UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

REGION 4 

ATLANTA FEDERAL CENTER 

61 FORSYTH STREET 

"'% ,oRO~cG.(I' ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30303-8960 

JAM 1 7 ;?008 

Joseph Kahn, Director, 

Division of Air Resource Management 

Florida Department of 

Environmental Protection 

2600 Blair Stone Road 

Tallahassee, Florida 32399-2400 

Dear Mr. Kahn: 

Thank you for your January 3,2008, letter and the January 11,2008, e-mail concerning 

the application of the new Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments 

(IMPROVE) equation. The January 11,2008, e-mail provided additional documentation to 

implement the new equation. You requested the use of this new methodology to estimate 

visibility impacts from Florida facilities to implement the Best Available Retrofit Technology 

(BART) requirement of the Regional Haze Rule. 

The new methodology uses a spreadsheet developed by the Visibility Lmprovement - 

State and Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS) Regional Planning Organization to postprocess the visibility modeling output from the CALPUFF and CALPOST models. The 

spreadsheet implements the new IMPROVE equation that was adopted by the IMPROVE 

Steering Committee in December 2005. EPA Region 4 has previously commented that the new 

methodology is an alternative modeling approach that must meet the requirements in Section 3.2 

of Appendix W, Guideline on Air Quality Models, contained in title 40 Code of Federal 

Regulations Part 5 1. 

We have reviewed the documentation supporting use of the new methodology that was 

provided in your letter and e-mail. This documentation included: the rationale explaining the 

need to use the new IMPROVE equation; a discussion of the performance of the new equation 

versus measured values; and submittal of the modified post-processing methodology. Based on 

the demonstration provided in your documentation, we approve your request. 

We appreciate your desire to protect and preserve the environment. If we may be of 

Wher assistance, please feel free to contact Beverly Banister of my staff at (404) 562-9326. 

Sincerely, A 

\\_/ J. I. Palmer, Jr. 

Regional Administrator 

Internet Address IURL) http Iiwww epa gov 

RecycledlRecyclable Pi~nted wlth Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Pap% ihhn~rnm 'W? Postcors~~rner) 
Florida Department of Charl~e Crist 

Governor 

Environmental Protection Jeff Kottkamp 

Bob Martinez Center I t. (ioveruor 

2600 Blair Stone Road 

Tallahassee, Florida 32399-2400 Michael W. Sole 

Secretary 

Mr. J. I. Palmer, Regional Administrator 

U.S. EPA Region 4 

Atlanta Federal Center 

6 1 Forsyth Street, SW 

Atlanta, Georgia 30303-8909 

January 3,2008 

CJ r i

Subject: Request for Approval to Use New IMPROVE Equation for BART Modeling -7 -. - 

Dear Mr. Palmer, w -J 

The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has been working with Visibility 

Improvement States and Tribal Association of the Southeast (VISTAS) and U.S. EPA, Region 4 staff 

to implement the Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) requirements of the Regional Haze 

Rule. As part of this process, the need for a methodology to post-process CALPUFFICALPOST 

modeling data to implement the new IMPROVE equation was identified. VISTAS contracted with 

Dr. Ivar Tombach to develop such a methodology. The resulting spreadsheet and supporting 

information were submitted to EPA and the Federal Land Managers (FLM's) for review. EPA 

Region 4 staff commented that they consider this post-processing methodology a non-regulatory 

modeling application requiring compliance with section 3.2 of Appendix W, Part 5 1 : Guideline on 

Air Quality Models and that each state must obtain approval for its use &om the EPA Regional 

Administrator. In response to these comments and for the reasons discussed below, the following 

additional information is provided and formal approval of use of this alternative by the affected 

sources for BART exemption and demonstration modeling is requested. 

Rationale for Need for Use of New IMPROVE Equation 

The new IMPROVE equation has been shown to better represent the effects of particulate matter 

light extinction compared to the previous (old) equation, and has been developed using the latest 

scientific understanding and data. Specific improvements are outlined in Enclosure 1. With this 

combination of revisions to the IMPROVE equation, the resulting apportionment of extinction to 

various components is more accurate on the haziest and clearest days. This is important for 

development of emission control strategies since the benefits of control of concentrations of each 

species will be represented more correctly with the new equation. Further discussion of these 

reasons is discussed in Enclosure 1. 

All of the Florida Class I areas, and many of the BART-eligible sources, are along the coast. The 

ability to approximately represent the contribution of sea salt for these sources is important in 

determining their contribution to haze and evaluating the benefit of potential control strategies. U.S. 

EPA Region 4, the National Park Service, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined that 

adding site-specific data to account for the impact of sea salt and Rayleigh scattering to the old 
Mr. Palmer 

January 3,2008 

Page 2 

IMPROVE equation is not appropriate, but rather the entire new IMPROVE equation should be used. 

The spreadsheet developed by Dr. Tombach to implement the entire new IMPROVE equation for use 

with CALPUFF uses CALPOST output to calculate light extinction in accordance with the new 

IMPROVE equation. In their review of the spreadsheet and supporting documentation (see 

Enclosure 3), EPA Region 4 staff commented that the VISTAS methodology contained in the 

spreadsheet appropriately implements the new IMPROVE equation, with the exception of the 

nitrogen dioxide term. EPA Region 4 further stated that with the addition of their recommendation 

for addressing the NOz term, the VISTAS methodology to incorporate the new IMPROVE equation 

is acceptable on a case-by-case basis upon consultation with the EPA Regional Office. VISTAS, 

through Dr. Tombach, have revised the spreadsheet to include the NO2 term and Florida is 

implementing the spreadsheet by making the conservative assumption that all NOx is in the form of 

N02. 

Equation Performance Versus Measured Values 

A comparison of the old versus the new IMPROVE equation and nephelometer data at several Class 

I areas is included in Enclosure 1. The old IMPROVE equation tends to show a low bias on high 

extinction days. The new equation shows a better match on high extinction days with a slightly high 

bias. The correlation coefficients are often slightly lower for the new equation than the old equation 

because there is slightly more scatter at the low end of the equation. Nephelometer data are not 

available in the Florida Class I areas, however, performance of the equations for the coastal Cape 

Romain Class I area on the coast of South Carolina (see Enclosure 1) and the Okefenokee Class I 

area immediately adjacent to Florida (see Enclosure 2) presents some common geography to Florida. 

Again, we ask your approval for the use of the VISTAS methodology incorporating the new 

IMPROVE equation for Florida's BART-eligible sources. We believe that the improved science 

with the inclusion of important Florida-specific factors such as sea salt and elevation-corrected 

Rayleigh scattering provide ample rationale for use of the new IMPROVE equation for all BARTeligible sources in the state. If you or your staff has any questions regarding this matter, please 

contact Tom Rogers of my staff at (850) 921-9554 or e-mail at Tom.Rogersi@de~.state.fl.us . Thank 

you for consideration of issue. 

Sincerely, 

ivision of Air Resource Management 

Enclosures 

Cc: Dick Shutt, EPA Region 4 

Brenda Johnson, EPA Region 4 

Larry George, FDEP - DARM 
Why Use the New IMPROVE Algorithm? 

The new IMPROVE algorithm, which has been approved by the IMPROVE Steering 

Committee, is a much better representation of the effects of particulate matter on light 

extinction than the old IMPROVE algorithm. Excellent justification of this conclusion is 

provided in the November 2005 report of the IMPROVE Steering Committee, "Revised 

IMPROVE Algorithm for Estimating Light Extinction from Particle Speciation Data." 

The new algorithm incorporates changes that represent much of what has been learned 

about the relationship between particulate matter component concentrations and light 

extinction in the more than a decade since the old algorithm was developed. The main 

reasons that justify using the new algorithm instead of the old one are the following: 

1. The new algorithm overcomes the biases of the old algorithm on the haziest days 

(when the old algorithm underestimates light extinctionj and on the clearest days 

(when the old algorithm overestimates extinction). This improvement can be seen 

by comparing measured light extinction from nephelometers with light extinction 

calculated using either the original IMPROVE equation or the new IMPROVE 

equation. Figures 1,2, and 3 in this summery illustrate the performance of the 

new and old equations compared to nephelometer data for Great Smoky 

Mountains and Shenandoah National Parks and Cape Romain Wildlife Refuge. 

Additional examples are available in figures and the appendix of the IMPROVE 

report rcfereirced above and on the Air Resource Specialists ftp site (ftp://ftp.airresource.~omNISTAS/4c~Neph_Compare/.) 

2. The new algorithm recognizes that light extinction efficiencies vary from location 

to location and time to time as the size distribution of the aerosol changes, and it 

reflects this variation by increasing the extinction efficiency as the concentrations 

of sulfates, nitrates, and organics increase. It also recognizes that the humidityrelated growth rates of particles differ depending on their sizes. As a result, the 

new algorithm generally does a better job of representing light extinction at 

individual sites than does the old algorithm, as indicated by the reduced fractional 

biases in each RPO region shown in Tables 3 and 5 (versus Tables 2 and 4) from 

the report mentioned above and copied into this summary. 

3. The new algorithm recognizes research findings that show that fine sea salt can be 

an important contributor to light extinction in coastal areas, and thus includes a 

new term that reflects its contribution and its hygroscopic growth with increasing 

relative humidity. The old algorithm ignores sea salt, probably because it was 

originally developed mainly for inland Class I areas in the inter-mountain West 

(although incorporating sea salt into the calculation was already considered in a 

University of California at Davis memo in 1995). 
The new algorithm acknowledges that substantial recent research has shown that 

the mass concentration of particulate organic matter (often denoted by OMC in 

IMPROVE publications) in rural areas is a greater multiple of the measured OC 

concentration than the 1.4 value used in the old algorithm. The new algorithm 

updates the factor to a more-appropriate1.8. 

