1 

Truth in Lending Act1

The Truth in Lending Act (TILA), 15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq., was enacted on May 29, 1968, as title 

I of the Consumer Credit Protection Act (Pub. L. 90-321). TILA, implemented by Regulation Z 

(12 CFR 1026), became effective July 1, 1969. 

TILA was first amended in 1970 to prohibit unsolicited credit cards. Additional major 

amendments to TILA and Regulation Z were made by the Fair Credit Billing Act of 1974, the 

Consumer Leasing Act of 1976, the Truth in Lending Simplification and Reform Act of 1980, 

the Fair Credit and Charge Card Disclosure Act of 1988, and the Home Equity Loan Consumer 

Protection Act of 1988. 

Regulation Z also was amended to implement Section 1204 of the Competitive Equality Banking 

Act of 1987, and in 1988, to include adjustable rate mortgage loan disclosure requirements. All 

consumer leasing provisions were deleted from Regulation Z in 1981 and transferred to 

Regulation M (12 CFR 1013).

The Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994 (HOEPA) amended TILA. The law 

imposed new disclosure requirements and substantive limitations on certain closed-end mortgage 

loans bearing rates or fees above a certain percentage or amount. The law also included new 

disclosure requirements to assist consumers in comparing the costs and other material 

considerations involved in a reverse mortgage transaction and authorized the Federal Reserve 

Board (FRB or Board) to prohibit specific acts and practices in connection with mortgage 

transactions.

The TILA amendments of 1995 dealt primarily with tolerances for real estate secured credit.

Regulation Z was amended on September 14, 1996, to incorporate changes to TILA. 

Specifically, the revisions limit lenders’ liability for disclosure errors in real estate secured loans 

consummated after September 30, 1995. The Economic Growth and Regulatory Paperwork 

Reduction Act of 1996 further amended TILA. The amendments were made to simplify and 

improve disclosures related to credit transactions.

The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (the E-Sign Act), 15 U.S.C. 

7001 et seq., was enacted in 2000 and did not require implementing regulations. On November 

9, 2007, amendments to Regulation Z and the official commentary were issued to simplify the 

regulation and provide guidance on the electronic delivery of disclosures consistent with the 

E-Sign Act.

In July 2008, Regulation Z was amended to protect consumers in the mortgage market from 

unfair, abusive, or deceptive lending and servicing practices. Specifically, the change applied 

protections to a newly defined category of “higher-priced mortgage loans” (HPML) that includes 

virtually all closed-end subprime loans secured by a consumer’s principal dwelling. The 

revisions also applied new protections to mortgage loans secured by a dwelling, regardless of 

loan price, and required the delivery of early disclosures for more types of transactions. The 

 

1 These procedures include amendments to TILA and Regulation Z through April 2016 and the mortgage servicing amendments 

effective in October 2017, unless otherwise indicated. These procedures do not include the 2017 TILA- RESPA Integrated 

Disclosure Rule amendments nor the amendments to Regulation Z regarding prepaid accounts. 
2 

revisions also banned several advertising practices deemed deceptive or misleading. The 

Mortgage Disclosure Improvement Act of 2008 (MDIA) broadened and added to the 

requirements of the Board’s July 2008 final rule by requiring early Truth in Lending disclosures 

for more types of transactions and by adding a waiting period between the time when disclosures 

are given and consummation of the transaction. In 2009, Regulation Z was amended to address 

those provisions. The MDIA also requires disclosure of payment examples if the loan’s interest 

rate or payments can change, as well as disclosure of a statement that there is no guarantee the 

consumer will be able to refinance in the future. In 2010, Regulation Z was amended to address 

these provisions, which became effective on January 30, 2011. 

In December 2008, the Board adopted two final rules pertaining to open-end (not home-secured) 

credit. The first rule involved Regulation Z revisions and made comprehensive changes applicable 

to several disclosures required for: applications and solicitations, new accounts, periodic 

statements, change in terms notifications, and advertisements. The second was a rule published 

under the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Act and was issued jointly with the Office of Thrift 

Supervision (OTS) and the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). It sought to protect 

consumers from unfair acts or practices with respect to consumer credit card accounts. Before 

these rules became effective, however, the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and 

Disclosure Act of 2009 (Credit CARD Act) amended TILA and established a number of new 

requirements for open-end consumer credit plans. Several provisions of the Credit CARD Act are 

similar to provisions in the Board’s December 2008 TILA revisions and the joint FTC Act rule, but 

other portions of the Credit CARD Act address practices or mandate disclosures that were not 

addressed in these rules. In light of the Credit CARD Act, the Board, NCUA, and OTS withdrew

the substantive requirements of the joint FTC Act rule. On July 1, 2010, compliance with the 

provisions of the Board’s rule that were not impacted by the Credit CARD Act became effective. 

The Credit CARD Act provisions became effective in three stages. The provisions effective first 

(August 20, 2009) required creditors to increase the amount of notice consumers receive before the 

rate on a credit card account is increased or a significant change is made to the account’s terms.

These amendments also allowed consumers to reject such increases and changes by informing the 

creditor before the increase or change goes into effect. The provisions effective next (February 22, 

2010) involved rules regarding interest rate increases, over-the-limit transactions, and student 

cards. Finally, the provisions effective last (August 22, 2010) addressed the reasonableness and 

proportionality of penalty fees and charges and re-evaluation of rate increases.

In 2009, Regulation Z was amended following the passage of the Higher Education Opportunity 

Act (HEOA) by adding disclosure and timing requirements that apply to lenders making private 

education loans. 

In 2009, the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act amended TILA to establish a new 

requirement for notifying consumers of the sale or transfer of their mortgage loans. The 

purchaser or assignee that acquires the loan must provide the required disclosures no later than 

30 days after the date on which it acquired the loan. 

In 2010, the Board further amended Regulation Z to prohibit payment to a loan originator that is 

based on the terms or conditions of the loan, other than the amount of credit extended. The 

amendment applies to mortgage brokers and the companies that employ them, as well as to 

mortgage loan officers employed by depository institutions and other lenders. In addition, the 
3 

amendment prohibits a loan originator from directing or “steering” a consumer to a loan that is 

not in the consumer’s interest to increase the loan originator’s compensation. 

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act) 

amended TILA to include several provisions that protect the integrity of the appraisal process 

when a consumer’s home is securing the loan. The rule also requires that appraisers receive 

customary and reasonable payments for their services. The appraiser and loan originator 

compensation requirements had a mandatory compliance date of April 6, 2011. 

The Dodd-Frank Act generally granted rulemaking authority under TILA to the Consumer 

Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). Title XIV of the Dodd-Frank Act included a number of 

amendments to TILA, and in 2013, the CFPB issued rules to implement them. Prohibitions on 

mandatory arbitration and waivers of consumer rights, as well as requirements that lengthen the 

time creditors must maintain an escrow account for higher-priced mortgage loans, were generally 

effective June 1, 2013. Most of the remaining amendments to Regulation Z were effective in 

January 2014.2 These amendments include ability-to-repay requirements for mortgage loans, 

appraisal requirements for higher-priced mortgage loans, a revised and expanded test for highcost mortgages, as well as additional restrictions on those loans, expanded requirements for 

servicers of mortgage loans, refined loan originator compensation rules and loan origination 

qualification standards, and a prohibition on financing credit insurance for mortgage loans. The 

amendments also established new record retention requirements for certain provisions of TILA. 

On October 22, 2014, the CFPB issued a final rule providing an alternative small servicer 

definition for nonprofit entities and amended the ability-to-repay exemption for nonprofit 

entities. The final rule also provided a cure mechanism for the points and fees limit that applies 

to qualified mortgages. The final rule was effective on November 3, 2014, except for one 

provision that was effective on October 3, 2015. On October 2, 2015, the CFPB revised the 

definitions of small creditor and rural and underserved areas, which affect the availability of some 

special provisions and exemptions to Regulation Z’s Ability-to-Repay, high-cost mortgage, and 

HPML escrow requirements. The final rule was effective January 1, 2016.3 In March 2016, the 

CFPB issued an interim final rule exercising the expanded authority granted to the CFPB by the 

Helping Expand Lending Practices in Rural Communities Act to exempt small creditors that 

operate in rural or underserved areas.4 The interim final rule was effective March 31, 2016.

In 2013, the CFPB also revised several open-end credit provisions in Regulation Z. The CFPB 

revised the general limitation on the total amount of account fees that a credit card issuer may 

require a consumer to pay. Effective March 28, 2013, the limit is 25 percent of the credit limit in 

effect when the account is opened and applies only during the first year after account opening. The 

CFPB also amended Regulation Z to remove the requirement that card issuers consider the 

consumer’s independent ability to pay for applicants who are 21 or older and to permit issuers to 

consider income and assets to which such consumers have a reasonable expectation of access. This 

change was effective May 3, 2013, with a mandatory compliance date of November 4, 2013.

 

2 The amendment to 12 CFR 1026.35(e) was effective July 24, 2013; the amendments to 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii), 1026.36(a), 

(b), and (j), and commentary to 12 CFR 1026.25(c)(2), 1026.35, and 1026.36(a), (b), (d), and (f) in Supp. I to Part 1026, were 

effective January 1, 2014. 

3 80 FR 59944 (October 2, 2015).

4 81 FR 16074 (March 25, 2016).
4 

In 2013, the CFPB further amended Regulation Z as well as Regulation X, the regulation 

implementing the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), to fulfill the mandate in the

Dodd-Frank Act to integrate the mortgage disclosures under TILA and RESPA Sections 4 and 5. 

Regulation Z now contains two new forms required for most closed-end consumer mortgage 

loans. The Loan Estimate is provided within three business days from application, and the 

Closing Disclosure is provided to consumers three business days before loan consummation. 

These disclosures must be used for mortgage loans for which the creditor or mortgage broker 

receives an application on or after October 3, 2015.5

NOTE: These procedures have not been updated to reflect the Know Before You Owe (KBYO) 

final rule issued on July 7, 2017. The 2017 TILA-RESPA rule includes an optional compliance 

period, which began on October 10, 2017, and is for transactions for which a creditor or 

mortgage broker receives an application prior to October 1, 2018. During this period, early 

compliance with the 2017 rule is allowed, but not required. 

On August 4, 2016, the CFPB issued a final rule to further clarify, revise, and amend provisions 

of Regulation Z and Regulation X (81 Fed. Reg. 72160) (October 19, 2016). The amendments in 

the final rule are referenced in this document as the “2016 Servicing Rule.” The 2016 Servicing 

Rule establishes definitions of successor in interest and confirmed successor in interest, and 

provides that a confirmed successor in interest is a “consumer” for purposes of the mortgage 

servicing provisions in Regulation Z.6 The 2016 Servicing Rule also adopts a general definition 

of delinquency that applies to all of the servicing provisions in Regulation X and the provisions 

regarding periodic statements for mortgage loans in Regulation Z. Furthermore, the 2016 

Servicing Rule clarifies, revises, or amends provisions of Regulation Z relating to: 

• Interest rate adjustment notices for adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) (12 CFR 1026.20); 

• Prompt crediting of mortgage payments and responses to requests for payoff amounts (12 

CFR 1026.36(c)); 

• Periodic statements for mortgage loans (12 CFR 1026.41), including requiring servicers to 

provide certain consumers in bankruptcy a modified periodic statement or coupon book; and 

• Small servicers (12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4)). 

The 2016 Servicing Rule was effective on October 19, 2017, except the provisions related to 

successors in interest and periodic statements for consumers in bankruptcy, which take effect on 

April 19, 2018.

 

5 The effective date for the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule was extended to October 3, 2015, by a final rule published 

in the Federal Register on July 24, 2015. (80 FR 43911). Other provisions of the rule were effective on October 3, 2015, 

regardless of whether an application was received on that date. Specifically, these provisions restrict the imposition of fees on a 

consumer before the consumer has received the Loan Estimate and indicated an intent to proceed, and restrict creditors from 

providing a consumer with a written estimate of terms or costs (prior to providing the Loan Estimate) unless they also provided a 

written statement informing the consumer that the terms or costs may change. The rule also restricts a creditor from requiring the 

submission of documents verifying information related to the consumer’s application before providing the Loan Estimate. 6 The 2016 Servicing Rule includes the following changes to Regulation Z for successors in interest: 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(11) and 

(27), 1026.20(f), 1026.39(f), and 1026.41(g). The 2016 Servicing Rule also changes several sections of the Official 

interpretations of Regulation X, published in commentary.
5 

The CFPB concurrently issued an interpretive rule under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 

(FDCPA) to clarify the interaction of FDCPA and specified mortgage servicing rules in 

Regulations X and Z. (81 Fed. Reg. 71977) (October 19, 2016).7 This interpretive rule constitutes 

an advisory opinion for purposes of FDCPA and provides safe harbors from liability for servicers 

acting in compliance with it. 

Format of Regulation Z 

The rules creditors must follow differ depending on whether the creditor is offering open-end 

credit, such as credit cards or home-equity lines, or closed-end credit, such as car loans or 

mortgages. 

Subpart A (12 CFR 1026.1 through 1026.4) of the regulation provides general information that 

applies to open-end and closed-end credit transactions. It sets forth definitions (12 CFR1026.2) 

and stipulates which transactions are covered and which are exempt from the regulation (12 CFR 

1026.3). It also contains the rules for determining which fees are finance charges (12 CFR 

1026.4). 

Subpart B (12 CFR 1026.5 through 1026.16) relates to open-end credit. It contains rules on 

account-opening disclosures (12 CFR1026.6) and periodic statements (12 CFR 1026.7-8). It also 

describes special rules that apply to credit card transactions, treatment of payments (12 CFR 

1026.10).and credit balances (12 CFR 1026.11), procedures for resolving credit billing errors (12 

CFR 1026.13), annual percentage rate (APR) calculations (12 CFR 1026.14), rescission rights (12 

CFR 1026.15), and advertising (12 CFR 1026.16). 

Subpart C (12 CFR 1026.17 through 1026.24) relates to closed-end credit. It contains rules on 

disclosures (12 CFR 1026.17 - 20), treatment of credit balances (12 CFR 1026.21), annual 

percentage rate calculations (12 CFR 1026.22), rescission right (12 CFR 1026.23), and 

advertising (12 CFR 1026.24). 

Subpart D (12 CFR 1026.25 through 1026.30) contains rules on record retention (12 CFR 

1026.25), oral disclosures (12 CFR 1026.26), disclosures in languages other than English (12 

CFR 1026.27), effect on state laws (12 CFR 1026.28), state exemptions (12 CFR 1026.29), and 

rate limitations (12 CFR 1026.30). 

Subpart E (12 CFR 1026.31 through 1026.45) contains special rules for mortgage transactions. 

The rules require certain disclosures and provide limitations for closed-end credit transactions 

and open-end credit plans that have rates or fees above specified amounts or certain prepayment 

penalties (12 CFR 1026.32). Special disclosures are also required, including the total annual loan 

cost rate, for reverse mortgage transactions (12 CFR 1026.33). The rules also prohibit specific 

acts and practices in connection with high-cost mortgages, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.32(a), (12 

CFR 1026.34); in connection with closed-end higher-priced mortgage loans, as defined in 12 

CFR 1026.35(a), (12 CFR 1026.35); and in connection with an extension of credit secured by a 

dwelling (12 CFR 1026.36). This subpart also sets forth disclosure requirements, effective 

 

7 See Safe Harbors from Liability under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act for Certain Actions Taken in Compliance with 

Mortgage Servicing Rules under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (Regulation X) and the Truth in Lending Act 

(Regulation Z) (81 Fed. Reg. 71977) (Oct. 19, 2016) (hereinafter 2016 FDCPA Interpretive Rule). The interpretations contained 

in this interpretive rule are included in Regulation X comments 30(d)-1 and 39(d)-2; Regulation Z comment 2(a)(11)-4.ii.
6 

October 3, 2015, for most closed-end transactions secured by real property, as required by 12 

CFR 1026.37-38, disclosures for mortgage transfers (12 CFR 1026.39), and disclosure 

requirements for periodic statements for residential mortgage loans are also provided (12 CFR 

1026.41). In addition, it contains minimum standards for transactions secured by a dwelling, 

which contains provisions relating to ability to repay and qualified mortgages (12 CFR 

1026.43).This subpart includes the small servicer exemption found in 1026.41(e)(4). 

Subpart F (12 CFR 1026.46 through 1026.48) relates to private education loans. It contains 

rules on disclosures (12 CFR 1026.46), limitations on changes in terms after approval (12 CFR 

1026.48), the right to cancel the loan (12 CFR 1026.47), and limitations on co-branding in the 

marketing of private education loans (12 CFR 1026.48). 

Subpart G (12 CFR 1026.51 through 1026.60) relates to credit card accounts under an open-end 

(not home-secured) consumer credit plan (except for 12 CFR 1026.57(c), which applies to all 

open-end credit plans). This subpart contains rules regarding credit and charge card application and 

solicitation disclosures (12 CFR 1026.60). It also contains rules on evaluation of a consumer’s 

ability to make the required payments under the terms of an account (12 CFR 1026.51), limits the 

fees that a consumer can be required to pay (12 CFR 1026.52), and contains rules on allocation of 

payments in excess of the minimum payment (12 CFR 1026.53). It also sets forth certain 

limitations on the imposition of finance charges as the result of a loss of a grace period (12 CFR 

1026.54), and on increases in annual percentage rates, fees, and charges for credit card accounts

(12 CFR 1026.55), including the reevaluation of rate increases (12 CFR 1026.59). This subpart 

prohibits the assessment of fees or charges for over-the-limit transactions unless the consumer 

affirmatively consents to the creditor’s payment of over-the-limit transactions (12 CFR 1026.56). 

This subpart also sets forth rules for reporting and marketing of college student open-end credit (12 

CFR 1026.57). Finally, it sets forth requirements for the Internet posting of credit card accounts 

under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan (12 CFR 1026.58). 

Several appendices contain information such as the procedures for determinations about state 

laws, state exemptions and issuance of official interpretations, special rules for certain kinds of 

credit plans, model disclosure forms, standards for determining ability to pay, and the rules for 

computing annual percentage rates in closed-end credit transactions and total-annual-loan-cost 

rates for reverse mortgage transactions. 

Official interpretations of the regulation are published in a commentary. Good faith compliance 

with the commentary protects creditors from civil liability under TILA. In addition, the 

commentary includes more detailed information on disclosures or other actions required of 

creditors. It is virtually impossible to comply with Regulation Z without reference to and reliance 

on the commentary. 

NOTE: The following narrative does not discuss all the sections of Regulation Z, but rather 

highlights only certain sections of the regulation and TILA. 

Subpart A – General 

This subpart contains general information regarding both open-end and closed-end credit 

transactions. It sets forth definitions (12 CFR 1026.2) and sets out which transactions are covered 
7 

and which are exempt from the regulation (12 CFR 1026.3). It also contains the rules for 

determining which fees are finance charges (12 CFR 1026.4). 

Purpose of TILA and Regulation Z 

TILA is intended to ensure that credit terms are disclosed in a meaningful way so consumers can 

compare credit terms more readily and knowledgeably. Before its enactment, consumers were 

faced with a bewildering array of credit terms and rates. It was difficult to compare loans 

because they were seldom presented in the same format. Now, all creditors must use the same 

credit terminology and expressions of rates. In addition to providing a uniform system for 

disclosures, TILA: 

• Protects consumers against inaccurate and unfair credit billing and credit card practices, 

• Provides ability to repay requirements and other limitations applicable to credit cards, 

• Provides consumers with rescission rights, 

• Provides for rate caps on certain dwelling-secured loans, 

• Imposes limitations on home equity lines of credit and certain closed-end home mortgages, 

• Provides minimum standards for most dwelling-secured loans, and 

• Delineates and prohibits unfair or deceptive mortgage lending practices. 

TILA and Regulation Z do not, however, tell financial institutions how much interest they may 

charge or whether they must grant a consumer a loan.

Summary of Coverage Considerations – 12 CFR 1026.1 and

1026.2

Lenders must carefully consider several factors when deciding whether a loan requires Truth in 

Lending disclosures or is subject to other Regulation Z requirements. The coverage 

considerations under Regulation Z are addressed in more detail in the commentary to Regulation 

Z. For example, broad coverage considerations are included under 12 CFR 1026.1(c) of the 

regulation and relevant definitions appear in 12 CFR 1026.2. 

The 2016 Servicing Rule adds a definition of successor in interest. Successor in interest means a 

person to whom an ownership interest in a dwelling securing a closed-end consumer credit 

transaction is transferred from a consumer, provided that the transfer is: 

• A transfer by devise, descent, or operation of law on the death of a joint tenant or tenant by 

the entirety;

• A transfer to a relative resulting from the death of the consumer; 

• A transfer where the spouse or children of the consumer become an owner of the property; 
8 

• A transfer resulting from a decree of a dissolution of marriage, legal separation agreement, or 

from an incidental property settlement agreement, by which the spouse of the consumer 

becomes an owner of the property; or 

• A transfer into an inter vivos trust in which the consumer is and remains a beneficiary and 

which does not relate to a transfer of rights of occupancy in the property. 

12 CFR 1026.2(a)(27)(i) (Effective April 19, 2018) 

Confirmed successor in interest means a successor in interest once a servicer has confirmed the 

successor in interest's identity and ownership interest in the dwelling. 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(27)(ii). 

(Effective April 19, 2018)

Under 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(11), a confirmed successor in interest is a consumer for purposes of 12 

CFR 1026.20(c) through (e), 1026.36(c), 1026.39, and 1026.41. (Effective April 19, 2018) 

Further, a servicer that is debt collector under FDCPA with respect to a mortgage loan does not 

violate the prohibition in FDCPA Section 805(b)’s on communicating with third parties by 

communicating with a confirmed successor in interest in compliance with the mortgage servicing 

rules because “consumer” for purposes of FDCPA Section 805 includes any person who meets 

the definition in this part of confirmed successor in interest. (Comment 2(a)(11)-4.ii)8

Exempt Transactions – 12 CFR 1026.3

The following transactions are exempt from Regulation Z: 

• Credit extended primarily for a business, commercial, or agricultural purpose; 

• Credit extended to other than a natural person (including credit to government agencies or 

instrumentalities); 

• Credit in excess of an annually adjusted threshold not secured by real property or by personal 

property used or expected to be used as the principal dwelling of the consumer;9

• Public utility credit; 

• Credit extended by a broker-dealer registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission 

(SEC) or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), involving securities or 

commodities accounts; 

• Home fuel budget plans not subject to a finance charge; and 

• Certain student loan programs. 

However, when a credit card is involved, generally exempt credit (e.g., business purpose credit) 

is subject to the requirements that govern the issuance of credit cards and liability for their 

 

8 See also the 2016 FDCPA Interpretive Rule (81 Fed. Reg. 71977, 71979).

9 The Dodd-Frank Act requires that this threshold be adjusted annually by any annual percentage increase in the Consumer Price 

Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W). For the current threshold, see 12 CFR 1026.3(b)(ii). 
9 

unauthorized use. Credit cards must not be issued on an unsolicited basis and, if a credit card is 

lost or stolen, the cardholder must not be held liable for more than $50 for the unauthorized use 

of the card. (Comment 3-1) 

When determining whether credit is for consumer purposes, the creditor must evaluate all of the 

following: 

• Any statement obtained from the consumer describing the purpose of the proceeds. 

o

o

o

For example, a statement that the proceeds will be used for a vacation trip would indicate 

a consumer purpose. 

If the loan has a mixed-purpose (e.g., proceeds will be used to buy a car that will be used 

for personal and business purposes), the lender must look to the primary purpose of the 

loan to decide whether disclosures are necessary. A statement of purpose from the 

consumer will help the lender make that decision. 

A checked box indicating that the loan is for a business purpose, absent any 

documentation showing the intended use of the proceeds could be insufficient evidence 

that the loan did not have a consumer purpose. 

• The consumer’s primary occupation and how it relates to the use of the proceeds. The higher 

the correlation between the consumer’s occupation and the property purchased from the loan 

proceeds, the greater the likelihood that the loan has a business purpose. For example, 

proceeds used to purchase dental supplies for a dentist would indicate a business purpose. 

• Personal management of the assets purchased from proceeds. The lower the degree of the 

borrower’s personal involvement in the management of the investment or enterprise 

purchased by the loan proceeds, the less likely the loan will have a business purpose. For 

example, money borrowed to purchase stock in an automobile company by an individual who 

does not work for that company would indicate a personal investment and a consumer 

purpose. 

• The size of the transaction. The larger the size of the transaction, the more likely the loan will 

have a business purpose. For example, if the loan is for a $5,000,000 real estate transaction, 

that might indicate a business purpose. 

• The amount of income derived from the property acquired by the loan proceeds relative to 

the borrower’s total income. The lesser the income derived from the acquired property, the 

more likely the loan will have a consumer purpose. For example, if the borrower has an 

annual salary of $100,000 and receives about $500 in annual dividends from the acquired 

property, that would indicate a consumer purpose. 

All five factors must be evaluated before the lender can conclude that disclosures are not 

necessary. Normally, no one factor, by itself, is sufficient reason to determine the applicability of 

Regulation Z. In any event, the financial institution may routinely furnish disclosures to the 

consumer. Disclosure under such circumstances does not control whether the transaction is 

covered, but can assure protection to the financial institution and compliance with the law. 
10

Coverage Considerations under Regulation Z

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No No

Yes Yes

Regulation Z does not apply, except for the rules of issuance of and 

unauthorized use liability for credit cards. (Exempt credit includes loans 

with a business or agricultural purpose, and certain student loans. Credit 

extended to acquire or improve rental property that is not owner-occupied 

is considered business purpose credit.)

No

Is the 

purpose of 

the credit 

for 

personal, 

family, or 

household 

use?

Regulation Z applies

Is the 

consumer 

credit 

extended to a 

consumer? 

Is the 

consumer 

credit 

extended 

by a 

creditor?

Is the loan or 

credit plan 

secured by 

real property 

or by a 

dwelling?

Is the amount 

financed or 

credit limit at or 

below the 

annual 

threshold limit?

The institution is not a “creditor” and Regulation Z does not apply unless at 

least one of the following tests is met:

1) The institution extends consumer credit regularly and 

 a) The obligation is initially payable to the institution and

 b) The obligation is either payable by written agreement in more than four 

installments or is subject to a finance charge

2) The institution is a card issuer that extends closed-end credit that is subject to 

a finance charge or is payable by written agreement in more than four 

installments.

3) The institution is not the card issuer, but it imposes a finance charge at the 

time of honoring a credit card.

Regulation Z does not apply, but may apply later if the loan 

is refinanced for an amount at or below the annual threshold 

limit (as annually adjusted). If the principal dwelling is taken 

as collateral after consummation, rescission rights will apply 

and, in the case of open-end credit, billing disclosures and 

other provisions of Regulation Z will apply.

Regulation Z does not apply. (Credit that is extended to a land trust is deemed 

to be credit extended to a consumer.)
11

Determination of Finance Charge and Annual Percentage 

Rate (“APR”) 

Finance Charge (Open-End and Closed-End Credit) – 12 CFR 1026.4

The finance charge is a measure of the cost of consumer credit represented in dollars and cents.

Along with APR disclosures, the disclosure of the finance charge is central to the uniform credit 

cost disclosure envisioned by TILA. 

The finance charge does not include any charge of a type payable in a comparable cash 

transaction. Examples of charges payable in a comparable cash transaction may include taxes, 

title, license fees, or registration fees paid in connection with an automobile purchase. 

Finance charges include any charges or fees payable directly or indirectly by the consumer and 

imposed directly or indirectly by the financial institution either as an incident to or as a condition 

of an extension of consumer credit. The finance charge on a loan always includes any interest 

charges and often, other charges. Regulation Z includes examples, applicable both to open-end 

and closed-end credit transactions, of what must, must not, or need not be included in the 

disclosed finance charge (12 CFR 1026.4(b)).

Accuracy Tolerances (Closed-End Credit) – 12 CFR 1026.18(d) and

1026.23(g)

Regulation Z provides finance charge tolerances for legal accuracy that should not be confused 

with those provided in TILA for reimbursement under regulatory agency orders. As with 

disclosed APRs, if a disclosed finance charge were legally accurate, it would not be subject to 

reimbursement. 

Under TILA and Regulation Z, finance charge disclosures for open-end credit must be accurate 

since there is no tolerance for finance charge errors. However, both TILA and Regulation Z 

permit various finance charge accuracy tolerances for closed-end credit. 

Tolerances for the finance charge in a closed-end transaction, other than a mortgage loan, are 

generally five dollars if the amount financed is less than or equal to $1,000 and $10 if the amount 

financed exceeds $1,000. Tolerances for certain transactions consummated on or after September 

30, 1995, are noted below.

• Credit secured by real property or a dwelling (closed-end credit only): 

o

o

o

The disclosed finance charge is considered accurate if it is not understated by more than 

$100. 

Overstatements are not violations. 

• Rescission rights after the three-business-day rescission period (closed-end credit only): 

The disclosed finance charge is considered accurate if it does not vary from the actual 

finance charge by more than one-half of one percent of the credit extended or $100, 

whichever is greater. 
12

o

o

o

o

The disclosed finance charge is considered accurate if it does not vary from the actual 

finance charge by more than one percent of the credit extended for the initial and 

subsequent refinancings of residential mortgage transactions when the new loan is made 

at a different financial institution. (This excludes high-cost mortgage loans subject to 12 

CFR 1026.32, transactions in which there are new advances, and new consolidations.) 

• Rescission rights in foreclosure: 

The disclosed finance charge is considered accurate if it does not vary from the actual 

finance charge by more than $35. 

Overstatements are not considered violations. 

The consumer can rescind if a mortgage broker fee that should have been included in the 

finance charge was not included. 

NOTE: Normally, the finance charge tolerance for a rescindable transaction is either 0.5 

percent of the credit transaction or, for certain refinancings, one percent of the credit 

transaction. However, in the event of a foreclosure, the consumer may exercise the right of 

rescission if the disclosed finance charge is understated by more than $35. 

See the “Finance Charge Tolerances” charts within these examination procedures for help in 

determining appropriate finance charge tolerances. 

Calculating the Finance Charge (Closed-End Credit) 

One of the more complex tasks under Regulation Z is determining whether a charge associated 

with an extension of credit must be included in, or excluded from, the disclosed finance charge. 

The finance charge initially includes any charge that is, or will be, connected with a specific 

loan. Charges imposed by third parties are finance charges if the financial institution requires use 

of the third party. Charges imposed by settlement or closing agents are finance charges if the 

bank requires the specific service that gave rise to the charge and the charge is not otherwise 

excluded. The “Finance Charge Tolerances” charts within this document briefly summarize the 

rules that must be considered. 

Prepaid Finance Charges – 12 CFR 1026.18(b)(3)

A prepaid finance charge is any finance charge paid separately to the financial institution or to a 

third party, in cash or by check before or at closing, settlement, or consummation of a 

transaction, or withheld from the proceeds of the credit at any time. 

Prepaid finance charges effectively reduce the amount of funds available for the consumer’s use; 

usually before or at the time the transaction is consummated. 

Examples of finance charges frequently prepaid by consumers are borrower’s points, loan 

origination fees, real estate construction inspection fees, odd days’ interest (interest attributable 

to part of the first payment period when that period is longer than a regular payment period), 

mortgage guarantee insurance fees paid to the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), private 
13

mortgage insurance (PMI) paid to such companies as the Mortgage Guaranty Insurance 

Corporation (MGIC), and, in non-real-estate transactions, credit report fees. 

Precomputed Finance Charges 

A precomputed finance charge includes, for example, interest added to the note amount that is 

computed by the add-on, discount, or simple interest methods. If reflected in the face amount of 

the debt instrument as part of the consumer’s obligation, finance charges that are not viewed as 

prepaid finance charges are treated as precomputed finance charges that are earned over the life 

of the loan. 
14

Finance Charge Chart

FINANCE CHARGE = DOLLAR COST OF CONSUMER CREDIT: It includes any charge payable directly or indirectly by 

the consumer and imposed directly or indirectly by the creditor as a condition of or incident to the extension of credit.

CHARGES ALWAYS 

INCLUDED

CHARGES INCLUDED 

UNLESS CONDITIONS 

ARE MET

CONDITIONS

(Any loan) CHARGES NOT INCLUDED IF BONA 

FIDE AND REASONABLE IN AMOUNT 

(Residential mortgage transactions and 

loans secured by real estate)

CHARGES NEVER 

INCLUDED

Charges payable in a comparable 

cash transaction.

Fees for unanticipated late 

payments

Overdraft fees not agreed to in 

writing

Seller’s points

Participation or membership fees

Discount offered by the seller to 

induce payment by cash or other 

means not involving the use of a 

credit card

Interest forfeited as a result of 

interest reduction required by law 

Charges absorbed by the creditor as 

a cost of doing business

Interest

Transaction fees

Loan origination fees Consumer 

points

Credit guarantee insurance 

premiums

Charges imposed on the creditor for 

purchasing the loan, which are 

passed on to the consumer

Discounts for inducing payment by 

means other than credit

Mortgage broker fees

Other examples: Fee for preparing 

TILA disclosures; real estate 

construction loan inspection fees; 

fees for post-consummation tax or 

flood service policy; required credit 

life insurance charges

Premiums for credit life, A&H, or 

loss of income insurance

Debt cancellation fees

Premiums for property or liability 

insurance 

Premiums for vendor’s single 

interest (VSI) insurance

Security interest charges (filing 

fees), insurance in lieu of filing fees 

and certain notary fees

Charges imposed by third parties

Charges imposed by third-party 

closing agents

Appraisal and credit report fees

Insurance not required, disclosures 

are made, and consumer authorizes

Coverage not required, disclosures 

are made, and consumer authorizes

Consumer selects insurance 

company and disclosures are made

Insurer waives right of subrogation, 

consumer selects insurance 

company, and disclosures are made

The fee is for lien purposes, 

prescribed by law, payable to a third 

public official and is itemized and 

disclosed

Use of the third party is not required 

to obtain loan and creditor does not 

retain the charge

Creditor does not require and does 

not retain the fee for the particular 

service

Application fees, if charged to all 

applicants, are not finance charges. 

Application fees may include 

appraisal or credit report fees.

Fees for title insurance, title examination, 

property survey, etc.

Fees for preparing loan documents, 

mortgages, and other settlement documents

Amounts required to be paid into escrow, if 

not otherwise included in the finance 

charge

Notary fees

Pre-consummation flood and pest 

inspection fees

Appraisal and credit report fees
15

Instructions for the Finance Charge Chart

The finance charge initially includes any charge that is, or will be, connected with a specific 

loan. Charges imposed by third parties are finance charges if the creditor requires use of the third 

party. Charges imposed on the consumer by a settlement agent are finance charges only if the 

creditor requires the particular services for which the settlement agent is charging the borrower 

and the charge is not otherwise excluded from the finance charge. 

Immediately below the finance charge definition, the chart presents five captions applicable to 

determining whether a loan related charge is a finance charge.

The first caption is “charges always included.” This category focuses on specific charges given 

in the regulation or commentary as examples of finance charges.

The second caption, “charges included unless conditions are met,” focuses on charges that must 

be included in the finance charge unless the creditor meets specific disclosure or other conditions 

to exclude the charges from the finance charge.

The third caption, “conditions,” focuses on the conditions that need to be met if the charges 

identified to the left of the conditions are permitted to be excluded from the finance charge. 

Although most charges under the second caption may be included in the finance charge at the 

creditor’s option, third-party charges and application fees (listed last under the third caption) 

must be excluded from the finance charge if the relevant conditions are met. However, inclusion 

of appraisal and credit report charges as part of the application fee is optional. 

The fourth caption, “charges not included,” identifies fees or charges that are not included in the 

finance charge under conditions identified by the caption. If the credit transaction is secured by real 

property or the loan is a residential mortgage transaction, the charges identified in the column, if 

they are bona fide and reasonable in amount, must be excluded from the finance charge. For 

example, if a consumer loan is secured by a vacant lot or commercial real estate, any appraisal fees 

connected with the loan must not be included in the finance charge.

The fifth caption, “charges never included,” lists specific charges provided by the regulation as 

examples of those that automatically are not finance charges (e.g., fees for unanticipated late 

payments).

Annual Percentage Rate Definition – 12 CFR 1026.22 (Closed-End 

Credit) 

Credit costs may vary depending on the interest rate, the amount of the loan and other charges, 

the timing and amounts of advances, and the repayment schedule. The APR, which must be 

disclosed in nearly all consumer credit transactions, is designed to take into account all relevant 

factors and to provide a uniform measure for comparing the cost of various credit transactions. 

The APR is a measure of the cost of credit, expressed as a nominal yearly rate. It relates the 

amount and timing of value received by the consumer to the amount and timing of payments made. 

The disclosure of the APR is central to the uniform credit cost disclosure envisioned by TILA. 
16

The value of a closed-end credit APR must be disclosed as a single rate only, whether the loan 

has a single interest rate, a variable interest rate, a discounted variable interest rate, or graduated 

payments based on separate interest rates (step rates), and it must appear with the segregated 

disclosures. Segregated disclosures are grouped together and do not contain any information not 

directly related to the disclosures required under 12 CFR 1026.18. 

Since an APR measures the total cost of credit, including costs such as transaction charges or 

premiums for credit guarantee insurance, it is not an “interest” rate, as that term is generally 

used. APR calculations do not rely on definitions of interest in state law and often include 

charges, such as a commitment fee paid by the consumer, that are not viewed by some state 

usury statutes as interest. Conversely, an APR might not include a charge, such as a credit report 

fee in a real property transaction, which some state laws might view as interest for usury 

purposes. Furthermore, measuring the timing of value received and of payments made, which is 

essential if APR calculations are to be accurate, must be consistent with parameters under 

Regulation Z. 

The APR is often considered to be the finance charge expressed as a percentage. However, two 

loans could require the same finance charge and still have different APRs because of differing 

values of the amount financed or of payment schedules. For example, the APR is 12 percent on a 

loan with an amount financed of $5,000 and 36 equal monthly payments of $166.07 each. It is 

13.26 percent on a loan with an amount financed of $4,500 and 35 equal monthly payments of 

$152.18 each and final payment of $152.22. In both cases the finance charge is $978.52. The 

APRs on these example loans are not the same because an APR does not only reflect the finance 

charge. It relates the amount and timing of value received by the consumer to the amount and 

timing of payments made. 

The APR is a function of: 

• The amount financed, which is not necessarily equivalent to the loan amount. For example, if 

the consumer must pay at closing a separate one percent loan origination fee (prepaid finance 

charge) on a $100,000 residential mortgage loan, the loan amount is $100,000, but the 

amount financed would be $100,000 less the $1,000 loan fee, or $99,000. 

• The finance charge, which is not necessarily equivalent to the total interest amount (interest 

is not defined by Regulation Z, but rather is defined by state or other federal law). For 

example: 

o

o

If the consumer must pay a $25 credit report fee for an auto loan, the fee must be 

included in the finance charge. The finance charge in that case is the sum of the interest 

on the loan (i.e., interest generated by the application of a percentage rate against the loan 

amount) plus the $25 credit report fee. 

If the consumer must pay a $25 credit report fee for a home improvement loan secured by 

real property, the credit report fee must be excluded from the finance charge. The finance 

charge in that case would be only the interest on the loan. 

• The payment schedule, which does not necessarily include only principal and interest (P + I) 

payments. For example:
17

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If the consumer borrows $2,500 for a vacation trip at 14 percent simple interest per 

annum and repays that amount with 25 equal monthly payments beginning one month 

from consummation of the transaction, the monthly P + I payment will be $115.87, if all 

months are considered equal, and the amount financed would be $2,500. If the 

consumer’s payments are increased by two dollars a month to pay a non-financed $50 

loan fee during the life of the loan, the amount financed would remain at $2,500, but the 

payment schedule would be increased to $117.87 a month; the finance charge would 

increase by $50; and there would be a corresponding increase in the APR. This would be 

the case whether or not state law defines the $50 loan fee as interest.

If the loan above has 55 days to the first payment and the consumer prepays interest at 

consummation ($24.31 to cover the first 25 days), the amount financed would be $2,500 - 

$24.31, or $2,475.69. Although the amount financed has been reduced to reflect the 

consumer’s reduced use of available funds at consummation, the time interval during 

which the consumer has use of the $2,475.69, 55 days to the first payment, has not 

changed. Since the first payment period exceeds the limitations of the regulation’s minor 

irregularities provisions (see 12 CFR 1026.17(c)(4)), it may not be treated as regular. In 

calculating the APR, the first payment period must not be reduced by 25 days (i.e., the 

first payment period may not be treated as one month). 

Financial institutions may, if permitted by state or other law, precompute interest by applying a 

rate against a loan balance using a simple interest, add-on, discount or some other method, and 

may earn interest using a simple interest accrual system, the Rule of 78s (if permitted by law) or 

some other method. Unless the financial institution’s internal interest earnings and accrual 

methods involve a simple interest rate based on a 360-day year that is applied over actual days 

(even that is important only for determining the accuracy of the payment schedule), it is not 

relevant in calculating an APR, since an APR is not an interest rate (as that term is commonly 

used under state or other law). Since the APR normally need not rely on the internal accrual 

systems of a bank, it always may be computed after the loan terms have been agreed upon (as 

long as it is disclosed before actual consummation of the transaction). 

Special Requirements for Calculating the Finance Charge and APR 

Proper calculation of the finance charge and APR are of primary importance. The regulation 

requires that the terms “finance charge” and “annual percentage rate” be disclosed more 

conspicuously than any other required disclosure, subject to limited exceptions. The finance 

charge and APR, more than any other disclosures, enable consumers to understand the cost of the 

credit and to comparison shop for credit. A creditor’s failure to disclose those values accurately 

can result in significant monetary damages to the creditor, either from a class action lawsuit or 

from a regulatory agency’s order to reimburse consumers for violations of law. 

If an APR or finance charge is disclosed incorrectly, the error is not, in itself, a violation of the 

regulation if: 

• The error resulted from a corresponding error in a calculation tool used in good faith by the 

financial institution. 
18

• Upon discovery of the error, the financial institution promptly discontinues use of that 

calculation tool for disclosure purposes. 

• The financial institution notifies the CFPB in writing of the error in the calculation tool. 

When a financial institution claims a calculation tool was used in good faith, the financial 

institution assumes a reasonable degree of responsibility for ensuring that the tool in question 

provides the accuracy required by the regulation. For example, the financial institution might 

verify the results obtained using the tool by comparing those results to the figures obtained by 

using another calculation tool. The financial institution might also verify that the tool, if it is 

designed to operate under the actuarial method, produces figures similar to those provided by the 

examples in Appendix J to the regulation. The calculation tool should be checked for accuracy 

before it is first used and periodically thereafter. 

Subpart B – Open-End Credit

Subpart B relates to open-end credit. It contains rules on account-opening disclosures (12 CFR 

1026.6) and periodic statements (12 CFR 1026.7-.8). It also describes special rules that apply to 

credit card transactions, treatment of payments (12 CFR 1026.10) and credit balances (12 CFR 

1026.11), procedures for resolving credit billing errors (12 CFR 1026.13), annual percentage rate 

calculations (12 CFR 1026.14), rescission requirements (12 CFR 1026.15) and advertising (12 

CFR 1026.16). 

Time of Disclosures (Periodic Statements) – 12 CFR

1026.5(b)

For credit card accounts under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan, creditors 

must adopt reasonable procedures designed to ensure that periodic statements are mailed or 

delivered at least 21 days prior to the payment due date disclosed on the periodic statement and 

that payments are not treated as late for any purpose if they are received within 21 days after 

mailing or delivery of the statement. In addition, for all open-end consumer credit accounts with 

grace periods, creditors must adopt reasonable procedures designed to ensure that periodic 

statements are mailed or delivered at least 21 days prior to the date on which a grace period (if 

any) expires and that finance charges are not imposed as a result of the loss of a grace period if a 

payment is received within 21 days after mailing or delivery of a statement. For purposes of this 

requirement, a “grace period” is defined as a period within which any credit extended may be 

repaid without incurring a finance charge due to a periodic interest rate. For non-credit card 

open-end consumer plans without a grace period, creditors must adopt reasonable policies and 

procedures designed to ensure that periodic statements are mailed or delivered at least 14 days 

prior to the date on which the required minimum periodic payment is due. Moreover, the creditor 

must adopt reasonable policies and procedures to ensure that it does not treat as late a required 

minimum periodic payment received by the creditor within 14 days after it has mailed or 

delivered the periodic statement.
19

Subsequent Disclosures (Open-End Credit) – 12 CFR

1026.9

For open-end, not home-secured credit, the following applies: 

Creditors are required to provide consumers with 45 days’ advance written notice of rate 

increases and other significant changes to the terms of their credit card account agreements. The 

list of “significant changes” includes most fees and other terms that a consumer should be aware 

of before use of the account. Examples of such fees and terms include:

• Penalty fees, 

• Transaction fees, 

• Fees imposed for the issuance or availability of the open-end plan, 

• Grace period, and 

• Balance computation method. 

Changes that do not require advance notice include:

• Reductions of finance charges;

• Termination of account privileges resulting from an agreement involving a court proceeding; 

• Increase in an APR upon expiration of a specified period of time previously disclosed in 

writing;

• Increases in variable APRs that change according to an index not under the card issuer’s 

control; and 

• Rate increases due to the completion of, or failure of a consumer to comply with, the terms of 

a workout or temporary hardship arrangement, if those terms are disclosed prior to 

commencement of the arrangement.

A creditor may suspend account privileges, terminate an account, or lower the credit limit 

without notice. However, a creditor that lowers the credit limit may not impose an over limit fee 

or penalty rate as a result of exceeding the new credit limit without a 45-day advance notice that 

the credit limit has been reduced.

For significant changes in terms (with the exception of rate changes, increases in the minimum 

payment, certain changes in the balance computation method, and when the change results from 

the consumer’s failure to make a required minimum periodic payment within 60 days after the 

due date), a creditor must also provide consumers the right to reject the change. If the consumer 

does reject the change prior to the effective date, the creditor may not apply the change to the 

account (12 CFR 1026.9(h)(2)(i)). 
20

In addition, when a consumer rejects a change or increase, the creditor must not: 

• Impose a fee or charge or treat the account as in default solely as a result of the rejection; or

• Require repayment of the balance on the account using a method that is less beneficial to the 

consumer than one of the following methods: (1) the method of repayment prior to the 

rejection; (2) an amortization period of not less than five years from the date of rejection; or 

(3) a minimum periodic payment that includes a percentage of the balance that is not more 

than twice the percentage included prior to the date of rejection. 

Finance Charge (Open-End Credit) – 12 CFR 1026.6(a)(1) 

& 1026.6(b)(3) 

Each finance charge imposed must be individually itemized. The aggregate total amount of the 

finance charge need not be disclosed. 

Determining the Balance and Computing the Finance Charge 

The examiner must know how to compute the balance to which the periodic rate is applied. 

There are three common methods used, namely, the previous balance method, the daily balance 

method, and the average daily balance method, which are described as follows: 

• Previous balance method. The balance on which the periodic finance charge is computed is 

based on the balance outstanding at the start of the billing cycle. The periodic rate is 

multiplied by this balance to compute the finance charge. 

• Daily balance method. A daily periodic rate is applied to either the balance on each day in 

the cycle or the sum of the balances on each of the days in the cycle. If a daily periodic rate is 

multiplied by the balance on each day in the billing cycle, the finance charge is the sum of 

the products. If the daily periodic rate is multiplied by the sum of all the daily balances, the 

result is the finance charge. 

• Average daily balance method. The average daily balance is the sum of the daily balances 

(either including or excluding current transactions) divided by the number of days in the 

billing cycle. A periodic rate is then multiplied by the average daily balance to determine the 

finance charge. If the periodic rate is a daily one, the product of the rate multiplied by the 

average balance is multiplied by the number of days in the cycle. 

In addition to those common methods, financial institutions have other ways of calculating the 

balance to which the periodic rate is applied. By reading the financial institution’s explanation, 

the examiner should be able to calculate the balance to which the periodic rate was applied. In 

some cases, the examiner may need to obtain additional information from the financial institution 

to verify the explanation disclosed. If the examiner is unable to understand the disclosed 

explanation, he or she should discuss the explanation with management, and should remind 

management of Regulation Z’s requirement that disclosures be clear and conspicuous. 

When a balance is determined without first deducting all credits and payments made during the 

billing cycle, that fact and the amount of the credits and payments must be disclosed. 
21

If the financial institution uses the daily balance method and applies a single daily periodic rate, 

disclosure of the balance to which the rate was applied may be stated as any of the following: 

• A balance for each day in the billing cycle. The daily periodic rate is multiplied by the 

balance on each day and the sum of the products is the finance charge. 

• A balance for each day in the billing cycle on which the balance in the account changes. 

The finance charge is figured by the same method as discussed previously, but the statement 

shows the balance only for those days on which the balance changed. 

• The sum of the daily balances during the billing cycle. The balance on which the finance 

charge is computed is the sum of all the daily balances in the billing cycle. The daily periodic 

rate is multiplied by that balance to determine the finance charge. 

• The average daily balance during the billing cycle. If this is stated, the financial institution 

may, at its option, explain that the average daily balance is or can be multiplied by the 

number of days in the billing cycle and the periodic rate applied to the product to determine 

the amount of interest. 

If the financial institution uses the daily balance method, but applies two or more daily 

periodic rates, the sum of the daily balances may not be used. Acceptable ways of disclosing 

the balances include: 

• A balance for each day in the billing cycle; 

• A balance for each day in the billing cycle on which the balance in the account changes; or 

• Two or more average daily balances. If the average daily balances are stated, the financial 

institution may, at its option, explain that interest is or may be determined by 1) multiplying 

each of the average daily balances by the number of days in the billing cycle (or if the daily 

rate varied during the cycle, by multiplying the number of days that the applicable rate was in 

effect); 2) by multiplying each of the results by the applicable daily periodic rate; and 3) 

adding these products together. 

In explaining the method used to find the balance on which the finance charge is computed, the 

financial institution need not reveal how it allocates payments or credits. That information may be 

disclosed as additional information, but all required information must be clear and conspicuous. 

NOTE: 12 CFR 1026.54 prohibits a credit card issuer from calculating finance charges based on 

balances for days in previous billing cycles as a result of the loss of a grace period (a practice 

sometimes referred to as “double-cycle billing”).

Finance Charge Resulting from Two or More Periodic Rates 

Some financial institutions use more than one periodic rate in computing the finance charge. For 

example, one rate may apply to balances up to a certain amount and another rate to balances 

more than that amount. If two or more periodic rates apply, the financial institution must disclose 

all rates and conditions. The range of balances to which each rate applies also must be disclosed.
22

It is not necessary, however, to break the finance charge into separate components based on the 

different rates. 

Annual Percentage Rate (Open-End Credit)

The disclosed APR on an open-end credit account is accurate if it is within one-eighth of one 

percentage point of the APR calculated under Regulation Z. 

Determination of APR – 12 CFR 1026.14

The basic method for determining the APR in open-end credit transactions involves multiplying 

each periodic rate by the number of periods in a year. This method is used in all types of openend disclosures, including: 

• The corresponding APR in the initial disclosures, 

• The corresponding APR on periodic statements, 

• The APR in early disclosures for credit card accounts, 

• The APR in early disclosures for home-equity plans, 

• The APR in advertising, and

• The APR in oral disclosures. 

The corresponding APR is prospective and it does not involve any particular finance charge or 

periodic balance. 

A second method of calculating the APR is the quotient method. At a creditor’s option, the 

quotient method may be disclosed on periodic statements for home-equity plans subject to 12 

CFR 1026.40 (home-equity lines of credit, or “HELOCs”).10 The quotient method reflects the 

annualized equivalent of the rate that was actually applied during a cycle. This rate, also known 

as the effective APR, will differ from the corresponding APR if the creditor applies minimum, 

fixed, or transaction charges to the account during the cycle. (12 CFR 1026.14(c))

Brief Outline for Open-End Credit APR Calculations on Periodic 

Statements 

NOTE: Assume monthly billing cycles for each of the calculations below. 

I. Basic method for determining the APR in an open-end credit transaction. This is the 

corresponding APR. (12 CFR 1026.14(b)) 

A. Monthly rate x 12 = APR 

II. Optional effective APR that may be disclosed on HELOC periodic statements

 

10 If a creditor does not disclose the effective (or quotient method) APR on a HELOC periodic statement, it must instead disclose 

the charges (fees and interest) imposed as provided in 12 CFR 1026.7(a).
23

A. APR when only periodic rates are imposed (12 CFR 1026.14(c)(1)) 

1. Monthly rate x 12 = APR

Or

2. (Total finance charge / sum of the balances) x 12 = APR

B. APR when minimum or fixed charge, but not transaction charge imposed. (12 CFR 

1026.14(c)(2)) 

1. (Total finance charge / amount of applicable balance11) x 12 = APR12

C. APR when the finance charge includes a charge related to a specific transaction (such as 

a cash advance fee), even if the total finance charge also includes any other minimum, 

fixed, or other charge not calculated using a periodic rate. (12 CFR 1026.14(c)(3)) 

1. (Total finance charge / (all balances + other amounts on which a finance charge was 

imposed during the billing cycle without duplication13) x 12 = APR14

D. APR when the finance charge imposed during the billing cycle includes a minimum or 

fixed charge that does not exceed $.50 for a monthly or longer billing cycle (or pro rata 

part of $.50 for a billing cycle shorter than monthly). (12 CFR 1026.14(c)(4)) 

1. Monthly rate x 12 = APR 

E. APR calculation when daily periodic rates are applicable if only the periodic rate is 

imposed or when a minimum or fixed charge (but not a transactional charge is imposed. 

(12 CFR 1026.14(d)) 

1. (Total finance charge / average daily balance) x 12 = APR 

Or

2. (Total finance charge / sum of daily balances) x 365 = APR

Change in Terms Notices for Home-Equity Plans Subject to 

12 CFR 1026.40 – 12 CFR 1026.9(c) 

Servicers are required to provide consumers with 15 days’ advance written notice of a change to 

any term required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(a) or where the required minimum 

periodic payment is increased. Notice is not required when the change involves a reduction of 

 

11 For the following formulas, the APR cannot be determined if the applicable balance is zero. (12 CFR 1026.14(c)(2))

12 Loan fees, points, or similar finance charges that relate to the opening of the account must not be included in the calculation of 

the APR.

13 The sum of the balances may include the average daily balance, adjusted balance, or previous balance method. When a portion 

of the finance charge is determined by application of one or more daily periodic rates, the sum of the balances also means the 

average of daily balances. See Appendix F to Regulation Z.

14 Cannot be less than the highest periodic rate applied, expressed as an APR. Loan fees, points, or similar finance charges that 

relate to the opening of the account must not be included in the calculation of the APR.
24

any component of a finance charge or other charge or when the change results from an 

agreement involving a court proceeding. If the creditor prohibits additional extensions of credit 

or reduces the credit limit in certain circumstances (if permitted by contract), a written notice 

must be provided no later than three business days after the action is taken and must include the 

specific reasons for the action. If the creditor requires the consumer to request reinstatement of 

credit privileges, the notice also must state that fact.

Payments – 12 CFR 1026.10 (Open-End Credit)

Creditors are required to credit a payment to the consumer’s account as of the date of receipt, 

except when a delay in crediting does not result in a finance or other charge. If a creditor fails to 

credit a payment, as required by 12 CFR 1026.10(a) or (b), in time to avoid the imposition of 

finance or other charges, the creditor shall adjust the consumer’s account so that the charges 

imposed are credited to the consumer’s account during the next billing cycle.

If a card issuer makes a material change in the address for receiving payments or procedures for 

handling payments, and such change causes a material delay in the crediting of a payment to the 

consumer’s account during the 60-day period following the date on which such change took 

effect, the card issuer may not impose any late fee or finance charge for a late payment on the 

credit card account during the 60-day period following the date on which the change took effect. 

Timely Settlement of Estates – 12 CFR 1026.11(c)

Issuers are required to establish procedures to ensure that any administrator of an estate can 

resolve the outstanding credit card balance of a deceased account holder in a timely manner. If 

an administrator requests the amount of the balance: 

• The issuer is prohibited from imposing additional fees on the account; 

• The issuer is required to disclose the amount of the balance to the administrator in a timely 

manner (safe harbor of 30 days); and 

• If the balance is paid in full within 30 days after disclosure of the balance, the issuer must 

waive or rebate any trailing or residual interest charges that accrued on the balance following 

the disclosure. 

Billing Error Resolution – 12 CFR 1026.13 (Open-End 

Credit)

A billing error notice is a written notice from a consumer that:

• Is received by a creditor at the address disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.7(a)(9) or (b)(9), as 

applicable, no later than 60 days after the creditor transmitted the first periodic statement that 

reflects the alleged billing error;

• Enables the creditor to identify the consumer’s name and account number; and

• To the extent possible, indicates the consumer’s belief and the reasons for the belief that a 

billing error exists, and the type, date, and amount of the error. 
25

The creditor shall mail or deliver written acknowledgment to the consumer within 30 days of 

receiving a billing error notice, unless the creditor has complied with the appropriate resolution 

procedures of 12 CFR 1026.13(e) and (f), as applicable, within the 30-day period. Furthermore, 

the creditor credit must comply with the appropriate resolution procedures provided by 12 CFR 

1026.13(e) and (f), as applicable, within two complete billing cycles (but in no event later than 

90 days) after receiving a billing error notice. 

Until a billing error is resolved, the following rules apply: 

• The consumer need not pay (and the creditor may not try to collect) any portion of any 

required payment that the consumer believes is related to the disputed amount (including 

related finance or other charges). 

• The creditor or its agent is also prohibited from making or threatening to make an adverse 

report to any person about the consumer’s credit standing, or report that an amount or 

account is delinquent, because the consumer failed to pay the disputed amount or related 

finance or other charges. 

• A creditor shall not accelerate any part of the consumer’s indebtedness or restrict or close a

consumer’s account solely because the consumer has exercised in good faith rights provided 

by this section. 

A creditor is not prohibited, however, from taking action to collect any undisputed portion of the 

item or bill; from deducting any disputed amount and related finance or other charges from the 

consumer’s credit limit on the account; or from reflecting a disputed amount and related finance 

or other charges on a periodic statement, provided that the creditor indicates on or with the 

periodic statement that payment of any disputed amount and related finance or other charges is 

not required pending the creditor’s compliance with this section.

If a creditor determines that a billing error occurred as asserted, it must within the applicable 

time limits:

• Correct the billing error and credit the consumer’s account with any disputed amount and 

related finance or other charges, as applicable; and

• Mail or deliver notification of the correction to the consumer. 

If, after conducting a reasonable investigation, a creditor determines that no billing error 

occurred or that a different billing error occurred from that asserted, the creditor must within the 

applicable time limits:

• Mail or deliver to the consumer an explanation that sets forth the reasons for the creditor’s

belief that the billing error alleged by the consumer is incorrect in whole or in part;

• Furnish copies of documentary evidence of the consumer’s indebtedness, if the consumer so 

requests; and

• If a different billing error occurred, correct the billing error and credit the consumer’s 

account with any disputed amount and related finance or other charges, as applicable. 
26

If a creditor determines that a consumer owes all or part of the disputed amount and related 

finance or other charges, determine whether the credit complied with the requirements provided 

in 12 CFR 1026.13(g). 

A creditor that has fully complied with the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.13 has no further 

responsibilities under this section (other than as provided in 12 CFR 1026.13(g)(4)) if a 

consumer reasserts substantially the same billing error.

NOTE: Special credit card provisions provide additional protections for consumers, including 

provisions relating to unauthorized use. (12 CFR 1026.12)

Minimum Payments – 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)

For credit card accounts under an open-end credit plan, card issuers generally must disclose on 

periodic statements an estimate of the amount of time and the total cost (principal and interest) 

involved in paying the balance in full by making only the minimum payments, an estimate of the 

monthly payment amount required to pay off the balance in 36 months and the total cost 

(principal and interest) of repaying the balance in 36 months. Card issuers also must disclose a 

minimum payment warning and an estimate of the total interest that a consumer would save if 

that consumer repaid the balance in 36 months, instead of making minimum payments. 

Advertising for Open-End Plans– 12 CFR 1026.16

The regulation requires that loan product advertisements provide accurate and balanced 

information, in a clear and conspicuous manner, about rates, monthly payments, and other loan 

features. The advertising rules ban several deceptive or misleading advertising practices, 

including representations that a rate or payment is “fixed” when in fact it can change.

If an advertisement for credit states specific credit terms, it must state only those terms that 

actually are or will be arranged or offered by the creditor. If any finance charges or other charges 

are set forth in an advertisement, the advertisement must also clearly and conspicuously state the 

following: 

• Any minimum, fixed, transaction, activity or similar charge that is a finance charge under 12 

CFR 1026.4 that could be imposed;

• Any periodic rate that may be applied expressed as an APR as determined under 12 CFR 

1026.14(b). If the plan provides for a variable periodic rate, that fact must be disclosed; and 

• Any membership or participation fee that could be imposed. 

If any finance charges or other charge or payment terms are set forth, affirmatively or negatively, 

in an advertisement for a home-equity plan subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40, the 

advertisement also must clearly and conspicuously set forth the following: 

• Any loan fee that is a percentage of the credit limit under the plan and an estimate of any 

other fees imposed for opening the plan, stated as a single dollar amount or a reasonable 

range;
27

• Any periodic rate used to compute the finance charge, expressed as an APR as determined 

under 12 CFR 1026.14(b); and 

• The maximum APR that may be imposed in a variable-rate plan.

Regulation Z’s open-end home-equity plan advertising rules include a clear and conspicuous 

standard for home-equity plan advertisements, consistent with the approach taken in the 

advertising rules for consumer leases under Regulation M. Commentary provisions clarify how 

the clear and conspicuous standard applies to advertisements of home-equity plans with 

promotional rates or payments, and to Internet, television, and oral advertisements of homeequity plans. The regulation allows alternative disclosures for television and radio 

advertisements for home-equity plans. The regulation also requires that advertisements 

adequately disclose not only promotional plan terms, but also the rates or payments that will 

apply over the term of the plan. 

Regulation Z also contains provisions implementing the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and 

Consumer Protection Act of 2005, which requires disclosure of the tax implications of certain 

home-equity plans. 
28

Subpart C – Closed-End Credit 

Subpart C relates to closed-end credit. It contains rules on disclosures (12 CFR 1026.17-.20), 

treatment of credit balances (12 CFR 1026.21), annual percentage rate calculations (12 CFR 

1026.22), rescission rights (12 CFR 1026.23), and advertising (12 CFR 1026.24). 

The TILA-RESPA integrated disclosures must be given for most closed-end transactions secured 

by real property for which the creditor receives an application on or after October 3, 2015. The 

TILA-RESPA integrated disclosures do not apply to HELOCs, reverse mortgages, or mortgages 

secured by a mobile home or by a dwelling that is not attached to real property. Truth in Lending 

disclosures (TIL disclosures) and the Consumer Handbook on Adjustable Rate Mortgages 

(CHARM) booklet must still be provided for certain closed-end loan transactions. 

I. Disclosures, Generally 

A. Timing

Generally, all disclosures provided to consumers must be made clearly and conspicuously in 

writing, in a form that the consumer may keep ((12 CFR 1026.17(a), 1026.37(o), 1026.38(t)). 

However, the timing of the disclosures may change depending on the transaction (12 CFR 

1026.19(a), 1026.19(e)(1)(iii), 1026.19(f)(1)(ii), 1026.19(g)). 

Disclosures in connection with non-mortgage closed-end loans and specified housing assistance 

loan programs for low- and moderate-income consumers must be provided before consummation 

of the transaction (12 CFR 1026.3). 

For most closed-end transactions secured by real property for which the creditor receives an 

application on or after October 3, 2015 (including construction-only loans, loans secured by 

vacant land or by 25 or more acres, and credit extended to certain trusts for tax or estate planning 

purposes), disclosures must be provided in accordance with the timing requirements outlined in 

12 CFR 1026.19(e), (f) and (g). Generally, a creditor is required to mail or deliver the Loan 

Estimate within three business days of receipt of the consumer’s loan application and to ensure 

that the consumer receives the Closing Disclosure no later than three business days before loan 

consummation (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(iii), 1026.19(f)(1)(ii)). If the loan is a purchase transaction, 

the special information booklet must also be provided within three business days of receipt of the 

consumer’s application (12 CFR 1026.19(g)). The specifics of these disclosure timing 

requirements are further discussed below, including a discussion about revised disclosures. 

Mortgage loans not subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f) (e.g., reverse mortgages, and chatteldwelling loans) have different disclosure requirements. For reverse mortgages, disclosures must 

be delivered or mailed to the consumer no later than the third business day after a creditor 

receives the consumer’s written application (12 CFR 1026.19(a)). For chattel-dwelling mortgage 

loans, disclosures must be provided to the consumer prior to consummation of the loan (12 CFR 

1026.17(b)). Revised disclosures are also required within three business days of consummation if 

certain mortgage loan terms change (12 CFR 1026.19(a)(2)). For loans like reverse mortgages, 

the consumer will receive the Good Faith Estimate (GFE), HUD-1 Settlement Statement (HUD1), and TIL disclosures as required under the applicable sections of both TILA and RESPA. 

Consumers receive TIL disclosures for chattel-dwelling loans that are not secured by land, but 
29

the GFE and the HUD-1 are not required. Finally, certain variable-rate transactions secured by a 

dwelling have additional disclosure obligations with specific timing requirements both prior to 

and after consummation (see 12 CFR 1026.20(c) and (d) below). 

B. Basis for Disclosures

1. Generally

Disclosures provided for closed-end transactions must reflect the credit terms to which the 

parties will be legally bound as of the outset of the credit transaction. If information required for 

the disclosures is unknown, the creditor may provide the consumer with an estimate, using the 

best information reasonably available. The disclosure must be clearly marked as an estimate. 

Variable and Adjustable Rate 

If the terms of the legal obligation allow the financial institution, after consummation of the 

transaction, to increase the APR, the financial institution must furnish the consumer with certain 

information on variable rates. Variable-rate disclosures are not applicable to rate increases 

resulting from delinquency, default, assumption, acceleration, or transfer of the collateral. 

Some of the more important transaction-specific variable-rate disclosure requirements follow. 

• Disclosures for variable-rate loans must be given for the full term of the transaction and must 

be based on the terms in effect at the time of consummation. 

• If the variable-rate transaction includes either a seller buy-down that is reflected in a contract 

or a consumer buy-down, the disclosed APR should be a composite rate based on the lower 

rate for the buy-down period and the rate that is the basis for the variable-rate feature for the 

remainder of the term. 

• If the initial rate is not determined by the index or formula used to make later interest rate 

adjustments, as in a discounted variable rate transaction, the disclosed APR must reflect a 

composite rate based on the initial rate for as long as it is applied and, for the remainder of 

the term, the rate that would have been applied using the index or formula at the time of 

consummation (i.e., the fully indexed rate). 

o

o

If a loan contains a rate or payment cap that would prevent the initial rate or payment, at 

the time of the adjustment, from changing to the fully indexed rate, the effect of that rate 

or payment cap needs to be reflected in the disclosures. 

The index at consummation need not be used if the contract provides a delay in the 

implementation of changes in an index value (e.g., the contract indicates that future rate 

changes are based on the index value in effect for some specified period, such as 45 days 

before the change date). Instead, the financial institution may use any rate from the date 

of consummation back to the beginning of the specified period (e.g., during the previous 

45-day period). 
30

• If the initial interest rate is set according to the index or formula used for later adjustments, 

but is set at a value as of a date before consummation, disclosures should be based on the 

initial interest rate, even though the index may have changed by the consummation date. 

II. Finance Charge, Amount Financed and APRs 

A. Finance Charge – 12 CFR 1026.18(c)

The aggregate total amount of the finance charge must be disclosed for all loans. An itemization 

of the amount financed is required (except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.18(c)(2) or (c)(3)), unless 

the loan is subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f) (i.e., most closed-end mortgage loans). 

Amount Financed – 12 CFR 1026.18(b), 1026.38(o) 

1. Definition

The amount financed is the net amount of credit extended for the consumer’s use. It should not 

be assumed that the amount financed under the regulation is equivalent to the note amount, 

proceeds, or principal amount of the loan. The amount financed normally equals the total of 

payments less the finance charge. 

To calculate the amount financed, all amounts and charges connected with the transaction, either 

paid separately or included in the note amount, must first be identified. Any prepaid, 

precomputed, or other finance charge must then be determined. 

The amount financed must not include any finance charges. If finance charges have been 

included in the obligation (either prepaid or precomputed), they must be subtracted from the face 

amount of the obligation when determining the amount financed. The resulting value must be 

reduced further by an amount equal to any prepaid finance charge paid separately. The final 

resulting value is the amount financed. 

When calculating the amount financed, finance charges (whether in the note amount or paid 

separately) should not be subtracted more than once from the total amount of an obligation. 

Charges not in the note amount and not included in the finance charge (e.g., an appraisal fee paid 

separately in cash on a real estate loan) are not required to be disclosed under Regulation Z and 

must not be included in the amount financed. 

In a multiple advance construction loan, proceeds placed in a temporary escrow account and 

awaiting disbursement in draws to the developer are not considered part of the amount financed 

until actually disbursed. Thus, if the entire commitment amount is disbursed into the lender’s 

escrow account, the lender must not base disclosures on the assumption that all funds were 

disbursed immediately, even if the lender pays interest on the escrowed funds. 
31

2. Calculating the Amount Financed 

A consumer signs a note secured by real property in the amount of $5,435. The note amount 

includes $5,000 in proceeds disbursed to the consumer, $400 in precomputed interest, $25 paid 

to a credit reporting agency for a credit report, and a $10 service charge. Additionally, the 

consumer pays a $50 loan fee separately in cash at consummation. The consumer has no other 

debt with the financial institution. The amount financed is $4,975. 

The amount financed may be calculated by first subtracting all finance charges included in the 

note amount ($5,435 - $400 - $10 = $5,025). The $25 credit report fee is not a finance charge 

because the loan is secured by real property. The $5,025 is further reduced by the amount of 

prepaid finance charges paid separately, for an amount financed of $5,025 - $50 = $4,975. The 

answer is the same whether finance charges included in the obligation are considered prepaid or 

precomputed finance charges. 

The financial institution may treat the $10 service charge as an addition to the loan amount and not 

as a prepaid finance charge. If it does, the loan principal would be $5,000. The $5,000 loan 

principal does not include either the $400 or the $10 precomputed finance charge in the note. The 

loan principal is increased by other amounts that are financed that are not part of the finance charge 

(the $25 credit report fee) and reduced by any prepaid finance charges (the $50 loan fee, not the 

$10 service charge) to arrive at the amount financed of $5,000 + $25 - $50 = $4,975. 

Conversely, the financial institution may treat the $10 service charge as a prepaid finance charge. 

If it does, the loan principal would be $5,010. The $5,010 loan principal does not include the 

$400 precomputed finance charge. The loan principal is increased by other amounts that are 

financed that are not part of the finance charge (the $25 credit report fee) and reduced by any 

prepaid finance charges (the $50 loan fee and the $10 service charge withheld from loan 

proceeds) to arrive at the same amount financed of $5,010 + $25 - $50 - $10 = $4,975. 

B. Payment Schedule – 12 CFR 1026.18(g) 

For transactions that are not subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f), the disclosed payment 

schedule must reflect all components of the finance charge. It includes all payments scheduled to 

repay loan principal, interest on the loan, and any other finance charge payable by the consumer 

after consummation of the transaction. 

However, any finance charge paid separately before or at consummation (e.g., odd days’ interest) 

is not part of the payment schedule. It is a prepaid finance charge that must be reflected as a 

reduction in the value of the amount financed. 

At the creditor’s option, the payment schedule may include amounts beyond the amount financed 

and finance charge (e.g., certain insurance premiums or real estate escrow amounts such as taxes 

added to payments). However, when calculating the APR, the creditor must disregard such amounts. 

If the obligation is a renewable balloon payment instrument that unconditionally obligates the 

financial institution to renew the short-term loan at the consumer’s option or to renew the loan 

subject to conditions within the consumer’s control, the payment schedule must be disclosed 

using the longer term of the renewal period or periods. The long-term loan must be disclosed 

with a variable-rate feature. 
32

If there are no renewal conditions or if the financial institution guarantees to renew the obligation 

in a refinancing, the payment schedule must be disclosed using the shorter balloon payment term. 

The short-term loan must be disclosed as a fixed-rate loan, unless it contains a variable-rate 

feature during the initial loan term.

C. Annual Percentage Rate (Closed-End Credit) – 12 CFR 1026.22 

1. Calculating the Annual Percentage Rate – 12 CFR 1026.22

The APR must be determined under one of the following: 

• The actuarial method, which is defined by Regulation Z and explained in appendix J to the 

regulation. 

• The U.S. Rule, which is permitted by Regulation Z and briefly explained in appendix J to the 

regulation. The U.S. Rule is an accrual method that seems to have first surfaced officially in 

an early nineteenth century U.S. Supreme Court case, Story v. Livingston, 38 U.S. 359 

(1839). 

Whichever method is used by the financial institution, the rate calculated will be accurate if it is 

able to “amortize” the amount financed while it generates the finance charge under the accrual 

method selected. Financial institutions also may rely on minor irregularities and accuracy 

tolerances in the regulation, both of which effectively permit somewhat imprecise, but still legal, 

APRs to be disclosed. 

2. Accuracy Tolerances

The disclosed APR on a closed-end transaction is accurate for: 

• Regular transactions (which include any single advance transaction with equal payments and 

equal payment periods, or an irregular first payment period and/or a first or last irregular 

payment), if the disclosed APR is within one-eighth of 1 percentage point of the APR 

calculated under Regulation Z (12 CFR 1026.22(a)(2)); 

• Irregular transactions (which include multiple advance transactions and other transactions not 

considered regular), if the disclosed APR is within one-quarter of one percentage point of the 

APR calculated under Regulation Z (12 CFR 1026.22(a)(3)); 

• Mortgage transactions, if the disclosed APR is within one-eighth of one percentage point for 

regular transactions or one-quarter of 1 percentage point for irregular transactions or if: 

i. The rate results from the disclosed finance charge, and: 

(A) The disclosed finance charge is considered accurate under 12 CFR 

1026.18(d)(1) or 1026.38(o)(2), as applicable; or

(B) The disclosed finance charge is calculated incorrectly but is considered 

accurate for purposes of rescission, under 12 CFR 1026.23(g) or (h), whichever 

applies. (12 CFR 1026.22(a)(4)) 
33

ii. The disclosed finance charge is calculated incorrectly but is considered accurate under 

12 CFR 1026.18(d)(1) or 1026.38(o)(2), as applicable, or 12 CFR 1026.23 (g) or (h), and 

either:

(A) The finance charge is understated and the disclosed APR is also understated but 

is closer to the actual APR than the APR that would be considered accurate 

under 12 CFR 1026.22(a)(4); or 

(B) The disclosed finance charge is overstated and the disclosed APR is also 

overstated but is closer to the actual APR than the APR that would be 

considered accurate under 12 CFR 1026.22(a)(4). 

For example, in an irregular transaction subject to a tolerance of one fourth of one 

percentage point, if the actual APR is 9.00 percent and a $75 omission from the finance 

charge corresponds to a rate of 8.50 percent that is considered accurate under 12 CFR 

1026.22(a)(4), a disclosed APR of 8.65 percent is considered accurate under 12 CFR 

1026.22(a)(5). However, a disclosed APR below 8.50 percent or above 9.25 percent

would not be considered accurate. 

3. Construction Loans – 12 CFR 1026.17(c)(6) & Appendix D 

Construction and certain other multiple advance loans pose special problems in computing the 

finance charge and APR. In many instances, the amount and dates of advances are not 

predictable with certainty since they depend on the progress of the work. Regulation Z provides 

that the APR and finance charge for such loans may be estimated for disclosure. 

At its option, the financial institution may rely on the representations of other parties to acquire 

necessary information (for example, it might look to the consumer for the dates of advances). In 

addition, if either the amounts or dates of advances are unknown (even if some of them are 

known), the financial institution may, at its option, use Appendix D to the regulation to make 

calculations and disclosures. The finance charge and payment schedule obtained through 

Appendix D may be used with volume one of the CFPB’s APR tables or with any other 

appropriate computation tool to determine the APR. If the financial institution elects not to use 

Appendix D, or if Appendix D cannot be applied to a loan (e.g., Appendix D does not apply to a 

combined construction-permanent loan if the payments for the permanent loan begin during the 

construction period), the financial institution must make its estimates under 12 CFR 

1026.17(c)(2) and calculate the APR using multiple advance formulas. 

On loans involving a series of advances under an agreement to extend credit up to a certain 

amount, a financial institution may treat all of the advances as a single transaction or disclose 

each advance as a separate transaction. If advances are disclosed separately, disclosures must 

be provided before each advance occurs, with the disclosures for the first advance provided 

before consummation. 

In a transaction that finances the construction of a dwelling that may or will be permanently 

financed by the same financial institution, the construction-permanent financing phases may be 

disclosed in one of three ways listed below. 

• As a single transaction, with one disclosure combining both phases. 
34

• As two separate transactions, with one disclosure for each phase.

• As more than two transactions, with one disclosure for each advance and one for the 

permanent financing phase. 

If two or more disclosures are furnished, buyer’s points or similar amounts imposed on the 

consumer may be allocated among the transactions in any manner the financial institution 

chooses, as long as the charges are not applied more than once. In addition, if the financial 

institution chooses to give two sets of disclosures and the consumer is obligated for both 

construction and permanent phases at the outset, both sets of disclosures must be given to the 

consumer initially, before consummation of each transaction occurs. 

If the creditor requires interest reserves for construction loans, special Appendix D rules apply 

that can make the disclosure calculations quite complicated. The amount of interest reserves 

included in the commitment amount must not be treated as a prepaid finance charge. 

If the lender uses Appendix D for construction-only loans with required interest reserves, the 

lender must estimate construction interest using the interest reserve formula in Appendix D. The 

lender’s own interest reserve values must be completely disregarded for disclosure purposes. 

If the lender uses Appendix D for combination construction-permanent loans, the calculations 

can be much more complex. Appendix D is used to estimate the construction interest, which is 

then measured against the lender’s contractual interest reserves. 

