Elevated levels 

of TCE and VC were also at levels of 0.105 mg/L and 0.0132 mg/L respectively (Ref. 61, p. 

431).

The Carter Street property is currently undergoing remedial activities under IDEM’s VRP as a 

portion of a larger PPG Industries investigation (Ref. 61, p. 2). All properties are currently 

owned by PPG Industries (Refs. 18, p. 2; 64, p. 1; 87, p. 1). Refer to the PPG Industries, Inc. 

summary in the Attribution section of this HRS documentation record for further review of 

recent ground water monitoring activities for the PPG Industries VRP facility. 

This facility is located less than one mile to the north of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). 

Stite’s Cleaners

519 W. Park Avenue

Kokomo, Indiana

Stite’s Cleaners is located at 519 W. Park Avenue, Kokomo (Ref. 59, p. 1). Stite’s Cleaners 

is an operating dry cleaner that uses tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in its dry cleaning operations 

(Ref. 59, p. 3). Wildcat Creek is located directly north of the dry cleaners, and the 

surrounding area is primarily residential and commercial (Ref. 59, p. 3). Ground water in the 

area flows in a north, northwest direction towards Wildcat Creek (Ref. 59, p. 4). 

In May 2011, an incident of contamination at Stite’s Cleaners was reported to IDEM (Ref. 26, 

pp. 15, 16). Chemicals of concern include PCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE), 

trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, trichloroethylene (TCE), and chloroform (Ref. 26, p. 

2). Stite’s Cleaners was initially admitted to IDEM’s VRP in December 2012 (Ref. 60, p. 1, 2). 

However, Stite’s Cleaners was terminated from the VRP in September 2013 and transferred 

to IDEM’s State Cleanup Program due to failed submittal of a Remediation Work Plan in a 

timely manner (Ref. 60, p. 1). 

 

In October 2013, ECC Horizon submitted a Further Site Investigation Work Plan to IDEM’s 

40 
State Cleanup Program detailing present contamination at Stite’s Cleaners and proposed 

future remedial actions (Ref. 59, p. 1). PCE was detected in soil samples. Three monitoring 

wells were sampled to analyze contamination of ground water (Ref. 59, p. 5). PCE was 

detected in MW 1 and MW 3 and, PCE, TCE and DCE was detected in MW2 (Ref. 59, pp. 5-

6). PCE and TCE were detected indoor air vapor samples (Ref. 59, pp. 5-6). This facility is 

located less two miles to the west of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 and 1-3 of this HRS 

documentation record). 

Hunt’s Salvage and Coal Yard

1010 South Ohio

Kokomo, Indiana

The Hunt’s Salvage and Coal Yard property is located at 1010 South Ohio Street, Kokomo 

(Ref. 58, p. 1). Hunt’s Salvage and Coal Yard is a licensed auto salvage facility and a scrap 

metal processor (Ref. 58, pp. 2, 8). Dale Hunt is the property owner, and Jason Grube is the 

facility owner (Ref. 58, p. 2). The facility requires vehicles to be free of fluids prior to 

accepting them for scrap (Ref. 58, p. 8). Engines and waste tires are sent to Rochester Iron 

& Metal. No paint or solvents are utilized on the property (Ref. 58, p. 3).

On July 1, 2013, IDEM received a complaint from a private citizen concerning improper 

release of refrigerants, open burning, and fluid releases from Hunt’s Salvage and Coal Yard 

(Ref. 58, p. 8). The citizen revealed that Freon was being released into the atmosphere from 

refrigerators and air conditioning units (Ref. 58, p. 8). In addition, the complaint mentioned 

that there may be open burning of plastic, and an oily sheen is visible running off of the 

property (Ref. 58, p. 8).

On July 31, 2013, IDEM staff conducted an inspection of the facility (Ref. 58, p. 1). In the 

southern end of the facility, there was a 40 cubic yard roll-off container with whole engines 

stored inside (Ref. 58, p. 8). Fluids were observed leaking onto the surrounding soil (Ref. 58, 

p. 8). No other fluid releases were observed (Ref. 58, p. 8). There were no records 

documenting appropriate removal of refrigerants from vehicles or other goods (Ref. 58, p. 8). 