The new algorithm recognizes that there may be times (near urban areas or in 

some source emission plumes) when Iight absorption by NOz gas is a meaninghl 

contributor to light extinction, and thus includes a new term based on the NO2 

concentration. 

The new algorithm recognizes that the assumption of constant Rayleigh scattering 

of 10 ~m*' (representative of an elevation of about 5000 feet) may have been 

adequate when only inter-mountain West sites were considered, but is a distortion 

for sites close to sea level or with very hot or cold climates. It thus allows for sitespecific values of the Rayleigh scattering. 

At any given location, the net result of aII these changes is typically small on average 

because some changes result in increases in extinction and some in decreases, but the 

apportionment of that extinction to the various components is more accurate with the new 

algorithm, especially on the haziest and clearest days. This is particularly important for 

the development of emission management strategies, because the benefits of control of 

concentrations of each species will be represented more correctly with the new algorithm. 

Figure 1. Aerosol Scattering vs Nephelometer Scattering Comparing New and Old 

IMPROVE Algorithm and Daily f(RH), Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 1995- 

2004. 

- -- - 

New IMPROVE Old (MPROVE 
Figure 2. Aerosol Scattering vs Nephelometer Scattering Comparing New and Old 

IMPROVE Algorithm and Daily f(RH), Shenandoah National Park, 1996-2004. 

New IMPROVE Old IMPROVE 

Figure 3. Aerosol Scattering vs Nephelometer Scattering Comparing New and Old 

IMPROVE Algorithm and Daily f(RH), Cape Romain Wildlife Refuge, 2004. 

t.. 

New IMPROVE Old IMPROVE 
The Tables below were copied from the report "Revised IMPROVE Algorithm for 

Estimating Light Extinction from Particle Speciation Data" available from the VIEWS 

website. 

Table 2. Averaged fractional bias by RPO for the current IMPROVE algorithm 

with quintiles based on measured Light scattering (criterion 1). Bold font highlights 

the bias values that are lower than corresponding values in Table 3. 

RPO Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Average 

CEN 0.67 0.18 0.10 0.02 -0.11 0.17 

MANE 0.93 0.27 0.19 0.10 0.01 0.28 

VISTAS 0.59 0.21 0.1 1 0.02 -0.13 0.16 

WRAP 1 .07 0.37 0.18 0.07 -0.08 0.32 

Table 3. Averaged fractional bias by RPO for the current new proposed algorithm 

with quintiles based on measured tight scattering (criterion 1). Bold font highlights 

the bias values that are lower than corresponding values in Table 2. 

RPO Quintile I Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Average 

CEN 0.51 0.08 0.02 -0.03 -0.08 0.10 

MANE 0.74 0.14 0.06 0.01 -0.02 0.17 

VISTAS 0.50 0.16 0.1 1 0.06 -0.01 0.16 

WRAP 0.84 0.25 0.08 0.01 -0.10 0.21 

Table 4. Averaged fractional bias by RPO for the current IMPROVE algorithm 

with quintiles based on estimated light scattering (criterion 2). Bold font highlights 

the bias values that are lower than corresponding values in Table 5. 

RPO Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Average 

CEN 0.42 0.19 0.18 0.09 -0.01 0.17 

MANE 0.35 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.15 0.28 

VISTAS 0.38 0.19 0.14 0.08 0.01 0.16 

WRAP 0.58 0.37 0.26 0.25 0.15 0.32 

Table 5. Averaged fractional bias by RPO for the current new proposed algorithm 

with quintiles based on estimated light scattering (criterion 2). Bold font highlights 

the bias values that are lower than corresponding values in Table 4. 

RPO Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Average 

CEN 0.23 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.02 0.10 

MANE 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.17 

VISTAS 0.25 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.21 0.16 

WRAP 0.37 0.19 0.19 0.16 0.17 0.2 1 
Enclosure 2 

Comparison of New and Old IMPROVE Equations at Okefenokee Class I Area 

All Days 

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 

24-hr Nephelometer bsp (~m-') 

All Days 

.- 

y = 0.72~ + 18.46 

24-hr Nephelometer bsp (~m-') 
lvar Tombach, Ph. D. 

8mrn.m&%fl+ 

753 Grada Ave. 

Camarillo, CA 93010 

805 388-2341 

805 445-9424 fax 

itombach@aol.com 

Instructions: 

A Postprocessor for Recalculating CALPOST Visibility Outputs 

with the New IMPROVE Algorithm 

Version 2 

14 October 2006 

Introduction 

CALPOST can be used to processes outputs from CALPUFF modeling of a source's emissions 

to calculate the 24-hr average visibility impairments caused by primary and secondary particulate 

matter attributable to emissions fiom the modeled source. Those increments are presented in two 

tables, both labeled "Ranked Daily Visibility Change", in the CALPOST output (.LST) file. The 

table of interest to us has the subtitle "Modeled Extinction by Species" and lists the dates and 

locations of such incremental impacts in light extinction (beXt) in ranked order, starting with the 

one that represents the largest percentage change in light extinction.' 

In addition, with a different setup of the control file CALPOST.INP, the CALPOST 

postprocessor can be used to calculate 24-hr averages of NO, concentrations. As described 

below, the outputs fiom that additional CALPOST run can be used to assess the visibility impact 

of the NO2 gas in the source plume. 

Visibility effects due to particulate matter are calculated in CALPOST from CALPUFF-modeled 

particulate matter component concentrations using effectively the "traditional" IMPROVE 

algorithm. CALPOST allows for choice of the humidity scattering enhancement function (f(RH)) 

to be used with the IMPROVE algorithm; for modeling in connection with the US EPA's 

Regional Haze Regulations (RHR), the appropriate form of f(RH) is the one described and 

tabulated in the EPA's 2003 guidance for tracking progress under the RHR. Visibility effects due 

to NO2 are not considered in the CALPOST visibility calculation. 

Recently, the IMPROVE Steering Committee developed a new algorithm for estimating light 

extinction from particulate matter component concentrations. This algorithm (the "new 

IMPROVE algorithm") provides a better correspondence between the measured visibility and 

I The other table in the CALPOST visibility output file, with the subtitle "% of Modeled Extinction by 

Species", provides equivalent results in terms of changes in the haze index, in deciviews. The two tables 

represent the same results, with identical ranking of events, while just using different (but mathematically 

related) metrics. 
that calculated from particulate matter component concentrations. The new algorithm differs in 

several substantive ways from the traditional one: 

The extinction efficiencies of sulfates, nitrates, and organics have been changed and are 

now functions of their concentrations. The extinction efficiencies of sulfate and nitrate 

are no longer identical, although the new hygroscopic scattering enhancement factors 

applied to them are the same. 

The concentration of particulate organic matter (POM; variously also labeled OCM or 

OMC, and sometimes just called "organics") is now taken to be 1.8 times that of the 

measured organic carbon (OC) concentration. (Confusingly, CALPOST labels the 

organics concentration as OC.) 

The contribution of fine sea salt to light extinction has been added, and is accompanied 

by its own hygroscopic scattering enhancement factor, f,,(RH). 

The light scattering by air itself (Rayleigh scattering) now varies with site elevation and 

mean temperature. It is to be rounded off to the nearest one ~m-' when used with the 

new algorithm. 

The light absorption by NO2 gas has been added. 

The new IMPROVE algorithm is represented by the following formula:? 

bar = 2. 2fs(RH)*[small sulfate] + 4.8f~(RH) *[large sulfate] 

+2. 4fs(RH) *[small nitrate] + 5. I fL(RH)*[large nitrate] 

+2.8*[small organics] + 6. I *[large organics] 

+ 1 O*[elemental carbon] 

+ lofine soil] 

+ 1. 7fss(RH)*[sea salt] 

+O. 6*[coarse matter] 

+Rayleigh scattering (site spec@) 

+o. 33*[NO2(ppb)] 

The concentrations of "large" and "small" sulfate particles are calculated as follows: 

[large suIfate] = #otal surJnte]/20)*[total sulfate] if[total sulfate] < 20 ,ug3 

[large sulfate] = [total sulfate] if[total sulfate] 2 20 ,ugh3 (Eqs. 2) 

[small sulfate] = [total sulfate] - [large sulfate]. 

Identical formulas, with changes in component names, are used for nitrate and organics. In 

effect, these formulas conclude that low concentrations of these components are mainly in the 

form of "small" particles with their own extinction efficiency and fs(RH), while high 

Square brackets denote concentrations. 
concentrations (approaching 20 &m3) are mainly in the form of "large" particles with a 

different extinction efficiency and fL(RH). The scaling factor [total sulfate]/20 sets the fraction of 

total sulfate that is small. 

The sea salt concentration is taken to be 1.8*[Cl-] or, if chloride ion measurements are not 

available, the chlorine concentration can be used in its place. Site specific Rayleigh scattering 

values have been calculated for all IMPROVE sites.3 Nitrogen dioxide concentrations are not 

measured at IMPROVE sites, but the ambient NO2 concentrations under natural conditions can 

be expected to be negligibly small. The higher NO2 concentration in a source plume may be 

great enough to cause a change in visibility, however. 

