Importation of Fresh Strawberry, Fragaria spp., Fruit with 

Flower Calyx and Short Stalk from Jordan into the 

Continental United States 

A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment

March 8, 2010

Rev. 03

Agency Contact:

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 ii

Executive Summary

The Kingdom of Jordan has requested approval for imports into the continental United States of 

fresh, field-grown strawberry fruit (Fragaria spp.) with calyces and short stalks. Because this 

commodity has not been imported from Jordan before, the United States Department of 

Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) conducted a 

pathway-initiated risk assessment to determine the risks associated with importing these 

strawberries. APHIS analysts prepared a list of pests in Jordan that are known to be associated 

with Fragaria spp., using standard sources, including documents submitted by Jordan, records of 

intercepted pests, and scientific literature. We determined which quarantine pests were likely to 

follow the pathway, and qualitatively analyzed them to determine the unmitigated risk each 

poses to the United States. We found the following six quarantine pests that could be introduced 

into the continental United States via this pathway:

Pest Taxonomy

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hübner Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Acari: Tetranychidae

Monilinia fructigena Honey Leotiomycetes: Helotiales

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Thrips major Uzel Thysanoptera: Thripidae

We rated all six pests with High Pest Risk Potential. We listed risk mitigation options for these 

pests. The choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate pest risk is part of the pest 

risk management phase within APHIS and is not addressed in this document.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 iii

Table of Contents

Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... ii

1. Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Botany and Origin............................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Worldwide Production........................................................................................................ 2

1.3. Production in Jordan ........................................................................................................... 2

2. Risk Assessment ........................................................................................................................ 3

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action....................................................................................... 3

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Fragaria spp. ........................................................ 3

2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions................................................... 5

2.4. Pest Categorization-Identification of Pests of Fragaria spp. in Jordan.............................. 5

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway............................................................... 20

2.6. Consequences of Introduction........................................................................................... 21

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction................................................................................................ 31

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion .................................................................................. 34

3. Authors and Reviewers........................................................................................................... 34

4. Literature Cited ...................................................................................................................... 34

5. Appendices............................................................................................................................... 50

Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of fresh strawberry (Fragaria spp.) 

from Jordan into the continental United States.................................................................. 50

Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of strawberries into the United States. ............. 54

Appendix C. Decision sheets for Fragaria spp. ...................................................................... 55

Appendix D. Pest interceptions on Fragaria sp., F. ananassa, F. chiloensis, and F. vesca

entering the United States.................................................................................................. 57
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 1

1. Introduction

This risk assessment was prepared by analysts at the Center for Plant Health Science and 

Technology (CPHST) office in Colombia, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and 

Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). We 

examined potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh fruits of strawberry

(Fragaria spp.) from the Kingdom of Jordan into the continental United States. Strawberry fruit 

from Jordan is intended to be exported with flower calyces and short stalks (EHKJ, 2004). 

Leaving the calyx on the fruit is important to decrease perishability (Strand, 1994; Mitcham and 

Mitchell, 2002).

This pest risk assessment is pathway-initiated because it is based on the risks that may be 

associated with the importation of this commodity, and is qualitative in that risk is expressed in 

descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than as probabilities or frequencies. The 

methodology and rating criteria are explained in “Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk 

Assessments, Version 5.02” (PPQ, 2000).

International plant protection organizations such as the North American Plant Protection 

Organization (NAPPO) and the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the United 

Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provide guidance for conducting pest risk 

analyses. The methods used in this plant pest risk assessment are consistent with this guidance 

and are in accordance with the Framework for Pest Risk Analysis (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #2). 

Biological and phytosanitary terms used in this document are in accordance with those in the 

Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #5). The guidelines describe three stages of 

pest risk analysis: Stage 1 (initiation), Stage 2 (risk assessment), and Stage 3 (risk management). 

A pest risk assessment is a component of an overall pest risk analysis; this document satisfies the 

requirements of Stages 1 and 2.

1.1. Botany and Origin

Fragaria species belong to the Rosaceae family. The genus Fragaria contains fifteen strawberry

species that are distributed throughout the northern temperate regions of the world and one 

species that extends into South America. Fragaria virginiana and F. chiloensis are native to the 

Americas (CABI, 2007). There are five species of Fragaria native to or found in the United 

States (F. x ananassa, F. bringhurstii, F. chiloensis, F. vesca and F. virginiana). Within these 

five species there are 13 subspecies that are native or naturalized in the continental United States 

(NCRS, 2008). Northeast Asia contains the largest number of species.

The hybrid F. ananassa Duchesne was obtained in Europe in the mid-18th century from the 

crossing of F. virginiana Duchesne and F. chiloensis (L). This hybrid was rapidly cultivated by 

growers around the world because it was superior in many ways to the wild species that were the 

source of strawberry fruit (CABI, 2007). Other native species are still harvested from the wild, 

but these rarely appear in markets because of their small size and poor shelf life. Indigenous 

peoples of Chile selected and cultivated large-fruited clones of F. chiloensis that are still grown 

in that region (CABI, 2007). Also, color variants of F. vesca are grown for ornamental purposes, 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 2

but only rarely for fruit. Today, wild species are mainly of interest for specific genes that they

can contribute to the octoploid F. x ananassa (CABI, 2007).

1.2. Worldwide Production

North America is the largest producer of strawberries (Perez and Pollack, 2007). Strawberry

production in California and Florida in 2007 was forecast to be 10,432,625 metric tons (2.3 

billion pounds). California produced 88 percent of the U.S. crop in 2007, while Florida was 

second with about 10 percent (Perez and Pollack, 2007).

Although fresh strawberry imports are a relatively small portion of what is consumed in the 

United States, this volume has increased over the last five years (Perez and Pollack, 2007). In 

2006, fresh strawberry imports were a record 69,581 metric tons, 25 percent greater than the 

previous year (Perez and Pollack, 2007). For 2007, 157.7 million pounds (71,519 metric pounds) 

were imported (Pollack and Perez, 2008). Almost all of those strawberries came from Mexico, 

but other suppliers included Argentina, China, Chile, Canada, Ecuador, New Zealand, Peru, and 

Poland (Perez and Pollack, 2007; Pollack and Perez, 2008).

1.3. Production in Jordan

In Jordan, strawberries are produced in 500 m2(0.124 acre) plastic tunnels (Abu-El Samen, 

2008). No open field plantations are used, but multi-span plastic tunnels are employed on a few 

farms. All strawberry production uses drip irrigation. The major varieties produced are Anar, 

Splinder, Camarosa, Ventana, Alpion, and C-scape. Transplants are produced in tissue culture 

from California and Europe, or by local producers in Jordan. The tunnels are re-planted each 

year. Commercial cultivars produce individual fruits weighing as much as 30-50 g, although 10-

20 g is typical (CABI, 2007).

The cultivated area for strawberries in Jordan was 41.4 ha (102.3 acres) in 2006 and 60 ha (148.3 

acres) in 2007 (Abu-El Samen, 2008). Total production was 828 tons in 2006 and 1,200 tons in 

2007. In 2007, 700 tons were produced in the Jordan Valley and 500 tons in the highlands (AbuEl Samen, 2008). Exports of strawberries from Jordan to the European Union and Jordan’s 

neighboring countries—Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Syria—have increased rapidly in 

recent years (DOS, 2006; Magnani et al., 2004).

Integrated pest management (IPM) practices are used in strawberry production in Jordan in 

collaboration with GTZ (German Agency for Technical Cooperation)-Germany IPM projects. 

Primary treatments include predators and parasites of insect pests and restricted pesticide 

applications. The commonly used pesticides are Floromite (for management of red spider mites), 

Proclaim (for insect pest management), Boscalid (fungal diseases), and Bellis (Boscalid 

combined with pyraclostrobin) (fungal diseases) (Abu-El Samen, 2008; Sallato et al., 2007).

Soil fumigation with chemicals (e.g. MB and Dazomet) is practiced by farmers specially in the 

establishing of a new farm or site in addition to soil solarization (Katbeh Bader, 2010).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 3

2. Risk Assessment

2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action

We conducted this commodity-based, pathway-initiated risk assessment in response to a request 

made by the Kingdom of Jordan (EHKJ, 2004) to the USDA to authorize the importation of fresh 

strawberry fruit (with flower calyx and short stalk) grown in Jordan (in the Jordan valley and 

highlands) into the continental United States. The importation is a potential pathway for the 

introduction of plant pests. USDA has regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and 

vegetables from foreign sources into the United States (7 CFR § 319, 2007).

2.2. Assessment of Weediness Potential of Fragaria spp.

The results of the weediness screening for Fragaria spp. did not prompt a weed-initiated risk 

assessment (Table 1).

Table 1. Assessment of weediness potential of Fragaria spp.

Commodity scientific name: Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier [Rosaceae]

Common name: Strawberry

The Fragaria genus has 15 species, but only Fragaria × ananassa contributes significantly to 

commercial production. It is the hybrid of two species: F. virginiana Duchesne from eastern 

North America and F. chiloensis (L.) Duchesne from North and South America, which is still 

grown in Chile (CABI, 2007). Fruits of wild native species are still harvested, but these rarely 

appear in markets because of their small size and short shelf-life (CABI, 2007). Other species, 

such as F. vesca, are mainly cultivated for ornamental purposes (CABI, 2007). Today, wild 

species are mainly of interest for specific genes that they can contribute to the octoploid F. x 

ananassa (CABI, 2007). 

Synonyms: Fragaria × ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex Howell) Staudt (= F. × ananassa

nothosubsp. cuneifolia) 

F. chiloensis var. ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Ser. 

F. cuneifolia Nutt. ex Howell (= F. × ananassa nothosubsp. cuneifolia) 

F. × magna auct.

Potentilla × ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Mabb. (NGRP, 2008)

Phase 1: 

Fragaria spp. L. are reported in all states of the continental United States (NRCS, 2008). 

The hybrid Fragaria x ananassa is reported in the following states: Alaska, Connecticut, 

Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New York, 

Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Washington (NRCS, 2008).

Phase 2:

The species is listed in:

YES Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al., 1991a) as: F. indica (for 

Mauritius), F. vesca, and F. virginiana (both for the United States).

NO World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al., 1991b).

NO World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al., 1997).

YES Weed Science Society of America (WSSA, 2007) as Fragaria virginiana.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 4

NO Federal Noxious Weed List (PPQ, 2006).

NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977).

NO Identification of disseminules listed in the Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and 

Ritchie, 1988).

NO Global Invasive Species Database (ISSG, 2008).

YES A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2003) as:

F. x ananassa: Naturalized, cultivation, escape, and casual alien. Cultivated medicinal 

and culinary uses.

F. chiloensis: Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.

F. chiloensis ssp. lucida: Naturalized.

F. indica: Weed. Cultivated medicinal and culinary uses.

F. moschata: Cultivation escape. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.

F. muricata: Naturalized.

Fragaria spp.: Weed. Medicinal and culinary uses.

F. vesca: Weed, Naturalized. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.

F. vesca ssp. americana: Weed.

F. virginiana: Weed. Cultivated, medicinal and culinary uses.

F. viridus: Weed.

NO Invasive Species of the World (Weber, 2003).

YES Alien Plant Invaders of Natural Areas (Swearingen, 2008) as: F. vesca ssp. vesca

(NJ, invasive), F. chiloensis (HI, invasive).

NO Noxious weeds in the United States and Canada (Rice, 2008).

NO State Regulated Noxious Weeds (APHIS, 2007).

Other: Scientific literature, Internet sources, etc.:

NO AGRICOLA (NAL, 2008), CAB (CABI, 2007), AGRIS (FAO, 2008).

NO Florida's Invasive Species List, Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC, 2007).

YES Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (USFWS, 2008a), as Fragaria vesca.

NO Noxious weed list for Australian states and territories (Australian Weeds 

Committee, 2007).

Phase 3:

Fragaria sp. and Fragaria x ananassa are widely prevalent in the continental United States 

and the answer to four of the above questions is yes. In this case, we need to provide additional 

comments on our findings (PPQ, 2000):

 Fragaria vesca and F. virginiana are listed as weeds of unknown importance in the 

United States (Holm et al., 1991a), while Fragaria indica, Fragaria spp., F. vesca, 

F. vesca ssp. americana, F. virginiana, and F. viridus are also considered weeds

(Randall, 2003)

 F. vesca ssp. vesca is invasive in NJ, and F. chiloensis is invasive in HI

(Swearingen, 2008)

 F. vesca is “present on Pacific islands” (USFWS, 2008a)

Conclusion: We proceeded with the pest risk assessment for the following reasons: 1) 

Cropped strawberries are economically important (Wiersema and Leon, 1999); 2) cultivated 

and wild strawberries (Fragaria spp.) grow in 49 states without being under official control; 

and 3) Fragaria spp., as strawberry fruit, are currently permitted entry into the United States 

from 88 countries (PPQ, 2008a).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 5

2.3. Current Status, Decision History, and Pest Interceptions

2.3.1. Current status

Strawberries are authorized to enter into the United States through all U.S. ports-of-entry from 

88 countries (see Appendix B). Over the past few decades, no pest risk assessment has been 

conducted for the importation of strawberries into the United States. 

2.3.2. Decision history

From 1924 to 1994, the importation of strawberries into the United States was denied from the 

following countries: Australia, French Guiana, Ghana, Guyana, Korea, Peru, the Philippines, and 

Zimbabwe. The principal risks detected in decision sheets were 1) Halotydeus destructor, 2) 

mites, 3) Dacus sp., and 4) Bactrocera sp. (CPHST, 2008).