Evidence of open burning was observed (Ref. 58, p. 8). The facility was referred to IDEM’s 

Office of Water Quality Storm Water Section and to EPA Region 5 (Ref. 58, p. 1).

This facility is located less than two miles to the south of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). Although fluid were observed leaking onto the 

surrounding soils, no investigation involving soil or ground water sampling have been 

reported to IDEM.

41 
PPG Industries, Inc.

1500 Murden Street

Kokomo, Indiana

The PPG Industries, Inc. facility is located at 1500 Murden Street, Kokomo (Ref. 84, p. 9; 95, 

p.1). Ground water tends to flow north, northeast towards the pumping wells (Ref. 84, pp. 9-

10). 

PPG is formerly known as the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, and glass making began on 

the property in 1895 (Ref. 84, p. 10). Arsenic, in the form of arsenic trioxide, was used as a 

refining agent to remove occluded bubbles from glass (Ref. 84, p. 10). PPG ceased 

glassmaking operations in 1931(Ref. 62, p. 1). 

In August 1995, MFG, Inc. completed a Phase II Investigation of the PPG property (Ref. 84, 

p. 14). Arsenic concentrations in subsurface soil samples were found to range from 3.74 to 

364 mg/kg (Ref. 84, p. 12). Arsenic in ground water samples within the bedrock aquifer 

ranged from <0.0011 to 10.5 mg/L (Ref. 84, pp. 12-13). 

IDEM and PPG, Industries Inc. entered into a Voluntary Remediation Agreement in May 1996 

to remediate arsenic contamination at the property (Refs. 84, p. 9; 88, pp. 1, 17-19). The 

former Omnisource properties, which are now owned by PPG Industries, located at 990 E. 

Carter Street and 631 South Ohio Street in Kokomo, were also subsequently accepted into 

IDEM’s VRP in 2012 (Refs. 18, p. 2; 87, p. 1; 89, p. 1; 91, p. 1). IDEM’s VRP currently 

addresses the former Omnisource properties at Carter Street and Ohio Street and the PPG 

Industries property at Murden Street as separate sites associated with the same company 

(Ref. 61, p. 2). PPG is addressed by IDEM’s VRP under the following VRP numbers: 

#6951202, #6101003, and #6101004 (Ref. 95, p.1).

Most recently, a Ground water Investigation Monitoring report was provided to IDEM in 

September 2013 detailing a ground water monitoring event that took place in July 2013 (Ref. 

61, p. 2). Elevated levels of VOCs have been detected in ground water samples at the PPG 

properties (Ref. 61, pp. 12-70). Elevated levels of VOCs in ground water at the PPG 

properties include 1,1,1-trichloroethylene (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), cis-1,2-

dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (trans-1,2-DCE), TCE, and VC 

(Ref. 61, pp. 42-48). This facility is located less than 1 mile south of the impacted well field.

GMCH

2100 East Lincoln Road

Kokomo, Indiana

The General Motors Components Holdings LLC facility (GMCH) is located at 2100 E Lincoln 

Road, Kokomo (Ref. 56, p. 1). The GMCH facility includes 2.9 million square feet of building 

42 
space in a multi-building complex that lies on approximately 174.3 acres (Refs. 66, p. 14; 65, 

p. 1). The property was originally owned by General Motors Corporation (GMC) and 

operated as Delco Electronics division of GMC. In 1999, the property became part of Delphi 

Automotive Systems, later named Delphi Corporation, when that company separated from 

GMC (Ref. 66, p. 21). In 2009, GMC reacquired the property from Delphi Corporation, and 

GMC changed its name to GM LLC (Ref. 66, p. 21). Past production processes included 

activities such as electroplating, metal stamping, die casting, chlorinated solvent distillation 

and degreasing, and non-chlorinated solvent distillation and degreasing (Ref. 66, p. 21). 

GMCH currently produces components such as semiconductors, engine and transmission 

control modules, and crash sensing and diagnostic modules (Ref. 65, p. 1). 

In July 1982, the former Delco Electronics became a registered RCRA facility with the U.S. 