In order to enable CALPOST to calculate CALPUFF-modeled source impacts on visibility using 

the new IMPROVE algorithm, it would have to be extensively reprogrammed. As an alternative, 

such a calculation could be done "off line" by adding another layer of post processing after 

CALPOST. To this end, I have developed a processor, in the form of an Excel workbook, that 

takes the CALPOST "Ranked Daily Visibility Change: Modeled Extinction by Species" output 

table, referenced against default annual average natural conditions concentrations, and creates an 

equivalent table of results based on the new algorithm. It can also incorporate the visibility 

impact due to light absorption by NO2 in the plume. 

The following describes the science behind the processor (which we'll call the CALPOSTIMPROVE Processor) and provides instructions for using it. 

Concepts 

In addition to the mechanical changes imposed by all the new terms in the new IMPROVE 

formula, applying the new algorithm also requires some conceptual changes. The biggest of 

these is that the extinction efficiencies of sulfates, nitrates, and organics now depend on the 

concentrations of those species. The practical implication of this is that extinction is no longer 

linearly additive. To calculate total extinction, you cannot take a background level of extinction 

and add to it CALPOST's calculation of extinction caused by the particulate matter coming from 

a source, because when the two aerosols mix in the atmosphere their combined mass 

concentration results in increases in the extinction efficiencies of both the background and the 

source contribution. This means that combining background particulate matter with the 

particulate matter from a source gives an extinction result that is greater than the sum of the two 

separate extinctions. 

With the nonlinear behavior resulting from applying the new IMPROVE algorithm, the 

extinction impact of the source (i.e., the increase in extinction resulting from introducing source 

emissions into the atmosphere) is the sum of three parts: 

I. The source impact calculated by the new IMPROVE algorithm using the CALPOST 

outputs for a plume in isolation; 

Revised IMPROVE Algorithm for estimating Light Extinction from Particle Speciation Data. Report to 

IMPROVE Steering Committee, November 2005. 
2. An increase in that source impact because the extinction efficiency increases when the 

source's aerosol combines with the background aerosol; and correspondingly, 

3. An increase in the extinction of the background aerosol because of that same mixing. 

The total new extinction is the sum of the above three components plus the original background 

extinction. The original background extinction is just that calculated by the new IMPROVE 

algorithm from background concentrations of the various components, without any consideration 

of the effects of the plume. For this application, the background is taken to be that described by 

EPA's default natural conditions. The difference between the total extinction and the background 

is the impact of the source. 

More details about the calculation are given in the appendix. 

Description of Processor 

The CALPOST-LMPROVE Processor is a Microsoft Excel workbook that consists of four 

worksheets. In Version 2 the worksheets are the following. 

1. Input & Output - The output table from CALPOST is imported to here and user entries 

are made for the Rayleigh scattering coefficient and, if desired, for a sea salt 

concentration at the Class I area of interest. The NO, concentration on each day 

attributable to the emissions from the source can also be entered together with an 

assumption of what fiaction of the NO, is in the form of NOz. A revised table, with 

extinction based on the new IMPROVE algorithm is then presented on the same page. 

This is the only page on which user input takes place, and the results of the calculations 

appear on this page. 

2. Calculations -- The calculations themselves are all done on this worksheet. There is no 

user input to this page. The variables are explained on the worksheet itself, so the user 

can find intermediate values if so inclined. 

3. F(RH) - This worksheet tabulates the traditional IMPROVE f(RH) against RH, and then 

also lists values for the three new humidity growth functions, fs(FUI), ~L(RH), and 

fss(RH). It serves as a lookup table for the "Calculations" worksheet. 

4. Rayleigh & Sea Salt - This page tabulates the IMPROVE-recommended Rayleigh 

scattering coefficients for all VISTAS Class I areas and for Class I areas in adjacent 

states. It also lists the average sea salt concentrations for the same locations, as tabulated 

on the VIEWS web site, based on chloride or chlorine measurements by IMPROVE 

monitors between 2000 and 2004. This sheet just provides information for the user; it is 

not linked to the rest of the workbook The user can obtain Rayleigh and sea salt numbers 

for the Class I area of interest fiom this table and then manually enter them in the 

designated spaces in worksheet 1. 
Instructions for Using the CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor 

These instructions apply to Version 2 of the processor. Version 2 includes the ability to calculate 

the light extinction effects of NO2 resulting from the source's emissions. 

Step 1. Begin by opening the output (.LST) file from a CALPOST visibility calculation run in a 

text editor or word processing program.4 In the second half of the file, locate the table "Ranked 

Daily Visibility Change" with the subheading "Modeled Extinction by species".' 

Step 2. Copy this table and paste it onto a new page. Save it as a text (.txt) file, not as a formatted 

(e.g., MS Word .doc or .rtf) file. The final table should contain only the column headings and the 

data. Delete all other captions, any additional data summaries at the end, and blank lines before 

or after the table. The processor can handle a maximum of 22 lines of data (i.e., the highest rank 

in the last, unlabeled, column should be 22) plus a row of column captions. Delete any data that 

exceed this limit. (Fewer than 22 lines of data are OK.) The result should look like the example 

in Figure 1, although the line wrapping may differ. 

Step 3. Open the CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor in Microsoft Excel. Save the open file under a 

new name so that the original empty processor will remain available for future use. The front 

worksheet, labeled "Input & Output" looks like Figure 2. There is a large empty box, surrounded 

by double lines, into which the table created above will be imported, as described be10w.~ On the 

right is a box into which NO, concentrations may be entered manually, and a small box below 

this box is provided for entry of the user's assumption of what fraction of that NO, is in the form 

of NOz. Two smaller boxes provide for user input of the Rayleigh scattering coefficient and, 

optionally, sea salt concentration for the Class I area, as described below. Results of the new 

IMPROVE algorithm calculations appear in blue in the lower half of the worksheet and some 

additional results, that are also useful for quality control, appear in green to the right of the large 

box. At the moment, many results cells will display nonsensical numbers and error messages, 

such as shown in Figure 2. 

Step 4. Select the upper left cell (A7) in the large box. On the Excel menu bar, go to Data>Get 

External Data and click on Import Text ~ile.' (If the large box is not empty, click on Edit Text 

Import instead.) Select the file that contains the table created in Step 2 and click on the Get Data 

button. Go through the Text Import Wizard steps, checking that all values appear correctly in 

separate columns. (The label "COORDINATES (km)" will be split over two columns; this is 

OK.) When everything appears in order, click Finish. 

4 The background concentrations that were entered into CALPOST must be the EPA-prescribed default 

annual average natural conditions concentrations for the East. The processor will not give correct answers 

if other concentrations were used in CALPOST. 

For future reference in Step 7, this may also be a good time to locate the table with the same title but 

with the subtitle "% of Modeled Extinction by Species", which appears later in the output file. 

6 If the workbook has already been used, the boxes may not be empty. This does not matter. " The exact wording may vary slightly between different versions of Microsoft Excel. The terminology 

used here is from Excel 2004 for Macintosh. 
YEAR DAY HR RECEPTOR COORDINATES (km) TYPE BEXT(Mode1) BEXT(BKG) 

BEXT(Tota1) $CHANGE F(RA) bxSO4 bxN03 bxOC bxEC bxPMC bxPMF 

Figure 1. Example of CALPOST Output Table, in Proper Format for Importing into the 

CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor. 

Step 5.* The "Import Data" window will appear, with cell A7 indicated as the location at which 

data will be entered. Click on the Properties button. In the window that appears, select 

"Overwrite existing cells with new data, clear unused cells" and uncheck "Adjust column 

width", then click on OK. Now click on the OK button in the "Import Data" window. 

Step 6. Assuming that your Excel application is set up to automatically recalculate whenever any 

entries are changed, you should now have filled the cells in the large box on the first worksheet, 

If the processor already had data in it and Edit Text Import was clicked in Step 4, then the "Import Data" 

window will not appear and Step 5 can be skipped. 

numbers should have appeared in the green columns to the right, and some numbers will 

have appeared in the output table in blue on the lower half of the worksheet. If the data 

import worked properly, none of the imported data should have spilled out of the large 

box. Check that all the column captions in bold outside the large box are now duplicated 

on the first line in the box. (There won't be a caption for Rank.) 

Step 7. As a further check on whether everything is correct so far, the dv information in 

the three columns to the right of the large box should be the same as that in the second 

CALPOST table "Ranked Daily Visibility Change: % of Modeled Extinction by 

Species", which was mentioned in Footnote 1. 

Step 8. Beneath the large box that was just filled with imported data, enter the Rayleigh 

scattering coefficient for the Class I area of interest into the top small box after red 

instruction 3. Also, if you wish, fill in the other small box, the one after red instruction 4, 

with the annual average sea salt concentration. (The sea salt box may be left blank, but 

the Rayleigh scattering coefficient box must be filled in.) To help with filling in these two 

boxes, the fourth worksheet, "Rayleigh & Sea Salt", provides IMPROVE-calculated 

values of the Rayleigh coefficients for Class I areas in the VISTAS region and in adjacent 

states. Also, average sea salt concentrations for 2000-2004, calculated in accordance with 

the new IMPROVE procedures, can be found there. 

Step 9.9 If the impact due to NO2 is to be considered, a second CALPOST run will be 

needed to provide the 24-hr average NOx concentrations estimated by CALPUFF. For 

this purpose, run CALPOST using the ASPEC = NOX option in Input Group 1 of the 

CALPOST.INP control file. The NOx values to insert in the NO, input box on the Input 

& Output page of the processor have to be extracted manually fiom the CALPOST output 

file for each date and receptor listed in the file that was imported in Steps 1 through 5 

above and are displayed in the left hand columns in the large box. 