Decisions without clear dates are as follows: Argentina (authorized entry via Miami), Belgium, 

Cuba, Ecuador, England, Europe, France, French Guiana, Haiti, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, 

the Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru (rejected at South Pacific ports), Scotland, Switzerland 

(decision unknown), Chile (approved), and the Philippines (denied) (CPHST, 2008). For further 

details see Appendix C.

2.3.3. Pest interceptions

From 1984 to 2008, many different pests were intercepted on F. x ananassa, F. chiloensis,

Fragaria sp., and F. vesca at U.S. ports-of-entry (see Appendix D) (PestID, 2009). 

2.4. Pest Categorization-Identification of Pests of Fragaria spp. in Jordan

2.4.1. Pest list 

Below we present information on pests associated with Fragaria spp. (in any country) that occur 

in Jordan and neighboring countries (Table 2). The data includes (1) the presence or absence of 

these pests in the continental United States and pertinent citations for that distribution, (2) 

pertinent citations supporting the association of the pest with Fragaria spp., (3) the association 

of the pest with plant parts and pertinent citations showing that association, (4) the quarantine 

status of the pest in the continental United States, and (5) whether the pest is likely to follow the 

pathway into the United States on strawberry.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 6

Table 2. Pests reported on Fragaria spp. and present in Jordan and neighboring countries. 

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

ARTHROPODS

ARACHNIDA

Acari: Tarsonemidae

Phytonemus pallidus 

(Banks)

JO (EHKJ, 2004); 

US (CABI, 2007)

EHKJ, 2004; 

INRA, 2008

N/A No N/A

Acari: Tenuipalpidae

Brevipalpus obovatus 

Donnadieu

JO (PestID, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2007)

MAG, 2008 N/A No N/A

Acari: Tetranychidae

Bryobia praetiosa Koch JO (PestID, 2009); 

US (Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2007)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2007

N/A No N/A

Eutetranychus orientalis 

(Klein)

JO (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO and CABI, 

1997; Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2007)

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2007

F (Poole, 

1999); L

(CABI, 

2007; 

NAPPO, 

2001)

Yes Yes

Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(Boisduval) 

Syn: Tetranychus 

telarius (L.)

JO (CABI, 2007; 

Kasem and Yakob, 

1985); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Tetranychus urticae Koch JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004; Migeon 

and Dorkeld, 2007); 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004; 

Migeon and 

Dorkeld, 2007

N/A No N/A

INSECTA

Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae

Altica (Haltica) oleracea

(L.)

JO (Furth, 1980) Furth, 1980 L 

(Cranshaw, 

2006)

Yes No3

 

1 We only considered the geographic distribution the continental United States, Jordan, and its neighboring countries: Israel, 

Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. IS = Israel; IR = Iraq; JO = Jordan; EG = Egypt; SA = Saudi Arabia; SY = Syria; and

US = United States.

2

Plant parts: Fruit = F; Flower/Inflorescence = I; Leaf = L; Root = R; Shoot = Sh; Stem = S.

3

Altica (Haltica) oleracea is a flea beetle that feeds primarily on leaves. Because strawberries are harvested with the calyx 

attached, this beetle may occur on exported fruit, but it has never been intercepted on strawberry from anywhere (PestID, 

2009). Furthermore, we found no other reliable references that this pest attacks strawberry. “Flea beetles” are so-called 

because they jump when disturbed, so overall this pest is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 7

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Coleoptera: Curculionidae

Hypera postica

(Gyllenhal) 

Syn: Phytonomus 

variabilis Herbst.

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae

Polyphylla fullo

(Linnaeus)

JO (EHKJ, 2004); 

US (MA) (Herrmann 

et al., 2006)

EHKJ, 2004 R (INRA, 

2008)

Yes No

Melolontha melolontha

Linnaeus

JO (AQIS, 2008) CABI, 2007; 

Graham, 2008; 

INRA, 2008; 

Plant Health 

Australia, 2005

F (CABI, 

2007); L, R 

(Graham, 

2008; INRA, 

2008) 

Yes No4

Diptera: Tephritidae

Ceratitis capitata

(Wiedemann)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999; 

PestID, 2009)

Liquido et al., 

1991; Thomas 

et al., 2005

F

5

(CABI, 

2007)

Yes No6

Hemiptera: Aphididae

Aphis gossypii Glover JO (AQIS, 2008; 

CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

EHKJ, 2004; 

Strand, 1994

N/A No N/A

Aulacorthum solani

Kaltenbach

JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Brachycaudus helichrysi

Kaltenbach 

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Macrosiphum euphorbiae

(Thomas)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Strand, 

1994)

CABI, 2007; 

Strand, 1994

N/A No N/A

Macrosiphum rosae 

(Linnaeus)

IS (PestID, 2009; 

CABI, 2007); EG; 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

 

4 Melolontha melolontha is an external feeder of fruits and pods (CABI, 2007) but larvae feed mainly on roots, while adults 

feed mainly on foliage (Graham, 2008; INRA, 2008). Adults are large (20-28 mm long, 12-13 mm wide) and have a dark 

head and pronotum (Graham, 2008), so they should be easily detected and removed during post-harvest processing. Thus, 

this insect is highly unlikely follow the pathway.

5

Strawberries are only a conditional host of C. capitata (Liquido et al., 1991; Thomas et al., 2005). Like many hosts of 

Medfly, strawberries can be infested when grown near primary hosts (e.g., stone fruits or citrus) with large Medfly 

populations (Steck, 2008). Ceratitis capitata has never been recorded on strawberries in Jordan (Katbeh-Bader, 2008), but 

it has been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry in various fruits from Jordan (PestID, 2009).

6 Because of the conditional host status of strawberry for Medfly, and other factors, we think Medfly is highly unlikely to 

follow the pathway. Please see detailed discussion following the pest list.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 8

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Metopolophium dirhodum

(Walker)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Myzus persicae Sulzer JO (AQIS, 2008; 

CABI, 2007; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 

2007; Strand, 1994)

CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004

N/A No N/A

Sitobion fragariae

(Walker)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(Jensen et al., 1999)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Coccidae

Coccus hesperidum

(Linnaeus)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

Ben-Dov, 2006; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Diaspididae

Diaspidiotus perniciosus 

(Comstock) Cockerell, 

Danzig

IS (PestID, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Lygaeidae

Nysius raphanus Howard IS (PestID, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2007; 

Demirel and 

Cranshaw, 2006; 

Sweet, 2000)

Sweet, 2000 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Margarodidae

Icerya purchasi Maskell JO (AQIS, 2008; 

CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae

Planococcus citri (Risso) JO (Ben-Dov, 2006; 

CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A

Planococcus longispinus

(Targioni Tozzetti)

JO (Ben-Dov, 2006; 

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008); US (Ben-Dov 

et al., 2008)

Ben-Dov et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Ostrinia nubilalis

(Hübner)

JO (AQIS, 2008); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Maas et al., 1998; 

Robinson et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 9

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Udea ferrugalis (Hübner) IS (PestID, 2009) Flemish 

Entomological 

Society, 2008; 

Fitter and Peat, 

1994; Robinson 

et al., 2008

L (Flemish 

Entomologic

al Society, 

2008; Fitter 

and Peat, 

1994)

Yes No7

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae

Anarsia lineatella Zeller JO (Ahmed, 1984; 

AQIS, 2008; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 

2007)

Robinson et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Acronicta rumicis

(Linnaeus) 

Syn: Acronycta salicis

Curtis, A. diffusa Walker 

JO (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 

2008

L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes No8

Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) 

Syn: Euxoa ipsilon

Hufnagel, Feltia ipsilon

Hufnagel 

JO (CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

EHKJ, 2004; 

Robinson et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A

Agrotis segetum Denis & 

Schiffermüller 

Syn: Scotia segetum

Denis & Schiffermüller,

Euxoa segetum Denis & 

Schiffermüller

JO (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; 

Robinson et al., 

2008

L, R, S 

(CABI, 

2007; 

DAFF, 

2000)

Yes No9

Chrysodeixis chalcites

(Esper)

JO (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 F, L (CABI, 

2007; 

NAPPO, 

2006)

Yes Yes

 

7 Udea ferrugalis has been intercepted on commodities other than strawberries from Israel (PestID, 2009). The larvae are 

very polyphagous on herbaceous plants, notably on leaves of Fragaria vesca (Fitter and Peat, 1994; Flemish 

Entomological Society, 2008). Larvae of U. ferrugalis live in turned-down leaves and later between two spun leaves, and 

they pupate in a cocoon in a partially cut section of the leaf (Flemish Entomological Society, 2008). Given this, this pest

seems unlikely to follow the pathway.

8 All stages of A. rumicis could be easily detected on the fruit, and are likely to be eliminated during post-harvest processing.

For example, full-grown larvae of the fifth instar reach about 40 mm in length and are dark brown, with an orange 

epicranial margin. The body is brown with a segmentally interrupted dorsal black band (CABI, 2007). Consequently, we

do not expect this insect to follow the pathway.

9

Agrotis segetum could be detected by visual inspection because its eggs are stuck on plant residues and soil particles by a 

putty-like substance secreted by the female (CABI, 2007). We think larvae will not remain under the clayx, because 1) they

are large, 45 to 50 mm, with recognizable coloring (INRA, 2008), 2) they pupate in the ground, and conceal themselves 

there during the day, and 3) the calyx is not known to carry this pest during trade and transport (CABI, 2007).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 10

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Helicoverpa armigera

(Hübner)

JO (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2009 F (PestID, 

2009)

Yes No10

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) 

Syn: Heliothis zea

Boddie 

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Robinson et al., 

2008; Strand, 

1994

N/A No N/A

Mamestra brassicae (L.) JO (PestID, 2009) CABI, 2007; 

Benuzzi and 

Antoniacci, 1995

F (PestID, 

2009); L

(Freeman 

and Nicoli, 

2002)

Yes No11

Pseudaletia unipuncta 

(Haworth) 

Syn: Mythimna 

unipuncta Haworth

IS (CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2009); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 

Robinson et al., 

2008

N/A No N/A

Spodoptera exigua 

(Hübner)

JO (Al-Abbadi, 2001; 

CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Strand, 1994

N/A No N/A

Spodoptera littoralis

(Boisduval)

JO (CABI, 2007; ElBarakat, 1980)CABI, 2007; 

INRA, 2008

F, L (CABI, 

2007)

Yes Yes

Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; 

Strand, 1994

N/A No N/A

Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Cacoecimorpha 

pronubana Hübner

IS (Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004); 

JO12 (Fauna 

Europaea Web 

Service, 2004; 

PestID, 2009); US 

(OR) (CABI, 2007; 

EPPO and CABI, 

1999)

CABI, 2007; 

Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004; 

Robinson et al., 

2008

F (EPPO, 

2002; 

Meijerman 

and 

Ulenberg, 

2004); I, L

(CABI, 

2007)

Yes13 Yes

Thysanoptera: Thripidae

Frankliniella intonsa JO; US (PestID, Steiner and N/A No N/A

 

10 Helicoverpa armigera has been intercepted once on commercial cargo. We found no references indicating that Fragaria is 

a normal host. Consequently, we do not expect it to be present on commercial shipments of strawberry fruits.

11 Mamestra brassicae is a serious pest attacking species of the genera Brassica, Chrysanthemum, Rumex, and Solanum

(Robinson et al., 2001; Szwejda, 2006; Zhang; 1994). It has been intercepted from Jordan only once, but not on 

strawberries. Fragaria is a minor host, and the pest generally feeds on foliage (Benuzzi and Antoniacci, 1995; CABI, 

2007; Freeman and Nicoli, 2002). Even if the calyx is included, we do not expect this pest to follow the pathway.

12 Cacoecimorpha pronubana is an important pest of Fragaria spp. It has been intercepted from Jordan only once, but is 

present in Israel (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; PestID, 2009). Thus, we considered it present in Jordan.

13 Cacoecimorpha pronubana has a limited distribution in the continental United States, but is considered 

reportable/actionable (PestID, 2009).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 11

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

(Trybom) 2009) Goodwin, 2005; 

Buxton and 

Easterbrook, 

1988

Thrips (Frankliniella)

fuscipennis Haliday

JO, IS (Fauna 

Europaea Web 

Service, 2004; 

PestID, 2009); US 

(ITIS, 2008)

EPPO, 1998; 

Plant Health 

Australia, 2008; 

Steiner and 

Goodwin, 2005

N/A No N/A

Thrips major Uzel JO (Fauna Europaea 

Web Service, 2004; 

PestID, 2009)

Buxton and 

Easterbrook, 

1988; Plant 

Health Australia, 

2008; Steiner and 

Goodwin, 2005

I, F (Buxton 

and 

Easterbrook, 

1988; Steiner 

and 

Goodwin, 

2005)

Yes Yes

Thrips tabaci Lindeman JO; US (CABI, 2007) PestID, 2009;

Gremo et al., 

1997

N/A No N/A

BACTERIA and PHYTOPLASMAS14

Erwinia amylovora

(Burrill) Winslow et al.

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

KabadjovaHirstova et al., 

2006

N/A No N/A

Rhizobium radiobacter

(Beijerinck & van 

Delden) Young et al.

JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Strawberry green petal 

phytoplasma (16S 

rRNA taxonomic group 

I, subgroup C)

IS (CABI, 2007; 

Spiegel and Frank, 

1982; Weintraub et 

al., 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Maas, 

1998)

CABI, 2007; 

Spiegel and 

Frank, 198215

N/A No N/A

 

14 Bacterial classification and nomenclature are written according to Euzéby (2008).

15 This phytoplasma is leafhopper-borne and vectored. Species which vector the phytoplasma include Aphrodes bicincta, 

Euscelis lineolata, E. plebejus, andMacrosteles fascifrons. Of these, A. bicincta and E. lineolata are present in the 

Mediterranean basin (McKamey, 2001). Euscelis incisa ochreata Haupt 1927a: 27a: 27 [n.subsp. of plebejus] is the only 

one present in Israel (McKamey, 2001). However, we did not include these vectors here because we found no information 

that they are present in Jordan or its neighboring countries.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 12

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

FUNGI and CHROMISTANS16

Alternaria alternata (Fr: 

Fr) Keissl. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Pleosporales)

JO17 (Ali-Shtayeh et 

al., 1989; Bashan et 

al., 1991), US 

(CABI, 2007) 

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Aspergillus niger Tieghem 

(Eurotiomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 2007; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de 

Bary) Whetzel 

Syn: Botrytis cinerea

Pers.: Fr. 

(Leotiomycetes: 

Helotiales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Farr

et al., 1989; Farr 

et al., 2007; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993; 

Manaaki Whenua 

- Landcare 

Research, 2007; 

Strand, 1994

N/A No N/A

Cladosporium 

cladosporioides

(Fresen.) G.A. de Vries 

(Dothideomycetes: 

Capnodiales)

EG, IS (CABI, 2007; 

PestID, 2009); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2008)

Koike et al., 2003 N/A No N/A

Colletotrichum acutatum

J.H. Simmonds 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

IS (Freeman and 

Katan, 1997), US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2008

N/A No N/A

Didymella lycopersici

Klebahn 

Syn: Phoma lycopersici 

Cooke 

(Dothideomycetes: 

incertae sedis)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Fusarium oxysporum

Schlechtendahl 

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 2007; 

Manaaki Whenua 

- Landcare 

Research, 2007

N/A No N/A

 

16 Fungal classification and nomenclature are written according to Index Fungorum (CABI, 2008), NCBI Taxonomy 

(National Library of Medicine, 2008) and SMML (Farr et al., 2007).

17 Bashan et al.(1991) found infested wild beets in Israel on sites just across the Jordan River from Jordan. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 13

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Gibberella avenacea R.J. 

Cook Anamorph): 

Fusarium avenaceum

(Fr.: Fr.) Sacc. 

(Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

IR, IS, EG; US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Gibberella zeae

(Schweinitz) Petch 

Syn: Fusarium roseum

Link, Fusarium 

graminearum Schwabe

(Acomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 2007

N/A No N/A

Glomerella cingulata

(Stoneman) Spaulding & 

H. Schrenk 

Syn: Colletotrichum 

gloeosporioides (Penz.) 

Penzig & Saccardo 

(Ascomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

Farr et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 2007; 

Manaaki Whenua 

- Landcare 

Research, 2007; 

Smith, 2006

N/A No N/A

Gnomonia comari P. 

Karst. (Ascomycetes: 

Diaporthales)

IS; US (CABI, 2007; 

Punithalingam, 1974)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Macrophomina 

phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. 

(Ascomycetes: Incertae 

sedis)

EG, IR, IS, SY, US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2008

N/A No N/A

Monilinia fructigena

Honey

Syn: Monilia fructigena

(Aderhold & Ruhland) 

Honey

Anamorph: M. 

fructigena Pers.:Fr.

(Leotiomycetes: 

Helotiales) 

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999)

CABI, 2007; 

Mackie and 

Kumar, 2005; 

SENASA, 2007

F (Mackie 

and Kumar, 

2005)

Yes Yes

Mycosphaerella fragariae 

(Tulasne) Lindau 

Syn: Ramularia brunnea

Peck (Dothideomycetes: 

Capnodiales)

JO (EHKJ, 2004); 

US (CABI, 2007)

EHKJ, 2004; Farr 

et al., 1989; 

Manaaki Whenua 

- Landcare 

Research, 2007

N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 14

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Nectria haematococca

(Berk. & Broome) 

Samuels & Rossman 

Anamorph: Fusarium 

solani (Martius) 

Saccardo (Ascomycetes: 

Hypocreales)

JO (Abu-Blan et al., 

1990; AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 1989 ; Farr 

et al., 2007

N/A No N/A

Penicillium 

aurantiogriseum 

Dierckx 

Syn: Penicillium 

cyclopium 

(Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

JO (Grishkan et al., 

2003); US (Farr et 

al., 2008)

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993; 

Maas, 1998

N/A No N/A

Penicillium expansum 

Link 

Syn: Penicillium 

glaucum Link 

(Ascomycetes: 

Eurotiales)

IS, EG, SA (CABI, 

2007); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993; 

Maas, 1998

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora 

citrophthora (R.E. Sm. 

& E.H. Sm.) Leonian 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

CABI, 2007; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 

2007)

Farr et al., 2007; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora cryptogea

Pethybr. & Laff. 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2007

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora fragariae

C.J. Hickman 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007; EPPO 

and CABI, 1997)

Farr et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 2007; 

Manaaki Whenua 

- Landcare 

Research, 2007; 

SENASA, 2007

N/A No N/A

Phytophthora nicotianae

Breda de Haan 

Syn: P. nicotianae var. 

parasitica (Dastur) G. 

M. Waterh., P. 

parasitica Dastur, P. 

parasitica var. 

nicotianae (Breda de 

Haan) Tucker 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

CABI, 2007; EPPO, 

1999); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 1989; Farr 

et al., 2007

N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 15

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Podosphaera aphanis18

(Wallr.) U. Braun & S. 

Takamatsu 

Syn: Oidium fragariae

Harz, P. aphanis var. 

aphanis (Wallr.), 

Sphaerotheca aphanis

(Wallr). U. Broun, S. 

aphanis var. aphanis 

(Wallr). U. Broun, S. 

macularis f. sp.

fragariae (Harz) Jacz. 

(Ascomycetes, 

Erysiphales)

IS (Amsalem et al., 

2006; Voytyuk et al., 

2007); US (Dugan 

and Glawe, 2008; 

Farr et al., 2008; 

Pscheidt, 2008a)

Amsalem et al., 

2006; Braun, 

1995; Braun and 

Takamatsu, 

2000; Braun et 

al., 2002; Maas, 

1998; Pertot et al, 

2007

N/A No N/A

Podosphaera fuliginea

(Schltdl.) U. Braun & S. 

Takam. 

Syn.: Sphaerotheca 

fuliginea (Schltdl.) 

Pollacci, S. humuli var. 

fuliginea (Schltdl.) E.S. 

Salmon (Leotiomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

JO (Al-Jaa'freh, 

1990); US (Farr et 

al., 2007)

Farr et al., 1989 N/A No N/A

Podosphaera macularis

(Wallr.) U. Braun & S. 

Takam. 

Syn: Sphaerotheca 

humuli (DC.) Burrill, S. 

macularis (Wallr.) Lind 

(Leotiomycetes: 

Erysiphales)

JO (EHKJ, 2004); 

US (CABI, 2007)

EHKJ, 2004; 

Mukerji, 1964

N/A No N/A

Pythium debaryanum R. 

Hesse (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

JO (Abu-Blan et al., 

1990); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993

N/A No N/A

Pythium irregulare

Buisman (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

EG, IR, IS; US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2008

N/A No N/A

Pythium myriotylum 

Drechsler (Oomycetes: 

Pythiales)

IS (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 2008)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 2008

N/A No N/A

 

18 Podosphaera aphanis var. aphanis is an antonym of P. aphanis (Braun, 2008).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 16

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Pythium ultimum Trow 

(Oomycetes: Pythiales)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 1989; Farr 

et al., 2007

N/A No N/A

Rhizopus stolonifer 

(Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill. 

(Zygomycetes: 

Mucorales)

JO (Al-Mughrabi, 

2003); US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

(Libert) de Bary

(Leotiomycetes: 

Helotiales)

JO (Abu-Blan et al., 

1990; AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI 2006)

CABI, 2007; Farr 

et al., 1989; Farr 

et al., 2007; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993; 

Manaaki Whenua 

- Landcare 

Research, 2007

N/A No N/A

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. 

Teleomorph: Athelia 

rolfsii, (Curzi) Tu & 

Kimbr., Corticium 

rolfsii Curzi 

(Basidiomycetes: 

Polyporales)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(Farr et al., 2008)

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993; 

Maas, 1998

N/A No N/A

Thanatephorus cucumeris

(A.B. Frank) Donk 

Syn: Rhizoctonia solani

J.G. Kühn

(Agaricomycetes: 

Cantharellales)

JO (Abu-Blan, et al., 

1990; AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007; Farr et 

al., 1989)

Farr et al., 1989; 

Farr et al., 2007; 

Gubler and 

Converse, 1993; 

Manaaki Whenua 

- Landcare 

Research, 2007

N/A No N/A

Verticillium dahliae

Klebahn 

(Sordariomycetes: 

Phyllachorales)

IS, JO (CABI, 2007; 

Tsror et al., 2001); 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Mollusca

Agriolimax reticulatus 

Muller 

Syn: Deroceras 

reticulatum Muller 

(Limacidae)

IS (PestID, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2007)

INRA, 1998 N/A No N/A
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 17

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

NEMATODES19

Aphelenchoides fragariae

(Ritzema Bos) Christie 

(Aphelenchoididae)

JO (AQIS, 2008; 

EPPO, 1999); US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007; 

Ferris, 2008

N/A No N/A

Ditylenchus dipsaci

(Kühn) (Anguinidae)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) EPPO, 2007; 

Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 

1997; Ferris, 

2008; UC-ANR, 

2005

N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus digonicus

Thorne and Malek 

(Hoplolaimidae)

JO; US (Wouts and 

Yeats, 1994)

Celal, 2004 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus dihystera 

Cobb et al.

JO (PestID, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2007)

Park et al., 2005 N/A No N/A

Helicotylenchus 

pseudorobustus

(Steiner) Golden 

(Hoplolaimidae)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Heterodera ciceri Volvas 

et al. (Heteroderidae)

JO (CABI, 2007) Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 

1997

R (CABI, 

2007)

Yes No

Longidorus elongatus (de 

Man) Micoletzky

(Longidoridae)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; 

Ferris, 2008

N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne incognita

(Kofoid & White) 

Chitwood 

(Meloidogynidae)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 

1997; UC-ANR, 

2005

N/A No N/A

Meloidogyne javanica

(Treub) Chitwood 

(Meloidogynidae) 

JO; US (CABI, 2007) Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 

1997; Ferris, 

2008; UC-ANR, 

2005

N/A No N/A

Merlinius brevidens

(Allen) 

(Belonolaimidae)

JO (CABI, 2007); US 

(CABI, 2007; 

Wehunt et al., 1989)

Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 

1997; Ferris, 

2008

N/A No N/A

 

19 Nematode classification and nomenclature are written according to Ferris (2008).
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 18

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Pratylenchus penetrans

(Cobb) Chitwood and 

Oteifa (Pratylenchidae)

EG, IS, SA (Galper 

et al., 1990), US 

(CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus thornei Sher 

& Allen 

(Pratylenchidae)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) Ferris and 

Caswell-Chen, 

1997

N/A No N/A

Pratylenchus vulnus Allen 

& Jensen 

(Pratylenchidae)

EG, IS; US (CABI, 

2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Scutellonema brachyurus 

(Steiner) Andrássy

JO (PestID, 2009); 

US (CABI, 2007)

Biosecurity New 

Zealand, 2007; 

CABI, 2007

N/A No N/A

VIRUSES AND VIROIDS20

Apple mosaic virus

(ApMV) (Bromoviridae: 

Ilarvirus)

JO; US (CABI, 2007) CABI, 2007; 

Tzanetakis and 

Martin, 2005

N/A No N/A

Strawberry mild yellow 

edge virus (SMYEaV) 

(Flexiviridae: 

Potexvirus)

EG (Ragab et al., 

2008), IS (CABI, 

2007; ICTVdB Virus 

Descriptions, 2006); 

US (CABI, 2007)

CABI, 2007 N/A No N/A

Strawberry mottle virus 

(SMoV) (Tentative new 

family: bipartite 

picorna-like viruses: 

unclear genus)21

IS (CABI, 2007; 

Spiegel, 1986), US 

(Pscheidt, 2008b) 

CABI, 2007; 

Thompson et al., 

2002

N/A No N/A

Strawberry pallidosis 

virus (SPaV) 

(Closterovirideae: 

Crinivirus)

EG (Ragab et al., 

2008), US 

(Tzanetakis et al., 

2004)

Maas, 1998 N/A No N/A

Strawberry necrotic shock 

virus (formerly Tobacco 

streak virus-strawberry

strain) (Bromoviridae: 

Ilarvirus)

IS, US (CABI, 2007; 

Maas, 1998; 

Tzanetakis et al., 

2004)

CABI, 2007; 

Maas, 1998

N/A No N/A

 

20 Viral nomenclature is written according to NCBI (National Library of Medicine, 2008) and viral taxonomy and acronyms 

are written according to Van Regenmortel et al. (2005).