EPA (Ref. 67, p. 2). A current conditions report submitted for the GMCH facility in 2009 

outlines historical releases of contaminants, including hydrofluoric acid, acid/base, potassium 

hydroxide, waste mixed solvents, xylene solvent, fluorescent dye, and PCBs (Ref. 68, pp. 27-

30). The waste mixed solvents contained TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, isopropanol, toluene, xylene, and 

benzene (Ref. 68, p. 29). In order to address contamination at the facility, GMCH entered 

into a Voluntary Corrective Action Agreement (VCAA) in March 2010 (Ref. 67, p. 1). 

A RCRA Facility Investigation Report for the GMCH property was submitted in July 2013 

(Ref. 66, p. 1). This investigation found levels of TCE and VOCs in ground water in several 

locations around the property (Ref. 66, pp. 140-142). Ground water and indoor air migration 

were identified as key pathways that will be addressed in a Corrective Measures Proposal 

(CMP) for the GMCH property (Ref. 66, p. 142). The CMP will outline corrective measures 

necessary to protect human health and the environment from all current and future 

unacceptable risks (Ref. 67, p. 5).

This facility is located less than three miles to the south of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). 

Chrysler LLC

2401 South Reed Road

Kokomo, Indiana

 

The Chrysler Kokomo Transmission Plant (KTP) is located at 2401 South Reed Road in 

Kokomo (Ref. 72, p. 1). KTP is an automotive production plant that manufactures and 

assembles automobile transmissions (Ref. 70, p. 4). The property is 110 acres with a casting 

plant. The KTP is currently a small quantity generator according to the Hazardous Waste 

Handler ID Form for 2013 (Ref. 74, p. 1). Hazardous waste items include paint waste from 

maintenance painting operations, waste gasoline, aerosols, elemental mercury from 

equipment change out, broken fluorescent light bulbs, and heat treat salt (Ref. 74, pp. 3-8). 

 

43 
The KTP has had multiple historic releases of hazardous materials at different locations on 

the property (Ref. 70, p. 4). Many of the hazardous materials released on the property 

included petroleum based materials and automobile related products (Ref. 70, p. 4). 

Remedial actions were taken in response to these spills, and other historic hazardous waste 

releases are in varying stages of investigation and remediation (Refs. 70, pp. 4-5; 71, p. 1). 

Two prominent historic releases of VOCs include the South Tank Farm release in 1988 and 

the No. 4 Primary Wastewater Treatment Tank in 2000 (Refs. 76 p. 1; 77, pp. 1-2). 

 

During two sampling events following a UST removal, monitoring wells that had been placed 

in the area detected trichloroethylene (TCE), total hydrocarbons, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene

(trans-1,2-DCE), and vinyl chloride (Ref. 76, p. 11). Ground water monitoring completed for a 

Further Site Investigation conducted in 2009 showed that chlorinated VOCs, including TCE, 

cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE), trans-1,2-DCE, and vinyl chloride were the primary 

chemicals of concern (Ref. 76, p. 23). The most recent ground water monitoring event in 

September 2013 showed TCE and vinyl chloride exceeding IDEM’s RISC IDCLs (Ref. 75, pp. 

1-4).

In January 2002, the Primary Wastewater Treatment Tank area was entered into IDEM’s 

Voluntary Remediation Program to remediate the VOC plume, and in 2006 Chrysler 

excavated the chip/scrap bin area (Refs. 78, p. 1; 79, p. 1). Ground water monitoring 

conducted in April 2008 detected five wells with TCE, six wells with vinyl chloride, and two 

wells with cis-1,2-DCE (Ref. 79, pp. 2-3). The most recent ground water monitoring event in 

September 2013 showed elevated levels of cis-1,2-DCE, TCE, and vinyl chloride (Ref. 73, 

pp. 1-5). This facility is located less than three miles to the south of the impacted well field 

(Figures 1-2 and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). 