Step 10. Select a value between 0 and 1 to represent what fi-action of NOx is in the form 

of NO2. Enter this value into the small box at red instruction 6 below the column where 

the NO, concentrations were entered.'' 

Step 11. The blue data table at the bottom of the page represents the new IMPROVE 

algorithm outputs. An example is shown in Figure 3. This table can be compared with the 

original CALPOST table at the top of the page. All of the columns in both tables show 

exactly the same variables, except that the F(RH) column in the top table is replaced by 

just the RH in the lower table (since the new procedure has three different f(RH) 

functions) and a new baNO2 column has been added to the bottom table to show the light 

absorption due to NO2 (in ~m-'). Although the events are listed in the same order in both 

tables, note that their rankings may have changed, as is the case for many of the lines in 

the blue output table in Figure 3. 

9 Steps 8 and 9 are optional. If the impact due to NO2 is not of interest, just leave the entry fields 

mentioned in these steps blank. 

10 An easy way to see the effect of the NO? on the source's impact in the output table in the lower 

half of the page is to toggle this NOJNO, value between the selected value and zero. 
For those who are interested in more detail concerning the calculations that take place, 

values of the three f(RH) functions appear in columns M through 0 on the second, 

"Calculations" spreadsheet. The extinction impact of the source, including enhancement 

of the extinction efficiencies for sulfates, nitrates, and organics because of greater total 

mass concentrations, appears in columns V through AC. Extinction due to the annual 

average natural background appears in Columns AJ through AN; natural background 

extinctions for those components that are enhanced by greater total mass concentrations 

appear in columns AU through AX. 

Appendix 

Details of Calculation Approach 

As an example of the calculation steps, assume that the sulfate concentration resulting 

from emissions from a source is [SE] and the sulfate in the undisturbed natural 

background is [SN], for a total ambient sulfate concentration of [ST]. According to 

Equations 1 and 2 in the main body of this document, the total extinction due to sulfate 

for this combination is 

bat(sulfate) = 2.2f~(RH)*[srnall sulfate]+ 4.8.fL(RH) *[large sulfate], (Eq. A-1) 

where 

[large sulfate?-] = [ST] if[S~] L 20 ,ug/m3 (Eqs. A-2) 

[small sulfate^] = [ST] - [large sulfate^], 

and the subscript T denotes total sulfate 

For the original background, where there is no source impact, the corresponding formulas 

for the terms in Equations A-2 are 

(Eqs. A-3) 

[small sulfateN] = [SN] - [large sulfateN], 

where the subscript N denotes natural sulfate. 

Similar calculations need to be carried out for nitrates. Contributions of the other 

particulate components are linear and can just be calculated according to Equation I. 

If the impact due to NO2 is also to be considered, then the source impact due to this 

component is, according to Equation 1, 

where EN021 is in ppb. It is reasonable to assume that the ambient NO2 concentrations 

under natural conditions would be so small as to cause negligible light absorption, so the 

corresponding term is not needed in the natural conditions calculation. 

The contributions due to the various components are summed together as in Equation 1 to 

obtain the total extinction bext,T and the natural background extinction bexfN. The 
fractional change in extinction is then calculated as the difference, normalized by the 

natural background extinction 

a result that can also be expressed in deciviews. 

These formulas are used in the CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor. Similar formulas apply 

for nitrates and organics. There is no nonlinearity in the remaining terms in Equation 1. 
"Rogers, Tom" To Brenda JohnsonlR4/USEPAIUS@EPA 

cTom.Rogers@dep.state.fl.us 

> CC 

01/11/2008 11:31 AM bcc 

Subject RE: Spreadsheet for new IMPROVE equation request 

Histiny: 43 This message has been replied to, 

Brenda, 

The spreadsheet is attached. It's the one that Dr. Ivar Tombach produced for VISTAS that 

includes the NO2 term. 

Let me know if you need anything else. 

Tom 

Tom Rogers 

Division of Air Resource Management 

Florida Department of Environmental Protection 

f850) 921-9554 

Please note: Florida has a very broad public records law. Most written communications to or from state officials 

regarding state business are public records available to the public and media upon request. Your e-mail 

communication may therefore be subject to public disclosure. 

The Department of Environmental Protection values your feedback as a customer. DEP Secretary 

Michael W. Sole is committed to continuously assessing and improving the level and quality of services 

provided to you. Please take a few minutes to comment on the quality of service you received. Simply 

click on this link to the DEP Customer Survey . Thank you in advance for completing the survey. 

From: Johnson.Brenda@epamail.epa.gov [mailto:Johnson.Brenda@epamail.epa.gov] 

Sent: Friday, January 11, 2008 1l:lO AM 

To: Rogers, Tom 

Subject: Spreadsheet for new IMPROVE equation request 

Hello Tom, I need you to send me a copy of the spreadsheet that is being used to implement 

the new IMPROVE equation in the Florida BART applications. This is a part of the 

documentation to support your January 3, 2008 letter to our Regional Administrator. 

Take care and have a great day! 

Brenda C. Johnson 

Air Planning Branch 

US EPA Region 4 

Atlanta. GA 
CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor for the East 

CALPOST Recalculation with New IMPROVE Algorithm 

............................ INPUT from CALPOST (based on old IMPROVE algorithm) ---------- 

I. At cell A7, Import "Ranked Dally V~sibility Change" (bext) table, including column 

head~ngs, from CALPOST (22 days, max) 

YEAR DAY HR RECEPTOR COORDINATES (km) TYPE BEXT(Mode1) BEXT(BKG BEXT(Tota1) %CHANGE F(RH) bxM4 bxNO3 bxOC bxEC bxPMC bxPMF Rank 

3. Enter value of site-specific Rayleigh scattermg coefficient, from "Rayleigh P Sea Salt" 

worksheet 

4. (Optional) Insert annual average sea salt concentratlon, from "Rayleigh & Sea Salt" 

wo*sheet. Leave blank it not used, 8.e. default is 0. I3 

.................................. OUTPUT (based on new IMPROVE algorithm) ------------------------. 

5. Check calcula

below agalnst C

"Ranked Daitv V

6. Enter deswed 

ratio (default is 

New 

YEAR DAY HR RECEPTOR COORDINATES (km) TYPE BEXT(Sourcc BEXT(BK6 BEXT(Tota1) %CHANG=@ b604 bpNO3 hOC bsEC bsPMC WMF baNO2 Rank dv(total) 

0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A +N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A#N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 

0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A PN/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 *N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 *N/A #N/A +N/A #N/A BN/A #N/A PN/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A PN/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A KN/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #NlA #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A *N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 tN/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A kNIA #N/A #N/A tN/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #NIA 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 

0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A tN/A #N/A #N/A +N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A aN/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 tN/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #NIA 

0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A ?N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 PNIA 0 00 0 0 0 0 BNIA #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A PNIA 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A tN/A #NJA PN/A #N/A #N/A KN/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #NIA 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A SN/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 PN/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A BNIA #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 ?NJA 

0 00 0 0 0 0 1NIA #N/A 8NIA kN/A #N/A #N/A dN/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #NIA 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A +N/A #N/A KN/A #N/A #N/A aN/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A RN/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 0 00 0 0 0 0 #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1 #N/A 
*- 

-.-0000000000000000000000 

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mmmmmmmmmmmmm 

mmmmmmmmmmmmm 
Old and New F(RH) Values 

Old 

F(RH) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1.02 

1.04 

1.06 

1 .08 

1.1 

1.13 

1.15 

1.18 

1.2 

1.23 

1.26 

1.28 

1.31 

New 

Fs(RH) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1.38 

1.4 

1.42 

1.44 

1.46 

1.48 

1.49 

1.51 

1.53 

1.55 

1.57 

1.59 

1.62 

New 

FI(RH) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1.31 

1.32 

1.34 

1.35 

1.36 

1.38 

1.39 

1.41 

1.42 

1.44 

1.45 

1.47 

1.49 

New 

Fss(RH) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2.36 

2.38 

2.42 

Salt concentratibnsfor Class I Areas of VISTAS and 

Nearby States * 

Class I Area 

VISTAS States 

Cape Romain W 

Chassahowitzka W 

Cohutta W 

Dolly Sods W 

Everglades NP 

Great Smoky Mtns. NP 

James River Face W. 

Linville Gorge 

Mammoth Cave NP 

Okefenokee W 

Otter Creek W 

St. Marks W. 

Shenandoah NP 

Shining Rock W 

Sipsey W 

Swanquarter W 

Wolf Island W. 

Wolf Island W.** 

Nearby States 

Breton W 

Brigantine W 

Caney Creek 

Hercules-Glades 

Mingo W 

Upper Buffalo W 

State 

SC 

FL 

G A 

wv 

FL 

TN 

VA 

NC 

KY 

GA 

WV 

FL 

VA 

NC 

AL 

NC 

GA 

GA 

LA 

NJ 

AR 

MO 

MO 

AR 

Sea Salt IMPROVE 

lJg/m3 Monitor 

Unknown 

0.22 

0.03 

0.04 

0.01 

0.03 

OKEFl 

ROMAl 

* Rayleigh scattering values for the relevant IMPROVE monitor are from the 

IMPROVE memo about the revised algorithm. Sea salt concentrations are 

averages for 2000-2004 based on data from the VIEWS web site. 