21 Thompson et al. (2002) propose including SMoV as a tentative member of the Satsuma dwarf virus (SDV)-like lineage of 

picorna-like viruses. The close identity of SMoV and SDV-like viruses with the aphid transmissible RTSV suggests they 

form a new group between the Sequiviridae and the Comoviridae, or within the Comoviridae. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 19

Pest Geographic 

distribution1

Reported on 

Fragaria spp.

Plant part 

affected2

Quarantine pestFollow 

pathway

Tomato ringspot virus

(ToRSV) (Comoviridae: 

Nepovirus) 

JO (EPPO and CABI, 

1997); US (CABI, 

2007)

Diekmann et al., 

1994

N/A No N/A

2.4.2. Pest list discussion

Pests in Jordan on other commodities. We included pests intercepted from Jordan on 

commodities other than strawberries because they are reported to be Fragaria spp. pests. We 

included them even if they are quarantine pests for Jordan (Plant Protection Division, 2007; 

EPPO, 1999). Examples include Agrotis segetum, Brevipalpus obovatus, Ceratitis capitata, 

Coccus hesperidum, Frankliniella intonsa, Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus, Mamestra 

brassicae, Pratylenchus thornei, Scutellonema brachyurus, Tetranychus urticae, Thrips 

fuscipennis, and T. major (PestID, 2009). 

Pests in neighboring countries on other commodities. We also included pests intercepted from 

Jordan’s neighboring countries on commodities other than strawberries if they were pests of 

strawberries (PestID, 2009). We think assuming that these pests may also be present in Jordan is 

reasonable. Examples include Agriolimax reticulatus, Anarsia lineatella, Aphis gossipii, 

Aulacorthum solani, Botrytis cinerea, Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, 

Cladosporium cladosporoides, Diaspidiotus perniciosus, Glomerella cingulata, Helicotylenchus 

digonicus, Hypera postica, Icerya purchasi, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, M. rosae, Nysius 

raphanus, Pseudaletia unipuncta, Spodoptera exigua, S. littoralis, Trichoplusia ni, and Udea 

ferrugalis (PestID, 2009).

Quarantine pests in neighboring countries on other commodities. We did not include pests 

present or intercepted from Jordan’s neighboring countries if they were quarantine pests for 

Jordan (Plant Protection Division, 2007). These pests are as follows:

 Diplocarpon earlianum (fungus), from Israel (CABI, 2007; Sivanesan and Gibson, 1976)

 Frankliniella occidentalis (insect), intercepted from Israel, Egypt, and Lebanon (PestID, 

2009)

 Rhodococcus fascians (bacterium), from Egypt and Israel (CABI, 2007; Goethals et al., 

2001; Putnam and Miller, 2007; Zutra et al., 1994)

 Strawberry crinkle virus (SCrV) from Israel (CABI, 2007; Brunt, 1996)

 Thrips palmi (insect), intercepted from Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic (PestID, 2009)

Spodoptera litura. This pest has been intercepted from Israel, but we did not include it 

because all records from this country and Jordan were found to be misidentifications (Pogue, 

2008).

Pests not following the pathway. Quarantine pests listed that were not chosen for further 

analysis may be potentially detrimental to the agriculture or natural environment of the 

United States; however, a variety of reasons exist for not further analyzing these pests. Some 

of the pests are associated with plant parts other than commodity, such as roots, bulbs, or 

inflorescence. Other pests are not expected to be associated with the commodity during 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 20

harvest and processing because of their inherent mobility, large size or disturbance by human 

activity. For some of the pests, association with the host is only known under laboratory

conditions or artificial infestation. In such cases, the data are placed in the table mostly for 

information purposes.

Medfly. Strawberry is considered an “unlikely” or only “occasional” host of Medfly (Steck, 

2008; Thomas et al., 2005; Weems, 1981). Strawberry is only infested by Medfly if they are 

grown near primary hosts that have large Medfly populations (Steck, 2008). This may

explain the only report of a natural field infestation, which was in a garden in Hawaii 

(Kobayashi and Fujimoto, 1975, as cited by Liquido et al., 1991). Other reports are either 

laboratory reports or listings (INRA, 2009; Liquido et al., 1991; Thomas et al., 2005; Weems, 

1981), not original source reports. Therefore, the listings may be based on the lone 1975 field 

infestation in Hawaii. PPQ has long permitted the entry of strawberries without specific 

mitigation measures for Medfly from many countries where it occurs (e.g., Israel, Morocco, 

Turkey, France, Spain), and it has only been intercepted one time on Fragaria fruit at a U.S. 

port-of-entry (PestID, 2009). That was in passenger baggage from Hungary, not on 

commercial fruit. This lack of interceptions suggests that commercial strawberry fruit are 

unlikely to be infested with Medfly. 

In Jordan Medfly has never been recorded on strawberries (Katbeh-Bader, 2008). Strawberry

crops are mainly grown in the middle part of the Jordan Valley, while citrus, the main host of 

Medfly in Jordan, is mainly grown in the northern part of the valley (Katbeh-Bader, 2008). 

To suppress the population levels of Medfly in the country, Jordan is a member of a regional 

project (with the Palestinian Authority and Israel) entitled "Strengthening the Area-Wide 

Control of Medfly Using Sterile Insect Technique" in cooperation with IAEA (Katbeh-Bader, 

2008). Jordan also uses environmentally safe materials such as GF120 as bait spraying to 

suppress populations. 

Based on this evidence, we think that Medfly is highly unlikely to follow the pathway of 

export-quality strawberry fruit from Jordan, so it was not further analyzed.

2.5. Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

We analyzed the quarantine pests expected to follow the pathway [i.e., be included in 

commercial shipments of strawberry] (Table 3) in detail below [Steps 5-7 (PPQ, 2000)].

Table 3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and selected for further analysis.

Pest Taxonomy

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hübner Lepidoptera: Tortricidae

Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) Acari: Tetranychidae

Monilinia fructigena Honey Leotiomycetes: Helotiales

Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Thrips major Uzel Thysanoptera: Thripidae
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 21

2.6. Consequences of Introduction

Using our guidelines (PPQ, 2000), we assessed the Consequences of Introduction in five risk 

elements. We summarized the values for the Consequences of Introduction for each pest below 

(Table 4). 

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Cacoecimorpha pronubana is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and is 

present in many countries in Europe (e.g., Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, 

Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Serbia and 

Montenegro, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom), Asia (Israel and Japan), 

and Africa (Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Morocco, South Africa, and Tunisia) 

(CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). It is present in the United States only in 

Oregon. In Europe, the insect has likely reached the limits of its natural range, 

and often maintains populations in northerly countries in greenhouses (CABI, 

2007). The worldwide distribution of C. pronubana corresponds to Plant 

Hardiness Zones 5-11 (Magarey et al., 2008), and most hosts occur in the United 

States in these zones (NRCS, 2008). Thus, we rated this element as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #2: Host Range 

Cacoecimorpha pronubana has been reported on 141 species in 47 families 

(Castresana et al., 1996). Dianthus caryophyllus is the most seriously affected, 

although other species have suffered serious infestations (CABI, 2007). Larvae of 

C. pronubana are very polyphagous and a very important pest on greenhouse 

grown strawberries (Alford, 1984). Other hosts include apple (Malus), cherry, 

olive (Olea), plum, currant, gooseberry (Ribes), blueberries (Vaccinium 

crymbosum), and vegetables such as peas (Lathyrus) (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 

2004; Molina, 1988). Cacoecimorpha pronubana attacks ornamental plants such 

as Coronilla spp., Chrysanthemum morifolium, Cupressocyparis leylandii,

Cytisus spp., Euphorbia spp., Fuchsia spp., Ilex aquifolium, Laurus nobilis,

Ligustrum vulgare, Mahonia aquifolium, and Petunia spp. (Meijerman and 

Ulenberg, 2004). Additional hosts include Acacia spp., Acer spp., Allium porrum, 

Brassica spp., Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Citrus spp., Citysus spp., Coriaria

spp., Cupressus spp., Daucus carota, Jasminum spp., Laurus nobilis, Ligustrum

spp., Solanum lycopersicum, Mahonia spp., Pelargonium spp., Picea spp., Pinus 

halepensis, Pisum sativum var. arvense, Populus spp., Rhododendron, Rosa spp., 

Rubus spp., Salix spp., Solanum tuberosum, Syringa vulgaris, Trifolium spp.,

Vicia faba, and V. faba var. major (Alford, 1984; Alford, 1995; Burballa et al.,

1995; CABI, 2007; Castresana et al., 1996; EPPO and CABI, 1997; EPPO, 

2004a; Siscaro et al., 1988; Vrie, 1991). Many of these hosts are wild and 

cropped plants in the continental United States (NRCS, 2008). Therefore, we 

rated the Host Range risk element as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

At a mean temperature of 15°C the complete life cycle of C. pronubana takes 

123-147 days, but only 28-44 days at 30°C (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Eggs are 

High (3)
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Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 22

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Risk ratings

laid in batches of 150-250. Each female can lay up to 700 eggs, which hatch after 

8-51 days (CABI, 2007; Castresana et al., 1996). In the northern United 

Kingdom, adults emerge in April, then fly and deposit eggs until June. The 

second generation can appear in mid-August and fly until the end of September 

or the beginning of October. In glasshouses with a minimum temperature of 15°C 

(59°F), it has three to five generations per year (CABI, 2007). In North Africa, it 

has five or six generations per year. 

Adults of C. pronubana can disperse locally, but international trade is the 

principal method for long-distance dispersal (CABI, 2007), as evidenced by 371 

interceptions at U.S. ports from 1984 to 2008 (PestID, 2009). First instars can be 

carried by the wind. Thus, we rated it High for Dispersal Potential.

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Strawberries are often attacked by C. pronubana (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 

2004). Its larvae burrow into the flesh beneath the calyx. Attacks on strawberry

tend to be most severe on protected crops. Cacoecimorpha pronubana causes 

serious damage in various horticultural and ornamental crops in the open air and 

in glasshouses (Castresana et al., 1996), and particularly in the latter in northern 

countries (e.g., Poland) (EPPO, 1997).. Despite being polyphagous, in the 

Mediterranean area serious damage from C. pronubana is confined mainly to 

carnation crops, where losses have been reported since the 1920s. In France in 

1972-1973, 25-35 percent of carnations were affected, and export losses were 

valued at about 100,000 French francs ($22,337). In Morocco, C. pronubana

took 20 years to develop into a widespread pest on citrus (EPPO and CABI, 

1997). In Algeria, it is found mainly on lemons, but is not considered a serious 

pest. In Italy (Sicily), C. pronubana attacks mainly olives, citrus weeds, and roses 

(EPPO and CABI, 1997; Siscaro et al., 1988). The pest can also attack shoots of 

young pine trees, threatening forestry nurseries (Castresana et al., 1996). 

Wider establishment of C. pronubana in the continental United States would likely

lead to the implementation of chemical control (Alford, 1995), lower yield of host 

crops, lower value of host crop commodities, and cause the loss of foreign and 

domestic markets. Consequently, we rated Economic Impact as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

The host genera of C. pronubana contain one or more species listed as threatened 

or endangered within the continental United States. These include the endangered 

species Allium munzii (CA), Cupressus abramsiana (CA), Prunus geniculata

(Rosaceae; FL), Rhododendron chapmanii (Ericaceae; FL), Trifolium amoenum

(CA), T. stoloniferum (AR, IL, IN, KS, KY, MO, OH, WV), and T. trichocalyx 

(CA) (USFWS, 2008b). Examples of threatened species are C. goveniana ssp.

goveniana (CA) and Euphorbia telephioides (FL). Wider establishment of C. 

pronubana in the United States could also stimulate chemical control and 

biological control programs, as happened in 2001 in nursery stocks (Green, 

2002). Based on this evidence, we rated Environmental Impact as High.

High (3)
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Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Chrysodeixis chalcites is primarily distributed in southern Europe and the 

Mediterranean, and the Middle East to southern Africa (CABI, 2007). This pest is 

native in the following countries: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, 

Denmark, France (including Corsica), Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, 

the Netherlands, Portugal (including Madeira), Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, 

Spain (including the Canary Islands), Sweden, Switzerland, and the United 

Kingdom in Europe; Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey in 

Asia; and Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, the Democratic 

Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, 

Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius (including the Rodriguez Island), Morocco, 

Mozambique, Nigeria, Réunion, Saint Helena, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, 

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe 

in Africa (CABI, 2007). Host plant species are widely distributed in the 

continental United States (NRCS, 2008). The potential areas where C. chalcites

could be established correspond to Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11 (PERAL. 2008b).

Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward the total. Consequently, 

the risk rating for Host-Climate for C. chalcites is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Chrysodeixis chalcites is a polyphagous pest with 34 host plant species in 19 

families. The primary hosts of C. chalcites include beans, tobacco, tomatoes, 

cotton, cruciferae species, maize, soybeans, potatoes, and greenhouse crops 

(CABI, 2007; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Passoa, 1995; Zhang, 1994). The most 

important crops belong to the following families: Apiaceae, Asteraceae, 

Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Geraniaceae, Lamiaceae, 

Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Ulmaceae, 

Urticaceae, and Verbenaceae (CABI, 2007; Kravchenko et al., 2005; Singh et al., 

2003). We rated C. chalcites High for Host Range.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Under natural conditions, C. chalcites is polyvoltine, with up to eight or nine 

generations per year in Egypt (CABI, 2007). Males live, on average, about 11 

days, and female longevity is about 12 days. The number of eggs oviposited per 

female can vary considerably: means were 149-385 at 20°C, 640 at 25°C, and 

405 eggs at 30°C (CABI, 2007). Females lay up to 1060 eggs (Amate et al., 

1998). Although C. chalcites has been recorded in northern Europe, winter 

mortality prevents continual establishment, but it extends its distribution by 

establishing in glasshouses (CABI, 2007). A massive migratory dispersion of this 

pest has been recorded (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004). Fruit and leaves of plants can 

also carry the larvae long distances in trade (CABI, 2007), and several hundred 

interceptions of C. chalcites larvae have been recorded on different commodities 

(PestID, 2008). Overall, we rated it High for Dispersal Potential.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Chrysodeixis chalcites and closely related species defoliate plants and feed on 

flowers and fruits (CABI, 2007; Mau and Martin Kessing, 1991). This pest also 

attacks crops under glasshouse production (Amate et al., 1998). Control measures 

High (3)
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Chrysodeixis chalcites Risk ratings

for C. chalcites include pheromone trapping, chemical, and biological treatments 

(CABI, 2007), but mainly insecticides (Medina et al., 2007; Thomas, 2004). 

Those practices increase production costs (NAPPO, 2006). Chrysodeixis

chalcites is considered a pest of national concern in the United States (CAPS, 

2007), and its introduction and establishment in the United States will lead to 

loss of potential markets. Our risk rating for Economic Impact is High.

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Chrysodeixis chalcites is reported to attack species in 18 plant families. Families 

containing Endangered and Threatened plant species present in the continental 

United States include Asteraceae (Helianthus paradoxus and H. schweinitzii), 

Fabaceae (Trifolium amoenum, T. stoloniferum, and T. trichocalyx), and 

Solanaceae (Solanum drymophilum) (USFWS, 2008). 

When C. chalcites is introduced, eradication programs are started (CFIA, 2006), 

likely using chemical and biological control. Our risk rating is High.

High (3)

Eutetranychus orientalis Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Eutetranychus orientalis is found in tropical savannahs and deserts where 

humidity is sufficient for egg survival (CABI, 2007). The species is present in 

Asia (from Turkey and Iran, to India, Japan, and China), Africa, and Europe 

(EPPO and CABI, 1997). It can establish in United States Plant Hardiness Zones 

8-11 (Magarey et al., 2008), where one or more of its hosts are present (NRCS, 

2008). Because of its small size, Zone 11 does not count toward to total. 

Therefore, our risk rating for Climate-Host Interaction is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Citrus species are the main hosts of E. orientalis. In Egypt, lemons (C. limon), 

mandarins (C. reticulata) and oranges (C. sinensis) are all attacked. It also attacks 

a wide range of other crops, including almonds (Prunus dulcis), bananas (Musa 

paradisiaca), cassava (Manihot esculenta), cotton (Gossypium sp.), eggplant 

(Solanum melongena), figs (Ficus carica and F. macrophylla), guavas (Psidium 

guajava), luffa (Luffa sp.), mulberries (Morus sp. and Morus alba), olives (Olea 

europaea), pawpaws (Carica papaya), peaches (Prunus persica), pears (Pyrus 

sp. and P. comunis), Plumeria (Plumeria alba), quinces (Cydonia oblonga), 

Castorbean (Ricinus communis), sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), sweet potatoes 

(Ipomoea batatas), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), watermelons 

(Citrullus lanatus), Alstonia glaucescens, and over 50 other plant species in 

different families (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). Thus, we rated it High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

For E. orientalis, optimum conditions are 21°C (69.8°F) and 59-70 percent 

relative humidity (RH), although development proceeded between 18 and 30°C 

(64.4 and 86°F) and between 35 and 72 percent RH. High temperatures and 

humidity favor the development of E. orientalis, particularly the egg, which is 

High (3)
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Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 25

Eutetranychus orientalis Risk ratings

sensitive to low humidity (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Females have a mean 

lifespan of 15.2 days, and lay between 6 and 8 eggs per day, with a maximum of 

35 eggs per female (CABI, 2007; EPPO and CABI, 1997). Under optimal 

conditions, 25-27 generations per year are possible (CABI, 2007). 

In general, wind currents are the main means of dispersal for E. orientalis. In 

international trade, this pest might be carried on plants (EPPO and CABI, 1997).

Consequently, our risk rating for Dispersal Potential is High.

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Eutetranychus orientalis is an important pest of citrus. In India, out of seven 

Eutetranychus pests on citrus, only E. orientalis was a major pest in all areas 

(CABI, 2007). This mite causes defoliation and dieback of twigs in nurseries and 

orchards, resulting in premature fruit drop, lowering the yield of host crops 

(PPQ, 2002). Its activity is enhanced under dry conditions. The presence of this 

pest requires implementation of control programs which increase production 

costs. Eutetranychus orientalis is on the EPPO A2 list (CABI, 2007). It is not 

known to occur in the Western Hemisphere and its introduction into the United 

States can cause loss of foreign and domestic markets. Consequently, our risk 

rating for Economic Impact is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Endangered species of the genera Prunus (e.g., P. geniculata, FL), Manihot (e.g., 

M. walkerae, TX), and Ziziphus (e.g., Z. celata, FL) are potential hosts (USFWS, 

2008b) of E. orientalis. Biological and/or chemical control programs are likely to 

be implemented if the mite is introduced. Successful examples include control 

with predatory mites and a parasitic fungus in Jordan and Israel (CABI, 2007). 

Acaricides are commonly used for chemical control of this mite (CABI, 2007). 

Consequently, we rated it High for Environmental Impact.

High (3)

Monilinia fructigena Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Monilinia fructigena is found throughout western and southern Europe, 

extending into the Scandinavian countries, Eastern Europe, the former Soviet 

Union, the Middle and Far East, India, North Africa and South America (CABI, 

2007; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Mordue, 1979). Monilinia fructigena 

survives a wide range of climatic conditions, evident from its distribution in 

countries with cold winters, as well as subtropical to tropical conditions. Based 

on its current distribution it would be likely to survive in a large area of the 

continental United States (NRCS, 2008). Cultivated host species, such as 

Capsicum spp. and Malus spp., are grown in more than six Plant Hardiness Zones 

of the continental United States (NRCS, 2008). Climatic conditions and 

distribution of potential hosts are suitable for the survival and establishment of 

this fungal pathogen in the Plant Hardiness Zones 5 to 10 of the continental 

United States (NRCS, 2008; Magarey et al., 2008). Thus, we rated this High.

High (3)
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Monilinia fructigena Risk ratings

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Monilinia fructigena infects multiple species, including: Berberidaceae: Berberis 

(Barberries); Betulaceae: Corylus avellana (European filbert); Cornaceae: 

Cornus mas (Cornelian cherry); Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki (Oriental 

persimmon); Ericaceae: Rhododendron (Azalea), Vaccinium (Blueberries); 

Menispermaceae: Ficus carica (Common fig) ; Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava 

(Common guava); Rosaceae: Amelanchier canadensis (Downy serviceberry), 

Chaenomeles japonica (Flowering quince), Cotoneaster, Crataegus laevigata 

(English hawthorn), Cydonia oblonga (Common quince), Eriobotrya japonica 

(Loquat), Fragaria, Fragaria x ananassa (cultivated strawberry), Malus pumila 

(Paradise apple), Malus spp. (Apples), Mespilus germanica (Medlar), Prunus 

(Stone fruit), Prunus armeniaca (Apricot), Prunus avium (Sweet cherry), Prunus 

cerasus (Sour cherry), Prunus domestica (Plum), Prunus dulcis (Almond), 

Prunus persica (Peach), Prunus spinosa (Blackthorn), Prunus spp. (Cherries, 

Peaches, Plums), Pyrus spp. (Pears), P. communis (European pear), Rosa spp. 

(Roses), Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry), R. occidentalis (Black raspberry), 

Sorbus aucuparia (Mountain ash); Solanaceae: Capsicum (Peppers), Solanum 

lycopersicum (Tomato); and Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera (Grapevine) (Batra, 1991; 

CABI, 2007; Liberato and Miles, 2007; Mordue, 1979; Van Leeuwen and Van 

Kesteren, 1998). Consequently, we rated Host Range as High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

Conidia of M. fructigena form on mummified fruit and blighted twigs at 

temperatures of >5°C. At 20°C, sporulation takes place about 12 hours after 

soaking, and minimum moisture content of mummified fruit in which sporulation 

can take place at 26°C is 21 percent (CABI, 2007). Mycelial growth stops at 30-

35°C, and mycelia are killed at 50°C (CABI, 2007). Sporogenous hyphae of M. 

fructigena produce a large number of long-lived conidia that are disseminated via 

air and water (CABI, 2007; Mordue, 1979; Van Leewen, 2000). Aerial dispersal 

of conidia spreads spores over a wide range, while water splash dispersal may

spread spores short distances, to other parts of the same plant or sometimes 

between adjacent plants (CABI, 2007; Van Leewen, 2000). Animals, including 

birds, and insects such as wasps (Vespula spp.), beetles (especially Nitidulidae), 

Diptera (particularly Drosophila spp.), and some Lepidoptera are vectors of this 

pathogen (CABI, 2007; Mackie and Kumar, 2005). Apparently healthy harvested 

fruit can be contaminated with spores, or may be latently infected (CABI, 2007;

Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Mackie and Kumar, 2005), allowing long-distance 

transport of the pathogen. Monilinia fructigena has been intercepted 1209 times 

at U.S. ports-of-entry, mostly on fruits (PestID, 2009). Thus, we rated Dispersal 

Potential High for M. fructigena.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

The brown rot disease caused by M. fructigena seriously damages fruit crops in 

temperate regions (van Leeuwen and van Kesteren, 1998), but economic losses 

vary by crop (Batra, 1991; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990; Ogawa and English, 

1995; Van Leewen, 2000). Control measures are usually not warranted, other 

than sanitation for apples or pears (Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). Wounding 

Medium (2)
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Monilinia fructigena Risk ratings

agents such as insects and birds may facilitate the underlying disease dynamics, 

and controlling these agents may minimized crop losses (van Leeuwen and van 

Kesteren, 1998). For Prunus, protective fungicide treatments, reducing sources 

of inoculum, controlling insects which wound fruits, and post-harvest handling 

to minimize fungal development are components of control programs (CABI, 

2007; Van Leewen, 2000). Apparently healthy harvested fruit may be latently

infected or contaminated with M. fructigena spores (Batra, 1991; CABI, 2007). 

Fruit rot that develops in transit, storage, or at the market reduces quality, which 

impacts foreign market availability (Batra, 1991; CABI, 2007; Van Leewen, 

2000). Introduction of the pathogen may result in domestic or international 

quarantine measures, but typically does not initiate species-specific control 

programs (CABI, 2007). Thus, we rated this risk element Medium.

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Monilinia fructigena can attack native plants federally listed as Threatened or 

Endangered (e.g., Prunus geniculata, Berberis spp., Rhododendron chapmanii), 

and state-listed protected species (e.g., seven species of Amelanchier, seven 

species of Cornus), which provide food for mammals and terrestrial birds 

(NRCS, 2008). As stated above, control programs for M. fructigena are rarely 

used. Consequently, we rated Environmental Impact as Medium.

Medium (2)

Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Spodoptera littoralis is present throughout the Mediterranean countries including 

Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Italy, as well as the Middle East, Israel, Egypt, and 

Africa. It has been introduced into central and southern Europe (CABI, 2007; 

Zhang, 1994). In the continental United States, the pest could establish in 

Hardiness Zones 8 to 11 (Magarey et al., 2008). Because of its small size, Zone 

11 does not count toward the total. Our risk rating for Host-Climate is Medium.

Medium (2)

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Spodoptera littoralis is a pest of greenhouse crops and vegetables (CABI, 2007; 

Zhang, 1994). The host range includes over 40 families, with at least 87 species 

of economic importance (CABI, 2007), such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa), beans 

(Phaseolus spp.), carrots (Daucus carota), citrus (Citrus spp.), cotton 

(Gossypium spp.), grapes (Vitis spp.), onion (Allium cepa), peppers (Capsicum 

annuum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), tomato 

(Solanum lycopersicum), and various grasses (CABI, 2007). Based on this 

evidence, we rated the Host Range as High risk.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

The lifecycle of S. littoralis can be completed in about five weeks (EPPO and 

CABI, 1997). This species produces ten generations each year, but only seven 

generations in greenhouses (Fraval, 1997). Females lay 1000-2000 eggs in 

masses of 100-300 (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Fecundity is reduced by high 

temperatures and low humidity; the greatest numbers of eggs (about 960) are 

High (3)
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Spodoptera littoralis Risk ratings

produced at 30°C (86°F) and 90 percent RH (EPPO and CABI, 1997). Newly 

laid eggs of one strain of S. littoralis survived exposure to 1°C (33.8°F) for eight 

days (EPPO and CABI, 1997).

According to Salama and Shoukry (1972, cited by EPPO and CABI, 1997), the 

moths can fly 1.5 km in four hours overnight, facilitating dispersion and 

oviposition on different hosts. In international trade, eggs or larvae may be 

present on planting material, cut flowers, or vegetables (Table 5) (EPPO and 

CABI, 1997). Thus, we rated Dispersal Potential as High.

