COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Petty, Malveaux and Senior Judge Annunziata

Argued at Alexandria, Virginia

JUAN A. ROSADO AVILES

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 1780-17-4 JUDGE ROSEMARIE ANNUNZIATA

JULY 3, 2018

KERRI E. LEWIS

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LOUDOUN COUNTY

Stephen E. Sincavage, Judge

Warren R. Stein for appellant.

No brief or argument for appellee.

Juan Rosado Aviles, appellant (father), challenges the trial court’s ruling that he was in 

contempt for failing to notify Kerri Lewis, appellee (mother), of the date of their son’s first 

communion. Father also contends that the court erred in denying his request for attorney’s fees 

and costs. We hold that the trial court erred in finding father in contempt, but we affirm the 

court’s ruling denying father’s request for attorney’s fees and costs.

Background

Father and mother were married in August 2007 and separated in January 2008. The 

final decree of divorce, entered in October 2009, gave them joint legal custody of their son (J.), 

who was born in March 2008. Mother, acting pro se, sought a rule to show cause against father 

in May 2017 for allegedly failing to comply with five provisions in their divorce decree 

concerning their son: (1) father failed to consult with mother about J.’s first communion; 

 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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(2) father withheld visitation during a one-hour break between two of his visitation periods; 

(3) father refused telephone contact between mother and J. on J.’s birthday; (4) father failed to 

provide mother with proof of health insurance for J.; and (5) father refused to attend 

court-ordered co-parenting counseling. At the show cause hearing on August 25, 2017, the court 

found father in contempt for not informing mother of the rescheduled date of J.’s first 

communion and dismissed the other allegations. The court stated that father could purge himself 

of the contempt by following the court order.

The divorce decree stated that the parents “will consult with each other before making 

any major decisions regarding the child’s health, education, religion, or well-being.” Father 

contends that the trial court misconstrued and expanded this language to require father not only 

to discuss decisions with mother, but also to give her the opportunity to participate. Father also 

argues that the court erred in treating a discretionary matter of scheduling as a “major decision.”

Father is a practicing Catholic; mother is of another faith. However, mother knew that 

father was raising J. in the Catholic faith and had not objected to J.’s taking religious instruction 

classes to prepare for his first communion. J.’s class was scheduled to take their first 

communion as a group on Saturday, May 7, 2016. Because mother had custody of J. that 

weekend, father sent mother an email on April 13, 2016, telling her about the scheduled first 

communion and asking if J. could participate with his class. Father also told mother that if J. 

could not attend on May 7, he would take his first communion on his own the next time he went 

to church with father. Mother replied that she had plans for that weekend so J. would not be 

available, but she did not say that she objected to J.’s taking communion, nor did she ask to be 

informed of any alternative date. Mother knew that father went to church on Sundays. J. took 

his first communion on May 15, 2016. Mother learned he had done so on May 16, 2016, but she 

made no complaint for over a year until she sought the rule to show cause.
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Mother testified at the show cause hearing that she had sent an email to father on May 10, 

2016, asking when J. would be taking his first communion. Father testified that he had not 

received any such email, and his current wife testified that she had no knowledge of the alleged 

email. The trial court did not make a finding that mother in fact had sent the email, but stated 

that “even assuming” that father did not receive the email, he still had a duty to consult with 

mother about the new date.

Contempt

A court may use its contempt powers to enforce the terms of its orders. See Owney v. 

Owney, 8 Va. App. 255, 259, 379 S.E.2d 745, 748 (1989). Whether to do so in a particular case 

lies within the court’s discretion. See Parish v. Spaulding, 26 Va. App. 566, 576, 496 S.E.2d 91, 

96 (1998). The “exercise of a court’s contempt power” is reviewed on appeal under an abuse of 

discretion standard. Petrosinelli v. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Inc., 273 Va. 

700, 706, 643 S.E.2d 151, 154 (2007). A court abuses its discretion if its decision is not 

supported under the law. See Lawlor v. Commonwealth, 285 Va. 187, 213, 738 S.E.2d 847, 

861-62 (2013)).