** Alternative values for Wolf Island based on Cape Romain measurements. 

Being at sea level and on the coast, Cape Romain values may be more 

representative of Rayleigh and sea salt conditions at Wolf island than those at 

Okefenokee, which is above sea level and far from the shore. 
Why Use the New IMPROVE Algorithm? 

The new IMPROVE algorithm, which has been approved by the IMPROVE Steering 

Committee, is a much better representation of the effects of particulate matter on light 

extinction than the old IMPROVE algorithm. Excellent justification of this conclusion is 

provided in the November 2005 report of the IMPROVE Steering Committee, "Revised 

IMPROVE Algorithm for Estimating Light Extinction from Particle Speciation Data" 

The new algorithm incorporates changes that represent much of what has been learned 

about the relationship between particulate matter component concentrations and light 

extinction in the more than a decade since the oId algorithm was developed. The main 

reasons that justify using the new algorithm instead of the old one are the following: 

1. The new algorithm overcomes the biases of the old algorithm on the haziest days 

(when the old algorithm underestimates light extirictionj and on the clearest days 

(when the old algorithm overestimates extinction). This improvement can be seen 

by comparing measured Iight extinction from nephelometers with light extinction 

calculated using either the original IMPROVE equation or the new IMPROVE 

equation. Figures 1,2, and 3 in this summary illustrate the performance of the 

new and old equations compared to nephelometer data for Great Smoky 

Mountains and Shenandoah National Parks and Cape Romain Wildlife Refuge. 

Additional examples are available in figures and the appendix of the IMPROVE 

report referenced above and on the Air Resource Specialists Rp site (ftp://fkp.airresource.comNISTAS/4c~Neph~Compare/.) 

2. The new algorithm recognizes that Iight extinction efficiencies vary from location 

to location and time to time as the size distribution of the aerosol changes, and it 

reflects this variation by increasing the extinction efficiency as the concentrations 

of sulfates, nitrates, and organics increase. It also recognizes that the humidityrelated growth rates of particles differ depending on their sizes. As a result, the 

new algorithm generally does a better job of representing light extinction at 

individual sites than does the old algorithm, as indicated by the reduced fractional 

biases in each RPO region shown in Tables 3 and 5 (versus Tables 2 and 4) from 

the report mentioned above and copied into this summary. 

3. The new algorithm recognizes research findings that show that fine sea salt can be 

an important contributor to light extinction in coastal areas, and thus includes a 

new term that reflects its contribution and its hygroscopic growth with increasing 

relative humidity. The old algorithm ignores sea salt, probably because it was 

originally developed mainly for inland Class I areas in the inter-mountain West 

(although incorporating sea salt into the calculation was already considered in a 

University of California at Davis memo in 1995). 
The new algorithm acknowledges that substantial recent research has shown that 

the mass concentration of particulate organic matter (often denoted by OMC in 

IMPROVE publications) in rural areas is a greater multiple of the measured OC 

concentration than the 1.4 value used in the old algorithm. The new algorithm 

updates the factor to a more-appropriate1.8. 

The new algorithm recognizes that there may be times (near urban areas or in 

some source emission plumes) when light absorption by NOz gas is a meaningful 

contributor to light extinction, and thus includes a new term based on the NO2 

concentration. 

The new algorithm recognizes that the assumption of constant Rayleigh scattering 

of 10 ~m" (representative of an elevation of about 5000 feet) may have been 

adequate when only inter-mountain West sites were considered, but is a distortion 

for sites close to sea level or with very hot or cold climates. It thus allows for sitespecific values of the Rayleigh scattering. 

At any given location, the net result of all these changes is typically small on average 

because some changes result in increases in extinction and some in decreases, but the 

apportionment of that extinction to the various components is more accurate with the new 

algorithm, especially on the haziest and clearest days. This is particularly important for 

the development of emission management strategies. because the benefits of control of 

concentrations of each species will be represented more correctly with the new algorithm. 

Figure I. Aerosol Scattering vs Nephelometer Scattering Comparing New and Old 

IMPROVE Algorithm and Daily f(RH), Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 1995- 

. .. - 

New IMPROVE Old IMPROVE 
Figure 2. Aerosol Scattering vs Nephelometer Scattering Comparing New and Old 

1MPROVE Algorithm and Daily f(RH), Shenandoah National Park, 1996-2004. 

New IMPROVE Old IMPROVE 

Figure 3. Aerosol Scattering vs Nephelometer Scattering Comparing New and Old 

IMPROVE Algorithm and Daily f(RH), Cape Romain Wildlife Refuge, 2004. 

New IMPROVE Old IMPROVE 
The Tables below were copied from the report "Revised IMPROVE Algorithm for 

Estimating Light Extinction from Particle Speciation Data" available from the VIEWS 

website. 

Table 2. Averaged fractional bias by RPO for the current IMPROVE algorithm 

with quintiles based on measured light scattering (criterion 1). Bold font highlights 

the bias values that are lower than corresponding values in Table 3. 

RF'O Quintiie 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Average 

CEN 0.67 0.18 0.10 0.02 -0.1 1 0.17 

MANE 0.93 0.27 0.19 0.10 0.01 0.28 

VISTAS 0.59 0.21 0.1 1 0.02 -0.13 0.16 

WRAP 1 .07 0.37 0.18 0.07 -0.08 0.32 

Table 3. Averaged fractional bias by RPO for the current new proposed algorithm 

with quintiles based on measured light scattering (criterion 1). Bold font highlights 

the bias values that are lower than corresponding values in Table 2. 

RPO Quintile I Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintiie 5 Average 

CEN 0.51 0.08 0.02 -0.03 -0.08 0.10 

MANE 0.74 0.14 0.06 0.01 -0.02 0.17 

VISTAS 0.50 0.16 0.1 1 0.06 -0.01 0.16 

WRAP 0.84 0.25 0.08 0.01 -0.10 0.21 

Table 4, Averaged fractional bias by RPO for the current IMPROVE algorithm 

with quintiles based on estimated light scattering (criterion 2). Bold font highlights 

the bias values that are lower than corresponding values in Table 5. 

RPO Quintile 1 Quintile Z Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Average 

CEN 0.42 0.19 0.1 8 0.09 -0.01 0.17 

MANE 0.35 0.27 0.30 0.33 0.15 0.28 

VISTAS 0.38 0.19 0.14 0.08 0.01 0.16 

WRAP 0.58 0.37 0.26 0.25 0.15 0.32 

Table 5. Averaged fractional bias by RPO for the current new proposed algorithm 

with quintiles based on estimated light scattering (criterion 2). Bold font highlights 

the bias values that are lower than corresponding values in Table 4, 

RPO Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5 Average 

CEN 0.23 0.1 1 0.08 0.06 0.02 0.10 

MANE 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.17 

VISTAS 0.25 0.14 0.08 0.13 0.21 0.16 

WRAP 0.37 0.19 0.19 0.16 0.17 0.31 
Ivar Tombach, Ph. D. 

8&rn>Wd %fldY 

753 Grada Ave. 

Camarilla, CA 9301 0 

805 388-2341 

805 445-9424 fa 

itombach@aol.com 

Instructions: 

A Postprocessor for Recalculating CALPOST Visibility Outputs 

with the New IMPROVE Algorithm 

Version 2 

14 October 2006 

Introduction 

CALPOST can be used to processes outputs from CALPUFF modeling of a source's emissions 

to calculate the 24-hr average visibility impairments caused by primary and secondary particulate 

matter attributable to emissions from the modeled source. Those increments are presented in two 

tables, both labeled "Ranked Daily Visibility Change", in the CALPOST output (.LST) file. The 

table of interest to us has the subtitle "Modeled Extinction by Species" and lists the dates and 

locations of such incremental impacts in light extinction (bext) in ranked order, starting with the 

one that represents the largest percentage change in light extinction.' 

In addition, with a different setup of the control file CALPOST.INP, the CALPOST 

postprocessor can be used to calculate 24-hr averages of NOx concentrations. As described 

below, the outputs from that additional CALPOST run can be used to assess the visibility impact 

of the NO2 gas in the source plume. 

Visibility effects due to particulate matter are calculated in CALPOST from CALPUFF-modeled 

particulate matter component concentrations using effectively the "traditional" IMPROVE 

algorithm. CALPOST allows for choice of the humidity scattering enhancement function (f(RH)) 

to be used with the IMPROVE algorithm; for modeling in connection with the US EPA's 

Regional Haze Regulations (RHR), the appropriate form of f(RH) is the one described and 

tabulated in the EPA's 2003 guidance for tracking progress under the RHR. Visibility effects due 

to NO2 are not considered in the CALPOST visibility calculation. 

Recently, the IMPROVE Steering Committee developed a new algorithm for estimating light 

extinction from particulate matter component concentrations. This algorithm (the "new 

IMPROVE algorithm) provides a better correspondence between the measured visibility and 

1 The other table in the CALPOST visibility output file, with the subtitle "% of Modeled Extinction by 

Species", provides equivalent results in terms of changes in the haze index, in deciviews. The two tables 

represent the same results, with identical ranking of events, while just using different (but mathematically 

related) metrics. 
that calculated from particulate matter component concentrations. The new algorithm differs in 

several substantive ways from the traditional one: 

The extinction efficiencies of sulfates, nitrates, and organics have been changed and are 

now functions of their concentrations. The extinction efficiencies of sulfate and nitrate 

are no longer identical, although the new hygroscopic scattering enhancement factors 

applied to them are the same. 