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact

Spodoptera littoralis is one of the most destructive agricultural lepidopteran pests 

within its subtropical and tropical range. Year-round, it attacks crops such as 

cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, potatoes, and tomatoes (EPPO and CABI, 1997). 

These crops are widespread in the continental United States (NRCS, 2008).

The establishment of S. littoralis would increase costs because of the chemical, 

biological, or other control methods that would be used. In addition, this pest 

could cause the loss of international and interstate markets since it would be 

considered a quarantine pest by other countries (EPPO and CABI, 1997). This 

pest is considered a pest of national concern in the United States for soybean and 

oat production (CAPS, 2007). Based on this evidence, the risk rating for 

Economical Impact for S. littoralis is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Spodoptera littoralis attacks families containing Endangered and Threatened 

plant species present in the continental United States, such as Amarantaceae 

(Amaranthus pumilus), Asteraceae (Helianthus paradoxus, H. schweinitzii, 

Senecio franciscanus, and S. layneae), Cactaceae (Opuntia treleasei), Fabaceae 

(Trifolium amoenum, T. stoloniferum, T. trichocalyx), Fagaceae (Quercus 

hinckleyi), Liliaceae (Allium munzii), Cucurbitaceae (Cucurbita okeechobeensis

ssp. okeechobeensis), Rosaceae (Prunus geniculata), and Verbenaceae (Verbena 

californica) (USFWS, 2008b). Establishment of this pest could lead to chemical 

and biological control programs being implemented. Our risk rating for 

Environmental Impact is High.

High (3)

Thrips major Risk ratings

Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction

Thrips major has a holarctic distribution and is present in Africa, Europe, and 

Northern Asia (excluding China) (Alavi et al., 2007; Jenser et al., 2005; The Bay

Science Foundation, 2008). Thrips major can survive in glasshouse crops (EPPO, 

2004b; Vierbergen, 2001). Threshold developmental temperatures for 

populations of T. major are 4°C-11°C (Stacey and Fellowes, 2002). This pest 

could establish in Plant Hardiness Zones 3 to 11 of the continental United States 

(Magarey et al., 2008). Consequently, we rated it High.

High (3)
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 29

Thrips major Risk ratings

Risk Element #2: Host Range

Thrips major attacks temperate fruits (apricots, apple, plums, pear, wild pear, 

sweet cherry, and peach) in higher elevations (600m) (Tunç, 1996). This pest also 

attacks Citrus sp. (Bournier, 1963). Other hosts of T. major include species in 

numerous plant families, as follows: Achillea spp., Asphodelus spp., Bellis sp., 

Beta vulgaris, Brassica oleracea, Buxus spp., Calycotoma villosa, Calystegia 

sepium, Calluna spp., Capsicum spp., Chenopodium spp., Clematis vitalba, 

Cydonia oblonga, Diplotaxis spp., Eriobotrya japonica, Euphorbia spp., 

Fragaria sp., Ligustrum ovalifolium, Lobularia maritima, Lythrum spp., 

Phaseolus sp., Pisum sativum, Polygonum aubertii, Pyrus sp., Rosa spp., Rubus 

fruticosus (blackberry), Salix sp., Solanum nigrum, Thalictrum sp., and Vicia 

faba. (Bournier, 1963; Buxton and Easterbrook, 1988; Childers, 1997; EPPO, 

2004c; González-Zamora et al., 1994; Gremo et al., 1997; Loomans, 2006; 

Mound, 2007b; Plant Health Australia, 2008; Pobożniak, 2005; Steiner and 

Goodwin, 2005; Tekşam and Tunç, 2007; Terry, 1997: Trdan, 2001; Tunç, 1996; 

Vos et al., 1991; Wnuk and Pobożniak, 2003). Hence, the risk rating is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential

On citrus in North Africa, at a threshold temperature of 20°C (68°F), T. major 

females lay 3-4 eggs per day within flowers and stems, with a total of about 100 

eggs. Its life cycle takes from 40 to 45 days (Bournier, 1963). 

The pronymph and nymph stages of T. major are semi-mobile, but the insects can 

move if ecological conditions become stressful. The males move quicker and fly

more easily than the females (Bournier, 1963). All thrips stages may be dispersed 

by the movement of infested plants or plant parts that can disseminate this pest 

(EPPO, 2004b; Murphy and Ferguson, 2004), as shown by numbers of 

interceptions (Table 5). The repeated unintended introduction of thrips through 

international trade has contributed to their high invasion success (Morse and 

Hoddle, 2005; Kumm, 2002). Consequently, the risk rating is High.

High (3)

Risk Element #4: Economic Impact 

Thrips major is a pest of strawberries (EPPO, 1998; Buxton and Easterbrook 

1988; Linder et al., 2000; Steiner and Goodwin, 2006; Steiner, 2008). It causes 

severe fruit distortion in late-season fruits, which dwarfs and twists fruits as 

achenes and the surrounding areas fail to develop. Distorted fruit is downgraded, 

causing financial losses (Buxton and Easterbrook, 1988). In apples, lemons, 

nectarines, strawberries, and oranges, Thrips spp. injure plants through bronzing, 

silvering, fruit discoloration, flower abortion, malformation of epidermis or 

distortion of fruits, and russeting around seeds caused by thrips feeding on late 

fruit (Bournier, 1963; EPPO, 1998; EPPO, 2004b; EPPO, 2004c Kirk, 1984; 

Steiner, 2008; Tommasini and Burgio, 2004). This damage lowers market grade 

and value (Morse and Hoddle, 2005; Steiner and Goodwin, 2005). Leaf feeding 

also diminishes plant vigor and fruit yield (EPPO, 1998). T. major is an 

important pest in greenhouses (Sauer, 1997; Vierbergen, 2001). Their presence 

promotes the application of pesticides and the release of biological controllers 

such as native predatory mites (Bournier, 1963; NSW Department of Agriculture, 

Medium (2)
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 30

Thrips major Risk ratings

1973; Steiner and Goodwin, 2005; Steiner and Goodwin, 2006). Management 

practices are likely to increase crop production costs. Establishment of this pest 

in the United States is unlikely to cause export market loss, because imported 

strawberries are likely to be treated for thrips as an external feeder when found at 

ports-of-entry (See Appendix A) (PPQ, 2009). Therefore, we rated Economic 

Impact as Medium.

Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact

Thrips major is a pest of families containing Endangered and Threatened plant 

species present in the continental United States, such as Buxaceae (Buxus vahlii), 

Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbia haeleeleana, E. telephioides), Fabaceae (Vicia 

menziesii), Polygonaceae (Polygonum hickmanii), Ranunculaceae (Clematis 

morefieldii, C. socialis, Thalictrum cooleyi), Rosaceae (Prunus geniculata), and 

Solanaceae (Solanum drymophilum, S. incompletum, S. sandwicense) (USFWS, 

2008b). The establishment of these pests could lead to the implementation of 

chemical and biological control programs (EPPO, 2004b; Parker and Skinner, 

1997). Therefore, our risk rating for Environmental Impact is High.

High (3)

Table 4. Risk ratings for Consequences of Introduction.

Pest Risk Elements Cumulative 

risk ratinga

Climate-host

interaction

Host 

range

Dispersal 

potential

Econ. 

Impact

Environ. 

Impact

Cacoecimorpha 

pronubana

High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15)

Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Eutetranychus 

orientalis

Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Monilinia fructigena High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) Med (2) High (13)

Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (14)

Thrips major High (3) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (14)

a

Low is 5-8 points, Medium is 9-12 points, and High is 13-15 points

Table 5. Organisms intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry, and no. of individuals of different stages 

found (if applicable), from 1984 to 2008 on any commodity and from different countries.

Organism Interceptions 

(no.)

Individuals found (no.)

Immatures Pupae Adults Eggs

Cacoecimorpha pronubana 386 476 4 11

Chrysodeixis chalcites 271 285 20 18

Eutetranychus orientalis 2

Monilinia fructigena 192

Spodoptera littoralis 116 188 5 2

Thrips major 2522 563 615 7,676
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 31

2.7. Likelihood of Introduction

We rated each pest for the Likelihood of Introduction based on two separate components. First, 

we estimated the amount of commodity likely to be imported (sub-element #1). Secondly, we 

estimated pest opportunity using five biological features (sub-elements #2-6). Details of the 

rating criteria are explained in PPQ (2000). We summarized our ratings and the overall value for 

the Likelihood of Introduction below (Table 6).

2.7.1. Quantity of Commodity Imported Annually 

Volume imported is assessed in terms of the number of 40-foot long sea shipping containers 

expected (approximately 18,143 kg, or 40,000 pounds) (FAS, 2008). In Jordan in 2007, 

strawberries were cultivated on roughly 60 ha (148.3 acres) and yielded 1200 tons of fruit (AbuEl Samen, 2008). The Jordanian embassy (EHKJ, 2004) expects to export about 500 tons 

(1,102,311 lbs) of strawberries from Jordan to the continental United States per year. This may 

increase depending on the market demand and possible increases in cultivated area. This equals 

an annual imported volume of nearly 27 containers, which is Medium risk. 

2.7.2. Survive Post-Harvest Treatment

Fruit marketed as fresh fruit are harvested as mature or three-quarters mature fruit with the calyx 

(or cap) and short stem attached. The post-harvest process for Jordanian strawberries is as 

follows. The fruit are collected in “field boxes” and graded first in the field. Within one hour, 

fruits are moved in refrigerated trucks at approximately 0°C (32°F). to warehouses. The fruit is 

taken to the quality control room, where it is graded again and culled to remove unwanted fruit. 

Fruit are then placed in “exportation boxes” of different sizes depending on the destination 

requirements, but generally in containers of 250-400 g holding one layer of fruits. Boxes are 

filled in perforated cardboard cases and move to the precooling room (at 0oC) for 30-60 min 

(Abu-El Samen, 2008). They are then moved to cold rooms at 0-5°C (32-41°F) and stay there for 

1 to 2 days. Finally, fruits are moved in refrigerated trucks to the airport. All exports to Europe 

are sent via direct flights that take from 4-6 hours (Abu-El Samen, 2008). Jordan indicated that 

the phytosanitary measures used for the exportation of strawberries into the United States are 

exclusionary screening, crop scouting and trapping, insect growth regulators (novel pesticides), 

conventional pesticide application, and good ventilation (EHKJ, 2004). Based on this 

information, our considerations and ratings for the pests follow.

Lepidoptera. Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis 

larvae burrow into the flesh beneath the shelter of the calyx. Small neonate larvae may escape 

detection during normal post-harvest procedures. However, the presence of later instars on fruit 

would probably be detected due to the presence of frass and visible feeding damage (CABI, 

2007). Consequently, we rated the likelihood of survival for these pests as Medium.

External feeders. The mite, Eutetranychus orientalis, and the Thrips spp. are tiny external 

feeders that could be concealed beneath the calyx. The egg stages of these pests will be difficult 

to detect, and the calyx, sepals, and stem parts on the fruit would likely provide shelter. The postharvest information available for this commodity in Jordan does not include detailed practices to 

manage and mitigate these pests. Consequently, we rated E. orientalis and Thrips spp. High.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 32

Monilinia fructigena. Healthy fruit at harvest could be contaminated with M. fructigena spores, 

and decay may occur during storage and marketing (Byrde and Willets, 1977). Latent infections 

do not produce early symptoms of disease, and differentiating the fungus is not possible until the 

fruit begins to ripen (CABI, 2007). Some post-harvest treatments to reduce M. fructigena

development are described for different fruits (CABI, 2007), but Jordan did not include these 

practices. Thus, our risk rating for M. fructigena is High.

2.7.3. Shipment Survival

Pallets of cooled strawberries will be shipped from Jordan to the United States on 12-14 hour, 

non-stop flights (Abu-El Samen, 2008). In addition, pallets of cooled strawberries can be 

wrapped with plastic and carbon dioxide can be injected into the pallet. Carbon dioxide slows 

respiration and mold development and prolongs the shelf life of fruit. Given this, we do not 

expect shipping to significantly affect quarantine pests present in the shipment, either due to time 

or low temperatures. Interceptions of all pests (Table 5) corroborate this idea. Specifically, we do 

not expect that there would be mortality associated with shipping, nor would Lepidoptera larvae 

undergo significant changes in size or maturity. 

Monilinia fructigena growth is reduced at temperatures of 5oC or less, but this by itself does not 

eliminate the pathogen (CABI, 2007).

Thus, our rating for all pests for this sub-element is High.

2.7.4. Undetected at Port-of-Entry

Estimating the probability that these pests will not be detected at the port-of-entry involves the 

consideration of pest size, mobility, and degree of concealment. 

E. orientalis and Thrips major) are minute external feeders, which could be concealed beneath 

the calyx or in packing materials. They may escape detection at low population densities or in 

the egg stage despite color differences. Because of this, we rated the risk of not detecting E. 

orientalis, and Thrips spp. as High.

Although the Lepidoptera are internal feeders, the later instars are large and feeding damage 

would be relatively easy to detect during normal inspection procedures. Interception data 

corroborates this (Table 5). Thus, for this sub-element we rated the risk for Cacoecimorpha 

pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis as Low.