Delphi Plant 1

700 E. Firmin Street

Kokomo, Indiana

The former Delphi Corporation Electronics and Safety Division (Delphi) Plant 1 property is 

located at 700 E. Firmin Street, Kokomo (Refs. 9, p. 8; 69, p. 1). The Delphi Plant 1 property 

covers approximately 35.83 acres of land surrounded by industrial, commercial, and 

residential properties (Ref. 9, p. 8). The INAWC municipal well field is located approximately 

1.0 mile northeast of the Delphi property (Ref. 9, p. 66). The original plant was constructed in 

1922 on undeveloped property, and subsequently purchased by Crosley Radio in 1935 and 

by General Motors in 1936 (Refs. 9, p. 8; 69, p. 8). The plant historically produced radios, 

carburetors, military electronics, and automotive electronics (Refs. 9, p. 8; 69, p. 1). 

Degreasing solvents containing trichloroethylene (TCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) 

were used for manufacturing operations (Ref. 9, p. 66). Delphi closed the plant in 1998 and 

subsequently demolished the building in 1999 (Refs. 9, p. 8; 69, p. 1). In 2003, the former 

manufacturing parcel was donated to the Kokomo-Howard County Development Corporation 

44 
(KHDC) (Refs. 9, p. 9; 90, p. 1). In 2010, the Greater Kokomo Development Economic 

Alliance (GKEDA) obtained the property (Ref. 90, p. 1).

Remedial investigations of the property in the late 1990s and early 2000s identified 

contaminants in shallow soils and ground water beneath the property including VOCs (Ref. 9, 

p. 9). VOCs included TCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethylene

(trans-1,2-DCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), VC, 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-

DCA), benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes (Ref. 9, p. 9) 

In March 2011, Delphi, which was renamed DPH Holdings Corporation, terminated the 

voluntary corrective action agreement that required Delphi to remediate contamination at the 

property (Ref. 24, p. 1). DPH Holdings Corp. stated that they would no longer be responsible 

for corrective action at the facility (Ref. 24, p. 1). The most recent ground water monitoring 

investigation occurred in April 2013 (Ref. 69, p. 2). Seventeen monitoring wells in the 

perched zone (upper aquifer), bedrock interface zone (middle aquifer), and bedrock zone 

(lower aquifer) were sampled, and some wells were found to contain concentrations of VOCs.

(Ref. 69, p. 2, 3, 4). In addition, wells sampled in the residential area to the north of the 

property also showed detections of VOCs (Ref. 69, p. 3). In May 2013, the Site Investigation

Program referred the former Delphi Plant 1 property to the U.S. EPA for possible removal 

action due to concerns of vapor intrusion in the nearby residential areas (Ref. 93, pp. 1-2).

This facility is located approximately 1 mile south of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 and 

1-3 of this HRS documentation record). 

Wiese Oldsmobile and GMC Dealership

1400 East Boulevard 

Kokomo, Indiana

The Wiese Oldsmobile and GMC dealership (Wiese) facility was located at 1400 E. 

Boulevard, Kokomo, on the north side of E. Boulevard and on the west side of S. Elizabeth 

Street (Ref. 20, pp. 2, 7). The surrounding area is mostly industrial and commercial including 

a mall and additional new and used car dealerships (Refs. 20, p. 7; 51, p. 1). The Wiese 

dealership was located on the property from the mid-1960s to the late 1990s (Refs. 50, p. 1; 

52, p. 1). The dealership consisted of a 60,000 square foot facility including a showroom, 

service department, parts, and body shop (Ref. 50, p. 1). The full service body shop offered 

two frame straightening units and a factory level down-flow paint booth as well as a paint 

mixing system (Ref. 50, p. 2). Liquid Waste Removal Inc. was utilized for transportation of 

five (5) drums of waste paint related material to Essroc Cement Corporation for disposal (Ref. 

21, p. 6). The location remained a car dealership under Wiese family ownership from its 

development in 1966 to 2013 (Refs. 50, p. 1; 52, p. 3). The property was sold to ADCO 

Properties LLC in January 2013, and Adams Auto Group now resides on the property (Refs. 

52, p. 1; 53, p. 1).

 

45 
Several inspections have been conducted on the property (Ref. 20, pp. 2, 3, 8). In 2004, 

Hydrotech Environmental Consulting and Engineering completed a Phase I Environmental 

Site Assessment of the Kokomo Executive Plaza, which included the former Wiese property 

(Ref. 20, pp. 2, 8). Several possible contamination sources were identified (Ref. 20, pp. 2, 8). 