If the interest reserve portion of the lender’s contractual commitment amount exceeds the 

amount of construction interest estimated under Appendix D, the excess value is considered part 

of the amount financed if the lender has contracted to disburse those amounts whether they 

ultimately are needed to pay for accrued construction interest. If the lender will not disburse the 

excess amount if it is not needed to pay for accrued construction interest, the excess amount must 

be ignored for disclosure purposes. 

4. 360-Day and 365-Day Years – 12 CFR 1026.17(c)(3) 

Confusion often arises over whether to use the 360-day or 365-day year in computing interest, 

particularly when the finance charge is computed by applying a daily rate to an unpaid balance. 

Many single-payment loans or loans payable on demand are in this category. There are also loans 

in this category that call for periodic installment payments. Regulation Z does not require the use 

of one method of interest computation in preference to another (although state law may). It does, 

however, permit financial institutions to disregard the fact that months have different numbers of 

days when calculating and making disclosures. This means financial institutions may base their 

disclosures on calculation tools that assume all months have an equal number of days, even if 

their practice is to take account of the variations in months to collect interest. 

For example, a financial institution may calculate disclosures using a financial calculator based 

on a 360-day year with 30-day months, when, in fact, it collects interest by applying a factor of 

1/365 of the annual interest rate to actual days. 

Disclosure violations may occur, however, when a financial institution applies a daily interest 

factor based on a 360-day year to the actual number of days between payments. In those 
35

situations, the financial institution must disclose the higher values of the finance charge, the 

APR, and the payment schedule resulting from this practice. 

For example, a 12 percent simple interest rate divided by 360 days results in a daily rate of 

.033333 percent. If no charges are imposed except interest, and the amount financed is the same 

as the loan amount, applying the daily rate on a daily basis for a 365-day year on a $10,000 one 

year, single payment, unsecured loan results in an APR of 12.17 percent (.033333 percent x 365 

= 12.17 percent), and a finance charge of $1,216.67. There would be a violation if the APR were 

disclosed as 12 percent or if the finance charge were disclosed as $1,200 (12 percent x $10,000). 

However, if there are no other charges except interest, the application of a 360-day year daily 

rate over 365 days on a regular loan would not result in an APR in excess of the one eighth of 

one percentage point APR tolerance unless the nominal interest rate is greater than nine percent. 

For irregular loans, with one-quarter of one percentage point APR tolerance, the nominal interest 

rate would have to be greater than 18 percent to exceed the tolerance. 

NOTE: Notwithstanding the APR tolerance, a creditor’s disclosures must reflect the terms of the 

legal obligation between the parties (12 CFR 1026.17(c)(1)), and the APR must be determined in 

accordance with either the actuarial method or the U.S. Rule method (12 CFR 1026.22(a)(1)). A 

creditor may not ignore, for disclosure purposes, the effects of applying a 360-day year daily rate 

over 365 days. (Comment 1026.17(c)(3)-1.ii) 

D. Required Deposit – 12 CFR 1026.18(r) 

A required deposit, with certain exceptions, is one that the financial institution requires the 

consumer to maintain as a condition of the specific credit transaction. It can include a 

compensating balance or a deposit balance that secures the loan. The effect of a required deposit 

is not reflected in the APR. Also, a required deposit is not a finance charge since it is eventually 

released to the consumer. A deposit that earns at least five percent per year need not be 

considered a required deposit. 
36

III. Transactions with TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosures 

– Generally 

NOTE: These procedures have not been updated to reflect the Know Before You Owe (KBYO) 

final rule issued on July 7, 2017. The 2017 TILA-RESPA rule includes an optional compliance 

period, which began on October 10, 2017 and is for transactions for which a creditor or mortgage 

broker receives an application prior to October 1, 2018. During this period, early compliance 

with the 2017 rule is allowed, but not required. 

On December 31, 2013, the CFPB published a final rule implementing Sections 1098(2) and 

1100A(5) of the Dodd-Frank Act, which directed the CFPB to publish a single, integrated 

disclosure for mortgage loan transactions, which includes mortgage loan disclosure requirements 

under TILA and Sections 4 and 5 of RESPA. The amendments in the final rule, referred to as the 

“TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule” or “TRID,” are applicable to covered closed-end 

mortgage loans for which a creditor or mortgage broker receives an application on or after 

October 3, 2015. As a result, Regulation Z now houses the integrated forms, timing, and related 

disclosure requirements for most closed-end consumer mortgage loans. 

The new integrated disclosures are not used to disclose information about reverse mortgages, 

HELOCs, chattel-dwelling loans such as loans secured by a mobile home or by a dwelling that is 

not attached to real property (i.e., land), or other transactions not covered by the TILA-RESPA 

Integrated Disclosure Rule. The final rule also does not apply to loans made by a creditor who 

makes five or fewer mortgages in a year. Creditors originating these types of mortgages must 

continue to use, as applicable, the GFE, HUD-1, and TIL disclosures. 

Most closed-end mortgage loans are exempt from the requirement to provide the GFE, HUD-1, 

and servicing disclosure requirements of 12 CFR 1024.6, 1024.7, 1024.8, 1024.10, and 

1024.33(a). Instead, these loans are subject to disclosure, timing, and other requirements under 

TILA and Regulation Z. Specifically, the aforementioned provisions do not apply to the 

following federally related mortgage loans: 

• Loans subject to the special disclosure (TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure) requirements 

for certain closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by real property set forth in 12 

CFR 1026.19(e), (f), and (g); or 

• Certain no-interest loans secured by subordinate liens made for the purpose of down payment 

or similar home buyer assistance, property rehabilitation assistance, energy efficiency

assistance, or foreclosure avoidance or prevention. (12 CFR 1026.3(h)). 

NOTE: A creditor may not use the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure forms instead of the 

GFE, HUD-1, and TIL forms for transactions that continue to be covered by TILA or RESPA 

that require those disclosures (e.g., reverse mortgages). 
37

Summary of Applicable Disclosure Requirements: 

Use TILA-RESPA Integrated 

Disclosures (See Regulation Z):

• Most closed-end mortgage loans, 

including:

o

o

Construction-only loans

Loans secured by vacant land or by 

25 or more acres

Continue to use existing TIL and RESPA 

disclosures (as applicable):

• HELOCs (subject to disclosure 

requirements under 12 CFR 1026.40)

• Reverse mortgages15 (subject to 

existing TIL and GFE disclosures)

• Chattel-secured mortgages (i.e., 

mortgages secured by a mobile home or 

by a dwelling that is not attached to real 

property, such as land) (subject to 

existing TIL disclosures, and not 

RESPA)

NOTE: In both cases, there is a partial exemption from these disclosures under 12 

CFR 1026.3(h) for loans secured by subordinate liens and associated with certain housing 

assistance loan programs for low- and moderate-income persons.

Creditors making closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by real property, and subject to 

the provisions of 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f), must provide consumers with a Loan Estimate under 

12 CFR 1026.37, Closing Disclosure under 12 CFR 1026.38, the special information booklet as 

required by RESPA, under 12 CFR 1026.19(g), and, as applicable for ARM transactions, the 

CHARM booklet. The special information booklet is described in further detail below. 

A. Early disclosures (Loan Estimate) – 12 CFR 1026.19(e)

12 CFR 1026.19(e) requires the creditor to provide good faith estimates of the Loan Estimate 

disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.37 (see Subpart E for information on the content, form, and 

format of the disclosure). The creditor generally must deliver or place in the mail the Loan 

Estimate no later than three business days after receiving the consumer’s application, and no 

later than seven business days before consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(i) and (iii)) 

Generally, the creditor is responsible for ensuring that the Loan Estimate and its delivery meet 

the rule’s content, delivery, and timing requirements. (See 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and 1026.37.) If a 

mortgage broker receives a consumer’s application, the mortgage broker may provide the Loan 

Estimate to the consumer on the creditor’s behalf. If it does so, the mortgage broker must comply 

with all requirements of 12 CFR 1026.19(e), as well as the three-year record retention 

requirements in 12 CFR 1026.25(c). (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(ii)) The creditor is expected to 

maintain communication with mortgage brokers to ensure that the Loan Estimate and its delivery 

satisfy the rule’s requirements, and the creditor is legally responsible for any errors or defects. 

(12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(ii); Comment 19(e)(1)(ii)-1 and -2) 

 

15 An open-end reverse mortgage receives open-end disclosures, not a GFE or HUD-1. 
38

Timing – Loan Estimate – early disclosures. The Loan Estimate must be delivered or placed in 

the mail to the consumer no later than the third business day after the creditor or mortgage broker 

receives the consumer’s application for a mortgage loan. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(A)). If the 

Loan Estimate is not provided to the consumer in person, the consumer is considered to have 

received the Loan Estimate three business days after it is delivered or placed in the mail (this 

applies to electronic delivery as well). (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iv); Comment 19(e)(1)(iv)-2). 

Other than for transactions secured by a consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan, the Loan 

Estimate must be delivered or placed in the mail no later than the seventh business day before 

consummation (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(B) and (C)). 

For purposes of the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosures rule, an “application” is defined in 12 

CFR 1026.2(a)(3)(ii). For transactions subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e), (f), or (g), an application 

consists of the submission of the following six pieces of information: 

• The consumer’s name, 

• The consumer’s income, 

• The consumer’s social security number to obtain a credit report, 

• The property address, 

• An estimate of the value of the property, and 

• The mortgage loan amount sought. 

This definition of application is similar to the definition under Regulation X (12 CFR 1024.2(b)), 

except that it does not include the seventh “catch-all” element of that definition, that is, “any 

other information deemed necessary by the loan originator.” 

An application may be submitted in written or electronic format, and includes a written record of 

an oral application. (Comment 2(a)(3)-1) 

This definition of application does not prevent a creditor from collecting whatever additional 

information it deems necessary in connection with the request for the extension of credit. 

However, once a consumer has submitted16 the six pieces of information discussed above to the 

creditor for purposes of obtaining an extension of credit, the creditor has an application for 

purposes of the requirement for delivery of the Loan Estimate to the consumer and must abide by 

the three business day timing requirement. (Comment 2(a)(3)-1) 

If the creditor determines, within the three business day period, that the consumer’s application 

will not or cannot be approved on the terms requested by the consumer, or if the consumer 

withdraws the application within that period, the creditor does not have to provide the Loan 

Estimate. However, if the creditor does not provide the Loan Estimate, it will not have complied 

with the Loan Estimate requirements if it later consummates the transaction on the terms 

originally applied for by the consumer. If a consumer amends an application and a creditor 

 

16 When a consumer uses an online application system that allows the information to be saved, the application must be submitted 

before the Loan Estimate timing requirements are triggered.
39

determines the amended application may proceed, then the creditor is required to comply with 

the Loan Estimate requirements, including delivering or mailing a Loan Estimate within three 

business days of receiving the amended or resubmitted application. (Comment 19(e)(1)(iii)-3) 

A “business day” for purposes of providing the Loan Estimate is a day on which the creditor’s 

offices are open to the public for carrying out substantially all of its business functions. 

(Comment 19(e)(1)(iii)-1, 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(6)) 

NOTE: The term “business day” is defined differently for other purposes, including counting 

days to ensure the consumer receives the Closing Disclosure on time. (12 CFR 1026.2(a)(6), 

1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(B) and (e)(1)(iv), and 1026.19(f)(1)(ii)(A) and (f)(1)(iii)) For these other 

purposes, business day means all calendar days except Sundays and the legal public holidays 

specified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a). (12 CFR 1026.2(a)(6); Comment 2(a)(6)-2; Comments 

19(e)(1)(iii)-1 and 19(f)(1)(ii)-1) 

Creditors are required to act in good faith and exercise due diligence in obtaining information 

necessary to complete the Loan Estimate. (Comment 17(c)(2)(i)-1) Normally, creditors may rely 

on the representations of other parties in obtaining information. (12 CFR 1026.17(c)(2)(i)) 

NOTE: There may be some information that is not reasonably available to the creditor at the time 

the Loan Estimate is made. In these instances, except as otherwise provided in 12 CFR 1026.19, 

1026.37, and 1026.38, the creditor may use estimates even though it knows that more precise 

information will be available by the point of consummation. However, new disclosures may be 

required under 12 CFR 1026.17(f) or 1026.19. (Comment 17(c)(2)(i)-1) When estimated figures 

are used, they must be designated as such on the Loan Estimate. (Comment 17(c)(2)(i)-2)

The consumer may modify or waive the seven business day waiting period after receiving the 

Loan Estimate if the consumer determines that the mortgage loan is needed to meet a bona fide 

personal financial emergency that necessitates consummating the credit transaction before the 

end of the waiting period. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(v)). Whether a consumer has a bona fide 

personal financial emergency is determined by the facts surrounding the consumer’s individual 

situation. One example is the imminent sale of the consumer’s home at foreclosure, where the 

foreclosure sale will proceed unless loan proceeds are made available to the consumer during the 

waiting period. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(v); Comment 19(e)(1)(v)-1). To modify or waive the 

waiting period, the consumer must give the creditor a dated written statement that describes the 

emergency, specifically modifies or waives the waiting period, and is signed by all consumers 

primarily liable on the legal obligation. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(v)) The creditor may not provide 

the consumer with a pre-printed waiver form. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(v)) 

Good faith requirement and tolerances. Creditors are responsible for ensuring that the figures 

stated in the Loan Estimate are made in good faith and consistent with the best information 

reasonably available to the creditor at the time they are disclosed. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3); 

Comment 19(e)(3)(iii)-1 through -3). Whether or not a Loan Estimate was made in good faith is 

determined by calculating the difference between the estimated charges originally provided in 

the Loan Estimate and the actual charges paid by or imposed on the consumer in the Closing 

Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i) and (ii)). Generally, if the charge paid by or imposed on 

the consumer exceeds the amount originally disclosed on the Loan Estimate, it is not in good 

faith. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i)). As long as the creditor’s estimate is consistent with the best 
40

information reasonably available, and the creditor charges the consumer less than the amount 

disclosed on the Loan Estimate, the Loan Estimate is considered to be in good faith. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(i)) 

The general rule is that the estimated closing cost is in good faith if the charge does not exceed 

the amount disclosed in the Loan Estimate. Unless there is an exception, the creditor may not 

charge more than the amounts disclosed on the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i)). A 

creditor may charge the consumer more than the amount disclosed in the Loan Estimate, and the 

estimate may still be considered to be in good faith in specific circumstances. For certain 

charges, there are different tolerances when charges exceed the amounts disclosed. 

Zero tolerance. For charges other than those that are specifically excepted, as noted below, 

creditors may not charge consumers more than the amount disclosed on the Loan Estimate, other 

than for changed circumstances that permit a revised Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i) 

and (iv)). The zero tolerance charges include but are not limited to the following: 

• Fees for required services paid to the creditor, mortgage broker, or an affiliate of either (12 

CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i), Comment 19(e)(3)(i)-1(i)-(iii)); 

• Fees paid to an unaffiliated third party if the creditor did not permit the consumer to shop for 

a third-party service provider for a settlement service or transfer taxes. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(i)), Comment 19(e)(3)(i)-1(iv)-(v))

10 percent Cumulative tolerance. Charges for third-party services and recording fees paid by or 

imposed on the consumer are grouped together and are subject to a 10 percent cumulative 

tolerance. This means the creditor may charge the consumer more than the amount disclosed on 

the Loan Estimate for any of these charges so long as the total sum of the charges added together 

does not exceed the sum of all such charges disclosed on the Loan Estimate by more than 10 

percent. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(ii)(A)). These charges are: 

• Recording fees (Comment 19(e)(3)(ii)-4); 

• Charges for required third-party services where: 

o

o

The charge is not paid to the creditor or the creditor’s affiliate (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(ii)(B)); and 

The consumer is permitted by the creditor to shop for the third-party service, and the 

consumer selects a third-party service provider on the creditor’s written list of service 

providers. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(ii)(C); 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(vi); Comment 

19(e)(1)(vi)-1 through 7)) 

Variances permitted without tolerance limits. Creditors may charge consumers more than the 

amount disclosed on the Loan Estimate without any tolerance limitation for certain costs or 

terms, but only if the original estimated charge, or lack of an estimated charge for a particular 

service, was based on the best information reasonably available to the creditor at the time the 

disclosure was provided. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iii)). These charges are: 
41

• Prepaid interest; property insurance premiums; amounts placed into an escrow, impound, 

reserve or similar account and may be paid to the creditor or its affiliates. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iii)(A)-(C)) 

• Charges paid to unaffiliated third-party service providers for services required by the creditor 

if the creditor permits the consumer to shop and the consumer selects a third-party service 

provider not on the creditor’s written list of service providers. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iii)(D))

• Charges paid to third-party service providers for services not required by the creditor (may be 

paid to affiliates of the creditor). (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iii)(E)) 

List of services for which a consumer may shop. In addition to the Loan Estimate, if the 

consumer is permitted to shop for a settlement service, the creditor, no later than three business 

days after receiving the application, must provide the consumer with a written list of services for 

which the consumer can shop. This list must: 

• Identify at least one available settlement service provider for each service, and 

• State that the consumer may choose a different provider of that service. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(ii)(C) and (e)(1)(vi)(C)) 

NOTE: When a creditor allows a consumer to shop for a third-party service and the 

consumer chooses a service provider not identified on the creditor’s list, the charge is not 

subject to a tolerance limitation.

Refunds within 60 days of consummation. If the amounts paid by the consumer at closing 

exceed the amounts disclosed on the Loan Estimate beyond the applicable tolerance threshold, 

the creditor must refund the excess to the consumer no later than 60 calendar days after 

consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(v)) 

• For charges subject to zero tolerance, any amount charged beyond the amount disclosed on 

the Loan Estimate must be refunded to the consumer. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i)) 

• For charges subject to a 10 percent cumulative tolerance, to the extent the total sum of the 

charges added together exceeds the sum of all such charges disclosed on the Loan Estimate 

by more than 10 percent, the difference must be refunded to the consumer. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(ii)) 

Loan Estimate - Revisions and Corrections. Creditors generally are bound by the original Loan 

Estimate and must determine the estimate’s good faith by calculating the difference between the 

estimated charges originally provided and the actual charges paid by the consumer. For purposes 

of determining whether the estimates are in good faith, the creditor may use a revised estimate of 

a charge instead of the amount originally disclosed if the revision is due to one of the reasons set 

out in specific circumstances in 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A) through (F). Specific 

circumstances include: 

Changed circumstances – increased settlement charges. Changed circumstances that 

occur after the Loan Estimate is provided to the consumer that cause estimated settlement 
42

charges to increase more than is permitted under the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure rule 

(12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A)). 

• A creditor may provide and use a revised Loan Estimate redisclosing a settlement charge and 

compare that revised estimate to the amount imposed on the consumer for purposes of 

determining good faith if changed circumstances cause the estimated charge to increase or, in 

the case of charges subject to the 10 percent cumulative tolerance under 12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(ii), cause the sum of those charges to increase by more than the 10 percent

tolerance. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A); Comment 19(e)(3)(iv)(A)-1). Examples of changed 

circumstances affecting settlement costs include (Comment 19(e)(3)(iv)(A)-2):

o

o

o

A natural disaster that damages the property or otherwise results in additional closing costs;

A creditor’s estimate of title insurance is no longer valid because the title insurer goes out 

of business; or 

New information not relied on when the Loan Estimate was provided is discovered, such 

as a neighbor of the seller filing a claim contesting the property boundary. 

Changed circumstances – consumer eligibility. Changed circumstances that occur after the 

Loan Estimate is provided to the consumer that affect the consumer’s eligibility for the terms 

for which the consumer applied or the value of the security for the loan (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(B)). 

NOTE: A changed circumstance permitting a revised Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A) and (B) is: 

• An extraordinary event beyond the control of any interested party or other unexpected event 

specific to the consumer or transaction (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A)(1)); 

• Information specific to the consumer or transaction that the creditor relied upon when 

providing the original Loan Estimate and that was inaccurate or changed after the disclosures 

were provided (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A)(2)); or 

• New information specific to the consumer or transaction that the creditor did not rely on 

when providing the original Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A)(3))

Change in eligibility. A creditor also may provide and use a revised Loan Estimate if a 

changed circumstance affected the consumer’s creditworthiness or the value of the security 

for the loan and resulted in the consumer being ineligible for an estimated loan term 

previously disclosed. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(B) and Comment 19(e)(3)(iv)(B)-1). This 

may occur when a changed circumstance causes a change in the consumer’s eligibility for 

specific loan terms disclosed on the Loan Estimate, which in turn results in increased cost for 

a settlement service beyond the applicable tolerance threshold. (Comment 19(e)(3)(iv)(A)-2). 

For example: 

• The creditor relied on the consumer’s representation to the creditor of a $90,000 annual 

income, but underwriting determines that the consumer’s annual income is only $80,000. 
43

• There are two co-applicants applying for a mortgage loan and the creditor relied on a 

combined income when providing the Loan Estimate, but one applicant subsequently 

becomes unemployed. 

Revisions requested by the consumer. The consumer requests revisions to the credit terms 

or the settlement that cause the estimated charge to increase. For example, a consumer grants 

a power of attorney authorizing a family member to consummate the transaction on the 

consumer’s behalf, and the creditor provides revised disclosures reflecting the fee to record 

the power of attorney. (Comment 19(e)(3)(iv)(C)-1) 

Rate locks after initial Loan Estimate. If the interest rate for the loan was not locked when 

the Loan Estimate was provided and, upon being locked at some later time, points or lender 

credits for the mortgage loan change, the creditor is required to provide a revised Loan 

Estimate no later than three business days after the interest rate is locked and may use the 

revised Loan Estimate to compare to points and lender credits charged. The revised Loan 

Estimate must reflect the revised interest rate as well as any revisions to the points disclosed 

on the Loan Estimate pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(f)(1), lender credits, and any other interest 

rate dependent charges and terms that have changed due to the new interest rate. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(D); Comment 19(e)(3)(iv)(D)-1)

Expiration of Loan Estimate. If the consumer indicates an intent to proceed with the 

transaction more than 10 business days after the Loan Estimate was delivered or placed in the 

mail to the consumer, a creditor may use a revised Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(E); Comment 19(e)(3)(iv)(E)-1). No justification is required for the change 

to the original estimate of a charge other than the lapse of 10 business days. 

Construction loans. In addition to the circumstances described above, creditors also may use 

a revised Loan Estimate where the transaction involves financing of new construction and the 

creditor reasonably expects that settlement will occur more than 60 calendar days after the 

original Loan Estimate has been provided. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(F)). Creditors may use 

revised Loan Estimates in this circumstance only when the original Loan Estimate clearly 

and conspicuously stated that at any time prior to 60 days before consummation, the creditor 

may issue revised disclosures. (Comment 19(e)(3)(iv)(F)-1) 

NOTE: 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3) does not include technical errors, miscalculations, or 

underestimations of charges as reasons for which creditors are permitted to provide revised 

Loan Estimates.

Timing – Loan Estimate – revised disclosures. The general rule is that the creditor must deliver 

or place in the mail the revised Loan Estimate to the consumer no later than three business days 

after receiving the information sufficient to establish that one of the reasons for the revision has 

occurred. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(4)(i); Comment 19(e)(4)(i)-1) 

The creditor may not provide a revised Loan Estimate on or after the date the creditor provides the 

consumer with the Closing Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(4)(ii); Comment 19(e)(4)(ii)-1.ii). 

Because the Closing Disclosure must be received by the consumer no later than three business days 

before consummation, this means the consumer must receive a revised Loan Estimate no later than 

four business days prior to consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(4)(ii); Comment 19(e)(4)(ii)-1.ii) 
44

NOTE: Generally a creditor is required to provide a revised Loan Estimate within three business 

days of receiving information sufficient to establish the changed circumstance or other triggering 

event (or in the case of a rate lock, the next business day). In some circumstances, the creditor 

may already have provided a Closing Disclosure and thus be unable to provide a revised Loan 

Estimate. However, if there are less than four business days between the date the creditor would 

be required to provide a revised disclosure and consummation, creditors may provide consumers 

with a Closing Disclosure reflecting any revised charges resulting from the changed 

circumstance and rely on those figures (rather than the amounts disclosed on the Loan Estimate) 

for purposes of determining good faith and the applicable tolerance. Comment 19(e)(4)(ii)-1 

provides illustrative examples. 

Predisclosure activity (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(i)(A)). A creditor or other person generally may 

not impose any fee on a consumer in connection with the consumer’s application for a mortgage 

transaction until the consumer has received the Loan Estimate and has indicated intent to proceed 

with the transaction. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(i)(A)). This restriction includes limits on imposing: 

• Application fees, 

• Appraisal fees, 

• Underwriting fees, and 

• Other fees imposed on the consumer. 

The only exception to this exclusion is for a bona fide and reasonable fee for obtaining a 

consumer’s credit report. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(i)(B); Comment 19(e)(2)(i)(A)-1 through -5 

and Comment 19(e)(2)(i)(B)-1) 

Documentation of intent to proceed. To satisfy the record retention requirements of 12 CFR 

1026.25, the creditor must document the consumer’s communication of the intent to proceed. (12 

CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(i)(A)). A consumer indicates intent to proceed with the transaction when the 

consumer communicates, in any manner, that the consumer chooses to proceed after the Loan 

Estimate has been delivered, unless a particular manner of communication is required by the 

creditor. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(i)(A)). This may include: 

• Oral communication in person immediately upon delivery of the Loan Estimate; or 

• Oral communication over the phone, written communication via email, or signing a preprinted form after receipt of the Loan Estimate. 

A consumer’s silence is not indicative of intent to proceed. (Comment 19(e)(2)(i)(A)-2) 

Written information for consumers before the Loan Estimate is provided. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(2)(ii)). A creditor or other person may provide a consumer with estimated terms or 

costs prior to the consumer receiving the Loan Estimate, if the person clearly and conspicuously 

states at the top of the front of the first page of the written estimate and in font size no smaller than 

12-point font “Your actual rate, payment, and costs could be higher. Get an official Loan Estimate 

before choosing the loan.” (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(ii); Comment 19(e)(2)(ii)-1). In addition, the 
45

written estimate may not have headings, content, and format substantially similar to the Loan 

Estimate or the Closing Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(ii); Comment 19(e)(2)(ii)-1) 

The CFPB has provided a model of the required statement in Form H-26 of appendix H to 

Regulation Z. 

Verification of information before the Loan Estimate is provided. A creditor or other person 

may not condition providing the Loan Estimate on a consumer submitting documents verifying 

information related to the consumer’s mortgage loan application before providing the Loan 

Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(iii); Comment 19(e)(2)(iii)-1) 

B. Final Disclosures (Closing Disclosure) – 12 CFR 1026.19(f)

For loans that require a Loan Estimate (i.e., most closed-end mortgage loans secured by real 

property) and that proceed to closing, creditors must provide a new final disclosure reflecting the 

actual terms of the transaction; it is called the Closing Disclosure. The form integrates and 

replaces the HUD-1 and the final TIL disclosure for these transactions. The creditor is generally 

required to ensure that the consumer receives the Closing Disclosure no later than three business 

days before consummation of the loan. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(ii)) 

NOTE: If the creditor mails the disclosure six business days prior to consummation, it can 

assume that it was received three business days after sending. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(iii); 

Comment 19(f)(1)(iii)) 

• The Closing Disclosure generally must contain the actual terms and costs of the transaction. 

(12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(i)). Creditors may estimate disclosures using the best information 

reasonably available when the actual term or cost is not reasonably available to the creditor at 

the time the disclosure is made. However, creditors must act in good faith and use due 

diligence in obtaining the information. The creditor normally may rely on the representations 

of other parties in obtaining the information, including, for example, the settlement agent. 

The creditor is required to provide corrected disclosures containing the actual terms of the 

transaction at or before consummation. (Comments 19(f)(1)(i)-2, -2.i, and -2.ii) 

• The Closing Disclosure must be in writing and contain the information prescribed in 12 CFR 

1026.38. The creditor must disclose only the specific information set forth in 12 CFR 

1026.38(a) through (s), as shown in the CFPB’s form in Appendix H-25. (12 CFR 

1026.38(t)) 

• If the actual terms or costs of the transaction change prior to consummation, the creditor must 

provide a corrected disclosure that contains the actual terms of the transaction and complies 

with the other requirements of 12 CFR 1026.19(f), including the timing requirements, and 

requirements for providing corrected disclosures due to subsequent changes. (Comment 

19(f)(1)(i)-1) 

• New three-day waiting period. If the creditor provides a corrected disclosure, it must provide 

the consumer with an additional three-business-day waiting period prior to consummation if 

the annual percentage rate becomes inaccurate, the loan product changes, or a prepayment 

penalty is added to the transaction. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(ii)) 
46

“Consummation” occurs when the consumer becomes contractually obligated to the creditor on 

the loan, not, for example, when the consumer becomes contractually obligated to a seller on a 

real estate transaction. The time when a consumer becomes contractually obligated to the 

creditor on the loan depends on applicable state law. (12 CFR 1026.2(a)(13) and Comment 

2(a)(13)-1) 

Timing and Delivery - Closing Disclosure. Generally, the creditor is responsible for ensuring 

that the consumer receives the Closing Disclosure form no later than three business days before 

consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(ii)(A); Comment 19(f)(1)(v)-3). The creditor also is 

responsible for ensuring that the Closing Disclosure meets the content, delivery, and timing 

requirements. (12 CFR 1026.19(f) and 1026.38). For timeshare transactions, the creditor must 

ensure that the consumer receives the Closing Disclosure no later than consummation. (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(1)(ii)(B)) 

If the Closing Disclosure is provided in person, it is considered received by the consumer on the 

day it is provided. If it is mailed or delivered electronically, the consumer is considered to have 

received the Closing Disclosure three business days after it is delivered or placed in the mail. (12 

CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(iii); Comment 19(f)(1)(ii)-2) 

However, if the creditor has evidence that the consumer received the Closing Disclosure earlier 

than three business days after it is mailed or delivered, it may rely on that evidence and consider 

it to be received on that date. (Comments 19(f)(1)(iii)-1 and -2) 

Multiple consumers. In transactions that are not rescindable, the Closing Disclosure may be 

provided to any consumer with primary liability on the obligation. (12 CFR 1026.17(d)). In 

rescindable transactions, the creditor must provide the Closing Disclosure separately and meet 

the timing requirements for each consumer who has the right to rescind under TILA (see 12 CFR 

1026.23). 

Settlement agents. Creditors may contract with settlement agents to have the settlement agent 

provide the Closing Disclosure to consumers on the creditor’s behalf, provided that the 

settlement agent complies with all relevant requirements of 12 CFR 1026.19(f). (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(1)(v)). Creditors and settlement agents also may agree to divide responsibility with 

regard to completing the Closing Disclosure, with the settlement agent assuming responsibility to 

complete some or all the Closing Disclosure. (Comment 19(f)(1)(v)-4). Any such creditor must 

maintain communication with the settlement agent to ensure that the Closing Disclosure and its 

delivery satisfy the requirements described above, and the creditor is legally responsible for any 

errors or defects. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(v) and Comment 19(f)(1)(v)-3). In transactions 

involving a seller, the settlement agent is required to provide the seller with the Closing 

Disclosure reflecting the actual terms of the seller’s transaction no later than the day of 

consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(4)(i) and (ii))

NOTE: “Business day” has a different meaning for purposes of providing the Closing Disclosure 

than it is for purposes of providing the Loan Estimate after receiving a consumer’s application. 

For purposes of providing the Closing Disclosure, the term business day means all calendar days 

except Sundays and the legal public holidays specified in 5 U.S.C. 6103(a). (See 12 CFR 

1026.2(a)(6), 1026.19(f)(1)(ii)(A) and (f)(1)(iii).) 
47

Three-business-day waiting period. The loan may not be consummated less than three business 

days after the Closing Disclosure is received by the consumer. If a settlement is scheduled during 

the waiting period, the creditor generally must postpone settlement, unless the consumer 

determines that the extension of credit is necessary to meet a bona fide personal financial 

emergency and waives the waiting period. The written waiver describes the emergency, 

specifically modifies or waives the waiting period, and bears the signature of all consumers who 

are primarily liable on the legal obligation. Pre-printed forms for this purpose are prohibited. (12 

CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(iv)) 

Average charges. In general, the amount imposed on the consumer for any settlement service 

must not exceed the amount the settlement service provider actually received for that service. 

However, an average charge may be imposed instead of the actual amount received for a 

particular service, as long as the average charge satisfies the following conditions (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(3)(i)-(ii); Comment 19(f)(3)(i)-1): 

• The average charge is no more than the average amount paid for that service by or on behalf 

of all consumers and sellers for a class of transactions; 

• The creditor or settlement service provider defines the class of transactions based on an 

appropriate period of time, geographic area, and type of loan; 

• The creditor or settlement service provider uses the same average charge for every 

transaction within the defined class; and 

• The creditor or settlement service provider does not use an average charge: 

o

o

o

For any type of insurance, 

For any charge based on the loan amount or property value, or 

If doing so is otherwise prohibited by law. 

Closing Disclosures – Revisions and Corrections (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)). Creditors must redisclose terms or costs on the Closing Disclosure if certain changes occur to the transaction after 

the Closing Disclosure was first provided that cause the disclosures to become inaccurate. There 

are three categories of changes that require a corrected Closing Disclosure containing all 

changed terms. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)) 

• Changes that occur before consummation that require a new three-business-day waiting 

period (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(ii)); 

• Changes that occur before consummation and do not require a new three-business-day 

waiting period (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(i)); and

• Changes that occur after consummation (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(iii)). 

Changes before consummation requiring new waiting period. If one of the following occurs 

after delivery of the Closing Disclosure and before consummation, the creditor must provide a 

corrected Closing Disclosure containing all changed terms and ensure that the consumer receives 
48

it no later than three business days before consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(ii); Comment 

19(f)(2)(ii)-1) 

• The disclosed APR becomes inaccurate. If the annual percentage rate (APR) previously 

disclosed becomes inaccurate, the creditor must provide a corrected Closing Disclosure with 

the corrected APR disclosure and all other terms that have changed. The APR’s accuracy is 

determined according to 12 CFR 1026.22. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(ii)(A)) 

• The loan product changes. If the loan product is changed, causing the product description 

disclosed to become inaccurate, the creditor must provide a corrected Closing Disclosure 

with the corrected loan product and all other terms that have changed. (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(2)(ii)(B)) 

• A prepayment penalty is added. If a prepayment penalty is added to the transaction, the 

creditor must provide a corrected Closing Disclosure with the prepayment penalty provision 

disclosed and all other terms that have changed. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(ii)(C)) 

The consumer may waive this period if the consumer is facing a bona fide personal financial 

emergency. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(iv)) 

Changes before consummation not requiring new waiting period; consumer’s right to inspect.

For any other changes before consummation that do not fall under the three categories above 

(i.e., related to the APR, loan product, or the addition of a prepayment penalty), the creditor still 

must provide a corrected Closing Disclosure with any terms or costs that have changed and 

ensure that the consumer receives it. For these changes, there is no additional three-business-day 

waiting period required. The creditor must ensure only that the consumer receives the revised 

Closing Disclosure at or before consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(i); Comment 19(f)(2)(i)-1 

through -2) 

However, a consumer has the right to inspect the Closing Disclosure during the business day 

before consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(i)). If a consumer asks to inspect the Closing 

Disclosure the business day before consummation, the Closing Disclosure presented to the 

consumer must reflect any adjustments to the costs or terms that are known to the creditor at the 

time the consumer inspects it. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(i)) 

A creditor may satisfy the obligation to provide the Closing Disclosure by ensuring that a 

settlement agent that provides a consumer with the disclosures complies with the requirements of 

12 CFR 1026.19(f). (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(v) and Comment 19(f)(2)(i)-2) 

Changes due to events occurring after consummation. Creditors must provide a corrected 

Closing Disclosure if an event in connection with the settlement occurs during the 30-calendarday period after consummation that causes the Closing Disclosure to become inaccurate and 

results in a change to an amount paid by the consumer from what was previously disclosed. (12 

CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(iii); Comment 19(f)(2)(iii)-1) 

When a post-consummation event requires a corrected Closing Disclosure, the creditor must 

deliver or place in the mail a corrected Closing Disclosure not later than 30 calendar days after 

receiving information sufficient to establish that such an event has occurred. (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(2)(iii); Comment 19(f)(2)(iii)-1). In transactions involving a seller, the settlement 
49

agent must provide the seller with a revised Closing Disclosure if an event occurs within 30 days 

of consummation that makes the disclosures inaccurate as they relate to the amount actually paid 

by the seller. The settlement agent must deliver or mail a corrected closing disclosure no later 

than 30 days from receiving information that establishes the Closing Disclosure is inaccurate and 

results in a change to an amount actually paid by the seller from what was previously disclosed. 

(12 CFR 1026.19(f)(4)(ii)) 

Changes due to clerical errors. The creditor must provide a revised Closing Disclosure to 

correct non-numerical clerical errors no later than 60 calendar days after consummation. (12 

CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(iv)). An error is clerical if it does not affect a numerical disclosure and does 

not affect the timing, delivery, or other requirements imposed by 12 CFR 1026.19(e) or (f). 

(Comment 19(f)(2)(iv)-1) 

Refunds related to the good faith analysis. The creditor can cure a tolerance violation of 12 

CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i) or (ii) by providing a refund to the consumer and delivering or placing in 

the mail a corrected Closing Disclosure that reflects the refund no later than 60 calendar days 

after consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(v)) 

C. Special Information Booklet - 12 CFR 1026.19(g)

Creditors generally must provide a copy of the special information booklet, otherwise known as 

the home buying information booklet, to consumers who apply for a consumer credit transaction 

secured by real property. For loans using the Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure forms, 

creditors provide the “Your Home Loan Toolkit: A Step-by-Step Guide,” designed by the CFPB 

to replace the “Shopping for Your Home Loan: Settlement Cost Booklet” as the special 

information booklet. This requirement is not limited to closed-end transactions and applies to 

most consumer credit transactions secured by real property, except in a few circumstances (see 

below). The special information booklet is required pursuant to Regulation Z (12 CFR 

1026.19(g)(1)) as well as Section 5 of RESPA (12 U.S.C. 2604) and 12 CFR 1024.6 of 

Regulation X. It is published by the CFPB to help consumers applying for federally related 

mortgage loans understand the nature and cost of real estate settlement services. 

• If the consumer is applying for a HELOC subject to 12 CFR 1026.40, the creditor (or 

mortgage broker) can provide a copy of the brochure entitled “When Your Home is On the 

Line: What You Should Know About Home Equity Lines of Credit” instead of the special 

information booklet. (12 CFR 1026.19(g)(1)(ii)) 

• The creditor need not provide the special information booklet if the consumer is applying for 

a real property-secured consumer credit transaction that does not have the purpose of 

purchasing a one-to-four family residential property, such as a refinancing, a closed-end loan 

secured by a subordinate lien, or a reverse mortgage. (12 CFR 1026.19(g)(1)( iii)) 

Creditors must deliver or place in the mail the special information booklet not later than three 

business days after receiving the consumer’s loan application. (12 CFR 1026.19(g)(1)(i)) 

If the creditor denies the consumer’s application or if the consumer withdraws the application 

before the end of the three-business-day period, the creditor need not provide the special 

information booklet. (12 CFR 1026.19(g)(1)(i); Comment 19(g)(1)(i)-3) 
50

When two or more persons apply together for a loan, the creditor may provide a copy of the 

special information booklet to just one of them. (Comment 19(g)(1)-2) 

If the consumer uses a mortgage broker, the mortgage broker must provide the special 

information booklet and the creditor need not do so. (12 CFR 1026.19(g)(1)(i)) 

Creditors generally are required to use the booklets designed by the CFPB and may make only 

limited changes to the special information booklet. (12 CFR 1026.19(g)(2)). The CFPB may 

issue revised or alternative versions of the special information booklet from time to time in the 

future. Creditors should monitor the Federal Register for notice of revisions. (Comment 

19(g)(1)-1) 
51

IV. Loans Receiving Non-TILA-RESPA Integrated 

Disclosures, Generally

Creditors making closed-end loans to consumers not subject to the TILA-RESPA Integrated 

Disclosures Rule (i.e., other than loans where 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f) require the Loan 

Estimate and the Closing Disclosure) must provide the consumer with the Truth in Lending 

(TIL) disclosure, as outlined in 12 CFR 1026.17 and 1026.18. Creditors engaged in specified 

housing assistance programs for low- and moderate-income consumers would also provide their 

consumers with the TIL Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.3(h)) 

TIL Disclosure. The TIL disclosure provided for these loans includes a payment schedule. (12 

CFR 1026.18(g)). The disclosed payment schedule must reflect all components of the finance 

charge. It includes all payments scheduled to repay loan principal, interest on the loan, and any 

other finance charge payable by the consumer after consummation of the transaction. 

However, any finance charge paid separately before or at consummation (e.g., odd days’ interest) 

is not part of the payment schedule. It is a prepaid finance charge that must be reflected as a 

reduction in the value of the amount financed. 

At the creditor’s option, the payment schedule may include amounts beyond the amount financed 

and finance charge (e.g., certain insurance premiums or real estate escrow amounts such as taxes 

added to payments). However, when calculating the APR, the creditor must disregard such amounts. 

If the obligation is a renewable balloon payment instrument that unconditionally obligates the 

financial institution to renew the short-term loan at the consumer’s option or to renew the loan 

subject to conditions within the consumer’s control, the payment schedule must be disclosed 

using the longer term of the renewal period or periods. The long-term loan must be disclosed 

with a variable-rate feature. 

If there are no renewal conditions or if the financial institution guarantees to renew the obligation 

in a refinancing, the payment schedule must be disclosed using the shorter balloon payment term. 

The short-term loan must be disclosed as a fixed-rate loan, unless it contains a variable-rate 

feature during the initial loan term.

V. Variable and Adjustable Rate Transactions; 12 CFR

1026.18(f), 1026.20(c) and (d)

A. Closed-end transactions generally

If the terms of the legal obligation allow the financial institution, after consummation of the 

transaction, to increase the APR, the financial institution must furnish the consumer with certain 

information on variable rates. In addition, variable-rate disclosures are not applicable to rate 

increases resulting from delinquency, default, assumption, acceleration, or transfer of the collateral. 

Some of the more important transaction-specific variable-rate disclosure requirements follow. 

• Disclosures for variable-rate loans must be given for the full term of the transaction and must 

be based on the terms in effect at the time of consummation. 
52

• If the variable-rate transaction includes either a seller buy-down that is reflected in a contract 

or a consumer buy-down, the disclosed APR should be a composite rate based on the lower 

rate for the buy-down period and the rate that is the basis for the variable-rate feature for the 

remainder of the term. 

• If the initial rate is not determined by the index or formula used to make later interest rate 

adjustments, as in a discounted variable-rate transaction, the disclosed APR must reflect a 

composite rate based on the initial rate for as long as it is applied and, for the remainder of 

the term, the rate that would have been applied using the index or formula at the time of 

consummation (i.e., the fully indexed rate). 

o

o

If a loan contains a rate or payment cap that would prevent the initial rate or payment, at 

the time of the adjustment, from changing to the fully indexed rate, the effect of that rate 

or payment cap needs to be reflected in the disclosures. 

The index at consummation need not be used if the contract provides a delay in the 

implementation of changes in an index value (e.g., the contract indicates that future rate 

changes are based on the index value in effect for some specified period, such as 45 days 

before the change date). Instead, the financial institution may use any rate from the date 

of consummation back to the beginning of the specified period (e.g., during the previous 

45-day period). 

• If the initial interest rate is set according to the index or formula used for later adjustments, 

but is set at a value as of a date before consummation, disclosures should be based on the 

initial interest rate, even though the index may have changed by the consummation date. 

B. Adjustable Rate Mortgage Disclosures

1. Disclosure of Post-Consummation Events - Initial Rate Change 

for Adjustable Rate Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.20(d)

Creditors, assignees, or servicers17 (referred to collectively as creditors) of adjustable rate 

mortgages, or ARMs, secured by the consumer’s principal dwelling and with terms of more 

than one year are generally required to provide consumers with certain information pertaining 

to the ARM’s initial rate change.18 This information must be provided in a disclosure that is 

separate from all other documents, and the disclosure must be provided between 210 and 240 

days before the first payment at the adjusted rate is due. If the first payment at a new rate is 

due within the first 210 days after consummation, the creditor must provide the rate change 

disclosure at consummation. 

Disclosures required under this section must provide consumers with information related to the 

timing and nature of the rate change. If the new rate pursuant to the change disclosed is not 

 

17 Creditors, assignees, and servicers are all subject to the requirements of this 12 CFR 1026.20(d). Creditors, assignees, and 

servicers may decide among themselves which of them will provide the required disclosures. However, establishing a business 

relationship where one party agrees to provide disclosures on behalf of the other parties does not absolve all other parties from 

their legal obligations.

18 Exemptions to disclosure requirements are covered in the section titled, “Exemptions to the Adjustable Rate Mortgage 

Disclosure Requirements – 12 CFR 1026.20(c)(1)(ii) and (d)(1)(ii)” below. 
53

known and the creditor provides an estimate, the rate must be identified as an estimate. If the 

creditor is using an estimate, it must be based on the index within 15 business days prior to the 

date of the disclosure. The calculation is made using the index reported in the source of 

information that the creditor uses in the explanation of how the interest rate is determined. 

Disclosures required under 12 CFR 1026.20(d) must also include, among others: 

• The date of the disclosure.

• A statement explaining that the time period that the current rate has been in effect is ending, 

that the current rate is expiring, and that a change in the rate may result in a change in the 

required payment; providing the effective date of the change and a schedule of any future 

changes; and describing any other changes to the loan terms, features, or options taking effect 

on the same date (including expiration of interest-only or payment-option features). 

• A table containing the current and new interest rates, the current and new payments, 

including the date the new payment is due, and for interest-only or negative amortization 

loans, the amount of the current and new payment allocated to principal, interest, and escrow 

(if applicable).

NOTE: The new payment allocation disclosed is the expected payment allocation for the first 

payment for which the new interest rate will apply. 

• An explanation of how the interest rate is determined, including (among other things) an 

explanation of the index or formula used to determine the new rate and the margin. 

• Any limitations on the interest rate or payment increase for each scheduled increase and over 

the life of the loan. Creditors must also include a statement regarding the extent to which 

such limitations result in foregone interest rate increases and the earliest date such foregone 

interest rate increases may apply to future interest rate adjustments. 

• An explanation of how the new payment is determined, including an explanation of the index 

or formula used to determine the new rate, including the margin, the expected loan balance 

on the date of the rate adjustment, and the remaining loan term or any changes to the term 

caused by the rate change. 

• If the creditor is using an estimated rate or payment, a statement that the actual new interest 

rate and new payment will be provided to the consumer between two and four months prior 

to the first payment at the new rate.

• For negative amortization loans, creditors must provide a statement indicating that the new 

payment will not be allocated to pay loan principal and will not reduce the balance of the 

loan; instead, the payment will only apply to part of the interest, thereby increasing the 

amount of principal. 

• A statement indicating the circumstances under which any prepayment penalty may be 

imposed, the time period during which it may be imposed, and a statement that the consumer 

may contact the servicer for additional information, including the maximum amount of the 

penalty that may be charged to the consumer.
54

• The telephone number of the creditor, assignee, or servicer for use if the consumer 

anticipates that he or she may not be able to make the new payments.

• A statement providing specified alternatives (which include refinancing, selling the property, 

loan modification, and forbearance) available if the consumer anticipates not being able to 

make the new payment.

• A website address for either the CFPB’s or the Department of Housing and Urban 

Development’s (HUD) list of homeownership counselors and counseling organizations, the 

HUD toll-free telephone number to access the HUD list of homeownership counselors and 

counseling organizations, and the CFPB’s website address for state housing finance 

authorities contact information. 

• For more information pertaining to the required format of the disclosures required under 12 

CFR 1026.20(d), please see 12 CFR 1026.20(d)(3) and the model and sample Forms H4(D)(3) and (4) in Appendix H. 

2. Disclosure of Post-Consummation Events - Rate Adjustments 

Resulting in Payment Changes – 12 CFR 1026.20(c)

Creditors, assignees, or servicers19 (referred to collectively as creditors) of ARMs secured by a 

consumer’s principal dwelling with a term greater than one year are generally required to provide 

consumers with disclosures prior to the adjustment of the interest rate on the mortgage,20 if the 

interest rate change will result in a payment change as follows: 

• For ARMs where the payment changes along with a rate change, disclosures must be 

provided to consumers between 60 and 120 days before the first payment at the new amount 

is due. 

• For ARMs where the payment changes in connection with a uniformly scheduled interest rate 

adjustment occurring every 60 days (or more frequently), the disclosures must be provided 

between 25 and 120 days before the first payment at the new amount is due. 

• For ARMs originated prior to January 10, 2015, in which the contract requires the adjusted 

interest and payment to be calculated based on an index that is available on a date less than 

45 days prior to the adjustment date, disclosures must be provided between 25 and 120 days 

before the first payment at the new amount is required. 

• For ARMs where the first adjustment occurs within 60 days of consummation and the new 

interest rate disclosed at the time was an estimate, the disclosures must be provided as soon 

as practicable, but no less than 25 days before the first payment at the new amount is due. 

 

19 Creditors, assignees, and servicers are all subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.20(c). Creditors, assignees, and servicers 

may decide among themselves which of them will provide the required disclosures. However, establishing a business relationship 

where one party agrees to provide disclosures on behalf of the other parties does not absolve all other parties from their legal 

obligations.

20 Exemptions to disclosure requirements are covered in the section titled, “Exemptions to the Adjustable Rate Mortgage 

Disclosure Requirements – 12 CFR 1026.20(c)(1)(ii) and (d)(1)(ii)” below.
55

Disclosures required under 12 CFR 1026.20(c) must contain specific information, which 

includes, among others: 

• A statement explaining that the time period during which the consumer’s current rate has 

been in effect is ending and that the rate and payment will change; when the interest rate will 

change; dates when additional interest rate adjustments are scheduled to occur; and any other 

change in loan terms or features that take effect on the same date that the interest rate and 

payment change, such as an expiration of interest-only treatment or payment-option feature. 

• A table explaining the current and new interest rates; the current and new payments, 

including the date the new payment is due; and for interest-only or negative amortizing loans, 

the amount of the current and new payment allocated to principal, interest, and amounts for 

escrow (if applicable).

• An explanation of how the new interest rate is determined, including (among other things) 

the index or formula used to determine the new rate and the margin, and any application of 

previously foregone interest rate increases from past adjustments;

• Any limitations on the interest rate and payment increase for each scheduled increase for the 

duration of the loan. Creditors must also include a statement regarding the extent to which 

such limitations result in foregone interest rate increases and the earliest date such foregone 

interest rate increases may apply to future interest rate adjustments. 

• An explanation of how the new payment is determined, including an explanation of the index 

or formula used to determine the new rate, including the margin, the expected loan balance 

on the date of the rate adjustment, and the remaining loan term or any changes to the term 

caused by the rate change; 

• For negative amortization loans, creditors must provide a statement indicating that the new 

payment will not reduce the balance of the loan, rather, the payment will only apply to part of 

the interest, thereby increasing the amount of principal; and 

• A statement indicating the circumstances under which any prepayment penalty may be 

imposed, the time period during which it may be imposed, and a statement that the consumer 

may contact the servicer for additional information, including the maximum amount of the 

penalty that may be charged to the consumer.

For more information pertaining to the required format of the disclosures required under 12 CFR 

1026.20(c), please see 12 CFR 1026.20(c)(3) and the model and sample Forms H-4(D)(1) and 

(2) in Appendix H. 

3. Exemptions to the Adjustable Rate Mortgage Disclosure 

Requirements – 12 CFR 1026.20(c)(1)(ii) and (d)(1)(ii)

Disclosures under 12 CFR 1026.20(c) and (d) are not required for ARMs with a term of one year 

or less. Likewise, disclosures under 12 CFR 1026.20(c) are not required if the first interest rate and 

payment adjustment occurs within the first 210 days and the new rate disclosed at consummation 

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.20(d) was not an estimate. ARM disclosures for payment changes are 

exempt under 12 CFR 1026.20(c)(1)(ii)(C) where the servicer is a debt collector under the Fair 
56

Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) and a consumer has exercised the right under FDCPA 

Section 805(c) to prohibit debt collector communications regarding the debt. 

Closed-End Credit: Finance Charge Accuracy Tolerances

* See 15 U.S.C. 1602(bb) 

 and 12 CFR 1026.32

Is this a 

closed-end 

credit 

TILA 

claim 

asserting 

rescission 

rights? Finance charge 

tolerance is 

$35. 

An overstated 

finance charge 

is not 

considered a 

violation.

Is the 

rescission 

claim a 

defense to 

foreclosure 

action?

Is the 

transaction 

secured by 

real estate or 

dwelling?

Did the 

transaction 

originate before 

9/30/95? 

Yes No

Yes Yes

No

No

No

Is the 

transaction a 

refinancing? 

No

Yes

No

Finance charge 

tolerance is $200

for 

understatements.

An overstated 

finance charge is 

not considered a 

violation.

Finance charge 

tolerance is 

$100 for 

understatements.

An overstated 

finance charge 

is not 

considered a 

violation.

The finance charge shall 

be considered accurate 

if it is not more than $5

above or below the 

exact finance charge in 

a transaction involving 

an amount financed of 

$1,000 or less, or not 

more than $10 above or 

below the exact finance 

charge in a transaction

involving an amount 

financed of more than 

$1,000. 

Finance charge tolerance is 1%

of the loan amount or $100, 

whichever is greater.

An overstated finance charge is 

not considered a violation.

No

Yes

Does the 

refinancing 

involve a 

consolidation or 

new advance?

Yes

Is the 

transaction a 

high-cost 

mortgage 

loan?*

Finance charge 

tolerance is 

one-half of 1%

of the loan 

amount or $100, 

whichever is 

greater.

An overstated 

finance charge is 

not considered a 

violation.

Yes
57

 

Closed-End Credit: Accuracy and Reimbursement Tolerances for

UNDERSTATED FINANCE CHARGES

Is the loan secured by real estate or a 

dwelling?

No Yes

Is the disclosed FC understated 

by more than $100 (or $200 if 

the loan originated before 

9/30/95)? 

No Yes

No violation FC violation FC violation No violation FC violation

Yes No No Yes

Is the disclosed FC 

understated by more than 

$10? 

Is the disclosed FC 

understated by more than 

$5? 

No Yes

Is the amount financed greater 

than $1,000?

Is the loan 

term greater 

than 10 

years?

No Yes

Is the loan a 

regular loan?

No Yes

Is the disclosed FC plus the FC 

reimbursement tolerance (based 

on a one-quarter of 1 percentage 

point APR tolerance) less than 

the correct FC?

Is the disclosed FC plus the FC 

reimbursement tolerance (based 

on a one-eighth of 1 percentage 

point APR tolerance) less than 

the correct FC?

Yes No No Yes

 

 No reimbursement

Subject to 

reimbursement
58

 

Closed-End Credit: Accuracy Tolerances for

OVERSTATED FINANCE CHARGES

Is the loan secured by real estate or a 

dwelling?

No Yes

Is the amount financed greater 

than $1,000?

No Yes

Is the disclosed FC less 

$10 greater than the 

correct FC?

Is the disclosed FC less 

$5 greater than the 

correct FC?

No Yes

No 

violation

FC violation

No Yes

No violation FC violation

No violation
59

Closed-End Credit: Accuracy Tolerances for

OVERSTATED APRs

APR violation No violation

No Yes

Was the finance charge disclosure error the cause 

of the APR disclosure error?

APR violation

Yes No

Is the finance charge disclosed greater than 

the correct finance charge?

Is this a “regular” loan?

(12 CFR 1026.22)

No Yes

Is the disclosed APR greater than the correct 

APR by more than one-eighth of one percentage 

point?

Is the disclosed APR greater than the correct 

APR by more than one-quarter of one 

percentage point?

No No

No violation

Yes Yes

Is the loan secured by real estate or a dwelling?

No Yes

APR violation
60

Closed-End Credit: Accuracy and Reimbursement Tolerances for 

UNDERSTATED APRs

Is the loan a “regular” loan?

No Yes

Is the disclosed APR understated by more 

than one-quarter of one percentage point?

Is the disclosed APR understated by 

more than one-eighth of one percentage 

point?

Yes No

No violation

No Yes

Is the loan secured by real estate or a dwelling?

No Yes

APR violation

No Yes

Is the finance charge understated by more than:

• $100 if the loan originated on or after 9/30/95?

APR violation

Was the finance charge disclosure error the cause of 

the APR disclosure error?

No Yes

APR violation No violation

Is the loan term greater than 10 years?

No Yes

Is the loan a “regular” loan?

Is the disclosed APR understated by more 

than one-quarter of one percentage point?

No Yes

Is the disclosed APR understated by more 

than one-eighth of one percentage point?

Yes No No Yes

No reimbursement

Subject to reimbursement
61

VI. Refinancings – 12 CFR 1026.20(a) 

When an obligation is satisfied and replaced by a new obligation to the original financial 

institution (or a holder or servicer of the original obligation) and is undertaken by the same 

consumer, it must be treated as a refinancing for which a complete set of new disclosures must 

be furnished. A refinancing may involve the consolidation of several existing obligations, 

disbursement of new money to the consumer, or the rescheduling of payments under an existing 

obligation. In any form, the new obligation must completely replace the earlier one to be 

considered a refinancing under the regulation. The finance charge on the new disclosure must 

include any unearned portion of the old finance charge that is not credited to the existing 

obligation. (12 CFR 1026.20(a)) 

The following transactions are not considered refinancings even if the existing obligation is 

satisfied and replaced by a new obligation undertaken by the same consumer: 

• A renewal of an obligation with a single payment of principal and interest or with periodic 

interest payments and a final payment of principal with no change in the original terms. 

• An APR reduction with a corresponding change in the payment schedule. 

• An agreement involving a court proceeding. 

• Changes in credit terms arising from the consumer’s default or delinquency. 

• The renewal of optional insurance purchased by the consumer and added to an existing 

transaction, if required disclosures were provided for the initial purchase of the insurance. 

However, even if it is not accomplished by the cancellation of the old obligation and substitution 

of a new one, a new transaction subject to new disclosures results if the financial institution: 

• Increases the rate based on a variable-rate feature that was not previously disclosed; or 

• Adds a variable-rate feature to the obligation. 

If, at the time a loan is renewed, the rate is increased, the increase is not considered a variablerate feature. It is the cost of renewal, similar to a flat fee, as long as the new rate remains fixed 

during the remaining life of the loan. If the original debt is not canceled in connection with 

such a renewal, the regulation does not require new disclosures. Also, changing the index of a 

variable-rate transaction to a comparable index is not considered adding a variable-rate feature 

to the obligation.
62

VII. Escrow Cancellation Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.20(e)

Escrow Closing Notice. Before cancelling an escrow account, an Escrow Closing Notice must be 

provided to any consumers for whom an escrow account was established in connection with a 

closed-end consumer credit transaction secured by a first lien on real property or a dwelling, 

except for reverse mortgages. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(1)). For this purpose, the term escrow account 

has the same meaning given to it as under Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.17(b), and the term 

servicer has the same meaning given to it as under Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.2(b). There are 

two exceptions to the requirement to provide the notice: 

• Creditors and servicers are not required to provide the notice if the escrow account that is 

being cancelled was established solely in connection with the consumer’s delinquency or 

default on the underlying debt obligation. (Comment 20(e)(1)-2) 

• Creditors and servicers are not required to provide the notice when the underlying debt 

obligation for which an escrow account was established is terminated, including by 

repayment, refinancing, rescission, and foreclosure. (Comment 20(e)(1)-3) 

For loans subject to the Escrow Closing Notice requirement, if the creditor or servicer cancels 

the escrow account at the consumer’s request, the creditor or servicer must ensure that the 

consumers receive the notice no later than three business days (i.e., all calendar days except 

Sundays and the legal public holidays (see 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(6), 1026.19(f)(1)(ii)(A) and 

(f)(1)(iii)) before the consumer’s escrow account is canceled. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(5)(i)). If the 

creditor or servicer cancels the escrow account and the cancellation is not at the consumer’s 

request, the creditor or servicer must ensure that the consumer receives the notice no later than 

30 business days before the closure of the consumer's escrow account. (12 CFR 

1026.20(e)(5)(ii). If the Escrow Closing Notice is not provided to the consumer in person, the 

consumer is considered to have received the notice three business days after it is delivered or 

placed in the mail. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(5)(iii)) 

The creditor or servicer must disclose (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(1)-(2)): 

• The date on which the account will be closed; 

• That an escrow account may also be called an impound or trust account; 

• The reason why the escrow account will be closed; 

• That without an escrow account, the consumer must pay all property costs, such as taxes and 

homeowner’s insurance, directly, possibly in one or two large payments a year; 

• A table, titled “Cost to you,” that contains an itemization of the amount of any fee the 

creditor or servicer imposes on the consumer in connection with the closure of the 

consumer’s escrow account, labeled “Escrow Closing Fee,” and a statement that the fee is for 

closing the escrow account; 

• Under the reference “In the future”:
63

o

o

o

o

The consequences if the consumer fails to pay property costs, including the actions that a 

state or local government may take if property taxes are not paid and the actions the 

creditor or servicer may take if the consumer does not pay some or all property costs, 

such as adding amounts to the loan balance, adding an escrow account to the loan, or 

purchasing a property insurance policy on the consumer’s behalf that may be more 

expensive and provide fewer benefits than a policy that the consumer could obtain 

directly; 

A telephone number that the consumer can use to request additional information about 

the cancellation of the escrow account; 

Whether the creditor or servicer offers the option of keeping the escrow account open 

and, as applicable, a telephone number the consumer can use to request that the account 

be kept open; and 

Whether there is a cut-off date by which the consumer can request that the account be 

kept open. 

The creditor or servicer may also, at its option, disclose (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(3)): 

• The creditor or servicer’s name or logo; 

• The consumer’s name, phone number, mailing address, and property address; 

• The issue date of the notice; 

• The loan number; or 

• The consumer’s account number. 

In addition, the disclosures must: 

• Contain a required heading that is more conspicuous than and precedes the required 

disclosures discussed above. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(4)) 

• Be clear and conspicuous. This standard generally requires that the disclosures in the Escrow 

Closing Notice be in a reasonably understandable form and readily noticeable to the 

consumer. (Comment 20(e)(2)-1) 

• Be written in 10-point font, at a minimum. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(4)) 

• Be grouped together on the front side of a one-page document. The disclosures must be 

separate from all other materials, with the headings, content, order, and format substantially 

similar to Model Form H-29 in Appendix H to Regulation Z. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(4)). This 

requirement, however, does not preclude creditors and servicers from modifying the 

disclosures to accommodate particular consumer circumstances or transactions not addressed 

by the form or from adjusting the statement required by 12 CFR 1026.20(e)(2)(ii)(A), 

concerning consequences if the consumer fails to pay property costs, to the circumstances of 

the particular consumer. (Comment 20(e)(4)-3).
64

VIII. Successors in Interest – 12 CFR 1026.20(f) (Effective 

April 19, 2018) 

If, upon confirmation, a servicer provides a confirmed successor in interest who is not liable on 

the mortgage loan obligation with an optional notice and acknowledgment form in accordance 

with Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.32(c)(1), the servicer is not required to provide to the 

confirmed successor in interest any written disclosure required by 12 CFR 1026.20(c) (rate 

adjustments with corresponding change in payment), 12 CFR 1026.20(d) (initial rate 

adjustment), and 12 CFR 1026.20(e) (escrow account cancellation notice), unless and until the 

confirmed successor in interest either assumes the mortgage loan obligation under state law or 

has provided the servicer an executed acknowledgement form in accordance with Regulation X, 

12 CFR 1024.32(c)(1)(iv) and the confirmed successor in interest has not revoked such 

acknowledgement form. 

IX. Treatment of Credit Balances – 12 CFR 1026.21

When a credit balance in excess of one dollar is created in connection with a transaction (through 

transmittal of funds to a creditor in excess of the total balance due on an account, through rebates 

of unearned finance charges or insurance premiums, or through amounts otherwise owed to or 

held for the benefit of a consumer), the creditor is required to: 

• Credit the amount of the credit balance to the consumer’s account; 

• Refund any part of the remaining credit balance, upon the written request of the consumer; 

and

• Make a good faith effort to refund to the consumer by cash, check, or money order, or credit 

to a deposit account of the consumer, any part of the credit balance remaining in the account 

for more than six months, except that no further action is required if the consumer’s current 

location is not known to the creditor and cannot be traced through the consumer’s last known 

address or telephone number. 

X. Closed-End Advertising – 12 CFR 1026.24

If an advertisement for credit states specific credit terms, it must state only those terms that 

actually are or will be arranged or offered by the creditor.

Disclosures required by this section must be made “clearly and conspicuously.” To meet this 

standard in general, credit terms need not be printed in a certain type size nor appear in any 

particular place in the advertisement. For advertisements for credit secured by a dwelling, a 

clear and conspicuous disclosure means that the required information is disclosed with equal 

prominence and in close proximity to the advertised rates or payments triggering the required 

disclosures.

If an advertisement states a rate of finance charge, it must state the rate as an “annual percentage 

rate,” using that term. If the APR may be increased after consummation, the advertisement must 

state that fact.
65

If an advertisement is for credit not secured by a dwelling, the advertisement must not state any 

other rate, except that a simple annual rate or periodic rate that is applied to an unpaid balance 

may be stated in conjunction with, but not more conspicuously than, the APR. 

If an advertisement is for credit secured by a dwelling, the advertisement must not state any other 

rate, except that a simple annual rate that is applied to an unpaid balance may be stated in 

conjunction with, but not more conspicuously than, the APR. That is, an advertisement for credit 

secured by a dwelling may not state a periodic rate, other than a simple annual rate, that is 

applied to an unpaid balance. 

“Triggering terms” – The following are triggering terms that require additional disclosures:

• The amount or percentage of any down payment, 

• The number of payments or period of repayment, 

• The amount of any payment, and

• The amount of any finance charge.

An advertisement stating a triggering term must also state the following terms as applicable:

• The amount or percentage of any down payment; 

• The terms of repayment, which reflect the repayment obligations over the full term of the 

loan, including any balloon payment; and 

• The “annual percentage rate,” using that term, and, if the rate may be increased after 

consummation, that fact. 

For any advertisement secured by a dwelling, other than television or radio advertisements, that 

states a simple annual rate of interest and more than one simple annual rate of interest will apply 

over the term of the advertised loan, the advertisement must state in a clear and conspicuous 

manner:

• Each simple rate of interest that will apply. In variable-rate transactions, a rate determined by 

adding an index and margin must be disclosed based on a reasonably current index and 

margin.

• The period of time during which each simple annual rate of interest will apply. 

• The APR for the loan. 

The regulation prohibits the following seven deceptive or misleading acts or practices in 

advertisements for closed-end mortgage loans: 

• Stating that rates or payments for loans are “fixed” when those rates or payments can vary 

without adequately disclosing that the interest rate or payment amounts are “fixed” only for a 

limited period of time, rather than for the full term of the loan; 
66

• Making comparisons between actual or hypothetical credit payments or rates and any 

payment or rate available under the advertised product that are not available for the full term 

of the loan, with certain exceptions for advertisements for variable-rate products;

• Characterizing the products offered as “government loan programs,” “government-supported 

loans,” or otherwise endorsed or sponsored by a federal or state government entity even 

though the advertised products are not government-supported or -sponsored loans; 

• Displaying the name of the consumer’s current mortgage lender, unless the advertisement 

also prominently discloses that the advertisement is from a mortgage lender not affiliated 

with the consumer’s current lender; 

• Making claims of debt elimination if the product advertised would merely replace one debt 

obligation with another; 

• Creating a false impression that the mortgage broker or lender is a “counselor” for the 

consumer; and 

• In foreign-language advertisements, providing certain information, such as a low 

introductory “teaser” rate, in a foreign language, while providing required disclosures only in 

English. 

Subpart D – Miscellaneous 

Subpart D contains rules on oral disclosures (12 CFR 1026.26), disclosures in languages other 

than English (12 CFR 1026.27), record retention (12 CFR 1026.25), effect on state laws (12 

CFR 1026.28), state exemptions (12 CFR 1026.29), and rate limitations (12 CFR 1026.30). 

Record Retention – 12 CFR 1026.25

As a general rule, the creditor must retain evidence of compliance with Regulation Z (other than 

advertising requirements under 12 CFR 1026.16 and 1026.24, and other than certain 

requirements for mortgage loans) for two years after the date disclosures are required to be made 

or action is required to be taken. (12 CFR 1026.25(a)). This includes, for example, evidence that 

the creditor properly handled adverse credit reports in connection with amounts subject to a 

billing dispute under 12 CFR 1026.13, and properly handled the refunding of credit balances 

under 12 CFR 1026.11 and 1026.21. The creditor may retain the evidence by any method that 

reproduces records accurately (including computer programs) (Comment 25(a)-2). A creditor 

must permit the enforcing agency to inspect its relevant records for compliance. (12 CFR 

1026.25(b)) 

The record retention period for mortgage loans is generally three years. (12 CFR 1026.25(c)). A 

creditor must retain evidence of compliance with the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f) 

for three years after the later of the date of consummation, the date disclosures are required to be 

made, or the date the action is required to be taken. (12 CFR 1026.25(c)(1)(i)) 

For Closing Disclosures, the record retention period is five years. The creditor must retain 

completed closing disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(i) or (f)(4)(i), and all 
67

documents related to such disclosures, for five years after consummation. (12 CFR 

1026.25(c)(1)(ii)(A)). If a creditor sells, transfers, or otherwise disposes of its interest in a 

mortgage loan subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(f) and does not service the mortgage loan, the creditor 

must provide a copy of the closing disclosures to the owner or servicer of the mortgage, and the 

new owner or servicer must retain such disclosures for the remainder of the five-year period. 

For loan originator compensation, creditors and loan originator organizations must retain

records-related requirements for mortgage loan originator compensation and the compensation 

agreement that governs those payments for three years after the date of payment. (12 CFR 

1026.25(c)(2))

A creditor must retain evidence to show compliance with the minimum standards for loans 

secured by a dwelling in 12 CFR 1026.43 for three years after consummation of a transaction 

covered by that section. (12 CFR 1026.25(c)(3))

Relationship to State Law – TILA 111 and 12 CFR 1026.28, 

1026.29

State laws providing rights, responsibilities, or procedures for consumers or financial institutions 

for consumer credit contracts may be: 

• Preempted by federal law,

• Not preempted by federal law, or 

• Substituted in lieu of TILA and Regulation Z requirements. 

State law provisions are preempted to the extent that they contradict the requirements in the 

following chapters of TILA and the implementing sections of Regulation Z: 

• Chapter 1, General Provisions, which contains definitions and acceptable methods for 

determining finance charges and annual percentage rates. 

• Chapter 2, Credit Transactions, which contains disclosure requirements, rescission rights, and 

certain credit card provisions. 

• Chapter 3, Credit Advertising, which contains consumer credit advertising rules and APR 

oral disclosure requirements. 

For example, a state law would be preempted if it required a bank to use the terms “nominal 

annual interest rate” in lieu of “annual percentage rate.” 

Conversely, state law provisions are generally not preempted under federal law if they call for, 

without contradicting Chapters 1, 2, or 3 of TILA or the implementing sections of Regulation Z, 

either of the following: 

• Disclosure of information not otherwise required. A state law that requires disclosure of the 

minimum periodic payment for open-end credit, for example, would not be preempted 

because it does not contradict federal law. 
68

• Disclosures more detailed than those required. A state law that requires itemization of the 

amount financed, for example, would not be preempted, unless it contradicts federal law by 

requiring the itemization to appear with the disclosure of the amount financed in the 

segregated closed-end credit disclosures. 

The relationship between state law and Chapter 1 of TILA (Credit Billing) involves two parts.

The first part is concerned with Sections 161 (correction of billing errors) and 162 (regulation of 

credit reports) of the act; the second part addresses the remaining sections of Chapter 2. 

State law provisions are preempted if they differ from the rights, responsibilities, or procedures 

contained in Sections 161 or 162. An exception is made, however, for state law that allows a 

consumer to inquire about an account and requires the bank to respond to such inquiry beyond 

the time limits provided by federal law. Such a state law would not be preempted for the extra 

time period. 

State law provisions are preempted if they result in violations of Sections 163 through 171 of 

chapter. For example, a state law that allows the card issuer to offset the consumer’s credit-card 

indebtedness against funds held by the card issuer would be preempted, since it would violate 12 

CFR 1026.12(d). Conversely, a state law that requires periodic statements to be sent more than 

14 days before the end of a free-ride period would not be preempted, since no violation of federal 

law is involved. 

A bank, state, or other interested party may ask the CFPB to determine whether state law 

contradicts Chapter 1 through 3 of TILA or Regulation Z. They also may ask if the state law is 

different from, or would result in violations of, Chapter 4 of TILA and the implementing 

provisions of Regulation Z. If the CFPB determines that a disclosure required by state law (other 

than a requirement relating to the finance charge, APR, or the disclosures required under 12 CFR 

1026.32) is substantially the same in meaning as a disclosure required under the act or Regulation 

Z, generally creditors in that state may make the state disclosure in lieu of the federal disclosure.
69

Subpart E – Special Rules for Certain Home 

Mortgage Transactions 

Subpart E contains special rules for mortgage transactions. 12 CFR 1026.32 requires certain 

disclosures and provides limitations for closed-end credit transactions and open-end credit plans 

that have rates or fees above specified amounts or certain prepayment penalties. 12 CFR 1026.33 

requires special disclosures, including the total annual loan cost rate, for reverse mortgage 

transactions. 12 CFR 1026.34 prohibits specific acts and practices in connection with high-cost 

mortgages, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.32(a). 12 CFR 1026.35 provides requirements for higherpriced mortgage loans. 12 CFR 1026.36 prohibits specific acts and practices in connection with 

an extension of credit secured by a dwelling. 12 CFR 1026.37 and 1026.38 set forth disclosure 

requirements for most closed-end transactions secured by real property, as required by 12 CFR 

1026.19(e) and (f). 

General Rules – 12 CFR 1026.31 

The requirements and limitations of this subpart are in addition to, and not in lieu of, those 

contained in other subparts of Regulation Z. The disclosures for high-cost, reverse mortgage, and 

higher-priced mortgage transactions must be made clearly and conspicuously in writing, in a 

form that the consumer may keep and in compliance with specific timing requirements. 

Requirements for High-Cost Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.32 

The requirements of this section generally apply to a high-cost mortgage, which is a consumer 

credit transaction secured by the consumer’s principal dwelling (subject to the exemptions 

discussed below) that meets any one of the following three coverage tests. 

• The APR will exceed the average prime offer rate (APOR), as defined in 12 CFR 

1026.35(a)(2), applicable for a comparable transaction as of the date the interest rate is set 

by: 

o

o

o

More than 6.5 percentage points for first-lien transactions (other than as described below); 

More than 8.5 percentage points for first-lien transactions where the dwelling is personal 

property and the loan amount is less than $50,000; or 

More than 8.5 percentage points for subordinate-lien transactions. 

• The total points and fees (see definition below) for the transaction will exceed:

o

o

For transactions with a loan amount of $20,000 or more, five percent of the total loan 

amount, with the loan amount to be adjusted annually on January 1 by the annual 

percentage change in the Consumer Price Index reported on the preceding June 1; or 

For transactions with a loan amount of less than $20,000, the lesser of eight percent of the 

total transaction amount or $1,000, with the loan amount to be adjusted annually on 

January 1 by the annual percentage change in the Consumer Price Index reported on the 

preceding June 1. 
70

The adjusted loan amounts “will be reflected in official interpretations of 12 

CFR 1026.32(a)(1)(ii). The official interpretation of 12 CFR 1026.32(a)(1)(ii) also contains a 

historical list of dollar amount adjustments for transactions originated prior to January 10, 2014. 

NOTE: The “total loan amount” (using the face amount of the note) for closed-end credit is 

calculated by taking the amount financed (see 12 CFR 1026.18(b)) and deducting any cost listed 

in 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(iii), (iv), or (vi) that is both included in points and fees and financed by 

the creditor. The “total loan amount” for open-end credit is the credit plan limit when the account 

is opened. 

• The terms of the loan contract or open-end credit agreement permit the creditor to charge a 

prepayment penalty (see definition below) more than 36 months after consummation or 

account opening, or prepayment penalties that exceed more than two percent of the amount 

prepaid (12 CFR 1026.32(a)(1)(iii)). 

NOTE: 12 CFR 1026.32(d)(6) prohibits prepayment penalties for high-cost mortgages. However, 

if a mortgage loan has a prepayment penalty that may be imposed more than 36 months after 

consummation or account opening or that is greater than two percent of the amount prepaid, the 

loan is a high-cost mortgage regardless of interest rate or fees. Therefore, the prepayment penalty 

coverage test above effectively bans transactions of the types subject to HOEPA coverage that 

permit creditors to charge prepayment penalties that exceed the prescribed limits. 

Exemptions from HOEPA Coverage – 12 CFR 1026.32(a)(2) 

• Reverse mortgage transactions subject to 12 CFR 1026.33; 

• A transaction that finances the initial construction of a dwelling; 

• A transaction originated by a Housing Finance Agency, where the Housing Finance Agency 

is the creditor for the transaction; or

• A transaction originated pursuant to the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) 

Rural Development Section 502 Direct Loan Program. 

Determination of APR for High-Cost Mortgages – 12 CFR

1026.32(a)(3)

The APR used to determine whether a mortgage is a high-cost mortgage is calculated differently 

than the APR that is used on TILA disclosures. Specifically, the APR for HOEPA coverage is 

based on the following: 

• If the APR will not vary during the length of the loan or credit plan (i.e., for fixed-rate 

transactions), the interest rate in effect as of the date the interest rate for the transaction is set 

(12 CFR 1026.32(a)(3)(i)); 

• If the interest rate may vary during the term of the loan or credit plan in accordance with an 

index, the interest rate that results from adding the maximum margin permitted at any time 

during the term of the loan or credit plan to the index rate in effect as of the date the interest 
71

rate for the transaction is set, or to the introductory interest rate, whichever is greater (12 

CFR 1026.32(a)(3)(ii)); or 

• If the interest rate may or will vary during the term of the loan or credit plan other than as 

described above (i.e., as in a step-rate transaction), the maximum interest rate that may be 

imposed during the life of the loan or credit plan. (12 CFR 1026.32(a)(3)(iii)) 

Points and Fees for High-Cost Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.32(b) 

NOTE: Points and fees calculations for high-cost mortgages depend upon whether the 

transaction is closed end or open end. 