The concentration of particulate organic matter (POM; variously also labeled OCM or 

OMC, and sometimes just called "organics") is now taken to be 1.8 times that of the 

measured organic carbon (OC) concentration. (Confusingly, CALPOST labels the 

organics concentration as OC.) 

The contribution of fine sea salt to light extinction has been added, and is accompanied 

by its own hygroscopic scattering enhancement factor, f,,(RH). 

The light scattering by air itself (Rayleigh scattering) now varies with site elevation and 

mean temperature. It is to be rounded off to the nearest one ~m-' when used with the 

new algorithm. 

The light absorption by NO2 gas has been added. 

The new IMPROVE algorithm is represented by the following f~rmula:~ 

bar = 2.2fs(RH)*[small sulfate] + 4.8f~(RH)*[large sulfate] 

+2. 4fs(RH)*[smal nitrate] + 5. I .fL(RH)*[large nitrate] 

+2.8*[small organics] + 6. I *[large organics] 

+I O*[elemental carbon] 

+I *@ne soil] 

+I. 7.fs(RH)*[sea salt] 

+O. 6*[coarse matter] 

+Rayleigh scattering (site spec&) 

+0.33*[N02@pb)l 

The concentrations of "large" and "small" sulfate particles are calculated as follows: 

[large sulfate] = {[total sulfateJ/20]*[total sulfate] $[total sulfate] < 20 ,ug3 

[large sulfate] = [total sulfate] if[total sulfate] L 20 ,ugh3 (Eqs. 2) 

[small sulfate] = [total sulfate] - [large sulfate]. 

Identical formulas, with changes in component names, are used for nitrate and organics. In 

effect, these formulas conclude that low concentrations of these components are mainly in the 

form of "small" particles with their own extinction efficiency and fs(RH), while high 

2 Square brackets denote concentrations. 
concentrations (approaching 20 pg/m3) are mainly in the form of "large" particles with a 

different extinction efficiency and fL(RH). The scaling factor [total sulfate]/20 sets the fraction of 

total sulfate that is small. 

The sea salt concentration is taken to be 1.8*[C1-] or, if chloride ion measurements are not 

available, the chlorine concentration can be used in its place. Site specific Rayleigh scattering 

values have been calculated for all IMPROVE sites.3 Nitrogen dioxide concentrations are not 

measured at IMPROVE sites, but the ambient NO2 concentrations under natural conditions can 

be expected to be negligibly small. The higher NO2 concentration in a source plume may be 

great enough to cause a change in visibility, however. 

In order to enable CALPOST to calculate CALPUFF-modeled source impacts on visibility using 

the new IMPROVE algorithm, it would have to be extensively reprogrammed. As an alternative, 

such a calculation could be done "off line" by adding another layer of post processing after 

CALPOST. To this end, I have developed a processor, in the form of an Excel workbook, that 

takes the CALPOST "Ranked Daily Visibility Change: Modeled Extinction by Species" output 

table, referenced against default annual average natural conditions concentrations, and creates an 

equivalent table of results based on the new algorithm. It can also incorporate the visibility 

impact due to light absorption by NO2 in the plume. 

,The following describes the science behind the processor (which we'll call the CALPOSTIMPROVE Processor) and provides instructions for using it. 

Concepts 

In addition to the mechanical changes imposed by all the new terms in the new IMPROVE 

formula, applying the new algorithm also requires some conceptual changes. The biggest of 

these is that the extinction efficiencies of sulfates, nitrates, and organics now depend on the 

concentrations of those species. The practical implication of this is that extinction is no longer 

linearly additive. To calculate total extinction, you cannot take a background level of extinction 

and add to it CALPOST7s calculation of extinction caused by the particulate matter coming from 

a source, because when the two aerosols mix in the atmosphere their combined mass 

concentration results in increases in the extinction efficiencies of both the background and the 

source contribution. This means that combining background particulate matter with the 

particulate matter from a source gives an extinction result that is greater than the sum of the two 

separate extinctions. 

With the nonlinear behavior resulting from applying the new IMPROVE algorithm, the 

extinction impact of the source (i.e., the increase in extinction resulting from introducing source 

emissions into the atmosphere) is the sum of three parts: 

1. The source impact calculated by the new IMPROVE algorithm using the CALPOST 

outputs for a plume in isolation; 

Revised IMPROVE Algorithm for estimating Light Extinction from Particle Speciation Data. Report to 

IMPROVE Steering Committee, November 2005. 

3 
2. An increase in that source impact because the extinction efficiency increases when the 

source's aerosol combines with the background aerosol; and correspondingly, 

3. An increase in the extinction of the background aerosol because of that same mixing. 

The total new extinction is the sum of the above three components plus the original background 

extinction. The original background extinction is just that calculated by the new IMPROVE 

algorithm fiom background concentrations of the various components, without any consideration 

of the effects of the plume. For this application, the background is taken to be that described by 

EPA's default natural conditions. The difference between the total extinction and the background 

is the impact of the source. 

More details about the calculation are given in the appendix. 

Description of Processor 

The CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor is a Microsoft Excel workbook that consists of four 

worksheets. In Version 2 the worksheets are the following. 

Input & Output - The output table from CALPOST is imported to here and user entries 

are made for the Rayleigh scattering coefficient and, if desired, for a sea salt 

concentration at the Class I area of interest. The NO, concentration on each day 

attributable to the emissions from the source can also be entered together with an 

assumption of what fraction of the NO, is in the form of NO2. A revised table, with 

extinction based on the new IMPROVE algorithm is then presented on the same page. 

This is the only page on which user input takes place, and the results of the calculations 

appear on this page. 

Calculations -- The calculations themselves are all done on this worksheet. There is no 

user input to this page. The variables are explained on the worksheet itself, so the user 

can find intermediate values if so inclined. 

F(RH) - This worksheet tabulates the traditional IMPROVE f(RH) against RH, and then 

also lists values for the three new humidity growth functions, fs(RH), fL(RH), and 

fss(RH). It serves as a lookup table for the "Calculations" worksheet. 

Rayleigh & Sea Salt - This page tabulates the IMPROVE-recommended Rayleigh 

scattering coefficients for all VISTAS Class I areas and for Class I areas in adjacent 

states. It also lists the average sea salt concentrations for the same locations, as tabulated 

on the VIEWS web site, based on chloride or chlorine measurements by IMPROVE 

monitors between 2000 and 2004. This sheet just provides information for the user; it is 

not linked to the rest of the workbook. The user can obtain Rayleigh and sea salt numbers 

for the Class I area of interest fiom this table and then manually enter them in the 

designated spaces in worksheet 1. 
Instructions for Using the CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor 

These instructions apply to Version 2 of the processor. Version 2 includes the ability to calculate 

the light extinction effects of NO2 resulting from the source's emissions. 

Step 1. Begin by opening the output (.LST) file from a CALPOST visibility calculation run in a 

text editor or word processing program.4 In the second half of the file, locate the table "Ranked 

Daily Visibility Change" with the subheading "Modeled Extinction by ~~ecies".~ 

Step 2. Copy this table and paste it onto a new page. Save it as a text (.kt) file, not as a formatted 

(e.g., MS Word .doc or .rtf) file. The final table should contain only the column headings and the 

data. Delete all other captions, any additional data summaries at the end, and blank lines before 

or after the table. The processor can handle a maximum of 22 lines of data (i.e., the highest rank 

in the last, unlabeled, column should be 22) plus a row of column captions. Delete any data that 

exceed this limit. (Fewer than 22 lines of data are OK.) The result should look like the example 

in Figure 1, although the line wrapping may differ. 

Step 3. Open the CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor in Microsoft Excel. Save the open file under a 

new name so that the original empty processor will remain available for future use. The front 

worksheet, labeled "Input & Output" looks like Figure 2. There is a large empty box, surrounded 

by double lines, into which the table created above will be imported, as described be10w.~ On the 

right is a box into which NO, concentrations may be entered manually, and a small box below 

this box is provided for entry of the user's assumption of what fraction of that NOs is in the form 

of NOz. Two smaller boxes provide for user input of the Rayleigh scattering coefficient and, 

optionally, sea salt concentration for the Class I area, as described below. Results of the new 

IMPROVE algorithm calculations appear in blue in the lower half of the worksheet and some 

additional results, that are also useful for quality control, appear in green to the right of the large 

box. At the moment, many results cells will display nonsensical numbers and error messages, 

such as shown in Figure 2. 

Step 4. Select the upper left cell (A7) in the large box. On the Excel menu bar, go to Data>Get 

External Data and click on Import Text ~ile.' (If the large box is not empty, click on Edit Text 

Import instead.) Select the file that contains the table created in Step 2 and click on the Get Data 

button. Go through the Text Import Wizard steps, checking that all values appear correctly in 

separate columns. (The label "COORDINATES (km)" will be split over two columns; this is 

OK.) When everything appears in order, click Finish. 

The background concentrations that were entered into CALPOST must be the EPA-prescribed default 

annual average natural conditions concentrations for the East. The processor will not give correct answers 

if other concentrations were used in CALPOST. 

For future reference in Step 7, this may also be a good time to locate the table with the same title but 

with the subtitle "% of Modeled Extinction by Species", which appears later in the output file. 

If the workbook has already been used, the boxes may not be empty. This does not matter. ' The exact wording may vary slightly between different versions of Microsoft Excel. The terminology 

used here is fiom Excel 2004 for Macintosh. 
YEAR DAY FIR RECEPTOR COORDINATES (km) TYPE BEXT(Mode1) BEXT(BKG) 

BEXT(Tota1) %CHANGE F(RH) bxSO4 bxN03 bxOC bxEC bxPMC bxPMF 

21.650 

Figure 1. Example of CALPOST Output Table, in Proper Format for Importing into the 

CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor. 