Hydrotech completed a subsurface investigation in 2006 to determine the environmental 

impact around the possible contamination sources (Ref. 20, pp. 2, 8). In 2007, SESCO 

Group conducted an Initial Site Characterization in order to define the nature and extent of 

impacted soil and ground water beneath the former Wiese property (Ref. 20, pp. 3, 8). One 

ground water sample contained concentrations of two carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic 

hydrocarbons (cPAHs) (Ref. 20, p. 3). Three ground water samples contained total 

petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (Ref. 20, p. 3). In 2008, SESCO completed a Further Site 

Investigation (FSI) of the property as mandated by IDEM (Ref. 20, pp. 3, 8). 

This facility is located less than two miles to the south of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3). The FSI identified that ground water flows in a perched confined system and in a 

southeasterly, easterly direction at the property (Ref. 20, pp. 2, 9, 10, 23). However, the 

ground water flow map does not show regional flow nor were there any control points to the 

west sectors of the facility to rule out a potential northern flow component (Ref. 20. p. 23). 

Wiese Collision Repair 

1951 S. Elizabeth Street

Kokomo, Indiana

Wiese Collision Repair facility was located at 1951 S. Elizabeth Street, Kokomo, directly north 

of the former Wiese Oldsmobile and GMC dealership (Ref. 22, p. 1). The Wiese Collision 

Repair facility offered two unibody measuring systems, advanced metal repair techniques, 

and a Devilbliss paint booth (Ref. 55, p. 1). The paint booth was ventilated by a “down-draft” 

air system which pulled free-floating paint and vapors down into a water filtration screen 

beneath the floor (Ref. 55, p. 1). Adams Collision Repair is now located at this property (Ref. 

54, p. 1). According to a Hazardous Waste Handler Identification Form completed in April 

2011, the facility was a small quantity generator in 2010 and 2011 (Ref. 23, p. 1). Safety 

Kleen Systems was utilized for transportation of old waste paint related materials and waste 

aerosols (Ref. 23, p. 3). In August 2011, the IDEM Industrial Waste Compliance Section 

completed a compliance evaluation inspection of the Wiese Collision and Repair facility (Ref. 

22, p. 1). No violations were discovered during this inspection (Ref. 22, pp. 1, 6, 7). The 

inspection summary stated that waste paint related materials from paint gun cleaning were 

recycled through a solvent distillation unit (Ref. 22, p. 3). Approximately 15 gallons of the 

residue from the distillation unit were disposed annually by Safety Kleen Systems (Ref. 22, p. 

3).

This facility is located less than two miles to the south of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3). Although this facility utilizes solvents in their operations, no investigation involving 

soil or ground water sampling has been reported to IDEM.

46 
Coan Engineering

1602 E. Havens

Kokomo, Indiana

Coan Engineering specializes in custom designed transmission and torque converter 

packages for racing and street vehicles. According to an interview with one of the business 

partners, Mr. Jason Coan, the facility is a manufacturer of transmission components (Ref. 46, 

p. 1). This facility has been at this location since 1983 (Ref. 46, p. 1). Mr. Coan said that, 

prior to his operation, the property was part of an industrial park (Ref. 46, p. 1). The primary 

chemicals used at the facility include mineral spirits, water soluble oils, cutting oils, 

transmission fluids, and water soluble coolants (Ref. 46, p. 1). Coan currently utilizes the 

services of Crystal Clean Inc. to dispose of waste products (Ref. 46, p. 1). The facility is 

serviced by the city sewer system (Ref. 46, p. 1). He mentioned that no Phase I or Phase II 

investigations have been conducted on the property (Ref. 46, p. 1). 

This facility is located less than one mile to the north of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). Although this facility had utilized solvents in their 

former operations, no investigation involving soil or ground water sampling have been 

reported to IDEM.

PadField’s Auto Body and Paint

1919 East Jefferson

Kokomo, Indiana

The facility is strictly an auto body repair facility. No auto mechanical work is conducted. This 

facility has been at this location since 1992 (Ref. 44, p. 1). Prior to the auto body repair 

operations the property was utilized as a sign shop specializing in signs, lights, etc. (Ref. 44, 

p. 1). The primary chemicals used at the body shop facility include paint, paint solvents, and 

other body rebuilding substances (Ref. 44, p. 1). Currently the facility utilizes the services of 

Crystal Clean Inc. for paint and solvent waste disposal (Ref. 44, p. 1). The facility is on a 

septic system (Ref. 44, p. 1). No Phase I or Phase II investigations have been conducted on 

the property (Ref. 44, p. 1). 