For a closed-end transaction, calculate the points and fees by including the following charges 

(12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)): 

• All items included in the finance charge under 12 CFR 1026.4(a) and (b), except that the 

following items are excluded:

o

o

o

o

o

Interest or the time-price differential;

Any premiums or other charges imposed in connection with a federal or state agency 

program for any guaranty or insurance that protects the creditor against the consumer’s 

default or other credit loss (i.e., up-front and annual Federal Housing Administration 

(FHA) premiums, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) funding fees, and USDA 

guarantee fees);

Premiums or other charges for any guaranty or insurance that protects creditors against 

the consumer’s default or other credit loss and IS NOT in connection with a federal or 

state agency program (i.e., private mortgage insurance (PMI) premiums) as follows: 

 The entire amount of any premiums or other charges payable after consummation 

(i.e., monthly or annual PMI premiums); or 

 If the premium or other charge is payable at or before consummation, the portion of 

any such premium or other charge that is not in excess of the permissible up-front 

mortgage insurance premium for FHA loans, but only if the premium or charge is 

refundable on a pro rata basis and the refund is automatically issued upon the 

notification of the satisfaction of the underlying mortgage loan. The permissible upfront mortgage insurance premiums for FHA loans are published in HUD Mortgagee 

Letters, available online at: 

http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/administration/hudclips/l

etters/mortgagee. 

Bona fide third-party charges not retained by the creditor, loan originator, or an affiliate 

of either, unless the charge is required to be included under 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(i)(C), 

(iii), or (v); 

Up to two bona fide discount points payable by the consumer in connection with the 

transaction, provided that the interest rate without any discount does not exceed: 
72

 The APOR for a comparable transaction by more than one percentage point; or 

 If the transaction is secured by personal property, the average rate for a loan insured 

under Title I of the National Housing Act by more than one percentage point; or 

o

o

o

o

o

o

o

If no discount points have been excluded above, then up to one bona fide discount point 

payable by the consumer in connection with the transaction, provided that the interest rate 

without any discount does not exceed: 

 The APOR for a comparable transaction by more than two percentage points; or 

 If the transaction is secured by personal property, the average rate for a loan insured 

under Title I of the National Housing Act by more than two percentage points. 

NOTE: In the case of a closed-end plan, a bona fide discount point means an amount equal to 

one percent of the loan amount paid by the consumer that reduces the interest rate or timeprice differential applicable to the transaction based on a calculation that is consistent with 

established industry practices for determining the amount of reduction in the interest rate or 

time-price differential appropriate for the amount of discount points paid by the consumer. 

(12 CFR 1026.32(b)(3)) 

• All compensation paid directly or indirectly by a consumer or creditor to a loan originator (as 

defined in 12 CFR 1026.36(a)(1) that can be attributed to the transaction at the time the 

interest rate is set unless:

That compensation is paid by a consumer to a mortgage broker, as defined in 12 CFR

1026.36(a)(2), and already has been included in points and fees under 12 CFR 

1026.32(b)(1)(i); 

That compensation is paid by a mortgage broker, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.36(a)(2), to 

a loan originator that is an employee of the mortgage broker; 

That compensation is paid by a creditor to a loan originator that is an employee of the 

creditor; or 

• All items listed in 12 CFR 1026.4(c)(7), other than amounts held for future taxes, unless ALL 

of the following conditions are met: 

The charge is reasonable, 

The creditor receives no direct or indirect compensation in connection with the charge, 

and 

The charge is not paid to an affiliate of the creditor. 

• Premiums or other charges paid at or before consummation, whether paid in cash or financed, 

for any credit life, credit disability, credit unemployment, or credit property insurance, or for 

any other life, accident, health, or loss-of-income insurance for which the creditor is a 

beneficiary, or any payments directly or indirectly for any debt cancellation or suspension 

agreement or contract. 
73

• The maximum prepayment penalty that may be charged or collected under the terms of the 

mortgage or credit plan; and 

• The total prepayment penalty incurred by the consumer if the consumer refinances an 

existing mortgage loan, or terminates an existing open-end credit plan in connection with 

obtaining a new mortgage loan, with a new mortgage transaction extended by the current 

holder of the existing loan, a servicer acting on behalf of the current holder, or an affiliate of 

either.

For an open-end credit plan, points and fees mean the following charges that are known at or 

before account opening: (12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)) 

• All items included in the finance charge under 12 CFR 1026.4(a) and (b), except that the 

following items are excluded: 

o

o

o

o

o

Interest or the time-price differential;

Any premiums or other charges imposed in connection with a federal or state agency 

program for any guaranty or insurance that protects the creditor against the consumer’s 

default or other credit loss (i.e., up-front and annual FHA premiums, VA funding fees, 

and USDA guarantee fees); 

Premiums or other charges for any for guaranty or insurance that protects creditors 

against the consumer’s default or other credit loss and IS NOT in connection with a 

federal or state agency program (i.e., private mortgage insurance (PMI) premiums) as 

follows: 

 If the premium or other charge is payable after account opening, the entire amount of 

such premium or other charge; or 

 If the premium or other charge is payable at or before account opening, the portion of 

any such premium or other charge that is not in excess of the permissible up-front 

mortgage insurance premium for FHA loans, but only if the premium or charge is 

refundable on a pro rata basis and the refund is automatically issued upon the 

notification of the satisfaction of the underlying mortgage loan. The permissible upfront mortgage insurance premiums for FHA loans are published in HUD Mortgagee 

Letters, available online at: 

http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/administration/hudclips/l

etters/mortgagee

Bona fide third-party charges not retained by the creditor, loan originator, or an affiliate 

of either, unless the charge is required to be included under 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(i)(C), 

(iii), or (iv); 

Up to two bona fide discount points payable by the consumer in connection with the 

transaction, provided that the interest rate without any discount does not exceed: 

 The APOR by more than one percentage point; or 
74

 If the transaction is secured by personal property, the average rate for a loan insured 

under Title I of the National Housing Act by more than one percentage point; or 

o

o

o

o

o

o

If no discount points have been excluded above, then up to one bona fide discount point 

payable by the consumer in connection with the transaction, provided that the interest rate 

without any discount does not exceed: 

 The APOR by more than two percentage points; or 

 If the transaction is secured by personal property, the average rate for a loan insured 

under Title I of the National Housing Act by more than two percentage points. 

NOTE: A bona fide discount point means an amount equal to one percent of the credit 

limit when the account is opened, paid by the consumer, that reduces the interest rate or 

time-price differential applicable to the transaction based on a calculation that is 

consistent with established industry practices for determining the amount of reduction in 

the interest rate or time-price differential appropriate for the amount of discount points 

paid by the consumer. (12 CFR 1026.32(b)(3)(ii)) 

• All compensation paid directly or indirectly by a consumer or creditor to a loan originator (as 

defined in 12 CFR 1026.36(a)(1) that can be attributed to the transaction at the time the 

interest rate is set unless: 

That compensation is paid by a consumer to a mortgage broker, as defined in 12 CFR 

1026.36(a)(2) and already has been included in points and fees under 12 CFR 

1026.33(b)(2)(i); 

That compensation is paid by a mortgage broker as defined in 12 CFR 1026.36(a)(2) to a 

loan originator that is an employee of the mortgage broker; or 

That compensation is paid by a creditor to a loan originator that is an employee of the 

creditor, or 

That compensation is paid by a retailer of manufactured homes to its employee. 

NOTE: A person is not a loan originator if the person does not take a consumer credit application 

or offer or negotiate credit terms available from a creditor to that consumer based on the 

consumer’s financial characteristics, but the person performs purely administrative or clerical tasks 

on behalf of a person who does engage in such activities. An employee of a manufactured home 

retailer who does not take a consumer credit application, offer or negotiate credit terms, or advise a 

consumer on credit terms is not a loan originator. For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.36(a), “credit 

terms” include rates, fees or other costs, and a consumer’s financial characteristics include any 

factors that may influence a credit decision, such as debts, income, assets or credit history. 

• All items listed in 12 CFR 1026.4(c)(7), other than amounts held for future taxes, unless ALL 

of the following conditions are met: 

The charge is reasonable, 
75

o

o

The creditor receives no direct or indirect compensation in connection with the charge,

and 

The charge is not paid to an affiliate of the creditor. 

• Premiums or other charges paid at or before account opening for any credit life, credit 

disability, credit unemployment, or credit property insurance, or for any other life, accident, 

health, or loss-of-income insurance for which the creditor is a beneficiary, or any payments 

directly or indirectly for any debt cancellation or suspension agreement or contract. 

• The maximum prepayment penalty that may be charged or collected under the terms of the 

credit plan; and

• The total prepayment penalty incurred by the consumer if the consumer refinances an 

existing closed-end credit transaction with an open-end credit plan, or terminates an existing 

open-end credit plan in connection with obtaining a new open-end credit with the current 

holder of the existing transaction or plan, a servicer acting on behalf of the current holder, or 

an affiliate of either. 

In addition to the charges listed above, points and fees for open-end credit plans also include the 

following items:

• Fees charged for participation in the credit plan, payable at or before account opening, as 

described in 12 CFR 1026.4(c)(4), and 

• Any transaction fee that will be charged to draw funds on the credit line, as described in 12 

CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(viii). 

Prepayment Penalty Definition – 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(6)

For closed-end credit transactions, a prepayment penalty is a charge imposed for paying all or 

part of the transaction’s principal before the date on which the principal is due with limited 

exceptions. 

For open-end credit plans, a prepayment penalty is a charge imposed by the creditor if the 

consumer terminates the credit plan prior to the end of its term.

NOTE: Waived, bona fide third-party charges that are later imposed if the closed-end transaction 

is prepaid or the consumer terminates the open-end credit plan sooner than 36 months after 

consummation or account opening are not considered prepayment penalties. 

NOTE: For closed-end transactions insured by the Federal Housing Administration and 

consummated before January 21, 2015, interest charged consistent with the monthly interest 

accrual amortization method is not a prepayment penalty, so long as the interest is charged 

consistent with the monthly interest accrual amortization method used for those loans. See

Comment 32(b)(6)-1(iv).
76

High-Cost Mortgage Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.32(c)

In addition to the other disclosure requirements of Regulation Z, high-cost mortgages require 

certain additional information to be disclosed in conspicuous type size to consumers before 

consummation of the transaction or account opening. These disclosures include: 

• Notice to the consumer using the required language in 12 CFR 1026.32(c)(1); 

• The annual percentage rate (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(2)); 

• Specified information concerning the regular or minimum periodic payment and the amount 

of any balloon payment, if permitted under the high-cost mortgage limitations in 12 CFR 

1026.32(d) (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(3)); 

• For variable-rate transactions, a statement that the interest and monthly payment may 

increase, and the amount of the single maximum monthly payment based on the maximum 

interest rate required to be included in the contract (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(4)); and 

• The total amount borrowed for closed-end credit transactions or the credit limit for the plan 

when the account is opened for an open-end credit plan. (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(5)) 

NOTE: For closed-end credit transactions, if the amount borrowed includes charges to be 

financed under 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(10), this fact must be stated, grouped together with the 

disclosure of amount borrowed. The disclosure of the amount borrowed will be treated as 

accurate if it is not more than $100 above or below the amount required to be disclosed. 

High-Cost Mortgage Limitations – 12 CFR 1026.32(d)

Certain loan terms, including negative amortization, interest rate increases after default, and 

prepayment penalties are prohibited for high-cost mortgages. Others, including balloon payments 

and due-on-demand clauses, are restricted. 

• Balloon payments, defined as payments that are more than two times a regular periodic 

payment, are generally prohibited for high-cost mortgages. (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(1)(i)) 

However, balloon payments are allowed in certain limited circumstances. 

o

o

For closed-end transactions, balloon payments are permitted when (a) the loan has a 

payment schedule that is adjusted to seasonal or irregular income of the consumer; (b) the 

loan is a “bridge” loan made in connection with the purchase of a new dwelling and 

matures in 12 months or less; (c) the creditor is a small creditor operating in a rural or 

underserved area that meets the criteria set forth in 12 CFR 1026.43(f) for small creditor 

rural or underserved balloon-payment qualified mortgages; or, (d) until April 1, 2016, the 

creditor is a small creditor that meets the criteria set forth in 1026.43(e)(6)) for temporary 

balloon-payment qualified mortgages. (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(1)(ii)) 

For an open-end credit plan where the terms of the plan provide for a draw period where 

no payment is required, followed by a repayment period where no further draws may be 

taken, the initial payment required after conversion to the repayment phase of the credit 

plan is not considered a “balloon” payment. However, if the terms of an open-end credit 
77

plan do not provide for a separate draw period and repayment period, the balloon 

payment limitation applies. (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(1)(iii)) 

• Acceleration clauses or demand features are limited and may only permit creditors to 

accelerate and demand repayment of the entire outstanding balance of a high-cost mortgage 

if: 

o

o

o

There is fraud or material misrepresentation by the consumer in connection with the loan 

(12 CFR 1026.32(d)(8)(i)); 

The consumer fails to meet the repayment terms of the agreement for any outstanding 

balance that results in a default on the loan (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(8)(ii)); or 

There is any action (or inaction) by the consumer that adversely affects the rights of the 

creditor’s security interest for the loan, such as the consumer failing to pay required taxes 

on the property. (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(8)(iii) and Comments 32(d)(8)(iii)-1 and -2) 

Prohibited Acts or Practices in Connection with High-Cost 

Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.34

In addition to the requirements in 12 CFR 1026.32, Regulation Z imposes additional 

requirements for high-cost mortgages, several of which are discussed below. 

Refinancing Within One Year – 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(3)

A creditor or assignee cannot refinance a consumer’s high-cost mortgage into a second high-cost 

mortgage within the first year of the origination of the first loan, unless the second high-cost 

mortgage is in the consumer’s interest. 

Repayment Ability for High-Cost Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(4)

Among other requirements, a creditor extending high-cost mortgage credit subject to 12 CFR 

1026.32 must not make such loans without regard to the consumer’s repayment ability as of 

consummation or account opening as applicable. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(4)) 

For closed-end credit transactions that are high-cost mortgages, 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(4) requires a 

creditor to comply with the repayment ability requirements set forth in 12 CFR 1026.43. 

For open-end credit plans that are high-cost mortgages, a creditor may not open a credit plan for 

a consumer where credit is or will be extended without regard to the consumer’s repayment 

ability as of account opening, including the consumer’s current and reasonably expected income, 

employment, assets other than the collateral, and current obligations, including any mortgagerelated obligations. 

• For the purposes of these open-end requirements, mortgage-related obligations include, 

among other things, property taxes, premiums and fees for mortgage-related insurance that 

are required by the creditor, fees and special assessments such as those imposed by a 

condominium association, and similar expenses required by another credit obligation 
78

undertaken prior to or at account opening and secured by the same dwelling that secures the 

high-cost mortgage transaction. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(4)(i)) 

• A creditor must also verify both current obligations and the amounts of income or assets that 

it relies on to determine repayment ability using W-2s, tax returns, payroll receipts, financial 

institution records, or other third-party documents that provide reasonably reliable evidence 

of the consumer’s income or assets. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(4)(ii)) 

For open-end high-cost mortgages, a presumption of compliance is available but only if the 

creditor:

• Verifies the consumer’s repayment ability as required under 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(4)(ii)); 

• Determines the consumer’s repayment ability taking into account current obligations and 

mortgage-related obligations, using the largest required minimum periodic payment based on 

the assumptions that:

o

o

o

The consumer borrows the full credit line at account opening with no additional 

extensions of credit; 

The consumer makes only required minimum periodic payments during the draw period 

and any repayment period; and

If the APR can increase, the maximum APR that is included in the contract applies to the 

plan at account opening and will apply during the draw and any repayment period. (12 

CFR 1026.34(a)(4)(iii)(B))

• Assesses the consumer’s repayment ability, taking into account either the ratio of total debts 

to income or the income the consumer will have after paying current obligations. (12 CFR 

1026.34(a)(4)(iii)(C)) 

NOTE: No presumption of compliance will be available for an open-end high-cost mortgage 

transaction in which the regular periodic payments, when aggregated, do not fully amortize the 

outstanding principal balance except for transactions with balloon payments permitted under 12 

CFR 1026.32(d)(1)(ii). 

High-Cost Mortgage Pre-Loan Counseling – 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(5)

Creditors that originate high-cost mortgages must receive written certification that the consumer 

has obtained counseling on the advisability of the mortgage from a counselor approved by HUD, 

or if permitted by HUD, a state housing finance authority (specific content for the certifications 

can be found in 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(5)(iv)). Counseling must occur after the consumer receives a 

good faith estimate or initial TILA disclosure required by 12 CFR 1026.40 (or, for transactions 

where neither of those disclosures are provided, the disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.32(c)). 

Additionally, counseling cannot be provided by a counselor who is employed by, or affiliated 

with, the creditor. A creditor may pay the fees for counseling but is prohibited from conditioning 

the payment of fees upon the consummation of the mortgage transaction or, if the consumer 

withdraws his or her application, upon receipt of the certification. However, a creditor may 
79

confirm that a counselor provided counseling to the consumer prior to paying these fees. Finally, 

a creditor is prohibited from steering a consumer to a particular counselor. 

Recommended Default – 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(6)

Creditors (and mortgage brokers) are prohibited from recommending or encouraging a 

consumer to default on an existing loan or other debt prior to, and in connection with, the 

consummation or account opening of a high-cost mortgage that refinances all or any portion 

of the existing loan or debt.

Loan Modification and Deferral Fees – 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(7)

Creditors, successors-in-interest, assignees, or any agents of these parties may not charge a 

consumer any fee to modify, renew, extend, or amend a high-cost mortgage, or to defer any 

payment due under the terms of the mortgage. 

Late Fees – 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(8)

Late payment charges for a high-cost mortgage must be permitted by the terms of the loan 

contract or open-end agreement and may not exceed four percent of the amount of the payment 

that is past due. Late payment charges are permitted only if payment is not received by the end of 

the 15-day period beginning on the day the payment is due or, where interest on each installment 

is paid in advance, by the end of the 30-day period beginning on the day the payment is due. 

Creditors are also prohibited from “pyramiding” late fees—that is, charging late payments if any 

delinquency is attributable only to a late payment charge that was imposed due to a previous late 

payment, and the payment otherwise is considered a full payment for the applicable period (and 

any allowable grace period). If a consumer fails to make a timely payment by the due date, then 

subsequently resumes making payments but has not paid all past due payments, the creditor can 

continue to impose late payment charges for the payments outstanding until the default is cured. 

Fees for Payoff Statements – 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(9)

A creditor or servicer may not charge a fee for providing consumers (or authorized 

representatives) with a payoff statement on a high-cost mortgage. Payoff statements must be 

provided to consumers within five business days after receiving the request for a statement. A 

creditor or servicer may charge a processing fee to cover the cost of providing the payoff 

statement by fax or courier only, provided that such fee may not exceed an amount that is 

comparable to fees imposed for similar services provided in connection with a non-high-cost 

mortgage and that a payoff statement be made available to the consumer by an alternative 

method without charge. If a creditor charges a fee for providing a payoff statement by fax or 

courier, the creditor must disclose the fee prior to charging the consumer and must disclose to the 

consumer that other methods for providing the payoff statement are available at no cost. Finally, 

a creditor is permitted to charge a consumer a reasonable fee for additional payoff statements 

during a calendar year in which four payoff statements have already been provided without 

charge other than permitted processing fees.
80

Reverse Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.33 

A reverse mortgage is a non-recourse transaction secured by the consumer’s principal dwelling that

ties repayment (other than upon default) to the homeowner’s death or permanent move from, or 

transfer of the title of, the home. Special disclosure requirements apply to reverse mortgages.

Higher-Priced Mortgage Loans – 12 CFR 1026.35(a)

A mortgage loan subject to 12 CFR 1026.35 (higher-priced mortgage loan) is a closed-end 

consumer credit transaction secured by the consumer’s principal dwelling with an APR that 

exceeds the average prime offer rate for a comparable transaction as of the date the interest rate 

is set by:

• 1.5 or more percentage points for loans secured by a first lien on a dwelling where the 

amount of the principal obligation at the time of consummation does not exceed the 

maximum principal obligation eligible for purchase by Freddie Mac; 

• 2.5 or more percentage points for loans secured by a first lien on a dwelling, where the 

amount of the principal obligation at the time of consummation exceeds the maximum 

principal obligation eligible for purchase by Freddie Mac; or 

• 3.5 or more percentage points for loans secured by a subordinate lien on a dwelling. 

Average prime offer rate means an APR that is derived from average interest rates, points, and 

other loan pricing terms currently offered to consumers by a representative sample of creditors 

for mortgage transactions that have low-risk pricing characteristics. The CFPB publishes average 

prime offer rates for a broad range of types of transactions in a table updated at least weekly, as 

well as the methodology it uses to derive these rates. These rates are available on the website of 

the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC). 

http://www.ffiec.gov/ratespread/newcalchelp.aspx

Additionally, creditors extending mortgage loans subject to 12 CFR 1026.43(c) must verify a 

consumer’s ability to repay as required by 12 CFR 1026.43(c). 

Finally, the regulation prohibits creditors from structuring a home-secured loan that does not 

meet the definition of open-end credit as an open-end plan to evade these requirements.

Higher-Priced Mortgage Loans Escrow Requirement – 12 CFR

1026.35(b)

In general, a creditor may not extend a higher-priced mortgage loan (including high-cost 

mortgages that also meet the definition of a higher-priced mortgage loan), secured by a first lien 

on a principal dwelling unless an escrow account is established before consummation for 

payment of property taxes and premiums for mortgage-related insurance required by the creditor. 

An escrow account for a higher-priced mortgage loan need not be established for: 

• A transaction secured by shares in a cooperative,
81

• A transaction to finance the initial construction of a dwelling,

• A temporary or “bridge” loan with a term of 12 months or less, or 

• A reverse mortgage subject to 12 CFR 1026.33. 

There is also a limited exemption that allows creditors to establish escrow accounts for property 

taxes only (rather than for both property taxes and insurance) for loans secured by dwellings in a 

“common interest community” under 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(ii), where dwelling ownership 

requires participation in a governing association that is obligated to maintain a master insurance 

policy insuring all dwellings. (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(ii)) 

An exemption to the higher-priced mortgage loan escrow requirement is available for first-lien 

higher-priced mortgage loans made by certain creditors that operate in a “rural” or “underserved” 

area. (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii) and its associated commentary). To make use of this exemption, 

a creditor: 

1. Must have made, during the preceding calendar year (or if the application for the transaction 

was received before April 1 of the current calendar year, during either of the two preceding 

calendar years), a covered transaction secured by a first lien on a property that is located in 

an area that meets the definition of either “rural” or “underserved” as set forth in 12 CFR 

1026.35(b)(2)(iv),21 

2. Together with its affiliates, must not have extended more than 2,000 covered transactions 

(secured by first liens, that were sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred to another person or 

subject at the time of consummation to a commitment to be acquired by another person) in 

the preceding calendar year (or if the application for the transaction was received before 

April 1 of the current calendar year, during either of the two preceding calendar years), 

3. Together, with its affiliates that regularly extended22 covered transactions (secured by first 

liens), must have had less than $2 billion in total assets23 as of the preceding December 31

(or if an application was received before April 1 of the current year, as of either of the two 

preceding December 31sts), and 

 

21 The regulation defines these two terms in 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iv)(A) and (B). A rural area is a county that is neither in a

metropolitan statistical area or a micropolitan statistical area that is adjacent to a metropolitan statistical area; or a census block 

that is not in an urban area, as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau using the latest decennial census of the United States; or a 

county or a census block that has been designated as “rural” by the CFPB pursuant to the application process established in 2016. 

See Application Process for Designation of Rural Area under Federal Consumer Financial Law; Procedural Rule, 81 FR 11099 

(Mar. 3, 2016). The provisions related to the application process ceased to have any force or effect on December 4, 2017. 12 CFR 

1026.35(b)(2)(iv)(A)(3). An underserved area is a county defined by using HMDA data for the preceding year to determine 

whether it is a county in which no more than two creditors extended covered transactions secured by first liens on properties in 

the county five or more times. A property is in a rural or underserved area for a particular year if it is listed as a rural or 

underserved county by the CFPB, is identified as in a rural or underserved area by any automated tool on the Bureau’s website or 

is not designated as located in an urban area in the most recent delineation of urban areas announced by the Census Bureau by 

any automated address search tool that the Census Bureau provides on its public Web site for that purpose. 22 See Comment 35(b)(2)(iii)-1.iii for discussion of “regularly extended” as it applies to affiliates in 12 CFR 

1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(C). 

23 The asset threshold is adjusted automatically each year, based on the year-to-year change in the average of the Consumer Price 

Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers.
82

4. The creditor and its affiliates must not maintain escrow accounts for any extensions of 

consumer credit secured by real property or a dwelling that it or its affiliate currently 

services. However, such creditors (and their affiliates) are permitted to maintain escrow 

accounts established to comply with the rule for applications received on or after April 1, 

2010, and before May 1, 2016, without losing the exemption and to offer an escrow account 

to accommodate distressed borrowers. 

For first-lien higher-priced mortgage loans originated by a creditor that would not be required to 

establish an escrow account based on the above exemption, if that creditor has obtained a 

commitment for a higher-priced mortgage loan to be acquired by another company that is not 

eligible for the exemption, an escrow account must be established. Since an escrow account will 

be established for this loan, however, note that if the creditor that has obtained a commitment for 

the higher-priced mortgage loan to be acquired by a non-exempt company would like to remain 

eligible for the exemption above, neither the creditor nor its affiliates can service the loan on or 

beyond the second periodic payment under the terms of the loan. 

A creditor or servicer may cancel an escrow account only upon the earlier of termination of the 

underlying loan, or a cancellation request from the consumer five years or later after 

consummation. However, a creditor or servicer is not permitted to cancel an escrow account, 

even upon request from the consumer, unless the unpaid principal balance of the higher-priced 

mortgage loan is less than 80 percent of the original value of the property securing the loan and 

the consumer is not currently delinquent or in default on the loan. (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(3)) 

Higher-Priced Mortgage Loans Appraisal Requirement 

– 12 CFR 1026.35(c)24

General Requirements, Exception, and Safe Harbor

A creditor may not extend a higher-priced mortgage loan without first obtaining a written 

appraisal of the property to be mortgaged. The appraisal must be performed by a state-certified 

or licensed appraiser (defined in part as an appraiser who conducts the appraisal in conformity 

with the Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) and the requirements 

applicable to appraisers in Title IX of FIRREA and its implementing regulations). The appraisal 

must include a physical visit of the interior of the dwelling. The appraisal requirements do not

apply to: 

• Qualified mortgages (QM) under 12 CFR 1026.43 or under rules on qualified mortgages 

adopted by HUD or VA, or, if promulgated, by USDA or Rural Housing Service (RHS), 

including mortgages that meet the QM criteria for these rules and are insured, guaranteed, or 

administered by those agencies; 

• An extension of credit equal to or less than the applicable threshold amount that is published 

in the official staff commentary to the regulation, which is adjusted every year as applicable 

 

24 The higher-priced mortgage loans appraisal requirement was adopted pursuant to an interagency rulemaking conducted by the 

Board, the CFPB, the FDIC, FHFA, NCUA, and OCC. The Board codified the rule at 12 CFR 226.43, and the OCC codified the 

rule at 12 CFR Part 34 and 12 CFR Part 164. There is no substantive difference among these three sets of rules. 
83

to reflect increases in the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical 

Workers;

25

• A transaction secured by a mobile home, boat, or trailer; 

• A transaction to finance the initial construction of a dwelling; 

• A loan with maturity of 12 months or less, if the purpose of the loan is a “bridge” loan 

connected with the acquisition of a dwelling intended to become the consumer’s principal 

dwelling; 

• A reverse mortgage transaction subject to 12 CFR 1026.33(a) 

• A refinancing secured by a first lien, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.20(a) (except that the 

creditor need not be the original creditor or a holder or servicer of the original obligation), 

provided that the refinancing meets the following criteria:

o

o

o

o

o

The credit risk of the refinancing is retained by the person that held the credit risk of the 

existing obligation and there is no commitment, at consummation, to transfer the credit 

risk to another person; or, the refinancing is insured or guaranteed by the same federal 

government agency that insured or guaranteed the existing obligation;

The regular periodic payments under the refinance loan do not: 

 Cause the principal balance to increase,

 Allow the consumer to defer repayment of principal, or 

 Result in a balloon payment, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(5)(i). 

The proceeds from the refinancing are used solely to satisfy the existing obligation and 

amounts attributed solely to the costs of the refinancing. 

• A transaction secured by a manufactured home under the following conditions:26

If the transaction is for a new manufactured home and land, the exemption shall only 

apply to the requirement that the appraiser conduct a physical visit of the interior of the 

new manufactured home. 

If the transaction is for a manufactured home and not land, for which the creditor obtains 

one of the following and provides a copy to the consumer no later than three business 

days prior to consummation of the transaction: 

 

25 From January 1, 2015, through December 31, 2015, the threshold amount was $25,500. See Comment 35(c)(2)(ii) – 3. 

Effective January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018, the threshold is $26,000. 82 FR 51973 (November 9, 2017). 26 Prior to July 18, 2015, appraisal requirements do not apply to transactions secured in whole or in part by a manufactured home 

(12 CFR 1026.35(c)(2)). This section describes how the exemption will work under an amendment to the rule that takes effect on 

July 18, 2015.
84

 For a new manufactured home, the manufacturer's invoice for the manufactured home 

securing the transaction, provided that the date of manufacture is no earlier than 18 

months prior to the creditor's receipt of the consumer's application for credit; 

 A cost estimate of the value of the manufactured home securing the transaction 

obtained from an independent cost service provider; or 

 A valuation, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.42(b)(3), of the manufactured home 

performed by a person who has no direct or indirect interest, financial or otherwise, in 

the property or transaction for which the valuation is performed and has training in 

valuing manufactured homes.

o Transactions secured by an existing (used) manufactured home and land are not exempt 

from the appraisal requirement. 

A creditor may obtain a safe harbor for compliance with 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(3)(i) by ordering 

that the appraisal be completed in conformity with USPAP and the requirements applicable to 

appraisers in Title IX of FIRREA and its implementing regulations, verifying that the appraiser 

is certified or licensed through the National Registry; and confirming that the written appraisal 

contains the elements listed in Appendix N of Regulation Z. In addition, the creditor must have 

no actual knowledge that the facts or certifications contained in the appraisal are inaccurate. (12 

CFR 1026.35(c)(3)(ii))

Additional Appraisals

The appraisal provisions in 12 CFR 1026.35(c) also require creditors to obtain an additional 

written appraisal before extending a higher-priced mortgage loan in two instances: 

• First, when the dwelling that is securing the higher-priced mortgage loan was acquired by the 

seller 90 or fewer days prior to the consumer’s agreement to purchase the property and the 

price of the property has increased by more than 10 percent. 

• Additionally, when the dwelling was acquired by the seller between 91 and 180 prior to the 

consumer’s agreement to purchase the property, and the price of the property has increased 

by more than 20 percent. 

A creditor must obtain an additional interior appraisal meeting the same requirements as the first 

appraisal (written report by a certified or licensed appraiser in compliance with USPAP and the 

Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) based upon an 

interior property visit), unless the creditor can demonstrate, by exercising reasonable diligence, 

that the circumstances necessitating an additional appraisal do not apply. A creditor can meet the 

reasonable diligence requirement if it bases its determination on information contained in certain 

written source documents (such as a copy of the seller’s recorded deed or a copy of a property 

tax bill). See Appendix O. If, after exercising reasonable diligence, the creditor is unable to 

determine whether the circumstances necessitating an additional appraisal apply, the creditor 

must obtain an additional appraisal. 

If the creditor is required to obtain an additional written appraisal, the two required appraisals 

must be conducted by different appraisers. Each appraisal obtained must include a physical visit 
85

of the interior of the dwelling. In instances where two appraisals are required, creditors are 

allowed to charge for only one of the two appraisals. 

One of the two required written appraisals must contain an analysis of the difference between the 

price at which the seller obtained the property and the price the consumer agreed to pay to 

acquire the property, an analysis of changes in market conditions between when the seller 

acquired the property and when the consumer agreed to purchase the property, and a review of 

improvements made to the property between the two dates. 

The higher-priced mortgage loan additional appraisal requirements do not apply to the extension 

of credit that finances the acquisition of a property: 

• From a local, state, or federal government agency; 

• From a person who acquired title to the property through foreclosure, deed-in-lieu of 

foreclosure, or other similar judicial or non-judicial procedures as a result of the person’s 

exercise of rights as the holder of a defaulted mortgage; 

• From a non-profit entity as part of a local, state, or federal government program permitted to 

acquire single-family properties for resale from a person who acquired title through 

foreclosure, deed in lieu of foreclosure, or other similar judicial or non-judicial procedures;

• From a person who acquired title to the property by inheritance or by court order as a result 

of a dissolution of marriage, civil union, or domestic partnership, or of partition of joint or 

marital assets;

• From an employer or relocation agency in connection with the relocation of an employee; 

• From a servicemember who received a deployment or permanent change of station order 

after the servicemember purchased the property; 

• Located in a federal disaster area if the requirements of Title XI of FIRREA have been 

waived by the federal financial institutions regulatory agencies for as long as that waiver 

would apply; or 

• Located in a rural county as defined by the CFPB in 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iv)(A).

Application Disclosures and Copy of Appraisal

Finally, creditors must provide consumers who apply for a loan covered by the appraisal 

requirements in 12 CFR 1026.35(c) with a disclosure providing information relating to 

appraisals. A creditor must provide consumers with disclosures no later than the third business 

day after the creditor receives an application for a higher-priced mortgage loan, or no later than 

the third business day after the loan requested becomes a higher-priced mortgage loan. 

Additionally, a creditor must provide, at no cost to the consumer, a copy of each written 

appraisal performed in connection with a loan covered by the appraisal requirements in 12 CFR 

1026.35(c) no later than three business days prior to consummation or, if the loan will not be 
86

consummated, no later than 30 days after the creditor determines that the loan will not be 

consummated. 27

Prohibited Acts or Practices in Connection with Credit

Secured by a Consumer’s Dwelling – 12 CFR 1026.36

Loan Originator – 12 CFR 1026.36(a)

The term “loan originator” means a person who, in expectation of direct or indirect 

compensation or other monetary gain or for direct or indirect compensation or other monetary 

gain, performs any of the following activities:

• Takes an application, offers, arranges, assists a consumer in obtaining or applying to obtain, 

negotiates, or otherwise obtains or makes an extension of consumer credit for another person; 

or 

• Through advertising or other means of communication represents to the public that such 

person can or will perform any of these activities.

The term “loan originator” includes an employee, agent, or contractor of the creditor or loan 

originator organization if the employee, agent, or contractor meets this definition. The term “loan 

originator” also includes a creditor that engages in loan origination activities if the creditor does 

not finance the transaction at consummation out of the creditor’s own resources, including by 

drawing on a bona fide warehouse line of credit or out of deposits held by the creditor. 

The term “loan originator” does not include: 

• A person who performs purely administrative or clerical tasks on behalf of a person who 

takes applications or offers or negotiates credit terms;

• An employee of a manufactured home retailer who does not take a consumer credit 

application, offer or negotiate credit terms, or advise consumers on available credit terms; 

• A person that performs only real estate brokerage activity and is licensed or registered in 

accordance with applicable state law, unless that person is compensated by a creditor or loan 

originator for a consumer credit transaction subject to 12 CFR 1026.36; 

• A seller financer that meets the criteria established in 12 CFR 1026.36(a)(4) or (a)(5); or 

• A servicer, or a servicer’s employees, agents, and contractors who offer or negotiate the 

terms of a mortgage for the purpose of renegotiating, modifying, replacing, or subordinating 

principal of an existing mortgage where consumers are behind in their payments, in default, 

or have a reasonable likelihood of becoming delinquent or defaulting. This exception does 

 

27 Creditors may use the disclosure required under the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) valuations rule to satisfy the 

disclosure requirements of the higher-priced mortgage loans appraisal rule for loans covered by both. After October 3, 2015, the 

new Loan Estimate model form appraisal language required by the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule (12 CFR 

1026.37(m)(1)(iii)) will meet the requirements of both the ECOA valuations rule (12 CFR 1002.14(a)(2)) and the higher-priced 

mortgage loans appraisal rule.
87

not, however, apply to such persons if they refinance a mortgage or assign a mortgage to a 

different consumer. 

An “individual loan originator” is a natural person who meets the definition of “loan 

originator.” Finally, a “loan originator organization” is any loan originator that is not an 

individual loan originator. A loan originator organization would include banks, thrifts, finance 

companies, credit unions and mortgage brokers.

Prohibited Loan Originator Compensation: Payments Based on a 

Term of a Transaction – 12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1)

With limited exceptions, loan originators cannot receive (and no person can pay directly or 

indirectly), compensation in connection with closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by 

a dwelling based on a term of a transaction, the terms of multiple transactions, or the terms of 

multiple transactions by multiple individual loan originators. The loan originator compensation 

provisions do not apply to open-end home-equity lines of credit or to credit secured by a 

consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan described in 11 U.S.C. 101(53D). 

A “term of a transaction” is any right or obligation of the parities to a credit transaction. The 

amount of credit extended is not a term of a transaction, provided that such compensation is 

based on a fixed percentage of the amount of credit extended (but may be subject to a minimum 

or maximum dollar amount). 

NOTE: A review of whether compensation, which includes salaries, commissions, and any 

financial or similar incentive, is based on the terms of a transaction requires an objective 

analysis. If compensation would have been different if a transaction term had been different, then 

the compensation is prohibited. The regulation does not prevent compensating loan originators 

differently on different transactions, provided the difference is not based on a term of a 

transaction or on a proxy for a term of a transaction (a factor that consistently varies with a term 

or terms of the transaction over a significant number of transactions and which the loan 

originator has the ability to manipulate). 

An individual loan originator may receive (and a person may pay): 

• Compensation in the form of a contribution to a defined contribution plan that is a designated 

tax-advantage plan unless the contribution is tied to the terms of the individual’s 

transaction(s) (12 CFR 1026.36.(d)(1)(iii)); 

• Compensation in the form of a benefit under a defined benefit plan that is a designated taxadvantaged plan (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1)(iii)); 

• Compensation under a non-deferred profits-based compensation plan provided that: 

o

o

The compensation paid to an individual loan originator is not directly or indirectly based 

on the terms of the individual’s transaction(s); and 

Either:
88

 The compensation paid to the individual loan originator does not exceed 10 percent 

(in aggregate) of the individual loan originator’s total compensation corresponding to 

the time period for which the compensation under the non-deferred profits-based 

compensation plan is paid; or 

 The individual loan originator was the loan originator of 10 or fewer transactions 

during the 12 months preceding the date the compensation was determined. (12 CFR 

1026.36(d)(1)(iv)) 

For more information pertaining to permissible compensation, see the commentary to 12 CFR 

1026.36(d).28

Prohibited Loan Originator Compensation: Dual Compensation – 12 

CFR 1026.36(d)(2)

Loan originators that receive compensation directly from consumers in consumer credit 

transactions secured by a dwelling, (except for open-end home-equity lines of credit or to loans 

secured by a consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan) may not receive additional compensation 

directly or indirectly from any other person in connection with that transaction. (12 CFR 

1026.36(d)(1)(i)(A)(1)). This prohibition includes compensation received from a third-party to 

the transaction to pay for some or all of the consumer’s costs. (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1)(i)(B)). 

Further, a person is prohibited from compensating a loan originator when that person “knows 

or has reason to know” that the consumer has paid compensation to the loan originator. (12 

CFR 1026.36(d)(2)(i)(A)(2))

However, even if a loan originator organization receives compensation directly from a consumer, 

the organization can compensate the individual loan originator, subject to 12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1). 

(12 CFR 1026.36(d)(2)(i)(C)) 

Prohibition on Steering – 12 CFR 1026.36(e)

Loan originators are prohibited from directing or “steering” consumers to loans based on the fact 

that the originator will receive greater compensation for the loan from the creditor than in other 

transactions the originator offered or could have offered to the consumer, unless the 

consummated transaction is in the consumer’s interest. A loan originator complies with the 

prohibition on steering (but not the loan originator compensation provisions) by obtaining loan 

options from a significant number of the creditors with which the loan originator regularly does 

business and, for each loan type in which the consumer has expressed interest, presenting the 

consumer with loan options for which the loan originator believes in good faith the consumer 

likely qualifies, provided that the presented loan options include all of the following: 

• The loan with the lowest interest rate;

 

28 In addition to the requirements listed here, 12 CFR 1026.25(c) imposes specific record retention requirements for creditors and 

loan originator organizations that compensate loan originators. 
89

• The loan with the lowest interest rate without certain enumerated risky features (such as 

prepayment penalties, negative amortization, or a balloon payment in the first seven years); 

and

• The loan with the lowest total dollar amount of discount points, origination points or 

origination fees (or, if two or more loans have the same total dollar amount of discount 

points, origination points or origination fees, the loan with the lowest interest rate that has the 

lowest total dollar amount of discount points, origination points or origination fees). 

The anti-steering provisions do not apply to open-end home-equity lines of credit or to loans 

secured by a consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan. 

Loan Originator Qualification Requirements – 12 CFR 1026.36(f)

Individual loan originators and loan originator organizations must, when required under state or 

federal law, be registered and licensed under those laws, including the Safe and Fair 

Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Action of 2008 (SAFE Act).29 Loan originator 

organizations other than government agencies or state housing finance agencies must:

• Comply with all applicable state law requirements for legal existence and foreign 

qualification (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(1)); and 

• Ensure that each individual loan originator who works for the loan originator organization 

(e.g., an employee, under a brokerage agreement) is licensed or registered to the extent the 

individual is required to be licensed or registered under the SAFE Act prior to acting as a 

loan originator in a consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling. (12 CFR 

1026.36(f)(2)) 

The requirements are different for loan originator organizations whose employees are not 

required to be licensed and are not licensed pursuant to 12 CFR 1008.103 or state SAFE Act 

implementing laws (including employees of depository institutions and bona fide non-profits). 

For their employees hired on or after January 1, 2014 (or hired before this date but not subject to 

any statutory or regulatory background standards at the time, or for any individual loan 

originators regardless of when hired that the organization believes, based on reliable information 

do not meet the qualification standards), loan originator employers must obtain before the 

individual acts as a loan originator in a consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling: 

• A criminal background check through the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and 

Registry (NMLSR) or, in the case of an individual loan originator who is not a registered 

loan originator under NMLSR, a criminal background check from a law enforcement agency 

or commercial service; (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(i)(A))

 

29 12 CFR 1026.36(f) applies to closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by a dwelling except a loan that is secured by a 

consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan described in 11 U.S.C. 101(53D). For purposes of 1026.36(f), a loan originator includes 

all creditors that engage in loan origination activities, not just those who table fund.
90

• A credit report from a consumer reporting agency (as defined in section 603(p) of the Fair 

Credit Reporting Act (FCRA)) secured, where applicable, in compliance with section 604(b) 

of FCRA (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(i)(B)); and

• Information from the NMLSR about any administrative, civil, or criminal findings by any 

government jurisdiction or, in the case of an individual loan originator who is not a registered 

loan originator under the NMLSR, such information from the individual loan originator. (12 

CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(i)(C))

Based on the information obtained above and any other information reasonably available, the 

loan originator employer must determine for such an employee prior to allowing the individual to 

act as a loan originator in a consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling: 

• That the individual has not been convicted of, or pleaded guilty or nolo contendere to, a 

felony in a domestic or military court during the preceding seven-year period or, in the case 

of a felony involving an act of fraud, dishonesty, a breach of trust, or money laundering, at 

any time (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(ii)(A)(1)); and

NOTE: Whether the conviction of a crime is considered a felony is determined by whether 

the conviction was classified as a felony under the law of the jurisdiction under which the 

individual is convicted. Additionally, a loan originator organization may employ an 

individual with a felony conviction (or a plea of nolo contendere) as a loan originator if that 

individual has received consent from the FDIC or the FRB, as applicable, the NCUA, or the 

Farm Credit Administration under their own applicable statutory authority. (12 CFR 

1026.36(f)(3)(iii))

• Has demonstrated financial responsibility, character, and general fitness such as to warrant a 

determination that the individual loan originator will operate honestly, fairly, and efficiently. 

The loan originator organization must also provide periodic training to each such employee that 

covers federal and state legal requirements that apply to the individual loan originator’s loan 

origination activities.

Name and NMLSR ID on Loan Documentation – 12 CFR 1026.36(g)

12 CFR 1026.36(g) applies to closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by a dwelling 

except a loan that is secured by a consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan described in 11 U.S.C. 

101(53D). For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.36(g), a loan originator includes all creditors that 

engage in loan origination activities, not just those who table fund. 

For consumer credit transactions secured by a dwelling, loan originator organizations must 

include certain identifying information on loan documentation provided to consumers. The 

loan documents must include the loan originator organization’s name, NMLSR ID (if 

applicable), and the name of the individual loan originator that is primarily responsible for the 

origination as it appears in the NMLSR, as well as the individual’s NMLSR ID. This 

information is required on credit applications, the Loan Estimate, the Closing Disclosure, the 

note or loan contract, and the documents securing an interest in the property.
91

Policies and Procedures to Ensure and Monitor Compliance – 12 CFR

1026.36(j)

Depository institutions (including credit unions) must establish and maintain written policies and 

procedures reasonably designed to ensure and monitor compliance of the depository institution, 

its employees, and its subsidiaries and their employees with the requirements of 12 CFR 

1026.36(d) (prohibited payments to loan originators), 12 CFR 1026.36(e) (prohibition on 

steering), 12 CFR 1026.36(f) (loan originator qualifications), and 12 CFR 1026.36(g) (name and 

NMLSR ID on loan documents). The written policies and procedures must be appropriate to the 

nature, size, complexity, and scope of the mortgage lending activities of the depository and its 

subsidiaries. (12 CFR 1026.36(j))

Prohibition on Mandatory Arbitration or Waivers of Certain 

Consumer Rights – 12 CFR 1026.36(h)

A contract or other agreement for a consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling (including 

a home equity line of credit secured by the consumer’s principal dwelling) may not include terms 

that require mandatory arbitration or any other non-judicial procedure to resolve any controversy 

arising out of the transaction. Also, a contract or other agreement relating to such a consumer 

credit transaction may not be applied or interpreted to bar a consumer from bringing a claim in 

court under any provision of law for damages or other relief in connection with an alleged 

violation of any federal law. However, a creditor and a consumer could agree, after a dispute or 

claim under the transaction arises, to settle or use arbitration or other non-judicial procedure to 

resolve that dispute or claim. 

Prohibition on Financing Credit Insurance 

– 12 CFR 1026.36(i)

Creditors are prohibited from “financing” (i.e., providing a consumer the right to defer payment 

beyond the monthly period in which the premium or fee is due), either directly or indirectly, 

premiums or fees for credit insurance in connection with a consumer credit transaction secured 

by a dwelling (including a home equity line of credit secured by the consumer’s principal 

dwelling). This prohibition includes financing fees for credit life, credit disability, credit 

unemployment, credit property insurance, or any other accident, loss-of-income, life, or health 

insurance or payment for debt cancellation or suspension. This prohibition does not apply to 

credit unemployment insurance where the premiums are reasonable, the creditor receives no 

direct or indirect compensation in connection with the premiums, and the premiums are paid 

under a separate insurance contract and not to an affiliate of the creditor. This prohibition also 

does not apply to credit insurance where premiums or fees are “calculated” and paid in full “on a 

monthly basis” (i.e., determined mathematically by multiplying a rate by the actual monthly 

outstanding balance). 

Negative Amortization Counseling – 12 CFR 1026.36(k)

A creditor may not extend a negative amortizing mortgage loan to a first-time borrower in 

connection with a closed-end transaction secured by a dwelling, other than a reverse mortgage or 

a transaction secured by a timeshare, unless the creditor receives documentation that the 

consumer has obtained homeownership counseling from a HUD certified or approved counselor. 
92

Additionally, a creditor extending a negative amortizing mortgage loan to a first-time borrower 

may not steer, direct, or require the consumer to use a particular counselor. 

Loan Servicing Practices

Servicers of mortgage loans are prohibited from engaging in certain practices, such as 

pyramiding late fees. In addition, servicers are required to credit consumers’ loan payments as of 

the date of receipt and provide a payoff statement within a reasonable time, not to exceed seven 

business days of a written request.

Payment Processing – 12 CFR 1026.36(c)(1)

For a closed-end consumer credit transaction secured by a consumer’s principal dwelling, a loan 

servicer:

• Cannot fail to credit a periodic payment to the consumer’s loan account as of the date of 

receipt, except in instances where the delay will not result in a charge to the consumer or in 

the reporting of negative information to a consumer reporting agency. 

NOTE: For the purposes of 12 CFR 1026.36(c) a periodic payment is “an amount sufficient 

to cover principal, interest, and escrow for any given billing cycle.” If the consumer owes 

late fees, other fees, or non-escrow payments but makes a full periodic payment, the servicer 

must credit the periodic payment as of the date of receipt. 

• Cannot retain a partial payment (any amount less than a periodic payment) in a suspense or 

unapplied payment account without disclosing to the consumer in the periodic statement (if 

required) the total amount(s) held in the suspense account and applying the payment to the 

balance upon accumulation of sufficient funds to equal a periodic payment. 

If a servicer has provided written requirements for accepting payments in writing but then 

accepts payments that do not conform to the written requirements, the servicer must credit the 

payment as of five days after receipt.

If a loan contract has not been permanently modified but the consumer has agreed to a temporary 

loss mitigation program, a periodic payment under Section1026.36(c)(1)(i) is the amount 

sufficient to cover principal, interest, and escrow (if applicable) for a given billing cycle under 

the loan contract, regardless of the payment due under the temporary loss mitigation program. 

(Comment 1026.36(c)(1)(i)-4). If a loan contract has been permanently modified, a periodic 

payment under Section 1026.36(c)(1)(i) is an amount sufficient to cover principal, interest, and 

escrow (if applicable) for a given billing cycle under the modified loan contract. (Comment 

1026.36(c)(1)(i)-5). 

Pyramiding of Late Fees – 12 CFR 1026.36(c)(2)

In connection with a closed-end consumer credit transaction secured by a consumer’s principal 

dwelling, a servicer may not impose on the consumer any late fee or delinquency charge in 

connection with a payment, when the only delinquency is attributable to late fees or delinquency 

charges assessed on an earlier payment, and the payment is otherwise a periodic payment for the 

applicable period and is received on its due date or within any applicable courtesy period. 
93

Providing Payoff Statements – 12 CFR 1026.36(c)(3)

For consumer credit transactions secured by a consumer’s dwelling, including home equity lines 

of credit under 12 CFR 1026.40(a), a creditor, assignee, or servicer may not fail to provide, 

within a reasonable time, but no more than seven business days, after receiving a written request 

from the consumer or person acting on behalf of the consumer, an accurate statement of the total 

outstanding balance that would be required to pay the consumer’s obligation in full as of a 

specific date.

NOTE: For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.36(c)(3), when a creditor, assignee, or servicer is not able 

to provide the statement within seven business days because a loan is in bankruptcy or 

foreclosure, because the loan is a reverse mortgage or shared appreciation mortgage, or because 

of natural disasters or similar circumstances, the payoff statement must be provided within a 

reasonable time. 

TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.37 and 

1026.38

For most closed-end consumer mortgages, creditors must provide two disclosures, the Loan 

Estimate and the Closing Disclosure, to consumers for mortgage applications received on or after 

October 3, 2015. The Loan Estimate is a three-page form that provides disclosures to help 

consumers understand the key features, costs, and risks of the mortgage loan for which they are 

applying. This form must be delivered or placed in the mail no later than three business days 

after the creditor receives a consumer’s mortgage loan application. The Closing Disclosure is a 

five-page form that helps consumers understand all of the costs of the transaction. This form 

generally must be received by the consumer at least three business days before consummation. 

Both forms use similar language and design to make it easier for consumers to locate key 

information, such as the interest rate, monthly payments, and costs to close the loan. 

The Loan Estimate form replaces the Good Faith Estimate designed by HUD under RESPA, and 

the “early” Truth in Lending disclosure designed by the Federal Reserve Board under TILA. The 

regulation and the Official Interpretations contain detailed instructions as to how each line on the 

Loan Estimate form should be completed. There are sample forms for different types of loan 

products. See CFPB’s TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure, Guide to the Loan Estimate and 

Closing Disclosure forms (TILA-RESPA Guide to Forms) for a detailed, step-by-step walkthrough for completing the Loan Estimate and the Closing Disclosure. The Loan Estimate form 

also incorporates new disclosures required by Congress under the Dodd-Frank Act. 

The Closing Disclosure form replaces the HUD-1 for loan closing, which was designed by HUD 

under RESPA. It also replaces the revised Truth in Lending disclosure designed by the Board 

under TILA. The rule and the Official Interpretations contain detailed instructions as to how each 

line on the Closing Disclosure form should be completed. The Closing Disclosure form contains 

additional new disclosures required by the Dodd-Frank Act and a detailed accounting of the 

settlement transaction. See CFPB’s TILA-RESPA Guide to Forms for a detailed, step-by-step 

walk-through for completing the Loan Estimate and the Closing Disclosure. 
94

The rules on who provides the disclosures, timing, limits on when fees can be charged, early 

estimates, and limits on increases in charges are in 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f), described in 

Subpart A.

Loan Estimate – Content of Disclosures for Certain Mortgage 

Transactions – 12 CFR 1026.37

Loan Estimate form required (12 CFR 1026.37(o)) 

The Loan Estimate generally must provide consumers with a good faith estimate of credit costs 

and transaction terms, and satisfy timing and delivery requirements set forth in the rule.

For any transactions subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) that are federally-related mortgage loans 

subject to RESPA (which will include most mortgages), creditors must use Form H-24, set forth 

in Appendix H. (12 CFR 1026.37(o)(3)(i)) (See also 12 CFR 1024.2(b) for definition of federally 

related mortgage loan.) 

For other loans subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) that are not federally related mortgage loans, the 

disclosures must be made with headings, content, and format substantially similar to Form H-24. 

(12 CFR 1026.37(o)(3)(ii)) 

The disclosures may be provided to the consumer in electronic form, subject to compliance with 

the consumer consent and other applicable provisions of the Electronic Signatures in Global and 

National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. 7001 et seq.). (12 CFR 1026.37(o)(3)(iii))

Information required on the Loan Estimate form. Most disclosures on the Loan Estimate form 

are required to be labeled using specific nomenclature, headings, and formatting. For example, 

the regulation requires that the form disclose the contract sale price, labeled “Sale Price” (or if 

there is no seller, the estimated value of the property, labeled “Prop. Value”). Further, in some 

instances, the regulation directs lines on the disclosure to be left blank where there is no charge 

(see, e.g., 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(2)(v)) or sets forth the maximum number of items that may be 

disclosed (see, e.g., 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(3)(v)). See the regulation, Form H-24, and the 

Regulation Z procedures for specific obligations regarding each required disclosure. 

Rounding. Dollar amounts must be rounded to the nearest whole dollar where noted in the 

regulation, including adjustments after consummation for loan amount, interest rate, and periodic 

payment; and details about prepayment penalties and balloon payments, minimum and maximum 

amounts for principal and interest payments and range of payments, maximum mortgage 

insurance premiums, escrows, taxes and insurance and assessments, closing costs (loan costs and 

other costs), cash to close, and adjustable payment and comparisons. (12 CFR 

1026.37(o)(4)(i)(A)) 

The per diem amount for prepaid interest paid per day and the monthly amounts required to be 

disclosed for escrows of homeowner’s insurance, mortgage insurance, or property taxes must not 

be rounded. (12 CFR 1026.37(o)(4)(i)(B)) 

If an amount is required to be rounded but is composed of other amounts that are not required or 

permitted to be rounded, the unrounded amounts should be used to calculate the total, and the 

final sum should be rounded. Conversely, if an amount is required to be rounded and is 
95

composed of rounded amounts, the rounded amounts should be used to calculate the total. 

(Comment 37(o)(4)-2) 

Percentage amounts may not be rounded and should be disclosed up to two or three decimals, as 

needed. These include the interest rate, adjustments after consummation (to the loan amount, 

interest rate, or periodic payment), points itemized under origination charges, adjustable interest 

rate and total interest percentage or “TIP.” The annual percentage rate must be disclosed up to 

three decimal places and is not rounded. If a percentage amount is a whole number, only the 

whole number should be disclosed, with no decimals. (12 CFR 1026.37(o)(4)(ii); Comment 

37(o)(4)(ii)-1) 

Page 1: General information, loan terms, projected payments, and 

costs at closing. 

Page 1 of the Loan Estimate discloses general information about the creditor, the applicant(s), 

and the loan. It also includes a Loan Terms table with descriptions of applicable information 

about the loan, a Projected Payments table, a summary Costs at Closing table, and a link for 

consumers to obtain more information about loans secured by real property at a website 

maintained by the CFPB. (12 CFR 1026.37(a)-(e)) 

General information 

Page 1 of the Loan Estimate requires the title “Loan Estimate” and the statement “Save this Loan 

Estimate to compare with your Closing Disclosure.” (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(1), (2)). The top of 

page 1 also requires the name and address of the creditor. (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(3)). A logo can be 

used for, and a slogan included along with, the creditor’s name and address, so long as the logo 

or slogan does not cause this information to exceed the space provided on Form H-24 for that 

information. (12 CFR 1026.37(o)(5)(iii)). If there are multiple creditors, only the name of the 

creditor completing the Loan Estimate should be used. (Comment 37(a)(3)-1). If a mortgage 

broker is completing the Loan Estimate, the mortgage broker should make a good faith effort to 

disclose the name and address of the creditor as required by 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(i). However, 

if the name of the creditor is not yet known, this space may be left blank. (Comment 37(a)(3)-2) 

Below the creditor information, the form requires the date the creditor mails or delivers the 

disclosures to the consumer; the name and mailing address of the consumer(s) applying for the 

credit; the address, including the zip code, of the property that secures or will secure the 

transaction, or if the address is unavailable, the location of such property, including a zip code; 

and the contract sale price (or if there is no seller, the estimated value of the property). (12 CFR 

1026.37(a)(4)-(6)) 

On the top right side of the first page, the form requires the loan term to maturity (stated in years 

or months, or both, as applicable; and loan purpose (purchase, refinance, construction or home 

equity loan). (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(8)-(9)). This section of the form also requires the product type

(adjustable rate, step rate, or fixed rate) and, preceding the type, any features that may change the 

periodic payment, including negative amortization, interest only, step payment, balloon payment, 

or seasonal payment features, as applicable. If the product has an adjustable or step rate, or a 

feature that may change the periodic payment, the product disclosure must also be preceded by a 

disclosure of the duration of any introductory rate or payment period, and the first adjustment 
96

period, as applicable. (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10). This section of the form also requires the loan 

type (conventional, FHA, VA, or other), and loan ID#. (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(11)-(12)). Further, 

there must be a statement of whether the interest rate is locked for a specific time, and if so, the 

date and time when that period ends. It must also include a statement that the interest rate, any 

points, and any lender credits may change unless the interest rate has been locked, and the date 

and time (including the applicable time zone) at which estimated closing costs expire. (12 CFR 

1026.37(a)(13)) 

Loan Terms table 

The Loan Terms table follows the general information requirements on page 1 of the Loan 

Estimate. For the Loan Terms table, the creditor must disclose the loan amount (the amount of 

credit to be extended under the terms of the legal obligation), interest rate applicable to the 

transaction at consummation, and specified principal and interest payments. (12 CFR 

1026.37(b)(1)-(3)). For each such element, the disclosure must answer the question, either 

affirmatively or negatively, whether the amount can increase after consummation. If the amount 

can increase, the loan must disclose additional information. (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(6)). The Loan 

Terms table must also include information about prepayment penalties and balloon payments. 

Loan amount. If the loan amount may increase after consummation, the disclosure must include 

the maximum principal balance for the transaction and the due date of the last payment that may 

cause the principal balance to increase. The disclosure must also indicate whether the maximum 

principal balance is potential or is scheduled to occur under the terms of the legal obligation. (12 

CFR 1026.37(b)(6)(i)) 

Interest rate. If it is an adjustable rate transaction where the interest rate at consummation is not 

known, the disclosed rate is the fully indexed rate (which means the index value and margin at 

the time of consummation) (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(2)). If the interest may increase after 

consummation, the creditor must disclose the frequency of interest rate adjustments, the date 

when the interest rate may first adjust, the maximum interest rate, and the first date when the 

interest rate can reach the maximum interest rate, followed by a reference to the adjustable rate 

table required by 12 CFR 1026.37(j) in the Closing Cost Details section of the Loan Estimate. If 

the loan term may increase based on an interest rate adjustment, that fact must be included, as 

well as the maximum possible loan term determined in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(8).

(12 CFR 1026.37(b)(6)(ii)) 

Principal and interest payment. The creditor must disclose the initial periodic payment that will 

be due under the terms of the legal obligation, immediately preceded by the applicable unit

period, and a statement referring to the payment amount that includes any mortgage insurance 

and escrow payments that is required to be disclosed in the Projected Payments table. (12 CFR 

1026.37(b)(3)). If the monthly principal and interest payment can increase after closing, the 

creditor must also disclose: the scheduled frequency of adjustments to the periodic principal and 

interest payment; the due date of the first adjusted principal and interest payment; the maximum 

possible periodic principal and interest payment; and the date when the periodic principal and 

interest payment may first equal the maximum principal and interest payment. If any adjustments 

to the principal and interest payment are not the result of a change to the interest rate, the creditor 

must reference the adjustable payment table disclosure required by 12 CFR 1026.37(i). If there is 
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a period during which only interest is required to be paid, the disclosure must also state that fact 

and the due date of the last periodic payment of such period. (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(6)(iii)) 

Prepayment penalties and balloon payments. The Loan Terms table must also state 

affirmatively or negatively whether the transaction includes a prepayment penalty (for these 

purposes, a charge imposed for paying all or part of a transaction's principal before the date on 

which the principal is due, other than a waived, bona fide third-party charge that the creditor 

imposes if the consumer prepays all of the transaction's principal sooner than 36 months after 

consummation) or a balloon payment (for these purposes, a payment that is more than two times 

a regular periodic payment). (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(4) and (5)) 

Projected Payments table 

The Projected Payments table is located directly below the Loan Terms table on page 1 of the 

Loan Estimate. The Projected Payments table shows estimates of the periodic payments that the 

consumer will make over the life of the loan. Creditors must disclose estimates of the following 

periodic payment amounts in the Projected Payments table: periodic principal and interest (or 

range of periodic payments); mortgage insurance; estimated escrow; and estimated total monthly 

payment. (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(2)). Creditors must also disclose estimated taxes, insurance, and 

assessments, even if not paid with escrow funds (and whether these items will be paid with funds 

from the consumer’s escrow account). (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)) 

Generally, the creditor will show in one column the initial periodic payment (or range of 

payments if required). Depending on the features of the loan, subsequent periodic payments also 

may be required to be disclosed. However, no more than four separate periodic payments or 

ranges of payments may be disclosed, beginning with the initial periodic payment. Events that 

require disclosure of separate periodic payments or ranges include: changes to the periodic 

principal and interest payment; a scheduled balloon payment: an automatic termination of 

mortgage insurance or its equivalent; and the anniversary of the due date of the initial periodic 

payment or range of payments that immediately follows the occurrence of multiple events that 

change the periodic principal and interest. The regulation addresses how to disclose these events 

when the event occurs after the third separate periodic payment or range of payments disclosed.

(12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)) 

Each separate payment or range of payments must be itemized according to the regulation, 

including the amount payable for principal and interest. The regulation provides instructions for 

itemizing payments that include an interest only payment, payments on loans with an adjustable 

interest rate, and payments on a loan that has both an adjustable interest rate and a negative 

amortization feature. Additionally, the regulation requires that each separate periodic payment or 

range of payments itemize the maximum corresponding payable for mortgage insurance 

premiums and the amount payable into escrow (with a statement that the amount disclosed may 

increase over time and a calculation of the total monthly payment). (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(2)) 

Below the estimated total monthly payment, the Projected Payments table discloses estimated 

taxes, insurance, and assessments. These are stated as a monthly amount and include a statement 

that the amount may increase over time. The creditor provides these estimates even if there will 

be no escrow account established for these costs. The table also requires a statement of whether 

the amount disclosed includes payments for property taxes or other amounts; a description of any 
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such other amounts; and an indication of whether such amounts will be paid by the creditor using 

escrow account funds. It includes a statement that the consumer must separately pay the taxes, 

insurance, and assessments that are not paid by the creditor using escrow account funds; and a 

reference to the information disclosed under the subheading on the Loan Estimate titled “Initial 

Escrow Payment at Closing.” (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)) 

The creditor estimates property taxes and homeowner's insurance using the taxable assessed 

value of the real property securing the transaction after consummation, including the value of 

any improvements on the property or to be constructed on the property, if known, whether or not 

such construction will be financed from the proceeds of the transaction, for property taxes, and

the replacement costs of the property during the initial year after the transaction, for premiums or 

other charges for insurance against loss of or damage to property identified in 12 CFR 

1026.4(b)(8). (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(5)) 

Costs at Closing table 

This table, located at the bottom of page 1, provides disclosures on estimated Closing Costs and 

estimated Cash to Close. (12 CFR 1026.37(d)(1)). These disclosures offer the consumer a highlevel summary of estimated closing costs and cash required to close (including closing costs) and 

reference the more detailed itemizations found on page 2 of the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 

1026.37(d)(1)(i)(E) and 12 CFR 1026.37(d)(1)(ii)(B)) 

Items that are disclosed include an estimate of Total Closing Costs, as well as the key inputs 

making up this total: Loan Costs, Other Costs, and Lender Credits (and the fact that total closing 

costs include these amounts). (12 CFR 1026.37(d)(1)(i)). These disclosures also provide a highlevel summary of the estimated amount of cash required to close, which is also itemized more 

specifically on page 2 of the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.37(d)(1)(ii)). The regulation provides 

an optional alternative Cash to Close table for transactions that do not involve a seller. The 

creditor may alternatively disclose, using the label “Cash to Close,” the cash to or from the 

consumer (pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(iv)), a statement of whether the disclosed 

estimated amount is due from or to the consumer, and a statement referring the consumer to the 

alternative Calculating Cash to Close table for transactions without a seller (pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(2)). (12 CFR 1026.37(d)(2)) 

Page 2: Closing cost details 

Page 2 of the Loan Estimate contains a good faith itemization of the “Loan Costs” and “Other 

Costs” associated with the loan. (12 CFR 1026.37(f) and (g)). Generally, Loan Costs are those

costs paid by the consumer to the creditor and third-party providers of services the creditor 

requires to be obtained by the consumer during the origination of the loan. (12 CFR 1026.37(f)). 

Other Costs include taxes, governmental recording fees, and certain other payments involved in 

the real estate closing process. (12 CFR 1026.37(g)). Page 2 also includes an itemized 

“Calculating Cash to Close” table to show the consumer how the amount of cash needed at 

closing is calculated. (12 CFR 1026.37(h)). In addition, for transactions with adjustable monthly 

payments not based on changes to the interest rate, page 2 must include an Adjustable Payment 

(AP) table with relevant information about how the monthly payments will change. (12 CFR 

1026.37(i)). Further, for transactions with adjustable interest rates, page 2 must include an 
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Adjustable Interest Rate (AIR) table with relevant information about how the interest rate will 

change. (12 CFR 1026.37(j)) 

If state law requires additional disclosures, those additional disclosures may be made on a 

document whose pages are separate from, and not presented as part of, the Loan Estimate. 

(Comments 37(f)(6)-1 and 37(g)(8)-1) 

Loan Costs table 

This table includes all loan costs associated with the transaction, broken down into an 

itemization of three types of costs: 

• Origination charges the consumer will pay to each creditor and loan originator for originating 

and extending credit (including separate itemization for points paid to the creditor to reduce 

the interest rate as both a percentage of the amount of credit extended and dollar amount) (up 

to 13 line items); the following items should be itemized separately in the Origination 

Charges subheading: 

o

o

Compensation paid directly by a consumer to a loan originator that is not also the 

creditor (Comments 37(f)(1)-2 and -5); or 

Any charge imposed to pay for a loan level pricing adjustment assessed on the creditor 

that is passed on to the consumer as a cost at consummation and not as an adjustment to 

the interest rate. (Comment 37(f)(1)-5) 

• Services the consumer cannot shop for (items provided by persons other than the creditor or 

mortgage broker that the consumer cannot shop for and will pay for at settlement, such as 

appraisal fees and credit report fees) (up to 13 line items); and 

• Services the consumer can shop for (such as a pest inspection fee, survey fee, or closing 

agent fee) (up to 14 line items). (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(2) and (3)) 

Regarding origination fees, only charges paid directly by the consumer to compensate a loan 

originator are included in the itemization. Compensation of a loan originator paid indirectly by 

the creditor through the interest rate is not itemized (but is itemized on the Closing Disclosure; 

see below). (Comment 37(f)(1)-2) 

NOTE: Items that are a component of title insurance must include the introductory description of 

“Title -.” (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(2)(i) and (g)(4)(i))

NOTE: The disclosure of “lender credits,” as identified in 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)(ii), is required 

by 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(i). “Lender credits,” as identified in 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)(ii), 

represent the sum of non-specific lender credits and specific lender credits. Non-specific lender 

credits are generalized payments from the creditor to the consumer that do not pay for a 

particular fee on the disclosures provided pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1). Specific lender 

credits are specific payments, such as a credit, rebate, or reimbursement, from a creditor to the 

consumer to pay for a specific fee. Non-specific lender credits and specific lender credits are 

negative charges to the consumer. (Comment 19(e)(3)(i) -5).
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The sum of these amounts must be disclosed as Total Loan Costs. The regulation includes a 

required order and terminology for each item. (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(1)-(5)) If the creditor does not 

have enough lines for each subheading, it must disclose the remaining items as an aggregate 

number. (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(6)(i)) An addendum is not permitted for origination charges or 

charges the consumer cannot shop for that exceed the maximum number of lines but is permitted 

for services the consumer can shop for, provided the creditor appropriately references the 

addendum (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(6)(ii)).

Other Costs table 

The Other Costs table captures costs established by government action, determined by standard 

calculations applied to ongoing fixed costs, or based on an obligation incurred by the consumer 

independently of any requirement imposed by the creditor. (Comment 37(g)-1). The table 

includes: 

• Taxes and other governmental fees (recording fees and other taxes, and transfer taxes paid by 

the consumer, separately itemized); 

• Prepaids (amounts paid by the consumer before the first scheduled payment, such as 

homeowner insurance premiums, mortgage insurance premiums, prepaid interest, and 

property taxes, plus up to three additional line items); 

• Initial escrow payment at closing (items that the consumer will be expected to place into a 

reserve or escrow account at consummation to be applied to recurring periodic charges; these 

include homeowner’s insurance, mortgage insurance, and property taxes, plus up to five 

additional line items); and

• Other amounts the consumer is likely to pay (such as real estate agent commissions, up to 5 

line items). (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(1)-(4), Comment 37(g)(4)-4) 

NOTE: Items that disclose any premiums paid for separate insurance, warranty, guarantee, or 

event-coverage products not required by the creditor must include the parenthetical description 

(optional) at the end of the label. (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(4)(ii)) 

As with Loan Costs, the regulation includes a required order, terminology, and specific 

information regarding each Other Costs line item, such as the applicable time period covered by 

the amount paid at consummation and the total amount to be paid. Items that disclose any 

premiums paid for separate insurance, warranty, guarantee, or event-coverage products not 

required by the creditor must include the parenthetical description (optional) at the end of the 

label. (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(4)(ii)). An addendum is not permitted; if the creditor does not have 

enough lines for each subheading, it must disclose the remaining items as an aggregate number. 

(12 CFR 1026.37(g)(8)). The sum of these amounts must be disclosed as a line item as Total 

Other Costs. (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(5)). Below this total, the sum of Total Loan Costs and Total 

Other Costs, less any lender credits (separately itemized), must be disclosed as a line item as

Total Closing Costs. (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)) 

Calculating Cash to Close table
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The Calculating Cash to Close table shows the consumer how the amount of cash needed at 

closing is calculated. (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)). The creditor must itemize the total amount of cash 

or other funds that the consumer must provide at consummation. The itemization includes: 

• Total closing costs (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(i)); 

• Closing costs to be financed (i.e., paid out of loan proceeds, disclosed as a negative number) 

(12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(ii)); 

• Down payment and other funds from the borrower (in a purchase transaction, the difference 

between purchase price of property and principal amount of loan, disclosed as a positive 

number; in other transactions, estimated funds from the consumer—see “funds for the 

borrower” below) (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(iii)); 

• Deposit (in a purchase transaction, the amount that is paid to the seller or held in trust or 

escrow by an attorney or other party under the terms of the agreement for the sale of the 

property, disclosed as a negative number, and labeled “deposit;” in all other transactions, the 

amount of zero dollars, labeled “deposit”) (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(iv)); 

• Funds for the borrower (determined by subtracting the principal amount of the credit 

extended from the total amount of existing credit being satisfied, and if the amount is a 

positive number, disclosed as that number, but if the amount is zero dollars or a negative 

number, it is disclosed as zero dollars) (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(v)); 

• Seller credits (the amount the seller will pay for total loan costs and total other costs, to the 

extent known, disclosed as a negative number) (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(vi); and

• Adjustments and other credits. (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(vii)) 

• Estimated Cash to Close is calculated and disclosed in the same table based on these amounts 

listed in 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(i) to (vii). (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(viii)). 

For transactions without a seller, the creditor can use the optional alternative table and provide, 

under the heading Closing Cost Details, the total amount of cash or other funds that must be 

provided by the consumer at consummation with an itemization of the following component 

amounts (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)): 

• Loan amount (disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.37(b)(1)) (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(i)); 

• Total closing costs (disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6) (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(ii)); 

• Payoffs and payments – the total amount of payoffs and payments to third parties not 

otherwise disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.37(f) and (g) (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(iii)); 

• Cash to or from consumer – the amount of cash or other funds due from or to the consumer 

and a statement of whether the disclosed estimated amount is due from or to the consumer, 

calculated by the sum of the loan amount, total closing costs and payoffs and payments under 

12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(i)-(iii)), only to the extent that the sum is greater than zero and less 
102

than the total closing costs (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)) and labeled “Cash to Close” (12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(2)(iv)); 

• Closing costs financed – the sum of the amounts disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(i) 

and (iii) (loan amount and payoffs and payments), but only to the extent that the sum is 

greater than zero and less than the total closing costs (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)), labeled 

“Closing Costs Financed (Paid from your Loan Amount).” (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(v))

Adjustable Payment (AP) table 

This table is for transactions with adjustable monthly payments for reasons other than 

adjustments to the interest rate, or if the transaction is a seasonal payment product. The table 

provides consumers with relevant information about how the monthly payments will change. If 

the transaction does not contain such terms, the table may not be on the Loan Estimate (12 CFR 

1026.37(i); Comment 37(i)-1). 

The AP table requires answers to the following questions: 

• Whether there are interest only payments, and, if so, the period during which the interest only 

payment would apply (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(1)); 

• Whether the amount of any periodic payment can be selected by the consumer as an optional 

payment and, if so, the period during which the consumer can select optional payments (12 

CFR 1026.37(i)(2)); 

• Whether the loan is a step payment product and, if so, the period during which the regular 

periodic payments are scheduled to increase (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(3)); 

• Whether the loan is a seasonal payment product, and, if so, the period during which the 

periodic payments are not scheduled (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(4)); and 

• A subheading of monthly principal and interest payments, with specified information about 

the first payment change and amount; frequency of subsequent changes; and maximum 

periodic payment that may occur during the loan term (and first date the maximum is 

possible). (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(5) 

Adjustable Interest Rate (AIR) table 

For transactions with adjustable interest rates, an AIR table provides consumers with relevant 

information about how the interest rate will change. (12 CFR 1026.37(j)). The adjustable interest 

rate table must be completed if the interest rate may increase after consummation. However, if 

the legal obligation does not permit the interest rate to adjust after consummation, this table is 

not permitted to appear on the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.37(j)(1); Comment 37(j)-1))

The AIR table includes the following information (12 CFR 1026.37(j)): 

• For non-step-rate products, the index upon which adjustments to the interest rate will be 

based and the margin that is added to the index to determine the interest rate (12 CFR 

1026.37(j)(1)); 
103

• For step rate products, the maximum amount of any adjustments to the interest rate that are 

scheduled and pre-determined (12 CFR 1026.37(j)(2)); 

• The initial interest rate at consummation (12 CFR 1026.37(j)(3)); 

• The minimum/maximum interest rate for the loan, after any introductory period expires (12 

CFR 1026.37(j)(4)); 

• The frequency of adjustments (first and subsequent adjustments) (12 CFR 1026.37(j)(5)); and

• Any limits on interest rate changes. (12 CFR 1026.37(j)(6))

Page 3: Additional information about the loan 

Page 3 of the Loan Estimate contains contact information, a Comparisons table, an Other 

Considerations table, and, if desired, a Signature Statement for the consumer to sign to 

acknowledge receipt. (See 12 CFR 1026.37(k), (l), (m), and (n).) 
104

Contact information 

The top of page 3 includes the name and NMLSR or License ID number for the creditor and 

mortgage broker, if any; and name and NMLSR or License ID of individual loan officer who is 

the primary contact for the consumer, along with that person’s email address and phone number. 

(12 CFR 1026.37(k)) 

Comparisons table 

The Comparisons table follows the contact information and allows consumers to compare loans. 

Each of these disclosures must be accompanied by a specified descriptive statement. (12 CFR 

1026.37(l))

The creditor must provide the: 

• Total dollar amount of principal, interest, mortgage insurance, and loan costs scheduled to be 

paid through the end of the 60th month after the due date of the first periodic payment; 

• Total dollar amount of principal scheduled to be paid through the end of the 60th month after 

the due date of the first periodic payment; 

• Annual percentage rate using that term and the abbreviation “APR” and expressed as a 

percentage; and

• Total interest percentage that the consumer will pay over the life of the loan, expressed as a 

percentage of the amount of credit extended, using the term “Total Interest Percentage” and 

the abbreviation “TIP.” 