Commodities infected with M. fructigena have been intercepted, but latent infections are difficult 

to detect (Luo et al., 2001). Thus, we rated the risk of not detecting this pathogen to be High.

2.7.5. Imported or Moved to Area with Environmental Suitability for Survival

Strawberries are the fifth most consumed fresh fruit in the United States (Boriss et al., 2006). We 

assume that the demand for strawberries is proportional to the size of the consumer population in 

potential markets, and that imports might be concentrated in certain regions of the United States, 

not all of which may be conducive to pest survival. Imported strawberries from Jordan are likely 

to be sold in most states of the continental United States; except California and Florida where 

strawberries have a surplus production that allow its net exportation (Garret, 2008). Even after 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 33

accounting for this, the relatively wide distributions of the pests here (at least Zones 8-11) still 

meant the population in the other states was 35 percent or more of the total. Thus, for all pests 

we rated the risk of being moved to suitable areas as High.

2.7.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction

Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis are all mobile as 

larvae (CABI, 2007), and could reach new hosts when discarded in compost piles or elsewhere. 

Their larvae can develop successfully on numerous species, and adult females will oviposit on 

numerous plants species (Meijerman and Ulenberg, 2004; Zhang, 1994). These Lepidoptera can 

also fly to search for hosts (Spitzer and Jaros, 2004; Vajgand et al., 2004; CABI, 2007; EPPO 

and CABI, 1997). We rated the risk of these Lepidoptera pests contacting host material suitable 

for reproduction as High.

The mite Eutetranychus orientalis has a wide host range (CABI, 2007). However, this pest 

attacks citrus, cotton, bananas, guavas, and other crops of warmer climates with limited in 

distribution in the United States (NRCS, 2008). Thus, these hosts are less likely to be 

encountered and colonized within the pest’s potential range (PERAL, 2008). We rated the risk 

for this mite as Medium.

The Thrips spp. have a wide host range of temperate fruits, including citrus (see above). Most of 

these hosts are harvested or wild distributed in the continental United States (NRCS, 2008). Pests 

on discarded fruit could survive and come in contact with hosts available. Consequently, we 

rated thrips High.

Monilinia fructigena infects multiple plant species, most of which are present in the continental 

United States (CABI, 2007; NRCS, 2008). Spores disperse long-distances by air, insects, 

infected tissues, and in water (CABI, 2007; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). Thus, this pathogen is 

likely to contact suitable hosts. We rated M. fructigena High for this sub-element.

Table 6. Risk ratings for Likelihood of Introduction. The rating for “Quantity Imported 

Annually,” was Medium for all pests, while the ratings for “Survive shipment,” and “Moved to 

suitable habitat” were High for all pests.a

Pest Risk sub-elements Cumulative 

risk ratingsb

Survive postharvest treatmentNot detected at 

port-of-entry

Contact host 

material

Cacoecimorpha pronubana Med (2) Low (1) High (3) Medium (14)

Chrysodeixis chalcites Med (2) Low (1) High (3) Medium (14)

Eutetranychus orientalis High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (16)

Monilinia fructigena High (3) High (3) High (3) High (17)

Spodoptera littoralis Med (2) Low (1) High (3) Medium (14)

Thrips major High (3) High (3) High (3) High (17)

a

These ratings add a total of 8 pts (= 2 + 3 + 3) to the total of the other columns

b

Low = 6-9, Medium = 10-14, High = 15-18 points.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 34

2.8. Pest Risk Potential and Conclusion

The sums of the cumulative ratings for the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of 

Introduction indicate that all species have High or Medium Pest Risk Potentials (Table 7). The 

PPQ Guidelines state that a High pest risk potential means that specific phytosanitary measures 

are strongly recommended and that port-of-entry inspection is not considered sufficient to 

provide phytosanitary security. The choice of appropriate measures to mitigate risk is undertaken 

as part of risk management and is not addressed in this document.

Table 7. Pest risk potentials.

Pest Consequences of 

Introduction 

Likelihood of 

Introduction 

Pest Risk Potentiala

Cacoecimorpha pronubana High (15) Medium (14) High (29)

Chrysodeixis chalcites High (14) Medium (14) High (28)

Eutetranychus orientalis High (14) High (16) High (30)

Monilinia fructigena High (13) High (17) High (30)

Spodoptera littoralis High (14) Medium (14) High (28)

Thrips major High (14) High (17) High (31)

a

Low: 11 - 18 points, Medium: 19 - 26 points, High: 27 - 33 points

3. Authors and Reviewers

3.1. Authors

USDA-APHIS-CPHST Colombia

N. Arciniegas, Risk Analyst

O. P. Parfait, Risk Analyst

E. Florez, Risk Analyst

3.2. Reviewers

USDA-APHIS-CPHST-PERAL

C. Devorshak, Entomologist

L. M. Ferguson, Plant Pathologist

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Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 35

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5. Appendices

Appendix A. Risk management options for importation of fresh strawberry (Fragaria spp.) 

from Jordan into the continental United States.

The quarantine significant pests that are present in Jordan strawberries and follow the pathway

were identified by structuring a database with phytosanitary information from Jordan that was 

compiled in research institutes, searching worldwide scientific literature, previous APHIS 

commodity risk assessments, U.S. port interception records, and additional information provided 

by the exporting country.

Even if the commodity is subject to port-of-entry inspections, the quarantine pests discussed in 

this assessment will require additional mitigation measures. The pests are the internal feeders 

Cacoecimorpha pronubana, Chrysodeixis chalcites, and Spodoptera littoralis; the external pests 

Eutetranychus orientalis, Thrips major; and the pathogen Monilinia fructigena. We gave these 

pests High Pest Risk Potentials.

Pest risk management is the decision-making process of reducing the risk of introduction of a 

quarantine pest (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #11). The appropriate level of protection for an importing 

country can be achieved by the application of a single phytosanitary measure, such as inspection 

or quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures. If no single measure is likely to reduce 

pest risk to an acceptable level, then a combination of measures may be needed. The 

combination of specific phytosanitary measures that provides overlapping or redundant 

safeguards is called a “systems approach.” Systems approaches vary in complexity; however, all 

require the integration of two or more measures that act independently of each other, with the 

cumulative effect of achieving the desired level of phytosanitary protection (IPPC, 2007: ISPM 

#14). Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) uses systems approaches for the importation of 

many commodities; including Unshu oranges from Japan (7 CFR § 319.28, 2008); tomatoes 

from Central America, Chile, Spain, France, Morocco, and Western Sahara (7 CFR § 319.56-28, 

2008); and peppers from Israel (7 CFR § 319.56-24, 2008). These programs have performed 

successfully for many years.

Specific mitigations may be selected from a range of pre-harvest and post-harvest options, and 

may include other safeguarding measures. Measures may be added, or the strength of measures 

increased, to compensate for uncertainty. At a minimum, for a measure to be considered for use 

in a systems approach, it must be: 1) clearly defined, 2) efficacious, 3) officially required 

(mandated), and 4) subject to monitoring and control by the responsible national plant protection 

organization (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #14).

Below we present a list of mitigation options for these pests (Table A7). These options are based 

on current existing fruits and vegetables regulations (7 CFR § 319.56, 2008; PPQ, 2009) for 

approved strawberries Fragaria spp. and mitigation options specific to the quarantine pests of 

concern that could apply to strawberries.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 51

Table A7. Risk mitigation options for strawberries from Jordan.

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Pest-free areas or 

places of 

production

All These are viable alternatives to post-harvest 

processes and quarantine treatments (NAPPO, 

2004). They could be used as sole mitigation

measures, or as a component of a systems approach. 

They may meet the appropriate level of 

phytosanitary protection and should be in 

compliance with the international standards (IPPC, 

2007: ISPM #s 10 and 14).

Areas of low pest 

prevalence

All This may satisfy requirements for the appropriate 

level of protection alone, or in combination with 

other measures (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #22). Practices 

need to comply with the international standards 

(IPPC, 2007: ISPM #29). The proposed work plan 

should include trapping or sampling (monitoring) to 

demonstrate efficacy. Additional measures may be 

required to reach appropriate level of protection.

Control measures 

at production site: 

including 

inspections and 

monitoring

All A combination of field level controls (insecticidal 

sprays, natural enemies, trapping, sanitation, 

resistant plants, etc.) followed by inspection, sorting, 

and culling at the packinghouse should reduce the 

presence of quarantine pests. Field control of 

quarantine pests could help meet requirements for

areas of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2007: ISPM 

#10). 

Field surveys should be conducted at regular 

intervals during the growing season to determine the 

presence or absence of pests. In the case of internal 

feeding insects, fruit sampling should include fruit 

cutting.

Visual inspection at the port-of-entry for these pests 

is a part of the regular inspection measures but 

additional mitigation alternatives are necessary

(IPPC, 2007: ISPM#23).

Irradiationa Cacoecimorpha 

pronubana

Chrysodeixis 

chalcites

Spodoptera littoralis

Thrips major

Practices should be in compliance with the 

international standards (IPPC, 2007: ISPM # 18). 

Approved for plant pests of the class Insecta, except 

pupae and adults of the order Lepidoptera (400 

Gray) (PPQ, 2008b).

Monilinia fructigena Gamma irradiation on apples reduces rot caused by

M. fructigena (CABI, 2007). Research is needed to 

demonstrate efficacy for strawberries.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 52

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

Eutetranychus 

orientalis

This is approved for this pest in grapes from 

Romania, carambola from Taiwan, pear (Ya variety) 

and sand pear from China, and litchi from India (7 

CFR § 305.2, 2008). Research is required to 

determine efficacy of this treatment for this pest in 

strawberries.

Methyl Bromide 

Fumigation (T101)

Thrips major This is available for several fruits, including berries, 

to mitigate this pests. However, we found no 

information on its availability in strawberries (PPQ, 

2008b).

Methyl Bromide 

Fumigation at 

NAP-tarpaulin or 

chamber (T101-n2)

Spodoptera littoralis Lettuce from Spain (PPQ, 2008b), but we found no 

information on its availability for these pests in 

strawberries.

Methyl Bromide 

Fumigation at 

NAP-tarpaulin or 

chamber (T101-z2)

Thrips major On strawberries for external feeders (PPQ, 2008b).

Methyl Bromide 

Fumigation at 

NAP-tarpaulin or 

chamber (T104-a1)

Eutetranychus 

orientalis

Thrips major

Hitchhikers and surface pests such as thrips, aphids, 

scale insects, leafminers, spider mites, lygaeid bugs, 

ants, earwigs, surface feeding caterpillars and slugs. 

Temperatures used for strawberry are 10°C (50°F), 

maximum dosage (3 lb/1,000 ft3), and exposure 

period of 1.5 hours (PPQ, 2008b).

Integrated control 

program and 

monitoring

All Research is required to demonstrate efficacy.

Systems Approach All (including fungi) This includes at least two or more of the abovementioned practices (IPPC, 2007: ISPM #14). This 

measure, which is a combination of mitigation 

alternatives, meets the appropriate level of 

phytosanitary protection and confidence when 

supporting evidence is available.

Point-of-entry

sampling and 

inspection 

including fruit 

cuttings 

All Should be used in combination with field 

management of pests. 

Fruit cutting is necessary to detect internal feeders: 

C. chalcites, C. pronubana S. littoralis

Approved 

Procedures

Monilinia fructigena Research is required to develop effective procedures 

to mitigate this pathogen in strawberries. This 

pathogen is included as a target pathogen to be 

mitigated after following the import requirements 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 53

Measure(s) Pests Efficacy

for fragrant pear from China based on 7 CFR § 

319.56-39 (2008) and an operational work plan. The 

requirements are:

● A phytosanitary certificate issued by Entry-Exit 

Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s 

Republic of China with the additional declaration, 

"All fruit in this shipment complies with the 

APHIS-AQSIQ (General Administration of 

Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine) 

work plan for the exportation of fragrant pears 

(Pyrus sp. nr. communis) from the People’s 

Republic of China." 

● Cartons must bear a legible stamp that identifies 

each of the following: The fruit, the packinghouse 

name or number, and the orchard number.

● If quarantine significant pests are found, 

applicable treatment schedules apply. If no 

approved treatment schedule is available, the 

shipment must be destroyed or re-exported (PPQ, 

2008a).

a

The high level of security afforded by a quarantine treatment may be overwhelmed by a large 

volume of an infested commodity, as demonstrated in a fruit fly study by Powell (2003). For this 

reason, quarantine treatments should be used in conjunction with efforts to maintain pest 

populations in production zones below specified densities as would satisfy requirements for the 

establishment of areas of low pest prevalence (IPPC, 2005a).

This document does not establish specific work plans or evaluate the reliability of a specific 

program or systems approach; it provides information regarding known mitigation measures. The 

specification and implementation of measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, 

is beyond the scope of this document. A detailed examination and selection of appropriate 

phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential ratings is 

undertaken as part of the APHIS risk management phase. APHIS risk management programs are 

risk-based and dependent on the availability of appropriate mitigation methods. 
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 54

Appendix B. Countries with permitted entry of strawberries into the United States.

Table B1. Countries from which strawberries can enter the United States (PPQ, 2008a).