This facility is located less than one mile to the north of the impacted well field (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). Although this facility had utilized solvents in their 

former operations, no investigation involving soil or ground water sampling have been 

reported to IDEM.

47 
Former GM Delco Plant 5 

1723 North Washington Street

Kokomo, Indiana

According to a 2012 Progress Report, TCE is the primary chemical of concern (Ref. 104, p. 

3). The 2012 Progress Report was conducted in accordance with the Performance-Based 

Corrective Action Agreement between the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5 

(USEPA) and Motors Liquidation Company (MLC) (Ref. 104, p. 1). TCE ground water 

impacts extend beyond the facility property but were not present in borehole water samples 

collected approximately 800 feet from the property (Ref. 104, p. 3). No potable water wells 

were identified in the immediate vicinity of the property (Ref. 104, p. 3).

This facility is located approximately 7000 feet northwest of the municipal wells (Figures 1-2 

and 1-3 of this HRS documentation record). TCE concentration maps show that TCE does 

not likely extend to the municipal wells (Refs 105, p. 1; 106, p. 1).

Hazardous Substances Released

• TCE

• trans-1,2-DCE

• cis-1,2-DCE

• VC

• 1,1-DCA

• 1,1-DCE

Trans-1,2-DCE, cis-1,2-DCE, VC, and 1,1-DCE, are degradation products of TCE (Ref. 82, 

pp. 1, 2; 99, p. 38).

As specified in the HRS Rule (Ref. 1, Section 3.1.1. p. 69), an observed release factor value 

of 550 was assigned to the Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume since an observed 

release by chemical analysis was established to the aquifer.

Ground Water Observed Release Factor Value: 550

3.2 WASTE CHARACTERISTICS

3.2.1 Toxicity/Mobility

The following toxicity, mobility and combined toxicity/mobility factor values have been 

assigned to those substances present in the observed release and have a containment value 

greater than 0.

48 
Hazardous 

Substance

Source 

No.

(and/or

Observed 

Release)

Toxicity 

Factor

Value* 

Mobility 

Factor

Value

Does Hazardous

Substance meet 

Observed 

Release by 

chemical 

analysis? (Y/N)

Toxicity/

Mobility

(Ref. 1,

Table 3-9)

References

1,1-DCA Observed 

Release 10 1 Y 10 Ref. 2, p. 4 

1,1-DCE Observed 

Release 10 1 Y 10 Ref. 2, p. 6 

cis-1,2-DCE Observed 

Release 1,000 1 Y 1,000 Ref. 2, 

p. 8

trans-1,2-DCE Observed 

Release 100 1 Y 100 Ref. 2, 

p. 10

TCE Observed 

Release 1,000 1 Y 1,000 Ref. 2, 

p. 12

VC Observed 

Release 10,000 1 Y 10,000 Ref. 2, 

p. 14

*All hazardous substances that meet the criteria for an observed release by chemical analysis to one or more aquifers 

underlying the source(s), regardless of the aquifer being evaluated, are assigned a mobility factor value of 1 (Ref. 1, Section 

3.2.1.2, p. 72). 

The hazardous substance with the highest toxicity/mobility factor value available to the 

ground water migration pathway is vinyl chloride (10,000).

Toxicity/Mobility Factor Value: 10,000

(Ref. 1, Table 3-9, p. 76) 

3.2.2 Hazardous Waste Quantity

Source 

No. Source Type Source Hazardous Waste Quantity

1 Other Unknown, but >0

49 
The Kokomo Contaminated Ground Water Plume has been scored as consisting of a ground 

water plume with no identified source. According to Section 2.4.2.2 in the HRS (Ref. 1, p. 