The TIP calculation is the same for the Loan Estimate and for the Closing Disclosure: total interest 

(including prepaid interest) that the consumer will pay over the life of the loan is divided by the 

loan amount to arrive at the total interest percentage (TIP). 12 CFR 1026.37(l)(3); 12 CFR 

1026.38(o)(5). The TIP is computed assuming that the consumer makes each monthly payment in 

full and on time, and does not make any overpayments. (15 U.S.C. 1638(a)(19); 12 CFR 

1026.37(l)(3); Comment 37(l)(3)-1). 

To calculate the TIP for fixed rate loans add the sum of interest payments for the full term of the 

loan to the amount of prepaid interest and divide that total by the loan amount. To calculate the TIP 

for a variable rate loan, compute the amount of interest that the consumer will pay according to the 

terms of the loan. If the loan has an index and margin, use the index existing at consummation. 

(12 CFR 1026.37(b)(2); Comment 17(c)(1)-10). For Adjustable Rate products under 12 CFR 

1026.37(a)(10)(i)(A), compute the TIP in accordance with Comment 17(c)(1)-10. (Comment 

37(l)(3)-2.) Comment 17(c)(1)-10 provides guidance and examples for adjustable mortgages with 

discounted and premium variable-rate terms. Where the initial rate is not based upon the index 

used for later interest rate adjustments, the total interest should include the initial interest rate and, 

for the remainder of the term, the rate that would have been applied using the index or formula at 

the time of consummation. The rate at consummation need not be used if a contract provides for a 

delay in the implementation of changes in an index value. For example, if the contract specifies 

that rate changes are based on the index value in effect 45 days before the change date, creditors 

may use any index value in effect during the 45-day period before consummation in calculating a 
105

composite annual percentage rate. (Comment 17(c)(1)-10). For step-rate products under 12 CFR 

1026.37(a)(10)(i)(B),compute the TIP in accordance with Section 1026.17(c)(1) and its 

associated commentary. (Comment 37(l)(3)-2). For loans that have a negative amortization 

feature under 12 CFR1026.37(a)(10)(ii)(A), compute the TIP using the scheduled payment, even 

if it is a negatively amortizing payment amount, until the consumer must begin making fully 

amortizing payments under the terms of the legal obligation. (Comment 37(l)(3)-3).

Other Considerations

Below the Comparisons table is a section regarding “other considerations” about the loan. This 

section includes disclosures on appraisals, assumptions, whether homeowner’s insurance is 

required, applicable late payment fees, a warning about refinancing, whether the creditor intends 

to service the loan or transfer servicing, liability after foreclosure, and an optional statement that 

a revised Loan Estimate can be provided up to 60 days prior to consummation when the loan is 

for new construction. (12 CFR 1026.37(m)) 

The consumer is not required to sign the Loan Estimate. If the creditor adds a signature statement 

on page 3 of the Loan Estimate to confirm receipt by the consumer, it must use the model form 

language. If the creditor chooses not to use the confirm receipt table, it must include a statement 

that “You do not have to accept this loan because you have received this form or signed a loan 

application.” (12 CFR 1026.37(n)) 

Closing Disclosure – Content of Disclosures for Certain Mortgage 

Transactions – 12 CFR 1026.38

Closing Disclosure form required (12 CFR 1026.38(t)(3)(i)) 

The Closing Disclosure generally must contain the actual terms and costs of the transaction and 

must satisfy timing and delivery requirements set forth in the rule.

For any loans subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(f) that are federally- related mortgage loans subject to 

RESPA (which will include most mortgages), creditors must use Form H-25, set forth in Appendix 

H. (12 CFR 1026.38(t)(3)(i) (See also 12 CFR 1024.2(b) for definition of federally related 

mortgage loan.) 

For other loans subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(f) that are not federally related mortgage loans, the 

disclosures must contain the exact same information and be made with headings, content, and 

format substantially similar to Form H-25. (12 CFR 1026.38(t)(3)(ii)) 

Information required on the Closing Disclosure. As with the Loan Estimate, most disclosures 

on the Closing Disclosure form are required to be labeled using specific nomenclature, headings, 

and formatting. Similarly, in some instances, the regulation directs lines on the disclosure to be 

left blank where there is no charge or sets forth the maximum number of items that may be 

disclosed. See the regulation, Form H-25, and the Regulation Z procedures for specific 

obligations regarding each required disclosure. 

Rounding. Dollar amounts generally must not be rounded except where noted in the regulation. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(t)(4)(i)) If an amount must be rounded but is composed of other amounts that 

are not required or permitted to be rounded, the unrounded amounts should be used to calculate 
106

the total, and the final sum should be rounded. Conversely, if an amount is required to be 

rounded and is composed of rounded amounts, the rounded amounts should be used to calculate 

the total. (Comment 38(t)(4)-2). Percentage amounts should not be rounded and are disclosed up 

to two or three decimals, as needed, except where noted in the regulation. If a percentage amount 

is a whole number, only the whole number should be disclosed, with no decimals. (12 CFR 

1026.38(t)(4)(ii)) 

Page 1: General information, loan terms, projected payments, and 

costs at closing 

General information, the Loan Terms table, the Projected Payments table, and the Costs at 

Closing table are disclosed on the first page of the Closing Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.38(a), (b), 

(c), and (d)) These disclosures mirror the disclosures in the Loan Estimate, and there is a 

required statement to compare the document with the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(2)). 

Page 1 of the Closing Disclosure is similar, but not identical, to the Loan Estimate. Page 1 of the 

Closing Disclosure provides general closing, transaction, and loan information. It also includes a 

Loan Terms table with descriptions of applicable information about the loan, a Projected 

Payments table, and a summary Costs at Closing table. (12 CFR 1026.38(a)-(d)) 

General information 

The top of page 1 of the Closing Disclosure requires the title “Closing Disclosure” and a 

specified statement to compare the disclosure with the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(1) 

and (2)). The top of page 1 also requires general closing, transaction, and loan information. 

Closing information includes the date the Closing Disclosure was delivered to the consumer, 

closing date, (i.e., the date of consummation), the disbursement date, settlement agent conducting 

the closing, file number assigned by the settlement agent, property address or location, and sale 

price (or appraised property value if there is no seller). (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3)). For transactions 

without a seller for which the creditor has not obtained an appraisal, the creditor may disclose the 

estimated value of the property, using the estimate provided by the consumer at application or 

the estimate the creditor used to determine approval of the credit transaction. (Comment 

38(a)(3)(vii)-1) 

Transaction information includes the borrower’s name and mailing address, the seller’s name 

and mailing address, and the name of the creditor making the disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(4)) 

Loan information includes the loan term, purpose, product, loan type, loan ID number (using the 

same number as on the Loan Estimate), and mortgage insurance case number (MIC #), if 

required by the creditor. (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(5)). Other than the MIC #, this information is 

determined by the same definitions for those items on the Loan Estimate, updated to reflect the 

terms of the legal obligation at consummation. (Comment 38(a)(5)-1) 

Loan Terms table 

The Loan Terms table is located under the above described general information disclosures. The 

information for this table is the same as that required in the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 
107

1026.37(b), updated to reflect the terms of the legal obligation at consummation. (12 CFR 

1026.38(b)) 

Projected Payments table 

The Projected Payments table is located directly below the Loan Terms table on page 1 of the 

Closing Disclosure. The information for this table is generally the same as that required in the 

Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1) through (4), updated to reflect the terms of the legal 

obligation at consummation (other than the reference to closing cost details required by 12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(4)(vi)). The estimated escrow payments disclosed on the Closing Disclosure for 

transactions subject to RESPA are determined under the escrow account analysis described in 

Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.17. For transactions not subject to RESPA, estimated escrow 

payments may be determined under the escrow account analysis described in Regulation X, 12 

CFR 1024.17 or in the manner set forth in 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(5). There is also a required 

reference to the detailed escrow account disclosures on page 4 of the Closing Disclosure. (12 

CFR 1026.38(c)) 

Costs at Closing table 

This table, located at the bottom of page 1, provides disclosures on Closing Costs and Cash to 

Close. (12 CFR 1026.38(d)) These disclosures offer the consumer a high-level summary of 

closing costs and reference the more detailed itemizations found on pages 2 and 3 of the Closing 

Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.38(d)(1)(i)(E) and 12 CFR 1026.38(d)(1)(ii)(B)) 

Items that are disclosed on the Cash at Closing table include Total Closing Costs, as well as the 

key inputs making up this total: Loan Costs and Other Costs, less Lender Credits (and the fact 

that total closing costs include these amounts). (12 CFR 1026.38(d)(1)(i)). The table also 

discloses Cash Required to Close. (12 CFR 1026.38(d)(1)(ii)) For transactions without a seller, 

the creditor must use the alternative Calculating Cash to Close table when the alternative costs at 

closing table was used on the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.38(d)(2)) 

Page 2: Closing Cost Details; Loan costs and other costs 

Page 2 of the Closing Disclosure contains an itemization of the “Loan Costs” and “Other Costs” 

associated with the loan. (12 CFR 1026.38(f), (g), and (h)). In each case, the amounts paid by the 

consumer, seller, and others are separately disclosed. For items paid by the consumer or seller, 

amounts that are paid at closing are disclosed in a column separately from amounts paid before 

closing. (12 CFR 1026.38(f) 

The number of items in the Loan Costs and Other Costs tables can be expanded and deleted to 

accommodate the disclosure of additional line items and to keep the Loan Costs and Other Costs 

tables on page 2 of the Closing Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.38(t)(5)(iv)(A); Comment 38(t)(5)(iv)-

2). However, items that are required to be disclosed even if they are not charged to the consumer 

(such as Points in the Origination Charges subheading) cannot be deleted. (Comment 

38(t)(5)(iv)-1) 

Further, the Loan Costs and Other Costs tables can be disclosed on two separate pages of the 

Closing Disclosure, but only if the page cannot accommodate all of the costs required to be 

disclosed on one page. (12 CFR 1026.38(t)(5)(iv)(B); Comment 38(t)(5)(iv)-2). When used, 
108

these pages are numbered page 2a and 2b. (Comment 38(t)(5)(iv)-3). For an example of this 

permissible change to the Closing Disclosure, see Form H-25(H) of Appendix H to Regulation Z. 

Loan Costs table 

All loan costs associated with the transaction are listed in a table under the heading “Loan 

Costs,” with the items and amounts listed under four subheadings: 

• Origination charges, 

• Services borrower did not shop for, 

• Services borrower did shop for, and 

• Total loan costs. (12 CFR 1026.38(f)(1)-(5)). 

Items should generally be the same as disclosed on the Loan Estimate, updated to reflect the 

terms of the legal obligation at consummation, except as discussed below. (12 CFR 1026.38(f)) 

Origination Charges. All loan originator compensation is disclosed as an origination charge, 

including compensation from the creditor to a third-party loan originator (which was not 

disclosed on the Loan Estimate). Compensation from the consumer to a third-party loan 

originator is designated as Borrower-Paid at Closing or before closing on the Closing Disclosure. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(f)(1); Comment 38(f)(1)-2). Compensation from the creditor to a third-party 

loan originator is designated as Paid by Others on the Closing Disclosure. (Comment 38(f)(1)-2). 

This line item must also disclose the name of the loan originator ultimately receiving the 

payment. (12 CFR 1026.38(f)(1)). A designation of “(L)” can be listed with the amount to 

indicate that the creditor pays the compensation at consummation. This is the same as the amount 

of third-party compensation included in points and fees for purposes of determining he 

consumer’s ability to repay the loan. Compensation to individual loan originators is not 

calculated or disclosed on the Closing Disclosure. (Comment 38(f)(1)-3) 

Services the consumer did or did not shop for. The following are disclosed under “Services 

Borrower Did Not Shop For,” regardless of where it was located on the Loan Estimate: 

• Items that the consumer could have shopped for, but did not. 

• When a consumer chooses a provider that is on the written list of providers for a service on 

the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.38(f)(2)) 

Items are re-alphabetized when an item is added to or removed from a particular subheading. 

The amounts that are designated as Borrower-Paid at or before closing are subtotaled as Total 

Loan Costs (Borrower-Paid). (12 CFR 1026.38(f)(5)). Amounts designated as Seller-Paid or Paid 

by Others are not included in this subtotal (rather, they are included elsewhere in the Closing 

Cost Subtotal). (Comment 38(f)(5)-1; 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(2)) 

Other Costs Table 
109

Items should generally be the same as disclosed on the Loan Estimate, updated to reflect the

terms of the legal obligation at consummation, except as discussed below. (12 CFR 1026.38(g)) 

Taxes and other government fees. Itemized transfer taxes paid by the consumer and by the seller 

are disclosed, instead of just the sum total of transfer taxes to be paid by the consumer (12 CFR 

1026.38(g)(1)). 

Prepaids. An itemization of homeowner’s insurance premiums, mortgage insurance premiums, 

prepaid interest, property taxes and a maximum of three additional items (see 12 CFR 

1026.37(g)(2)), the name of the person ultimately receiving the payment or government entity 

assessing the property tax, and the total of all such itemized amounts that are designated 

Borrower-Paid at or before closing. ((12 CFR 1026.38(g)(2)). 

Initial escrow payment at closing. Property taxes paid during different time periods may be 

disclosed as separate items. (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(3)) 

This section of the table also includes, as the last item disclosed, an Aggregate Adjustment 

calculated pursuant to Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.17(d)(2). (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(3)) 

Other. This section of the table includes charges for services that are required or obtained in the 

real estate closing by the consumer, the seller, or other party, and the name of the person 

ultimately receiving the payment, even if not initially disclosed on the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 

1026.38(g)(4)). This includes all real estate brokerage fees, homeowner’s or condominium 

association charges paid at consummation, home warranties, inspection fees, and other fees that 

are part of the real estate closing but not required by the creditor or not disclosed elsewhere on 

the Closing Disclosure. (Comment 38(g)(4)-1). The amount of real estate commissions paid must 

be the total amount paid to any real estate brokerage as a commission, regardless of the identity 

of the party holding any earnest money deposit. (Comment 38(g)(4)-4) 

If there are costs that are a component of title insurance services, their label must begin with 

“Title -” and, if there are costs designated Borrower-Paid at or before closing for any premiums 

paid for separate insurance, warranty, guarantee, or event-coverage products, they must be 

labeled “(optional).” (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(4)(i) and (ii)) 

The sum of any of these amounts that are Borrower-Paid must be disclosed as a line item as 

Total Other Costs (Borrower-Paid). (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(5)). Below this total, the sum of Total 

Loan Costs and Total Other Costs (Borrower-Paid), less any lender credits (separately itemized), 

must be disclosed as a line item as Total Closing Costs (Borrower-Paid). (12 CFR 1026.38(g)

and (h)) 

Page 3: Calculating cash to close, summaries of transactions, and 

alternatives for transactions without a seller 

Page 3 of the Closing Disclosure contains the Calculating Cash to Close table and Summaries of 

Transactions tables. (12 CFR 1026.38(i), (j), and (k)) 

Calculating Cash to Close 
110

The Calculating Cash to Close table permits the consumer to see what costs have changed from 

the Loan Estimate. This table contains nine items: 

• Total Closing Costs,

• Closing Costs Paid before Closing, 

• Closing Costs Financed,

• Down Payment/Funds from Borrower, 

• Deposit, 

• Funds for Borrower, 

• Seller Credits, 

• Adjustments and other Credits, and 

• Total Cash to Close. (12 CFR 1026.38(i)). 

The table has three columns that disclose (1) the amount for each item as it was disclosed on the 

Loan Estimate, (2) the final amount for the item, and (3) an answer to the question “Did this 

change?” (12 CFR 1026.38(i)). Generally, the amounts disclosed in the Loan Estimate column 

will be the amounts disclosed on the Loan Estimate (or a revised Loan Estimate). (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(1)(i), (3)(i), (4)(i), (5)(i), (6)(i), (7)(i), (8)(i), (9)(i)) 

Funds from the borrower and funds for the borrower are determined by subtracting the principal 

amount of the credit extended (excluding the actual amount of the closing costs that are to be 

paid out of loan proceeds, if any, stated as a negative number, disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(3)(ii)) from the total amount of all existing debt being satisfied in the real estate 

closing and disclosed as the amounts the consumer owes or is reimbursing to the seller under 12 

CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(v), (except for the amount of debt satisfied and disclosed as other costs in the 

closing costs details under 12 CFR 1026.38(g)). (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv) and (j)(1)(v)). If this 

amount is positive, it is disclosed as zero dollars under the heading “Funds for Borrower.” If this 

amount is a negative number, it is disclosed under the heading “Funds for Borrower” stated as a 

negative number, and zero dollars must be disclosed under “Funds from Borrower.” If the 

amount is zero dollars, then zero dollars must be disclosed under both the headings for “Funds 

from Borrower” and “Funds for Borrower.” (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv)) 

When amounts have changed, the disclosure must indicate where the consumer can find the 

amounts that have changed on the Loan Estimate. For example, if the Seller Credit amount 

changed, the creditor can indicate that the consumer should “See Seller Credits in Section L.” 

(Comment 38(i)-3). Other examples of language for these items are found in example Form H25(B) in Appendix H of Regulation Z. 

Increases in total closing costs that exceed legal limits. When the increase in Total Closing 

Costs exceeds the legal limits on closing costs set forth in 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3), the form must 

disclose a statement that an increase in closing costs exceeds the legal limits by the dollar 
111

amount of the excess in the “Did this change?” column. (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(1)(iii)(A)(3)). A 

statement directing the consumer to the Lender Credit on page 2 must also be included if a credit 

to the consumer at closing for the excess amount is provided by the creditor. (Comment 

38(i)(1)(iii)(A)-3). The dollar amount must be the sum of all excess amounts, taking into account 

the different methods of calculating excesses of the limitations on increases in closing costs

under 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i) and (ii). (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(1)(iii)(A)(3)) 

Closing Costs Paid Before Closing. The amount disclosed in the Loan Estimate column for the 

“Closing Costs Paid Before Closing” item is zero dollars. (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(2)(i)). The Final 

column should disclose the same amount designated as Borrower-Paid Before Closing in the 

Closing Costs Subtotals of the Other Costs table on page 2 of the Closing Disclosure. Under the 

subheading “Did this change?” if the amount disclosed here is different from the amount 

disclosed in the Loan Estimate, include a statement of that fact; and if it is equal to the amount 

disclosed on the Loan Estimate, include a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(2)(iii)) 

Alternative Calculating Cash to Close table 

For transactions without a seller where the alternative Calculating Cash to Close table was used 

on the Loan Estimate, the Closing Disclosure must also use the alternative Calculating Cash to 

Close table under 12 CFR 1026.38(e). These items include:

• Loan amount, 

• Total closing costs, 

• Closing costs paid before closing, 

• Payoffs and payments, 

• Cash to or from consumer, and

• Closing costs financed. 

The table has three columns that disclose (1) the amount for each item as it was disclosed on 

the Loan Estimate, (2) the final amount for the item, and (3) an answer to the question “Did 

this change?” along with a statement of whether the amount increased, decreased or is equal to 

the amount disclosed in the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.38(e)). Generally, the amounts 

disclosed in the Loan Estimate column will be the Loan Amount, Total Closing Costs, Closing 

Costs Paid before Closing, and the Total Payoffs and Payments. (12 CFR 1026.38(e)(1)(i), 

(2)(i), (3)(i), (4)(i)) 

Cash to or from the consumer is disclosed in the first two columns of the row labeled Cash to 

Close. The first column contains amounts disclosed in the Loan Estimate. The second column 

discloses the final amount due from or to the consumer, calculated by the sum of the amounts 

disclosed (pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(1)(i), (2)(i), (3)(i), (4)(i)) as final Loan Amount, Total 

Closing Costs, Closing Costs Paid before Closing, and the Total Payoffs and Payments, disclosed 

as a positive number with the statement of whether the funds are due from or to the consumer. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(e)(5)) 
112

Closing Costs Financed are disclosed in the third column of the row labeled Cash to Close in the 

Calculating Cash to Close table. This amount is calculated by the sum of the final Loan Amount 

(12 CFR 1026.38(e)(1)(ii)) and the final Total Payoffs and Payments (12 CFR 1026.38(e)(4)(ii)), 

but only to the extent that the sum is greater than zero and less than or equal to the sum of 

borrower paid closing costs (disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(2)) designated Borrower-Paid 

Before Closing. (12 CFR 1026.38(e)(6)) 

Summaries of Transactions table 

The Summaries of Transactions table contains required itemizations of the borrower’s and the 

seller’s transactions. (12 CFR 1026.38(j)-(k)). The table discloses amounts due from or payable 

to the consumer and seller at closing, as applicable. (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1) and (2)). A separate 

Closing Disclosure can be provided to the consumer and the seller that does not reflect the other 

party’s costs and credits by omitting specified disclosures on each separate Closing Disclosure. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(t)(5)(v),(vi),(ix)) 

Additional pages may be attached to the Closing Disclosure to add lines to provide a complete 

listing of all items required to be shown on the Closing Disclosure and for customary recitals and 

information used locally in real estate closings (for example, breakdown of payoff figures, a 

breakdown of the consumer's total monthly mortgage payments, an accounting of debits received 

and check disbursements, a statement stating receipt of funds, applicable special stipulations 

between consumer and seller, and the date funds are transferred). (Comment 38(j)-6) 

Generally, the Summaries of Transactions table is similar to the Summary of Borrower’s 

Transaction and Summary of Seller’s Transaction tables on the HUD-1 Settlement Statement 

provided under Regulation X prior to the TILA-RESPA integrated disclosure rule taking effect. 

There are some modifications to the Closing Disclosure related to the handling of the disclosure 

of the consumer’s deposit, the disclosure of credits, and specific guidance on other matters that 

may not have been clear in the HUD-1 instructions. 

In transactions without a seller, the Seller-Paid column for Closing Costs may be deleted on page 

2, and a Payoffs and Payments table may be substituted for the Summaries of Transactions table 

and placed before the alternative Calculating Cash to Close table on page 3 of the closing 

Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.38(t)(5)(vii)(B)). For an example, see page 3 of Form H-25(J) of 

Appendix H to Regulation Z. 

Borrower’s Transaction

Amounts due from the borrower. The sale price of the property, sale price of any personal 

property included in the sale, and total amount of closing costs designated Borrower-Paid at 

Closing, calculated with lender credits as a negative number pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(2) 

and (h)(3). (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(ii)-(iv)). The contract sale price of the property does not 

include the price of tangible personal property if the buyer and seller have agreed to a separate 

price for such items. Manufactured homes are not considered personal property for this 

disclosure. (Comment 38(j)(1)(ii)-1) 

Adjustments. This includes additional items that the seller has paid prior to the real estate 

closing, but reimbursed by the consumer at closing. These are items such as rent the consumer 

will collect after closing, a tenant’s security deposit, or outstanding real estate property taxes 
113

where there is not a corresponding credit in the seller’s transaction. (Comments 38(j)(1)(v)-1 and 

-2) 

Adjustments for items paid by seller in advance. The prorated amount of prepaid taxes due from 

the consumer to reimburse the seller, and the time periods. The taxes are labeled city/town taxes, 

county taxes, and/or assessments as appropriate. (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(vi)-(ix)). If there are 

additional items paid by the seller and due from the consumer, they are also itemized. Examples 

include taxes paid in advance, flood or insurance premiums if the insurance is under the same 

policy, mortgage insurance for assumed loans, condominium assessments, fuel or supplies on 

hand, and ground rent paid in advance. (Comment 38(j)(1)(x)-1) 

Itemization of amounts already paid by or on behalf of borrower. These amounts are itemized 

in the second part of the Summary of Transactions table. These include the following: 

• Deposits, and if there is no deposit, this line is left blank. If the deposit was reduced to pay 

closing charges prior to closing, the reduction should be shown in the Closing Cost Detail 

table designated as Borrower-Paid Before Closing. (Comments 38(j)(2)(ii)-1 and -2) 

• The loan amount is the construction or purchase loan amount for a structure or purchase of a 

new manufactured home that is real property. For construction loans or loans for 

manufactured homes that are real property under state law, the loan amount for the current 

transaction must be disclosed, and the sales price of the land and the construction cost or the 

price of the manufactured home should be disclosed separately (Comment 38(j)(2)(iii)-1). 

• Existing loans assumed or taken subject to are itemized with the outstanding amount of any 

loans that the consumer is assuming or taking title subject to. (Comment 38(j)(2)(iv)-1) 

• If the seller is providing a lump sum at closing that is not otherwise itemized, to pay for loan 

costs and any other obligations of the seller to be paid directly to the consumer, this amount 

is labeled Seller Credit. (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(v)). When the consumer receives a 

generalized credit from the seller for closing costs or where the seller (typically a builder) is 

making an allowance to the consumer for items to purchase separately, the amount of the 

credit must be disclosed. However, if the Seller Credit is attributable to a specific loan cost or 

other cost listed in the Closing Cost Details tables, that amount should be reflected in the 

Seller-Paid column in the Closing Cost Details tables. 

• Any other obligations of the seller to be paid directly to the consumer, such as for issues 

identified at a walk-through of the property prior to closing, are disclosed here. (Comments 

38(j)(2)(v)-1 and-2) 

• Other credits are itemized with a description and the amounts paid by or on behalf of the 

consumer, and not otherwise disclosed. Examples of other credits include credits from a real 

estate agent, subordinate financing proceeds, satisfaction of existing subordinate liens by 

consumer, transferred escrow balances, and gift funds. (Comments 38(j)(2)(vi)-1 to -5) 

Adjustments for items unpaid by seller include prorated unpaid taxes due from the seller to 

reimburse the consumer at closing, along with the time period and labeled city/town taxes, 

county taxes, and/or assessments as appropriate. (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(vii)-(x)). If there are 
114

additional items that have not been paid and that the consumer is expected to pay after closing 

but which are attributable to the time prior to closing, they are itemized here. (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(2)(xi)). Examples include utilities used but not paid for by the seller, rent collected in 

advance, or interest on a loan assumption. (Comment 38(j)(2)(xi)-1) 

Calculation of the borrower’s transaction is disclosed by including the Total Due from 

Borrower at Closing, the amount labeled Total Paid Already by or on Behalf of Borrower at 

Closing, if any, disclosed as a negative number, and a statement that the resulting amount is due 

from or to the consumer, and labeled Cash to Close. (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(3)) 

Items paid outside of closing are costs that are not paid from closing funds but would otherwise 

be part of the borrower’s transaction table should be marked as “P.O.C.” for paid outside of 

closing. There must also be a statement of the party making the payment, such as the consumer, 

seller, loan originator, real estate agent, or any other person. For an example, see Form H-25(D) 

of Appendix H. (Comment 38(j)(4)(i)-1) 

Seller’s Transaction

Amounts due to the seller include the sale price of the property, sale price of any personal 

property included in the sale, and a description and the amount of other items paid to the seller 

by the consumer pursuant to a contract, such as charges that were not disclosed on the Loan 

Estimate, or items paid by the seller prior to closing but reimbursed by the consumer at closing. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(ii)-(iv))

Adjustments for items paid by seller in advance include the prorated amount of prepaid taxes 

due from the consumer to reimburse the seller, and the time periods. The taxes are labeled 

city/town taxes, county taxes, and/or assessments as appropriate. (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(v)-

(viii)). If there are additional items paid by the seller and due from the consumer, they are also 

itemized. (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(ix)) 

Itemization of amounts due from seller at closing are itemized in the second part of the 

Summary of Transactions table. These include the amount of any deposits disbursed to the seller 

prior to closing and seller-paid closing costs. The itemization also includes the amount of any 

existing loans that the consumer is assuming and the amounts of any loan secured by a first lien 

or a second lien on the property that will be paid off. In addition, the itemization includes seller

credits, an amount that the seller will provide at the closing as a lump sum, not otherwise 

itemized, to pay for loan costs and other costs and any other obligations of the seller to be paid 

directly to the consumer. The amounts and a description of any and all other obligations required 

to be paid by the seller at closing are disclosed, including any lien-related payoffs, fees, or 

obligations. (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(ii)-(vii)) 

Adjustments for items unpaid by seller include prorated unpaid taxes due from the seller to 

reimburse the consumer at closing, along with the time period and labeled city/town taxes, 

county taxes, and/or assessments as appropriate. (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(x)-(xii)). If there are 

additional items that have not been paid and that the consumer is expected to pay after closing 

but which are attributable to the time prior to closing, they are itemized here. (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(2)(xiii)) 
115

Calculation of the seller’s transaction is disclosed by including the Total Due to Seller at 

Closing, the amount labeled Total Due from Seller at Closing, if any, disclosed as a negative 

number, and a statement that the resulting amount is due from or to the seller, and labeled Cash. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(k)(3)) 

Items paid outside of closing are costs that are not paid from closing funds but that would 

otherwise be part of the seller’s transaction table should be marked as “P.O.C.” for paid outside 

of closing. There must also be a statement of the party making the payment. (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(4)) 

Page 4: Additional information about this loan 

Page 4 of the Closing Disclosure groups several required loan disclosures together, generally 

using specified language, including: 

• Information concerning future assumption of the loan by a subsequent purchaser required by 

12 CFR 1026.37(m)(2) (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(1)); 

• Whether the legal obligation contains a demand feature that can require early payment of the 

loan (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(2)); 

• The terms of the legal obligation that impose a fee for a late payment, including the amount 

of time that passes before a fee is imposed and the amount of such fee or how it is calculated 

(as required by 12 CFR 1026.37(m)(4) (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(3)); 

• Whether the regular periodic payments can cause the principal balance of the loan to increase 

(i.e., whether there could be negative amortization) (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(4)); 

• The creditor’s policy regarding partial payments by the consumer (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(5)); 

• A statement that the consumer is granting a security interest in the property (along with an 

identification of the property) (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(6)); and

• Specified information related to any escrow account held by the servicer, including specified 

estimated escrow costs over the first year after consummation (or a statement that an escrow 

account has not been established, with a description of specified estimated property costs 

during the first year after consummation). (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(7)) 

If the periodic principal and interest payment may change after consummation, other than due to 

a change in interest rate or where the loan is a seasonal payment product, page 4 of the Closing 

Disclosure must also include an Adjustable Payment (AP) table. (12 CFR 1026.38(m)). If the 

loan’s interest rate may increase after consummation, page 4 of the Closing Disclosure must also 

include the Adjustable Interest Rate (AIR) table. (12 CFR 1026.38(n)) These are the tables 

required in the Loan Estimate at 12 CFR 1026.37(i) and (j), respectively, updated to reflect the 

terms of the loan at consummation. 
116

Page 5: Loan calculations, other disclosures, and contact information 

Page 5 of the Closing Disclosure discloses a Loan Calculations table, as well as specified other 

disclosures, contact information for the CFPB for questions, and contact information for 

participants in the transaction, and if desired by the creditor, a signature table to confirm receipt 

of the Closing Disclosure. (12 CFR 1026.38(o)-(s)) 

Loan Calculations table 

The Loan Calculations table discloses: 

• Total of Payments (total paid after all scheduled payments of principal, interest, mortgage 

insurance, and loan costs are made);

• Finance Charge;

• Amount Financed; 

• Annual Percentage Rate (APR); and;

• Total Interest Percentage (TIP) (the total amount of interest paid over the loan term as a 

percentage of the loan amount). (12 CFR 1026.38(o); 12 CFR 1026.37(l)(3) and its 

commentary) 

The APR and TIP amounts should be updated from the amounts disclosed on the Loan 

Estimate to reflect the terms of the legal obligation at consummation. The TIP calculation is 

set forth in 12 CFR 1026.37(l)(3) and its commentary. 

• NOTE: See the discussion on calculating the TIP for the comparison table on page 3 of the 

Loan Estimate
117

Other Disclosures table

The Other Disclosures table requires a notice regarding the lender’s obligation to provide a free 

copy of the appraisal (for higher-priced mortgage loans under 12 CFR 1026.35 and loans 

covered by the Equal Credit Opportunity Act); a specified warning about consequences of 

nonpayment under the contract, whether state law provides for continued consumer liability after 

foreclosure, a statement concerning the consumer’s ability to refinance the loan, and a statement 

concerning the extent that the interest on the loan can be included as a tax deduction by the 

consumer. (12 CFR 1026.38(p)) 

Contact information table 

For each of the lender, mortgage broker, real estate broker (buyer and seller), and settlement 

agent, the contact information table discloses the name, address, NMLS or state license ID (as 

applicable), contact name of an individual primary contact for the consumer (and NMLSR ID or 

license ID for that person), email, and phone number. (12 CFR 1026.38(r)) 

Mortgage Transfer Disclosures– 12 CFR 1026.39 

Notice of new owner – No later than 30 calendar days after the date on which a mortgage loan is 

acquired by or otherwise sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred30 to a third party, the “covered 

person”31 shall notify the consumer clearly and conspicuously in writing, in a form that the 

consumer may keep, of such transfer and include: 

• Identification of the loan that was sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred;

• Name, address, and telephone number of the covered person; 

• Date of transfer;

• Name, address, and telephone number of an agent or party having authority, on behalf of the 

covered person, to receive notice of the right to rescind and resolve issues concerning the 

consumer’s payments on the mortgage loan; 

• Location where transfer of ownership of the debt to the covered person is or may be recorded 

in public records or, alternatively, that the transfer of ownership has not been recorded in 

public records at the time the disclosure is provided; and 

• At the option of the covered person, any other information regarding the transaction. 

This notice of sale or transfer must be provided for any consumer credit transaction that is 

secured by the principal dwelling of a consumer, as well as a closed-end consumer credit 

transaction secured by a dwelling or real property. Thus, it applies to both closed-end mortgage 

 

30 The date of transfer to the covered person may, at the covered person’s option, be either the date of acquisition recognized in 

the books and records of the acquiring party or the date of transfer recognized in the books and records of the transferring party.

31 A “covered person” means any person, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(22), that becomes the owner of an existing mortgage 

loan by acquiring legal title to the debt obligation, whether through a purchase, assignment, or other transfer, and who acquires

more than one mortgage loan in any 12-month period. For purposes of this section, a servicer of a mortgage loan shall not be 

treated as the owner of the obligation if the servicer holds title to the loan or it is assigned to the servicer solely for the 

administrative convenience of the servicer in servicing the obligation. See 12 CFR 1026.39(a)(1). 
118

loans and open-end home equity lines of credit. This notification is required of the covered 

person even if the loan servicer remains the same.

Regulation Z also establishes special rules regarding the delivery of the notice when there is 

more than one covered person. In a joint acquisition of a loan, the covered persons must provide 

a single disclosure that lists the contact information for all covered persons. However, if one of 

the covered persons is authorized to receive a notice of rescission and to resolve issues 

concerning the consumer’s payments, the disclosure may state contact information only for that 

covered person. In addition, if the multiple covered persons each acquire a partial interest in the 

loan pursuant to separate and unrelated agreements, they may provide either a single notice or 

separate notices. Finally, if a covered person acquires a loan and subsequently transfers it to 

another covered person, a single notice may be provided on behalf of both of them, as long as the 

notice satisfies the timing and content requirements with respect to each of them.

In addition, there are three exceptions to the notice requirement to provide the notice of sale or 

transfer:

• The covered person sells, assigns, or otherwise transfers legal title to the mortgage loan on or 

before the 30th calendar day following the date of transfer on which it acquired the mortgage 

loan; 

• The mortgage loan is transferred to the covered person in connection with a repurchase 

agreement that obligates the transferring party to repurchase the mortgage loan (unless the 

transferring party does not repurchase the mortgage loan); or

• The covered person acquires only a partial interest in the mortgage loan and the agent or 

party authorized to receive the consumer’s rescission notice and resolve issues concerning 

the consumer’s payments on the mortgage loan does not change as a result of that transfer.

Effective April 19, 2018, if, upon confirmation, a servicer provides a confirmed successor in 

interest who is not liable on the mortgage loan obligation with an optional notice and 

acknowledgment form in accordance with Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.32(c)(1), the servicer is 

not required to provide to the confirmed successor in interest the notice of sale or transfer unless 

and until the confirmed successor in interest either assumes the mortgage loan obligation under 

State law or has provided the servicer an executed acknowledgment in accordance with 

Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.32(c)(1)(iv) that the confirmed successor in interest has not revoked. 

(12 CFR 1026.39(f)).

Mortgage transfer notices – partial payment policies. 

If a creditor or servicer is required by Regulation Z to provide mortgage transfer notices when 

the ownership of a mortgage loan is being transferred, the notice must include information 

related to the partial payment policy that will apply to the mortgage loan. This postconsummation partial payment disclosure is required for a closed-end consumer credit 

transaction secured by a dwelling or real property, other than a reverse mortgage. (12 CFR 

1026.39(a) and (d))

The partial payment disclosure must include (12 CFR 1026.39(d)(5)): 
119

• The heading “Partial Payment” over all of the following additional information: 

o

o

o

o

If periodic payments that are less than the full amount due are accepted, a statement that 

the covered person, using the term “lender,” may accept partial payments and apply such 

payments to the consumer’s loan; 

If periodic payments that are less than the full amount due are accepted but not applied to 

a consumer’s loan until the consumer pays the remainder of the full amount due, a 

statement that the covered person, using the term “lender,” may hold partial payments in 

a separate account until the consumer pays the remainder of the payment and then apply 

the full periodic payment to the consumer’s loan; 

If periodic payments that are less than the full amount due are not accepted, a statement 

that the covered person, using the term “lender,” does not accept any partial payments; 

and 

A statement that, if the loan is sold, the new covered person, using the term “lender,” may 

have a different policy. 

The text illustrating the disclosure in Form H-25 may be modified to suit the format of the 

mortgage transfer notice. (Comment 39(d)(5)-1)

Periodic Statements for Residential Mortgage Loans 

– 12 CFR 1026.41

Creditors, assignees, or servicers32 of closed-end mortgages are generally required to provide 

consumers with periodic statements for each billing cycle unless the loan is a fixed rate loan and 

the servicer provides the consumer with a coupon book meeting certain conditions. Periodic 

statements must be provided by the servicer within a reasonably prompt time after the payment is 

due, or at the end of any courtesy period provided by the servicer for the previous billing cycle. 

Delivering, emailing or placing the periodic statements in the mail within four days of the close 

of the courtesy period of the previous billing cycle is generally acceptable. However, periodic 

statements are not required for:

• Reverse mortgage transactions covered under 12 CFR 1026.33; 

• Mortgage loans secured by a consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan;

• Fixed-rate loans where the servicer currently provides consumers with coupon books that 

contain certain specified account information, contact information for the servicer, 

delinquency information (if applicable), and information that consumers can use to obtain 

more information about their account; and 

 

32 Creditors, assignees, and servicers are all subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.41, as applicable. Creditors, assignees, 

or servicers may decide among themselves which of them will provide the required disclosures. However, establishing a business 

relationship where one party agrees to provide disclosures on behalf of the other parties does not absolve all other parties from 

their legal obligations. However, a creditor or assignee that currently does not own the mortgage loan or mortgage servicing 

rights is not subject to the periodic statement requirement. 
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• Creditors, assignees, or servicers that meet the “small servicer” exemption.

• NOTE: 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4)(ii) and (iii) define a “small servicer” and provide clarification 

how a small servicer will be determined. A small servicer is a servicer that: (1) services, 

together with any affiliates, 5,000 or fewer mortgage loans, for all of which it or an affiliate 

is the creditor or assignee, (2) meets the definition of a Housing Finance Agency under 24 

CFR 266.5, or (3) is a nonprofit entity (defined in 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4)(ii)(C)(1)) that 

services 5,000 or fewer mortgage loans, including any mortgage loans serviced on behalf of 

associated nonprofit entities (defined in 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4)(ii)(C)(2)), for all of which the 

servicer or an associated nonprofit entity is the creditor. To determine whether a servicer is a 

small servicer, generally, a servicer should be evaluated based on the mortgage loans 

serviced by the servicer and any affiliate as of January 1 for the remainder of the calendar 

year. However, to determine small servicer status under the nonprofit small servicer 

definition, a nonprofit servicer should be evaluated based on the mortgage loans serviced by 

the servicer (and not those serviced by associated nonprofit entities) as of January 1 for the 

remainder of the calendar year. A servicer that ceases to qualify as a small servicer has the 

later of six months from the time it ceases to qualify or until the next January 1 to come into 

compliance with the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.41. Under 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4)(iii), the 

following mortgage loans are not considered in determining whether a servicer qualifies as a 

small servicer: (a) mortgage loans voluntarily serviced by the servicer for a non-affiliate of 

the servicer and for which the servicer does not receive any compensation or fees; (b) reverse 

mortgage transactions; (c) mortgage loans secured by consumers’ interests in timeshare 

plans; and (d) certain seller-financed transactions that meet the criteria identified in 12 CFR 

1026.36(a)(5). 

• A mortgage loan while the consumer is a debtor in bankruptcy under Title 11 of the United 

States Code. Servicers, however, are required to send modified periodic statements (or 

coupon books) to consumers who have filed for bankruptcy, subject to certain exceptions. 

(See the Certain Consumers in Bankruptcy discussion below). 

• Charged-off loans, if the servicer will not charge any additional fees or interest on the 

account and provides a periodic statement including additional disclosures related to the 

effects of charge-off in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(6). 

• A successor in interest under certain conditions: if, upon confirmation, a servicer provides a 

confirmed successor in interest who is not liable on the mortgage loan obligation with an 

optional notice and acknowledgment form in accordance with Regulation X, 12 CFR 

1024.32(c)(1), the servicer is not required to provide to the confirmed successor in interest a 

periodic statement unless and until the confirmed successor in interest either assumes the 

mortgage loan obligation under State law or has provided the servicer an executed 

acknowledgment in accordance with Regulation X, 12 CFR1024.32(c)(1)(iv) that the 

confirmed successor in interest has not revoked. (12 CFR 1026.41(g)). (Effective April 19, 

2018). 

Servicers must provide consumers with the following information in the specified format on the 

periodic statements:
121

 Amount Due 

• The payment due date, the amount of any late payment fee, the date that late payment fees 

will be assessed to the consumer’s account if timely payment is not made, and the amount 

due, which must be shown more prominently than other disclosures on the page; 

NOTE: If the transaction has multiple payment options, the amount due under each of the 

payment options must be provided. 

The commentary to Regulation Z clarifies how servicers must disclose the amount due on 

periodic statements when the mortgage loan has been accelerated, is in a temporary loss 

mitigation program, or has been permanently modified. The commentary states the following: 

• Acceleration. If the balance of a mortgage loan has been accelerated but the servicer will 

accept a lesser amount to reinstate the loan, the amount due must identify only the lesser 

amount that will be accepted to reinstate the loan. The periodic statement must be accurate 

when provided and should indicate, if applicable, that the amount due is accurate only for a 

specified period of time. For example, the statement may include language such as “as of 

[date]” or “good through [date]” and provide an amount due that will reinstate the loan as of 

that date or good through that date, respectively. (Comment 1026.41(d)(1)-1) 

• Temporary loss mitigation programs. If the consumer has agreed to a temporary loss 

mitigation program, the amount due may identify either the payment due under the temporary 

loss mitigation program or the amount due according to the loan contract. (Comment 

1026.41(d)(1)-2).

• Permanent loan modifications. If the loan contract has been permanently modified, the 

amount due must identify only the amount due under the modified loan contract. (Comment 

1026.41(d)(1)-3).

Explanation of Amount Due

• An explanation of the amount due, including the monthly payment amount with a breakdown 

of how much will be applied to principal, interest, and escrow, the total sum of any 

fees/charges imposed since the last statement, and any payment amount past due. Mortgage 

loans with multiple payment options must also have a breakdown of each payment option, 

along with information regarding how each payment option will impact the principal; 

NOTE: The commentary to Regulation Z clarifies the explanation of amount due disclosures that 

must be included on periodic statements when mortgage loans have been accelerated or are in 

temporary loss mitigation programs. The commentary states the following: 

• Acceleration. If the balance of a mortgage loan has been accelerated but the servicer will 

accept a lesser amount to reinstate the loan, the explanation of amount due must list both the 

reinstatement amount that is disclosed as the amount due and the accelerated amount. The 

servicer is not required to list the monthly payment amount that would otherwise be required 

under 12 CFR 1026.41(d)(2)(i). 
122

The periodic statement must also include an explanation that the reinstatement amount will 

be accepted to reinstate the loan through the “as of [date]” or “good through [date],” as 

applicable, along with any special instructions for submitting the payment. The explanation 

should be on the front page of the statement or, alternatively, may be included on a separate 

page enclosed with the periodic statement. The explanation may include related information, 

such as a statement that the amount disclosed is “not a payoff amount.” (Comment 

1026.41(d)(2)-1).

• Temporary loss mitigation programs. If the consumer has agreed to a temporary loss 

mitigation program and the amount due identifies the payment due under the temporary loss 

mitigation program, the explanation of amount due must include both the amount due 

according to the loan contract and the payment due under the temporary loss mitigation 

program. The statement must also include an explanation that the amount due is being 

disclosed as a different amount because of the temporary loss mitigation program. The 

explanation should be on the front page of the statement or, alternatively, may be included on 

a separate page enclosed with the periodic statement or in a separate letter. (Comment 

1026.41(d)(2)-2). 

Past Payment Breakdown

• The total of all payments received since the last statement and the total of all payments 

received since the start of the calendar year, including, for each payment, a breakdown of 

how the payment(s) was applied to principal, interest, escrow, and/or fees and charges, and 

any amount held in a suspense or unapplied funds account (if applicable); 

Transaction Activity

• A list of transaction activity (including dates, a brief description, and amount) for the current 

billing cycle, including any credits or debits that affect the current amount due, with the date, 

amount, and brief description of each transaction; 

Partial Payment Information

• If a statement reflects a past partial payment held in a suspense or unapplied funds account, 

information explaining what the consumer must do to have the payment applied to the 

mortgage. Information must be on the front page or a separate page of the statement or 

separate letter; 

Contact Information

• Contact information for the servicer, including a toll-free telephone number and email 

address (if applicable) that the consumer may use to obtain information regarding the 

account. Contact information must be on the front page of the statement; and

Account Information

• Account information, including the outstanding principal balance, the current interest rate, 

the date after which the interest rate may change if the loan is an ARM, and any prepayment 

penalty, as well as the web address for CFPB’s or HUD’s list of homeownership counselors 
123

or counseling organizations and the HUD toll-free telephone number to contact the 

counselors or counseling organizations. 

Delinquency Information

Servicers must provide consumers that are more than 45 days delinquent on past payments 

additional information regarding their accounts on their periodic statements. For purposes of 12 

CFR 1026.41(d)(8), the length of a consumer's delinquency is measured as of the date of the 

periodic statement or the date of the written notice provided under 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(3)(iv). A 

consumer's delinquency begins on the date an amount sufficient to cover a periodic payment of 

principal, interest, and escrow, if applicable, becomes due and unpaid, even if the consumer is 

afforded a period after the due date to pay before the servicer assesses a late fee. A consumer is 

delinquent if one or more periodic payments of principal, interest, and escrow, if applicable, are 

due and unpaid. (Comment 1026.41(d)(8)-1). 

These items must be grouped together in close proximity to each other. To meet this 

requirement, the items to be provided in close proximity must be grouped together, and set off 

from other groupings of items. Items in close proximity may not have an unrelated text between 

them. Text is unrelated if it does not explain or expand upon the required disclosures. This may 

be accomplished in a variety of ways, for example, by presenting the information in boxes, or by 

arranging the items on the document and including spacing between the groupings. Items in 

close proximity may not have any unrelated text between them. Text is unrelated if it does not 

explain or expand upon the required disclosures.(Comment 1026.41(d)-1). Furthermore, the 

additional information must include: 

• The length of the consumer’s delinquency; 

• A notification of the possible risks of being delinquent, such as foreclosure and related 

expenses; 

• An account history for either the previous six months or the period since the last time the 

account was current (whichever is shorter), which details the amount past due from each 

billing cycle and the date on which payments were credited to the account as fully paid; 

• A notice stating any loss mitigation program that the consumer has agreed to (if applicable); 

• A notice stating whether the servicer has initiated a foreclosure process; 

• Total payments necessary to bring the account current; and

• A reference to homeownership counseling information (see Account Information above). 

The regulation does not prohibit adding to the required disclosures, as long as the additional 

information does not overwhelm or obscure the required disclosures. For example, while certain 

information about the escrow account (such as the account balance) is not required on the 

periodic statement, this information may be included.

The periodic statement may be provided electronically if the consumer agrees. The consumer 

must give affirmative consent to receive statements electronically.
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For sample periodic statements, see Appendix H-30. 

NOTE: Servicers may modify the sample forms for periodic statements provided in appendix H–

30 to remove language that could suggest liability under the mortgage loan agreement if such 

language is not applicable. For example, in the case of a confirmed successor in interest who has 

not assumed the mortgage loan obligation under State law and is not otherwise liable on the 

mortgage loan obligation, a servicer may modify the forms to: 

• Use “this mortgage” or “the mortgage” instead of “your mortgage.” 

• Use “The payments on this mortgage are late” instead of “You are late on your mortgage 

payments.” 

• Use “This is the amount needed to bring the loan current” instead of “You must pay this 

amount to bring your loan current.” 

(Comment 1026.41(c)-5) (Effective April 19, 2018). 

Certain Consumers in Bankruptcy – 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(5) and 12 

CFR 1026.41(f) (Effective April 19, 2018) 

Servicers must send modified periodic statements (or coupon books) to certain consumers while 

any consumer on a mortgage loan is a debtor in a bankruptcy under Title 11 of the United States 

Code, or if such consumer has discharged personal liability for the mortgage loan under Chapter 

7, 11, 12, or 13 bankruptcy. (12 CFR 1026.41(f)). The modified periodic statement requirements, 

however, are subject to certain exemptions. 

Under 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(5)(i), a servicer is exempt from the periodic statement requirements 

with regard to a mortgage loan if: 

• Any consumer on the loan is a debtor in bankruptcy under Title 11 of the United States Code, 

or if such consumer has discharged personal liability for the mortgage loan under Chapter 7, 

11, 12, or 13 bankruptcy or the consumer has discharged personal liability for mortgage loan 

through bankruptcy; and

• With regard to any consumer on the mortgage loan: 

o

o

o

The consumer requests in writing that the servicer cease providing a periodic statement or 

coupon book; 

The consumer’s bankruptcy plan provides that the consumer will surrender the dwelling 

securing the mortgage loan, provides for the avoidance of the lien securing the mortgage 

loan, or otherwise does not provide for the payment of the pre-bankruptcy arrearage or 

the maintenance of payments due under the mortgage loan; 

A court enters an order in the bankruptcy case providing for the avoidance of the lien 

securing the mortgage loan, lifting the automatic stay pursuant to 11 U.S.C. 362 with 

regard to the dwelling securing the mortgage loan, or requiring the servicer to cease 

providing a periodic statement or coupon book; or 
125

o The consumer files with the bankruptcy court a statement of intention pursuant to 11 

U.S.C. 521(a) identifying an intent to surrender the dwelling and the consumer has not 

made any partial or periodic payment on the mortgage loan after the commencement of 

the bankruptcy case. 

The bankruptcy exemption will no longer apply, however, if the consumer reaffirms personal 

liability for the loan or any consumer on the loan requests in writing that the servicer provide a 

periodic statement or coupon book, unless a court enters an order in the bankruptcy case 

requiring the servicer to cease providing a periodic statement or coupon book.

Servicers not meeting the above exemption must send modified periodic statements or coupon 

books with regard to a mortgage loan as required by 12 CFR 1026.41(f) while any consumer on a 

mortgage loan is a debtor in a bankruptcy under Title 11 of the United States Code, or if such 

consumer has discharged personal liability for the mortgage loan under Chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13 

bankruptcy. The content of the periodic statements will vary depending on whether the consumer 

is a debtor in a Chapter 7 or 11 bankruptcy case, or a Chapter 12 or 13 bankruptcy case. 

Appendix H-30(E) includes a Sample Form of Periodic Statement for Consumer in Chapter 7 or 

Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and Appendix H-30(F) includes a Sample Form of Periodic Statement 

for Consumer in Chapter 12 or Chapter 13 Bankruptcy that servicers may use for consumers in 

bankruptcy to ensure compliance with 12 CFR 1026.41. 

Servicers not meeting the above exemption must send modified periodic statements or coupon 

books as required by 12 CFR 1026.41(f). 

Valuation Independence – 12 CFR 1026.42 

Regulation Z seeks to ensure that real estate appraisers, and others preparing valuations, are free 

to use their independent professional judgment in assigning home values without influence or 

pressure from those with interests in the transactions. Regulation Z also seeks to ensure that 

appraisers receive customary and reasonable payments for their services. Regulation Z’s 

valuation rules apply to creditors and settlement services providers for consumer credit 

transactions secured by the consumer’s principal dwelling (covered transaction) and includes 

several provisions that protect the integrity of the appraisal process when a consumer’s principal 

dwelling is securing the loan. In general, the rule prohibits “covered persons” from engaging in 

coercion, bribery, and other similar actions designed to cause anyone who prepares a valuation to 

base the value of the property on factors other than the person’s independent judgment.33 More 

specifically, Regulation Z: 

• Prohibits coercion and other similar actions designed to cause appraisers to base the 

appraised value of properties on factors other than their independent judgment; 

• Prohibits appraisers and appraisal management companies hired by lenders from having 

financial or other interests in the properties or the credit transactions; 

 

33 This section applies to any consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling. A “covered person” means a creditor with 

respect to a covered transaction. A “covered transaction” means an extension of consumer credit that is or will be secured by a 

dwelling, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(19). 
126

• Prohibits creditors from extending credit based on appraisals if they know beforehand of 

violations involving appraiser coercion or conflicts of interest, unless the creditors determine 

that the values of the properties are not materially misstated; 

• Prohibits a person that prepares a valuation from materially misrepresenting the value of the 

consumer’s principal dwelling, and prohibits a covered person other than the person that 

prepares valuations from materially altering a valuation. A misrepresentation or alteration is 

material if it is likely to significantly affect the value assigned to the consumer’s principal 

dwelling;

• Prohibits any covered person from falsifying a valuation or inducing a misrepresentation, 

falsification, or alteration of value; 

• Requires that creditors or settlement service providers that have information about appraiser 

misconduct file reports with the appropriate state licensing authorities if the misconduct is 

material (i.e., likely to significantly affect the value assigned to the consumer’s principal 

dwelling; and 

• Requires the payment of reasonable and customary compensation to appraisers who are not 

employees of the creditors or of the appraisal management companies hired by the creditors. 

Minimum Standards for Transactions Secured by a 

Dwelling (Ability to Repay and Qualified Mortgages) 

– 12 CFR 1026.43 

Minimum standards for transactions secured by a dwelling 

– 12 CFR 1026.43(a), (g), (h)

Creditors originating certain mortgage loans are required to make a reasonable and good faith 

determination at or before consummation that a consumer will have the ability to repay the loan. 

The ability-to-repay requirement applies to most closed-end mortgage loans; however, there are 

some exclusions, including: 

• Home equity lines of credit;34

• Mortgages secured by an interest in a timeshare plan; 

• Reverse mortgages;

• A temporary bridge loan with a term of 12 months or less, such as a loan to finance the 

purchase of a new dwelling where the consumer plans to sell a current dwelling within 

12 months or a loan to finance the initial construction of a dwelling; 

• A construction phase of 12 months or less of a construction-to-permanent loan; and

 

34 For open-end credit transactions that are high-cost mortgages as defined in 12 CFR 1026.32, creditors are required to 

determine a borrower’s ability to repay under 12 CFR 1026.34. 
127

• An extension of credit made pursuant to a program authorized by Sections 101 and 109 of the 

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (12 U.S.C. 5211; 5219). 

NOTE: There are additional exclusions under 12 CFR 1026.43(a) that generally include 

extensions of credit by various state or federal government agencies or programs or by creditors 

with specific designations under such programs or extensions of credit that meet certain criteria 

and are extended by certain creditors that the IRS has determined are 501(c)(3) non-profits. For a 

full list and criteria, please see 12 CFR 1026.43(a)(3)(iv)–(vii). 

Generally, loans covered under this section (which, for purposes of the prepayment penalty 

provisions in 12 CFR 1026.43(g), includes reverse mortgages and temporary loans otherwise 

excluded35 from the ability-to-repay provisions) may not have prepayment penalties; however, 

there are exceptions for certain fixed-rate and step-rate qualified mortgages that are not higherpriced mortgage loans (as defined in 12 CFR 1026.35(a)), and only if otherwise permitted by 

law. For such mortgages, the prepayment penalties must be limited to the first three years of the 

loan and may not exceed two percent for the first two years and one percent for the third year. 

The creditor must offer the consumer an alternative loan without such penalties that the creditor 

has a good faith belief that the consumer likely qualifies for, with the same term, a fixed rate or 

step rate, substantially equal payments, and limited points and fees (see 12 CFR 1026.43(g)). 

Ability to Repay – 12 CFR 1026.43(c)

Except as provided under 12 CFR 1026.43(d) (refinancing of non-standard mortgages), (e) 

(qualified mortgages), and (f) (balloon payment qualified mortgages by certain creditors), 

creditors must consider the following eight underwriting factors when making a determination of 

the consumer’s ability to repay: 

• The consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets (excluding the value of the 

dwelling and any attached real property); 

• The consumer’s current employment status if the creditor relies on the consumer’s income in 

determining repayment ability; 

• The consumer’s monthly payment for the mortgage loan; 

• The consumer’s monthly payment on any simultaneous loan (i.e., a covered transaction or 

HELOC that is being consummated generally at the same or similar time) secured by the 

same dwelling that the creditor knows or has reason to know will be made, calculated in 

accordance with 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(6); 

• The consumer’s monthly payment for mortgage-related obligations, including property taxes; 

• The consumer’s current debt obligations, alimony, and child support; 

 

35 These include a temporary or “bridge” loan with a term of 12 months or less; a construction phase of 12 months or less of a 

construction-to-permanent loan; or an extension of credit made pursuant to a program administered by a housing finance agency; 

by certain community development or nonprofit lenders, as specified in 12 CFR 1026.43(a)(3)(v); or in connection with certain

federal emergency economic stabilization programs. 12 CFR 1026.43(a)(3)
128

• The consumer’s monthly debt-to-income ratio or residual income, calculated in accordance 

with 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(7); and

• The consumer’s credit history. 

Creditors are required to verify this information using reasonably reliable third-party records, 

with specific rules for verification of income or assets and employment status. In the case of the 

consumer’s income or assets, the creditor must use third-party records that provide reasonably 

reliable evidence of such income or assets. Creditors may verify the information considered 

using the consumer’s income tax return transcripts issued by the IRS, copies of tax returns filed 

by the consumer, W-2s or similar documentation, payroll statements, financial institution 

records, receipts from check-cashing or fund transfer services, and records from the consumer’s 

employer or other specified records. (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(4)) 

Regulation Z also provides rules for how creditors must apply certain underwriting factors when 

determining whether a consumer has the ability to repay the mortgage. For example, creditors 

must calculate the monthly payment for the covered transaction using the greater of the fully 

indexed rate or any introductory interest rate, and the monthly, fully amortizing payments that 

are substantially equal during the loan term. However, special rules apply to mortgages with a 

balloon payment, interest-only loans, and negative amortization loans due to the unique 

characteristics of the mortgage. (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(5)) 

Finally, creditors may not evade the ability-to-repay requirements by structuring a closed-end 

loan secured by a dwelling as open-end credit that does not meet the definition of open-end 

credit plan.

Exemption from ATR Requirements for Refinancing of Non-Standard 

Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.43(d) 

12 CFR 1026.43(d) provides special rules for refinancing a “non-standard mortgage” into a 

“standard mortgage.” 

A “non-standard mortgage” is a covered transaction36 as defined under 12 CFR 1026.43(a) that is: 

• An adjustable rate mortgage with an introductory fixed interest rate for a period of one year 

or longer; 

• An interest-only loan; or 

• A negative amortization loan.

A “standard mortgage” is a covered transaction as defined under 12 CFR 1026.43(a) with: 

 

36 A covered transaction is a consumer credit transaction that is secured by a dwelling, including any real property attached to the 

dwelling. A covered transaction is not a home equity line of credit under 12 CFR 1026.40; a mortgage secured by a consumer’s 

interest in a timeshare plan; a reverse mortgage under 12 CFR 1026.33; a temporary or “bridge” loan with a term of 12 months or 

less; a construction phase of 12 months or less of a construction-to-permanent loan; or an extension of credit made: pursuant to a 

program administered by a housing finance agency; by certain community development or nonprofit lenders, as specified in 12 

CFR 1026.43(a)(3)(v); or in connection with certain federal emergency economic stabilization programs. 
129

• Periodic payments that do not cause the principal balance to increase, do not allow the 

consumer to defer repayment of the principal, or do not result in balloon payments; 

• Total points and fees that are not more than those allowed in 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(3); 

• A term that does not exceed 40 years;

• An interest rate that is fixed for the first five years of the loan; and

• Proceeds that are used solely to pay off the outstanding principal on the non-standard 

mortgage and closing or settlement costs (that are required to be disclosed under RESPA). 

Current holders of non-standard mortgages or their servicers (collectively referred to here as 

“holders”) can refinance non-standard mortgages into standard mortgages without considering a 

consumer’s ability to repay under 12 CFR 1026.43(c), if certain conditions are met. 

To qualify for the exemption from the ability-to-repay requirements, the standard mortgage must 

have:

• A monthly payment that is “materially lower”37 than the non-standard mortgage, 

• The creditor must receive a written application from the consumer for the standard mortgage 

no later than two months after the non-standard mortgage is recast, and 

• On the non-standard mortgage, consumers must have made no more than one payment more 

than 30 days late during the preceding 12 months and must have made no late payments more 

than 30 days late in the preceding six months of the holder receiving the application for a 

standard mortgage. 

For non-standard loans consummated on or after January 10, 2014, that are refinanced into 

standard mortgages, the exemption from the ability-to-repay requirements for the refinancing is 

available only if the non-standard mortgage met the repayment ability requirements under 12 CFR

1026.43(c) or the qualified mortgage requirements under 12 CFR 1026.43(e) as applicable. 

If these conditions are satisfied and if the holder has considered whether the standard mortgage is 

likely to prevent the consumer from defaulting on the non-standard mortgage once the loan terms 

are recast, the holder is not required to meet the ability-to-repay requirements in 12 CFR 

1026.43(c). Finally, holders refinancing a non-standard mortgage to a standard mortgage may 

offer consumers rate discounts and terms that are the same as (or better than) rate discounts and 

terms that the holder offers to new consumers, consistent with the holder’s documented 

 

37 When comparing the payments, the holder must calculate the payment for the standard mortgage based on substantially equal, 

monthly, fully amortizing payments based on the maximum interest rate that may apply in the first five years. The holder must 

calculate the non-standard mortgage payment based on substantially equal, monthly, fully amortizing payments of principal and 

interest using:

• The fully indexed rate as of a reasonable period of time before or after the date on which the creditor receives the consumer’s 

application for the standard mortgage;

• The term of the loan remaining as of the date on which the recast occurs, assuming all scheduled payments have been made up 

to the recast date and the payment due on the recast date is made and credited as of that date; and 

• The remaining loan amount, which is calculated differently depending on whether the loan is an adjustable rate mortgage, 

interest-only loan, or negative amortization loan.
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underwriting practices and to the extent not prohibited by applicable laws. For example, a holder 

would comply with this requirement if it has documented underwriting practices that provide for 

offering rate discounts to consumers with credit scores above a certain threshold, even though 

the consumer would not normally qualify for that discounted rate. 

Qualified Mortgages: Rebuttable Presumption and Safe Harbor 

– 12 CFR 1026.43(e)

The rule provides a presumption of compliance with the ability-to-repay requirements for 

creditors that originate certain types of loans called “qualified mortgages.” There are several 

categories of qualified mortgages, which are discussed below. Qualified mortgages afford 

creditors and assignees greater protection against liability under the ability-to-repay provisions. 

Qualified mortgages that are not higher-priced covered transactions receive a safe harbor under 

the ability-to-repay provisions, which means the presumption of compliance cannot be rebutted. 

A qualified mortgage is higher priced if the loan’s APR exceeds the APOR by 1.5 percentage 

points or more for first-lien loans that either fall within the general qualified mortgage definition

or the temporary qualified mortgage definition for loans that are eligible to be purchased, 

guaranteed or insured by GSEs or federal agencies, and 3.5 percentage points for first-lien loans 

that fall within the small creditor balloon payment, temporary small creditor balloon payment, or 

small creditor portfolio qualified mortgage definitions, or for second-lien loans. 

Generally, the safe harbor provides a conclusive presumption that the creditor made a good faith 

and reasonable determination of the consumer’s ability to repay. Qualified mortgages that are 

higher priced receive a rebuttable presumption of compliance rather than a safe harbor with the 

ability-to-repay provisions. This means that the loan is presumed to comply with the ability-torepay provisions, but, for example, the consumer would have the opportunity to rebut that 

presumption in future ability-to-repay litigation. 

For a qualified mortgage that is a higher-priced covered transaction, the presumption of 

compliance is rebuttable by showing that at consummation, the consumer’s income, debt 

obligations, alimony, child support, and monthly payments on the loan and mortgage-related 

obligations and simultaneous loans of which the creditor was aware at consummation would 

leave the consumer with insufficient residual income or assets (other than the value of the 

dwelling and real property) to meet living expenses (including recurring and material non-debt 

obligations that the creditor was aware of at consummation).

Requirements for Qualified Mortgages - Generally – 12 CFR

1026.43(e)(2) and (3) 

Loans that are qualified mortgages under the general definition may not have negative 

amortization, interest-only payments, balloon payments, or terms exceeding 30 years. A 

qualified mortgage for loans greater than or equal to $100,000 may not have points and fees paid 

by the consumer that exceed three percent of the total loan amount (although certain “bona fide 

discount points” are excluded for certain loans with pricing within prescribed ranges of APOR—
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the average prime offer rate). The rule provides guidance on calculating points and fees and 

thresholds for smaller loans.38 

The rule also provides a period of time for a creditor or assignee to review a transaction’s points 

and fees and, if points and fees exceed the applicable threshold, to pay the consumer the excess 

points and fees, along with interest on the excess points and fees (calculated using the contract 

interest rate). This cure is generally allowed within 210 days after consummation unless the 

consumer has instituted an action in connection with the loan, or notified the creditor, assignee, 

or servicer in writing that the points and fees exceed the applicable threshold, or the consumer is 

60 days past due. To be eligible for a points and fees cure, the loan must meet all other 

applicable requirements to be a qualified mortgage and the creditor or assignee, as applicable, 

must maintain and follow policies and procedures for post-consummation review of points and 

fees and for making cure payments to consumers. This cure provision applies to the points and 

fees limits for all of the qualified mortgage types defined in Regulation Z. 

The rule also provides underwriting criteria for qualified mortgages. Generally, the rule requires 

that monthly payments be calculated based on the highest payment that will apply in the first five 

years of the loan after the date on which the first periodic payment is due and that the consumer 

have a total (or “back-end”) debt-to-income ratio that is less than or equal to 43 percent. 

Appendix Q, drawing upon Federal Housing Administration guidelines, details the calculation of 

debt-to-income for these purposes. The rule also requires that the creditor consider and verify the 

consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets and current debt obligations, 

alimony and child support, also in accordance with Appendix Q. 

Temporary Category of Qualified Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(4)

Regulation Z provides a temporary category of qualified mortgages that—except with regard to 

matters that are wholly unrelated to ability to repay—satisfy the underwriting requirements of, 

and are therefore eligible to be purchased, guaranteed or insured by, either (1) the government 

sponsored enterprises (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) while they operate under federal

conservatorship or receivership; or (2) the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 

the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or the Rural 

Housing Service. This temporary provision will phase out over time as the various federal

agencies issue their own qualified mortgage rules39 or if GSE conservatorship ends, and in any 

event after seven years (January 10, 2021). These mortgages must satisfy certain requirements 

applicable to qualified mortgages, including prohibitions on negative-amortization, interest-only, 

and balloon payment features; maximum loan terms of 30 years; and points-and-fees restrictions. 

However, the flat 43 percent debt-to-income threshold for qualified mortgages does not apply. 

 

38 The definition and calculation rules for points and fees are the same as those used to determine whether a closed-end mortgage 

is a HOEPA loan, discussed above at 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)

39 This temporary QM rule does not apply to HUD loans or to VA loans because HUD issued its final QM rule, effective January 

10, 2014 (78 Fed. Reg. 75215, December 11, 2013), and VA issued its interim final QM rule, effective May 9, 2014 (79 Fed. 

Reg. 26620, May 9, 2014).
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Qualified Mortgage – Small Creditor Portfolio Loans – 12 CFR

1026.43(e)(5) 

Mortgages that are originated and held in portfolio by certain small creditors are also qualified 

mortgages if they meet certain requirements. 

These mortgages must generally satisfy the requirements applicable to qualified mortgages, 

including prohibitions on negative-amortization, balloon-payment, and interest-only features; 

maximum loan terms of 30 years; and points-and-fees restrictions. However, while the creditor 

must consider and verify the consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets and 

current debt obligations, alimony, and child support, it may do so without regard to the standards 

in Appendix Q. In addition, debt-to-income ratios must be considered and verified, but the 43 

percent threshold for qualified mortgages under the general definition does not apply. 

A small creditor that satisfies the exemption criteria in 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(B) and (C) is 

eligible to make small creditor portfolio qualified mortgages. (In contrast to 12 CFR 1026.43(f), 

below, eligibility for this qualified mortgage category is not conditioned on the small creditor 

operating in a rural or underserved area). For a period of three years after consummation, the 

creditor may not transfer the loan, or the loan will lose its status as a qualified mortgage. The 

qualified mortgage status continues under 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(5)(ii), however, if the creditor 

transfers the loan to another creditor that meets the requirements to be a small lender, or when 

the loan is transferred due to a capital restoration plan, bankruptcy, or state or federal

governmental agency order, or if the mortgage is transferred pursuant to a merger or acquisition 

of the creditor. A qualified mortgage can be transferred after three years without losing its status.

Small Creditor Rural or Underserved Balloon-Payment Qualified 

Mortgages and Temporary Balloon-Payment Qualified Mortgages 

– 12 CFR 1026.43(f) and 1026.43(e)(6) 

Balloon-payment mortgages are qualified mortgages if they are originated and held in portfolio 

by small creditors operating in a rural or underserved area (see 12 CFR 1026.43(f)) and meet 

certain other requirements. These mortgages must satisfy certain requirements applicable to 

qualified mortgages, including prohibitions on negative-amortization and interest-only features; 

maximum loan terms of 30 years; and points-and-fees restrictions. These loans must have a term 

of at least five years, a fixed interest rate, and meet certain basic underwriting standards; debt-toincome ratios must be considered and verified, but the 43 percent threshold for qualified 

mortgages under the general definition does not apply. The rule also requires that the creditor 

consider and verify the consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets and current 

debt obligations, alimony, and child support, but without regard to the standards in Appendix Q. 

This category of qualified mortgage is not available for a loan that, at origination, is subject to a 

forward commitment to be acquired by a person that does not itself qualify for the category 

(under the requirements outlined in the next paragraph). 

A small creditor that satisfies the exemption criteria in 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii))(A), (B), and 

(C) (higher-priced mortgage escrow requirements) is eligible to make rural or underserved 

balloon-payment qualified mortgages. For a period of three years after consummation, the 

creditor may not transfer the loan, or it will lose its status as a qualified mortgage. The qualified 

mortgage status continues under 12 CFR 1026.43(f)(2), however, if the creditor transfers the loan 
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to another creditor that meets the requirements to be a small rural lender, or when the loan is 

transferred due to a capital restoration plan, bankruptcy, or state or federal governmental agency 

order, or if the mortgage is transferred pursuant to a merger or acquisition of the creditor. A 

qualified mortgage can be transferred after three years without losing its status. 

There is also a temporary qualified mortgage category for balloon-payment mortgages that 

would otherwise meet the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.43(f), but that are originated by small 

creditors that do not operate in a rural or underserved area. This category is applicable to covered 

transactions for which the application was received before April 1, 2016. (12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(6)(ii)) 
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Subpart F – Special Rules for Private Education Loans

Subpart F relates to private education loans. It contains rules on disclosures (12 CFR 1026.46), the 

right to cancel the loan, (12 CFR 1026.47), and limitations on changes in terms after approval and 

on co-branding in the marketing of private education loans (12 CFR 1026.48).

Special Disclosure Requirements for Private Education 

Loans – 12 CFR 1026.46

The disclosures required under Subpart F apply only to private education loans. Except where 

specifically provided otherwise, the requirements and limitations of Subpart F are in addition to 

the requirements of the other subparts of Regulation Z. 

A private education loan means an extension of credit that: 

• Is not made, insured, or guaranteed under Title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965; 

• Is extended to a consumer expressly, in whole or part, for postsecondary educational 

expenses, regardless of whether the loan is provided by the educational institution that the 

student attends; and 

• Does not include open-end credit or any loan that is secured by real property or a dwelling.

A private education loan does not include an extension of credit in which the covered 

educational institution is the creditor if:

• The term of the extension of credit is 90 days or less, or 

• An interest rate will not be applied to the credit balance and the term of the extension of 

credit is one year or less, even if the credit is payable in more than four installments. 

Content of Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.47

Disclosure Requirements

This section establishes the content that a creditor must include in its disclosures to a consumer 

at three different stages in the private education loan origination process: 

• Application or Solicitation Disclosures – With any application or solicitation;

• Approval Disclosures – With any notice of approval of the private education loan; and 

• Final Disclosures – After the consumer accepts the loan. In addition, 12 CFR 1026.48(d) 

requires that the disclosures must be provided at least three business days prior to 

disbursement of the loan funds. 
135

Rights of the Consumer

The creditor must disclose that, if approved for the loan, the consumer has the right to accept the 

loan on the terms approved for up to 30 calendar days. The disclosure must inform the consumer 

that the rate and terms of the loan will not change during this period, except for changes to the 

rate based on adjustments to the index used for the loan and other changes permitted by law. The 

creditor must disclose that the consumer also has the right to cancel the loan, without penalty, 

until midnight of the third business day following the date on which the consumer receives the 

final disclosures. 

Limitations on Private Educational Loans – 12 CFR 1026.48

This section contains rules and limitations on private education loans, including: 

1. A prohibition on co-branding in the marketing of private education loans; 

2. Rules governing the 30-day acceptance period and three business-day cancellation period and 

prohibition on disbursement of loan proceeds until the cancellation period has expired; 

3. The requirement that the creditor obtain a self-certification form from the consumer before 

consummation; and 

4. The requirement that creditors in preferred lender arrangements provide certain information 

to covered educational institutions. 

Co-Branding Prohibited

Regulation Z prohibits creditors from using the name, emblem, mascot, or logo of a covered 

institution (or other words, pictures, or symbols readily identified with a covered institution) in 

the marketing of private education loans in a way that implies endorsement by the educational 

institution. Marketing that refers to an educational institution does not imply endorsement if the 

marketing includes a clear and conspicuous disclosure that is equally prominent and closely 

proximate to the reference to the institution that the educational institution does not endorse the 

creditor’s loans, and that the creditor is not affiliated with the educational institution. There is 

also an exception in cases where the educational institution actually does endorse the creditor’s 

loans, but the marketing must make a clear and conspicuous disclosure that is equally prominent 

and closely proximate to the reference to the institution that the creditor, and not the educational 

institution, is making the loan.
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Subpart G – Special Rules Applicable To Credit Card 

Accounts and Open-End Credit Offered To College 

Students

Subpart G relates to credit card accounts under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit 

plan (except for 12 CFR 1026.57(c), which applies to all open-end credit plans). This subpart 

contains rules regarding credit and charge card application and solicitation disclosures (12 CFR 

1026.60). It also contains rules on evaluation of a consumer’s ability to make the required 

payments under the terms of an account (12 CFR 1026.51), limits the fees that a consumer can be 

required to pay (12 CFR 1026.52), and contains rules on allocation of payments in excess of the 

minimum payment (12 CFR 1026.53). It also sets forth certain limitations on the imposition of 

finance charges as the result of a loss of a grace period (12 CFR 1026.54) and on increases in 

annual percentage rates, fees, and charges for credit card accounts (12 CFR 1026.55), including 

the reevaluation of rate increases (12 CFR 1026.59). This subpart prohibits the assessment of fees 

or charges for over-the-limit transactions unless the consumer affirmatively consents to the 

creditor’s payment of over-the-limit transactions (12 CFR 1026.56). This subpart also sets forth 

rules for reporting and marketing of college student open-end credit (12 CFR 1026.57). Finally, it 

sets forth requirements for the Internet posting of credit card accounts under an open-end (not 

home-secured) consumer credit plan (12 CFR 1026.58). 

Evaluation of the Consumer’s Ability to Pay – 12 CFR

1026.51

Regulation Z requires credit card issuers to consider a consumer’s ability to pay before opening a 

new credit card account or increasing the credit limit for an existing credit card account.

Additionally, the rule provides specific requirements that must be met before opening a new 

credit card account or increasing the credit limit on an existing account when the consumer is 

under the age of 21. 

When evaluating a consumer’s ability to pay, credit card issuers must perform a review of a 

consumer’s income or assets and current obligations. Card issuers are permitted, however, to rely 

on information provided by the consumer. The rule does not require card issuers to verify a 

consumer’s statements; a card issuer may base its determination of ability to repay on facts and 

circumstances known to the card issuer (Comment 1026.51(a)(1)(i)-2). A card issuer may also 

consider information obtained through any empirically derived, demonstrably and statistically 

sound model that reasonably estimates a consumer’s income or assets. 

Card issuers may consider any income and assets to which the consumer has a reasonable 

expectation of access or may limit their consideration to the consumer’s independent income and 

assets. The rule also requires that issuers consider at least one of the following: 

• The ratio of debt obligations to income, 

• The ratio of debt obligations to assets, or 

• The income the consumer will have after paying debt obligations (i.e., residual income). 
137

The rule also provides that it would be unreasonable for a card issuer not to review any 

information about a consumer’s income, assets, or current obligations, or to issue a credit card to 

a consumer who does not have any income or assets. 

Because credit card accounts typically require consumers to make a minimum monthly payment 

that is a percentage of the total balance (plus, in some cases, accrued interest and fees), card 

issuers are required to consider the consumer’s ability to make the required minimum payments.