Albania France New Zealand

Antigua and Barbuda French Guiana Nicaragua

Argentina Georgia Norway

Armenia Germany Panama

Australia Greece Paraguay

Austria Grenada Peru

Azerbaijan Guadalupe Poland

Bahamas Guatemala Portugal

Barbados Guyana Romania

Belarus Haiti Russian Federation

Belgium Honduras Saint Kitts and Nevis

Belize Hungary Saint Lucia

Bermuda Ireland Saint Vincent and Grenadines

Bolivia Israel Serbia

Bosnia and Herzegovina Italy Slovakia

Brazil Jamaica Slovenia

Bulgaria Japan Spain

Cayman Islands Kazakhstan Sweden

Chile Korea Switzerland

Colombia Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Costa Rica Latvia Trinidad and Tobago

Croatia Lithuania Turkey

Czech Republic Macedonia Turkmenistan

Denmark Martinique Ukraine

Dominica Mexico United Kingdom

Dominican Republic Moldova Uruguay

Ecuador Montenegro Uzbekistan

El Salvador Montserrat Venezuela

Estonia Morocco

Finland Netherland
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 55

Appendix C. Decision sheets for Fragaria spp.

Table C1. Decision sheets for entry of strawberries into the United States (CPHST, 2008). The 

symbol “—” indicates data were not available or legible, and entries where the decision was 

unclear were not listed.

Year Country Decision Ports-of-entry 

(region)a

Reasons/Conditions

1924 Mexico Approved —

1926 Holland Approved —

1928 Peru Disapproved —

1932 Ecuador Approved N, S

1932 Mexico Approved SAG

1939 England Approved NA Subject to inspection

1940 Japan Approved All

1942 Mexico Approved All

1946 France Approved —

1947 b Argentina Approved NA Accepted from Miami

1947 Jamaica Approved NA

1947 South 

America

Approved —

1948 Australia Approved — T&E movement to Canada via 

Honolulu, San Francisco, and NP ports, 

subject to usual certification and 

marking requirements for Australian 

fruit

1948 New Zealand Approved All

1949 New Zealand Approved —

1950 Belgium Approved NY

1950 France Approved All

1950 Italy Approved NY

1950 Switzerland Approved NY

1951 Europe Approved All

1951 Haiti, Central 

and South 

America, and 

West Indies

Approved —

1951 Scotland Approved All

1967, 

1968

Israel Approved All Requires certification that strawberries 

were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite

1969 Australia Disapproved — Risk of introducing red-legged earth 

mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 56

Year Country Decision Ports-of-entry 

(region)a

Reasons/Conditions

1970 b Australia Disapproved Guam a. No approved treatment if infested 

with mites.

b. No approved treatment available if 

strawberries found infested with mites 

for arrival in Guam.

1971 Australia 

(Queensland 

only)

Approved All Requires certification that strawberries 

were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite

1973, 

1974

Australia 

(Tasmania)

Approved All Requires certification that strawberries 

were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite

1982, 

1988

Morocco Approved All Commercial shipments only, subject to 

inspection. Treatment if pest found.

1986 b Ghana Disapproved All Lack of specific information on pests of 

strawberry in Ghana

1986 Zimbabwe Disapproved — Lack of available information on pests 

of strawberry in Zimbabwe

1988 b Korea Disapproved All A complex of insect pests for which 

there is no acceptable treatment

1991 French 

Guiana

Disapproved — Trapping of Dacus sp. in Guyana

1991 c Nicaragua Approved All Requires certification that strawberries 

were produced in an area free of redlegged earth mite

1992 b Korea Approved All a. Requires certification that 

strawberries were produced in an area 

free of red-legged earth mite.

b. From September 15 through May 31. 

Subject to inspection

1994 Guyana Disapproved — Trapping of Bactrocera sp. in Guyana

1994 Philippines Disapproved All No approved treatment

— c Chile Approved All

— Philippines Disapproved — No approved treatment

a

Ports-of-entry, or regions, are: All, NA = North Atlantic, NY = New York, NP = North Pacific, 

S =South, SA = South Atlantic, SAG = South Atlantic & Gulf, and SP = South Pacific.

b

This entry combines information from two separate sheets to make a complete record.

c Another entry exists for this year and country, but the information in that entry was either the 

same or unclear.
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 57

Appendix D. Pest interceptions on Fragaria sp., F. ananassa, F. chiloensis, and F. vesca

entering the United States 

Table D1. Pest interceptions on Fragaria spp. from 1985 to 2008 (PestID, 2009).

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Acaridae, species of Italy, New Zealand 4 Baggage

Acrididae, species of Chile 1 Permit cargo

Agallia sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo

Agriolimacidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Agriolimax reticulatus New Zealand, Romania 5 Baggage, General cargo

Agriolimax sp. Poland 1 Baggage

Agromyzidae, species of Guatemala 1 Permit cargo

Agrotis sp. Chile, Ecuador 3 Permit cargo

Agrypnus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Aleyrodes lonicerae Czech Republic, Italy 2 Baggage, Permit cargo

Aleyrodidae, species of Mexico, New Zealand, 

Philippines

3 Baggage, Permit cargo

Allantus sp. Polland 1 Baggage

Alternaria sp. Canada, China 2 Baggage, Permit cargo

Amorbia sp. Costa Rica, Mexico 6 Baggage, Permit cargo

Amphideritus sp. Ecuador 1 Permit cargo

Anchonus sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Anystidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Aphididae, species of Argentina, Australia, 

Colombia, Costa Rica, El 

Salvador, Mexico, The 

Netherlands, New Zealand, 

Russia, Unknown

56 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Aphodiinae, species of Australia 1 Permit cargo

Arctiidae, species of Unknown 1 Baggage

Arhyssus sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Aspidiotus sp. Fiji 1 Permit cargo

Aulacorthum solani New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Blaptinus sp. Guatemala, Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Cecidomyiidae, species of Russia 1 Baggage

Ceratitis capitata Hungary 1 Baggage

Cercospora sp. Sweden 1 Baggage

Chaetosiphon fragaefolii Argentina, Australia, New 

Zealand

4 Permit cargo

Chaetosiphon sp. New Zealand 7 Permit cargo

Chaetosiphon thomasi New Zealand 18 Permit cargo

Chironomidae, species of Australia 1 Baggage

Chrysomelidae, species of New Zealand, Unknown 6 Baggage, Permit cargo

Chrysomelinae, species of New Zealand 1 General cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 58

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Cicadellidae, species of Australia, Chile, Germany 4 Baggage, Permit cargo

Cladosporium sp. China 1 Baggage

Coccidae, species of France 1 Stores

Coleoptera, species of Colombia 1 Permit cargo

Colletotrichum acutatum New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Conoderus exsul New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Conoderus sp. New Zealand 1 Baggage

Conotrachelus sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Copitarsia sp. Argentina, Chile, Colombia, 

Costa Rica, Guatemala

13 Permit cargo

Cornu aspersum New Zealand 5 Permit cargo

Corticariidae, species of Australia 1 Permit cargo

Corylophidae, species of The Netherlands 1 Permit cargo

Corythucha ciliata United States of America 1 Permit cargo

Corythucha unifasciata Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Cossoninae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Cryptorhynchinae, species 

of

New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Ctenopseustis obliquana New Zealand 5 Permit cargo

Curculionidae, species of Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Ecuador, Latvia, New Zealand

11 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Delochilocoris caliginosus Guatemala 1 Permit cargo

Deroceras laeve New Zealand 5 Permit cargo

Deroceras panormitanum Australia 1 Permit cargo

Deroceras sp. New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Drosophilidae, species of China, Japan 2 Baggage, Permit cargo

Elateridae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Eotetranychus sp. Israel 1 Permit cargo

Epiphyas postvittana Australia, New Zealand 35 Permit cargo

Epiphyas sp. New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Epitragus sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo

Eumolpinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Eupodidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Frankliniella cestrum Chile 7 Permit cargo

Frankliniella intonsa Japan 1 Permit cargo

Frankliniella occidentalis Australia, New Zealand 7 Permit cargo

Frankliniella panamensis Ecuador 1 Permit cargo

Frankliniella schultzei Argentina, Bolivia 2 Permit cargo

Frankliniella sp. Argentina, Australia, Chile, 

Colombia, Ecuador, 

Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, 

Unknown, Venezuela

25 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo, Stores

Galgupha albipennis Chile 1 Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 59

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Geometridae, species of Mexico, New Zealand 5 Permit cargo

Gryllus sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Gymnetron sp. New Zealand 4 Baggage

Haplothrips aculeatus Russia 1 Baggage

Helicotylenchus 

rotundicauda

Argentina 1 Baggage

Helicoverpa armigera New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Helicoverpa punctigera Australia 1 Permit cargo

Helicoverpa sp. Australia, Chile, New Zealand 27 Baggage, Permit cargo

Heliothis sp. New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Hemiptera, species of France 1 Baggage

Heteroptera, species of Australia, New Zealand 3 Baggage, Permit cargo

Hoplia sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Lagriinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Lepidoptera, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Liorhyssus sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo

Listroderes sp. Chile 1 Permit cargo

Listronotus bonariensis New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Lithraeus egenus Chile 1 Permit cargo

Lycaenidae, species of Mexico 1 Baggage

Lygaeidae, species of Chile, Japan, New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Lygaeoidea, species of Costa Rica, Ecuador, 

Guatemala, New Zealand, Peru

10 Permit cargo

Macrosiphum sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Microtheca sp. Argentina 1 Permit cargo

Miridae, species of Australia, Ecuador, Mexico 5 Baggage, Permit cargo

Mollusca, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Mordellidae, species of Italy 1 Baggage

Mycosphaerella fragariae Poland 1 Baggage

Mycosphaerella sp. Poland 1 Baggage

Neopamera sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Noctuidae, species of Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, 

Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, 

Ecuador, Guatemala, Lebanon, 

Mexico, New Zealand, 

Venezuela

74 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Nodonota sp. Venezuela 1 Permit cargo

Nyssius sp. Argentina, Australia, Chile, 

Ecuador, Mexico, New 

Zealand, Peru

24 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Oecophoridae, species of Chile 1 Permit cargo

Olethreutinae, species of New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Pentatomidae, species of Argentina, Australia, Mexico, 13 Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 60

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

New Zealand

Pentatomoidea, species of Chile, New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Pheidole sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo

Pityophthorus sp. Mexico 2 Permit cargo

Planococcus citri United States of America 1 Permit cargo

Planotortrix excessana New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Platynota sp. Mexico, Panama, Venezuela 3 Baggage, Permit cargo

Prietocella barbara Australia 1 Permit cargo

Proba sp. Costa Rica 1 Mail

Protorthodes sp. Colombia 1 Permit cargo

Prytanes sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Pseudococcidae, species of Australia, New Zealand, 

Poland

6 Baggage, Permit cargo

Pseudococcus calceolariae New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Pseudopachybrachius 

basalis

New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Pseudopamera sp. Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Psyllidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Psylliodes sp. Guatemala 1 Permit cargo

Pupisoma orcula Philippines 1 Baggage

Pyraustinae, species of New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Ramularia brunnea Slovakia 1 Baggage

Ramularia sp. Ecuador 1 Permit cargo

Ramularia tulasnei Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Rhyparochromidae, 

species of

Australia 2 Permit cargo

Rotylenchus fallorobustus Poland 1 Baggage

Sciaridae, species of The Netherlands, New Zealand 2 Permit cargo

Scolopostethus affinis Soviet Union 1 Baggage

Scolopostethus decoratus Germany 1 Baggage

Scolytidae, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Scolytinae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Scythrididae, species of Chile 1 Permit cargo

Sitona sp. Australia, New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Sitophilus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Sminthuridae, species of Russia 1 Baggage

Sonchus arvensis Australia 1 Permit cargo

Sonchus asper New Zealand 3 Baggage

Sonchus oleraceus Australia, New Zealand 12 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Sparganothis sp. Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Spodoptera exigua New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Spodoptera frugiperda Mexico 1 Permit cargo
Pest Risk Assessment for Strawberries from Jordan

Rev. 03 March 8, 2010 61

Pest Origin Interceptions 

(no.)

Where found

Spodoptera sp. Japan, Peru, Spain 3 Baggage, Permit cargo

Stegobium paniceum New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Syrphidae, species of Guatemala 1 Permit cargo

Tapinoma 

melanocephalum

Bahamas 1 Stores

Tarsonemidae, species of Canada 1 Permit cargo

Tarsonemus sp. Belgium, Russia, Unknown 3 Baggage, Stores

Tetranychus ludeni New Zealand 3 Permit cargo

Tetranychus sp. Australia, Ecuador, Mexico, 

New Zealand, Poland, 

Thailand

12 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Thripidae, species of Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, 

New Zealand, Poland

14 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Thrips major Denmark 1 Stores

Thrips obscuratus New Zealand 42 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Thrips sp. Hawaii 1 Mail

Thrips tabaci New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Thyreocorinae, species of Costa Rica 1 Permit cargo

Thysanoptera, species of Mexico 1 Permit cargo

Tineidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Tipula sp. Russia 1 Baggage

Tomicus minor New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Tortricidae, species of Australia, Costa Rica, 

Germany, Guatemala, Mexico, 

New Zealand, Venezuela

56 Baggage, Permit cargo

Tortricinae, species of Argentina, Australia, Chile, 

Costa Rica, Mexico, New 

Zealand, Venezuela

33 Baggage, General cargo, 

Permit cargo

Tydeidae, species of New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Tydeus sp. Italy 1 Baggage

Tyrophagus sp. New Zealand 1 Permit cargo

Vallonia excentrica Switzerland 1 Permit cargo