The case law is well established that “before a person may be held in contempt for 

violating a court order, the order must be in definite terms as to the duties thereby imposed upon 

him and the command must be expressed rather than implied.” Winn v. Winn, 218 Va. 8, 10, 

235 S.E.2d 307, 309 (1977) (quoting Wood v. Goodson, 485 S.W. 2d 213, 217 (Ark. 1972)). 

“[T]he process for contempt lies for disobedience of what is decreed, not for what may be 

decreed.” Id. (quoting Taliaferro v. Horde’s Adm’r, 22 Va. (1 Rand.) 242, 247 (1822)). In 

Winn, the husband was ordered to continue providing an existing insurance policy for the wife’s 

benefit or provide a policy with similar benefits. Id. at 9, 235 S.E.2d at 308. The husband 

maintained the original policy, but after the divorce was final, the insurance company denied the 
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wife’s claim for benefits. Id. The Supreme Court held that although the parties may have 

intended that the husband would procure a new policy after the divorce if the wife’s coverage 

under the existing policy ended, the husband’s duty to do so was not expressly stated in the 

court’s order. Id. at 10, 235 S.E.2d at 309. Because the duty “arose only by implication,” the 

husband could not be found in contempt of the order. Id. at 10-11, 235 S.E.2d at 309. Similarly, 

in Wilson v. Collins, 27 Va. App. 411, 424-25, 499 S.E.2d 560, 566 (1998), this Court reversed 

the trial court’s finding of contempt where the husband did not give the wife a copy of a life 

insurance policy. The divorce decree required the husband to keep a policy in effect that the 

wife approved of, but because he could get her approval without sending her a copy of the 

policy, his duty to give her a copy was merely implied. Id. See also Michaels v. 

Commonwealth, 32 Va. App. 601, 609-10, 529 S.E.2d 822, 826 (2000) (holding that the 

evidence was insufficient to find an employee of a local jail in contempt for not transporting a 

prisoner for a mental health evaluation where the trial court’s order continuing the case did not 

direct that jail employees were to transport the prisoner).

Here, the divorce decree provided that father would consult with mother regarding J.’s 

religion, which he had done by discussing with her that J. would enroll in classes to prepare for 

taking his first communion. Father told mother a month in advance when J.’s first communion 

ceremony with his class would be held and that J. would take communion on his own the next 

time he went to church with father if he did not participate with his class. Mother voiced no 

objection to J. taking communion, but said that he would not be available to do so with his class 

because she had custody of J. on that day and had other plans. Father’s duty to inform mother of 

the new date for J.’s first communion may have been implied under his duty to consult, but it 

was not stated expressly in the decree. If the parties had intended that each parent give the other 

parent notice of the child’s activities so that the parent could attend or participate, they could 
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have stated that clearly in the decree. Because father’s duty to advise mother of the new date 

was implied, rather than expressly stated, the trial court abused its discretion in finding father in 

contempt.

Attorney’s Fees

Father contends that the trial court erred in denying his request for attorney’s fees and 

costs, and he also requests that he be awarded fees and costs for his appeal.

“[A]n award of attorney’s fees is a matter submitted to the trial court’s sound discretion 

and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.” Allen v. Allen, 66 Va. App. 586, 

601, 789 S.E.2d 787, 794-95 (2016) (quoting Richardson v. Richardson, 30 Va. App. 341, 351, 

516 S.E.2d 726, 731 (1999)). Having considered the record in its entirety, we find that the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in denying father’s request for attorney’s fees and costs.

Additionally, the decision to award attorney’s fees and costs incurred on appeal is to be 

determined by the appellate court. See Rule 5A:30; O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 

690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). The Court’s decision is not limited to whether a party 

prevailed on appeal, but considers whether the issue raised was “frivolous” and the equities of 

the case. See Wright v. Wright, 61 Va. App. 432, 470, 737 S.E.2d 519, 537-38 (2013) (quoting 

O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. at 695, 479 S.E.2d at 100). Accordingly, having reviewed the record 

on appeal, we decline to award attorney’s fees and costs to father.

Affirmed in part and reversed in part.