Card issuers must also establish and maintain reasonable written policies and procedures to 

consider a consumer’s income or assets and current obligations. Because the minimum payment 

is unknown at account opening, the rule requires that card issuers use a reasonable method to 

estimate a consumer’s minimum payment. The regulation provides a safe harbor for card issuers 

to estimate the required minimum periodic payment if the card issuer:

1. Assumes utilization, from the first day of the billing cycle, of the full credit line that the card 

issuer is considering offering to the consumer; and 

2. Uses a minimum payment formula employed by the card issuer for the product the card

issuer is considering offering to the consumer or, in the case of an existing account, the 

minimum payment formula that currently applies to that account, provided that: 

a. If the minimum payment formula includes interest charges, the card issuer estimates 

those charges using an interest rate that the card issuer is considering offering to the 

consumer for purchases or, in the case of an existing account, the interest rate that 

currently applies to purchases; and 

b. If the applicable minimum payment formula includes mandatory fees, the card issuer 

must assume that such fees have been charged to the account. 

Specific Requirements for Underage Consumers – 12 CFR

1026.51(b)(1)

Regulation Z prohibits the issuance of a credit card to a consumer who has not attained the age of 

21 unless the consumer has submitted a written application and the creditor has: 

• Information indicating that the underage consumer has an independent ability to make the 

required minimum payments on the account; or 

• The signature of a cosigner, guarantor, or joint applicant who has attained the age of 21, who 

has the ability to repay debts (based on 12 CFR 1026.51) incurred by the underage consumer 

in connection with the account, and who assumes joint liability for all debts or secondary 

liability for any debts incurred before the underage consumer attains 21 years of age. 

• For credit line increases:

• If an account was opened based on the underage consumer’s independent ability to repay, in 

order to increase the consumer’s credit line before he or she turns 21, the issuer either must 

determine that the consumer has an independent ability to make the required minimum 

payments at the time of the contemplated increase, or must obtain an agreement from a 
138

cosigner, guarantor, or joint applicant who is 21 or older and who has the ability to repay 

debts to assume liability for any debt incurred on the account. 

• If the account was opened based on the ability of a cosigner over the age of 21 to pay, the 

issuer must obtain written consent from that cosigner before increasing the credit limit.

Limitations of Fees – 12 CFR 1026.52

Limitations on Fees During First Year After Account Opening – 12 

CFR 1026.52(a)

During the first year after account opening, issuers are prohibited from requiring consumers to 

pay fees (other than fees for late payments, returned payments, and exceeding the credit limit) 

that in the aggregate exceed 25 percent of the initial credit limit in effect when the account is 

opened. An account is considered open no earlier than the date on which the account may first be 

used by the consumer to engage in transactions. 

NOTE: The 25 percent limitation on fees does not apply to fees assessed prior to opening the 

account. 

Limitations on Penalty Fees – 12 CFR 1026.52(b)

TILA requires that penalty fees imposed by card issuers be reasonable and proportional to the 

violation of the account terms. Among other things, the regulation prohibits credit card issuers 

from charging a penalty fee of more than $27 for paying late or otherwise violating the account’s 

terms for the first violation, $38 for an additional violation of the same type during the same 

billing cycle or one of the next six billing cycles, or three percent of the delinquent balance on 

the charge card account that requires payment of outstanding balances in full at the end of each 

billing cycle if payment has not been received for two or more consecutive billing cycles unless 

the issuer determines that a higher fee represents a reasonable proportion of the costs it incurs as 

a result of that type of violation and reevaluates that determination at least once every 12 

months.40 

Credit card issuers are banned from charging penalty fees that exceed the dollar amount 

associated with the consumer’s violation of the terms or other requirements of the credit card 

account. For example, card issuers are no longer permitted to charge a $39 fee when a consumer 

is late making a $20 minimum payment. Instead, in this example, the fee cannot exceed $20. The 

regulation also bans imposition of penalty fees when there is no dollar amount associated with 

the violation, such as “inactivity” fees based on the consumer’s failure to use the account to 

make new purchases. It also prohibits issuers from charging multiple penalty fees based on a 

single late payment or other violation of the account terms. 

 

40 Amounts are adjusted annually by the Bureau to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index. See 12 CFR 

1026.52(b)(1)(ii)(D); Comment 52(b)(1)(ii) – 2.
139

Payment Allocation – 12 CFR 1026.53

When different rates apply to different balances on a credit card account, issuers are generally 

required to allocate payments in excess of the minimum payment first to the balance with the 

highest APR and then to any remaining portion to the other balances in descending order based 

on the applicable APR. 

For deferred interest programs, however, issuers must allocate excess payments first to the 

deferred interest balance during the last two billing cycles of the deferred interest period. In 

addition, during a deferred interest period, issuers are permitted (but not required) to allocate 

excess payments in the manner requested by the consumer.

For accounts with secured balances, issuers are permitted (but not required) to allocate excess 

payments to the secured balance if requested by the consumer.

Double-Cycle Billing and Partial Grace Period – 12 CFR

1026.54

Issuers are generally prohibited from imposing finance charges on balances for days in previous 

billing cycles as a result of the loss of a grace period. In addition, when a consumer pays some, 

but not all, of a balance prior to the expiration of a grace period, an issuer is prohibited from 

imposing finance charges on the portion of the balance that has been repaid.

Restrictions on Applying Increased Rates to Existing 

Balances and Increasing Certain Fees and Charges – 12 

CFR 1026.55

Unless an exception applies, a card issuer must not increase an annual percentage rate or a fee or 

charge required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii) on a 

credit card account. There are some general exceptions to the prohibition against applying 

increased rates to existing balances and increasing certain fees or charges:

• A temporary or promotional rate or temporary fee or charge that lasts at least six months, and 

that is required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii), 

provided that the card issuer complied with applicable disclosure requirements. Fees and 

charges required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii) are 

periodic fees for issuance or availability of an open-end plan (such as an annual fee); a fixed 

finance charge (and any minimum interest charge) that exceeds $1; or a charge for required 

insurance, debt cancellation, or debt suspension; 

• The rate is increased due to the operation of an index available to the general public and not 

under the card issuer’s control (i.e., the rate is a variable rate);

• The minimum payment has not been received within 60 days after the due date, provided that 

the card issuer complied with applicable disclosure requirements and adheres to certain 

requirements when a series of on time payments are received; 
140

• The consumer successfully completes or fails to comply with the terms of a workout 

arrangement, provided that card issuer complied with applicable disclosure requirements and 

adheres to certain requirements upon the completion or failure of the arrangement; and

• The APR on an existing balance or a fee or charge required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii) has been reduced pursuant to the Servicemembers 

Civil Relief Act (SCRA) or a similar federal or state statute or regulation. The creditor is 

permitted to increase the rate, fee, or charge once the SCRA ceases to apply, but only to the 

rate, fee, or charge that applied prior to the reduction. 

Regulation Z’s limitations on the application of increased rates and certain fees and charges to 

existing balances continue to apply when the account is closed, acquired by another institution 

through a merger or the sale of a credit card portfolio, or when the balance is transferred to 

another credit account issued by the same creditor (or its affiliate or subsidiary).

Issuers are generally prevented from increasing the APR applicable to new transactions or a fee or 

charge subject to 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii) during the first year after an 

account is opened. After the first year, issuers are permitted to increase the APRs that apply to new 

transactions or a fee or charge subject to 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii) so long 

as the creditor complies with the regulation’s 45-day advance notice requirement (12 CFR 1026.9).

Regulation Z’s limitations on the application of increased rates to existing balances and 

limitations on the increase of certain fees or charges apply upon cessation of a waiver or rebate 

of interest, fees, or charges if the issuer promotes the waiver or rebate.

Fees for Transactions that Exceed the Credit Limit – 12 CFR

1026.56

Consumer consent requirement – Regulation Z requires an issuer to obtain a consumer’s express 

consent (or opt in) before the issuer may impose any fees on a consumer’s credit card account for 

making an extension of credit that exceeds the account’s credit limit. Prior to providing such 

consent, the consumer must be notified by the issuer of any fees that may be assessed for an 

over-the-limit transaction. If the consumer consents, the issuer is also required to provide written 

confirmation (or electronic confirmation if the consumer agrees) of the consumer’s consent and a 

notice of the consumer’s right to revoke that consent on the front page of any periodic statement 

that reflects the imposition of an over-the-limit fee.

Prior to obtaining a consumer’s consent to the payment of over-the-limit transactions, the issuer 

must provide the consumer with a notice disclosing, among other things, the dollar amount of 

any charges that will be assessed for an over-the-limit transaction, as well as any increased rate 

that may apply if the consumer exceeds the credit limit. Issuers are prevented from assessing any 

over-the-limit fee or charge on an account unless the consumer consents to the payment of 

transactions that exceed the credit limit.

Prohibited practices – Even if the consumer has affirmatively consented to the issuer’s payment 

of over-the-limit transactions, Regulation Z prohibits certain issuer practices in connection with 

the assessment of over-the-limit fees or charges. An issuer can only charge one over-the-limit fee 

or charge per billing cycle. In addition, an issuer cannot impose an over-the-limit fee on the 
141

account for the same transaction in more than three billing cycles. Furthermore, fees may not be 

imposed for the same transaction in the second or third billing cycle unless the consumer has 

failed to reduce the account balance below the credit limit by the payment due date in that cycle.

Regulation Z also prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices in connection with the 

manipulation of credit limits in order to increase over-the-limit fees or other penalty charges.

Specifically, issuers are prohibited from engaging in three practices:

• Assessing an over-the-limit fee because the creditor failed to promptly replenish the 

consumer’s available credit;

• Conditioning the amount of available credit on the consumer’s consent to the payment of 

over-the-limit transactions (e.g., opting in to an over-the-limit service to obtain a higher 

credit limit); and

• Imposing any over-the-limit fee if the credit limit is exceeded solely because of the issuer’s 

assessment of accrued interest charges or fees on the consumer’s account.

Special Rules for Marketing to Students – 12 CFR 1026.57

Regulation Z establishes several requirements related to the marketing of credit cards and other 

open-end consumer credit plans to students at an institution of higher education. The regulation 

limits a creditor’s ability to offer a college student any tangible item to induce the student to 

apply for or participate in an open-end consumer credit plan offered by the creditor. Specifically, 

Regulation Z prohibits a card issuer from offering tangible items as an inducement: 

• On the campus of an institution of higher education;

• Near the campus of an institution of higher education; or 

• At an event sponsored by or related to an institution of higher education. 

A tangible item means physical items, such as gift cards, t-shirts, or magazine subscriptions, but 

does not include non-physical items such as discounts, reward points, or promotional credit 

terms. With respect to offers “near” the campus, the commentary to the regulation states that a 

location that is within 1,000 feet of the border of the campus is considered near the campus.

Regulation Z also requires card issuers to submit an annual report to the CFPB containing the terms 

and conditions of business, marketing, or promotional agreements with an institution of higher 

education or an alumni organization or foundation affiliated with an institution of higher education.

Online Disclosure of Credit Card Agreements – 12 CFR

1026.58

The regulation requires that issuers post credit card agreements on their websites and to submit 

those agreements to the CFPB for posting on a website maintained by the CFPB. There are three 

exceptions for when issuers are not required to provide statements to the CFPB: 

• The issuer has fewer than 10,000 open credit card accounts; or 
142

• The agreement currently is not offered to the public and the agreement is used only for one or 

more private label credit card plans with credit cards usable only at a single merchant or 

group of affiliated merchants and that involves fewer than 10,000 open accounts; or 

• The agreement currently is not offered to the public and the agreement is for one or more 

plans offered to test a new product offered only to a limited group of consumers for a limited 

time that involves fewer than 10,000 open accounts. 

Reevaluation of Rate Increases – 12 CFR 1026.59

For any rate increase imposed on or after January 1,2009, that requires 45 days advance notice, 

the regulation requires card issuers to review the account no less frequently than once each six 

months and, if appropriate based on that review, reduce the annual percentage rate. The 

requirement to reevaluate rate increases applies both to increases in annual percentage rates 

based on consumer-specific factors, such as changes in the consumer’s creditworthiness, and to 

increases in annual percentage rates imposed based on factors that are not specific to the 

consumer, such as changes in market conditions or the issuer’s cost of funds. If based on its 

review a card issuer is required to reduce the rate applicable to an account, the final regulation 

requires that the rate be reduced within 45 days after completion of the evaluation. 

This review must consider either the same factors on which the increase was originally based or 

the factors the card issuer currently considers in determining the annual percentage rate 

applicable to similar new credit card accounts. 

Liability and Defenses

Civil Liability – TILA Sections 129B, 129C, 130 and 131 

If a creditor fails to comply with any requirements of TILA, other than with the advertising 

provisions of Chapter 3, it may be held liable to the consumer for: 

• Actual damage, and 

• Cost of any successful legal action together with reasonable attorney’s fees. 

The creditor also may be held liable for any of the following: 

• In an individual action, twice the amount of the finance charge involved.

• In an individual action relating to an open-end credit transaction that is not secured by real 

property or a dwelling, twice the amount of the finance charge involved, with a minimum of 

$500 and a maximum of $5,000 or such higher amount as may be appropriate in the case of 

an established pattern or practice of such failure.

• In an individual action relating to a closed-end credit transaction secured by real property or 

a dwelling, not less than $400 and not more than $4,000. 

• In a class action, such amount as the court may allow (with no minimum recovery for each 

class member). However, the total amount of recovery in any class actions arising out of the 
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same failure to comply by the same creditor cannot be more than $1 million or one percent of 

the creditor’s net worth, whichever is less. 

A creditor that fails to comply with Section 129 of TILA, 15 U.S.C. Section 1639, (requirements 

for certain mortgages) may be held liable to the consumer for all finance charges and fees paid 

by the consumer unless the creditor demonstrates that the failure was not material. A mortgage 

originator that is not a creditor and that fails to comply with Section 129B (requirements for 

mortgage loan originators) also may be liable to consumers for the greater of actual damages or 

an amount equal to three times the total amount of direct and indirect compensation or gain to 

the mortgage originator in connection with the loan, plus costs, including reasonable attorney’s 

fees. In addition, TILA Section 130(a) provides that a creditor may be liable for failure to 

comply with the ability-to-repay requirements of TILA Section 129C(a) unless the creditor 

demonstrates that the failure to comply was not material.

Generally, civil actions that may be brought against a creditor may be maintained against any 

assignee of the creditor only if the violation is apparent on the face of the disclosure statement or 

other documents assigned, except where the assignment was involuntary. For high-cost mortgage 

loans (under 12 CFR 1026.32(a)), any subsequent purchaser or assignee is subject to all claims 

and defenses that the consumer could assert against the creditor, unless the assignee 

demonstrates that it could not reasonably have determined that the loan was a high-cost mortgage 

loan subject to 12 CFR 1026.32.

In specified circumstances, the creditor or assignee has no liability if it corrects identified errors 

within 60 days of discovering the errors and prior to the institution of a civil action or the receipt 

of written notice of the error from the obligor. Additionally, a creditor and assignee will not be 

liable for bona fide errors that occurred despite the maintenance of procedures reasonably 

adapted to avoid any such error. 

Moreover, TILA also provides consumers with the right to assert a violation of TILA’s antisteering provisions or the ability-to-repay standards for residential mortgage loan requirements 

“as a matter of defense by recoupment or setoff” against a foreclosure action. In general, the 

amount of recoupment or setoff shall be equal to the amount that the consumer would be entitled 

to generally under 15 U.S.C. 1640(a) for a valid claim, plus the cost to the consumer of the 

action (including reasonable attorney’s fees). 

Refer to Sections 129B, 129C, 130 and 131 of TILA for more information. 

Criminal Liability – TILA Section 112

Anyone who willingly and knowingly fails to comply with any requirement of TILA will be 

fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. 

Administrative Actions – TILA Section 108

TILA authorizes federal regulatory agencies to require financial institutions to make monetary 

and other adjustments to the consumers’ accounts when the true finance charge or APR exceeds 

the disclosed finance charge or APR by more than a specified accuracy tolerance. That 

authorization extends to unintentional errors, including isolated violations (e.g., an error that 
144

occurred only once or errors, often without a common cause, that occurred infrequently and 

randomly). 

Under certain circumstances, TILA requires federal regulatory agencies to order financial 

institutions to reimburse consumers when understatement of the APR or finance charge involves: 

• Patterns or practices of violations (e.g., errors that occurred, often with a common cause, 

consistently or frequently, reflecting a pattern with a specific type or types of consumer 

credit).

• Gross negligence. 

• Willful noncompliance intended to mislead the person to whom the credit was extended. 

Any proceeding that may be brought by a regulatory agency against a creditor may be 

maintained against any assignee of the creditor if the violation is apparent on the face of the 

disclosure statement or other documents assigned, except where the assignment was involuntary 

under Section 131 (15 U.S.C. 1641). 

Specific Defenses – TILA Section 108

Defense Against Civil, Criminal, and Administrative Actions 

A financial institution in violation of TILA may avoid liability by: 

• Discovering the error before an action is brought against the financial institution, or before 

the consumer notifies the financial institution, in writing, of the error. 

• Notifying the consumer of the error within 60 days of discovery. 

• Making the necessary adjustments to the consumer’s account, also within 60 days of 

discovery. (The consumer will pay no more than the lesser of the finance charge actually 

disclosed or the dollar equivalent of the APR actually disclosed.) 

The above three actions also may allow the financial institution to avoid a regulatory order to 

reimburse the customer. 

An error is “discovered” if it is: 

• Discussed in a final, written report of examination. 

• Identified through the financial institution’s own procedures. 

• An inaccurately disclosed APR or finance charge included in a regulatory agency notification 

to the financial institution. 

When a disclosure error occurs, the financial institution is not required to re-disclose after a loan 

has been consummated or an account has been opened. If the financial institution corrects a 

disclosure error by merely re-disclosing required information accurately, without adjusting the 
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consumer’s account, the financial institution may still be subject to civil liability and an order to 

reimburse from its regulator. 

The circumstances under which a financial institution may avoid liability under TILA do not 

apply to violations of the Fair Credit Billing Act (Chapter 4 of TILA). 

Additional Defenses Against Civil Actions 

The financial institution may avoid liability in a civil action if it shows by a preponderance of 

evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error that occurred 

despite the maintenance of procedures to avoid the error. 

A bona fide error may include a clerical, calculation, computer malfunction, programming, or 

printing error. It does not include an error of legal judgment. 

Showing that a violation occurred unintentionally could be difficult if the financial institution is 

unable to produce evidence that explicitly indicates it has an internal controls program designed 

to ensure compliance. The financial institution’s demonstrated commitment to compliance and 

its adoption of policies and procedures to detect errors before disclosures are furnished to 

consumers could strengthen its defense. 

Statute of Limitations – TILA Sections 108, 129, 129B, 

129C, 129D, 129E, 129F, 129G, 129H, and 130

In general, civil actions may be brought within one year after the violation occurred. For private 

education loans, civil actions may be brought within one year from the date on which the first 

regular payment of principal and interest is due. After that time, and if allowed by state law, the 

consumer may still assert the violation as a defense if a financial institution were to bring an 

action to collect the consumer’s debt. 

A civil action for a violation of TILA Section 129 (requirements for certain mortgages), 129B 

(residential mortgage loan origination), or 129C (minimum standards for residential mortgage 

loans) may be brought three years from the date of the occurrence of the violation (as compared 

to one year for most other TILA violations). (TILA Section 130(e)) 

Moreover, TILA provides that when a creditor, assignee, other holder or anyone acting on such a 

person’s on behalf initiates a foreclosure action on, or any other action to collect the debt in 

connection with a residential mortgage loan, a consumer may assert a violation of TILA Section 

129B(c)(1) or (2) or 129C(a) “as a matter of defense by recoupment or set off.” TILA Section 

130(k). There is no time limit on the use of this defense and the amount of recoupment or setoff 

is limited, with respect to the special statutory damages, to no more than three years of finance 

charges and fees. 

Criminal actions and actions brought by regulators,41 are not subject to the general one-year 

statute of limitations. Actions brought by a state attorney general to enforce a violation of 

 

41 However, reimbursement required by regulatory action may be limited to the last examination conducted at the institution. 
146

Sections 129, 129B, 129C, 129D, 129E, 129F, 129G, or 129H, may be brought not later than 

three years after the date on which the violation occurs. 

However, administrative enforcement actions under the policy guide involving erroneously 

disclosed APRs and finance charges may be subject to time limitations by TILA. Those 

limitations range from the date of the last regulatory examination of the financial institution, to 

as far back as 1969, depending on when loans were made, when violations were identified, 

whether the violations were repeat violations, and other factors. 

There is no time limitation on willful violations intended to mislead the consumer. A general 

summary of the various time limitations that otherwise apply follows. 

• For open-end credit, reimbursement applies to violations not older than two years. 

• For closed-end credit, reimbursement is generally directed for loans with violations occurring 

since the immediately preceding examination.

Rescission Rights (Open-End and Closed-End Credit) 

– 12 CFR 1026.15 and 1026.23

TILA provides that for certain transactions secured by the consumer’s principal dwelling, a 

consumer has three business] 

 days after becoming obligated on the debt to rescind the transaction. The right of rescission 

allows consumer(s) time to reexamine their credit agreements and cost disclosures and to 

reconsider whether they want to place their homes at risk by offering it as security for the credit. 

A higher-priced mortgage loan (whether or not it is a HOEPA loan) having a prepayment penalty 

that does not conform to the prepayment penalty limitations (12 CFR 1026.32(c) and (d) and 12 

CFR 1026.43(g), (subject to certain exclusions)) is also subject to a three-year right of rescission. 

Transactions exempt from the right of rescission include residential mortgage transactions (12 

CFR 1026.2(a)(24)) and refinancings or consolidations with the original creditor where no “new 

money” is advanced. 

If a transaction is rescindable, consumers must be given a notice explaining that the creditor has 

a security interest in the consumer’s home, that the consumer may rescind, how the consumer 

may rescind, the effects of rescission, and the date the rescission period expires. 

To rescind a transaction, a consumer must notify the creditor in writing by midnight of the third 

business day after the latest of three events:

• Consummation of the transaction, 

• Delivery of material TILA disclosures, or
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• Receipt42 of the required notice of the right to rescind. 

For purposes of rescission, business day means every calendar day except Sundays and the legal 

public holidays (12 CFR 1026.2(a)(6)). The term “material disclosures” is defined in 12 CFR 

1026.23(a)(3) to mean the required disclosures of the APR, the finance charge, the amount 

financed, the total of payments, the payment schedule, and the disclosures and limitations 

referred to in 12 CFR 1026.32(c) and (d) and 1026.43(g). 

The creditor may not disburse any monies (except into an escrow account) and may not provide 

services or materials until the three-day rescission period has elapsed and the creditor is 

reasonably satisfied that the consumer has not rescinded. If the consumer rescinds the 

transaction, the creditor must refund all amounts paid by the consumer (even amounts disbursed 

to third parties) and terminate its security interest in the consumer’s home.

A consumer may waive the three-day rescission period and receive immediate access to loan 

proceeds if the consumer has a “bona fide personal financial emergency.” The consumer must 

give the creditor a signed and dated waiver statement that describes the emergency, specifically 

waives the right, and bears the signatures of all consumers entitled to rescind the transaction. The 

consumer provides the explanation for the bona fide personal financial emergency, but the 

creditor decides the sufficiency of the emergency. 

If the required rescission notice or material TILA disclosures are not delivered or if they are 

inaccurate, the consumer’s right to rescind may be extended from three days after becoming 

obligated on a loan to up to three years. 

 

42 12 CFR 1026.15(b) and 1026.23(b)(1) were amended to include the electronic delivery of the notice of the right to 

rescind. If a paper notice of the right to rescind is used, a creditor must deliver two copies of the notice to each 

consumer entitled to rescind. However, under the final rule on electronic delivery of disclosures if the notice is in 

electronic form, in accordance with the consumer consent and other applicable provisions of the E-Sign Act, only 

one copy to each customer is required. 
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REFERENCES 

Laws 

15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq. Truth in Lending Act (TILA) 

15 U.S.C. 1666 et seq. Fair Credit Billing Act

15 U.S.C. 7001 et seq. Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act 

Regulations 

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Regulation 12 CFR Part 1026, Truth in Lending 

(Regulation Z)

 
149

Truth in Lending Act Examination Procedures43

Examination Objectives

1. To determine the financial institution’s compliance with the Truth in Lending Act (TILA) 

and Regulation Z. 

2. To initiate corrective action when policies or internal controls are deficient, or when 

violations of law or regulation are identified. 

 

 

43These procedures include amendments to TILA and Regulation Z through April 2016 and the mortgage servicing amendments 

effective in October 2017, unless otherwise indicated. These procedures do not include the 2017 Know Before You Owe 

Integrated Disclosure Rule amendments nor the Prepaid Rule amendments. 
150

General Procedures 

1. Obtain information pertinent to the area of examination from the financial institution’s 

compliance management system program (historical examination findings, complaint 

information, and significant findings from compliance review and audit). 

2. Through discussions with management and review of the below documents, determine 

whether the financial institution‘s internal controls are adequate to ensure compliance in the 

area under review. Identify procedures used daily to detect errors/violations promptly. Also, 

review the procedures used to ensure compliance when changes occur (e.g., changes in 

interest rates, service charges, computation methods, and software programs). 

• Organizational charts

• Process flowcharts

• Policies and procedures 

• Loan documentation and disclosures 

• Checklists/worksheets and review documents 

• Computer programs 

3. Review compliance review and audit workpapers and determine whether: 

a. The procedures used address all regulatory provisions (see Transactional Testing 

section). 

b. Steps are taken to follow up on previously identified deficiencies. 

c. The procedures used include samples that cover all product types and decision centers. 

d. The work performed is accurate (through a review of some transactions). 

e. Significant deficiencies, and the root cause of the deficiencies, are included in reports to 

management/board. 

f. Corrective actions are timely and appropriate. 

g. The area is reviewed at an appropriate interval. 

4. Review the financial institution‘s record retention practices to determine whether the 

required documentation or evidence of compliance is retained for at least:

a. Two years after the disclosures were required to be made or other action was required to 

be taken, other than for the advertising requirements, requirements for mortgages subject 

to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f), and certain requirements for mortgages, which are 

described below. (12 CFR 1026.25(a)) 
151

b. Three years after the later of the date of consummation, the date disclosures are required 

to be made, or the date action is required to be taken, for evidence of compliance with 12 

CFR 1026.19(e)-(f) (regarding closed-end loans that are secured by real property and 

subject to those sections) other than as set forth in 4.c below. (12 CFR 1026.25(c)(1)(i)) 

c. Five years after consummation for completed Closing Disclosure forms, and all 

documents related to these disclosures, as required by 12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(i) or 

(f)(4)(i). If the loan is sold, transferred, or otherwise disposed of during that time, the 

creditor must provide a copy of the Closing Disclosure to the owner or servicer as part of 

the loan file transfer, who must retain the disclosure for the remainder of the five-year 

period. (12 CFR 1026.25(c)(1)(ii)) 

d. Three years after the date of receipt of payment to show compliance with loan originator 

compensation requirements. (12 CFR 1026.25(c)(2)) 

e. Three years after consummation to show compliance with ability-to-repay minimum 

standards (12 CFR 1026.43(c)-(f)) and prepayment penalty restrictions (12 CFR 

1026.43(g)) for loans secured by a dwelling. (12 CFR 1026.25(c)(3)) 

Disclosure Forms 

1. Determine if the financial institution has changed any TILA disclosure forms or if there are 

forms that have not been previously reviewed for accuracy. If so: 

Verify the accuracy of each disclosure by reviewing the following: 

• Credit card application/solicitation disclosures (12 CFR 1026.60(b)-(e))

• HELOC disclosures (12 CFR 1026.40(d) and (e)) 

• Initial disclosures (12 CFR 1026.6) and, if applicable, additional HELOC disclosures (12 

CFR 1026.40) 

• Periodic statement disclosures (12 CFR 1026.7 and 12 CFR 1026.41) 

• Statement of billing rights and change in terms notice (12 CFR 1026.9(a),(b),(c) or (g)) 

• Note and/or contract forms (including those furnished to dealers) 

• Notice of Right to Rescind/Cancel (12 CFR 1026.15(b), 1026.23(b)(1)) and 

1026.47(c)(4)) 

• Loan Estimate (12 CFR 1026.19(e) and 1026.37) 

• Closing Disclosure (12 CFR 1026.19(f) and 1026.38) 

• Special information booklet (12 CFR 1026.19(g)) 

• Other closed-end credit transaction disclosures not subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) or (f) 

(12 CFR 1026.17(a) and 1026.18) 
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• ARM disclosures (12 CFR 1026.19(b) and 12 CFR 1026.20(c)-(d)) 

• High-cost mortgage disclosures (12 CFR 1026.32(c)) 

• Reverse mortgage disclosures (12 CFR 1026.33(b))

• Payoff statement disclosures (12 CFR 1026.36(c)(3)) 

• Private education loan disclosures (12 CFR 1026.47) 

Closed-End Credit Disclosure Forms Review Procedures 

Closed-end consumer credit transactions secured by real property, other than a reverse mortgage 

subject to 12 CFR 1026.33, are subject to the disclosure, timing, and other requirements under 

the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure rule. Thus, for most closed-end mortgages, including 

construction-only loans and loans secured by vacant land or by 25 or more acres, creditors must 

provide the Loan Estimate and the Closing Disclosure. There is a partial exemption in 12 CFR 

1026.3(h) from the requirement to provide the Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure if the loan 

is (i) a subordinate lien; (ii) a loan for home buyer assistance, such as down payments or closing 

costs, rehabilitation loans, energy efficiency assistance, or foreclosure prevention; (iii) a loan that 

does not require the payment of interest; (iv) a loan for which repayment that is forgiven, 

deferred for 20 years, or deferred until the property is sold or is no longer the consumer’s 

principal dwelling; and (v) a loan where the total costs of the transaction are less than one 

percent of the loan and include fees only for recording, application, and housing counseling. For 

those transactions, creditors must provide other applicable TILA disclosures. 

NOTE: A creditor may not use the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure forms instead of the 

GFE, HUD-1, and Truth in Lending forms for transactions that continue to be covered by the 

remaining disclosure requirements of TILA or RESPA (e.g., reverse mortgages) or before the 

effective date of the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure Rule (October 3, 2015). (12 CFR 

1026.19(e), (f)) 

Closed-End Credit Disclosure Forms – For transactions under 12 CFR 

1026.19(e) and (f) 

NOTE: These procedures have not been updated to reflect the Know Before You Owe (KBYO) 

final rule issued on July 7, 2017. The 2017 TILA-RESPA rule includes an optional compliance 

period, which began on October 10, 2017, and is for transactions for which a creditor or 

mortgage broker receives an application prior to October 1, 2018. During this period, early 

compliance with the 2017 rule is allowed, but not required. 

1. For a closed-end credit transaction subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f), determine whether 

the creditor provides disclosures required under 12 CFR 1026.37 (Loan Estimate) and 12 

CFR 1026.38 (Closing Disclosure). (12 CFR 1026.19(e) and 1026.19(f)) 

a. For loans subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e), determine whether the creditor provides the 

good faith disclosures in the form required by 12 CFR 1026.37 and conforming to the 

Loan Estimate in Appendix H. (12 CFR 1026.19(e), 1026.37(o)) 
153

b. For loans subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(f), determine whether the creditor provides the 

Closing Disclosure in the form required by 1026.38 and conforming to the Closing 

Disclosure attached at Appendix H. (12 CFR 1026.19(f), 1027.38(t)). 

NOTE: Use of the Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure is mandatory for RESPA-covered 

transactions. For transactions not covered by RESPA, the Loan Estimate and Closing 

Disclosure may be considered a model form. 

Loan Estimate – 12 CFR 1026.37(a) (Page 1 of the Loan Estimate)

1. Loan Estimate. Determine whether the disclosures required for the Loan Estimate are 

accurately completed and include the following disclosures on the first page (12 CFR 

1026.37(a)). Disclosures are detailed below according to the designations made on the Loan 

Estimate form:

a. The statement: “Save this Loan Estimate to compare with your Closing Disclosure” (12 

CFR 1026.37(a)(2)); 

b. Name and address of creditor (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(3)); 

c. Date Issued (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(4)); 

d. Applicants (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(5)); 

e. Property. The property address, including zip code (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(6)); 

f. Sales Price/Prop. Value (estimated value where there is no seller) (12 CFR 

1026.37(a)(7)); 

g. Loan Term. Stated in years, months, or both, as applicable (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(8)); 

h. Purpose. Loan purpose, categorized as “Purchase,” “Refinance,” or “Construction.” All 

other loan purposes must be categorized as “Home Equity Loan” (12 CFR 

1026.37(a)(9)); 

i. Product. Product type, including the type of interest rate categorized as “Adjustable 

Rate,” “Step Rate,” or “Fixed Rate.” This disclosure must be preceded by the type of 

feature that may change the consumer’s periodic payment, such as “Negative 

Amortization,” “Interest Only,” “Step Payment,” “Balloon Payment,” or “Seasonal 

Payment,” with the duration of any introductory rate or payment period and the first 

adjustment period if applicable (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10)(i)-(iii));

j. Loan Type. Categorized as “Conventional,” “ FHA,” “VA,” or “Other.” (12 CFR 

1026.37(a)(11)); 

k. Loan ID #. (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(12)); and 

l. Rate Lock. A statement of whether the disclosed rate is locked for a specific period. If so, 

the date and time (including time zone) that the lock will expire, along with an 
154

accompanying statement that the interest rate, any points, and any lender credits may 

change unless the interest rate has been locked. (12 CFR 1026.37(a)(13)) 

Loan Terms – 12 CFR 1026.37(b) (Page 1 of the Loan Estimate)

2. Loan Terms. Determine whether, under the heading “Loan Terms,” all disclosures are 

completed and accurate (12 CFR 1026.37(b)): 

a. Loan Amount. (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(1)); 

b. Interest Rate. (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(2)); 

c. Principal and Interest. The applicable unit period (i.e., bi-weekly, monthly, yearly) must 

precede the label “Principal and Interest” (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(3)); 

d. Prepayment Penalty. A statement of whether the loan contains a prepayment penalty, an 

affirmative or negative response to the question, the maximum amount of the prepayment 

penalty that may be imposed, and the date on which the penalty may no longer be 

applied. (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(4), 1026.37(b)(7)(i)). If the date is disclosed (for an 

affirmative response), determine whether it is disclosed as the year in which the event 

occurs, counting from the date of consummation (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(8)(iii); 

e. Balloon Payment. A statement of whether the loan contains a balloon payment, an 

affirmative or negative response to the question, the maximum amount of the balloon 

payment, and the due date of such payment. (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(5), 1026.37(b)(7)(ii)). If 

the date is disclosed (for an affirmative response), determine whether it is disclosed as the 

year in which the event occurs, counting from the due date of the initial periodic payment 

(12 CFR 1026.37(b)(8)(ii)); and 

f. Whether the loan amount, interest rate, or monthly principal and interest can increase 

after closing (12 CFR 1026.37(b)(6)) and, if so, the information required by 12 CFR 

1026.37(b)(6)(i)-(iii) and 1026.37(b)(8)(i)-(ii). 

Projected Payments – 12 CFR 1026.37(c) (Page 1 of the Loan 

Estimate)

3. Projected Payments. Determine whether, under the heading “Projected Payments” (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)): 

a. All required fields in the table are completed, follow the formatting and statement 

requirements, are accurate, and itemize the periodic payments or range of payments 

together with an itemized estimate of taxes, insurance, assessments, and payments to be 

made with escrow account funds (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)-(5)); 

b. Each separate periodic payment or range of payments is itemized as follows (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(2)): 
155

i. Principal and Interest. The amount payable for principal and interest, including the 

term “only interest” if the payment or range of payments includes any interest only 

payment (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(2)(i)); 

A. Adjustable Rate Loans. The maximum principal and interest payment must be 

determined by assuming that the interest rate in effect throughout the loan term is 

the maximum possible interest rate. The minimum amounts must be determined 

by assuming that the interest rate in effect throughout the loan term is the 

minimum possible interest rate (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(2)(i)(A)); 

B. Adjustable Rate and Negative Amortization Loans. The maximum principal and 

interest amounts (after the loan term period for which the loan principal balance 

may increase) must be determined by assuming the maximum principal amount 

permitted under the terms of the legal obligation at the end of the loan term 

period. The minimum amounts must be determined by assuming that the interest 

rate in effect throughout the loan term is the minimum possible interest rate (12 

CFR 1026.37(c)(2)(i)(B)); 

ii. Mortgage Insurance. The maximum amount payable for mortgage insurance 

premiums corresponding to the principal and interest payment disclosed (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(2)(ii));

iii. Escrow. The amount payable into an escrow account to pay some or all of the charges 

described in 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(2)(iii). If estimates are used for property taxes and 

homeowner’s insurance, they must reflect (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(5)): 

A. The taxable assessed value of the real property securing the transaction after 

consummation, including the value of any improvements on the property or to be 

constructed on the property if known. The disclosure must be made whether or 

not such construction will be financed from the proceeds of the transaction for 

property taxes (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(5)(i)); and 

B. The replacement costs of the property during the initial year after the transaction, 

defined as premiums or other charges for insurance against loss of or damage to 

property, or against liability arising out of ownership or use of property (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(5)(ii)); 

iv. Total Monthly Payment. The total periodic payment, calculated as the sums disclosed 

as the “Principal and Interest,” “Mortgage Insurance,” and “Escrow” (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(2)(iv)); 

NOTE: The headings noted for the Projected Payments table must be listed under the 

master heading “Payment Calculation” (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(3)(i)). 

c. If the amount of a periodic monthly payment may change, additional, separate periodic 

payments or range of payments have been disclosed. Events requiring additional 

disclosure(s) include: (i) the change of the periodic principal and interest payment or 

range of such payments, (ii) a scheduled balloon payment, (iii) the automatic termination 

of mortgage insurance, or (iv) the anniversary of the due date of the initial periodic 
156

payment or range of payments immediately following the occurrence of a change in the 

principal and interest payment or range of such payments (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)(i)); 

d. The creditor has met the following in disclosing a range of payments (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(1)(iii)):

i. The creditor has disclosed both the minimum and maximum amount for both the 

principal and interest payment and the total periodic payment (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(1)(iii));

ii. The creditor has accurately disclosed a range of payments where multiple events are 

combined into a single range of payments in order to meet the requirement that only 

four disclosures may be made (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)(iii)(A)); 

iii. The creditor has accurately disclosed a range of payments where multiple events 

occur during a single year or an event occurs during the same year as the initial 

periodic payment or range of payments. If the event occurs during the same year as 

the initial periodic payment or range of payments, the creditor has disclosed the range 

that would apply during the year in which the events will occur (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(1)(iii)(B));

iv. The creditor has accurately disclosed a range of payments if the periodic principal 

and interest payment may adjust based on index rates at the time an interest rate 

adjustment may occur (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)(iii)(C)); 

e. The creditor has not disclosed more than four separate periodic payments or ranges of 

payments (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)( ii)); 

i. If additional separate periodic payments or range of payments disclosures are 

required after the third separate periodic payment or range of payment disclosure, and 

the transaction does not involve a balloon payment, determine whether the creditor 

has disclosed the additional separate periodic payment or range of payments as a 

single fourth range of payments disclosure (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)(ii)); 

ii. If additional separate periodic payments or range of payments disclosures are 

required and the transaction involves a final balloon payment, determine whether the 

creditor has disclosed the additional separate periodic payment or range of payments 

as a single range of payments after the second separate periodic payment disclosure. 

Disclosure of the final balloon payment must appear as the final disclosure, under the 

heading “Final Payment” (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)(ii)(A), 1026.37(c)(3)(iii)); and 

iii. The automatic termination of mortgage insurance requires disclosure of an additional 

separate periodic payment or range of payments only if the total number of separate 

periodic payments or ranges of payments does not exceed three (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(1)(ii)(B)); 

iv. Each separate periodic payment or range of payments must be disclosed under a 

subheading stating the years of the loan during which that payment or range of 
157

payments will apply. The years must be disclosed in sequence of whole years from 

the due date of the initial periodic payment (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(3)(ii)); 

NOTE: See the Narrative for further discussion of requirements related to the Projected 

Payments table.

f. Taxes, Insurance, and Assessments. Determine whether the creditor accurately discloses 

(12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)): 

i. The sum of all mortgage-related obligations, expressed as a monthly amount, even if 

no escrow account for the payment of some or any of such charges will be established 

(12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)(ii)); 

NOTE: Mortgage-related obligations, as used here, takes the definition used in 12 CFR 

1026.43(b)(8); however, it does not include amounts identified in 12 CFR 1026.4(b)(5). 

Amounts that must be disclosed as “Taxes, Insurance & Assessment” include premiums 

or other charges for credit life, accident, health, or loss-of-income insurance; premiums 

or other charges for insurance against loss of or damage to property, or against liability 

arising out of the ownership or use of property; or premiums or charges paid for debt 

cancellation or debt suspension coverage. (12 CFR 1026.43(b)(8)) 

ii. A statement that the mortgage-related obligations disclosed can increase over time 

(12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)(iii)). If estimates are used for property taxes and 

homeowner’s insurance, they must reflect (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(5)): 

A. The taxable assessed value of the real property securing the transaction after 

consummation, including the value of any improvements on the property or to be 

constructed on the property if known. The disclosure must be made whether or 

not such construction will be financed from the proceeds of the transaction for 

property taxes (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(5)(i)); and 

B. The replacement costs of the property during the initial year after the transaction 

for premiums or other charges for insurance against loss of or damage to property, 

or against liability arising out of ownership or use of property (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(5)(ii));

iii. A statement of whether the mortgage-related obligations include payments for 

property taxes; premiums or other charges for insurance against loss of or damage to 

property, or against liability arising out of the ownership or use of property; or as 

otherwise identified by 1026.43(b)(8). The creditor must disclose whether the 

amounts will be paid by the creditor using escrow account funds (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(4)(iv)); 

iv. A statement that the consumer must pay separately any mortgage-related obligations 

that are not paid by the creditor using escrow account funds (12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(4)(v)); 

v. A reference to the escrow account information contained on page 2 of the Loan 

Estimate, captioned “Initial Escrow Payment at Closing” (12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)(vi)). 
158

Costs at Closing – 12 CFR 1026.37(d) (Page 1 of the Loan Estimate)

4. Costs at Closing. Determine whether, under the heading “Costs at Closing” the creditor 

discloses the Estimated Closing Costs (including Loan Costs and Other Costs, less Lender 

Credits) and the Estimated Cash to Close (including Closing Costs), based upon the 

calculations required by 12 CFR 1026.37(f), (g), and (h) (and found on page 2 of the Loan 

Estimate). (12 CFR 1026.37(d)(1)) 

5. Optional Alternative Table for Transactions without a Seller. Determine whether, for 

transactions that do not involve a seller, the creditor chose to use the alternative “Cash to 

Close” table. If so, determine whether the amount is calculated in accordance with 12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(2)(iv) (Calculating Cash to Close), includes a statement of whether the disclosed 

estimated amount is due from or to the consumer; and includes a statement referring the 

consumer to the alternative “Calculating Cash to Close” table pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(2) and the model form found in Appendix H-24(G). (12 CFR 1026.37(d)(2)) 

NOTE: See the Narrative for further discussion of requirements related to the Costs at 

Closing table.

Website Disclosure – 12 CFR 1026.37(e) (Page 1 of the Loan 

Estimate)

6. Website Reference. Determine whether the creditor discloses that the consumer may obtain 

general information and tools on the Bureau’s website and has included a link to the site 

specified in 12 CFR 1026.37(e). (12 CFR 1026.37(e)) 

Closing Cost Details: Loan Costs – 12 CFR 1026.37(f) (Page 2 of the 

Loan Estimate)

7. Loan Costs. Determine on page 2 whether, under the heading “Loan Costs,” the creditor 

makes the following disclosures (12 CFR 1026.37(f)): 

a. Origination charges. Accurately itemized to reflect each amount and a subtotal of all 

amounts that the consumer will pay to each creditor and loan originator for originating 

and extending the credit. Determine whether the points paid to the creditor to reduce the 

interest rate are itemized separately, as both a percentage of the amount of credit 

extended and a dollar amount, and using the label “__% of Loan Amount (Points).” 

Determine whether points paid is the first item listed. If points to reduce the interest rate 

are not paid, this disclosure must be left blank (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(1)); 

b. Services You Cannot Shop For. An accurate itemization, limited to 13 items, of each 

amount and subtotal of all amounts that the consumer will pay for settlement services that 

the consumer cannot shop for and that are provided by persons other than the creditor or 

mortgage broker. Determine whether the terms related to title insurance include “Title” as 

an introductory description (12 CFR 1026.37)(f)(2); 

c. Services You Can Shop For. An accurate itemization, limited to 14 items, of each amount 

and subtotal of all amounts that the consumer will pay for settlement services that the 
159

consumer can shop for and that are provided by persons other than the creditor or 

mortgage broker. Determine whether the terms related to title insurance include “Title” as 

an introductory description (12 CFR 1026.37)(f)(3)); 

d. Total Loan Costs. An accurate sum of the subtotals required to be disclosed under 

1026.37(f) as Origination Charges, Services You Cannot Shop For and Services You Can 

Shop For (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(4)); and 

e. Other than as noted in item 1.a. above, determine that items are ordered alphabetically by 

label under the applicable subheading. If there are more than the maximum allowable 

number of line items, determine that the remaining charges are disclosed in the aggregate 

in the last line as “Additional Charges.” (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(5) and (f)(6)) 

Closing Cost Details: Other Costs – 12 CFR 1026.37(g) (Page 2 of the 

Loan Estimate)

8. Other Costs. Determine whether the creditor makes the following disclosures (12 CFR 

1026.37(g)): 

a. Taxes and Other Government Fees. Accurately itemized to reflect amounts to be paid to 

state and local governments for taxes and other government fees, including subtotals for 

recording fees and other taxes. A separate line must be included for transfer taxes paid by 

the consumer. If not charged to the consumer, these fields must be left blank ((12 CFR 

1026.37(g)(1)); 

b. Prepaids. Accurately itemized to reflect amounts to be paid by the consumer in advance 

of the first scheduled payment and the subtotals of all such amounts. The disclosures 

must follow the required order and include the number of months and the total dollar 

amount to be paid at consummation for homeowner’s insurance and mortgage insurance 

premiums; the prepaid interest to be paid at consummation, based on daily interest, 

number of days, interest rate, and the total to be collected; the number of months for 

which property taxes are to be paid; and the amount the consumer will pay at 

consummation. If any of these items are not charged to the consumer, the field must be 

left blank. A maximum of three additional items may be disclosed (including applicable 

time period covered by the payment at consummation and total to be paid) as Prepaids 

(12 CFR 1026.37(g)(2));

c. Initial Escrow Payment at Closing. Accurately itemized to reflect the amounts that the 

consumer will be expected to place into an escrow account at consummation to be 

applied to recurring periodic charges and subtotals of all amounts. The disclosure must 

provide the amount escrowed each month, the number of months of escrow, and the total 

amount to be paid into the escrow account by the consumer at consummation. 

Homeowner’s insurance premiums, mortgage insurance premiums, and property taxes 

must be separately subtotaled. If any of these items are not charged to the consumer, that 

field must be left blank. A maximum of five additional items may be disclosed as part of 

Initial Escrow Payment at Closing (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(3)); 
160

d. Other. An accurate itemization of costs that the consumer is likely to pay, or has 

contracted with a person other than the creditor or loan originator to pay, at closing and 

of which the creditor is aware at the time of issuing the Loan Estimate. Determine 

whether the creditor has used a descriptive label for each such amount and provided the 

subtotal of all such amounts. Determine whether the terms related to title insurance 

include “Title” as an introductory description and whether the parenthetical description 

“(optional)” is used at the end of the label for items disclosing any premiums paid for 

separate insurance, warranty, guarantee, or event-coverage products. A maximum of five 

items may be disclosed as “Other” (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(4)); 

e. Total Other Costs. An accurate sum of the subtotals for Taxes and Other Government 

Fees, Prepaids, Initial Escrow Payment at Closing, and Other disclosed pursuant to 12 

CFR 1026.37(g)(1) through (4) (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(5)); 

f. Total Closing Costs. Accurate component amounts and sum of the following (12 CFR 

1026.37(g)(6)): 

i. D+I. A sum of the Total Loan Costs and Total Other Costs (12 CFR 

1026.37(g)(6)(i)); and 

ii. Lender Credits. The amount of any lender credits, disclosed as a negative number. If 

no such amount is disclosed, this line must be left blank (12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)(ii)); 

NOTE: The disclosure of “lender credits,” as identified in 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)(ii), 

is required by 12 CFR1026.19(e)(1)(i). “Lender credits,” as identified in 12 CFR 

1026.37(g)(6)(ii), represent the sum of non-specific lender credits and specific lender 

credits. Non-specific lender credits are generalized payments from the creditor to the 

consumer that do not pay for a particular fee on the disclosures provided pursuant to 

12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1). Specific lender credits are specific payments, such as a credit, 

rebate, or reimbursement, from a creditor to the consumer to pay for a specific fee. 

Non-specific lender credits and specific lender credits are negative charges to the 

consumer. (Comment 19(e)(3)(i)-5)).

g. Determine that items follow the alphabetical ordering and addenda restrictions of 12 CFR 

1026.37(g)(7) and (g)(8). 

Closing Cost Details: Calculating Cash to Close – 12 CFR 1026.37(h) 

(Page 2 of the Loan Estimate)

9. Calculating Cash to Close. Determine whether, under the heading “Calculating Cash to 

Close,” the creditor has accurately disclosed the total amount of cash or other funds that must 

be provided by the consumer at consummation, itemized into the following component 

amounts (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)): 

a. Total Closing Costs. The amount must be disclosed as a positive number (12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(1)(i)); 
161

b. Closing Costs Financed (Paid from your Loan Amount). The amount of any closing costs 

to be paid out of loan proceeds, disclosed as a negative number (12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(1)(ii)); 

c. Downpayment/Funds from Borrower. Disclosed: 

i. For a purchase transaction, as the amount of the difference between the purchase 

price of the property and the principal amount of the loan, as a positive number; 

ii. For all other transactions, as the estimated funds from the consumer determined in 

calculating “Funds for Borrower” under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(v). (12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(1)(iii)); 

d. Deposit. Disclosed:

i. For a purchase transaction, as the amount that is paid to the seller or held in trust or 

escrow by an attorney or other party under the terms of the agreement for the sale of 

the property, as a negative number; 

ii. For all other transactions, disclosed as zero dollars (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(iv)); 

e. Funds for Borrower. Disclosed as the amount of funds for the consumer, determined by 

subtracting the principal amount of the credit extended (excluding any amount disclosed 

as closing costs to be financed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(ii)) from the total 

amount of all existing debt being satisfied in the transaction (except to the extent the 

satisfaction of such existing debt is disclosed as Other Costs under 12 CFR 1026.37(g)) 

(12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(v)): 

i. If the calculation yields a positive number, that amount is disclosed under the heading 

“Down Payment/Funds from Borrower,” (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(iii)(B)) and $0 is 

disclosed under the heading “Funds for Borrower,” under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(v). 

(12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(v)(A));

ii. If the calculation yields a negative amount, the creditor discloses that amount as a 

negative number under the heading “Funds for Borrower” (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(v)), 

and as zero dollars under the heading “Down Payment/Funds from Borrower under 

12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(iii)(B)). (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(v)(B)); 

iii. If the calculation yields “0,” then zero dollars is disclosed under both headings under 

12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(iii)(B) and (h)(1)(v) (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(v)(C)); 

f. Seller Credits. Determined by totaling the amount the seller will pay for Total Loan Costs 

under 1026.37(f)(4) and Total Other Costs under 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(5)), to the extent 

known. This must be disclosed as a negative number (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(vi)); 

g. Adjustments and Other Credits. Determined by combining the Total Loan Costs 

(determined under 12 CFR 1026.37(f)) and Total Other Costs (determined under 12 CFR 

1026.37(g)) that are paid by persons other than the loan originator, creditor, consumer, or 

seller, together with any other amounts that are required to be paid by the consumer at 
162

closing pursuant to a purchase and sale contract. Must be disclosed as a negative number 

(12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(vii)); and 

h. Estimated Cash to Close. The sum of the amounts of the components required for 

Calculating Cash to Close disclosed as under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(i) through (vii). (12 

CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(viii)) 

Closing Cost Details: Alternative Calculating Cash to Close Table for 

Transactions without a Seller – 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2) (Page 2 of the 

Loan Estimate)

10. Alternative Calculating Cash to Close Table for Transactions Without a Seller. If the 

transaction does not involve a seller and the creditor has chosen to provide the optional 

Alternative Calculating Cash to Close table modeled in Appendix H-24(G), determine 

whether the creditor accurately discloses the total amount of cash or other funds that must be 

provided by the consumer as consummation, itemized into the following component amounts 

(12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)): 

a. Loan Amount (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(i)); 

b. Total Closing Costs. Disclosed as a negative number (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(ii));

c. Total Payoffs and Payments. Disclosed as the total amount of payoffs and payments to be 

made to third parties that are not otherwise disclosed, as a negative number (12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(2)(iii)); 

d. Cash to Close. Disclosed as the amount of cash or other funds due from or to the 

consumer and a statement of whether the disclosed estimated amount is due from or to 

the consumer. The amount must be calculated as the sum of the amounts disclosed under 

“Loan Amount,” “Total Closing Costs,” and “Total Payoffs and Payments” (12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(2)(iv)); 

e. Closing Costs Financed (Paid from your Loan Amount). Disclosed as the sum of the 

amounts under “Loan Amount,” and “Total Payoffs and Payments.” The sum is disclosed 

only to the extent it is greater than “0,” and it is less than or equal to the amount disclosed 

under “Total Closing Costs.” (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(v)) 

NOTE: If a creditor chooses to provide the optional Alternative Calculating Cash to Close table 

for transactions without a seller, the alternative table must also be used in the Closing Disclosure. 

Closing Cost Details: Adjustable Payment (AP) Table – 12 CFR 

1026.37(i) (Page 2 of the Loan Estimate)

11. Adjustable Payment (AP) Table. For loans where the periodic principal and interest payment 

may change after consummation based on a factor other than an interest rate adjustment, or 

for seasonal payment products as described in 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10)(ii)(E), determine 

whether the creditor discloses a separate table under the master headings “Closing Cost 

Details” and “Adjustable Payment (AP) Table” that contains the following information and 

satisfies the following requirements:
163

NOTE: The AP table is not to appear where it is inapplicable because the payments after 

consummation change for reasons other than an adjustment to the interest rate. 

a. Interest Only Payments. The disclosure states yes or no to the question of whether the 

transaction is an interest only product under 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10)(ii)(B) and, if the 

answer is yes, the disclosure states the period during which interest only periodic 

payments are scheduled (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(1)); 

b. Optional Payments. The disclosure states yes or no to the question whether the terms of 

the legal obligation expressly provide that the consumer may elect to pay a specified 

periodic principal and interest payment in an amount other than the scheduled amount of 

the payment, and, if the answer is yes, the disclosure states the period during which the 

consumer may elect to make such payments (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(2)); 

c. Step Payments. The disclosure states yes or no to the question whether the transaction is a 

step payment product under 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10)(ii)(C) and, if the answer is yes, the 

disclosure states the period during which the regular periodic payments are scheduled to 

increase (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(3)); 

d. Seasonal Payments. The disclosure states yes or no to the question whether the 

transaction is a seasonal payment product under 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10)(ii)(E) and, if the 

answer is yes, the disclosure states the period during which periodic payments are not 

scheduled (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(4)); 

e. Principal and Interest Payments. This label is immediately preceded by the applicable 

unit period, and the disclosures must contain the following information: 

i. The number of the payment of the first periodic principal and interest payment that 

may change under the terms of the legal obligation (counting from the first periodic 

payment due after consummation), and the amount or range of the periodic principal 

and interest payment for such payment, labeled “First Change/Amount” (12 CFR 

1026.37(i)(5)(i)); 

ii. The frequency of subsequent changes to the periodic principal and interest payment, 

labeled “Subsequent Changes” (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(5)(ii)); and 

iii. The maximum periodic principal and interest payment that may occur during the term 

of the transaction, and the first periodic principal and interest payment that can reach 

such maximum, counting from the first periodic payment due after consummation, 

labeled “Maximum Payment.” (12 CFR 1026.37(i)(5)(iii)) 

Closing Cost Details: Adjustable Interest Rate (AIR) Table – 12 CFR 

1026.37(j) (Page 2 of the Loan Estimate)

12. Adjustable Interest Rate (AIR) Table. If the interest rate may increase after consummation, 

determine whether the creditor discloses, as a separate table under the master headings 

“Closing Cost Details” and “Adjustable Interest Rate (AIR) Table,” the following 

information and satisfies the following requirements (12 CFR 1026.37(j)): 
164

NOTE: The AIR table is not to appear where it is inapplicable because the interest rate does 

not adjust after consummation. 

a. Index + Margin. Disclosed if the interest rate may adjust and the product type is not a 

“Step Rate” under 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10)(i)(B). The disclosure must show the index 

upon which the adjustments to the interest rate are based and the margin that is added to 

the index to determine the interest rate (12 CFR 1026.37(j)(1); 

b. Interest Rate Adjustments. If the product type is a “Step Rate” and not also an 

“Adjustable Rate” under 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(10)(i)(A), the disclosure must show the 

maximum amount of any adjustments to the interest rate that are scheduled and 

predetermined (12 CFR 1026.37(j)(2)); 

c. Initial Interest Rate. The disclosure must show the initial interest rate at consummation of 

the loan transaction (12 CFR 1026.37(j)(3)); 

d. Minimum and Maximum Interest Rates. The disclosure must show the minimum and 

maximum interest rates for the loan, after any introductory period expires (12 CFR 

1026.37(j)(4); 

e. Change Frequency. The disclosure must show the month when the interest rate after 

consummation may first change, calculated from the date interest for the first scheduled 

periodic payment begins to accrue, labeled “First Change;” and the frequency of interest 

rate adjustments after the initial adjustment to the interest rate, labeled, “Subsequent 

Changes” (12 CFR 1026.37(j); 

f. Limits on Interest Rate Changes. The disclosures must show the maximum possible 

change for the first adjustment of the interest rate after consummation, labeled “First 

Change;” and the maximum possible change for subsequent adjustments of the interest 

rate after consummation, labeled “Subsequent Changes.” (12 CFR 1026.37(j) 

Additional Information About This Loan – 12 CFR 1026.37(k) (Page 3 

of the Loan Estimate)

13. Additional Information About This Loan. Determine whether the creditor accurately 

discloses contact and NMLSR information as follows: 

a. Lender/Mortgage Broker. The name and “NMLS ID/License ID” for the creditor 

(“Lender”) and the mortgage broker, if any. If the creditor or mortgage broker has not 

been assigned an NMLSR ID, the license number or other unique identifier issued to the 

creditor or mortgage broker by the applicable jurisdiction or regulating body must be 

disclosed, with the abbreviation for the state of the applicable jurisdiction or regulatory 

body stated before the word “License” in the label, if any (12 CFR 1026.37(k)(1)); 

b. Loan Officer. The name and NMLSR ID of the individual loan officer of the creditor and 

the mortgage broker, if any, who is the primary contact for the consumer. If the 

individual loan officer has not been assigned an NMLSR ID, the license number or other 

unique identifier issued by the applicable jurisdiction or regulating body with which the 
165

loan officer is licensed and/or registered shall be disclosed, with the abbreviation for the 

state of the applicable jurisdiction or regulatory body stated before the word “License” in 

the label, if any (12 CFR 1026.37(k)(2)); and 

c. Email/Phone (respectively). The email address and telephone number of the loan officer. 

(12 CFR 1026.37(k)(3)) 

Additional Information About This Loan: Comparisons – 12 CFR 

1026.37(l) (Page 3 of the Loan Estimate)

14. Comparisons. Determine whether the creditor accurately discloses the following information 

for comparison purposes and includes the statement “Use these measures to compare this 

loan with other loans” (12 CFR 1026.37(l)): 

a. In five years (12 CFR 1026.37(l)(l)); 

i. The total principal, interest, mortgage insurance, and loan costs scheduled to be paid 

through the end of the 60th month after the due date of the first periodic payment, 

expressed as a dollar amount, along with the statement “Total you will have paid in 

principal, interest, mortgage insurance, and loan costs;” and 

ii. The principal scheduled to be paid through the end of the 60th month after the due 

date of the first periodic payment, expressed as a dollar amount, along with the 

statement “Principal you will have paid off;”

b. Annual Percentage Rate (APR). Expressed as a percentage, and the statement “Your costs 

over the loan term expressed as a rate. This is not your interest rate” (12 CFR 

1026.37(l)(2)); and

c. Total Interest Percentage (TIP). The total amount of interest that the consumer will pay 

over the life of the loan, expressed as a percentage of the amount of credit extended and 

the statement “The total amount of interest that you will pay over the loan term as a 

percentage of your loan amount.” (12 CFR 1026.37(l)(3) 

Additional Information About This Loan: Other Considerations – 12 

CFR 1026.37(m) (Page 3 of the Loan Estimate)

15. Other Considerations. Determine whether the creditor accurately discloses the following (12 

CFR 1026.37(m): 

a. Appraisal. For transactions subject to 15 U.S.C. 1639h or 1691(e), as implemented in this 

part or Regulation B, 12 CFR Part 1002, respectively, a statement, labeled “Appraisal” 

that explains (12 CFR 1026.37(m)(1)): 

i. The creditor may order an appraisal to determine the value of the property identified 

in 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(6) and may charge the consumer for that appraisal; 

ii. The creditor will promptly provide the consumer a copy of any appraisal, even if the 

transaction is not consummated; and 
166

iii. The consumer may choose to pay for an additional appraisal of the property for the 

consumer’s use; 

b. Assumption. A statement of whether a subsequent purchaser of the property may be 

permitted to assume the remaining loan obligation on its original terms (12 CFR 

1026.37(m)(2); 

c. Homeowner’s Insurance. At the option of the creditor, a statement that homeowner's 

insurance is required on the property and that the consumer may choose the insurance 

provider (12 CFR 1026.37(m)(3); 

d. Late Payment. A statement detailing any charge that may be imposed for a late payment, 

stated as a dollar amount or percentage charge of the late payment amount, and the 

number of days that a payment must be late to trigger the late payment fee (12 CFR 

1026.37(m)(4); 

e. Refinance. The following statement: “Refinancing this loan will depend on your future 

financial situation, the property value, and market conditions. You may not be able to 

refinance this loan” (12 CFR 1026.37(m)(5)); 

f. Servicing. A statement of whether the creditor intends to service the loan or transfer the 

loan to another servicer (12 CFR 1026.37(m)(6)); 

g. Liability after Foreclosure. If the purpose of the credit transaction is to refinance an 

extension of credit as described in 12 CFR 1026.37(a)(9)(ii), a brief statement that certain 

state law protections against liability for any deficiency after foreclosure may be lost, the 

potential consequences of the loss of such protections, and a statement that the consumer 

should consult an attorney for additional information (12 CFR 1026.37(m)(7)); and 

h. Construction Loans. In a transaction that involves a new construction, if the creditor 

reasonably expects settlement will occur more than 60 days after the Loan Estimate is 

issued and wishes to retain the option to provide a revised disclosure, a clear and 

conspicuous statement that a revised disclosure may be issued any time prior to 60 days 

before consummation. (12 CFR 1026.37(m)(8)) 

Additional Information About This Loan: Confirm Receipt – 12 CFR 

1026.37(n) (Page 3 of the Loan Estimate)

16. Confirm Receipt. If the creditor choses to provide a signature statement, determine whether 

the creditor accurately provides the following: “By signing, you are only confirming that you 

have received this form. You do not have to accept this loan because you have signed or 

received this form.” If the creditor does not include a line for the consumer's signature, the 

creditor discloses the following statement (labeled “Loan Acceptance”): “You do not have to 

accept this loan because you have received this form or signed a loan application.” (12 CFR 

1026.37(n)) 
167

Form of Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.37(o)

17. Form of disclosures.44 Determine whether the creditor made the disclosures required by 12 

CFR 1026.37 clearly and conspicuously in writing, in a form that the consumer may keep, 

with disclosures grouped together and segregated from everything else, containing only the 

information required by 12 CFR 1026.37 (a) through (n), made in the same order, and 

positioned relative to the master headings, headings, subheadings, labels, and similar 

designations in the same manner, as shown in Form H-24, set forth in Appendix H (12 CFR 

1026.37(o)(1) and (2): 

a. Form H-24 required. Determine whether, for a transaction subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) 

that is a federally related mortgage loan, as defined in Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.2, the 

creditor uses Form H-24, set forth in Appendix H (12 CFR 1026.37(o)(3)(i)); or 

b. Substantially similar disclosures. Determine whether the creditor makes the disclosures 

with headings, content, and format substantially similar to Form H-24, set forth in 

Appendix H for any other transaction subject to 12 CFR 1026.37 and 12 CFR 

1026.37(o)(3)(ii); 

c. Rounding – nearest dollar. Determine whether the creditor accurately rounds the 

following figures to the nearest whole dollar disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(o)(4)(i)(A): 

i. The dollar amounts for Loan Terms required by 12 CFR 1026.37(b)(6)-(7), (i.e., 

adjustments after consummation and details about prepayment penalty and balloon 

payments); 

ii. The dollar amounts for Projected Payments or range of payments required by 12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(1)(iii) (i.e., minimum and maximum amounts of principal and interest for 

projected periodic payments or range of payments); 

iii. The dollar amounts for Mortgage Insurance required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(2)(ii) (i.e., itemization of maximum amount of mortgage insurance 

premiums); 

iv. The dollar amounts for Escrow required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(2)(iii); 

v. The dollar amounts for Taxes, Insurance, and Assessments required to be disclosed 

by 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)(ii); 

vi. The dollar amounts for Loan Costs required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.37(f) 

(i.e., Origination Charges, Services You Cannot Shop For, Services You Can Shop 

For, and Total Loan Costs); 

 

44 Limited changes to the disclosure forms are permitted, including substitution of “monthly” with the applicable unit period, 

making disclosures in languages other than English, and the creditor’s logo in the space allotted for the identification of the 

creditor. (12 CFR 1026.37(o)(5)).
168

vii. The dollar amounts for Other Costs required by 12 CFR 1026.37(g) (i.e., Taxes and 

Other Government Fees, Prepaids, Initial Escrow Payment at Closing, Other, Total 

Other Costs, and Total Closing Costs) except as noted for percentages; 

viii. The dollar amounts for Calculating Cash to Close required to be disclosed by 12 

CFR 1026.37(h); 

ix. The dollar amounts for the Adjustable Payment (AP) Table required to be disclosed 

by 12 CFR 1026.37(i); and 

x. The dollar amounts for Comparisons required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.37(l). 

d. No rounding – dollars Determine that the creditor did not round the following (12 CFR 

1026.37(o)(4)(i)(A)): 

i. The per diem amount required by 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(2)(iii) (prepaid interest paid per 

day); and 

ii. The figures disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(3)(i)-(iii) (initial escrow 

payment at closing for homeowner’s insurance, mortgage insurance, and property 

taxes) and 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(3)(v) (additional escrow items); 

e. Loan amount. Determine that the creditor did not round the loan amount disclosed 

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(b)(1) and truncated whole numbers at the decimal point (12 

CFR 1026.37(o)(4)(i)(B)); 

f. Total periodic payment. Determine that the creditor accurately rounds the total periodic 

payment disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(2)(iv), if any of the component 

amounts of the figures disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(o)(4)(i)(A) are rounded to 

the nearest whole dollar (12 CFR 1026.37(o)(4)(i)(C)); 

g. Percentages. Determine that the creditor does not round the following percentage 

amounts and discloses them using up to the required number of decimal places (12 CFR 

1026.37(o)(4)(ii)): 

i. Three decimal places. The Annual Percentage Rate (APR) disclosed pursuant to 12 

CFR 1026.37(l)(2) is disclosed up to three decimal places, and if the amount is a 

whole number, the amount is truncated at the decimal point; 

ii. Two to three decimal places. The following percentages are disclosed up to two or 

three decimal places, and if the amount is a whole number, the amount is truncated at 

the decimal point for: 

A. Interest rate and adjustments after consummation, disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(b)(2) and (6); 

B. Points as a percentage of the loan amount, disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(f)(1)(i); 
169

C. Percentage of prepaid interest to be paid per day, disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(g)(2)(iii); 

D. Index + Margin, Initial Interest Rate, Minimum/Maximum Interest Rate, and 

Limits on Interest Rate Changes (as disclosed on the Adjustable Interest Rate 

(AIR) Table), disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(j); and 

E. Total interest percentage, disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(l)(3). (12 CFR 

1026.37(o)(4)(ii)) 

Closing Disclosure – 12 CFR 1026.38(a)

1. Determine whether the disclosures required for the Closing Disclosure are accurately 

completed and include the statement: “This form is a statement of final loan terms and 

closing costs. Compare this document with your Loan Estimate.” (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(2)) 

Closing Information – 12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3) (Page 1 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

2. Closing Information. Determine whether all fields required by 12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3) are 

complete and accurate:

a. Date Issued. Indicating the date disclosures are delivered (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3)(i)); 

b. Closing Date (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3)(ii)); 

c. Disbursement Date (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3)(iii)); 

d. Settlement Agent (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3)(iv)); 

e. File #. Disclosing the identification number assigned to the transaction by the settlement 

agent (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3)(v)); 

f. Property. The address or location of the property as disclosed in the Loan Estimate (12 

CFR 1026.38(a)(3)(vi)); and 

g. Sale Price/Appraised Prop. Value. For transactions where there is a seller, the sale price, 

and where there is no seller, the appraised property value (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(3)(vii)(A)-

(B)). If the creditor disclosed an estimated value, the creditor must use the label 

“Estimated Prop. Value.” (Comment 38.(a)(3)(vii)-1) 

Transaction Information – 12 CFR 1026.38(a)(4) (Page 1 of the 

Closing Disclosure)

3. Transaction information. Determine whether all fields required by 12 CFR 1026.38(a)(4) are 

complete and accurate: 

a. Borrower. The consumer’s name and mailing address (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(4)(i)); 
170

b. Seller. Where applicable, the seller’s name and mailing address (12 CFR 

1026.38(a)(4)(ii)); 

c. Lender. The name of the creditor making the disclosure (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(4)(iii)). 

Loan Information – 12 CFR 1026.38(a)(5) (Page 1 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

4. Loan Information. Determine whether all fields required by 1026.38(5) are complete and 

accurate: 

a. Loan Term (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(5)(i)); 

b. Purpose (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(5)(ii));

c. Product (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(5)(iii));

d. Loan Type (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(5)(iv)); 

e. Loan ID # (12 CFR 1026.38(a)(5)(v)); and 

f. MIC #. The case number for any mortgage insurance policy, if required by the creditor 

(12 CFR 1026.38(a)(5)(vi)). 

Loan Terms – 12 CFR 1026.38(b) (Page 1 of the Closing Disclosure)

5. Loan Terms. Determine whether the creditor discloses, in a separate table labeled “Loan 

Terms,” the information required to be disclosed on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 

1026.37(b) reflecting the terms of the legal obligation at consummation (12 CFR 

1026.38(b)). 

Projected Payments – 12 CFR 1026.38(c) (Page 1 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

6. Projected Payments. Determine whether the creditor discloses, in a separate table labeled 

“Projected Payments,” the projected payments or range of payments (in the same manner as 

required on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1) through (4)(v)) reflecting the 

terms of the legal obligation at consummation. Determine whether the creditor referred to the 

Escrow Account disclosure required by 12 CFR 1026.38(l)(7) and calculated the estimated 

escrow payments (12 CFR 1026.38(c)(1)-(2)): 

a. For transactions subject to RESPA, under the escrow account analysis described in 

Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.17 (12 CFR 1026.38(c)(1)(i)); and 

b. For transactions not subject to RESPA, either calculated under the escrow account 

analysis described in Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.17, or in the manner set forth in 12 

CFR 1026.37(c)(5), (12 CFR 1026.38(c)(1)(ii)). 
171

Costs at Closing – 12 CFR 1026.38(d) (Page 1 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

7. Costs at Closing. Determine whether the creditor discloses: 

a. Closing Costs. Disclosed as the sum of the dollar amounts disclosed on page 2 of the 

Closing Disclosure, pursuant to 12 CFR1026.38(f)(4) (Loan Costs), 1026.38(g)(5) (Other 

Costs), and 1026.38(h)(3) (Lender Credits), together with a statement referring the 

consumer to the disclosures on page 2 (12 CFR 1026.38(d)(i)(A)-(E));

b. Cash to Close. Disclosed as the sum of the dollar amounts calculated in accordance with 

the Calculating Cash to Close table (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(9)(ii)), together with a statement 

referring the consumer to the disclosures on page 2 (12 CFR 1026.38(d)(ii)(A)-(B)); or 

c. Cash to Close (Alternative for transactions without a seller). Disclosed as the amount 

calculated according to 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(5)(ii), together with a statement of whether the 

amount is due from or to the consumer and a reference to the Alternative Calculating Cash 

to Close table required pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(e). (12 CFR 1026.38(d)(2)(i)-(iii))

Closing Cost Details: Loan Costs – 12 CFR 1026.38(f) (Page 2 of the 

Closing Disclosure)

8. Loan Costs. Determine whether the creditor disclosed all costs associated with the

transaction, with columns stating whether the charge was borrower-paid at or before closing, 

seller-paid at or before closing, or paid by others, under the following subheadings: 

a. Origination Charges. Itemized amounts paid for charges disclosed on the Loan

Estimate (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(1)) and the total of Borrower-Paid amounts paid at or 

before closing; together with:

i. The compensation paid by the creditor to a third-party loan originator, and 

ii. The name of the third-party loan originator receiving payment (12 CFR 

1026.38(f)(1)); 

b. Services Borrower Did Not Shop For. Itemized costs for each settlement service the 

creditor required but did not allow the consumer to shop for, with name of recipient, 

amount, and total costs designated Borrower-Paid at or before closing. Items listed in the 

Loan Estimate (12 CFR 1026.37(f)(3)) are disclosed here if the consumer was provided a 

written list of settlement service providers under 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(vi)(C), and the 

consumer selected a settlement service provider from that written list (12 CFR 

1026.38(f)(2)); 

c. Services Borrower Did Shop For. Itemized costs for each service required by the creditor, 

that the consumer shopped for in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(vi)(A), with the 

amount, the name of recipient, and the total costs designated as Borrower-Paid at or 

before closing. If these items were disclosed on the Loan Estimate pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(f)(3), they are disclosed here if the consumer was provided a written list of 
172

settlement service providers and did not select a settlement service provider from that 

written list (12 CFR 1026.38(f)(3)); 

d. Total Loan Costs (Borrower-Paid). The sum of the amounts disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.38(f)(5) as Borrower-Paid for the origination charge, services the borrower did not 

shop for, and services the borrower did shop for (12 CFR 1026.38(f)(4)); 

e. Loan Costs Subtotals. Calculation of the total borrower-paid costs at or before closing, 

showing each subtotal for the origination charge, services the borrower did not shop for, 

and services the borrower did shop for. (12 CFR 1026.38(f)(5)) 

Closing Cost Details: Other Costs – 12 CFR 1026.38(g) (Page 2 of the 

Closing Disclosure)

9. Other Costs. Determine whether the creditor disclosed all costs associated with the 

transaction (other than those disclosed in the “Loan Costs” table) with columns stating 

whether the charge was borrower-paid at or before closing, seller-paid at or before closing or 

paid by others, including: 

a. Taxes and Other Government Fees. All taxes and government fees to be paid by the 

borrower at or before closing, including recording fees and transfer taxes, accurately 

itemized. Determine that the itemized transfer tax is accompanied by the name of the 

government entity assessing the transfer tax (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(1)(i)-(ii)); 

b. Prepaids. Accurately itemized prepaid charges described in the borrower’s Loan 

Estimate as required by 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(2); the name of the person ultimately 

receiving the prepaid payment or the government entity assessing the property tax 

charged; and the total of all amounts designated as Borrower-Paid at or before closing (12 

CFR 1026.38(g)(2)); 

c. Initial Escrow Payment at Closing. Accurate itemizations of each escrow amount 

required at closing as described on the borrower’s Loan Estimate pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(g)(3) (e.g., homeowner’s insurance, mortgage insurance, property taxes, etc.); 

applicable aggregate adjustments pursuant to 12 CFR 1024.17(d)(2); and the total of all 

amounts designated as Borrower-Paid at or before closing (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(3)); 

d. Other. All charges, accurately itemized, for services required or related to the borrower’s 

transaction that are in addition to the charges disclosed in the Loan Costs table (12 CFR 

1026.38(f)) and in the preceding 12 CFR of the Other Costs table (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(1)-

(3)), for services required or obtained in the real estate closing by the consumer, the 

seller, or other party and the name of the person ultimately receiving the payment; and 

the total of all such itemized amounts that are designated Borrower-Paid at or before 

closing, with the applicable designations for items that are optional or are components of 

title insurance services (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(4)(i)-(ii)); 

e. Total Other Costs (Borrower-Paid). Accurately totaled and disclosed sum of all amounts 

disclosed as Borrower-Paid (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(5)); 
173

f. Other Costs Subtotals. Accurately added individual subtotals in the “Closing Cost Details 

– Other Costs” table disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(g)(1)-(4) to produce the total. (12 

CFR 1026.38(g)(6)) 

Closing Cost Details: Total Closing Costs – 12 CFR 1026.38(h) (Page 

2 of the Closing Disclosure)

10. Total Closing Costs (Borrower-Paid). Determine whether the creditor: 

a. Follows the description, labeling, and ordering requirements for this table (12 CFR 

1026.38(h)(4)); and 

b. Accurately discloses the following closing costs totals: 

i. Total Closing Costs (Borrower-Paid). The sum of subtotals for Closing Costs (12 

CFR 1026.38(h)(2)) and Lender Credits (12 CFR 1026.38(h)(3)) (i.e., the following 

two items in this list) (12 CFR 1026.38(h)(1)); 

ii. Closing Costs Subtotals. Consisting of the sum of “Loan Cost Subtotals” (12 CFR 

1026.38(f)(5) and the “Other Costs Subtotals” (12 CFR 1026.38(g)(6)), designated as 

Borrower-Paid at or before closing; and the sum of costs paid at and before closing by 

the seller or other parties (as disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(f) and (g)) (12 

CFR 1026.38(h)(2)); 

iii. Lender Credits. For general credits from the creditor for closing costs (as described in 

12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)(ii), shown as a negative number, and designated as BorrowerPaid at closing (12 CFR 1026.38(h)(3)); 

NOTE: Credits that are for specific charges should be reflected in the Paid by Others 

column in the Closing Cost Details table (with a notation of “(L)” for lender permitted) 

under 12 CFR 1026.38(f) and (g). (12 CFR 1026.38(h)(3); Comment 38(h)(3)-1) 

A. If a refund is provided pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(v), determine whether 

the creditor has provided a statement explaining that the refund (the amount 

described in the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(g)(6)(ii)) includes a credit 

for the amount that exceeds the limitations on increases in closing costs under 12 

CFR 1026.19(e)(3), and the amount of such credit. 