66), if any target for that migration pathway is subject to Level I or Level II concentrations and 

the hazardous constituent quantity is not adequately determined, assign a value from Table 

2-6 or a value of 100 whichever is greater, as the hazardous waste quantity factor value for 

that pathway. Because Level I concentrations were present in a drinking water well (Section 

3.3.2.2 of this HRS documentation record), a hazardous waste quantity factor value of 100 is 

assigned for the ground water pathway.

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 100 

(Ref. 1, Table 2-6, p. 66) 

3.2.3 Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value

As specified in the HRS (Ref. 1, Section 3.2.3, p. 76), the Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor 

Value of 100 was multiplied by the highest Toxicity/Mobility Value of 10,000, resulting in a 

product of 1,000,000. Based on this product, a Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value 

of 32 was assigned from Table 2-7 of the HRS (Ref. 1, Section 2.4.3.1, p. 66).

Utilizing vinyl chloride which has the highest Toxicity/Mobility Factor Value of the substances 

listed in Section 3.2.1 of this HRS documentation record.

Toxicity/Mobility Factor Value: 10,000

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 100

Hazardous Waste Quantity Factor Value: 1,000,000

 

Waste Characteristics Factor Category Value: 32

(Ref. 1, Table 2-7, p. 66)

3.3 GROUND WATER PATHWAY TARGETS

The Kokomo Garrison Well Field, which provides a portion of the potable drinking water to 

the city of Kokomo, lies within the ground water plume (Ref. 14, p. 6; Figure 1-2 of this HRS 

documentation record). Currently, municipal wells C, 18, 19, and 20, which are part of the 

Garrison Well Field, are subject to Level I vinyl chloride contamination (Section 3.1.1 of this 

HRS documentation record; Ref. 12, p. 1; Figure 1-2 of this HRS documentation record). 

There are (6890.6945) people known to be utilizing the water from these wells (Section 3.3.2 

of this HRS documentation record). 

50
3.3.1 Nearest Well

Well ID: E2SD9 (INAWC Well 19)

Level of Contamination (I, II, or potential): I

If potential contamination, distance from source in miles: N/A

Well ID: E2SE0 (Duplicate of INAWC Well 19)

Level of Contamination (I, II, or potential): I

If potential contamination, distance from source in miles: N/A

Well ID: E2SE1 (INAWC Well 18)

Level of Contamination (I, II, or potential): I

If potential contamination, distance from source in miles: N/A

Well ID: E2SE2 (INAWC Well C)

Level of Contamination (I, II, or potential): I

If potential contamination, distance from source in miles: N/A

Well ID: E2SE3 (Duplicate of INAWC Well C)

Level of Contamination (I, II, or potential): I

If potential contamination, distance from source in miles: N/A

Well ID: E2SE4 (INAWC Well 20)

Level of Contamination (I, II, or potential): I

If potential contamination, distance from source in miles: N/A

As specified in the HRS (Ref. 1, Section 3.3.1, Table 3-11, pp. 76, 77), if one or more drinking 

water wells are subject to Level I concentrations, a Nearest Well Factor Value of 50 is 

assigned. Level I vinyl chloride concentrations have been documented in the ground water of 

wells C, 18, 19, and 20 (Section 3.3.2.2 of this HRS documentation record).

Nearest Well Factor Value: 50

(Ref. 1, Table 3-11) 

51
3.3.2 Population

3.3.2.1 Level of Contamination

3.3.2.2 Level I Concentrations

Four (4) municipal wells (Wells C, 18, 19, and 20) contain Level I concentrations of vinyl 

chloride (Ref. 12, p. 1). The wells draw water from the bedrock aquifer systems that act as a 

single aquifer system (Ref. 8, p.70; 14, p. 7). 

The following facts were acquired to calculate the number of people served by the Kokomo 

Well Fields:

The Indiana American Water Company, water utility for the city of Kokomo, does not 

purchase water from another source and does not sell water to any other entity (Ref. 98, p.1). 

Water from the Garrison Well Field, Main Well Field, Peat Bog Well Field are treated and 

combined with water from the Wildcat Creek surface water intake (Ref. 12, p. 1) before 

distribution. The total demand from the Garrison Well Field, Main Well Field, and Peat Bog 

Well Field in 2013 was 962.8 million gallons (MG) (Ref. 109, p. 2). The total demand from 

the Wildcat Creek surface water intake in 2013 was 1,692.9 MG (Ref. 109, p. 2).