Step 5.8 The "Import Data" window will appear, with cell A7 indicated as the location at which 

data will be entered. Click on the Properties button. In the window that appears, select 

"Overwrite existing cells with new data, clear unused cells" and uncheck "Adjust column 

width", then click on OK. Now click on the OK button in the "Import Data" window. 

Step 6. Assuming that your Excel application is set up to automatically recalculate whenever any 

entries are changed, you should now have filled the cells in the large box on the first worksheet, 

If the processor already had data in it and Edit Text Import was clicked in Step 4, then the "Import Data" 

window will not appear and Step 5 can be skipped. 
1. At cett A7, import "Ranked Daily Vtsibiltty Change" (bext) table, tncludtnp column headings, 

from CALPOST (22 days, rnax) 3. tntri valw of site-s~rcllii RavIe,rrh scattertrio coetfment from "Ravlstilh & Sea 5eW' 

2. Check ceiculalrd values 

sgainrt CALPOST', "Ranke

Vm~biltty Charlge' (dv) tabl

RP

' #

k

' n

' i

~

' #' I

6. Enter deswud NU2/NOx (default IS 0) 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

New 

YEARPAY ,!if4 PECEPTOR COORDINATES (km) NPE~U(T(Sourcs)~~(BKG),BfXT(To~l) ,%CHANGE jFHl%).:b.+04 bsN03 brOC brEC bsPMC blPMF baNO2 Rank dv(total) dv(bk9) 

'0 00 0' $ Or 0 *N/A #N/A INIA IIN/A $N/A 'pN/A ' *N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1' *N/A ' #N/h 

Or 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' IN/A ' #N/A ' #N/A ' #N/A rrN/A'IN/A'aN/A 0 0 0 0 0 1' lN/A * #N/A 

* 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' #N/A ' tN/A ' 4NIA ' #N/A ' rN/A '#N/A ' #N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1' #N/A ' 4N/A ' 0' 0. 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' nN/A ' rN/A ' ZNIA ' tN/A ' 4NIA '#N/A ' CNIA 0 0 0 0 0 1' BNIA ' *N/A ' 0' 0' 0' Or 0' 0' Or bN/A ' #N/A ' CNIA 'INIA ' #N/A 'tN/A ' *N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1' ltNIA ' *NlA ' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0. 0' tNIA ' #N/A ' #N/A ' L'NIA ' PN/A 'flNIA ' *N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1' *N/A #N/A 

0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' #M/A ' #N/A ' #N/A XNfA ' RNIA 'PNIA ' 4NIA 0 0 0 0 0 1' bN/A ' tiNIA 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' #MIA ' #N/A ' INfA ' #N/A 'rNIA 'IN!A'#N/A 0 0 O 0 0 I' *N/A ' UNIA 

0' 0'0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 4N/A ' fNIA ' IN/A ' 4N/A ' aN/A r*N/A *N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1' XN/A ' BNIA ' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' Or #N/A ' #N/A ' #N/A ' IIN/A 'CNIA 'rN/A '%lN/A 0 0 0 0 0 1' rN/A ' lN/A ' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' 0' flNIA ' #N/A ' #N/A ' #N/A '#N/ArnN/A'#N/A 0 0 0 0 0 1' 4NlA ' IINIA 

IINIA ' ' #./A ' 

PNIA ' ' FN/d ' 

RNIA 

bNIA 

#N/A 

#N/h #N/A INIA #NIA tlN/A 

#N/A 

ItNIA 

' #N/A ' 4NIA ' *N!A ' 4N/A ' *N/A ' *N/A ' 4N/A 

*N/A PNIA 

. fNfA 

' *N/A ' *N/A ' 4N/A ' *N/A ' #N/A ' PNIA ' tN/A ' *N/A 

*N/A ' #N/A 

Figure 2. Example of Appearance of Input & Output Worksheet before Data Entry. 
numbers should have appeared in the green columns to the right, and some numbers will 

have appeared in the output table in blue on the lower half of the worksheet. If the data 

import worked properly, none of the imported data should have spilled out of the large 

box. Check that all the column captions in bold outside the large box are now duplicated 

on the fxst line in the box. (There won't be a caption for Rank.) 

Step 7. As a further check on whether everything is correct so far, the dv information in 

the three columns to the right of the large box should be the same as that in the second 

CALPOST table "Ranked Daily Visibility Change: % of Modeled Extinction by 

Species", which was mentioned in Footnote 1. 

Step 8. Beneath the large box that was just filled with imported data, enter the Rayleigh 

scattering coefficient for the Class I area of interest into the top small box after red 

instruction 3. Also, if you wish, fill in the other small box, the one after red instruction 4, 

with the annual average sea salt concentration. (The sea salt box may be left blank, but 

the Rayleigh scattering coefficient box must be filled in.) To help with filling in these two 

boxes, the fourth worksheet, "Rayleigh & Sea Salt", provides IMPROVE-calculated 

values of the Rayleigh coefficients for Class I areas in the VISTAS region and in adjacent 

states. Also, average sea salt concentrations for 2000-2004, calculated in accordance with 

the new IMPROVE procedures, can be found there. 

Step 9.9 If the impact due to NO2 is to be considered, a second CALPOST run will be 

needed to provide the 24-hr average NO, concentrations estimated by CALPUFF. For 

this purpose, run CALPOST using the ASPEC = NOX option in Input Group 1 of the 

CALPOST.1NP control file. The NO, values to insert in the NO, input box on the Input 

& Output page of the processor have to be extracted manually £rom the CALPOST output 

file for each date and receptor listed in the file that was imported in Steps 1 through 5 

above and are displayed in the left hand columns in the large box. 

Step 10. Select a value between 0 and 1 to represent what fiaction of NO, is in the form 

of NOz. Enter this value into the small b~x at red instruction 6 below the column where 

the NO, concentrations were entered." 

Step 11. The blue data table at the bottom of the page represents the new IMPROVE 

algorithm outputs. An example is shown in Figure 3. This table can be compared with the 

original CALPOST table at the top of the page. All of the columns in both tables show 

exactly the same variables, except that the F(RH) column in the top table is replaced by 

just the RH in the lower table (since the new procedure has three different f(RH) 

functions) and a new baNOz column has been added to the bottom table to show the light 

absorption due to NO2 (in ~rn-I). Although the events are listed in the same order in both 

tables, note that their rankings may have changed, as is the case for many of the lines in 

the blue output table in Figure 3. 

Steps 8 and 9 are optional. If the impact due to NO2 is not of interest, just leave the entry fields 

mentioned in these steps blank. 

10 An easy way to see the effect of the NOz on the source's impact in the output table in the lower 

half of the page is to toggle this N02/N0, value between the selected value and zero. 
For those who are interested in more detail concerning the calculations that take place, 

values of the three f(RH) functions appear in columns M through 0 on the second, 

"Calculations" spreadsheet. The extinction impact of the source, including enhancement 

of the extinction efficiencies for sulfates, nitrates, and organics because of greater total 

mass concentrations, appears in columns V through AC. Extinction due to the annual 

average natural background appears in Columns AJ through AN; natural background 

extinctions for those components that are enhanced by greater total mass concentrations 

appear in columns AU through AX. 
CALPOST Recalculatlon with New IMPROVE Algorithm 

............................ INPUT from CALPOST (based on old IMPROVE algorithm) .................... 

I. At cell A7, import "Ranked Dally Visth~lity Change" (bcxt) table, ~ncluding column headings, 

from CALPOST (22 days, mnx) 

2002 175 0 1027 1479.069 24.683 D 2002 172 0 1021 1479.244 23.778 D 2002 284 0 1045 1484.348 27.58 D 2002 353 0 1026 1482.762 24.457 D 2002 283 0 1026 1482.762 24.457 D 2002 195 0 1045 1484.348 27.58 D 2002 20 0 1117 1486.636 34.592 D 2002 173 0 1128 1479.259 35.042 D 2002 234 0 1021 1479.244 23.778 D 

2002 298 0 1021 1479.244 23.778 D 1.459 21.47 22.929 6.8 3.3 1.284 0.16 0.014 0.001 0 0.001 1 

2002 299 0 1021 1479.244 23.778 D 1.436 21.47 22.906 6 69 3.3 1.281 0.14 0.013 0 0 0.001 1 

2002 275 0 1026 1482.762 24.457 D 1.27 21.47 22.74 5.92 3.3 1.202 0.058 0.009 0 0 0.001 1 

2002 263 0 1045 1484.348 27.58 D 1.237 22.1 23.337 5.6 4 1.223 0.008 0.005 0 0 0.001 1 

2002 252 0 1026 1482.762 24.457 D 1.189 22.1 23.289 5 38 4 1.166 0.013 0.009 0 0 0.001 1 

2002 285 0 1021 1479.244 23.778 D 

2. Check r.rlrulatod 

agarnst CALPOST'

Vlrlbllity Change" 

3. Enter vsluc of rtte-specific Raylelph scattering coctticleot, tram "Rayletgh & Sen Salt' 6. tntrr destred M

workslwxt (default Is 0) 

4. (Opttonal) Insert annual average re* salt roncmlratton, from "Raytelgh P Sea SaW' 

worksheet. Leave blank $f not used, 1.e default Is O 

.................................. OUTPUT (bamd on new IMPROVE algorithm) ................................ 