Calculating Cash to Close – 12 CFR 1026.38(i) (Page 3 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

11. Calculating Cash to Close. Determine whether the creditor, for each of the following items, 

accurately includes the amount from the Loan Estimate, compared to the amount disclosed in 

the “Final” column, and provides the necessary answer to the question “Did This Change?” 

(with items in the latter column disclosed more prominently than other disclosures) (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(1)(i)-(iii)): 
174

a. Total Closing Costs. The Total Closing Costs on the Calculating Cash to Close table of 

the Loan Estimate disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(i) compared to the final “Total 

Closing Costs” disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(1), and: 

i. If the amounts are different (unless due to rounding), the creditor has provided (12 

CFR 1026.38(i)(1)(i)-(ii)):

A. A statement of that fact, and (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(1)(iii)(A)(1)) 

B. If the difference in the “Total Closing Costs” is attributable to differences in 

itemized charges that are included in either or both subtotals, a statement that the 

consumer should see the Total Loan Costs (under 12 CFR 1026.38(f)(4)) and 

Total Other Costs (under 12 CFR 1026.38(g)(5)) subtotals (together with 

references to such disclosures), as applicable; and (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(1)(A)(2)) 

C. If the increase exceeds the limitations on increases in closing costs under 12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3), a statement that such increase exceeds the legal limits by the dollar 

amount of the excess, and if any refund is provided pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(2)(v), a statement directing the consumer to the disclosure required 

under 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(3). The dollar amount must equal the sum total of all 

excesses of the limitations on increases in closing costs under 12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3), taking into account the different methods of calculating excesses of 

the limitations on increases in closing costs under 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(i) and 

(ii). (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(1)(iii)(A)(3))

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(1)(ii) (i.e., amount in the Final 

column) is equal to the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(1)(i) (i.e., amount 

copied over from the Loan Estimate), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(1)(iii)(B)) 

b. Closing Costs Paid Before Closing. Under the subheading “Loan Estimate,” the dollar 

amount “$0,” compared to the final amount of “Total Closing Costs” disclosed under 12 

CFR 1026.38(h)(2) and designated as Borrower-Paid before closing, stated as a negative 

number, and (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(2)(i)-(iii)): 

i. If these amounts are different (unless the difference is due to rounding), the creditor 

has provided a statement of that fact, along with a statement that the consumer paid 

such amounts prior to consummation of the transaction (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(2)(iii)(A)); or if the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(2)(ii) (i.e., 

amount in the Final column) is equal to the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(2)(i) (i.e., zero dollars), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(2)(iii)(B)) 

c. Closing Costs Financed (Paid from your Loan Amount). Under the subheading “Loan 

Estimate,” the amount disclosed on Calculating Cash to Close table on the Loan Estimate 

under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(ii), compared to the actual amount of the closing costs that 

are to be paid out of loan proceeds, if any, stated as a negative number (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(3)(i)-(iii)); and 
175

i. If the amounts are different (unless the difference is due to rounding), a statement of 

that fact, along with a statement that the consumer included the closing costs in the 

loan amount, which increased the loan amount (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(3)(iii)(A)); or 

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(3)(ii) (i.e., amount in the Final 

column) is equal to the amount disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(3)(i) (i.e., 

amount copied over from the Loan Estimate), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(3)(iii)(B))

d. Down Payment/Funds from Borrower. For purchase transactions, under the subheading 

“Loan Estimate,” the Down Payment/Funds from Buyer amount disclosed on the 

Calculating Cash to Close table on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(iii), 

compared to the difference between the purchase price of the property and the principal 

amount of the credit extended, stated as a positive number in the “Final” column. For 

transactions that are not purchases, the amount in the “Final” column is determined 

according to 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv), discussed below. (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(4)(i)-(ii))

i. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(4)(ii) (i.e., amount in the Final 

column) is different, unless due to rounding, from the amount disclosed under 12 

CFR 1026.38(i)(4)(i) (i.e., amount copied over from the Loan Estimate), a statement 

of that fact, along with a statement that the consumer increased or decreased this 

payment and can see further details in the “Summaries of Transactions” table (12 

CFR 1026.38(i)(4)(iii)(A)); or

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(4)(ii) is equal to the amount 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(4)(i), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(4)(iii)(B)) 

e. Deposit. Under the subheading “Loan Estimate,” the Deposit amount disclosed on the 

Calculating Cash to Close table on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(iv), 

compared to the amount listed as “Deposit” on the Summaries of Transactions table on 

the Closing Document pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(ii), stated as a negative number, 

(12 CFR 1026.38(i)(5)(i)-(ii)) and 

i. If the amounts are different, unless due to rounding, a statement of that fact, along 

with a statement that the consumer increased or decreased this payment, as 

applicable, and that the consumer should see the details disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(2)(ii) (i.e., in Section L in the Summaries of Transactions table) (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(5)(iii)(A)); or 

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(5)(ii) (i.e., amount in the Final 

column) is equal to the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(5)(i) (i.e., amount 

copied over from the Loan Estimate), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(5)(iii)(B)) 

f. Funds for Borrower. Under the subheading “Loan Estimate,” the amount disclosed on 

the Calculating Cash to Close table on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(1)(v), compared to the amount listed in the Final column calculated 
176

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv). (NOTE: See next item for calculation); (12 

CFR1026.38(i)(6)(i)-(iii)), and 

i. If the amounts are different, unless due to rounding, a statement of that fact, along 

with a statement that the consumer's available funds from the loan amount have 

increased or decreased, as applicable (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iii)(A)); or 

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(ii) (i.e., amount in the Final 

column) is equal to the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(i) (i.e., amount 

copied over from the Loan Estimate), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(6)(iii)(B)) 

g. Funds for Borrower. Determine whether the creditor accurately calculates the “Funds for 

Borrower” for non-purchase transactions and the final “Funds for Borrower” by 

subtracting the principal amount of the credit extended (excluding any amount disclosed 

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(3)(ii)) from the total amount of all existing debt being 

satisfied in the real estate closing disclosed on the Summaries of Transactions table 

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(v) (except to the extent the satisfaction of such existing 

debt is disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(g)), and (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv)). 

i. If the calculation yields a positive number, it is disclosed as described above in the 

Final Down Payment/Funds from Borrower column under 12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(4)(ii)(B), and zero dollars is disclosed as described above in the Final 

Funds for Borrower column under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(ii). (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(6)(iv)(A)) 

ii. If the calculation under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv) yields a negative number, it is 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(ii), as a negative number in the Final Funds for 

Borrower column described above, and zero dollars is disclosed as described above in 

the Final Down Payment/Funds from Borrower column under 12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(4)(ii)(B). (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv)(B)) 

iii. If the calculation under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv) yields zero dollars, then zero dollars 

is disclosed in both the Final Down Payment/Funds from Borrower column under 12 

CFR 1026.38(i)(4)(ii)(B) and in the Final Funds for Borrower column described 

above under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(ii). (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(6)(iv)(C)) 

h. Seller Credits. Under the subheading “Loan Estimate,” the amount disclosed on the 

Calculating Cash to Close table on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(vi), 

compared to the amount listed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(v), stated as a negative 

number (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(7)(i)-(ii)), and 

i. If the amounts are different, unless due to rounding, a statement of that fact, along 

with a statement that the consumer should see the details disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(2)(v) (i.e., in Section L in the Summaries of Transactions table) (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(7)(iii)(A)), or 
177

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(7)(ii) (i.e., amount in the Final 

column) is equal to the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(7)(i) (i.e., amount 

copied over from the Loan Estimate), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(7)(iii)(B)) 

i. Adjustments and Other Credits. Under the subheading “Loan Estimate,” the amount 

disclosed on the Calculating Cash to Close table on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 

1026.37(h)(1)(vii), compared to the amount listed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(iii) 

and (v) through (x) (see exam procedures below on Itemization of Amounts Due From 

Borrower) reduced by the total of the amounts disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(vi) 

through (xi) (see exam procedures below on Itemization of Amounts Already Paid By or 

On Behalf of Borrower). (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(8)(i)-(ii))

i. If the amounts are different, unless due to rounding, statement of that fact, along with 

a statement that the consumer should see the details disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(1)(iii) and (v) through (x) and (j)(2)(vi) through (xi) (i.e., in Sections K 

and L in the Summaries of Transactions table) (12 CFR 1026.38(i)(8)(iii)(A)); or 

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(8)(ii) (i.e., amount in the Final 

column) is equal to the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(8)(i) (i.e., amount 

copied over from the Loan Estimate), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(8)(iii)(B)) 

j. Cash to Close. Under the subheading “Loan Estimate,” the amount disclosed on the 

Calculating Cash to Close table on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(1)(viii), 

compared to the amount listed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(i)(1) through (i)(8), and each 

disclosed more prominently than the other disclosures in this section. (12 CFR 

1026.38(i)(9)(i)-(ii))

Alternative Cash to Close Table for Transactions Without a Seller – 

12 CFR 1026.38(e) (Page 3 of the Closing Disclosure)

12. Determine whether, for transactions without a seller, the creditor uses the alternative table in 

the Loan Estimate (12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)), and if so, determine whether the creditor 

provides, instead of the table described in 12 CFR 1026.38(i), a separate table, “Calculating 

Cash to Close,” with the statement “Use this table to see what has changed from your Loan 

Estimate.” Determine whether the table includes: 

a. Loan Amount. Disclosed on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(b)(1) and the final 

loan amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(b), disclosed more prominently than other 

disclosures in this section, with the question “Did this change?” If the amounts are 

different (unless due to rounding), a statement of that fact along with a statement of 

whether this amount increased or decreased. If there is no change, a statement of that fact. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(e)(1)(i)-(iii))

b. Total Closing Costs. Disclosed on the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(ii) and 

the final Total Closing Costs disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(1), disclosed as a 

negative number and disclosed more prominently than other disclosures, with the 
178

question “Did this change?” If there is no change, a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(e)(2)) If the amounts are different (unless due to rounding): 

i. A statement of that fact;

ii. If there is a change because of differences in itemized charges that are included in 

either or both subtotals, a statement that the consumer should look at the Total Loan 

Costs and Total Other Costs subtotals disclosed below, together with references to 

those disclosures (12 CFR 1026.38(e)(2)(iii)(A)(2)); and 

iii. If the increase exceeds the legal limits for increases in closing costs under 12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3); a statement of that fact, the dollar amount of the excess; and, if any 

refund is provided, a reference to the disclosure required for including the refund in a 

lender credit under 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(3). (12 CFR 1026.38(e)(2)(A)(3)) 

c. Closing Costs Paid before Closing. Disclosed under the subheading “Loan Estimate,” the 

amount of $0; and under the subheading “Final,” any amount designated as BorrowerPaid before closing under 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(2), disclosed as a positive number. 

Determine whether these disclosures are disclosed more prominently than other 

disclosures, with the question “Did This Change?” If so (unless the difference is due to 

rounding), a statement of that fact. If there is no change, a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(e)(3))

i. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(3)(ii) is different than the amount 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(3)(i), unless due to rounding, a statement of that 

fact along with a statement that the consumer paid such amounts prior to 

consummation (12 CFR 1026.38(e)(3)(iii)(A)); or 

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(3)(ii) is equal to the amount 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(3)(i), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(e)(3)(iii)(B))

d. Total Payoffs and Payments. Includes the total payoffs and payments disclosed on the 

Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(h)(2)(iii) and the final total amount of payoffs and 

payments made to third parties not otherwise disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.38(t)(5)(vii)(B), to the extent known, disclosed as a negative number. Determine 

whether these disclosures are disclosed more prominently than other disclosures with the 

question “Did This Change?” If so (unless the difference is due to rounding), a statement 

of that fact. If there is no change, a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 1026.38(e)(4)) 

i. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(4)(ii) is different than the amount 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(4)(i)(unless the difference is due to rounding), a 

statement that the consumer included the closing costs in the loan amount, which 

increased the loan amount, along with a reference to the “Payoffs and Payments” 

table that may be added pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(t)(5)(viii)(B)) (12 CFR 

1026.38(e)(4)); or 
179

ii. If the amount disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(4)(ii) is equal to the amount 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(4)(i), a statement of that fact. (12 CFR 

1026.38(e)(4)(iii)(B))

e. Cash to Close. The estimated Cash to Close disclosed on the Loan Estimate, along with the 

statement of whether the estimated amount is due from or to the consumer, and a disclosure 

of the final amount due from or to the consumer. (12 CFR 1026.38(e)(5)(i)-(ii)

f. Closing Costs Financed (Paid from your Loan Amount). Disclosed as the sum of the 

amounts disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(e)(1)(ii) and (e)(4)(ii) (i.e., the amounts in the 

Final Column of the Loan Amount and Total Payoffs and Payments). However, the 

amount is disclosed only to the extent that the sum is greater than zero and less than or 

equal to the sum disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(1) (Total Closing Costs) minus the 

sum disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(2) designated as Borrower-Paid before closing. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(e)(6)) 

Summaries of Transactions: Borrower’s Transaction – 12 CFR 

1026.38(j) (Page 3 of the Closing Disclosure) 

Borrower’s Transaction – Itemization of Amounts Due from Borrower at Closing (Page 3 

of the Closing Disclosure) 

13. Due from Borrower at Closing. Determine whether the creditor accurately discloses the total 

amount due from the consumer at closing, calculated as the sum of items required to be 

disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(ii) through (x) (i.e., the items described in this 

procedure), excluding items paid from funds other than closing funds as described in 12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(4)(i). Determine whether the creditor completes the summary of the borrower’s 

transaction as follows: (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)) 

a. Sale Price of Property. The amount of the contract sales price of the property being sold 

in a purchase real estate transaction, excluding the price of any tangible personal property 

if the consumer and seller have agreed to a separate price for such items (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(1)(ii)); 

b. Sale Price of Any Personal Property Included in Sale. The amount of the sales price of 

any tangible personal property excluded from the contract sales price pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(1)(ii) (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(iii)); 

c. Closing Costs Paid at Closing. The total amount of closing costs disclosed that are 

designated Borrower-Paid at closing, calculated pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(2) and 

(h)(3) (see procedure above regarding Closing Costs Subtotals) (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(1)(iv)); 

d. A description and the amount of any additional items that the seller has paid prior to the 

real estate closing, but reimbursed by the consumer at the real estate closing, and a 

description and the amount of any other items owed by the consumer at the real estate 

closing not otherwise disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(f), (g), or (j) (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(1)(v)); 
180

e. The description “Adjustments for Items Paid by Seller in Advance” (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(1)(vi)); 

f. City/Town Taxes. The prorated amount of any prepaid taxes due from the consumer to 

reimburse the seller at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to that 

amount (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(vii)); 

g. County Taxes. The prorated amount of any prepaid taxes due from the consumer to 

reimburse the seller at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to that 

amount (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(viii)); 

h. Assessments. The prorated amount of any prepaid assessments due from the consumer to 

reimburse the seller at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to that 

amount (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(1)(ix)); and 

i. A description and the amount of any additional items paid by the seller prior to the real 

estate closing that are due from the consumer at the real estate closing (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(1)(x)). 

Borrower’s Transaction – Itemization of Amounts Paid Already By or On Behalf of 

Borrower at Closing (Page 3 of the Closing Disclosure) 

14. Paid Already by or on Behalf of Borrower at Closing. Determine whether the creditor 

accurately discloses the sum of the amounts disclosed in 12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(ii) through 

(xi) (i.e., the items described in this procedure), excluding items paid from funds other than 

closing funds as described in 12 CFR 1026.38(j)(4)(i). Determine whether the creditor 

accurately completes the summary of borrower’s transaction as follows (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(2)(i)): 

a. Deposit. Any amount that is paid to the seller or held in trust or escrow by an attorney or 

other party under the terms of the agreement for the sale of the property (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(2)(ii)); 

b. Loan Amount. The amount of the consumer's new loan amount or first user loan as 

disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(b). (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(iii));

c. Existing Loan(s) Assumed or Taken Subject To. The amount of any existing loans that the 

consumer is assuming, or any loans subject to which the consumer is talking title to the 

property (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(iv)); 

d. Seller Credit. The total amount of money that the seller will provide at the real estate 

closing as a lump sum not otherwise itemized to pay for loan costs as determined by 12 

CFR 1026.38(f) and other costs as determined by 12 CFR 1026.38(g) and any other 

obligations of the seller to be paid directly to the consumer (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(v)); 

e. Other Credits. A description and amount of other items paid by or on behalf of the 

consumer and not otherwise disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(f), (g), (h), and (j)(2) 

(12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(vi)); 
181

f. The description “Adjustments for Items Unpaid by Seller” (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(vii)); 

g. City/Town Taxes. The prorated amount of any unpaid taxes due from the seller to 

reimburse the consumer at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to 

that amount (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(viii)ix)); 

h. County Taxes. The prorated amount of any unpaid taxes due from the seller to reimburse 

the consumer at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to that amount 

(12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(ix); 

i. Assessments. The prorated amount of any unpaid assessments due from the seller to 

reimburse the consumer at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding that 

amount (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(2)(x)); and 

j. A description and the amount of any additional items which have not yet been paid and 

which the consumer is expected to pay after the real estate closing, but which are 

attributable in part to a period of time prior to the real estate closing (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(2)(xi)). 

Borrower’s Transaction – Calculation of Borrower’s Transaction (Page 3 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

15. Calculation. Determine whether the creditor accurately discloses the total amount due from, 

and already paid by, the consumer at closing by the following calculation: (12 CFR 

1026.38(j)(3)) 

a. Total Due from Borrower at Closing. The amount disclosed in the Closing Disclosure, on 

the line captioned “Due from Borrower at Closing” (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(3)(i)); 

b. Total Paid Already by or on Behalf of Borrower at Closing. The amount disclosed in the 

Closing Disclosure, on the line captioned “Paid Already by or on Behalf of Borrower at 

Closing,” if any, disclosed as a negative number (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(3)(ii)); and 

c. Cash to Close. A statement that the disclosed amount is due from or to the consumer, and 

the amount due from or to the consumer at the real estate closing, calculated by the sum 

of the amounts disclosed as the “Total Due from Borrower at Closing” and “Total Paid 

Already by or on Behalf of Borrower at Closing.” (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(3)(iii)) 

16. Paid Outside of Closing. Determine whether the creditor discloses other costs that are not 

paid out of closing costs but would otherwise be disclosed; describes the funds as “Paid 

Outside of Closing” or the abbreviation “P.O.C.,” and includes the name of the party making 

the payment. (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(4)(i)) 

NOTE: For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.38(j), “closing funds” means funds collected and 

disbursed at real estate closing. (12 CFR 1026.38(j)(4)(ii)) 
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Summaries of Transactions: Seller’s Transaction – 12 CFR 

1026.38(k) (Page 3 of the Closing Disclosure)

Seller’s Transaction – Itemization of Amounts Due to Seller at Closing (Page 3 of the 

Closing Disclosure) 

17. Due to Seller at Closing. Determine whether the creditor accurately discloses the total 

amount due to the seller at the real estate closing, calculated as the sum of items required to 

be disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(ii) through (ix) (i.e., the items in this 

procedure), excluding items paid from funds other than closing funds as described in 12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(4)(i). Determine whether the creditor accurately completes the summary of 

seller’s transaction as follows (12 CFR 1026.38)(k)(1)(i)): 

a. Sale Price of Property. The amount of the contract sales price of the property being sold, 

excluding the price of any tangible personal property if the consumer and seller have 

agreed to a separate price for such items (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(ii)); 

b. Sale Price of Any Personal Property Included in Sale. The amount of the sales price of 

any tangible personal property excluded from the contract sales price pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(1)(ii) (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(iii)); 

c. A description and the amount of other items paid to the seller by the consumer pursuant 

to the contract of sale or other agreement, such as charges that were not disclosed 

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37 on the Loan Estimate or items paid by the seller prior to the 

real estate closing but reimbursed by the consumer at the real estate closing (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(1)(iv)); 

d. The description “Adjustments for Items Paid by Seller in Advance” (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(1)(v)); 

e. City/Town Taxes. The prorated amount of any prepaid taxes due from the consumer to 

reimburse the seller at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to that 

amount (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(vi); 

f. County Taxes. The prorated amount of any prepaid taxes due from the consumer to 

reimburse the seller at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to that 

amount (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(vii)); 

g. Assessments. The prorated amount of any unpaid assessments due from the consumer to 

reimburse the seller at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding that 

amount (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(1)(viii)); and 

h. A description and the amount of additional items paid by the seller prior to the real estate 

closing that are reimbursed by the consumer at the real estate closing (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(1)(ix)). 

Seller’s Transaction – Itemization of Amounts Due from Seller at Closing (Page 3 of the 

Closing Disclosure)
183

18. Due from Seller at Closing. Determine whether the creditor accurately discloses the sum of 

the amounts disclosed in 12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(ii) through 1026.38(k)(2)(xiii) (i.e., the items 

in this procedure), excluding items paid from funds other than closing funds described in 12 

CFR 1026.38(k)(4)(i). Determine whether the creditor accurately completes the summary of 

the seller’s transaction as follows (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(i)): 

a. Excess Deposit. The amount of any excess deposit disbursed prior to closing, (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(2)(ii)); 

b. Closing Costs Paid at Closing. The amount of closing costs designated Seller-Paid at 

closing and disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(h)(2) (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(iii)); 

c. Existing Loan(s) Assumed or Taken Subject To. The amount of any existing loans 

assumed or taken subject to by the consumer (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(iv)); 

d. Payoff of First Mortgage Loan. The amount of a first lien loan secured by the property 

being sold that will be paid off at closing (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(v)); 

e. Payoff of Second Mortgage Loan. The amount of any loan secured by a second lien on 

the property that will be paid off as part of the real estate closing (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(2)(vi)); 

f. Seller Credit. The total amount of seller funds to be provided at closing as a lump sum 

that has not otherwise been itemized to pay for loan costs as determined by 12 CFR 

1026.38(f) and other costs as determined by 12 CFR 1026.38(g) and any other 

obligations of the seller to be paid directly to the consumer (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(vii); 

g. A description and amount of all other items paid to be paid by the seller at closing, 

including any lien-related payoffs, fees, or obligations (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(viii)); 

h. The description “Adjustments for Items Unpaid by Seller” (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(ix)); 

i. City/Town Taxes. The prorated amount of unpaid taxes due from the seller to reimburse 

the consumer at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to that amount 

(12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(x); 

j. County Taxes. The prorated amount of any unpaid taxes due from the seller to the 

consumer at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to that amount (12 

CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(xi)); 

k. Assessments. The prorated amount of any unpaid assessments due from the seller to 

reimburse the consumer at the real estate closing, and the time period corresponding to 

that amount (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(2)(xii)); and 

l. A description and the amount of any additional items which have not yet been paid and 

which the consumer is expected to pay after the real estate closing, but which are 

attributable in part to a period of time prior to the real estate closing (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(2)(xiii)). 
184

Seller’s Transaction – Calculation of Seller’s Transaction (Page 3 of the Closing Disclosure) 

19. Calculation. Determine whether the creditor accurately discloses the total amount due to and 

from the seller at closing by the following calculation (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(3)): 

a. Total Due to Seller Closing. The amount disclosed in the Closing Disclosure, on the line 

captioned “Due from Seller at Closing” (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(3)(i)); 

b. Total Due from Seller at Closing. The amount disclosed in the Closing Disclosure on the 

line captioned “Due from Seller at Closing,” disclosed as a negative number (12 CFR 

1026.38(k)(3)(ii)); 

c. Cash. A statement that the disclosed amount is due from or to the seller and the amount 

due, calculated by the sum of the amounts disclosed as the “Total Due to Seller at 

Closing” and “Total Due from Seller at Closing” (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(3)(iii)). 
185

Seller’s Transaction – Items Paid Outside of Closing Funds (Page 3 of Closing Disclosure) 

20. Determine whether the creditor discloses other costs that are not paid out of closing funds but 

would otherwise be disclosed in the Summaries of Transactions: Seller’s Transaction table; 

describing the funds as “Paid Outside of Closing” or the abbreviation “P.O.C.,” and 

including the name of the party making the payment. (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(4)(i)) 

NOTE: For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.38(k), “closing funds” means funds collected and 

disbursed at real estate closing. (12 CFR 1026.38(k)(4)(ii)) 

Payoffs and Payments Table for Transactions Without a Seller – 12 CFR 

1026.38(t)(5)(vii)(B) (Page 3 of the Closing Disclosure)

21. Payoff and Payments. For transactions without a seller, determine whether a creditor, using 

an optional modified Closing Disclosure (as illustrated by Form H-25(J) in Appendix H), has 

provided alternative tables for Cash to Close, pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(d)(2), and for 

Calculating Cash to Close pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(e), and that the creditor itemizes the 

amounts of payments made at consummation to other parties from the credit extended to the 

consumer or funds provided by the consumer in connection with the transaction, including 

designees of the consumer, the payees, and a description of the purpose of such 

disbursements under the subheading “To;” and the total amount of such payments (12 CFR 

1026.38(t)(5)(vii)(B)). 

Additional Information About This Loan: Loan Disclosures – 12 CFR 

1026.38(l) (Page 4 of the Closing Disclosure)

22. Loan Disclosures. Determine whether the creditor accurately provides the required 

disclosures (12 CFR 1026.38(l)): 

a. Assumption. Whether the loan obligations may be assumed by a subsequent purchaser (12 

CFR 1026.38(l)(1)); 

b. Demand Feature. Whether the legal obligation includes a demand feature, and, if it does, 

a reference to the note or other loan contract for details (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(2)); 

c. Late Payment. The dollar amount or percentage charge of any fee designated as a late 

payment (information required on the Loan Estimate by 12 CFR 1026.37(m)(4)) and the 

number of days after which such a charge will be triggered (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(3)); 

d. Negative Amortization (Increase in Loan Amount). Whether the regular period payments 

may cause the principal balance to increase, and:

i. If the regular periodic payments do not cover all of the interest due, the creditor 

provides a statement that the borrower’s principal balance will increase, such balance 

will likely become larger than the original loan amount, and increases in such balance 

lower the consumer’s equity in the property; and 

ii. If the consumer may make regular periodic payments that do not cover all of the 

interest due, the creditor provides a statement that, if the consumer chooses a monthly 
186

payment option that does not cover all of the interest due, the principal balance may 

become larger than the original loan amount and the increases in the principal balance 

lower the consumer’s equity in the property. (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(4)(i)-(ii)) 

e. Partial Payments. Whether the creditor that accepts less than the full amount due has 

provided a statement that the “lender,” (using that label) may accept partial payments and 

apply such payments to the consumer’s loan; and: 

i. If periodic payments that are less than the full amount due are accepted but not 

applied to a consumer's loan until the consumer pays the remainder of the full amount 

due, a statement that the lender may hold partial payments in a separate account until 

the consumer pays the remainder of the payment and then apply the full periodic 

payment to the consumer’s loan; 

ii. If periodic payments that are less than the full amount due are not accepted, the lender 

does not accept any partial payments; and 

iii. A statement that, if the loan is sold, the new lender may have a different policy. (12 

CFR 1026.38(l)(5)(i)-(iv))

f. Security Interest. Whether the creditor states that the consumer is granting a security 

interest in the property securing the transaction, and that the borrower may lose the 

property if required payments are not made or otherwise fails to satisfy the requirements 

of the legal obligation. Determine that the creditor has included the property address and 

zip code (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(6)); 

g. Escrow Account. Whether the creditor states whether it has established, will establish, or 

will not establish an escrow account for the consumer in connection with the loan 

transaction at or before consummation; 

i. Under the reference “For now,” 

A. Whether the creditor provides a statement that an escrow account may also be 

called an impound or trust account; whether the creditor has established or will 

establish, at or before consummation, an escrow account in connection with the 

transaction for the costs that will be paid using escrow account funds; that the 

creditor may be liable for penalties and interest if it fails to make a payment for 

any cost for which the escrow account is established; and that the consumer 

would have to pay such costs directly in the absence of the escrow account; (12 

CFR 1026.38(l)(7)(i) and (l)(7)(i)(A)).Whether, if an escrow account is or will be 

established, the creditor accurately discloses the following items based upon the 

escrow analysis required under 12 CFR 1024.17, in tabular form: 

1) The total amount that the consumer will be required to pay into the account 

over the first year after consummation for the payment of the charges 

described in 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)(ii) together with a descriptive name of 

each such charge calculated as the Monthly Escrow Payment multiplied by the 
187

number of periodic payments scheduled to be made to the escrow account 

during the first year after consummation. (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(7)(i)(A)(1)) 

2) The estimated amount for taxes, insurance, and assessments that the consumer 

is likely to pay during the first year after consummation, as described in 

section 1027.37(c)(4)(ii), that are known to the creditor and that will not be 

paid using escrow account funds, labeled “Non-Escrowed Property Costs over 

Year 1,” together with a descriptive name of each such charge and a statement 

that the consumer may have to pay other costs that are not listed. (12 CFR 

1026.38(l)(7)(i)(A)(2)) 

3) The total amount disclosed and a reference to the disclosure made on the 

Closing Disclosure under the heading “Other Costs, Initial Escrow Payment at 

Closing,” pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.38(g)(3), and a statement that the payment 

is a cushion for the escrow account, labeled “Initial Escrow Payment.” (12 

CFR 1026.38(l)(7)(i)(A)(3)) 

4) The amount the consumer will be required to pay into the escrow account with 

each periodic payment during the first year after consummation for payment 

of the charges described in the Loan Estimate pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.37(c)(4)(ii), labeled “Monthly Escrow Payment.” (12 CFR 

1026.38(l)(7)(i)(A)(4)) 

ii. No Escrow. If an escrow account will not be established for the consumer, determine 

whether there is a statement that the consumer will not have an escrow account; the 

reason why an escrow account will not be established; a statement that the consumer 

must pay all property costs, such as taxes and homeowner's insurance, directly; a 

statement that the consumer may contact the creditor to inquire about the availability 

of an escrow account; and a table, titled “No Escrow” that itemizes the estimated total 

amount the consumer will pay directly for charges described in the Loan Estimate 

under 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(4)(ii) during the first year after consummation that are 

known to the creditor; and a statement that, without an escrow account, the consumer 

must pay the identified costs, possibly in one or two large payments, labeled 

“Property Costs over Year 1;” along with the amount of any fee the creditor imposes 

on the consumer for not establishing an escrow account in connection with the 

transaction, labeled “Escrow Waiver Fee.” (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(7)(i)(B)) 

A. Under the reference “In the future,” determine whether the creditor has disclosed 

under the reference “In the future” (12 CFR 1026.38(l)(7)(ii)): 

1) A statement that the consumer's property costs may change and that, as a 

result, the consumer's escrow payment may change (12 CFR 

1026.38(l)(7)(ii)(A)); 

2) A statement that the consumer may be able to cancel any escrow account that 

has been established but that the consumer is responsible for directly paying all 

property costs in the absence of an escrow account (12 CFR 

1026.38(l)(7)(ii)(B)); and 
188

3) A description of the consequences if the consumer fails to pay property costs, 

including the actions that a state or local government may take if property 

taxes are not paid and the actions the creditor may take if the consumer does 

not pay some or all property costs, such as adding amounts to the loan 

balance, adding an escrow account to the loan, or purchasing a property 

insurance policy on the consumer's behalf that may be more expensive and 

provide fewer benefits than what the consumer could obtain directly. (12 CFR 

1026.38(l)(7)(ii)(C)) 

Additional Information About This Loan: Adjustable Payment (AP) Table – 12 CFR 

1026.38(m) (Page 4 of the Closing Disclosure)

23. Adjustable Payment (AP) Table. Determine whether the creditor provides the AP disclosure 

required for the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.37(i). (12 CFR 1026.38(m)) 

Additional Information About This Loan: Adjustable Interest Rate (AIR) Table – 12 

CFR 1026.38(n) (Page 4 of the Closing Disclosure)

24. Adjustable Interest Rate (AIR) Table. Determine whether the creditor provides the AIR 

disclosures required for the Loan Estimate by 12 CFR 1026.37(j). (12 CFR 1026.38(n)) 

Loan Calculations – 12 CFR 1026.38(o) (Page 5 of the 

Closing Disclosure)

25. Loan Calculations. Determine whether the creditor provides a separate table and accurately 

discloses the following information (12 CFR 1026.38(o)): 

a. Total of Payments. Expressed as a dollar amount, and a statement that the disclosure is 

the total the consumer will have paid after making all payments of principal, interest, 

mortgage insurance, and loan costs, as scheduled (12 CFR 1026.38(o)(1)); 

b. Finance Charge. Expressed as a dollar amount, and the statement “The dollar amount the 

loan will cost you.” The finance charge and other disclosures affected by the disclosed 

finance charge (including the amount financed and the annual percentage rate) is 

accurately calculated if the amount disclosed as the finance charge: 

i. Is understated by no more than $100; or 

ii. Is greater than the amount required to be disclosed. (12 CFR 1026.38(o)(2)) 

c. Amount Financed. Expressed as a dollar amount, with the following statement: “The loan 

amount available after paying your up-front finance charge” (12 CFR 1026.38(o)(3)); 

d. Annual Percentage Rate (APR). Expressed as a percentage, with the following statement: 

“Your costs over the loan term expressed as a rate. This is not your interest rate.” (12 

CFR 1026.38(o)(4)); 
189

e. Total Interest Percentage (TIP). Expressed as a percentage; with the following statement: 

“The total amount of interest that you will pay over the loan term as a percentage of your 

loan amount.” (12 CFR 1026.38(o)(5)) 

Other Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.38(p) (Page 5 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

26. Other Disclosures. Determine whether the creditor accurately provides the following 

disclosures: 

a. Appraisal. For transactions subject to 15 U.S.C. 1639h or 1691(e), as implemented in this 

part or Regulation B, 12 CFR Part 1002, respectively, under the subheading “Appraisal:” 

(12 CFR 1026.38(p)(1))

i. If there was an appraisal of the property in connection with the loan, the creditor is 

required to provide the consumer with a copy at no additional cost to the consumer at 

least three days prior to consummation (12 CFR 1026.38(p)(1)(i)); and 

ii. If the consumer has not yet received a copy of the appraisal, the consumer should 

contact the creditor using the information disclosed in the Closing Disclosure. (12 

CFR 1026.38(p)(1)(ii)) 

b. Contract Details. A statement that the consumer should refer to the appropriate loan 

document and security instrument for information about nonpayment, what constitutes a 

default under the legal obligation, circumstances under which the creditor may accelerate 

the maturity of the obligation, and prepayment rebates and penalties. (12 CFR 

1026.38(p)(2)) 

c. Liability after Foreclosure. A brief statement of whether, and the conditions under which, 

the consumer may remain responsible for any deficiency after foreclosure under 

applicable state law, a brief statement that certain protections may be lost if the consumer 

refinances or incurs additional debt on the property, and a statement that the consumer 

should consult an attorney for additional information. (12 CFR 1026.38(p)(3)) 

d. Refinance. The statement required on the Loan Estimate by 12 CFR 1026.37(m)(5) that 

“Refinancing this loan will depend on your future financial situation, the property value, 

and market conditions. You may not be able to refinance this loan.” (12 CFR 

1026.38(p)(4)) 

e. Tax Deductions. A statement that, if the extension of credit exceeds the fair market value 

of the property, the interest on the portion of the credit extension that is greater than the 

fair market value of the property is not tax deductible for Federal income tax purposes 

and a statement that the consumer should consult a tax adviser for further information. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(p)(5)) 

f. Loan Acceptance. If the creditor does not provide a line for the consumer's signature, the 

creditor must include with the other disclosures the same statement required in the Loan 

Estimate that “You do not have to accept this loan because you have received this form or 
190

signed a loan application.” This is the same requirement as in the Loan Estimate under 12 

CFR 1026.37(n)(2). (12 CFR 1026.38(s)(2)) 

Questions Notice – 12 CFR 1026.38(q) (Page 5 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

27. Questions. Determine whether the creditor provides a separate questions notice. The creditor 

must include a prominent question mark, a statement directing the consumer to use the 

contact information for questions, and a reference to CFPB’s website for more information 

and to submit a complaint, and a link to http://www.consumerfinance.gov/mortgage-closing/. 

(12 CFR 1026.38(q)(1)-(3))

Contact Information – 12 CFR 1026.38(r) (Page 5 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

28. Contact Information. Determine whether the creditor provides the required contact 

information for each lender, mortgage broker, consumer's real estate broker, seller's real 

estate broker, and settlement agent participating in the transaction; the name of the person, 

address, NMLSR ID number, or if none, state and License ID; the name of the natural person 

who is the primary contact for the consumer at each entity, identified as “Contact,” along 

with that person’s Contact NMLS ID or Contact License ID, email address, and phone 

number. (12 CFR 1026.38(r)(1)-(7))

Confirm Receipt – 12 CFR 1026.38(s) (Page 5 of the Closing 

Disclosure)

29. Confirm Receipt. Determine whether, if the creditor chooses to provide a signature statement, 

the creditor discloses, above the signature line, the statement “By signing, you are only 

confirming that you have received this form. You do not have to accept this loan because you 

have signed or received this form.” (12 CFR 1026.38(s)(1)) 

NOTE: If the creditor does not provide a line for the consumer's signature, the creditor must 

include the following statement, labeled “Loan Acceptance:” “You do not have to accept this 

loan because you have received this form or signed a loan application.” (12 CFR 

1026.38(s)(2)) 

Form of Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.38(t)

30. Determine whether the creditor follows the format and content of Form H-25, set forth in 

Appendix H, changes formatting only if there is an exception, including acceptable 

modifications in Appendix H for transactions without a seller, and complies with the 

following rounding rules for dollar amounts and percentages: 

a. Rounding – nearest dollar. The following dollar amounts are rounded to the nearest 

whole dollar: 

i. The dollar amounts for Loan Terms (required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.38(b)) 

that are required to be rounded by 12 CFR 1026.37(o)(4)(i)(A) when disclosed under 
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12 CFR 1026.37(b)(6) and (7) (i.e., adjustments after consummation and details about 

prepayment penalty and balloon payments); 

ii. The dollar amounts for projected payments or range of payments required by 12 CFR 

1026.38(c) that are required to be rounded by 12 CFR 1026.37(o)(4)(i)(A) when 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(1)(iii) (i.e., minimum and maximum amounts of 

principal and interest for projected periodic payments or range of payments); 

iii. The dollar amounts required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.38(e) (Alternative 

Calculating Cash to Close table for transactions without a seller) and 12 CFR 

1026.38(i) (Calculating Cash to Close table) under the subheading “Loan Estimate;” 

iv. The dollar amounts required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.38(m) (adjustable 

payment table); and 

v. The dollar amounts required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.38(c) (projected 

payments) that are required to be rounded by 12 CFR 1026.37(o)(4)(i)(C) when 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.37(c)(2)(iv) (i.e., total monthly payment). 

b. Percentages. The percentage amounts disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(b) (i.e., loan 

terms), (f)(1)(i) (i.e., origination charges), (g)(2)(iii) (i.e., prepaids), (l)(3) (i.e., late 

payment), (n) (i.e., adjustable interest rate table), and (o)(5)(i.e., total interest percentage 

or TIP) are not rounded and are disclosed up to two or three decimal places. The 

percentage amount required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.38(o)(4) (APR) is not 

rounded and is disclosed up to three decimal places. Amounts that are whole numbers are 

disclosed truncated at the decimal point. 

c. Loan amount. The dollar amount of the loan amount (required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 

1026.38(b) as required by 12 CFR 1026.37(b)(1)) is disclosed as an unrounded number, 

except that if the amount is a whole number, then the amount disclosed is truncated at the 

decimal point. (12 CFR 1026.38(t)(1)-(5)) 

Content Of Forms Not Subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e)-(f) – Forms 

Review and Timing Requirements 

Content of Forms Not Subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e)-(f) – General 

(12 CFR 1026.18)

1. Determine that the disclosures are clear, conspicuous, and grouped together or segregated as 

required, in a form the consumer may keep. 

a. For loans subject to 12 CFR 1026.18(s), the terms “Finance Charge” and “Annual 

Percentage Rate” and corresponding rates or amounts should be more conspicuous than 

other terms, except for the creditor’s identity. (12 CFR 1026.17(a)(2)) 

b. For reverse mortgages subject to Section 1024.33 in Regulation X, the disclosures 

required under 12 CFR 1026.33(b). 
192

c. For private student loans, the term “Annual Percentage Rate” and corresponding rate 

must be less conspicuous than the term “finance charge” and the corresponding amount, 

as well as less conspicuous than the interest rate, the notice of the right to cancel, and 

creditor’s identity. (12 CFR 1026.17(a)(2)) 

2. For a closed-end transaction not subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f), determine whether the 

disclosures are accurately completed and include the following disclosures as applicable. 

a. Identity of the creditor (12 CFR 1026.18(a)) 

b. Amount financed (12 CFR 1026.18(b)) 

c. Itemization of amount financed (12 CFR 1026.18(c)) 

d. Brief description of the APR (12 CFR 1026.18(e)) 

e. Variable rate information (12 CFR 1026.18(f)(1) or (2)) 

f. Payment schedule (12 CFR 1026.18(g)) 

g. Brief description of the total of payments (12 CFR 1026.18)(h)) 

h. Demand feature (12 CFR 1026.18(i)) 

i. Description of total sales price in a credit sale (12 CFR 1026.18(j)) 

j. Prepayment penalties or rebates (12 CFR 1026.18(k)) 

k. Late payment amount or percentage (12 CFR 1026.18(l)) 

l. Description for security interest (12 CFR 1026.18(m)) 

m. Insurance conditions for finance charge exclusions (12 CFR 1026.4(d) and 1026.18(n)) 

n. Statement concerning certain security interest charges (12 CFR 1026.4(e) and 

1026.18(o)) 

o. Statement referring to the contract (12 CFR 1026.18(p)) 

p. Statement regarding assumption of the note (12 CFR 1026.18(q)) 

q. Statement regarding required deposits (12 CFR 1026.18(r)) 

r. Interest rate and payment summary for mortgage transactions (12 CFR 1026.18(s)) 

3. Determine that for transactions other than transactions subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f), 

the creditor discloses the number, amounts, and timing of payments scheduled to repay the 
193

obligation (other than for a transaction that is subject to 12 CFR 1026.18(s).45 (12 CFR 

1026.18(g)) 

4. For a closed-end transaction secured by real property or a dwelling (other than a transaction 

subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f)), determine that the creditor discloses the following 

information about the interest rate and payments, as applicable (12 CFR 1026.18(s)): 

a. Interest Rates

i. For a fixed-rate mortgage, the interest rate at consummation. (12 CFR 

1026.18(s)(2)(i)(A)) 

ii. For an adjustable-rate or step-rate mortgage (12 CFR 1026.18(s)(2)(i)(B)): 

A. The interest rate at consummation and the period of time until the first interest 

rate adjustment may occur, labeled as the “introductory rate and monthly 

payment;” 

NOTE: As set forth in Comment 18(s)-1, if periodic payments are not due monthly, 

the creditor should use the appropriate term, such as “quarterly” or “annually.”

B. The maximum interest rate that may apply during the first five years after the date 

on which the first regular periodic payment will be due and the earliest date on 

which that rate may apply, labeled as “maximum during first five years;” and 

C. The maximum interest rate that may apply during the life of the loan and the 

earliest date on which that rate may apply, labeled as “maximum ever.”

iii. For a loan that provides for payment increases occurring without regard to an 

interest rate adjustment46 (as described in 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(3)(i)(B)), the interest 

rate in effect at the time the first such payment increase is scheduled to occur and the 

date on which the increase will occur, labeled as “first adjustment” if the loan is an 

adjustable-rate mortgage or, otherwise, labeled as “first increase.”47 (12 CFR 

1026.18(s)(2)(i)(C))

iv. For a negative amortization loan48 (12 CFR 1026.18(s)(2)(ii)): 

A. The interest rate at consummation and, if it will adjust after consummation, the 

length of time until it will adjust, and the label “introductory” or “intro;” 

 

45 For example, home construction loans that are secured by real property or a dwelling are subject to 12 CFR 1026.18(s) and not 

12 CFR 1026.18 (g). See Comment App. D-6 of Regulation Z.

46 Note: this category includes interest-only loans, as set forth in Comment 1026.18(s)(2)(i)(C)-1.

47 Because model forms and clauses published by the CFPB are safe harbors, this rate may also be labeled “Maximum Ever,” 

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(2)(i)((B)(3). 

48 The term “negative amortization loan” means a loan, other than a reverse mortgage subject to 12 CFR 1026.33 that provides 

for a minimum periodic payment that covers only a portion of the accrued interest, resulting in negative amortization. (12 CFR 

1026.18(s)(7)(v)) 
194

B. The maximum interest rate that could apply when the consumer must begin 

making fully amortizing payments under the terms of the legal obligation; 

C. If the minimum required payment will increase before the consumer must begin 

making fully amortizing payments, the maximum interest rate that could apply at 

the time of the first payment increase and the date the increase is scheduled to 

occur; and 

D. If a second increase in the minimum required payment may occur before the 

consumer must begin making fully amortizing payments, the maximum interest 

rate that could apply at the time of the second payment increase and the date the 

increase is scheduled to occur.

v. Introductory rate for an amortizing adjustable-rate mortgage, if the interest rate at 

consummation is less than the fully indexed rate, the following (placed in a box 

directly beneath the table required by 12 CFR 1026.18 (s)(1) of the regulation, in a 

format substantially similar to Model Clause H-4(I) in the regulation’s Appendix H): 

A. The interest rate that applies at consummation and the period of time for which it 

applies; 

B. A statement that, even if market rates do not change, the interest rate will increase 

at the first adjustment and a designation of the place in sequence of the month or 

year, as applicable, of such rate adjustment (e.g., “in the third year”); and 

C. The fully-indexed rate.

b. Payments for Amortizing Loans

i. Principal and interest payments. If all periodic payments will be applied to accrued 

interest and principal, for each interest rate disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(2)(i) 

(12 CFR 1026.18(s)(3)(i)): 

A. The corresponding periodic principal and interest payment, labeled as “principal 

and interest;” 

B. If the periodic payment may increase without regard to an interest rate 

adjustment, the payment that corresponds to the first such increase and the earliest 

date on which the increase could occur; 

C. If an escrow account is established, an estimate of the amount of taxes and insurance, 

including any mortgage insurance payable with each periodic payment; and 

D. The sum of the amounts disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(3)(i)(A) and (C) or 

(s)(3)(i)(B) and (C), as applicable, labeled as “total estimated monthly payment.” 

ii. Interest-only payments. If the loan is an interest-only loan, for each interest rate 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(2)(i), the corresponding periodic payment and (12 

CFR 1026.18(s)(3)(ii)): 
195

A. If the payment will be applied to only accrued interest, the amount applied to 

interest, labeled as “interest payment,” and a statement that none of the payment 

is being applied to principal; 

B. If the payment will be applied to accrued interest and principal, an itemization of 

the amount of the first such payment applied to accrued interest and to principal, 

labeled as “interest payment” and “principal payment,” respectively; 

C. The escrow information described in 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(3)(i)(C); and 

D. The sum of all amounts required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.18(s)(3)(ii)(A) and (C) or (s)(3)(ii)(B) and (C), as applicable, labeled as 

“total estimated monthly payment.” 

iii. Payments for negative amortization loans. If the loan is a negative amortization loan 

(12 CFR 1026.18(s)(4)): 

A. The minimum periodic payment required until the first payment increase or 

interest rate increase, corresponding to the interest rate disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.18(s)(2)(ii)(A); 

B. The minimum periodic payment that would be due at the first payment increase 

and the second, if any, corresponding to the interest rates described in 12 CFR 

1026.18(s)(2)(ii)(C) and (D); 

C. A statement that the minimum payment pays only some interest, does not repay 

any principal, and will cause the loan amount to increase; 

D. The fully amortizing periodic payment amount at the earliest time when such a 

payment must be made, corresponding to the interest rate disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.18 (s)(2)(ii)(B); and 

E. If applicable, in addition to the payments in 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(4)(i) and (ii), for 

each interest rate disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(2)(ii), the amount of the 

fully amortizing periodic payment, labeled as the “full payment option,” and a 

statement that these payments pay all principal and all accrued interest. 

NOTE: The information in 12 CFR 1026.18(s)(2)-(4) must be disclosed in the form of 

a table with no more than five columns, and with headings and format substantially 

similar to Model Clause H-4(E), H-4(F), H-4(G), or H-4(H) in Appendix H of the 

regulation. The table should contain only the information required in 12 CFR 1026.18 

(s)(2)-(4), be placed in a prominent location, and be in a minimum 10-point font. (12 

CFR 1026.18(s)(1)) 

iv. Balloon payments. For loans with balloon payments (defined as a payment that is 

more than two times a regular periodic payment) (12 CFR 1026.18(s)(5)): 

A. Except as provided below, the balloon payment is disclosed separately from other 

periodic payments disclosed in the table (i.e., is outside the table and in a manner 

substantially similar to Model Clause H-4(J) in Appendix H to the regulation); 
196

B. If the balloon payment is scheduled to occur at the same time as another 

payment required to be disclosed in the table, the balloon payment must be 

disclosed in the table. 

5. For a closed-end transaction secured by real property or a dwelling (other than a transaction 

that is subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f)) that is a negative amortization loan, determine 

that the following information is disclosed (in close proximity to the table required in 12 

CFR 1026.18(s)(1), with headings, content, and format substantially similar to Model Clause 

H-4(G) in Appendix H to this part) (12 CFR 1026.18(s)(6)): 

a. The maximum interest rate, the shortest period of time in which such interest rate could be 

reached, the amount of estimated taxes and insurance included in each payment disclosed, 

and a statement that the loan offers payment options, two of which are shown; and

b. The dollar amount of the increase in the loan’s principal balance if the consumer makes 

only the minimum required payments for the maximum possible time and the earliest 

date on which the consumer must begin making fully amortizing payments, assuming that 

the maximum interest rate is reached at the earliest possible time.

6. For a closed-end transaction secured by real property or a dwelling (other than a transaction 

that is subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f)), determine that the creditor disclosed a 

statement that there is no guarantee the consumer can refinance the transaction to lower the 

interest rate or periodic payments. (12 CFR 1026.18(t)(1)) 

NOTE: The statement required by 12 CFR 1026.18(t)(1) should be in a form substantially 

similar to Model Clause H-4(K) in Appendix H to the regulation. (12 CFR 1026.18(t)(2)) 

7. Determine all variable-rate loans with a maturity greater than one year, secured by a principal 

dwelling are given the following disclosures at the time of application. (12 CFR 1026.19(b)) 

a. Consumer Handbook on Adjustable Rate Mortgages or substitute 

b. Statement that interest rate payments and or terms can change 

c. The index/formula and a source of information 

d. Explanation of the interest rate/payment determination and margin 

e. Statement that the consumer should ask for the current interest rate and margin 

f. Statement that the interest rate is discounted, if applicable 

g. Frequency of interest rate and payment changes 

h. Rules relating to all changes 

i. Either a historical example based on 15 years, or the initial rate and payment with a 

statement that the periodic payment may substantially increase or decrease together with 

a maximum interest rate and payment
197

j. Explanation of how to compute the loan payment, giving an example 

k. Demand feature, if applicable 

l. Statement of content and timing of adjustment notices 

m. Statement that other variable-rate loan program disclosures are available, if applicable

Disclosure of Post Consummation Events - Rate Adjustments – 12 

CFR 1026.20(c)-(d)

1. Determine that for any closed-end adjustable-rate mortgage with a maturity date greater than 

one year and secured by a principal dwelling, the creditor, assignee, or servicer provides the 

following initial rate adjustment disclosures (for disclosure timing requirements, see Timing 

Requirements below): (12 CFR 1026.20(d)(2)): 

a. The date of the disclosure;

b. An explanation that under the terms of the consumer’s adjustable rate mortgage, the time 

frame that the current rate has been in effect, when the current rate is scheduled to expire, 

the effective date of the new rate, when additional future interest rate adjustments are 

scheduled to occur and any other changes to loan terms, features, and options taking effect 

on the same date, and how the rate change may affect the payment and other loan terms;

c. A table explaining the current interest rate and payment, the new interest rate and 

payment, and the date the first new payment is due; 

NOTE: For interest-only and negative amortization adjustable-rate mortgages, the table 

must include how the current and new rates and payment will be allocated to interest, 

principal, and escrow (if applicable). See 12 CFR 1026.20(d)(2)(iii)(C) for more on 

payment allocation disclosure requirements. 

d. An explanation of how the interest rate is determined, including the specific index or 

formula used and a source of information about that index or formula, and the type and 

amount of any adjustment, including a margin and an explanation that a margin is the 

addition of a certain number of percentage points to the index; 

e. Any limits on the interest rate or payment increases at each interest rate adjustment and 

over the life of the loan (as applicable), including the extent to which such limits result in 

the creditor, assignee, or servicer foregoing any increase in the interest rate and the 

earliest date that such foregone interest rate increases may apply to future interest rate 

adjustments, subject to those limits;

f. An explanation of how the new payment was determined, including the index or formula 

used to determine the new interest rate;

g. Any adjustments to the index or formula used to determine the new payment, such as the 

addition of a margin; 

h. The expected loan balance on the date of the interest rate adjustment;
198

i. The remaining loan term expected on the date of the interest rate adjustment and any 

changes to the term that may have occurred due to the interest rate change;

j. If an estimated rate payment is provided, a statement that another disclosure with the actual 

interest rate will be provided to the consumer between two and four months prior to the 

first payment at the adjusted level is due, and that the creditor is using an estimated rate;

k. If applicable, a statement that the new payment will not be allocated to pay loan principal 

and will not reduce the loan balance. If the new payment will result in negative 

amortization, a statement that the new payment will not be allocated to pay loan principal 

and that only part of the interest will be paid, which will add to the loan balance. If the 

new payment will result in negative amortization as a result of the interest rate 

adjustment, the statement must set forth the payment required to fully amortize the 

remaining balance at the new interest rate over the remainder of the loan term;

l. A statement indicating the circumstances under which any prepayment penalty may be 

imposed, the time period during which it may be imposed, and a statement that the 

consumer may contact the servicer for additional information, including the maximum 

amount of the penalty that may be charged to the consumer;

m. A telephone number of the creditor, assignee, or servicer to call if the consumer 

anticipates not being able to make the new payment; 

n. A statement listing alternatives that consumers may pursue if they anticipate not being 

able to make the new payment;

o. A web address to access either the CFPB or the Department of Housing and Urban 

Development’s (HUD) approved list of homeownership counselors and counseling 

organizations, the HUD toll-free number to access the HUD list of homeownership 

counselors and counseling organizations, and the Bureau website to access state housing 

finance authorities’ contact information. 

2. Determine that for any closed-end adjustable-rate mortgage with a maturity date greater than 

one year, secured by a principal dwelling, the creditor, assignee, or servicer provides the 

following rate adjustment disclosures for rate adjustments with a corresponding payment 

change (for disclosure timing requirements see Timing Requirements below) (12 CFR 

1026.20(c)). 

NOTE: A creditor, assignee or servicer subject to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 

(FDCPA) that has received the consumer’s notification to cease communication pursuant to 

FDCPA Section 805(c) is exempt from this requirement. 

a. An explanation that under the terms of the consumer’s adjustable rate mortgage, the time 

frame that the current rate has been in effect is ending and the interest rate and payment 

will change, the effective date of the new rate, when additional future interest rate 

adjustments are scheduled to occur and any other changes to loan terms, features, and 

options taking effect on the same date, such as the expiration of interest-only or payment-
199

option features; a table explaining the current interest rate and payment, the new interest 

rate and payment, and the date the first new payment is due; 

NOTE: For interest-only and negatively amortizing payments, the table must include how the 

current and new rates and payment will be allocated to interest, principal, and escrow (if 

applicable). See 12 CFR 1026.20(d)(2)(iii)(C) for more on payment allocation disclosure 

requirements.

b. An explanation of how the interest rate is determined, including the specific index or 

formula used and a source of information about that index or formula, and the type and 

amount of any adjustment, including a margin and an explanation that a margin is the 

addition of a certain number of percentage points to the index, and any application of 

previously foregone interest rate increases from past rate adjustments;

c. Any limits on the interest rate or payment increases at each interest rate adjustment and 

over the life of the loan (as applicable), including the extent to which such limits result in 

the creditor, assignee, or servicer foregoing any increase in the interest rate and the 

earliest date that such foregone interest rate increases may apply to future interest rate 

adjustments, subject to those limits;

d. An explanation of how the new payment is determined, including the index or formula 

used to determine the new interest rate;

e. Any adjustments to the index or formula used to determine the new payment, such as the 

addition of a margin or the application of any previously foregone interest rate increases 

from past interest rate adjustments;

f. The expected loan balance on the date of the interest rate adjustment;

g. The remaining loan term expected on the date of the interest rate adjustment and any 

changes to the term that may have occurred due to the interest rate change;

h. If applicable, a statement that the new payment will not be allocated to pay loan principal 

and will not reduce the loan balance. If the new payment will result in negative 

amortization, a statement that the new payment will not be allocated to pay loan principal 

and that only part of the interest will be paid, which will add to the loan balance. If the 

new payment will result in negative amortization as a result of the interest rate 

adjustment, the statement must set forth the payment required to fully amortize the 

remaining balance at the new interest rate over the remainder of the loan term;

i. A statement indicating the circumstances under which any prepayment penalty may be 

imposed, the time period during which it may be imposed, and a statement that the 

consumer may contact the servicer for additional information, including the maximum 

amount of the penalty that may be charged to the consumer; 

NOTE: Model and sample disclosures H-4(D)(1) through (4) containing all necessary 

information can be found in Appendix H. The disclosures required under 12 CFR 1026.20(c) 

and (d) generally should be in the form of a table and in the same order as, and with headings 

and format substantially similar to, the model disclosures (12 CFR 1026.20(c)(3) and (d)(3)). 
200

NOTE: When examining a creditor, an assignee, or a servicer that continues to own the loan, 

if the entity states that another entity has the obligation to provide the disclosures, examiners 

should determine whether the entity takes steps to ensure that the other party (the creditor, 

assignee, or servicer, as applicable) is complying with the obligation to provide the 

disclosures. 

Escrow Cancellation Notice – 12 CFR 1026.20(e)(1)

1. Escrow cancellation notice. For a closed-end loan secured by a first lien on real property or a 

dwelling (other than a reverse mortgage) where an escrow account (as defined under section 

1024.17(b)) is cancelled, determine whether (12 CFR 1026.20(e)): 

a. The creditor or servicer provided an Escrow Closing Notice with the following clearly 

and conspicuously disclosed (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(1): 

i. A statement informing the consumer of the date on which the consumer will no 

longer have an escrow account; 

ii. A statement that an escrow account may also be called an impound or trust account; 

iii. A statement of the reason why the escrow account will be closed; 

iv. A statement that without an escrow account, the consumer must pay all property 

costs, such as taxes and homeowner's insurance, directly, possibly in one or two large 

payments a year; and 

v. A table, titled “Cost to you,” that contains an itemization of the amount of any fee the 

creditor or servicer imposes on the consumer in connection with the closure of the 

consumer's escrow account, labeled “Escrow Closing Fee,” and a statement that the 

fee is for closing the escrow account (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(2)(i)); 

vi. Information under the reference “In the future” that includes (12 CFR 

1026.20(e)(2)(ii)):

A. A statement of the consequences if the consumer fails to pay property costs, 

including the actions that a state or local government may take if property taxes 

are not paid and the actions the creditor or servicer may take if the consumer does 

not pay some or all property costs, such as adding amounts to the loan balance, 

adding an escrow account to the loan, or purchasing a property insurance policy 

on the consumer's behalf that may be more expensive and provide fewer benefits 

than a policy that the consumer could obtain directly (12 CFR 

1026.20(e)(2)(ii)(A));

B. A statement with a telephone number that the consumer can use to request 

additional information about the cancellation of the escrow account (12 CFR 

1026.20(e)(2)(ii)(B));
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C. A statement of whether the creditor or servicer offers the option of keeping the 

escrow account open and, as applicable, a telephone number the consumer can use 

to request that the account be kept open (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(2)(ii)(C)); and

D. A statement of whether there is a cut-off date by which the consumer can request 

that the account be kept open. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(2)(ii)(D)) 

2. Form. The disclosure meets the formatting requirements of 12 CFR 1026.20(e)(4) and is 

substantially similar to Model Form H-29 in Appendix H. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(4)) 

3. Timing. The creditor or servicer ensures that the consumer receives the Escrow Closing 

Notice in the following time periods:

i. If the cancellation is upon the consumer’s request, no later than three business days 

before the closure of the consumer’s escrow account (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(5)(i)); 

ii. If cancellation is other than upon the consumer’s request, no later than 30 business 

days before the closure of the consumer’s escrow account. (12 CFR 1026.20(e)(5)(ii)) 

NOTE: If the disclosures are not provided in person, the consumer is considered to have 

received the disclosures three business days after they are delivered or placed in the mail. 

(12 CFR 1026.20(e)(5)(iii)) 

Successors In Interest – 12 CFR 1026.20(f) (effective April 19, 

2018) 

1. If, upon confirmation, a servicer provided a confirmed successor in interest who is not liable 

on the mortgage loan obligation with an optional notice and acknowledgement form in 

accordance with Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.32(c)(1), determine whether the servicer 

provided to a confirmed successor in interest any written disclosure required by the following 

(if applicable): 12 CFR 1026.20(c) (rate adjustments with corresponding change in payment), 

12 CFR 1026.20(d) (initial rate adjustment), or 12 CFR 1026.20(e) (escrow account 

cancellation notice), once the confirmed successor in interest either assumed the mortgage 

loan obligation under state law or provided the servicer an executed acknowledgement form 

in accordance with Regulation X, 12 CFR 1024.32(c)(1)(iv) that the confirmed successor in 

interest has not revoked. 

High-Cost Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.32

1. Determine that the disclosures required for high-cost mortgage transactions (12 CFR 

1026.32) clearly and conspicuously include the items below. (12 CFR 1026.32(c), see Form 

H-16 in Appendix H) 

a. The required statement “you are not required to complete this agreement merely because 

you have received these disclosures or have signed a loan application. If you obtain this 

loan, the lender will have a mortgage on your home. You could lose your home, and any 

money you have put into it, if you do not meet your obligations under the loan.” 

b. The APR.
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c. Amount of the regular monthly (or other periodic) payment and the amount of any 

balloon payment. The regular payment should include amounts for voluntary items, such 

as credit life insurance or debt-cancellation coverage, only if the consumer has previously 

agreed to the amount (See the commentary to 12 CFR 1026.32(c)(3)). 

d. Statement that the interest rate may increase and monthly payment may increase, and the 

amount of the single maximum monthly payment, based on the maximum interest rate 

allowed under the contract, if applicable. The amount borrowed. For a closed-end 

mortgage, the amount borrowed is the total amount borrowed, as reflected by the face 

amount of the note; and where the amount borrowed includes premiums or other charges 

for optional credit insurance or debt-cancellation coverage (grouped together with the 

amount borrowed), that fact shall be stated. For an open-end credit plan, the amount 

borrowed is the credit limit for the plan when the account is opened. 

Notice of Transfer – 12 CFR 1026.39

1. For any open-end loan secured by a principal dwelling or for any closed-end mortgage loan 

secured by a dwelling or real property that was sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred to the 

covered person, determine that the covered person notifies the borrower clearly and 

conspicuously in writing, in a form that the consumer may keep of such transfer, including 

(12 CFR 1026.39): 

a. An identification of the loan that was sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred; 

b. The name, address, and telephone number of the covered person who owns the mortgage 

loan; 

c. The date of transfer (either the date of acquisition recognized in the books and records of 

the covered person or that of the transferring party) identified by the covered person; 

d. The name, address, and telephone number of an agent or party having authority, on 

behalf of the covered person, to receive notice of the right to rescind and resolve issues 

concerning the consumer’s payments on the mortgage loan; 

e. Where transfer of ownership of the debt to the covered person is or may be recorded in 

public records or, alternatively, that the transfer of ownership has not been recorded in 

public records at the time the disclosure is provided; and, 

f. At the option of the covered person, any other relevant information regarding the 

transaction.

g. If there are multiple covered persons, contact information for each of them, unless one of 

them has been authorized to receive the consumer’s notice of the right to rescind and 

resolve issues concerning the consumer’s payments on the loan. 

h. If the loan is a closed-end consumer mortgage loan secured by a dwelling or real 

property, other than a reverse mortgage transaction subject to 12 CFR 1026.33 of this 

part, the following information about the covered person’s partial payment policy, under 

the subheading “Partial Payment:”
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i. If periodic payments that are less than the full amount due are accepted, a statement 

that the covered person, using the term “lender,” may accept partial payments and 

apply such payments to the consumer's loan; 

ii. If periodic payments that are less than the full amount due are accepted, but not 

applied to a consumer's loan until the consumer pays the remainder of the full amount 

due, a statement that the covered person, using the term “lender,” may hold partial 

payments in a separate account until the consumer pays the remainder of the payment 

and then apply the full periodic payment to the consumer's loan; 

iii. If periodic payments that are less than the full amount due are not accepted, a 

statement that the covered person, using the term “lender,” does not accept any partial 

payments; and 

iv. A statement that, if the loan is sold, the new covered person, using the term “lender,” 

may have a different policy. 

NOTE: The format of the disclosure illustrated by Form H-25 of Appendix H may be 

used (for the information required to be disclosed by 12 CFR 1026.38(l)(5)). The text on 

that form may be modified to suit the format of the covered person's disclosure under 12 

CFR 1026.39. Any modifications must be appropriate and not affect the substance, 

clarity, or meaningful sequence of the disclosure. (Comment 1026.39(d)(5)-1) 

NOTE: This notice of sale or transfer must be provided for any consumer credit 

transaction that is secured by the principal dwelling of a consumer, except as noted 

above. This notification is required of the covered person even if the loan servicer 

remains the same. In addition, if more than one consumer is liable on the obligation, the 

covered person may mail or deliver the disclosure notice to any consumer who is 

primarily liable. And, if an acquisition involves multiple covered persons who each 

acquire a partial interest in the loan pursuant to separate and unrelated agreements, each 

covered person has a duty to ensure that disclosures related to its acquisition are accurate 

and provided in a timely manner unless an exception in 12 CFR 1026.39(c) applies. The 

parties may, but are not required to, provide a single notice that satisfies the timing and 

content requirements applicable to each covered person. (Comment 1026.39(b)(5)-2) 

NOTE: Each covered person must provide the notice of transfer or sale to confirmed successors 

in interest unless the exemption under 12 CFR 1026.39(f) applies. (Effective April 19, 2018) 

Treatment of Credit Balances – 12 CFR 1026.21

1. If an account’s credit balance is in excess of one dollar, determine whether the creditor: 

a. Credited the amount of the credit balance to the consumer’s account; 

b. Refunded any part of the remaining credit balance, upon the written request of the 

consumer; and 

c. Made a good faith effort to refund to the consumer by cash, check, or money order, or 

credit to a deposit account of the consumer, any part of the credit balance remaining in 
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the account for more than six months, unless the consumer’s location was not known to 

the creditor and could not be traced through the consumer’s last known address or 

telephone number. 

Private Education Loans – 12 CFR 1026.46 – 1026.48

1. For private education loans subject to Subpart F, ensure that the required disclosures are 

accurate (12 CFR 1026.47) and contain the following information: 

a. Application or solicitation disclosures disclose the following:

i. Interest rate, including:

A. Rate or range, and if the rate depends in part on a determination of the borrower’s 

creditworthiness or other factors, a statement to that effect;

B. Whether rate is fixed or variable;

C. If rate may increase after consummation, any limitations, or lack thereof, and if 

the limitation is imposed by law, that fact. Also, the creditor must state that the 

consumer’s actual rate may be higher or lower than that disclosed, if applicable; 

and

D. Whether the rate will typically be higher if the loan is not co-signed or 

guaranteed. 

ii. Fees and default or late payment costs.

iii. Repayment terms, including: 

A. Term of the loan, which is the period during which regularly scheduled payments 

of principal and interest will be due. 

B. Deferral options, or if consumer does not have the option to defer, that fact. 

C. For each available deferral option applicable, information as to: 

1) Whether interest will accrue during deferral period; and

2) If interest accrues, whether payment of interest may be deferred and added to 

the principal balance; and

D. A statement that, if the consumer files bankruptcy, the consumer may still be 

required to repay the loan. 

iv. Cost estimates, based on an example of the total cost of the loan, calculated using: 

A. The highest interest rate and including all applicable finance charges,

B. An amount financed of $10,000, or $5,000, if the creditor offers loans less than 

$10,000; and 
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C. Calculated for each payment option. 

v. Eligibility (e.g., any age or school enrollment eligibility requirements).

vi. Alternatives to private education loans, including: 

A. A statement that the consumer may qualify for federal student loans; 

B. The interest rates available for each program available under Title IV of the 

Higher Education Act of 1965, and whether the rate is variable or fixed; 

C. A statement that the consumer may obtain additional information regarding 

student federal financial assistance from his school or U.S. Department of 

Education, including an appropriate website; and 

D. A statement that a covered educational institution may have school specific 

educational loan benefits and terms not detailed in the loan disclosure forms. 

vii. A statement that if the loan is approved, that the loan will be available for 30 days and 

the terms will not change, except for changes to the interest rate in the case of a 

variable rate and other changes permitted by law.

viii. A statement that before consummation, the borrower must complete a selfcertification form obtained from the student’s institution of higher education. 

b. For approval disclosures, the following information is required under 12 CFR 

1026.47(b): 

i. Interest rate, information, including: 

A. Interest rate applicable to the loan

B. Whether the interest rate is variable or fixed; and

C. If the interest rate may increase after consummation, any limitations on the rate 

adjustments, or lack thereof. 

ii. Fees and default or late payment costs, including: 

A. An itemization of the fees or range of fees required to obtain the loan; and 

B. Any fees, changes to the interest rate, and adjustments to principal based on the 

consumer’s defaults or late payments. 

iii. Repayment terms, including: 

A. Principal amount; 

B. Term of the loan; 
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C. A description of the payment deferral option chosen by the consumer, if 

applicable, and any other payment deferral options that the consumer may elect at 

a later time; 

D. Any payments required while the student is enrolled at the educational institution, 

based on the deferral option chosen by the consumer; 

E. Amount of any unpaid interest that will accrue while the student is enrolled in 

school, based upon the deferral option chosen by the consumer; 

F. A statement that if the consumer files for bankruptcy, that the consumer may still 

be required to pay back the loan; 

G. An estimate of the total amount of payments calculated based upon: 

1) The interest rate applicable to the loan (compliance with 12 CFR 1026.18(h) 

constitutes compliance with this requirement); 

2) The maximum possible rate of interest for the loan, or, if a maximum rate 

cannot be determined, a rate of 25 percent. 

3) If a maximum rate cannot be determined, the estimate of the total amount for 

repayment must include a statement that there is no maximum rate and that 

the total amount for repayment disclosed is an estimate.

H. The maximum monthly payment based on the maximum rate of interest for the 

loan, or, if a maximum rate of interest cannot be determined, a rate of 25 percent. 

If a maximum cannot be determined, a statement that there is no maximum rate 

and that the monthly payment amount disclosed is an estimate and will be higher 

if the applicable interest rate increases.

iv. Alternatives to private education loans, including: 

A. A statement that the consumer may qualify for federal student loans,

B. The interest rates available for each program available under Title IV of the 

Higher Education Act of 1965, and whether the rate is variable or fixed; and 

C. A statement that the consumer may obtain additional information regarding 

student federal financial assistance from his school or U.S. Department of 

Education, including an appropriate website. 

v. A statement that the consumer may accept the terms of the loan until the acceptance 

period under 12 CFR 1026.48(c)(1) has expired. The statement must include: 

A. The specific date on which the acceptance period expires, based on the date upon 

which the consumer receives the disclosures required under this subsection for the 

loan; 
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B. The method or methods by which the consumer may communicate the acceptance 

(written, oral, or by electronic means; and

C. A statement that except for changes to the interest rate and other changes 

permitted by law, the rates and the terms of the loan may not be changed by the 

creditor during the 30-day acceptance period. 

c. After the consumer has accepted the loan in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.48(c)(1), 

final disclosures must disclose the information required under 12 CFR 1026.47(c) and 

the following:

i. Interest rate, including:

A. Interest rate applicable to the loan; 

B. Whether the interest rate is variable or fixed; and

C. If the interest rate may increase after consummation, any limitations on the rate 

adjustments, or lack thereof. 

ii. Fees and default or late payment costs, including: 

A. An itemization of the fees or range of fees required to obtain the loan; and 

B. Any fees, changes to the interest rate, and adjustments to principal based on the 

consumer’s defaults or late payments. 

iii. Repayment terms, including: 

A. Principal amount; 

B. Term of the loan; 

C. A description of the payment deferral option chosen by the consumer, if 

applicable, and any other payment deferral options that the consumer may elect at 

a later time; 

D. Any payments required while the student is enrolled at the educational institution, 

based on the deferral option chosen by the consumer; 

E. Amount of any unpaid interest that will accrue while the student is enrolled in 

school, based upon the deferral option chosen by the consumer; 

F. A statement that if the consumer files for bankruptcy, that the consumer may still 

be required to pay back the loan; 

G. An estimate of the total amount of payments calculated based upon: 

1) The interest rate applicable to the loan (compliance with 12 CFR 1026.18(h) 

constitutes compliance with this requirement); 
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2) The maximum possible rate of interest for the loan, or, if a maximum rate 

cannot be determined, a rate of 25 percent; 

3) If a maximum rate cannot be determined, the estimate of the total amount for 

repayment must include a statement that there is no maximum rate and that 

the total amount for repayment disclosed is an estimate.

H. The maximum monthly payment based on the maximum rate of interest for the 

loan, or, if a maximum rate of interest cannot be determined, a rated of 25 

percent. If a maximum cannot be determined, a statement that there is no 

maximum rate and that the monthly payment amount disclosed is an estimate and 

will be higher if the applicable interest rate increases.

iv. In a text more conspicuous than any other required disclosure, except for the finance 

charge, the interest rate, and the creditor’s identify the following disclosures: 

A. A statement that the consumer has the right to cancel the loan, without penalty, at 

any time before the midnight of the third business day following the date on 

which the consumer receives the final loan disclosures. The statement must 

include the specific date on which the cancellation period expires and that the 

consumer may cancel by that date. (12 CFR 1026.47(c)(4)(i)) 

B. A statement that the loan proceeds will not be disbursed until the cancellation 

period expires. (12 CFR 1026.47(c)(4)(ii)) 

C. The method or methods by which the consumer may cancel (12 CFR 

1026.47(c)(4)(ii)); and 

D. If the creditor permits cancellation by mail, the statement specifying that the 

consumer’s mailed request will be deemed timely if placed in the mail not later 

than the cancellation date specified on the disclosures. (12 CFR 1026.47(c)(4)(ii)) 

Open-End Credit Forms Review Procedures 

1. Determine that the creditor made the disclosures clearly and conspicuously. (12 CFR 

1026.5(a)) 

2. Determine that the creditor made the applicable disclosures in writing, in a form that the 

consumer may keep, except (12 CFR 1026.5(a)(1)(ii)): 

a. The following disclosures need not be written: Disclosures under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(3) of 

charges that are imposed as part of an open-end (not home-secured) plan that are not 

required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2) and related disclosures of charges 

under 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iii)(B); disclosures under 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(vi); 

disclosures under 12 CFR 1026.9(d) when a finance charge is imposed at the time of the 

transaction; and disclosures under 12 CFR 1026.56(b)(1)(i). 

b. The following disclosures need not be in a retainable form: Disclosures that need not be 

written under 12 CFR 1026.5(a)(1)(ii)(A); the alternative summary billing-rights 
209

statement under 12 CFR 1026.9(a)(2); the credit and charge card renewal disclosures 

required under 12 CFR 1026.9(e); the payment requirements under 12 CFR 1026.10(b), 

except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(13); home-equity disclosures under 12 CFR 

1026.40(d); and disclosures for credit and charge card applications and solicitations under 

12 CFR 1026.60. 

c. The disclosures required by this subpart may be provided to the consumer in electronic 

form, subject to compliance with the consumer consent and other applicable provisions of 

the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-Sign Act) (15 U.S.C. 

7001 et seq.). The disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.60, 1026.40, and 1026.16 may be 

provided to the consumer in electronic form without regard to the consumer consent or 

other provisions of the E-Sign Act in the circumstances set forth in those sections.

3. Determine that the terminology used in providing the disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.5 

is consistent. (12 CFR 1026.5(a)(2)(i)) 

4. Determine that, for home-equity plans subject to 12 CFR 1026.40, the terms finance charge

and annual percentage rate (APR), when required to be disclosed with a corresponding 

amount or percentage rate, shall be more conspicuous than any other required disclosure. The 

terms need not be more conspicuous when used for periodic statement disclosures under 12 

CFR 1026.7(a)(4) and for advertisements under 12 CFR 1026.16. (12 CFR 1026.5(a)(2)(ii)) 

5. Determine that, if disclosures are required to be presented in a tabular format pursuant to 12 

CFR 1026.5(a)(3), that the term penalty APR shall be used, as applicable. (12 CFR 

1026.5(a)(2)(iii))

NOTE: The term penalty APR need not be used in reference to the annual percentage rate 

that applies with the loss of a promotional rate, assuming the annual percentage rate that 

applies is not greater than the annual percentage rate that would have applied at the end of 

the promotional period; or if the annual percentage rate that applies with the loss of a 

promotional rate is a variable rate, the annual percentage rate is calculated using the same 

index and margin as would have been used to calculate the annual percentage rate that would 

have applied at the end of the promotional period. If credit insurance or debt cancellation or 

debt suspension coverage is required as part of the plan, the term required shall be used and 

the program shall be identified by its name. If an annual percentage rate is required to be 

presented in a tabular format pursuant to paragraph (a)(3)(i) or (a)(3)(iii) of this section, the 

term fixed, or a similar term, may not be used to describe such rate unless the creditor also 

specifies a time period that the rate will be fixed and the rate will not increase during that 

period, or if no such time period is provided, the rate will not increase while the plan is open. 