Water from the Phillips Street Well Field is blended with water from the Garrison Well Field, 

Main Well Field, Peat Bog Well Field, and Wildcat Creek surface water intake within a 

common distribution system that serves 55,000 people (Ref. 12, p. 1). The total demand 

from the Phillips Street Well Field in 2013 (390.147 MG) was calculated from the sum of the 

demand from each month of 2013:

Phillips Street 2013 Monthly and Total Demand in Millions of Gallons

(Ref. 108, pp. 2-7)

Source Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

Phillips 

Street 36.766 36.074 32.806 23.037 37.519 36.024 35.692 40.757 28.402 5.431 30.287 47.352 390.147

The total demand from the distribution serving 55,000 people was calculated from the sum of 

the total demands in 2013 from the Garrison Well Field, Main Well Field, Peat Bog Well Field, 

Wildcat Creek Surface Water Intake, and Phillips Street Well Field.

52
Source Total Demand in 2013

(Millions of Gallons)

Garrison, Main, and Peat Bog Well Fields 962.8 (Ref. 109, p. 2)

Phillips Street Well Field 390.147

Wildcat Creek Surface Water Intake 1692.9 (Ref.109, p. 2)

Total (Sum) 3,045.847

Total Demand from Distribution System serving 55,000 people: 

962.8 MG + 390.147. MG + 1692.9 MG = 3,045.847MG

The percentage of population served by each source well contaminated with Level I 

concentrations of vinyl chloride was calculated by dividing the annual demand of each Level I 

vinyl chloride contaminated source well in 2013 (as shown below) by the total annual demand 

from all sources for the entire distribution system in 2013 (3,045.847 MG). The population 

served by each contaminated source well was then calculated by multiplying the total 

population served by the distribution system (55,000) by the percentage of population served 

by each source well.

Source 

Well ID

Source Well 

Demand in 

2012 (MG)

Total Demand from 

Dist. System in 2012 

(MG)

Total Population Served by 

Distribution

Population 

Served by 

Source Well

Reference

Well C 36.6 ÷ 3,045.847 × 55,000 = 660.8999 Ref. 109 p. 2

Well 18 0 ÷ 3,045.847 × 55,000 = 0 Ref. 109 p. 2

Well 19 150.4 ÷ 3,045.847 × 55,000 = 2715.829 Ref. 109 p. 2

Well 20 194.6 ÷ 3,045.847 × 55,000 = 3513.965 Ref. 109 p. 2

The total population served by the municipal wells contaminated with Level I concentrations 

of vinyl chloride was then calculated by summing the calculated population served by each 

source well.

Sum of Population Served by Level I Wells: 660.308072 + 0 + 2713.3971 + 

224.106279 = 6890.694

Sum of Population Served by Level I Wells x 10: 3597.81145 x 10 = 68906.94

Level I Concentrations Factor Value: 68906.94

53
3.3.2.3 Level II Concentrations

All drinking water wells in which observed releases are established are subject to Level I 

contamination. Therefore, Level II contamination was not calculated.

Level II Concentrations Factor Value: NS

3.3.2.4 Potential Contamination

Potential contamination was not calculated. The ground water plume has sufficient Level I 

targets to exceed the maximum value of one-hundred (100) for this pathway.

Potential Contamination Factor Value: NS

3.3.3 Resource

Resource use of the combined aquifer within the target distance limit does not include any of

the Resource Factors. Therefore, a Resource Factor value of 0 is assigned (Ref. 1, Section

3.3.3, p. 78).

Resources Factor Value: 0

3.3.4 Wellhead Protection Area

The ground water plume lies partially within the Wellhead Protection Area of the Kokomo 

Garrison Well Field (Ref. 8, p. 21; Figure 1-3). Wellhead Protection Areas are designated by 

the U.S. EPA in accordance with Section 1428 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (Ref. 8, p. 10; 

110, p. 1). Therefore, the Wellhead Protection Area Factor Value of 20 is assigned (Ref. 1, 

Section 3.3.4, p. 75).

Wellhead Protection Area Factor Value: 20

54