. . . . . . . . . . . . 

m," 

YEAR DAY HR RECEPTOR COORDINATES (km) TYPE BEXT(Source) BEXT(BKG) BEXT(Tota1) %CHANGE ~~~(%)~jbrS04 b-03 bsOC bS?C bsPHC baPHF ban02 Rank dv(t0tsl) dv(b

2002 175 0 1027 1479 069 24 683 D 4 936 22 04 27 016 22 56 86 4 363 0 039 0 033 0.002 0.001 0 004 0 495 1 9.94 

2002 172 0 1021 1479 244 23 778 D 4 112 22 04 26 187 18 80 86 3.604 0 349 0 029 0.001 0 001 0 004 0 I24 2 9 63 

2002 284 0 1045 1484 348 27 58 D 2 563 21 78 24 363 11 86 84 2 076 0 357 0 026 0 001 0.001 0 003 0 099 3 8 90 

2002 353 0 1026 1482 762 24 457 D 2 174 21 57 23 760 10 15 82 1528 0 +55 0 014 0.001 0 0 002 0 173 5 8 65 

2002 283 0 1026 1482.762 24 457 D 2 293 21 78 24 090 10 61 84 1753 0.167 0 022 0.001 0 001 0 003 0.347 4 8.79 

2002 195 0 1045 1484 348 27 58 D 1708 22 21 23 936 7 75 8i 1569 0 027 0 012 0 001 0 0 001 0 099 6 8.73 

2002 20 0 1117 1486 636 34 592 D 1625 21 48 23 114 7 62 81 1 16 0 26 0 007 0 0 0 001 0 198 7 8 38 

2002 173 0 1128 14/9 259 35 042 D 1613 22 04 23 667 7 31 80 1297 0 01 0 008 0 0 0 001 0 297 8 8.61 

2002 234 0 1021 1479 244 23 778 D 1546 22 64 24 193 6 87 89 1213 0 026 0 009 0 0 0 001 0 297 9 8.83 

2002 298 0 1021 1479.244 23 778 13 1 209 21 78 22.998 5 59 84 0.988 0 133 0.011 0.001 0 0 001 0 074 13 8.33 

2002 299 0 1021 1479 244 23 /78 D 1 237 21 78 23 027 5 72 84 0 986 0 117 0 01 0 0 0 001 0 124 12 8 34 

2002 275 0 1026 1482.762 24 457 D 1 154 21 78 22 943 5.34 84 0.925 0 048 0.007 0 0 0.001 0 173 14 8.30 

2002 263 0 1045 1484 348 27.58 0 1137 22 64 23 183 5 06 84 1026 0 007 0 004 0 0 0 001 0 099 16 8.66 

2002 252 0 1026 1482 762 24 457 D 1369 22 64 24 015 6 08 89 0 978 0 012 0 007 0 0 0 001 0 371 10 8.76 

2002 285 0 1021 1479 244 23.778 D 1245 21 18 23 031 5 14 84 0 625 0 149 BE-04 0 0 0 0 47 11 8.34 

2002 161 0 1026 1482 762 24 457 D 1116 22 04 23 165 5 09 86 0 67 0 017 0 007 0 0 0 001 0 421 15 8.40 

2002 150 0 1026 1482 762 24 457 D 0 997 21 67 22 668 4 63 83 0.623 0.021 0 005 0 0 0 001 0 347 18 8.18 

2002 340 0 1140 1481 017 37 258 D 1071 21 57 22 646 4 99 82 0 5 0 125 BE-04 0 0 0 0 446 17 8 17 

2002 151 0 1117 1486 636 34 592 D 0 913 21 67 22 584 4 24 83 0 533 0 027 0 005 0 0 0 001 0 347 20 8 15 

2002 160 0 1021 1479 244 23 778 D 0 932 22 04 22 980 4 25 86 0 565 0 012 0 008 0 0 0 001 0 347 19 8 32 

2002 346 0 1021 1479 244 23 778 D 0 633 21 57 22 208 2 95 82 0 467 0 065 0 002 0 0 0 0 099 21 7 98 

2002 247 0 1021 1479 244 23 778 D 0 553 22 64 23 195 2 46 89 0 548 0 004 0 002 0 0 0 0 22 8 41 

Figure 3. Example of Appearance of Finished Input & Output Worksheet. 
Appendix 

Details of Calculation Approach 

As an example of the calculation steps, assume that the sulfate concentration resulting 

from emissions from a source is [SE] and the sulfate in the undisturbed natural 

background is [SN], for a total ambient sulfate concentration of [ST]. According to 

Equations 1 and 2 in the main body of this document, the total extinction due to sulfate 

for this combination is 

b,I(sulfate) = 2.2fs(RH)*[small sulfate]+ 4.8.fL(RH)*[large sulfate], (Eq. A-1) 

where 

[large sulfateT] = {[Srj/20} *[ST] f[Sr] < 20 ,ug3 

[large sulfateT] = [ST] $[ST] 1 20 ,ug/m3 (Eqs. A-2) 

[small sulfate^] = [ST] - [large sulfate^], 

and the subscript T denotes total sulfate 

For the original background, where there is no source impact, the corresponding formulas 

for the terms in Equations A-2 are 

[large suIfateN] = [SN] ~[SN] L 20 ,ug/m3 (Eqs. A-3) 

[small sulfate^] = [SN] - [large sulfate^], 

where the subscript N denotes natural sulfate. 

Similar calculations need to be carried out for nitrates. Contributions of the other 

particulate components are linear and can just be calculated according to Equation 1. 

If the impact due to NOz is also to be considered, then the source impact due to this 

component is, according to Equation 1, 

where @Oz] is in ppb. It is reasonable to assume that the ambient NOz concentrations 

under natural conditions would be so small as to cause negligible light absorption, so the 

corresponding term is not needed in the natural conditions calculation. 

The contributions due to the various components are summed together as in Equation 1 to 

obtain the total extinction bext,T and the natural background extinction bexLN. The 
fractional change in extinction is then calculated as the difference, normalized by the 

natural background extinction 

a result that can also be expressed in deciviews. 

These formulas are used in the CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor. Similar formulas apply 

for nitrates and organics. There is no nonlinearity in the remaining terms in Equation 1. 
CALPOST-IMPROVE Processor for the East 

CALPOST Recalculation with New IMPROVE Algorithm 

............................ INPUT from CALPOST (based on old IMPROVE algorithm) ---------- 

1. At cell A7, import "Ranked Daily Visibility Change" (bext) table, including column 

headings, from CALPOST (22 days, max) 

EAR DAY HR RECEPTOR COORDINATES (km) TYPE BEXT(Mo4el) BEXT(BKG BEXT(Total)%CHANGE F(RH) bxS04 bxN03 bxOC bxEC bxPMC bxPMF Rank 

3. Enter value of site-specific Rayleigh scattering coefficient, from "Rayleigh IP Sea Salt" 

worksheet 

4. (Optional) Insert annual average sea salt concentration, from "Rayleigh & Sea Salt" 

worksheet. Leave blank if not used, i.e, default is 0. 

.................................. OUTPUT (based on new IMPROVE algorithm) --------------------------. 

5. Check calcula

below against C"Ranked Dailv V

#N/A 

#N/A 

# N/A 

%N/A *N/A 

#N/A 

# NIA 

#N/A 4 N/A 

# N/A 

#N/A #N/A CNIA 

# N/A # NjA 

#N/A XNIA 

# N/A tl N/A 

#N/A kN/A #N/A 

#N/A 

# N/A 

#N/A #N/A 

#N/A 

#NjA AN/A KN/A 

#N/A 

#N/A 

# N/A 

KNIA 

#N/A 

#NIA PNIA KN/A 

#NIA #N/A 

*N/A XN/A 

#N/A #N/A 

#N/A #N/A 

#NiA #N/A 

#N/A 

#N/A 

#N/A BNIA 

#N/A #N/A 

#N/A 

#N/A 

#N/A 

*N/A 

kNIA #N/A 

#N/A #N/A #NiA KN/A 

KNIA 

#N/A 

6. Enter desired 

ratio (default is 

New 

YEAR DAY HR RECEPTOR COORDINATES Ikm) TYPE BEXTISoume BEXT(BKG BEXT(TO~~I) %CHANG~R~~SSO~ bsN03 bsOC bsEC bsPMC bsPMF baNO2 Rank dv(tota1) dv(

1 #N/A #N

PONNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 

c~0000000000000000000000 

N C 
l_________.._________ Modified size breakdown of natural background 

nm) concentrations in presence of source contributions (8) ----------- <- Modified natural background bext (! 

SmnmSO41 [LgnmS04] [SmnmN03] [LgnmN03] [SmnmOC] bnmS04 bnmNO3 bnmOC bnmlSum 
Old and New F(RH) Values 

Old 

F(RH) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1.02 

1.04 

1.06 

1.08 

1.1 

1.13 

1.15 

1.18 

1.2 

1.23 

1.26 

1.28 

1.31 

New 

Fs(RH) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1.38 

1.4 

1.42 

1.44 

1.46 

1.48 

1.49 

1.51 

1.53 

1.55 

1.57 

1.59 

1.62 

New 

FI(RH) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1.31 

1.32 

1.34 

1.35 

1.36 

1.38 

1.39 

1.41 

1.42 

1.44 

1.45 

1.47 

1.49 

New 

Fss(RH) 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2.36 

2.38 

2.42