Credit and Charge Card Application and Solicitation Disclosures – 12 

CFR 1026.60

1. Determine that the credit card solicitation or application disclosures were made clearly and 

conspicuously on or with a solicitation or an application. (12 CFR 1026.60) 

2. For the disclosures in 12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1) through (5) (except for (b)(1)(iv)(B) and (b)(7) 

through (15), determine that the creditor made the disclosures required for 12 CFR 
210

1026.60(c), (d)(2), (e)(1) and (f) in the form of a table with headings, content, and format 

substantially similar to the applicable tables found in G-10 in Appendix G. (12 CFR 

1026.60(a)(2)(i)) 

3. Determine that the table required by 12 CFR 1026.60(a)(2)(i) contains only the information 

required or permitted by that section. If the creditor provides other information, determine 

that such information appears outside the table. (12 CFR 1026.60(a)(2)(ii)) 

4. Determine that the disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)(iv)(B), (b)(1)(iv)(C), and 

(b)(6) are placed directly beneath the table required by 12 CFR 1026.60(a)(2)(i). (12 CFR 

1026.60(a)(2)(iii)) 

5. When a tabular format is required, determine that the following disclosures are disclosed in 

bold text (12 CFR 1026.60(a)(2)(iv)): 

a. Annual percentage rate required to be disclosed pursuant to paragraph (b)(1) of this 

section;

b. Introductory rate required to be disclosed pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section;

c. Rate that will apply after a premium initial rate expires required to be disclosed under 

paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section; and

d. Fee or percentage amounts or maximum limits on fee amounts required to be disclosed 

pursuant to paragraphs (b)(2), (b)(4), (b)(8) through (b)(13). 

NOTE: Bold text shall not be used for the amount of any periodic fee disclosed pursuant to 

paragraph (b)(2) of this section that is not an annualized amount, and other APRs or fee 

amounts disclosed in the table. (12 CFR 1026.60(a)(2)(iv)) 

6. Determine that the card issuer discloses, on or with an solicitation or application (12 CFR 

1026.60(b)): 

a. Annual percentage rate. Each periodic rate that may be used to compute the finance 

charge on an outstanding balance for purchases, a cash advance, or a balance transfer, 

expressed as an annual percentage rate. When more than one rate applies for a category 

of transactions, determine that the range of balances to which each rate is applicable is 

also disclosed. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)) 

NOTE: The APR for purchases disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1) shall be in at least 

16-point type, except for the following: Oral disclosures of the annual percentage rate for 

purchases; or a penalty rate that may apply upon the occurrence of one or more specific events.

i. Variable rate information. If a rate is a variable rate, determine that the card issuer 

discloses the fact that the rate may vary and how the rate is determined. Determine 

that the card issuer identifies the type of index or formula that is used in setting the 

rate. Determine that the value of the index and the amount of the margin that are used 

to calculate the variable rate are not disclosed in the table. Determine further that any 
211

applicable limitations on rate increases are not included in the table. (12 CFR 

1026.60(b)(1)(i)) 

ii. Discounted initial rate. If the initial rate is an introductory rate, determine that the 

card issuer discloses in the table the introductory rate, the time period during which 

the introductory rate will remain in effect, and the term “introductory” or “intro” in

immediate proximity to the introductory rate. Determine further that the card issuer 

discloses, as applicable, either the variable or fixed rate that would otherwise apply to 

the account. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)(ii)) 

iii. Premium initial rate. If the initial rate is temporary and is higher than the rate that 

will apply after the temporary rate expires, determine that the card issuer discloses the 

premium initial rate and the time period during which the premium initial rate will 

remain in effect. Determine that the premium initial rate for purchases is in at least 

16-point type. Determine that the issuer discloses in the table the rate that will apply 

after the premium initial rate expires, in at least 16-point type. (12 CFR 

1026.60(b)(1)(iii)) 

iv. Penalty rates. Except as for provided introductory rate or employee preferential rate 

requirements (discussed below), if a rate may increase as a penalty for one or more 

events specified in the account agreement, such as a late payment or an extension of 

credit that exceeds the credit limit, determine that the card issuer discloses the 

increased rate that may apply, a brief description of the event or events that may 

result in the increased rate, and a brief description of how long the increased rate will 

remain in effect. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)(iv)(A)) 

v. Introductory rate. If the issuer discloses an introductory rate in the table or in any 

written or electronic promotional materials accompanying applications or solicitations 

(and subject to paragraph (c) or (e) of 12 CFR 1026.60), determine that the issuer 

briefly discloses, directly beneath the table, the circumstances, if any, under which the 

introductory rate may be revoked, and the type of rate that will apply after the 

introductory rate is revoked. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)(iv)(B))

vi. Employee preferential rates. If the issuer discloses in the table a preferential APR for 

which only employees of the card issuer, employees of a third party, or other 

individuals with similar affiliations with the card issuer or third party are eligible, 

determine that the issuer briefly discloses directly beneath the table the circumstances 

under which such preferential rate may be revoked and the rate that will apply after 

such preferential rate is revoked. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)(iv)(C)) 

vii. Rates that depend on consumer’s creditworthiness. If a rate cannot be determined at 

the time disclosures are given because the rate depends, at least in part, on a later 

determination of the consumer’s creditworthiness, determine that the card issuer 

discloses the specific rates or the range of rates that could apply and a statement that 

the rate for which the consumer may qualify at account opening will depend on the 

consumer’s creditworthiness, and other factors if applicable. (12 CFR 

1026.60(b)(1)(v)) 
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NOTE: If the rate that depends, at least in part, on a later determination of the consumer’s 

creditworthiness is a penalty rate, as described in 12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)(iv), the card 

issuer at its option may disclose the highest rate that could apply, instead of disclosing the 

specific rates or the range of rates that could apply. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)(v)) 

viii. APRs that vary by state. Determine that the card issuer does not list annual 

percentage rates for multiple states in the table. Note, however, that issuers imposing 

annual percentage rates that vary by state may, at the issuer’s option, disclose in the 

table: the specific annual percentage rate applicable to the consumer’s account; or 

the range of the annual percentage rates, if the disclosure includes a statement that 

the annual percentage rate varies by state and refers the consumer to a disclosure 

provided with the table where the annual percentage rate applicable to the 

consumer’s account is disclosed. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1)(vi)) 

b. Fees for issuance or availability. Determine that the card issuer discloses any annual or 

other periodic fee, expressed as an annualized amount, or any other fee that may be 

imposed for the issuance or availability of a credit or charge card, including any fee based 

on account activity or inactivity. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(2)) 

c. Fixed finance charge; minimum interest charge. Determine that the creditor discloses any 

fixed finance charge that could be imposed during a billing cycle, as well as a brief 

description of that charge. Determine that the creditor discloses any minimum interest 

charge if it exceeds one dollar that could be imposed during a billing cycle, and a brief 

description of the charge. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(3)) 

d. Transaction charge. Determine that the creditor discloses any transaction charge imposed 

for the use of the card for purchases. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(4)) 

e. Grace period. Determine that the issuer discloses the date by which or the period within 

which any credit extended for purchases may be repaid without incurring a finance 

charge due to a periodic interest rate and any conditions on the availability of the grace 

period. If no grace period is provided, determine that this fact is disclosed. In disclosing 

in the tabular format a grace period that applies to all types of purchases, determine that 

the issuer uses the phrase “How to Avoid Paying Interest on Purchases” as the heading 

for the row describing the grace period. If a grace period is not offered on all types of 

purchases, in disclosing this fact in the tabular format, determine that the issuer uses the 

phrase “Paying Interest” as the heading for the row describing this fact. 

NOTE: If the length of the grace period varies, the card issuer may disclose the range of 

days, the minimum number of days, or the average number of days in the grace period, if the 

disclosure is identified as a range, minimum, or average. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(5)) 

f. Balance computation method. Determine that the creditor disclosed the name of the 

balance computation method that is used to determine the balance on which the finance 

charge is computed, or an explanation of the method used if it is not listed. In 

determining which balance computation method to disclose, the creditor should have 

assumed that the credit extended will not be repaid within any grace period. (12 CFR 

1026.60(b)(6)) 
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NOTE: Disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.60(b)(6) must be placed directly beneath the 

table. 

g. Statement on charge card payments. Determine that the creditor discloses a statement 

that charges incurred by use of the charge card are due when the periodic statement is 

received. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(7)) 

h. Cash advance fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed for an extension 

of credit in the form of cash or its equivalent. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(8)) 

i. Late payment fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed for a late 

payment. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(9)) 

j. Over-the-limit fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed for exceeding 

the credit limit. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(10)) 

k. Balance transfer fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed to transfer a 

balance. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(11)) 

l. Returned payment fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed for a 

returned payment. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(12)) 

m. Required insurance, debt cancellation, or debt suspension coverage. Determine that the 

fee imposed required insurance, debt cancellation or suspension coverage is disclosed if 

the insurance, debt cancellation or coverage is required as part of the plan. (12 CFR 

1026.60(b)(13)) 

n. Available credit. Determine whether total of required fees for the issuance or availability 

of credit and/or security deposit debited to the account at account opening equal or 

exceed 15 percent of minimum credit limit for the account. If so, determine that the 

creditor disclosed, as applicable, the available credit remaining after the fees and/or 

security deposit are debited to the account. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(14)) 

o. Website reference. For issuers of credit cards that are not charge cards, determine that the 

creditor disclosed a reference to the website established by the CFPB and a statement that 

the consumers may obtain on the website information about shopping for and using credit 

cards. (12 CFR 1026.60(b)(15)) 

Requirements for Home-Equity Plans – 12 CFR 1026.40

1. Determine that the following home equity disclosures were made clearly and conspicuously, 

at the time of application. (12 CFR 1026.40) 

a. Home equity brochure 

b. Statement that the consumer should retain a copy of the disclosure 

c. Statement of the time the specific terms are available 

d. Statement that terms are subject to change before the plan opens 
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e. Statement that the consumer may receive a full refund of all fees 

f. Statement that the consumer’s dwelling secures the credit 

g. Statement that the consumer could lose the dwelling 

h. Creditors right to change, freeze, or terminate the account 

i. Statement that information about conditions for adverse action are available upon request 

j. Payment terms including the length of the draw and repayment periods, how the 

minimum payment is determined, the timing of payments, and an example based on 

$10,000 and a recent APR 

k. A recent APR imposed under the plan and a statement that the rate does not include costs 

other than interest (fixed rate plans only) 

l. Itemization of all fees paid to creditor 

m. Estimate of any fees payable to third parties to open the account and a statement that the 

consumer may receive a good faith itemization of third-party fees 

n. Statement regarding negative amortization, as applicable 

o. Transaction requirements 

p. Statement that the consumer should consult a tax advisor regarding the deductibility of 

interest and charges under the plan 

q. For variable rate home equity plans, disclose the following: 

i. That the APR, payment, or term may change; 

ii. The APR excludes costs other than interest; 

iii. Identify the index and its source; 

iv. How the APR will be determined; 

v. Statement that the consumer should request information on the current index value, 

margin, discount, premium, or APR; 

vi. Statement that the initial rate is discounted and the duration of the discount, if 

applicable; 

vii. Frequency of APR changes; 

viii. Rules relating to changes in the index, APR, and payment amount; 

ix. Lifetime rate cap and any annual caps, or a statement that there is no annual 

limitation; 
215

x. The minimum payment requirement, using the maximum APR, and when the 

maximum APR may be imposed; 

xi. A historical example, based on a $10,000 balance, reflecting all significant plan 

terms; 

xii. Statement that rate information will be provided on or with each periodic statement. 

2. For home-equity plans subject to 12 CFR 1026.40, determine that the terms finance charge 

and annual percentage rate, when required to be disclosed with a corresponding amount or 

percentage rate, are more conspicuous than any other required disclosure. 

NOTE: The terms need not be more conspicuous when used for periodic statement 

disclosures under 12 CFR 1026.7(a)(4) and for advertisements under 12 CFR 1026.16. (12 

CFR 1026.5(a)(2)(ii))

Account Opening Initial Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.6

1. The following requirements apply only to home-equity plans subject to the requirements of 

12 CFR 1026.40. Determine that the creditor discloses, as applicable (12 CFR 1026.6(a)): 

a. Finance charge. The circumstances under which a finance charge will be imposed and an 

explanation of how it will be determined, including: a statement of when finance charges 

begin to accrue, and an explanation of whether or not any time period exists within which 

any credit extended may be repaid without incurring a finance charge; a disclosure of 

each periodic rate that may be used to compute the finance charge, the range of balances 

to which it is applicable, and the corresponding annual percentage rate; an explanation of 

the method used to determine the balance on which the finance charge may be computed; 

and, an explanation of how the amount of any finance charge will be determined, 

including a description of how any finance charge other than the periodic rate will be 

determined. (12 CFR 1026.6(a)(1)) 

If a creditor offers a variable-rate plan, determine that the creditor discloses: the 

circumstances under which the rate(s) may increase; any limitations on the increase; and 

the effect(s) of an increase. When different periodic rates apply to different types of 

transactions, determine that the types of transactions to which the periodic rates shall 

apply shall also be disclosed. (12 CFR 1026.6(a)(1)) 

b. Other charges. The amount of any charge other than a finance charge that may be 

imposed as part of the plan, or an explanation of how the charge will be determined. (12 

CFR 1026.6(a)(2)) 

c. Home-equity plan information. The following disclosures, as applicable (12 CFR 

1026.6(a)(3)): 

i. A statement of the conditions under which the creditor may take certain action, as 

described in 12 CFR 1026.40(d)(4)(i), such as terminating the plan or changing the 

terms.
216

ii. The payment information described in 12 CFR 1026.40(d)(5)(i) and (ii) for both the 

draw period and any repayment period. 

iii. A statement that negative amortization may occur as described in 12 CFR 

1026.40(d)(9). 

iv. A statement of any transaction requirements as described in 12 CFR 1026.40(d)(10). 

v. A statement regarding the tax implications as described in 12 CFR 1026.40(d)(11). 

vi. A statement that the annual percentage rate imposed under the plan does not include 

costs other than interest as described in 12 CFR 1026.40(d)(6) and (d)(12)(ii). 

vii. The variable-rate disclosures described in 12 CFR 1026.40(d)(12)(viii), (d)(12)(x), 

(d)(12)(xi), and (d)(12)(xii), as well as the disclosure described in 12 CFR 

1026.40(d)(5)(iii), unless the disclosures provided with the application were in a form 

the consumer could keep and included a representative payment example for the 

category of payment option chosen by the consumer. 

d. Security interests. The fact that the creditor has or will acquire a security interest in the 

property purchased under the plan, or in other property identified by item or type. (12 

CFR 1026.6(a)(4)) 

e. Statement of billing rights. A statement that outlines the consumer’s rights and the 

creditor’s responsibilities under 12 CFR 1026.12(c) and 1026.13 and that is substantially 

similar to the statement found in Model Form G-3 or, at the creditor’s option, G-3(A), in 

Appendix G to this part. (12 CFR 1026.6(a)(5)) 

2. For open-end (not home-secured) plans determine that the creditor provided the accountopening disclosures specified in 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i) through (b)(2)(v) (except for 12 

CFR 1026.6 (b)(2)(i)(D)(2) and 12 CFR 1026.6 (b)(2)(vii) through (b)(2)(xiv) in the form of 

a table with the headings, content, and format substantially similar to any of the applicable 

tables in G-17 in Appendix G. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1)) 

3. For open-end (not home-secured) plans, determine that the following disclosures are 

disclosed in bold text (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1)(i)): 

a. Any APR required to be disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i); 

b. Any introductory rate permitted to be disclosed pursuant to paragraph (b)(2)(i)(B) or 

required to be disclosed under paragraph (b)(2)(i)(F) of this section; 

c. Any rate that will apply after a premium initial rate expires permitted to be disclosed 

pursuant to paragraph (b)(2)(i)(C) or required to be disclosed pursuant to paragraph 

(b)(2)(i)(F); and

d. Any fee or percentage amounts or maximum limits on fee amounts disclosed pursuant to 

paragraphs (b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iv), (b)(2)(vii) through (b)(2)(xii).
217

4. Determine that bold text is not used for: The amount of any periodic fee disclosed pursuant to 

paragraph (b)(2) of this section that is not an annualized amount; and other annual percentage 

rates or fee amounts disclosed in the table. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1)(i))

5. Determine that only the information required or permitted by 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i) through 

(b)(2)(v) (except for (b)(2)(i)(D)(2)) and (b)(2)(vii) through (b)(2)(xiv) are provided in the 

table. Disclosures required by paragraphs (b)(2)(i)(D)(2), (b)(2)(i)(D)(3), (b)(2)(vi) and 

(b)(2)(xv) of this section shall be placed directly below the table required by 12 CFR 

1026.6(b)(1). (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1)(ii)) 

NOTE: Disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(3) through (b)(5) that are not otherwise 

required to be in the table and other information may be presented with the account 

agreement or account-opening disclosure statement, provided such information appears 

outside the required table. 

6. For creditors that impose fees referred to in 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(vii) through (b)(2)(xi) that 

vary by state and that provide the disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.6(b) in person at the 

time the open-end (not home-secured) plan is established in connection with financing the 

purchase of goods or services determine that the creditor discloses in the account-opening 

table either:

a. The specific fee applicable to the consumer’s account, or

b. The range of fees, a statement that the amount of the fee varies by state, and a reference 

to the account agreement or other disclosure provided with the account-opening table 

where the amount of the fee applicable to the consumer’s account is disclosed. (12 CFR 

1026.6(b)(1)(iii)) 

NOTE: A creditor is not permitted to list fees for multiple states in the account-opening 

summary table. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1)(iii)) 

c. If the amount of any fee required to be disclosed under this section is determined on the 

basis of a percentage of another amount, the percentage used and the identification of the 

amount against which the percentage is applied may be disclosed instead of the amount 

of the fee. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1)(iv)) 

7. The following requirements apply to open-end (not home-secured). Determine that the 

creditor discloses in the appropriate format, as applicable:

a. Annual percentage rate. Each periodic rate that may be used to compute the finance 

charge on an outstanding balance for purchases, a cash advance, or a balance transfer, 

expressed as an APR. When more than one rate applies for a category of transactions, 

determine that the creditor discloses the range of balances to which each rate is 

applicable. Ensure that the APR for purchases disclosed pursuant to this paragraph is in at 

least 16-point type, except for a penalty rate that may apply upon the occurrence of one 

or more specific events. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i))
218

b. Variable rate information. If the rate is a variable rate, determine that the creditor also 

disclosed the fact that the rate may vary and how the rate is determined (i.e., identify the 

type of index or formula used in setting the rate). (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i)(A)) 

c. Discounted initial rate. If the initial rate is an introductory rate, determine that the 

creditor disclosed that the rate would otherwise apply to the account. Where the rate is 

not tied to an index or formula, determine that the creditor disclosed the rate that will 

apply after the introductory rate expires. For a variable rate account, determine that the 

creditor disclosed a rate based on the applicable index or formula in accordance with the 

accuracy requirements. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i)(B))

d. Premium initial rate. If the initial rate is temporary and is higher than the rate that will 

apply after the temporary rate expires, determine that the creditor disclosed the premium 

initial rate. Determine that the premium rate for purchases is in at least 16-point type. (12 

CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i)(C)) 

e. Penalty rates. Except for introductory rates and employee preferential rates (discussed 

below), if the rate is a penalty rate, determine that the creditor disclosed as part of the 

APR disclosure the increased rate that may apply, a brief description of the event or 

events that may result in the increased rate, and a brief description of how long the 

increased rate will remain in effect. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i)(D)(1)) 

f. Introductory rates. If the creditor discloses in the table an introductory rate, as that term 

is defined in 12 CFR 1026.16(g)(2)(ii), determine that the creditor briefly disclosed 

directly beneath the table the circumstances under which the introductory rate may be 

revoked, and the rate that will apply after the introductory rate is revoked. (12 CFR 

1026.6(b)(2)(i)(D)(2)) 

g. Employee preferential rates. If the creditor discloses in the table a preferential APR for 

which only employees of the creditor, employees of a third party, or other individuals 

with similar affiliations with the creditor or third party are eligible, determine that the 

creditor briefly disclosed directly beneath the table the circumstances under which the 

preferential rate may be revoked, and the rate that will apply after the preferential rate is 

revoked. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i)(D)(3)) 

h. Point of sale where APRs vary by state or based on creditworthiness. If the creditor 

imposes an APR that varies by state or based on the consumer’s creditworthiness and 

provides required disclosures in person at the time the open-end (not home-secured) plan 

is established in connection with financing the purchase of goods or services, determine 

that the creditor discloses either (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i)(E)): 

i. The specific APR applicable to the consumer’s account; or 

ii. The range of the APRs, if the disclosure includes a statement that the APR varies by 

state or will be determined based on the consumer’s creditworthiness and refers the 

consumer to the account agreement or other disclosure provided with the accountopening table where the AP applicable to the consumer’s account is disclosed. 
219

Determine that the creditor does not list APRs for multiple states in the account 

opening table. 

i. Credit card accounts under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan.

Determine that the issuer discloses in the table (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(i)(F)): 

i. Any introductory rate, and 

ii. Any rate that would apply upon expiration of a premium initial rate. 

j. Fees for issuance or availability. Determine that the credit disclosed any annual or 

periodic fee that may be imposed for the issuance or availability of an open-end plan 

(including any fee based on account activity or inactivity); how frequently the fee will be 

imposed; and the annualized amount of the fee. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii)) 

k. Fixed finance charge and minimum interest charge. Determine that the creditor disclosed 

any fixed finance charge and any minimum interest charge if it exceeds one dollar that 

could be imposed during a billing cycle, and a brief description of the charge. (12 CFR 

1026.6(b)(2)(iii))

l. Determine that the creditor disclosed any non-periodic fee that relates to opening the 

plan. A creditor must disclose that the fee is a one-time fee. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii)(B)) 

m. Transaction charges. Determine that the creditor discloses any transaction charge 

imposed by the creditor for use of the open-end plan for purchases. (12 CFR 

1026.6(b)(2)(iv)) 

n. Grace period. The date by which or the period within which any credit extended may be 

repaid without incurring a finance charge due to a periodic interest rate and any 

conditions on the availability of the grace period. If no grace period is provided, that fact 

must be disclosed. If the length of the grace period varies, the creditor may disclose the 

range of days, the minimum number of days, or the average number of the days in the 

grace period, if the disclosure is identified as a range, minimum, or average. In disclosing 

in the tabular format a grace period that applies to all features on the account, the phrase 

“How to Avoid Paying Interest” shall be used as the heading for the row describing the 

grace period. If a grace period is not offered on all features of the account, in disclosing 

this fact in the tabular format, the phrase “Paying Interest” shall be used as the heading 

for the row describing this fact. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(v)) 

o. Balance computation method. Determine that the creditor disclosed in the account 

opening disclosures the name of the balance computation method that is used to 

determine the balance on which the finance charge is computed for each feature, or an 

explanation of the method used if it is not listed, along with a statement that an 

explanation of the methods required by 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(4)(i)(D). In determining which 

balance computation method to disclose, the creditor should have assumed that the credit 

extended will not be repaid within any grace period. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(vi)) 

p. Cash advance fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed for an extension 

of credit in the form of cash or its equivalent. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(vii))
220

q. Late payment fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed for a late 

payment. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(viii)) 

r. Over-the-limit fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed for exceeding 

the credit limit. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ix))

s. Balance transfer fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed to transfer a 

balance. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(x)) 

t. Returned payment fee. Determine that the creditor disclosed any fee imposed for a 

returned payment. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(xi))

u. Required insurance, debt cancellation, or debt suspension coverage. Determine that the 

fee imposed for required insurance, debt cancellation or suspension coverage is disclosed 

if the insurance, debt cancellation or coverage is required as part of the plan. Creditors 

must also cross reference additional information about the insurance or coverage as 

applicable. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(xii)) 

v. Available credit. Determine whether total of required fees for the issuance or availability 

of credit and/or security deposit debited to the account at account opening equal or 

exceed 15 percent of the credit limit for the account. If so, determine that the creditor 

disclosed, as applicable, the available credit remaining after the fees and/or security 

deposit are debited to the account. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(xiii)) 

w. Website reference. For issuers of credit cards that are not charge cards, determine that the 

creditor disclosed a reference to the website established by the CFPB and a statement that 

the consumers may obtain on the website information about shopping for and using credit 

cards. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(xiv)) 

x. Billing error rights reference. Determine that the creditor disclosed a statement that 

information about consumers’ right to dispute transactions is included in the accountopening disclosures. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(xv)) 

y. Charges and finance charges. For charges imposed as part of open-end (not homesecured) plan, the circumstances under which the charge may be imposed, including the 

amount of the charge or explanation of how the charge is determined. For finance 

charges, a statement of when finance charges begin to accrue, including an explanation of 

whether or not any time period exists within which any credit extended may be repaid 

without incurring a finance charge. If such a time period is provided, a creditor may, at its 

option and without disclosure, impose no finance charge when payment is received after 

the time period’s expiration. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(3)(i)) 

z. Disclosure of rates for open-end (not home-secured) plans. Determine that the creditor 

disclosed, as applicable, for each periodic rate that may be used to calculate interest (12 

CFR 1026.6(b)(4)(i)): 

i. The rate (expressed as a periodic rate and a corresponding APR),

ii. The range of balances to which the rate is applicable,
221

iii. The type of transaction to which the periodic rate applies, 

iv. An explanation of the method used to determine the balance to which the rate is 

applied. 

aa. Variable-rate Accounts. For interest rate changes that are tied to increases in an index or 

formula (variable-rate accounts) determine that the following are specifically set forth in 

the account agreement (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(4)(ii)): 

i. The fact that the annual percentage rate may increase, 

ii. How the rate is determined, including the margin, 

iii. The circumstances under which the rate may increase, 

iv. The frequency with which the rate may increase, 

v. Any limitation on the amount the rate may change, 

vi. The effect(s) of an increase, 

vii. Except as specified in paragraph (b)(4)(ii)(H) of this section, a rate is accurate if it is 

a rate as of a specified date and this rate was in effect within the last 30 days before 

the disclosures are provided. 

bb. Rate changes not due to index or formula. For interest rate changes that are specifically 

set forth in the account agreement and not tied to increases in an index or formula, 

determine that the creditor discloses (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(4)(iii)): 

i. The initial rate (expressed as a periodic rate and a corresponding APR); 

ii. How long the initial rate will remain in effect and the specific events that cause the 

initial rate to change; 

iii. The rate (expressed as a periodic rate and a corresponding APR) that will apply when 

the initial rate is no longer in effect and any limitation on the time period the new rate 

will remain in effect; 

iv. The balances to which the new rate will apply; 

v. The balances to which the current rate at the time of the change will apply.

cc. Voluntary credit insurance, debt cancellation, or debt suspension. Determine that the 

creditor disclosed the applicable disclosures if the creditor offers optional credit 

insurance, or debt cancellation or debt suspension coverage. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(5)(i)) 

dd. Security interests. Determine that the creditor disclosed the fact that the creditor has or 

will acquire a security interest in the property purchased under the plan, or in other 

property identified by item or type. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(5)(ii)) 
222

ee. Statement of billing rights. Determine that the creditor disclosed a statement that outlines 

the consumer’s rights and the creditor’s responsibilities. (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(5)(iii)) 

Periodic Statement Disclosures – 12 CFR 1026.7

1. Rules affecting home-equity plans. For home-equity plans subject to the requirements of 12 

CFR 1026.40, determine that the creditor disclosed on the periodic statement items a through 

j below (12 CFR 1026.7(a)): 

NOTE: The requirements of 12 CFR 1026.7(a) apply only to home-equity plans subject to the 

requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40. Alternatively, a creditor subject to the rules affecting homeequity plans may, at its option, comply with any of the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.7(b); 

however, any creditor that chooses not to provide a disclosure under 12 CFR 1026.7(a)(7) must 

comply with 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(6). 

a. Previous balance. The account balance outstanding at the beginning of the billing cycle. 

(12 CFR 1026.7(a)(1)) 

b. Identification of transactions. An identification of each credit transaction in accordance 

with 12 CFR 1026.8. (12 CFR 1026.7(a)(2)) 

c. Credits. Any credit to the account during the billing cycle, including the amount and the 

date of crediting. The date need not be provided if a delay in accounting does not result in 

any finance or other charge. (12 CFR 1026.7(a)(3)) 

d. Periodic rates. Each periodic rate that may be used to compute the finance charge, the 

range of balances to which it is applicable, and the corresponding annual percentage rate. 

If different periodic rates apply to different types of transactions, the types of transactions 

to which the periodic rates apply shall also be disclosed. For variable-rate plans, the fact 

that the periodic rate(s) may vary. (12 CFR 1026.7(a)(4)) 

NOTE: If no finance charge is imposed when the outstanding balance is less than a certain 

amount, the creditor is not required to disclose that fact, or the balance below which no 

finance charge will be imposed 

NOTE: Further, an annual percentage rate that differs from the rate that would otherwise 

apply and is offered only for a promotional period need not be disclosed except in periods in 

which the offered rate is actually applied.

e. Balance on which finance charge computed. The amount of the balance to which a 

periodic rate was applied and an explanation of how that balance was determined. When 

a balance is determined without first deducting all credits and payments made during the 

billing cycle, the fact and the amount of the credits and payments shall be disclosed. (12 

CFR 1026.7(a)(5)) 

f. Amount of finance charge and other charges. (12 CFR 1026.7(a)(6)) 

i. Finance charges. The amount of any finance charge debited or added to the account 

during the billing cycle, using the term finance charge. Determine that the 
223

components of the finance charge are individually itemized and identified to show the 

amount(s) due to the application of any periodic rates and the amounts(s) of any other 

type of finance charge. 

NOTE: If there is more than one periodic rate, the amount of the finance charge 

attributable to each rate need not be separately itemized and identified. (12 CFR 

1026.7(a)(6)(i))

ii. Other charges. The amounts, itemized and identified by type, of any charges other 

than finance charges debited to the account during the billing cycle. (12 CFR 

1026.7(a)(6)(ii))

NOTE: Creditors may comply with paragraphs (a)(6) of 12 CFR 1026.7, or with 

paragraph (b)(6) of 12 CFR 1026.7, at their option. 

g. Annual percentage rate. At a creditor’s option, when a finance charge is imposed during 

the billing cycle, the annual percentage rate(s) determined under 12 CFR 1026.14(c) 

using the term annual percentage rate. (12 CFR 1026.7(a)(7)) 

h. Grace period. The date by which or the time period within which the new balance or any 

portion of the new balance must be paid to avoid additional finance charges. (12 CFR 

1026.7(a)(8)) 

i. Address for notice of billing errors. The address to be used for notice of billing errors. 

Alternatively, the address may be provided on the billing rights statement permitted by 12 

CFR 1026.9(a)(2). (12 CFR 1026.7(a)(9)) 

j. Closing date of billing cycle; new balance. The closing date of the billing cycle and the 

account balance outstanding on that date. (12 CFR 1026.7(a)(10)) 

2. Rules affecting open-end (not home-secured) plans. The requirements of paragraph (b) of this 

section (a through n below) apply only to plans other than home-equity plans subject to the 

requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40. For applicable plans, determine that the creditor discloses 

on the periodic statement (12 CFR 1026.7(b)): 

a. Previous balance. The account balance outstanding at the beginning of the billing cycle. 

(12 CFR 1026.7(b)(1)) 

b. Identification of transactions. An identification of each credit transaction in accordance 

with 12 CFR 1026.8. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(2)) 

c. Credits. Any credit to the account during the billing cycle, including the amount and the 

date of crediting. The date need not be provided if a delay in crediting does not result in 

any finance or other charge. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(3)) 

d. Periodic rates. Each periodic rate that may be used to compute the interest charge 

expressed as an annual percentage rate and using the term Annual Percentage Rate, along 

with the range of balances to which it is applicable. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(4)) 
224

NOTE: If no interest charge is imposed when the outstanding balance is less than a certain 

amount, the creditor is not required to disclose that fact, or the balance below which no 

interest charge will be imposed. The types of transactions to which the periodic rates apply 

shall also be disclosed. For variable-rate plans, the fact that the APR may vary; and

A promotional rate, as that term is defined in 12 CFR 1026.16(g)(2)(i), is required to be 

disclosed only in periods in which the offered rate is actually applied. 

e. Balance on which finance charge computed. The amount of the balance to which a 

periodic rate was applied and an explanation of how that balance was determined, using 

the term Balance Subject to Interest Rate. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(5)) 

f. Charges imposed. The amounts of any charges imposed as part of a plan as stated in 12 

CFR 1026.6(b)(3), grouped together, in proximity to transactions identified under 

paragraph (b)(2) of this section, substantially similar to Sample G-18(A) in Appendix G 

to this part. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(6)) 

i. Interest. Finance charges attributable to periodic interest rates, using the term Interest 

Charge, must be grouped together under the heading Interest Charged, itemized and 

totaled by type of transaction, and a total of finance charges attributable to periodic 

interest rates, using the term Total Interest, must be disclosed for the statement period 

and calendar year to date, using a format substantially similar to Sample G-18(A).

ii. Fees. Charges imposed as part of the plan other than charges attributable to periodic 

interest rates must be grouped together under the heading Fees, identified consistent 

with the feature or type, and itemized, and a total of charges, using the term Fees, 

must be disclosed for the statement period and calendar year to date, using a format 

substantially similar to Sample G-18(A).

g. Change-in-terms and increased penalty rate summary for open-end (not home-secured) 

plans. Creditors that provide a change-in-terms notice required by 12 CFR 1026.9(c), or a 

rate increase notice required by 12 CFR 1026.9(g), on or with the periodic statement, 

must disclose the information in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A) and (c)(2)(iv)(B) (if 

applicable) or 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(3)(i) on the periodic statement in accordance with the 

format requirements in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(D), and 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(3)(ii). See 

Forms G-18(F) and G-18(G). (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(7)) 

h. Grace period. The date by which or the time period within which the new balance or any 

portion of the new balance must be paid to avoid additional finance charges. If such a 

time period is provided, a creditor may, at its option and without disclosure, impose no 

finance charge if payment is received after the time period’s expiration. (12 CFR 

1026.7(b)(8)) 

i. Address for notice of billing errors. The address to be used for notice of billing errors. 

Alternatively, the address may be provided on the billing rights statement permitted by 12 

CFR 1026.9(a)(2). (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(9)) 
225

j. Closing date of billing cycle; new balance. The closing date of the billing cycle and the 

account balance outstanding on that date disclosed in accordance with 12 CFR 

1026.7(b)(13). (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(10))

k. Due date; late payment costs. With the exception of periodic statements provided solely 

for charge cards and periodic statements provided for a charged-off account where 

payment of the entire account balance is due immediately, determine that the creditor 

disclosed (in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(13)) for a credit card account under an 

open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan: 

i. The due date for a payment (the due date must be the same day of the month for each 

billing cycle). (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(11)(i)(A)) 

ii. The amount of any late payment fee and any increased periodic rate(s) (expressed as 

an annual percentage rate(s)) that may be imposed on the account as a result of a late 

payment. If a range of late payment fees may be assessed, verify that the card issuer 

either states a range of fees or the highest fee and an indication that the fee imposed 

could be lower. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(11)(i)(B)) 

NOTE: If the rate may be increased for more than one feature or balance, the card issuer 

may state the range of rates or the highest rate that could apply and at the issuer’s option 

an indication that the rate imposed could be lower. 

NOTE: Further, with the exception of the negative or no amortization disclosures 

required by 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(ii), the repayment disclosures in 12 CFR 

1026.7(b)(12) (as listed in step 12 below) are not required for: 

iii. Charge card accounts that require payment of outstanding balances in full at the end 

of each billing cycle;

iv. A billing cycle immediately following two consecutive billing cycles in which the 

consumer paid the entire balance in full, had a zero outstanding balance or had a 

credit balance; and

v. A billing cycle where paying the minimum payment due for that billing cycle will pay 

the entire outstanding balance on the account for that billing cycle. 

l. Given those exceptions above, determine that the card issuer disclosed on the periodic 

statement 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12): 

i. The following statement with a bold heading: “Minimum Payment Warning: If you 

make only the minimum payment each period, you will pay more in interest and it 

will take you longer to pay off your balance” (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i)(A)); 

ii. The minimum payment repayment estimate, as described in appendix M1 to this part. 

NOTE: If the minimum payment repayment estimate is less than two years, determine 

that the card issuer disclosed the estimate in months. Otherwise, the estimate must be 

disclosed in years and rounded to the nearest whole year (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i)(B)); 
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iii. The minimum payment total cost estimate, as described in appendix M1 to this part, 

rounded to the nearest whole dollar or to the nearest cent, at the card issuer’s option 

(12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i)(C));

iv. A statement that the minimum payment repayment estimate and the minimum 

payment total cost estimate are based on the current outstanding balance shown on 

the periodic statement. A statement that the minimum payment repayment estimate 

and the minimum payment total cost estimate are based on the assumption that only 

minimum payments are made and no other amounts are added to the balance (12 CFR 

1026.7(b)(12)(i)(D)); 

v. A toll-free telephone number where the consumer may obtain from the card issuer 

information about credit counseling services (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i)(E)); and 

vi. The disclosures required for 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i)(F)(1): 

A. The estimated monthly payment for repayment in 36 months, as described in 

Appendix M1 to this part. The estimated monthly payment for repayment in 36 

months must be rounded to the nearest whole dollar or to the nearest cent, at the 

card issuer’s option (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i)(F)(1)(i)); 

B. A statement that the card issuer estimates that the consumer will repay the 

outstanding balance shown on the periodic statement in three years if the 

consumer pays the estimated monthly payment for three years (12 CFR 

1026.7(b)(12)(i)(F)(1)(ii)); 

C. The total cost estimate for repayment in 36 months, as described in Appendix M1 

to this part. The total cost estimate for repayment in 36 months must be rounded 

to the nearest whole dollar or to the nearest cent, at the card issuer’s option (12 

CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i)(F)(1)(iii)); and 

D. The savings estimate for repayment in 36 months, as described in appendix M1 to 

this part. The savings estimate for repayment in 36 months must be rounded to the 

nearest whole dollar or to the nearest cent, at the card issuer’s option (12 CFR 

1026.7(b)(12)(i)(F)(1)(iv)).

NOTE: The disclosures (A through D above) required for 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i)(F)(1) 

do not apply to a periodic statement in any of the following circumstances: 

1) The minimum payment repayment estimate that is disclosed on the periodic 

statement pursuant to paragraph (b)(12)(i)(B) of this section after rounding is 

three years or less;

2) The estimated monthly payment for repayment in 36 months, as described in 

Appendix M1 to this part, rounded to the nearest whole dollar or nearest cent 

that is calculated for a particular billing cycle is less than the minimum 

payment required for the plan for that billing cycle; and 
227

3) A billing cycle where an account has both a balance in a revolving feature 

where the required minimum payments for this feature will not amortize that 

balance in a fixed amount of time specified in the account agreement and a 

balance in a fixed repayment feature where the required minimum payment 

for this fixed repayment feature will amortize that balance in a fixed amount

of time specified in the account agreement which is less than 36 months. 

vii. If negative or no amortization occurs when calculating the minimum payment 

estimate as described in Appendix M1, determine that the card issuer provides the 

following disclosures on each periodic statement instead of the disclosures set forth in 

12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(i) (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(ii)): 

A. “Minimum Payment Warning: Even if you make no more charges using this 

card, if you make only the minimum payment each month we estimate you will 

never pay off the balance shown on this statement because your payment will 

be less than the interest charged each month” (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(ii)(A)); 

B. “If you make more than the minimum payment each period, you will pay less in 

interest and pay off your balance sooner” (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(ii)(B)); 

C. The estimated monthly payment for repayment in 36 months rounded to the 

nearest whole dollar or to the nearest cent, at the creditor’s option (12 CFR 

1026.7(b)(12)(ii)(C)); 

D. A statement that the card issuer estimates that the consumer will repay the 

outstanding balance shown on the periodic statement in three years if the 

consumer pays the estimated monthly payment each month for three years (12 

CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(ii)(D)); and 

E. A toll-free telephone number where the consumer may obtain from the card issuer 

information about credit counseling services consistent with 12 CFR 

1026.7(b)(12)(iv). (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(ii)(E)) 

viii. Verify that the items required to be disclosed, as addressed in the procedures in step 

12 above (required by 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)) are disclosed in accordance with the 

format requirements of 12 CFR 1026.7(b)(13) and are substantially similar to the 

samples provided in appendix G of Regulation Z. 

ix. Determine that a card issuer provides (to the extent available from the United States 

Trustee or a bankruptcy administrator) through the disclosed toll-free telephone 

number the name, street address, telephone number, and website address for at least 

three organizations that have been approved by the United States Trustee or a 

bankruptcy administrator to provide credit counseling services in either the state in 

which the billing address for the account is located or the state specified by the 

consumer. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(iv)(A)) 
228

x. Determine that the card issuer at least annually updates the credit counseling 

information it discloses for consistency with the information available from the 

United States Trustee or a bankruptcy administrator. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(12)(iv)(B)) 

m. Determine that the card issuer provided periodic statement disclosures according to the 

following format requirements (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(13)): 

i. The due date is disclosed on the front of the first page of the periodic statement and 

that the amount of the late payment fee and the APR(s) are stated in close proximity 

thereto. 

ii. The ending balance and the repayment disclosures (required by paragraph (b)(12) of 

12 CFR 1026.7 are disclosed closely proximate to the minimum payment due. 

iii. The due date, late payment fee and APR, ending balance, minimum payment due, and 

repayment disclosures are grouped together. 

NOTE: Sample G-18(D) in Appendix G of Regulation Z sets forth an example of how 

these terms may be grouped. 

n. For accounts with an outstanding balance subject to a deferred interest or similar 

program, determine that the creditor disclosed the date by which that outstanding balance 

must be paid in full in order to avoid the obligation to pay finance charges on such 

balance on the front of any page of each periodic statement issued during the deferred 

interest period beginning with the first periodic statement issued during the deferred 

interest period that reflects the deferred interest or similar transaction. The disclosure 

provided pursuant to this paragraph must be substantially similar to Sample G-18(H) in 

Appendix G to this part. (12 CFR 1026.7(b)(14)) 

Subsequent Disclosure Requirements – 12 CFR 1026.9

1. Determine whether the creditor mailed or delivered the billing rights statement at least once 

per calendar year, at intervals of not less than six months or more than 18 months, customers 

and whether the institution used the short form notice with each periodic statement. (12 CFR 

1026.9(a)(1)) 

NOTE: As an alternative to the annual billing rights statement (12 CFR 1026.9(a)(1)), the 

creditor may mail or deliver, on or with each periodic statement, a statement substantially 

similar to Model Form G-4 or Model Form G-4(A) in Appendix G to this part, as applicable. 

Creditors offering home-equity plans subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40 may use 

either Model Form, at their option. (12 CFR 1026.9(a)(2)) 

2. If, 30 days after mailing or delivering the account-opening disclosures under 12 CFR 

1026.6(a)(1) or (b)(3)(ii)(A), the creditor adds a credit feature or furnishes a credit access 

device (other than as a renewal, resupply, or the original issuance of a credit card, or except 

with regard to checks that access a credit card account) on the same finance charge terms, 

determine that the creditor discloses, before the consumer uses the feature or device for the 
229

first time, that it is for use in obtaining credit under the terms previously disclosed. (12 CFR 

1026.9(b)(1)) 

3. Determine that, except with regard to checks that access a credit card account, whenever a 

credit feature is added or a credit access device is mailed or delivered to the consumer, and 

the finance charge terms for the feature or device differ from disclosures previously given, 

the disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.6(a)(1) or (b)(3)(ii)(A) that are applicable to the 

added feature or device are given before the consumer uses the feature or device for the first 

time. (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(2)) 

4. Checks that access a credit card account. For open-end plans not subject to the requirements 

of 12 CFR 1026.40, if checks that can be used to access a credit card account are provided 

more than 30 days after account-opening disclosures under 12 CFR 1026.6(b) are mailed or 

delivered, or are provided within 30 days of the account-opening disclosures and the finance 

charge terms for the checks differ from the finance charge terms previously disclosed, 

determine that the creditor discloses on the front of the page containing the checks the 

following terms in the form of a table with the headings, content, and form substantially 

similar to Sample G–19 in appendix G to this part (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)): 

a. If a promotional rate applies to the checks, determine that the creditor discloses:

i. The promotional rate and the time period during which the promotional rate will 

remain in effect (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(i)(A)(1)); 

ii. The type of rate that will apply (such as whether the purchase or cash advance rate 

applies) after the promotional rate expires, and the annual percentage rate that will 

apply after the promotional rate expires. For a variable-rate account, a creditor must 

disclose an annual percentage rate based on the applicable index or formula in 

accordance with the accuracy requirements set forth in paragraph (b)(3)(ii) of this 

section (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(i)(A)(2)); and 

iii. The date, if any, by which the consumer must use the checks in order to qualify for 

the promotional rate. If the creditor will honor checks used after such date but will 

apply an annual percentage rate other than the promotional rate, the creditor must 

disclose this fact and the type of annual percentage rate that will apply if the 

consumer uses the checks after such date. (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(i)(A)(3)) 

b. If any APR required to be disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(i) is a variable rate, 

determine that the creditor also disclosed the fact that the rate may vary and how the rate 

is determined. Determine that the creditor identified the type of index or formula used in 

setting the rate. Determine that the creditor does not disclose the value of the index and 

the amount of the margin that are used to calculate the variable rate in the table and that 

any applicable limitations on rate increases are not included in the table. (12 CFR 

1026.9(b)(3)(iii)) 

c. If no promotional rate applies to the checks, determine that the creditor discloses: 
230

i. The type of rate that will apply to the checks and the applicable annual percentage 

rate. For a variable-rate account, a creditor must disclose an annual percentage rate 

based on the applicable index or formula in accordance with the accuracy 

requirements set forth in 12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(ii). (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(i)(B)(1))

d. Determine that the creditor discloses:

i. Any transaction fees applicable to the checks disclosed under 12 CFR 

1026.6(b)(2)(iv). (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(i)(C)) 

ii. Whether or not a grace period is given within which any credit extended by use of the 

checks may be repaid without incurring a finance charge due to a periodic interest 

rate. When disclosing whether there is a grace period, the phrase “How to Avoid 

Paying Interest on Check Transactions” shall be used as the row heading when a 

grace period applies to credit extended by the use of the checks. When disclosing the 

fact that no grace period exists for credit extended by use of the checks, the phrase 

“Paying Interest” shall be used as the row heading. (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(i)(D))

NOTE: The disclosures in 12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(i) must be accurate as of the time the 

disclosures are mailed or delivered. A variable APR is accurate if it was in effect within 

60 days of when the disclosures are mailed or delivered. (12 CFR 1026.9(b)(3)(ii))

5. Determine, for home-equity plans subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40: 

a. Whenever any term required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(a) is changed or the 

required minimum periodic payment is increased, the creditor mailed or delivered written 

notice of the change at least 15 days prior to the effective date of the change. If the 

consumer agreed to the change, determine that notice was provided before the change 

went into effect. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(1)(i)) 

b. If the creditor prohibits additional extensions of credit or reduces the credit limit that the 

creditor mailed or delivered notice of the action not later than three business days after 

such action is taken. The notice must contain the specific reasons for the action. (12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(1)(iii))

NOTE: Notice is not required when the change involves a reduction of any component of a 

finance charge or other charge or when the change results from an agreement involving a 

court proceeding. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(1)(ii)) 

6. For plans other than home-equity plans subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40, 

except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i)(B), (c)(2)(iii) and (c)(2)(v), when a significant 

change in account terms as described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(ii) is made, determine that the 

creditor provides a written notice of the change at least 45 days prior to the effective date of 

the change to each consumer who may be affected. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i)(A)) 

7. The 45-day timing requirement, however, does not apply if the consumer has agreed to a 

particular change as described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i)(B). For these instances, however, 

determine that the creditor provided a notice in accordance with the timing requirements of 

12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i)(B). (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i)(A)) 
231

8. For open-end (not home-secured) plans, determine that increases in the rate applicable to a 

consumer’s account due to delinquency, default or as a penalty described in 12 CFR 

1026.9(g) that are not due to a change in the contractual terms of the consumer’s account are 

disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(g) instead of 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2). (12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(i)(A))

9. When a notice of change in terms is required, determine that it is mailed or delivered no later 

than the effective date of the change, if the consumer agrees to the particular change. 12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(i)(B) applies only when a consumer substitutes collateral or when the creditor 

can advance additional credit only if a change relatively unique to that consumer is made, 

such as the consumer’s providing additional security or paying an increased minimum 

payment amount. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i)(B)) 

NOTE: The 45-day timing requirements discussed in step f above does not apply in certain 

narrow circumstances, as described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i)(B). The following are not 

considered agreements between the consumer and the creditor for purposes of 12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(i)(B):

a. The consumer’s general acceptance of the creditor’s contract reservation of the right to 

change terms;

b. The consumer’s use of the account (which might imply acceptance of its terms under 

state law);

c. The consumer’s acceptance of a unilateral term change that is not particular to that 

consumer, but rather is of general applicability to consumers with that type of account; 

and, 

d. The consumer’s request to reopen a closed account or to upgrade an existing account to 

another account offered by the creditor with different credit or other features. (12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(i)(B))

10. The 45-day advance notice requirement applies to changes to the following terms (12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(ii)):

a. APR increases (including each periodic rate that may be used to compute the finance 

charge on outstanding balances for purchases, a cash advance, or a balance transfer) and 

other APR changes (including variable rate information, discounted or premium initial 

rates, or penalty rates that may be applied to the account); 

b. Fees for issuance or availability, including any fee based upon account activity or 

inactivity;

c. Fixed finance charge or minimum interest charge, if it exceeds one dollar; 

d. Transaction charge for purchases;

e. Grace period;
232

f. Balance computation method; 

g. Cash advance fee;

h. Late payment fee;

i. Over-the-limit fee;

j. Balance transfer fee;

k. Returned payment fee; 

l. Required insurance, debt cancellation, or debt suspension coverage; and 

m. Increase in required minimum periodic payment, or the acquisition of a security interest. 

11. Except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(vi), if a creditor increases any component of a 

charge, or introduces a new charge, required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(3) that 

is not a significant change in account terms as described in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this 

section, determine that the creditor either (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iii)): 

a. Complies with the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i), or 

b. Provides notice of the amount of the charge before the consumer agrees to or becomes 

obligated to pay the charge, at a time and in a manner that a consumer would be likely to 

notice the disclosure of the charge, either in writing or orally. 

12. Ensure that the written change-in-terms notice contains the following disclosures (12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)):

a. A summary of the changes made to terms required by 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1) and (b)(2) or 

12 CFR 1026.6(b)(4), a description of any increase in the required minimum payment, 

and a description of any security interests being acquired by the creditor; 

b. A statement that changes are being made to the account; 

c. For accounts other than credit card accounts under an open-end (not home-secured) 

consumer credit plan subject to 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(B), a statement indicating that 

the consumer has the right to opt out of the changes, if applicable, and a reference to the 

opt-out right provided in the notice, if applicable; 

d. The date the changes will become effective; 

e. If applicable, a statement that the consumer may find additional information about the 

summarized changes, and other changes, in the notice; 

f. In the case of a rate change, other than a penalty rate, a statement that if a penalty rate 

currently applies to the consumer’s account, the new rate described in the notice will not 

apply to the consumer’s account until the consumer’s account balances are no longer 

subject to the penalty rate; 
233

g. If the change in terms being disclosed is an increase in the APR, the balances to which the 

increased rate will apply. If applicable, creditors should disclose a statement identifying the 

balances to which the current rate will apply as of the effective date of the change; 

h. If the change in terms being disclosed is an increase in an annual percentage rate for a 

credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan, a 

statement of no more than four principal reasons for the rate increase, listed in their order 

of importance. 

NOTE: The disclosed reasons must accurately describe the principal factors actually 

considered by the card issuer in increasing the rate. (Comment 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)-11) 

13. In addition to the disclosures in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A), if a card issuer makes a 

significant change in account terms on a credit card account under an open-end (not homesecured) consumer credit plan, determine that the creditor provides the following information 

on the notice provided pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i) (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(B)): 

NOTE: This information is not required to be provided in the case of an increase in the 

required minimum periodic payment, an increase in a fee as a result of a reevaluation of a 

determination made under 12 CFR 1026.52(b)(1)(i) or an adjustment to the safe harbors in 12 

CFR 1026.52(b)(1)(ii) to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index, a change in an annual 

percentage rate applicable to a consumer’s account, an increase in a fee previously reduced 

consistent with 50 U.S.C. 3937 (Servicemembers Civil Relief Act) or similar federal or state 

statute or regulation if the amount of the increased fee does not exceed the amount of that fee 

prior to the reduction, or when the change results from the creditor not receiving the 

consumer’s required minimum periodic payment within 60 days after the due date for that 

payment. 

a. A statement that the consumer has the right to reject the change or changes prior to the 

effective date of the changes, unless the consumer fails to make a required minimum 

periodic payment within 60 days after the due date for that payment; 

b. Instructions for rejecting the change or changes, and a toll-free telephone number that the 

consumer may use to notify the creditor of the rejection; and 

c. If applicable, a statement that if the consumer rejects the change or changes, the 

consumer’s ability to use the account for further advances will be terminated or 

suspended. 

14. Changes resulting from failure to make minimum periodic payment within 60 days from due 

date for credit card accounts under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan. 

For a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan (12 

CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(C)):

a. If the significant change required to be disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i) of 

this section is an increase in an annual percentage rate or a fee or charge required to be 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii) based on the 

consumer’s failure to make a minimum periodic payment within 60 days from the due 
234

date for that payment, determine that the notice provided pursuant to paragraph (c)(2)(i) 

of this section states that the increase will cease to apply to transactions that occurred 

prior to or within 14 days of provision of the notice, if the creditor receives six 

consecutive required minimum periodic payments on or before the payment due date, 

beginning with the first payment due following the effective date of the increase.

b. If the significant change required to be disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i) is an 

increase in a fee or charge required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), 

(b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii) based on the consumer’s failure to make a minimum periodic 

payment within 60 days from the due date for that payment, determine that the notice 

provided pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i) also states the reason for the increase.

15. Determine that the summary of changes described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(1) is in a 

tabular format (except for a summary of any increase in the required minimum periodic 

payment, a summary of a term required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(4) that is not 

required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1) and (b)(2), or a description of any 

security interest being acquired by the creditor), with headings and format substantially 

similar to any of the account-opening tables found in G-17 in Appendix G. Determine that 

the table discloses the changed term and information relevant to the change, if that relevant 

information is required by 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1) and (b)(2). Determine that the new terms are 

described in the same level of detail as required when disclosing the terms under 12 CFR 

1026.6(b)(2). (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(D)(1)) 

16. If a notice required by 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i) (change in terms) is included on or with a 

periodic statement, determine that the information described in 12 CFR 

1026.6(c)(2)(iv)(A)(1) is disclosed on the front of any page of the statement. Determine that 

the summary of changes described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(1) immediately follows the 

information described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(2) through 12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(7) and, if applicable, 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(8), 

1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(B), and 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(C), and is substantially similar to the format shown 

in Sample G-20 or G-21 in Appendix G to this part. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(D)(2))

17. If a notice required by 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(i) is not included on or with a periodic 

statement, determine that the information described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(1) is 

disclosed on the front of the first page of the notice or segregated on a separate page from 

other information given with the notice. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(D)(3)) 

NOTE: The summary of changes required to be in a table pursuant to paragraph 

(c)(2)(iv)(A)(1) of this section may be on more than one page, and may use both the front 

and reverse sides, so long as the table begins on the front of the first page of the notice and 

there is a reference on the first page indicating that the table continues on the following page. 

18. Determine that the summary of changes described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(1) 

immediately follows the information described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(2) through 12 

CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(7) and, if applicable, 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(A)(8), (c)(2)(iv)(B), 

and (c)(2)(iv)(C), of this section, and is substantially similar to the format shown in Sample 

G-20 or G-21 in Appendix G to this part. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(D)(3)) 
235

19. For open-end plans (other than home equity plans subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 

1026.40), note that a creditor is not required to provide notice under this section if (12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(v)): 

a. The change involves: 

i. Charges for documentary evidence;

ii. A reduction of any component of a finance or other charge; 

iii. A suspension of future credit privileges (except as provided in 12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(vi) of this section) or termination of an account or plan; 

iv. When the change results from an agreement involving a court proceeding; 

v. When the change is an extension of the grace period; or 

vi. The change is applicable only to checks that access a credit card account and the 

changed terms are disclosed on or with the checks in accordance with 12 CFR 

1026.9(b)(3) (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(v)(A)); 

b. The change is an increase in an APR upon the expiration of a specified period of time, 

provided that (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(v)(B)): 

i. Prior to commencement of that period, the creditor disclosed in writing to the 

consumer, in a clear and conspicuous manner, the length of the period and the APR or 

fee that would apply after expiration of the period; 

ii. The disclosure of the length of the period and the APR or fee that would apply after 

expiration of the period are set forth in close proximity and in equal prominence to 

the first listing of the disclosure of the rate or fee that applies during the specified 

period of time; and 

iii. The APR or fee that applies after that period does not exceed the rate disclosed 

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(v)(B)(1) or, if the rate disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(v)(B)(1) was a variable rate, the rate following any such increase is a 

variable rate determined by the same formula (index and margin) that was used to 

calculate the variable rate disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(v)(B)(1); 

c. The change is an increase in a variable APR in accordance with a credit card or other 

account agreement that provides for changes in the rate according to operation of an 

index that is not under the control of the creditor and is available to the general public (12 

CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(v)(C)); or 

d. The change is an increase in an APR, a fee or charge required to be disclosed under 12 

CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), (b)(2)(viii), (b)(2)(ix) or (b)(2)(xii), or the required 

minimum periodic payment due to the completion of a workout or temporary hardship 

arrangement by the consumer or the consumer’s failure to comply with the terms of such 

an arrangement, provided that (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(v)(D)): 
236

i. The APR or fee or charge applicable to a category of transactions or the required 

minimum periodic payment following any such increase does not exceed the rate or 

fee or charge or required minimum periodic payment that applied to that category of 

transactions prior to commencement of the arrangement or, if the rate that applied to a 

category of transactions prior to the commencement of the workout or temporary 

hardship arrangement was a variable rate, the rate following any such increase is a 

variable rate determined by the same formula (index and margin) that applied to the 

category of transactions prior to commencement of the workout or temporary 

hardship arrangement; and

ii. The creditor has provided the consumer, prior to the commencement of such 

arrangement, with a clear and conspicuous disclosure of the terms of the arrangement 

(including any increases due to such completion or failure). This disclosure must 

generally be provided in writing. However, a creditor may provide the disclosure of 

the terms of the arrangement orally by telephone, provided that the creditor mails or 

delivers a written disclosure of the terms of the arrangement to the consumer as soon 

as reasonably practicable after the oral disclosure is provided.

20. For open-end plans that are not subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40, if a creditor 

decreases the credit limit on the account, determine that advance notice of the decrease is 

provided before an over-the-limit fee or a penalty rate can be imposed solely as a result of the 

consumer exceeding the newly decreased credit limit. Determine that notice is provided in 

writing or orally at least 45 days prior to imposing the over-the-limit fee or penalty rate and 

that it states that the credit limit on the account has been or will be decreased. (12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(vi)) 

21. Determine that the disclosures contained in 12 CFR 1026.60(b)(1) through (b)(7) are 

provided if the account is renewed and (1) the card issuer imposes an annual or other periodic 

fee for the renewal or (2) the card issuer has changed or amended any term of the account 

required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1) and (b)(2) that has not previously been 

disclosed to the consumer. Additionally, the disclosure provided upon renewal must disclose 

how and when the cardholder may terminate the credit to avoid paying the renewal fee, if 

any. (12 CFR 1026.9(e)) 

22. For plans other than home-equity plans subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40 

(except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)), determine that the creditor provides a written 

notice to each consumer who may be affected when (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(1)): 

a. A rate is increased due to the consumer’s delinquency or default; or 

b. A rate is increased as a penalty for one or more events specified in the account 

agreement, such as making a late payment or obtaining an extension of credit that 

exceeds the credit limit.

23. Whenever any notice is required to be given pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this section, 

determine that the creditor provided written notice of the increase in rates at least 45 days 

prior to the effective date of the increase. The notice must be provided after the occurrence of 
237

the events described in 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(1)(i) and (g)(1)(ii) that trigger the imposition of 

the rate increase. (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(2)) 

24. If a creditor is increasing the rate due to delinquency or default or as a penalty, determine that 

the creditor provided the following information on the notice sent pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.9(g)(1) (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(3)(i)(A)): 

a. A statement that the delinquency or default rate or penalty rate, as applicable, has been 

triggered;

b. The date on which the delinquency or default rate or penalty rate will apply; 

c. The circumstances under which the delinquency or default rate or penalty rate, as 

applicable, will cease to apply to the consumer’s account, or that the delinquency or 

default rate or penalty rate will remain in effect for a potentially indefinite time period;

d. A statement indicating to which balances the delinquency or default rate or penalty rate 

will be applied; 

e. If applicable, a description of any balances to which the current rate will continue to 

apply as of the effective date of the rate increase, unless a consumer fails to make a 

minimum periodic payment within 60 days from the due date for that payment; and 

f. For a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan, a 

statement of no more than four principal reasons for the rate increase, listed in their order 

of importance. 

NOTE: The disclosed reasons must accurately describe the principal factors actually 

considered by the card issuer in increasing the rate. (Comment 1026.9(g)-7) 

25. For a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan, if the 

rate increase required to be disclosed pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this section is an 

increase pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.55(b)(4) based on the consumer’s failure to make a 

minimum periodic payment within 60 days from the due date for that payment, determine 

that the notice provided pursuant to paragraph (g)(1) of this section also states that the 

increase will cease to apply to transactions that occurred prior to or within 14 days of 

provision of the notice, if the creditor receives six consecutive required minimum periodic 

payments on or before the payment due date, beginning with the first payment due following 

the effective date of the increase. (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(3)(i)(B)) 

26. If a notice required by 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(1) (Increase in rates due to delinquency or default 

or as a penalty) is included on or with a periodic statement, determine that the disclosure 

described in paragraph (g)(3)(i) is in the form of a table and provided on the front of any 

page of the periodic statement, above the notice described in paragraph (c)(2)(iv) of this 

section if that notice is provided on the same statement. (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(3)(ii)(A)) 

27. If a notice required by 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(1) (increase in rates) is not included on or with a 

periodic statement, determine that the information described in 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(3)(i) is 
238

disclosed on the front of the first page of the notice. Ensure that only information related to 

the increase in the rate to a penalty rate is included with the notice. 

NOTE: This notice may be combined with a notice described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv) or 

(g)(4) (A statement indicating to which balances the delinquency or default rate or penalty 

rate will be applied) of this section. (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(3)(ii)(B)) 

28. Exception for Decreases in the Credit Limit. If a creditor does not provide the 45-day notice 

under 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(1) prior to increasing the rate for obtaining an extension of credit 

that exceeds the credit limit, determine that the creditor provides at least 45 days in advance 

of imposing the penalty rate a notice, in writing, that includes (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)): 

a. A statement that the credit limit on the account has or will be decreased; 

b. The date on which the penalty rate will apply, if the outstanding balance exceeds the 

credit limit as of that date;

c. A statement that the penalty rate will not be imposed on that date, if the outstanding 

balance does not exceed the credit limit as of that date;

d. The circumstances under which the penalty rate, if applied, will cease to apply to the 

account, or that the penalty rate, if applied, will remain in effect for a potentially 

indefinite period of time; 

e. A statement indicating to which balances the penalty rate may be applied; and

f. If applicable, a description of any balances to which the current rate will continue to 

apply as of the effective date of the rate increase, unless the consumer fails to make a 

minimum periodic payment within 60 days from the due date for that payment. 

In addition to this notice, determine that the creditor does not increase the applicable rate 

to the penalty rate if the outstanding balance does not exceed the credit limit on the date 

set forth in the notice. (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)(ii)) 

29. If a notice provided pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)(i) is included on or with a periodic 

statement, determine that the information described in 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)(i) is in the form 

of a table and provided on the front of any page of the periodic statement (12 CFR 

1026.9(g)(4)(iii)(A)); or,

30. If a notice required by 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)(i) is not included on or with a periodic 

statement, determine that the information described in 12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)(i) is disclosed on 

the front of the first page of the notice. Determine that only information related to the 

reduction in credit limit is included with the notice, except that this notice may be combined 

with a notice described in 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv) or (g)(1). (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)(iii)(B)) 

31. When the consumer is given the right to reject a significant change to an account term prior 

to the effective date of the change, determine whether the consumer was given the option to 

reject the change by notifying the creditor of the rejection before the effective date of the 

change. (12 CFR 1026.9(h)(1)) 
239

32. If the creditor was notified of the rejection of a significant change to an account term, 

determine that the creditor did not: 

a. Apply the charge to the account; 

b. Impose a fee or charge or treat the account as in default solely as a result of the rejection; 

or 

c. Require repayment of the balance on the account using a method that is LESS beneficial 

to the consumer than one of the following methods: 

i. The method of repayment for the account on the date on which the creditor was 

notified of the rejection; 

ii. An amortization period of not less than five years, beginning no earlier than the date 

on which the creditor was notified of the rejection; or 

iii. A required minimum periodic payment that includes a percentage of the balance that 

is equal to no more than twice the percentage required on the date on which the 

creditor was notified of the rejection. (12 CFR 1026.9(h)(2)) 

NOTE: These requirements do not apply if the creditor has not received the consumer’s 

required minimum periodic payment within 60 days after the due date for that payment 

and the creditor has provided timely change in terms disclosures. (12 CFR 1026.9(h)(3)) 

33. Determine that a statement of the maximum interest rate that may be imposed during the 

term of the obligation is made for any dwelling-secured loan in which the APR may increase 

during the plan. (12 CFR 1026.30(b)) 

34. For any open-end mortgage loan (credit transaction that is secured by the principal dwelling 

of a consumer) that was sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred to the covered person, 

determine that the covered person notifies the borrower in writing of such transfer, including 

(12 CFR 1026.39): 

a. An identification of the loan that was sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred; 

b. The name, address, and telephone number of the covered person who owns the mortgage 

loan; 

c. The date of transfer (either the date of acquisition recognized in the books and records of 

the covered person or that of the transferring party) identified by the covered person; 

d. The name, address, and telephone number of an agent or party having authority, on 

behalf of the covered person, to receive notice of the right to rescind and resolve issues 

concerning the consumer’s payments on the mortgage loan; 

e. Where transfer of ownership of the debt to the covered person is or may be recorded in 

public records or, alternatively, that the transfer of ownership has not been recorded in 

public records at the time the disclosure is provided; and 
240

f. At the option of the covered person, any other relevant information regarding the 

transaction.

g. If there are multiple covered persons, contact information for each of them, unless one of 

them has been authorized to receive the consumer’s notice of the right to rescind and 

resolve issues concerning the consumer’s payments on the loan. (12 CFR 1026.39(d)-(e))

NOTE: This notice of sale or transfer must be provided for any consumer credit transaction 

that is secured by the principal dwelling of a consumer. This notification is required by the 

covered person even if the loan servicer remains the same. In addition, if more than one 

consumer is liable on the obligation, the covered person may mail or deliver the disclosure 

notice to any consumer who is primarily liable. And, if an acquisition involves multiple 

covered persons who each acquire a partial interest in the loan pursuant to separate and 

unrelated agreements, each covered person has a duty to ensure that disclosures related to its 

acquisition are accurate and provided in a timely manner unless an exception in 12 CFR 

1026.39(c) applies. The parties may, but are not required to, provide a single notice that 

satisfies the timing and content requirements applicable to each covered person. (Comment 

1026.39(b)(5)-2) 

Disclosure Requirements for Over-the-Limit Transactions – 12 CFR 

1026.56

1. Determine that the oral, written or electronic “opt-in” notice includes all of the following 

applicable items (and not any information not specified in or otherwise permitted) (12 CFR 

1026.56(e)(1)): 

a. Fees. The dollar amount of any fees or charges assessed by the card issuer on a 

consumer’s account for an over-the-limit transaction; 

b. APR(s). Any increased periodic rate(s) (expressed as an APR(s)) that may be imposed on 

the account as a result of an over-the-limit transaction; and

c. Disclosure of opt-in right. An explanation of the consumer’s right to affirmatively 

consent to the card issuer’s payment of over-the-limit transactions, including the 

method(s) by which the consumer may consent. 

2. Determine that the written notice informing the consumer of the right to revoke consent 

following the assessment of an over-the-limit fee or charge describes that right, including the 

method(s) by which the consumer may revoke consent. (12 CFR 1026.56(e)(2)) 

Reverse Mortgage Forms Review Procedures (Both Openand Closed-End) 

1. Determine that the disclosures required for reverse mortgage transactions are substantially 

similar to the model form in Appendix K and include the items below (12 CFR 1026.33): 
241

a. A statement that the consumer is not obligated to complete the reverse mortgage 

transaction merely because he or she has received the disclosures or signed an 

application. 

b. A good faith projection of the total cost of the credit expressed as a table of “total annual loan 

cost rates” including payments to the consumer, additional creditor compensation, limitations 

on consumer liability, assumed annual appreciation, and the assumed loan period.

c. An itemization of loan terms, charges, the age of the youngest borrower, and the 

appraised property value.

d. An explanation of the table of total annual loan costs rates. 

NOTE: Forms that include or involve current transactions, such as change in terms notices, 

periodic billing statements, rescission notices, and billing error communications, are verified 

for accuracy when the file review worksheets are completed. 

Timing Requirements 

1. Timing Requirements – Open-End Credit. Review financial institution policies, 

procedures, and systems to determine, either separately or when completing the actual file 

review, whether the applicable disclosures listed below are furnished when required by 

Regulation Z. Take into account products that have different features, such as closed-end 

loans or credit card accounts that are fixed or variable rate. 

a. Credit card application and solicitation disclosures. On or with the application. (12 CFR 

1026.60(b)) 

b. HELOC disclosures. At the time the application is provided or within three business days 

under certain circumstances. (12 CFR 1026.40(b)) 

c. Open-end credit initial disclosures. Before the first transaction is made under the plan. 

(12 CFR 1026.5(b)(1)) 

d. Card holder agreement. Verify that the card issuer sends to the cardholder or otherwise 

make available to the cardholder a copy of the cardholder’s agreement in electronic or 

paper form no later than 30 days after the issuer receives the cardholder’s request (12 

CFR 1026.58(e)(1)(ii)). Determine that the issuer has adequate procedures for ensuring 

that this requirement is met.

e. Periodic statement disclosures for open-end credit under 12 CFR 1026.7. Required if at 

the end of a billing cycle, the account has a debit or credit balance of one dollar or more 

or if a finance charge has been imposed (12 CFR 1026.5(b)(2)(i)). Also, the creditor must 

adopt reasonable procedures designed to ensure that periodic statements for credit card 

accounts are mailed or delivered at least 21 days prior to the payment due date and the 

date on which any grace period expires (for non-credit card open-end credit, there is a 21 

day rule if there is a grace period and a 14-day rule if there is no grace period). (12 CFR 

1026.5(b)(2)(ii)(B)(2)) 
242

f. Statement of billing rights. At least once per year. (12 CFR 1026.9(a)) 

g. Supplemental credit devices. Before the first transaction under the plan. (12 CFR 

1026.9(b)) 

h. Open-end credit change in significant terms as a result of a change in contractual terms. 

45 days prior to the effective change date. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)) 

i. Open-end change in terms or rates due to delinquency or default or as a penalty. 45 days 

prior to the effective change date. (12 CFR 1026.9(g)) 

j. Finance charge imposed at time of transaction. Prior to imposing any fee. (12 CFR 

1026.9(d)) 

k. Disclosures upon renewal of credit or charge card. 30 days or one billing cycle, 

whichever is less before the delivery of the periodic statement on which the renewal fee 

is charged, or at least 30 days prior to the scheduled renewal date if the creditor has 

changed or amended any term required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(1) and 

(b)(2) that has not previously been disclosed to the consumer. (12 CFR 1026.9(e)) 

l. Change in credit account insurance provider – Certain information 30 days before the 

change in provider occurs and certain information 30 days after the change in provider 

occurs. The institution may provide a combined disclosure 30 days before the change in 

provider occurs. (12 CFR 1026.9(f)) 

2. Timing Requirements – Closed-End Credit Secured by a Dwelling

a. Closed-end credit disclosures for transactions not subject to 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f) 

must be made before consummation. (12 CFR 1026.17(b)) 

b. Disclosures for reverse mortgages. Several disclosure timing requirements apply to 

reverse mortgages subject to 12 CFR 1026.33 and RESPA: 

i. Determine whether the creditor provides early TIL disclosures within three business 

days after receiving the consumer’s written application. The creditor is required to 

deliver or mail the early disclosures no later than three business days after receiving 

the consumer’s application and at least seven business days before consummation (12 

CFR 1026.19(a)(1)(i) and (iii) and 1026.19(a)(2)(i)). No fees may be charged before 

the consumer receives the early disclosures except for credit report fees (12 CFR 

1026.19(a). If the APR stated in the early disclosures is not considered accurate under 

12 CFR 1026.22 when compared to the APR at consummation, determine whether the 

creditor provided corrected disclosures of all changed terms, including the APR, that 

the consumer received no later than the third business day before consummation and 

that the creditor delivered or placed in the mail the corrected disclosures not later than 

the seventh business day before consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(a)(2)(i)and (ii) 

ii. Determine whether the creditor provides the disclosures required pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.33 (and found in paragraph d of the model form in Appendix K) either three 
243

days prior to consummation (for a closed-end transaction) or prior to the first 

transaction (for an open-end credit plan). (12 CFR 1026.31(c)(2)) 

NOTE: For closed-end credit transactions secured by a dwelling not subject to the TILARESPA rule, the prohibition on charging fees (other than credit report fees) before the 

consumer receives the early TIL disclosure is more limited than the prohibition for 

closed-end credit transactions secured by a dwelling that are subject to TILA-RESPA. 

(12 CFR 1026.19(a)) For TILA-RESPA closed-end transactions, creditors are prohibited 

from charging fees (other than credit report fees) prior to receipt of disclosures and an 

intent to proceed with the transaction. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)) 

c. Disclosures for high-cost mortgages – Three business days prior to consummation or 

account opening. If such disclosures became inaccurate due to a change by the creditor, 

ensure that the creditor provided new, accurate disclosures no later than three business 

days prior to consummation or account opening. (12 CFR 1026.31(c)(1)) 

d. Disclosures for initial rate change to an adjustable-rate mortgage securing a principal 

dwelling with terms of more than one year: 

i. For adjustable-rate mortgages, creditors, assignees, or servicers are generally required 

to provide information regarding the first interest rate change to consumers between 

210 and 240 days prior to the date the first payment at the new rate is due; 

NOTE: If the first payment change occurs within the first 210 days, creditors, 

assignees, or servicers are required to provide the disclosure at consummation. (12 

CFR 1026.20(d)) 

NOTE: When examining a creditor that continues to own the loan, an assignee, or a 

servicer, if the entity states that another entity has the obligation to provide the 

disclosures, examiners should determine whether the entity takes steps to ensure that 

the other party (the creditor, assignee, or servicer, as applicable) is complying with 

the obligation to provide the disclosures. 

e. Additional disclosures for adjustable-rate mortgages securing a principal dwelling (other 

than a transaction with a term of more than one year, where a rate change affects the 

amount of payment: 

i. For adjustable-rate mortgages where the payment changes with a rate change, 

disclosures must be provided to consumers between 60 and 120 days before the first 

payment at the new rate is due;

ii. For adjustable-rate mortgages where the payment change is caused by a rate change 

that is uniformly scheduled every 60 days (or more frequently), disclosures must be 

provided to consumers between 25 and 120 days before the first payment at the new 

rate;

iii. For adjustable-rate mortgages originated prior to January 10, 2015, where the interest 

rate and payment are calculated based on an index that is available less than 45 days 
244

prior to the change, disclosures must be provided between 25 and 120 days before the 

first payment at the new rate is due; and

iv. For adjustable-rate mortgages where the payment adjustment occurs within 60 days 

of consummation and the new interest rate after adjustment provided at 

consummation was an estimate, disclosure are required as soon as practicable, but no 

later than 25 days prior to the first payment at the new rate is due. (12 CFR 

1026.20(c)) 

NOTE: The requirements of 12 CFR 1026.20(c) do not apply to: ARMS with terms of 

one year or less; first interest rate adjustments to an ARM if the first adjusted payment is 

due within 210 days after consummation and the new interest rate disclosed at 

consummation was not an estimate; or the creditor, assignee or servicer when the servicer 

is subject to FDCPA and the consumer has notified the servicer to cease communication 

under Section 805(c) of FDCPA. (12 CFR 1026.20(c)(1)(ii)) 

f. Notice of new creditor – On or before the 30th calendar day following the acquisition (12 

CFR 1026.39). 

g. For private education loans subject to Subpart F (12 CFR 1026.46), determine that: 

i. Application or solicitation disclosures were provided on or with any application or 

solicitation (12 CFR 1026.46(d)(1)(i)); 

ii. Approval disclosures were provided before consummation on or with any notice of 

approval provided to the consumer (12 CFR 1026.46(d)(2)); and 

iii. Final disclosures were provided after the consumer accepts the loan and at least three 

business days prior to disbursing the private education loan funds. (12 CFR 

1026.46(d)(3)) 

h. Determine that the issuer provides a written over-the-limit notice prior to the assessment 

of any over-the-limit fee or charge on a consumer’s account. (12 CFR 1026.56(d)(1)(i)) 

i. Determine that, if a consumer consents to the card issuer’s payment of any over-the-limit 

transaction by oral or electronic means, the card issuer provides the required written 

notice immediately prior to obtaining that consent. (12 CFR 1026.56(d)(1)(ii)) 

j. Determine that the notice confirming the consumer’s consent is provided no later than the 

first periodic statement sent after the consumer has consented to the card issuer’s 

payment of over-the-limit transactions. The creditor must not assess an over-the-limit fee 

on the consumer’s account without first providing written confirmation. (12 CFR 

1026.56(d)(2)) 

k. Determine that the notice providing the consumer notice in writing of the right to revoke 

consent following the assessment of an over-the-limit fee or charge is provided on the 

front of any page of each periodic statement that reflects the assessment of an over-thelimit fee or charge on a consumer’s account. (12 CFR 1026.56(d)(3)) 
245

l. For home-equity plans subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.40, whenever any 

term required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(a) is changed or the required 

minimum periodic payment is increased, determine that the creditor mails or delivers 

written notice of the change to each consumer who may be affected. Determine that the 

notice is mailed or delivered at least 15 days prior to the effective date of the change. If 

the change has been agreed to by the consumer, determine that the notice is given before 

the effective date of the change. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(1)(i)) 

m. Notice to restrict credit. For home-equity plans subject to the requirements of 12 CFR 

1026.40, if the creditor prohibits additional extensions of credit or reduces the credit limit 

pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.40(f)(3)(i) or (f)(3)(vi), determine that the creditor mails or 

delivers written notice of the action to each consumer who will be affected not later than 

three business days after the action is taken and contains specific reasons for the action. If 

the creditor requires the consumer to request reinstatement of credit privileges, determine 

that the notice states that fact. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(1)(iii)) 

Mortgage Loans Secured by Real Property—Early Disclosures (Loan 

Estimates) – 12 CFR 1026.19(e)

Provision of Disclosures 

1. For closed-end consumer loans secured by real property, other than a reverse mortgage 

subject to 12 CFR 1026.33, determine whether the creditor provides the consumer with good 

faith estimates on the Loan Estimate (12 CFR 1026.37) or if the creditor satisfies its 

obligation by ensuring that a mortgage broker providing the Loan Estimate complied with all 

requirements of 12 CFR 1026.19(e). 

NOTE: Partial exemption. The special disclosure requirements of 12 CFR 1026.19(e) do not 

apply if the loan is (i) a subordinate lien, (ii) a loan for buyer assistance such as down 

payments or closing costs, rehabilitation loans, energy efficiency assistance, or foreclosure 

prevention, (iii) a loan that does not require the payment of interest, (iv) a loan for which 

repayment that is forgiven, deferred for 20 years, or deferred until the property is sold or is 

no longer the consumer’s principal dwelling, or (v) a loan where the total costs of the 

transaction are less than one percent of the loan and include fees only for recording, 

application and housing counseling. In addition to these requirements, the creditor must 

comply with other requirements of Regulation Z, including the disclosures in 12 CFR 

1026.18. (12 CFR 1026.3(h)) 

Timing

2. Determine whether the creditor delivers or places in the mail the Loan Estimate not later than 

the third business day after receiving the consumer’s application. As defined in 12 CFR 

1026.2(a)(3), an application consists of the submission for purposes of obtaining an extension 

of credit of the consumer's name, income, social security number to obtain a credit report, the 

property address, an estimate of the value of the property, and the mortgage loan amount 

sought. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(A)) 
246

NOTE: When a consumer uses an online application system that allows the information to be 

saved, the timing requirements for the Loan Estimate are not triggered until the application is 

submitted.

3. Determine whether the creditor delivers or places in the mail the Loan Estimate not later than 

the seventh business day before consummation (other than for transactions secured by a 

consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan). (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(B))

NOTE: Business day is defined differently for purposes of 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(A) and 

(B). For 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(A), business day is defined based on whether the 

creditor’s offices are open to the public for carrying on substantially all of its business 

functions on that day. For 12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(B), a business day is all days except 

Sundays and federal holidays. (12 CFR 1026.2(a)(6)) 

4. Determine whether the consumer waived the waiting period before consummation under 12 

CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(iii)(B) by providing a dated written statement describing a bona fide 

personal financial emergency, specifically modifying or waiving the waiting period, and 

signed by all the consumers who are primarily liable on the obligation. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(1)(v)) 

NOTE: Preprinted forms for this purpose are prohibited. 

Shopping for Settlement Service Providers

5. Determine whether a creditor permits a consumer to shop for a settlement service and, if so, 

identifies the settlement services the consumer is permitted to shop for. If so, determine 

whether the creditor provides a written list identifying at least one available provider for each 

settlement service for which the consumer may shop and stating that the consumer may 

choose a different provider for that service. Determine that the creditor provides the written 

list separately from initial Loan Estimate but in accordance with the same timing 

requirements. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(1)(vi)) 

Pre-Disclosure Activity

6. Fee restriction. Determine that the creditor does not charge any fees before the consumer 

receives the Loan Estimate and before the consumer indicated to the creditor an intent to 

proceed with the transaction, except for bona fide and reasonable credit report fees. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(2)(i)(A))

7. Disclaimer on early estimates. Determine whether a creditor that provides a consumer with a 

written estimate of terms or costs specific to that consumer before the consumer receives the 

Loan Estimate clearly and conspicuously states on the first page in no smaller than 12-point 

font “Your actual rate, payment, and costs could be higher. Get an official Loan Estimate 

before choosing a loan,” and that the estimate does not use a format or content substantially 

similar to the Loan Estimate (Form H-24 or H-25 of Appendix H). (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(2)(ii)) 
247

8. Verification of information. Determine whether the creditor requires a consumer to submit 

documents verifying information related to the consumer's application before providing the 

creditor provides the Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(2)(iii)) 

Permissible Variations

9. Determine whether the creditor disclosed estimated closing costs in good faith and consistent 

with the best information reasonably available to the creditor at the time the disclosures are 

provided. The estimated closing costs are in good faith if the amount charged to the 

consumer at closing does not exceed the estimated closing costs disclosed on the Loan 

Estimate, unless the following exceptions apply. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)) 

10 Percent Cumulative Increase Permitted 

10. Determine whether the creditor has appropriately increased estimated third party costs or 

recording fees in good faith. Estimates for third party services or a recording fee are in good 

faith if:

a. The aggregate charges do not exceed the aggregate estimate for those charges by more 

than 10 percent (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(ii)(A)); 

b. The third party service charge is not paid to the creditor or affiliate of the creditor (12 

CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(ii)(B)); and 

c. The creditor permits the consumer to shop for the third party service. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(ii)(C))

Variations Permitted for Certain Charges 

11. An estimate of the following is in good faith if it is consistent with the best information 

reasonably available to the creditor at the time it is disclosed, regardless of whether the 

amount paid by the consumer exceeds the amount disclosed in the Loan Estimate (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iii)):

a. Prepaid interest (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iii)(A)); 

b. Property insurance premiums (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iii)(B)); 

c. Amounts placed into an escrow, impound, reserve, or similar account (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iii)(C)); 

d. Charges paid to unaffiliated third-party service providers the consumer selected that are 

not on the list provided by the creditor (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iii)(D)); and 

e. Charges paid for third-party services not required by the creditor. These charges may be 

paid to affiliates of the creditor. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iii)(E)) 
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Revised Loan Estimates

12. Determine whether the creditor provides a revised estimate of a charge for any of the 

following reasons (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)): 

a. Changed circumstances. Changed circumstances that cause the estimated settlement 

charges to increase or, in the case of estimated charges identified in 12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(ii), cause the aggregate amount of such charges to increase by more than 

10 percent. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A)) For purposes of this and the following 

procedure, “changed circumstance” means: 

i. An extraordinary event beyond the control of any interested party or other unexpected 

event specific to the consumer or transaction (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A)(1)); 

ii. Information specific to the consumer or transaction that the creditor relied upon when 

providing the Loan Estimate and that was inaccurate or changed after the disclosures 

were provided (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A)(2)); or 

iii. New information specific to the consumer or transaction that the creditor did not rely 

on when providing the original Loan Estimate. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(A)(3)) 

b. Changed circumstance affecting eligibility. The consumer is ineligible for an estimated 

charge previously disclosed because a changed circumstance affected the consumer's 

creditworthiness or the value of the security for the loan. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(B)) 

c. Revisions requested by the consumer. The consumer requests revisions to the credit terms 

or the settlement that cause an estimated charge to increase. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(C)) 

d. Interest rate dependent charges. The points or lender credits change because the interest 

rate was not locked when the Loan Estimate was provided. (12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(D)) 

13. Determine whether, within three business days after the interest rate is locked, the creditor 

provides a revised version of the Loan Estimate to the consumer with the revised interest 

rate, the points disclosed pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.37(f)(1), lender credits, and any other 

interest rate dependent charges and terms. 

14. Determine whether the consumer indicated an intent to proceed with the transaction more 

than 10 business days after the Loan Estimate is provided. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(E)) 

15. Determine whether a creditor issuing a revised Loan Estimate in a new construction loan 

states clearly and conspicuously that at any time prior to 60 days before consummation, the 

creditor may issue revised disclosures. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(3)(iv)(F)) 
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Provision and Receipt of Revised Disclosures

16. Determine whether the creditor provides a revised Loan Estimate within three business days 

of receiving information sufficient to establish a reason for a revised estimate and not later 

than four business days prior to consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(4)) 

NOTE: If not provided to the consumer in person, the revised disclosure is considered to 

have been received three business days after the creditor delivers or places the revised 

disclosure in the mail. (12 CFR 1026.19(e)(4)) 

Special Information Booklet at Time of Application

17. For purchase loans using the Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure, determine whether the 

creditor mailed or delivered a copy of the special information booklet titled “Your Home 

Loan Toolkit – A Step-by-Step Guide,” which was designed by the CFPB to replace the

“Shopping for Your Home Loan: Settlement Cost Booklet.” The booklet is required by 

Regulation Z (12 CFR 1026.19(g)) as well as Section 5 of RESPA and Section 12 CFR 

1024.6 of Regulation X. The booklet must be delivered or placed in the mail within three 

business days after receiving the consumer’s application for a purchase transaction, unless 

the creditor denies the application before the end of the three-business-day period. 

NOTE: If the consumer uses a mortgage broker, the mortgage broker must provide the 

special information booklet and the creditor need not do so. (12 CFR 1026.19(g)) 

Mortgage Loans Secured by Real Property—Final Disclosures 

(Closing Disclosures) – 12 CFR 1026.19(f)

Provision of Closing Disclosures 

1. Determine whether, for closed-end consumer loans secured by real property, other than a 

reverse mortgage subject to 12 CFR 1026.33 or loans otherwise excepted under 1026.3(h), 

the creditor provides the consumer with the Closing Disclosure (12 CFR 1026.38), reflecting 

the actual terms of the transaction. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(i)) 

NOTE: There is a partial exemption in 12 CFR 1026.3(h) from the requirement to provide 

the Loan Estimate and Closing Disclosure if the loan is (i) a subordinate lien, (ii) a loan for 

buyer assistance such as down payments or closing costs, rehabilitation loans, energy 

efficiency assistance, or foreclosure prevention, (iii) a loan that does not require the payment 

of interest, (iv) a loan for which repayment that is forgiven, deferred for 20 years, or deferred 

until the property is sold or is no longer the consumer’s principal dwelling, and (v) a loan 

where the total costs of the transaction are less than one percent of the loan and include fees 

only for recording, application and housing counseling. For those transactions, creditors must 

comply with all other applicable portions of TILA, including the disclosure requirements 

required pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.18. 

2. Determine whether the creditor ensures that the consumer receives the Closing Disclosure no 

later than three business days before consummation (except for transactions secured by a 
250

timeshare, which the creditor must ensure the consumer receives no later than 

consummation). (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(ii)) 

NOTE: If the creditor mails the disclosure six business days prior to consummation, it can 

assume that it was received three business days after sending, and therefore three business 

days prior to consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(iii); see Comment 19(f)(1)(iii)) 

“Business day” for purposes of the Closing Disclosure is the rescission-based business day 

definition, and means all calendar days except Sundays and legal public holidays. (12 CFR 

1026.2(a)(6), 1026.19(f)(1)(ii)(A)) 

3. Determine whether the consumer waived the waiting period before consummation by 

providing a dated written statement describing a bona fide personal financial emergency, 

specifically modifying or waiving the waiting period and signed by all the consumers who 

are primarily liable on the obligation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(iv)) 

NOTE: Preprinted forms for this purpose are prohibited. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(iv)) 

4. If a settlement agent provides the consumer with the Closing Disclosure, determine whether 

the creditor ensures that the disclosures were provided in accordance with 12 CFR 

1026.19(f). (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(v)) 

Subsequent Changes

5. Determine whether the creditor provides a corrected Closing Disclosure where a disclosure 

has become inaccurate before consummation, so that the consumer receives a corrected 

Closing Disclosure at or before consummation. Determine whether the creditor permits the 

consumer to inspect the corrected disclosure during the business day prior to consummation. 

NOTE: The corrected Closing Disclosure must be completed to set forth items known to the 

creditor at the time of this inspection but may omit from inspection items related only to the 

seller’s transaction. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(i)) 

6. Determine whether the creditor provides a corrected Closing Disclosure and a new threebusiness-day waiting period before consummation if: 

a. The APR disclosed in the Loan Estimate under 12 CFR 1026.38(o)(4) becomes 

inaccurate, as defined in 12 CFR1026.22 (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(ii)(A)); 

b. The loan product is changed, causing the information disclosed in the Loan Estimate 

under 12 CFR1026.38(a)(5)(iii) to become inaccurate (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(ii)(B)); or 

c. A prepayment penalty is added, causing the statement regarding a prepayment penalty 

required under 12 CFR 1026.38(b) to become inaccurate. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(ii)(C)) 

7. Determine whether, when an event in connection with the settlement causes the Closing 

Disclosure to become inaccurate during the 30-day period following consummation, and that 

inaccuracy results in a change to an amount actually paid by the consumer from the amount 

disclosed, the creditor delivers or places in the mail corrected disclosures not later than 30 
251

days from receiving the information to establish that the event occurred. (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(2)(iii))

NOTE: A creditor does not violate 12 CFR 1026.19(f)(1)(i) if the disclosures contain nonnumeric clerical errors, provided the creditor delivers or places in the mail corrected 

disclosures no later than 60 days after consummation. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(iv)) 

8. Determine whether the creditor charged the consumer for any amounts that exceeded the 

estimated charges beyond the applicable permissible variations set forth in 12 CFR 

1026.19(e)(3)(i) (no variation permitted for the charge) and (ii) (charge subject to a 10 

percent aggregate limit). For any such charges, determine if the creditor refunds the excess 

amounts no later than 60 days after consummation and delivers or places in the mail 

corrected disclosures reflecting the refund no later than 60 days after consummation. (12 

CFR 1026.19(f)(2)(v)) 

Charges Disclosed

9. Determine whether the creditor or settlement service provider imposes a charge on the 

consumer for more than the settlement service provider actually received. If the creditor 

charges the average charge for settlement services, determine whether the creditor meets the 

following: 

a. The average charge is no more than the average amount paid for that service by or on 

behalf of all consumers and sellers for a class of transactions (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(3)(ii)(A)); 

b. The class of transactions is defined by appropriate period of time, geographic area, and 

type of loan (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(3)(ii)(B));

c. The same average charge is used for every transaction within the class (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(3)(ii)(C)); and 

d. The average charge is not used for any type of insurance or any charge based on the loan 

amount or property value, and is not otherwise prohibited by law. (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(3)(ii)(D))

Transactions Involving a Seller

10. Determine whether the settlement agent provides the seller with the Closing Disclosure no 

later than the day of consummation and, if during the 30-day period following 

consummation, an event in connection with the settlement of the transaction occurs that 

causes disclosures to become inaccurate and the inaccuracy results in a change to the amount 

actually paid by the seller from that disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.19(f)(4)(i), the settlement 

agent has delivered or placed in the mail corrected disclosures not later than 30 days after 

receiving information sufficient to establish that such an event has occurred. (12 CFR 

1026.19(f)(4)) 
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No Fee

11. Determine whether a creditor or servicer imposes a fee on any person as part of settlement 

costs or otherwise for preparing or delivering Closing Disclosures. (12 CFR 1026.19(f)(5)) 

Electronic Disclosures

12. Assess compliance for an institution’s electronic disclosure requirements.

E-Sign Act

13. Disclosures may be provided to the consumer in electronic form, subject to compliance with 

the consumer consent and other applicable provisions of the Electronic Signatures in Global 

and National Commerce Act (E-Sign Act) (15 U.S.C. 7001 et seq.). The E-Sign Act does not 

mandate that institutions or consumers use or accept electronic records or signatures. It 

permits institutions to satisfy any statutory or regulatory requirements by providing the 

information electronically after obtaining the consumer’s affirmative consent. Before consent 

can be given, consumers must be provided with the following information:

a. Any right or option to have the information provided in paper or non-electronic form; 

b. The right to withdraw the consent to receive information electronically and the 

consequences, including fees, of doing so; 

c. The scope of the consent (for example, whether the consent applies only to a particular 

transaction or to identified categories of records that may be provided during the course 

of the parties’ relationship); 

d. The procedures to withdraw consent and to update information needed to contact the 

consumer electronically; and

e. The methods by which a consumer may obtain, upon request, a paper copy of an 

electronic record after consent has been given to receive the information electronically 

and whether any fee will be charged.

14. The consumer must consent electronically or confirm consent electronically in a manner that 

“reasonably demonstrates that the consumer can access information in the electronic form 

that will be used to provide the information that is the subject of the consent.” After the 

consent, if an institution changes the hardware or software requirements such that a consumer 

may be prevented from accessing and retaining information electronically, the institution 

must notify the consumer of the new requirements and must allow the consumer to withdraw 

consent without charge. 

15. If the financial institution makes its disclosures available to consumers in electronic form, 

determine that the forms comply with the appropriate 12 CFR – 1026.5(a)(1); 1026.15(b); 

1026.16(c); 1026.17(a)(1); 1026.17(g); 1026.19(c); 1026.23(b)(1); 1026.24(d); 1026.31(b); 

1026.40(a)(3); and 1026.60(a)(2)(v). 
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16. Card issuers may provide credit card agreements in electronic form under 12 CFR 1026.58(d) 

and (e) without regard to the consumer notice and consent requirements of section 101(c) of 

the E-Sign Act. (12 CFR 1026.58(f)) 
254

Annual Report to the CFPB – 12 CFR 1026.57

1. If the card issuer was a party to one or more college credit card agreements in effect at any 

time during a calendar year, verify that the card issuer submits to the CFPB an annual report 

regarding those agreements in the form and manner prescribed by the CFPB. (12 CFR 

1026.57(d)(1)) 

NOTE: A college credit card agreement is any business, marketing, or promotional 

agreement between a card issuer and an institution of higher education (or an affiliated 

alumni organization or foundation) in connection with which credit cards are issued to 

college students at that institution of higher education. (12 CFR 1026.57(a)(5)) 

2. The annual report to the CFPB must include the following (12 CFR 1026.57(d)(2)): 

a. Identifying information about the card issuer and the agreements submitted, including the 

issuer’s name, address, and identifying number (such as an RSSD ID number or tax 

identification number);

b. A copy of any college credit card agreement to which the card issuer was a party that was 

in effect at any time during the period covered by the report; 

c. A copy of any memorandum of understanding in effect at any time during the period 

covered by the report between the card issuer and an institution of higher education or 

affiliated organization that directly or indirectly relates to the college credit card 

agreement or that controls or directs any obligations or distribution of benefits between 

any such entities;

d. The total dollar amount of any payments pursuant to a college credit card agreement from 

the card issuer to an institution of higher education or affiliated organization during the 

period covered by the report, and the method or formula used to determine such amounts; 

e. The total number of credit card accounts opened pursuant to any college credit card 

agreement during the period covered by the report; and 

f. The total number of credit card accounts opened pursuant to any such agreement that 

were open at the end of the period covered by the report. 

3. If the card issuer is subject to reporting, determine if the card issuer submits its annual report 

for each calendar year to the CFPB by the first business day on or after March 31 of the 

following calendar year. (12 CFR 1026.57(d)(3)) 

The Submission of Agreements to the CFPB – 12 CFR 

1026.58(c)

1. For card issuers that issue credit cards under a credit card account under an open-end (not 

home-secured) consumer credit plan, determine that the card issuer makes quarterly 

submissions to the CFPB in the form and manner specified by the CFPB that contain: 
255

a. Identifying information about the card issuer and the agreements submitted, including the 

issuer’s name, address, and identifying number (such as an RSSD ID number or tax 

identification number) (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(1)(i)); 

b. The credit card agreements that the card issuer offered to the public as of the last business 

day of the preceding calendar quarter that the card issuer has not previously submitted to 

the CFPB (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(1)(ii));

c. Any credit card agreement previously submitted to the CFPB that was amended during 

the preceding calendar quarter and that the card issuer offered to the public as of the last 

business day of the preceding calendar quarter as described in 12 CFR 1026.58(c)(3) (12 

CFR 1026.58(c)(1)(iii)); and 

d. Notification regarding any credit card agreement previously submitted to the CFPB that 

the issuer is withdrawing, as described in 12 CFR 1026.58(c)(4), (c)(5), (c)(6), and (c)(7) 

(12 CFR 1026.58(c)(1)(iv)). 

2. Verify that quarterly submissions were sent to the CFPB no later than the first business day 

on or after January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31, of each year. (12 CFR 

1026.58(c)(1)) 

3. If a credit card agreement that previously has been submitted to the CFPB is amended, verify 

that the card issuer submits the entire amended agreement to the CFPB, in the form and 

manner specified by the CFPB, by the first quarterly submission deadline after the last day of 

the calendar quarter in which the change became effective. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(3)) 

NOTE: If a credit card agreement has been submitted to the CFPB, the agreement has not 

been amended and the card issuer continues to offer the agreement to the public, no 

additional submission regarding that agreement is required.

4. If a card issuer no longer offers to the public a credit card agreement that previously has been 

submitted to the CFPB, ensure that the card issuer notifies the CFPB by the first quarterly 

submission deadline after the last day of the calendar quarter in which the issuer ceased to 

offer the agreement. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(4)) 

NOTE: A card issuer is not required to submit any credit card agreements to the CFPB if the 

card issuer had fewer than 10,000 open credit card accounts as of the last business day of the 

calendar quarter. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(5)(i)) 

5. If an issuer that previously qualified for the de minimis exception ceases to qualify, 

determine that the card issuer begins making quarterly submissions to the CFPB no later than 

the first quarterly submission deadline after the date as of which the issuer ceased to qualify. 

(12 CFR 1026.58(c)(5)(ii)) 

6. If a card issuer that did not previously qualify for the de minimis exception qualifies for the 

de minimis exception, determine that the card issuer continues to make quarterly submissions 

to the CFPB until the issuer notifies the CFPB that the card issuer is withdrawing all 

agreements it previously submitted to the CFPB. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(5)(iii)) 
256

7. A card issuer is not required to submit to the CFPB a credit card agreement if, as of the last 

business day of the calendar quarter, the agreement is offered for accounts under one or more 

private label credit card plans each of which has fewer than 10,000 open accounts and is not 

offered to the public other than for accounts under such a plan. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(6)(i)) 

NOTE: A private label credit card is one that is usable only at a single merchant or affiliated 

group of merchants. A private label credit card plan is all private label credit card accounts 

issued by a particular issuer with credit cards usable at the same single merchant or affiliated 

group of merchants. (12 CFR 1026.58(b)(8)) 

8. If an agreement that previously qualified for the private label credit card exception ceases to 

qualify, determine that the card issuer submits the agreement to the CFPB no later than the 

first quarterly submission deadline after the date as of which the agreement ceased to qualify. 

(12 CFR 1026.58(c)(6)(ii)) 

9. If an agreement that did not previously qualify for the private label credit card exception 

qualifies for the exception, determine that the card issuer continues to make quarterly 

submissions to the CFPB with respect to that agreement until the issuer notifies the CFPB 

that the agreement is being withdrawn. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(6)(iii)) 

NOTE: A card issuer is not required to submit to the CFPB a credit card agreement if, as of 

the last business day of the calendar quarter, the agreement is offered as part of a product test 

offered to only a limited group of consumers for a limited period of time, is used for fewer 

than 10,000 open accounts, and is not offered to the public other than in connection with such 

a product test. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(7)(i)) 

10. If an agreement that previously qualified for the product testing exception ceases to qualify, 

determine that the card issuer submits the agreement to the CFPB no later than the first 

quarterly submission deadline after the date as of which the agreement ceased to qualify. (12 

CFR 1026.58(c)(7)(ii)) 

11. If an agreement that did not previously qualify for the product testing exception qualifies for 

the exception, determine that the card issuer continues to make quarterly submissions to the 

CFPB with respect to that agreement until the issuer notifies the CFPB that the agreement is 

being withdrawn. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(7)(iii)) 

12. Verify that each agreement contains the provisions of the agreement and the pricing 

information in effect as of the last business day of the preceding calendar quarter. (12 CFR 

1026.58(c)(8)(i)(A))

13. Verify that agreements do not include any personally identifiable information relating to any 

cardholder, such as name, address, telephone number, or account number. (12 CFR 

1026.58(c)(8)(i)(B)) 

14. Verify that agreements are presented in a clear and legible font. (12 CFR 

1026.58(c)(8)(i)(D))

15. Verify that pricing information is set forth in a single addendum to the agreement that 

contains only the pricing information. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(8)(ii)(A)) 
257

NOTE: With respect to information other than the pricing information that may vary between 

cardholders depending on creditworthiness, state of residence, or other factors, issuers may, 

but are not required to, include that information in a single addendum (the optional variable 

terms addendum) to the agreement separate from the pricing addendum. (12 CFR 

1026.58(c)(8)(iii)) 

16. If pricing information varies from one cardholder to another depending on the cardholder’s 

creditworthiness or state of residence or other factors, verify that the pricing information is 

disclosed either by setting forth all the possible variations (such as purchase APRs of 13 

percent, 15 percent, 17 percent, and 19 percent) or by providing a range of possible variations 

(such as purchase APRs ranging from 13 percent to 19 percent). (12 CFR 

1026.58(c)(8)(ii)(B))

17. If a rate included in the pricing information is a variable rate, verify that the issuer identifies 

the index or formula used in setting the rate and the margin. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(8)(ii)(C)) 

18. If rates vary from one cardholder to another, verify that the issuer discloses such rates by 

providing the index and the possible margins (such as the prime rate plus five percent, eight

percent, 10 percent, or 12 percent) or range of margins (such as the prime rate plus from five

to 12 percent). (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(8)(ii)(C))

NOTE: The value of the rate and the value of the index are not required to be disclosed. 

19. Determine that issuers do not provide provisions of the agreement or pricing information in 

the form of change-in-terms notices or riders (other than the pricing information addendum 

and the optional variable terms addendum). (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(8)(iv)) 

20. Determine that changes in provisions or pricing information are integrated into the text of the 

agreement, the pricing information addendum or the optional variable terms addendum, as 

appropriate. (12 CFR 1026.58(c)(8)(iv)) 

The Posting of Agreements Offered to the Public – 12 CFR 

1026.58(d)

1. Determine that the card issuer posts and maintains on its publicly available website the credit 

card agreements that the issuer is required to submit to the CFPB under 12 CFR 1026.58(c). 

(12 CFR 1026.58(d)(1)) 

2. With respect to an agreement offered solely for accounts under one or more private label 

credit card plans (and the issuer does not post and maintain the agreements on its publicly 

available website), determine that the issuer posts and maintains the agreement on the 

publicly available website of at least one of the merchants where cards issued under each 

private label credit card plan with 10,000 or more open accounts may be used. (12 CFR 

1026.58(d)(1)) 

3. Verify that agreements posted pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.58(d) conform to the form and 

content requirements for agreements submitted to the CFPB specified in 12 CFR 

1026.58(c)(8). (12 CFR 1026.58(d)(2)) 
258

4. Determine that agreements are posted in an electronic format that is readily usable by the 

general public. (12 CFR 1026.58(d)(3)) 

5. Verify that agreements are placed in a location on its website that is prominent and readily 

accessible by the public and accessible without submission of personally identifiable 

information. (12 CFR 1026.58(d)(3)) 

6. Determine that the card issuer updates the agreements posted on its website at least as 

frequently as the quarterly schedule required for submission of agreements to the CFPB 

under 12 CFR 1026.58(c). (12 CFR 1026.58(d)(4)) 

NOTE: If the issuer chooses to update the agreements on its website more frequently, the 

agreements posted on the issuer’s website may contain the provisions of the agreement and 

the pricing information in effect as of a date other than the last business day of the preceding 

calendar quarter.

The Posting of Agreements for “Open” Accounts – 12 CFR 

1026.58(e)

1. With respect to any open (i.e., the cardholder can obtain extensions or there is an outstanding 

balance on the account that has not been charged off) credit card account, determine that the 

card issuer either:

a. Posts and maintains the cardholder’s agreement on its website; or 

b. Promptly provides a copy of the cardholder’s agreement to the cardholder upon the 

cardholder’s request. 

2. If the card issuer makes an agreement available upon request, ensure that the issuer provides 

the cardholder with the ability to request a copy of the agreement both by: 

a. Using the issuer’s website, such as by clicking on a clearly identified box to make the 

request (12 CFR 1026.58(e)(1)(ii)), and 

b. Calling a readily available telephone line the number for which is displayed on the 

issuer’s website and clearly identified as to purpose. (12 CFR 1026.58(e)(1)(ii) and 

(e)(2))

3. If an issuer does not maintain a website from which cardholders can access specific 

information about their individual accounts determine that the issuer makes agreements 

available upon request by providing the cardholder with the ability to request a copy of the 

agreement by calling a readily available telephone line the number for which is (12 CFR 

1026.58(e)(2)): 

a. Displayed on the issuer’s website and clearly identified as to purpose; or 

b. Included on each periodic statement sent to the cardholder and clearly identified as to 

purpose. 
259

4. Verify that the card issuer sends to the cardholder or otherwise make available to the 

cardholder a copy of the cardholder’s agreement in electronic or paper form no later than 30 

days after the issuer receives the cardholder’s request. (12 CFR 1026.58(e)(1)(ii)) 

5. Determine that agreements posted on the card issuer’s website or made available upon the 

cardholder’s request conform to the form and content requirements for agreements submitted 

to the CFPB specified in 12 CFR 1026.58(c)(8). (12 CFR 1026.58(e)(3)(i))

6. If the card issuer posts an agreement on its website or otherwise provides an agreement to a 

cardholder electronically, verify that the agreement is posted or provided in an electronic 

format that is readily usable by the general public and is placed in a location that is 

prominent and readily accessible to the cardholder. (12 CFR 1026.58(e)(3)(ii)) 

7. If agreements posted or otherwise provided contain personally identifiable information 

relating to the cardholder, such as name, address, telephone number, or account number, 

ensure that the issuer takes appropriate measures to make the agreement accessible only to 

the cardholder or other authorized persons. (12 CFR 1026.58(e)(3)(iii)) 

8. Determine that agreements posted or otherwise provided set forth the specific provisions and 

pricing information applicable to the particular cardholder. (12 CFR 1026.58(e)(3)(iv)) 

9. Determine that provisions and pricing information are complete and accurate as of a date no 

more than 60 days prior to (12 CFR 1026.58(e)(3)(iv)):

a. The date on which the agreement is posted on the card issuer’s website under 12 CFR 

1026.58(e)(1)(i); 

b. The date the cardholder’s request is received under 12 CFR 1026.58(e)(1)(ii) or (e)(2). 

NOTE: Card issuers may provide credit card agreements in electronic form under 12 CFR 

1026.58(d) and (e) without regard to the consumer notice and consent requirements of 

section 101(c) of the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E Sign 

Act) (15 U.S.C. 7001 et seq.). (12 CFR 1026.58(f))

Advertising (Open- and Closed-End)

1. For open- and closed-end loans, sample advertising copy, including any electronic 

advertising, since the previous examination and verify that the terms of credit are accurate, 

clear, balanced, and conspicuous. If triggering terms are used, determine that the required 

disclosures are made (12 CFR 1026.16 and 1026.24). 

a. For advertisements for closed-end credit: 

i. If a rate of finance charge was stated, determine that it was stated as an APR.

ii. If an APR will increase after consummation, verify that a statement to that fact is 

made.

iii. Determine whether there are deceptive or misleading statements or practices.
260

b. Determine that the creditor does not offer college students any tangible item to induce 

such students to apply for or open an open-end consumer credit plan offered by such 

creditor, if such offer is made:

i. On the campus of an institution of higher education; 

ii. Near the campus of an institution of higher education; or 

iii. At an event sponsored by or related to an institution of higher education. (12 CFR 

1026.57(c)) 

c. If an open-end credit advertisement refers to an APR as “fixed” (or similar term), 

determine 1) that the advertisement also specifies a time period that the rate will be fixed 

and 2) that the rate will not increase during that period. (12 CFR 1026.16(f)) 

d. If an open-end credit advertisement used the word “fixed” or a similar word and no time 

period is specified in which the rate will be fixed, determine that the rate will not increase 

while the plan is open. (12 CFR 1026.16(f))

e. For any advertisement of an open-end (not home-secured) plan, if an APR or fee that may 

be applied to the account is an introductory rate or introductory fee, determine that the 

term introductory or intro is in immediate proximity to each listing of the introductory 

rate or introductory fee in a written or electronic advertisement. (12 CFR 1026.16(g)(3)) 

f. For any advertisement of an open-end (not home-secured) plan, if any APR or fee that 

may be applied to the account is a promotional rate under 12 CFR 1026.16(g)(2)(i) or any 

fee that may be applied to the account is a promotional fee under 12 CFR 

1026.16(g)(2)(iv), determine that the following information is stated in a clear and 

conspicuous manner in the advertisement (12 CFR 1026.16(g)(4)): 

i. When the promotional rate or promotional fee will end and 

ii. The annual percentage rate that will apply after the end of the promotional period. 

NOTE: If such rate is variable, determine that the annual percentage rate complies with 

the accuracy standards in 12 CFR 1026.60(c)(2), 1026.60(d)(3), 1026.60(e)(4), or 

1026.16(b)(1)(ii), as applicable. If such rate cannot be determined at the time disclosures 

are given because the rate depends at least in part on a later determination of the 

consumer’s creditworthiness, determine that the advertisement discloses the specific rates 

or the range of rates that might apply. (12 CFR 1026.16(g)(4)(ii)). Further, if the 

promotional rate or fee is stated in a written or electronic advertisement, determine that 

the information in 12 CFR 1026.16 (g)(4)(i), and, as applicable, (g)(4)(ii), or (g)(4)(iii) 

are also stated in a prominent location closely proximate to the first listing of the 

promotional rate or promotional fee. 

g. If a deferred interest offer is advertised for an open-end account not subject to 12 CFR 

1026.40, determine that the deferred interest period is stated in a clear and conspicuous 

manner in the advertisement. If the phrase “no interest” or similar term regarding the 

possible avoidance of interest obligations under the deferred interest program is stated, 
261

determine that the term “if paid in full” is also stated in a clear and conspicuous manner 

preceding the disclosure of the deferred interest period in the advertisement. If the 

deferred interest offer is included in a written or electronic advertisement, determine that 

the deferred interest period and, if applicable, the term “if paid in full” are stated in 

immediate proximity to each statement of “no interest,” “no payments,” “deferred 

interest,” “same as cash,” or similar term regarding interest or payments during the 

deferred interest period. (12 CFR 1026.16(h)(3)) 

h. If any deferred interest offer is advertised for an open-end account not subject to 12 CFR 

1026.40, determine that the (h)(4)(i) and (h)(4)(ii) language (of 12 CFR 1026.16(h)(4) ) is 

stated in the advertisement and is similar to Sample G-24 in Appendix G. If the deferred 

interest offer is included in a written or electronic advertisement, determine that this 

information is stated in a prominent location closely proximate to the first statement of 

“no interest,” “no payments,” “deferred interest,” “same as cash,” or similar term 

regarding interest or payments during the deferred interest period. (12 CFR 

1026.16(h)(4)) 

NOTE: The requirements in 12 CFR 1026.16(h)(4) apply to any advertisement of an openend credit plan not subject to 12 CFR 1026.40 (requirements for home equity plans) 12 CFR 

1026.16(h)(1). However, the requirements do not apply to an envelope or other enclosure in 

which an application or solicitation is mailed, or to a banner advertisement or pop-up 

advertisement linked to an application or solicitation provided electronically. (12 CFR 

1026.16(h)(5)) 

Transactional Testing 

NOTE: When verifying APR accuracies, use the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency’s 

(OCC) APR calculation model or other calculation tool acceptable to your regulatory agency. 

1. Review the financial institution’s closed-end and open-end transactions to ensure accuracy 

and completeness. 

Closed-End Credit Transactional Testing Procedures

1. For each type of closed-end loan being tested, determine the accuracy of the disclosures by 

comparing the disclosures to the contract and other financial institution documents. (12 CFR 

1026.17) 

2. Determine whether the required disclosures were made before consummation of the 

transaction and ensure the presence and accuracy of the items below, as applicable. (12 CFR 

1026.18) 

a. Creditor and loan originator name with Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and 

Registry (NMLSR) IDs on required documents as required under 12 CFR 1026.36 

b. Amount financed 

c. Itemization of the amount financed (RESPA GFE may substitute) 
262

d. Finance charge 

e. APR 

f. Variable rate information as follows for loans not secured by a principal dwelling or 

secured by a principal dwelling with terms of one year or less: 

i. Circumstances which permit rate increase 

ii. Limitations on the increase (periodic or lifetime) 

iii. Effect of the increase 

iv. Hypothetical example of new payment terms that would result from an increase

g. Payment schedule including the number, amount, and timing of payments. 

h. Total of payments 

i. Demand feature

j. Total sale price (credit sale) 

k. Prepayment

l. Late payment

m. Security interest

n. Insurance and debt cancellation 

o. Certain security interest charges

p. Contract reference

q. Assumption policy 

r. Required deposit 

s. Interest rate and payment summary for mortgage transactions

t. No-guarantee-to-refinance statement

3. For adjustable-rate mortgages, verify that the creditor, assignee, or servicer provides 

disclosures in connection with the initial interest rate adjustment pursuant to the contract and 

for rate changes that result in corresponding changes in payment. 

4. For adjustable-rate mortgages, verify that the creditor, assignee, or servicer includes the 

appropriate content (as identified in the Closed-End Credit Disclosure Forms Review 

Procedures section above). 
263

5. For adjustable-rate mortgages, verify that the creditor, assignee, or servicer provides the 

disclosures consistent with timing requirements (see Timing Requirements section of the 

procedures above). 

NOTE: The accuracy of the adjusted interest rates and indexes should be verified by 

comparing them with the contract and early disclosures. Refer to the Additional Variable 

Rate Testing section of these examination procedures. 

6. Determine, for each type of closed-end rescindable loan being tested, the appropriate number 

of copies of the rescission notice are provided to each person whose ownership interest is or 

will be subject to the security interest. The creditor must deliver two copies of the notice of 

right to rescind to each consumer entitled to rescind. The rescission notice must disclose the 

items below. (12 CFR 1026.23(b)(1)) 

a. Security interest taken in the consumer’s principal dwelling 

b. Consumer’s right to rescind the transaction 

c. How to exercise the right to rescind, with a form for that purpose, designating the address 

of the creditor’s place of business 

d. Effects of rescission 

e. Date the rescission period expires. 

7. Ensure funding was delayed until the rescission period expired. (12 CFR 1026.23(c)) 

8. Determine if the consumer has waived the three-day right to rescind since the previous 

examination. If applicable, test rescission waivers. (12 CFR 1026.23(e)) 

9. Determine whether the maximum interest rate in the contract is disclosed for any consumer 

credit contract secured by a dwelling if the APR may increase after consummation. (12 CFR 

1026.30(a)) 

10. For private student loans with a right to cancel, review cancellation requests to determine if 

they were properly handled. (12 CFR 1026.47(c)) 
264

Minimum Standards for Transactions Secured by a 

Dwelling – 12 CFR 1026.43

1. Determine whether the financial institution is a creditor that originates covered transactions. 

Covered transactions are transactions secured by a dwelling, including any real property 

attached to a dwelling. They do not do not include: home equity lines of credit; timeshare 

loans (except for the prepayment penalty provisions in 12 CFR 1026.43(g)); reverse 

mortgages; temporary, “bridge,” or construction loans of 12 months or less; renewable or 

non-renewable construction loans of 12 months or less that are a part of a construction-topermanent transaction; or an extension of credit under a program administered by a Housing 

Finance Agency (defined in 24 CFR 266.5), by community development or non-profit 

lenders specified in 12 CFR 1026.43(a)(3)(v), or in connection with certain federal 

emergency economic stabilization programs. (12 CFR 1026.43(a)) 

2. Determine if a loan is a streamline refinance under 12 CFR 1026.20(a) and Commentary 

1026.20(a) and whether it qualifies under 12 CFR 1026.43(d), below. 

Refinancing Non-Standard Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.43(d)

1. Determine whether a creditor that has refinanced a non-standard mortgage defined in 12 CFR 

1026.43(d)(i) (an ARM with an introductory rate fixed for a year or more, an interest-only 

loan, or a negative amortization loan) into a standard mortgage as defined in 12 CFR 

1026.43(d)(ii) has considered whether the standard mortgage likely will prevent a default by 

the consumer once the loan is recast. In addition, determine that the following conditions are 

met (12 CFR 1026.43(d)(3)): 

a. At the time of the refinance, the creditor for the standard mortgage is the current holder 

of the existing non-standard mortgage or the servicer acting on behalf of the current 

holder (12 CFR 1026.43(d)(2)(i)); 

b. The monthly payment for the standard mortgage is materially lower (a payment reduction 

of 10 percent or more is sufficient) than the monthly payment for the non-standard 

mortgage using the payment calculation rules in 12 CFR 1026.43(d)(5) (12 CFR 

1026.43(d)(2)(ii)); 

c. The creditor received the consumer’s written application for the standard mortgage no 

later than two months after the non-standard mortgage had recast (12 CFR 

1026.43(d)(2)(iii)); 

d. The consumer had made no more than one payment more than 30 days late on the nonstandard mortgage during the 12 months immediately before the creditor receives the 

consumer’s written application for the standard mortgage (12 CFR 1026.43(d)(2)(iv)); 

e. The consumer had made no payments more than 30 days late during the six months 

immediately before the creditor received the consumer’s written application for the 

standard mortgage (12 CFR 1026.43(d)(2)(v)); and 
265

f. If the non-standard mortgage was consummated on or after January 10, 2014, the nonstandard mortgage was made in accordance with the ability to repay or the qualified 

mortgage requirements (12 CFR 1026.43(c) or (e)). (12 CFR 1026.43(d)(vi)) 

Ability to Repay – 12 CFR 1026.43(c)

NOTE: For all covered transactions, except streamline refinances, creditors must make a good 

faith determination that the consumer will have a reasonable ability to repay the loan, and must 

verify the information upon which it relied. A creditor can meet this obligation by complying 

with the ability-to-repay requirement in 12 CFR 1026.43(c) or by making qualified mortgages 

under 12 CFR 1026.43(e) and (f) (which limit certain risky loan features and practices), which 

are presumed to satisfy the ability-to-repay requirements. 

1. Determine whether the creditor makes a reasonable and good faith determination at or before 

consummation that the consumer will have a reasonable ability to repay the loan according to 

its terms, based (except as otherwise provided for loans under 12 CFR 1026.43(d), (e), and 

(f) for refinancing non-standard to standard mortgages, qualified mortgages, and certain 

balloon qualified mortgages respectively), at a minimum, on the criteria set forth below. (12 

CFR 1026.43(c)(1)) 

2. Determine whether the creditor considered the following, at a minimum, in determining the 

consumer’s ability to repay (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)): 

a. The consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets (other than the value of 

the dwelling, including any real property attached to the dwelling, that secures the loan) 

(12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)(i)); 

b. If the creditor relies on employment income, the consumer’s current employment status 

(12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)(ii)); 

c. The consumer’s monthly payment on the covered transaction, calculated in accordance 

with 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(5) (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)(iii)); 

d. The consumer’s monthly payment on any simultaneous loan that the creditor knows or 

has reason to know will be made, calculated in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(6) 

(12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)(iv)); 

e. The consumer’s monthly payment for mortgage-related obligations (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(2)(v)); 

f. The consumer’s current debt obligations, alimony, and child support (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(2)(vi)); 

g. The consumer’s monthly debt-to-income ratio or residual income in accordance with 12 

CFR 1026.43(c)(7) and 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)(vii) and (viii)); and 

h. The consumer’s credit history (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)(viii)). 
266

3. Determine whether the creditor verified the information it relied upon when considering the 

eight factors listed above using reasonably reliable third-party records, except that special 

rules apply for verification of income or assets, employment, and current debt obligations 

that are not shown on the consumer’s credit report. 

Income and Assets, Employment and Debt Obligations

1. Determine that the creditor verified the information that it relied on using reliable third-party 

records except that:

a. A creditor may verify a consumer’s employment status orally if the creditor prepares a 

written record of the information obtained orally (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(3)(ii)); and 

b. A creditor that relies on a credit report to verify a consumer’s current obligations need 

not independently verify obligations that the consumer lists on the application that are not 

in the consumer’s credit report. (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(3)(iii)) 

2. Determine whether the creditor verified the income or assets it relied upon, by using thirdparty records that provide reasonably reliable evidence, (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(4)) such as: 

a. A tax-return transcript issued by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(4)); 

b. Copies of tax returns the consumer filed with the IRS or a state taxing authority (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(4)(i));

c. IRS Form W-2s or similar IRS forms used for reporting wages or tax withholding (12 

CFR 1026.43(c)(4)(ii));

d. Payroll statements, including military Leave and Earnings Statements (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(4)(iii));

e. Financial institution records (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(4)(iv)); 

f. Records from the consumer’s employer or a third party that obtained information from 

the employer (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(4)(v)); 

g. Records from a federal, state, or local government agency stating the consumer’s income 

from benefits or entitlements (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(4)(vi)); 

h. Receipts from the consumer’s use of check cashing services (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(4)(vii)); 

and

i. Receipts from the consumer’s use of a funds transfer service. (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(4)(viii)) 

3. For employment status, if the creditor orally verified employment status, determine whether 

the creditor prepared a written record of the information obtained orally. (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(3)(ii)) 
267

Monthly Payment Calculation 

1. Determine whether the creditor calculated the monthly payment (except for balloon payment, 

interest-only and negative amortization loans) by using:

a. The fully indexed rate or any introductory interest rate, whichever is greater; and 

monthly, fully amortizing payments that are substantially equal. (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(5)) 

b. For a loan with a balloon payment: 

i. The maximum payment scheduled during the first five years after the date on which 

the first regular periodic payment will be due for a loan that is not a higher-priced 

covered transaction as defined under 12 CFR 1026.43(b)(4) (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(5)(ii)(A)(1)); or 

ii. The maximum payment in the payment schedule, including any balloon payment, for 

a higher-priced covered transaction. (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(5)(ii)(A)(2)) 

c. For an interest-only loan: 

i. The fully indexed rate or any introductory interest rate, whichever is greater; and

ii. Substantially equal, monthly payments of principal and interest that will repay the 

loan amount over the term of the loan remaining as of the date the loan is recast. (12 

CFR 1026.43(c)(5)(ii)(B)) 

d. For a negative amortization loan:

i. The fully indexed rate or any introductory interest rate, whichever is greater; and

ii. Substantially equal, monthly payments of principal and interest that will repay the 

maximum loan amount as defined in 12 CFR 1026.43(b)(7) over the term of the loan 

remaining as of the date the loan is recast. (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(5)(ii)(C))

Monthly Payment Calculation for Simultaneous Loans

1. Determine whether the creditor calculated the monthly payment on any simultaneous loan 

that was used to determine the consumer’s repayment ability, including any mortgage-related 

obligations, as follows: 

a. For a simultaneous loan that is a covered transaction, using the payment calculation rules 

for covered transactions, described above (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(6)(i)); or 

b. For a home equity line of credit, by using the periodic payment required under the terms 

of the plan and the amount of credit drawn at or before consummation of the covered 

transaction. (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(6)(ii)). 
268

Monthly Debt-to-Income Ratio or Residual Income

1. When a creditor considers the consumer’s monthly debt-to-income ratio, determine whether 

the creditor considered the ratio of the consumer’s total monthly debt obligations to the 

consumer’s total monthly income. (12 CFR 1026.43(c)(7)(ii)(A)) 

a. Total monthly debt obligations means the total of: the monthly payment on the covered 

transaction (as required by 12 CFR1026.43(c)(2)(iii) and (c)(5)), simultaneous loans (as 

required by 12 CFR1026.43(c)(2)(iv) and (c)(6)), mortgage-related obligations (as 

required by 12 CFR1026.43(c)(2)(v)), and current debt obligations, alimony, and child 

support (as required by 12 CFR1026.43(c)(2)(vi)). 

b. Total monthly income means the total of the consumer’s current or reasonably expected 

income, including any income from assets (as required by 12 CFR1026.43(c)(2)(i) and 

(4)).

2. If a creditor considers the consumer’s monthly residual income, determine whether the 

creditor considered the consumer’s remaining income after subtracting the consumer’s total 

monthly debt obligations from the consumer’s total monthly income. (12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(7)(ii)(B)) Total monthly debt obligations and total monthly income are defined in 

12 CFR 1026.43(c)(7)(i)(A) and (B). 

Qualified Mortgages – 12 CFR 1026.43(e)

1. Determine whether the creditor has complied with the ability-to-repay requirements of 12 

CFR 1026.43(c) by making a loan that is a qualified mortgage, including a higher-priced 

qualified mortgage, under the general qualified mortgage definition in 12 CFR 1026.43(e) or 

by making loans that are qualified mortgages because they are made pursuant to rules 

promulgated by HUD or VA pursuant to 15 U.S.C. section 1639c(b) for loans insured or 

guaranteed loans by those agencies.49 (12 CFR 1026.43(e)) 

2. Except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(4), (5), (6), or (f) (all discussed below), a qualified 

mortgage is a covered transaction:

a. That provides for regular, substantially equal, periodic payments, except for the effect 

any interest rate change after consummation has on adjustable-rate mortgages or step-rate 

mortgages (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(i)) that do not: 

i. Result in an increase of the principal balance (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(i)(A)), or 

ii. Allow balloon payments or deferment of principal payments (except for balloonpayment qualified mortgages described in 12 CFR 1026.43(f) and (e)(6)); (12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(2)(i)(B) and (C)).

b. For which the loan term does not exceed 30 years (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(ii)); 

 

49 HUD issued its final QM rule, effective January 10, 2014 (78 Fed. Reg. 75215, December 11, 2013), and VA issued its interim 

final QM rule, effective May 9, 2014 (79 Fed. Reg. 26620, May 9, 2014).
269

c. For which the total points and fees (as defined in 12 CFR1026.32(b)(1)(i)): 

i. Do not exceed the applicable thresholds of (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(iii) and (3)): 

A. $100,000 or over: three percent of the total loan amount (see 12 

CFR1026.32(b)(4)(i)); 

B. $60,000 or over but less than $100,000: $3,000; 

C. $20,000 or over but less than $60,000: five percent of the total loan amount; 

D. $12,500 or over but less than $20,000: $1,000; or 

E. Less than $12,500: eight percent of the total loan amount. 

NOTE: These numbers will be annually adjusted for inflation on January 1. 

ii. For transactions consummated on or before January 10, 2021, if the creditor or 

assignee determined after consummation that the points and fees exceeded the 

applicable threshold, the loan is not precluded from being a qualified mortgage if: 

A. The loan otherwise meets the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2), (e)(4), 

(e)(5), (e)(6), or (f), as applicable;

B. The creditor or assignee paid to the consumer certain amounts, described below, 

within 210 days after consummation and prior to any of the following events: 

1) The consumer institutes an action in connection with the loan; 

2) The consumer provides a written notice to the creditor, assignee, or servicer 

that the transaction’s total points and fees exceed the applicable threshold; or 

3) The consumer becomes 60 days past due on the legal obligation; and 

C. The amount paid to the consumer is not less than the sum of the following: 

1) The dollar amount by which the transaction’s total points and fees exceeds the 

applicable limit, and

2) Interest on the amount of excess points and fees, calculated using the contract 

interest rate applicable during the period from consummation until the 

payment is made to the consumer; and 

D. The creditor or assignee, as applicable, maintains and follows policies and 

procedures for post-consummation review of points and fees for making the 

above-described payments to consumers. (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(3)(iii) and (iv)) 

NOTE: The points and fees cure provision applies to the points and fees limits for all of 

the qualified mortgage types defined in Regulation Z.
270

d. For which the creditor underwrites the loan, taking into account the monthly payment for 

mortgage-related obligations, using (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(iv)): 

i. The maximum interest rate that may apply during the first 5 years after the date on 

which the first regular periodic payment will be due; and 

ii. Periodic payments of principal and interest that will repay either:

A. The outstanding principal balance over the remaining term of the loan. This 

should be calculated as of the date the interest rate adjusts to the maximum 

interest rate that may apply during the first five years after the date on which the 

first regular periodic payment will be due, assuming the consumer will have made 

all required payments as due prior to that date; or 

B. The loan amount over the loan term;

e. For which the creditor considers and verifies at or before consummation the following 

(12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(v)): 

i. The consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets other than the value 

of the dwelling (including any real property attached to the dwelling) that secures the 

loan, in accordance with appendix Q and 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)(i) and (c)(4); and 

ii. The consumer’s current debt obligations, alimony, and child support in accordance 

with appendix Q and 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(2)(vi) and (c)(3); and 

f. For which the ratio of the consumer’s total monthly debt to total monthly income at the 

time of consummation does not exceed 43 percent. For purposes of 12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(2)(vi), the ratio of the consumer’s total monthly debt to total monthly income 

is determined (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(vi)): 

i. In accordance with the standards in appendix Q (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(vi)(A)); 

except

ii. The creditor calculates the consumer’s monthly payment on (12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(2)(vi)(B)): 

A. The covered transaction, including the monthly payment for mortgage-related 

obligations, in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(iv) (see also a.4 above); and

B. Any simultaneous loan that the creditor knows or has reason to know will be 

made, in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.43 (c)(2)(iv) and (c)(6) (see also h. in 

“Ability to Repay” above). 
271

Temporary Category of Qualified Mortgages50 – 12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(4)

1. Determine whether the creditor has complied with the ability-to-repay requirements of 12 

CFR 1026.43(c) by making loans that 

a. Meet the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(i) through (iii) (i.e., have substantially 

equal, periodic payments; restrictions on loan features; a maximum 30-year term; and 

points and fees— generally limited to a 3 percent threshold); and are 

b. Eligible (except with regard to matters wholly unrelated to ability to repay) to be 

purchased, guaranteed, or insured by the listed federal government sponsored entities or 

agencies.51 

Small Creditor Portfolio Loan Qualified Mortgages – 12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(5)

1. Determine whether a creditor has complied with the ability-to-repay requirements of 12 CFR 

1026.43(c) by making a qualified mortgage as follows: 

a. The creditor satisfies the creditor requirements of 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(B), and (C), 

which require that: (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(5)(i)(D))

i. During the preceding calendar year (or, if the application was received before April 1 

of the current calendar year, during either of the two preceding calendar years), the 

creditor and its affiliates together extended no more than 2,000 first-lien covered 

transactions that were sold, assigned or otherwise transferred to another person or 

subject at the time of consummation to a commitment to be acquired by another 

person; and

ii. As of the end of the preceding calendar year (or if the application was received before 

April 1 of the current calendar year, as of either of the two preceding December 

31sts), the creditor and its affiliates that regularly extended first-lien covered 

transactions, together had total assets of less than $2 billion (this threshold will adjust 

annually). 

 

50 The temporary QM rule is available for transactions consummated on or before January 10, 2021. The rule does not apply to 

HUD loans or to VA loans because they are qualified mortgages pursuant to 12 U.S.C. section 1639c(b)(3)(B)(ii)(I)-(II), which 

authorizes HUD and VA to promulgate QM rules. HUD issued its final QM rule, effective January 10, 2014 (78 Fed. Reg. 75215, 

December 11, 2013), and VA issued its interim final QM rule, effective May 9, 2014 (79 Fed. Reg. 26620, May 9, 2014). 51 Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), 

operating under the conservatorship or receivership of the Federal Housing Finance Agency pursuant to section 1367(a) of the 

Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 (12 U.S.C. 4617(a)); or any limited-life regulatory 

entity succeeding the charter of either the Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac pursuant to section1367(i) of the Federal Housing 

Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992 (12 U.S.C. 4617(i)); the U.S. Department of Agriculture pursuant to 42 

U.S.C. 1472(h); or the Rural Housing Service. These special rules in 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(4) are available only for covered 

transactions consummated on or before January 10, 2021. This provision expires on the effective date of a rule issued by each 

respective agency pursuant to its authority under TILA Section 129C(b)(3)(ii) to define a qualified mortgage. The U.S. 

Department of Housing and Urban Development and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs have issued final rules governing 

qualified mortgages under their programs and therefore the temporary provisions of 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(4) do not apply to FHA 

and VA loans.
272

NOTE: This category of qualified mortgages does not require a small creditor to operate 

in a rural or underserved area.

b. The creditor makes a loan that meets the requirements for a qualified mortgage in 12 

CFR 1026.43(e)(2), other than 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(vi), and without regard to the 

standards in appendix Q (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(5)(i)(A)), and 

NOTE: This means, among other things, that the loan does not have negative amortization, 

interest-only, or balloon payment features (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(i)); has a loan term of 30 

years or less ((12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(ii)); points and fees are under certain thresholds 

(generally 3 percent) (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(iii)); and the creditor underwrites the loan, 

taking into account the monthly payment for mortgage related obligations (12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(2)(iv)). Further, the creditor considers and verifies at or before consummation: 

the consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets other than the value of the 

dwelling (including any real property attached to the dwelling) that secures the loan, in 

accordance with the general repayment ability standards; and the consumer’s current debt 

obligations, alimony, and child support in accordance with the general repayment ability 

standards. (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(5)(B)) 

c. Considers at or before consummation, the consumer’s monthly debt-to-income ratio or 

residual income and verifies the debt obligations and income used to determine that ratio 

in accordance with the repayment ability requirements of 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(7), except 

that the calculation of the payment for determining the consumer’s total monthly debt 

obligations in 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(7)(i)(A) is determined in accordance with 12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(2)(iv) (based on the maximum interest rate in the first five years after the date 

the first periodic payment is due) instead of 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(5) (fully indexed rate) 

(12 CFR 1026.43(e)(5)(i)(B));

d. The loan was not subject to a forward commitment at consummation, except to a person 

that satisfies the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(B) and (C) (i.e., small 

creditors) (12 CFR 1026.43(e)(5)(i)(C)). 

2. Determine whether the small creditor portfolio mortgage does not have a qualified mortgage 

status because it was subject to a forward commitment at consummation, or the creditor has 

transferred it in any circumstances other than where the transfer was: 

a. Three years or more after consummation; 

b. To a creditor that satisfies the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(5)(i)(D) of this section 

(i.e., small creditors under 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(B) and (C)); 

c. Made pursuant to a capital restoration plan or other action under 12 U.S.C. 1831o, or to 

actions or instructions of a conservator, receiver, or bankruptcy trustee, or to orders by or 

agreements with a state or federal governmental agency with jurisdiction to examine the 

creditor; or 
273

d. Made pursuant to a merger of the creditor and another person or the acquisition of the 

creditor by another person, or the creditor’s acquisition of another person. (12 CFR 

1026.43(e)(5)(ii). 

NOTE: If a small creditor portfolio qualified mortgage has lost its qualified mortgage status, 

the creditor must have complied with the general ability-to-repay requirements under 12 CFR 

1026.43(c). 

Balloon-Payment Qualified Mortgages Made by Certain 

Small Creditors – 12 CFR 1026.43(f)

1. Determine whether a creditor has complied with the ability-to-repay requirements of 12 CFR 

1026.43(c) by making a qualified mortgage that provides for a balloon payment as follows: 

a. The creditor satisfies the creditor requirements of 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(A),(B), and 

(C), which require that: (12 CFR 1026.43(f)(1)(vi))

i. During the preceding calendar year (or if the application for the transaction was 

received before April 1 of the current calendar year, during either of the two 

preceding calendar years), the creditor extended a first-lien covered transaction on a 

property that is located in a “rural” or “underserved” area; 

ii. During the preceding calendar year (or if the application for the transaction was 

received before April 1 of the current calendar year, during either of the two 

preceding calendar years), the creditor, together with its affiliates, extended no more 

than 2,000 first-lien covered transactions (that were sold, assigned, or otherwise 

transferred to another person or subject at the time of consummation to a commitment 

to be acquired by another person); and 

iii. As of the preceding December 31 (or if an application was received before April 1 of 

the current calendar year, as of either of the two preceding December 31sts), the 

creditor and its affiliates that regularly extended first-lien covered transactions, 

together had total assets of less than $2 billion (this threshold will adjust annually). 

b. The creditor makes a loan that meets the requirements for a qualified mortgage in 12 

CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(i)(A) (substantially equal payments or ARMs or step-rate mortgages 

that do not increase the principal balance), (e)(2)(ii) (loan term 30 years or less), 

(e)(2)(iii) (points and fees under certain thresholds), and (e)(2)(v) (income, assets, and 

obligations are considered and verified), but without regard to the standards in appendix 

Q (12 CFR 1026.43(f)(1)(iv)(A)); 

c. The creditor determines that the consumer can make all of the scheduled payments under 

the loan and the monthly payments for all mortgage-related obligations (excluding the 

balloon payment) from the consumer’s current or reasonably expected income or assets 

(other than the dwelling that secures the loan) (12 CFR 1026.43(f)(1)(ii)); 

d. The creditor considers at or before consummation, the consumer’s monthly debt-toincome ratio or residual income and verifies the debt obligations and income used to 
274

determine that ratio in accordance with the repayment ability requirements of 12 CFR 

1026.43(c)(7), except that the calculation of the payment for determining the consumer’s 

total monthly debt obligations in 12 CFR 1026.43(c)(7)(i)(A) is based on the scheduled 

payments for the balloon-payment qualified mortgage in accordance with 12 CFR 

1026.43(f)(1)(iv)(A), together with the consumer’s monthly payments for all mortgagerelated obligations other than the balloon payment (12 CFR 1026.43(f)(1)(iii)); 

e. The legal obligation provides for: 

i. Scheduled payments that are substantially equal, calculated using an amortization 

period that does not exceed 30 years, with 

ii. An interest rate that does not increase over the term of the loan, and 

iii. A loan term of five years or longer (12 CFR 1026.43(f)(1)(iv)(A)-(C));

f. The loan was not subject to a forward commitment at consummation, except to a person 

that satisfies the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(A), (B), and (C) (i.e., small 

creditors operating in rural or underserved counties). 

2. Determine whether the balloon-payment qualified mortgage does not have qualified 

mortgage status because it was subject to a forward commitment at consummation, or the 

creditor has transferred it in any circumstances other than where the transfer was: 

a. Three years or more after consummation; 

b. To a creditor that satisfies the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.43(f)(1)(vi) of this section 

(i.e., meets the definition of 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(A)-(C), establishing criteria for 

small creditors operating in rural or underserved counties); 

c. Made pursuant to a capital restoration plan or other action under 12 U.S.C. 1831o, or to 

actions or instructions of a conservator, receiver or bankruptcy trustee, or to orders by or 

agreements with a state or federal governmental agency with jurisdiction to examine the

creditor; or 

d. Due to a merger of the creditor with another person or the acquisition of the creditor by 

another person or another person by the creditor. (12 CFR 1026.43(f)(2)(i) and (iv)) 

NOTE: If a balloon-payment qualified mortgage has lost its qualified mortgage status, the 

creditor must have complied with the general ability-to-repay requirements under 12 CFR 

1026.43(c). 

Temporary Balloon-Payment Qualified Mortgages Made by 

Small Creditors – 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(6)

1. Determine whether a creditor has complied with the ability-to-repay requirements of 12 CFR 

1026.43(c) by making a qualified mortgage that meets the requirements of the small creditor 

balloon-payment qualified mortgage definition in 12 CFR 1026.43(f) (above), except that the 
275

creditor requirement in 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(A) (operate in a rural or underserved area) 

does not apply. 

NOTE: This temporary qualified mortgage category applies only to loans for which the 

application was received before April 1, 2016. 

Prepayment Penalties – 12 CFR 1026.43(g) 

1. Determine whether a mortgage is a covered transaction (which excludes HELOCs and 

timeshares but, for purposes of the prepayment penalty provisions, includes reverse 

mortgages, temporary loans, and loans made by certain community development, non-profit, 

and other lenders otherwise excluded from ability-to-repay provisions under 12 CFR 

1026.43(a)). If yes, then the loan may not have a prepayment penalty unless: 

a. It is a qualified mortgage under 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2), (e)(4), (e)(5), (e)(6), or (f);

b. The prepayment penalty is otherwise allowed by law;

c. The mortgage has an APR that cannot increase after consummation; and 

d. The loan is not a higher-priced mortgage loan, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.35(a). (12 CFR 

1026.43(g)(1)). 

NOTE: Covered transactions are generally prohibited from having prepayment penalties 

unless certain conditions are met.

2. Determine if the prepayment penalty improperly exceeds the following percentages of the 

outstanding balance prepaid: 

a. Two percent during the first two years following consummation; 

b. One percent during the third year following consummation; and 

c. Zero percent thereafter. (12 CFR 1026.43(g)(2)) 

3. Determine whether a creditor offering a consumer a mortgage with a prepayment penalty has 

also offered the consumer an alternative without a prepayment penalty and the alternative: 

(12 CFR 1026.43(g)(3)) 

a. Has an APR that cannot increase after consummation and has the same type of interest 

rate (fixed or step rate) as the loan with a prepayment penalty; 

b. Has the same loan term as the loan with a prepayment penalty; 

c. Satisfies the periodic payment conditions under 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(i); 

d. Satisfies the points and fees conditions under 12 CFR 1026.43(e)(2)(iii), based on the 

information known to the creditor at the time of the offer; and
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e. Is a loan for which the creditor has a good faith belief that the consumer likely qualifies, 

based on the information known to the creditor at the time the creditor offers the loan 

without a prepayment penalty. (12 CFR 1026.43(g)(3)) 

4. Determine whether a creditor offering a loan with a prepayment penalty through a mortgage 

broker: 

a. Presents the mortgage broker an alternative covered transaction without a prepayment 

penalty that satisfies the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.43(g)(3); and

b. Establishes by agreement that the mortgage broker must present to the consumer an 

alternative covered transaction without a prepayment penalty offered by the creditor that 

satisfies the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.43(g); or another creditor, if the other creditor 

offers a lower interest rate or a lower total dollar amount of discount points and 

origination points or fees. (12 CFR 1026.43(g)(4)) 

5. Determine whether a creditor that is a loan originator, as defined in 12 CFR 1026.36(a)(1), 

who presents a covered transaction with a prepayment penalty offered by another person to 

whom the loan would be assigned after consummation also presents the consumer an 

alternative covered transaction without a prepayment penalty that satisfies the requirements 

of 12 CFR 1026.43(g), offered by the assignee; or another person offering a lower interest 

rate or a lower total dollar amount of origination discount points and points or fees. (12 CFR 

1026.43(g)(5)) 

Evasion of Minimum Standards for Loans Secured By a 

Dwelling – 12 CFR 1026.43(h)

1. Determine whether the creditor has structured credit secured by a dwelling that does not meet 

the definition of open-end credit in 12 CFR 1026.2(a)(20) as an open-end plan to evade the 

requirements for minimum standards for loans secured by a dwelling. 

High-Cost Mortgages, Reverse Mortgages, and HigherPriced Mortgages Loans – 12 CFR 1026.32, 1026.33, and 

1026.35

1. Determine whether the financial institution originates consumer credit transactions subject to 

Subpart E of Regulation Z; specifically, high-cost mortgages (12 CFR 1026.32), reverse 

mortgages (12 CFR 1026.33), and “higher-priced mortgage loans” (12 CFR 1026.35). 

2. In addition to reviewing high-cost mortgages, reverse mortgages, and higher-priced mortgage 

loans for compliance with requirements in other subparts of Regulation Z (for example, 

disclosure timing requirements under 12 CFR 1026.19(a)), review such mortgages to ensure 

the following: 

a. Required disclosures are provided to consumers in addition to, not in lieu of, the 

disclosures contained in other subparts of Regulation Z. (12 CFR 1026.31(a)) 
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b. Disclosures are clear and conspicuous, in writing, and in a form that the consumer may 

keep. (12 CFR 1026.31(b)) 

c. Disclosures are furnished at least three business days prior to consummation or account 

opening of a high-cost mortgage or a closed-end reverse mortgage transaction (or at least 

three business days prior to the first transaction under an open-end reverse mortgage). (12 

CFR 1026.31(c)) 

d. Disclosures reflect the terms of the legal obligation between the parties. (12 CFR 

1026.31(d)) 

e. If the transaction involves more than one creditor, that only one creditor provided the 

disclosures. Where the obligation involves multiple consumers, ensure that the 

disclosures were provided to any consumer who is primarily liable on the obligation. 

Further, for rescindable transactions, verify that the disclosures were provided to each 

consumer who has the right to rescind. (12 CFR 1026.31(e)) 

f. The APR is accurately calculated and disclosed in accordance with the requirements and 

within the tolerances allowed in 12 CFR 1026.22 for closed-end credit transactions and 

12 CFR 1026.6(a) for open-end credit plans. (12 CFR 1026.31(g)) 

3. For high-cost mortgages (12 CFR 1026.32), ensure that, in addition to other required 

disclosures, the creditor discloses the following at least three business days prior to 

consummation or account opening (See model disclosure at App. H-16): 

a. Notice containing the prescribed language (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(1)); 

b. The APR (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(2)); 

c. Regular payment and balloon payment (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(3)); 

d. For a closed-end credit transaction, the amount of regular loan payment and the amount 

of any balloon payment. The disclosed regular payment should be treated as accurate if it 

is based on an amount borrowed that is deemed accurate under 12 CFR 1026.32(c)(5) (12 

CFR 1026.32(c)(3)); 

e. For an open-end credit plan: 

i. An example showing the first minimum periodic payment for the draw period, the 

first minimum periodic payment for any repayment period, and the balance 

outstanding at the beginning of any repayment period (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(3)(ii)(A)); 

NOTE: The example must be based on the assumption that the consumer borrows the full 

credit line at account opening and does not obtain any additional extensions of credit, that 

the consumer makes only the minimum periodic payments during the draw period and 

any repayment period, and that the APR used to calculate the example payments remains 

the same during the draw period and any repayment period. Creditors must provide the 

minimum period payment example based on the APR, except that if an introductory APR 
278

applies, the creditor must use the rate that will apply to the plan after the introductory rate 

expires. (12 CFR1026.32(c)(3)(ii)(A)-(C))

ii. If the credit contract provides for a balloon payment, a disclosure of that fact and an 

example showing the amount of the balloon payment based on the assumptions 

described in the note above (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(3)(ii)(B)); 

iii. A statement that the example payments show the first minimum periodic payments at 

the current annual percentage rate if the consumer borrows the maximum credit 

available when the account is opened and does not obtain any additional extensions of 

credit, or substantially similar statement (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(3)(ii)(C)); 

iv. A statement that the example payments are not the consumer’s actual payments and 

that the actual minimum periodic payments will depend on the amount the consumer 

borrows, the interest rate applicable to that period, and whether the consumer pays 

more than the required minimum periodic payment, or a substantially similar 

statement (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(3)(ii)(D)); 

f. For variable-rate transactions, a statement that the interest rate and monthly payment may 

increase, and the amount of the single maximum monthly payment allowed under the 

contract based on the maximum rate required to be disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.30 (12 

CFR 1026.32(c)(4)); 

g. For a closed-end credit transaction, the total amount the consumer will borrow (the face 

amount of the note) and if this amount includes financed charges that are not prohibited 

under 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(10), that fact. This disclosure should be treated as accurate if 

within $100 of the actual amount borrowed. For an open-end credit plan, the credit limit 

for the plan when the account is opened (12 CFR 1026.32(c)(5)); 

4. For high-cost mortgages (12 CFR 1026.32), ensure that the creditor follows these additional 

rules concerning the disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.32(c): 

a. Determine if a new disclosure is required if, subsequent to providing the additional 

disclosure but prior to consummation or account opening, the creditor changes any terms 

that make the disclosures inaccurate. For example, if a consumer finances the payment of 

premiums or other charges as permitted under 12 CFR 1026.34(a)(10) and, as a result, the 

monthly payment differs from the payment previously disclosed, re-disclosure is required 

and a new three-day waiting period applies. (12 CFR 1026.31(c)(1)(i)) 

b. Determine if a creditor provides new disclosures by telephone when the consumer 

initiates a change in terms, then prior to or at consummation or account opening the 

creditor must provide new written disclosures and both parties must sign a statement that 

these new disclosures were provided by telephone at least three days prior to 

consummation or account opening. (12 CFR 1026.31(c)(1)(ii)) 

c. If a consumer waives the right to a three-day waiting period to meet a bona fide personal 

financial emergency, the consumer’s waiver must be a dated written statement (not a preprinted form) describing the emergency and bearing the signature of all the consumers 
279

entitled to the waiting period (a consumer can waive only after receiving the required 

disclosures and prior to consummation or account opening). (12 CFR 1026.31(c)(1)(iii))

5. For high-cost mortgages (12 CFR 1026.32) determine that the creditor has not included any 

of the following loan terms:

a. A payment schedule that provides for a balloon payment (with exceptions). (12 CFR 

1026.32(d)(1)(i)-(iii))

b. Negative amortization. (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(2)) 

c. Advance payments from the proceeds of more than two periodic payments. (12 CFR 

1026.32(d)(3)) 

d. Increased interest rate after default. (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(4)) 

e. A rebate of interest, arising from a loan acceleration due to default, calculated by a 

method less favorable than the actuarial method. (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(5)) 

f. Prepayment penalty as defined in 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(6). 

g. A due-on-demand clause that permits the creditor to terminate the loan in advance of 

maturity and accelerate the balance, except in cases of fraud or material 

misrepresentation by the consumer, failure by the consumer to meet the repayment terms 

of the agreement for any outstanding balance, or action or inaction by the consumer that 

adversely affects the creditor’s security interest in the loan. (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(8)) 

6. For high-cost mortgages under 12 CFR 1026.32, determine that the creditor is not engaged in 

the following acts and practices:

a. Home improvement contracts – Paying a contractor under a home improvement contract 

from the proceeds of a mortgage unless certain conditions are met. (12 CFR 

1026.34(a)(1)) 

b. Notice to assignee – Selling or otherwise assigning a high-cost mortgage without 

furnishing the required statement to the purchaser or assignee. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(2))

c. Refinancing within one year of extending credit – Within one year of making a high-cost 

mortgage, a creditor may not refinance any high-cost mortgage to the same consumer into 

another high-cost mortgage that is not in the consumer’s interest. This also applies to 

assignees that hold or service the high-cost mortgage. Commentary to 12 CFR 

1026.34(a)(3) has examples applying the refinancing prohibition and addressing 

“consumer’s interest.” (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(3)) 

d. Extending high-cost mortgage credit without regard to the consumer’s repayment ability. 

(Temporary or bridge loans with a term of 12 months or less are exempt from this 

requirement.) (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(4)): 

i. For closed-end credit transactions that are high-cost mortgages, ensure the creditor is 

complying with the repayment ability requirements set forth in 12 CFR 1026.43. 
280

ii. For open-end credit plans that are high-cost mortgages, ensure the creditor is not 

extending credit without regard to the consumer’s repayment ability as of account 

opening, including the consumer’s current and reasonably expected income, current 

obligations, assets other than collateral, and employment. A creditor must determine 

repayment ability for open-end high-cost mortgages by: 

A. Verifying amounts of income or assets that it relies on to determine repayment 

ability, including expected income or assets, by the consumer’s Internal Revenue 

Service Form W-2, tax returns, payroll receipts, financial institution records, or 

other third-party documents that provide reasonably reliable evidence of the 

consumer’s income or assets.

B. Verifying the consumer’s current obligations, including any mortgage-related 

obligations that are required by another credit obligation undertaken prior to or at 

account opening and secured by the same dwelling that secures the high-cost 

mortgage. 

iii. Alternatively, determine whether the creditor complies with the repayment ability 

requirement by:

A. Verifying repayment ability as described above;

B. Determining the consumer’s repayment ability by using the largest required 

minimum periodic payment based on the assumptions that: 

1) The consumer borrows the full credit line at account opening with no 

additional extensions of credit; 

2) The consumer makes only required minimum periodic payments during the 

draw period and any repayment period; 

3) If the annual percentage rate can increase during the plan, the maximum 

percentage rate that is included in the contract; and

C. Assessing the consumer’s repayment ability, taking into account at least one of 

the following: the ratio of total debt obligations to income (including any 

mortgage-related obligations that are required by another credit obligation 

undertaken prior to or at account opening, and are secured by the same dwelling 

that secures the high-cost mortgage transaction, or the income the consumer will 

have after paying debt obligations. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(4)). 

e. Pre-loan counseling – Determine whether the creditor extending a high-cost mortgage 

received written certification confirming that the consumer received approved home 

ownership counseling after receiving the initial Loan Estimate or, for open-end credit 

plans, the initial TILA disclosure required by 12 CFR 1026.40, or if neither of those 

disclosures are provided, after receiving the disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.32(c). 

(12 CFR 1026.34(a)(5)). Requirements include: 
281

i. Verify that home ownership counseling was not provided by an employee or affiliate 

of the creditor 

ii. If the creditor paid fees associated with homeownership counseling, confirm that the 

payment was not contingent upon the consumer obtaining the high-cost mortgage or 

receipt of a counseling certification

iii. Verify that the counseling certificate contains the name of the consumer, date of 

counseling, name and address of the counselor, and statements required by 12 CFR 

1026.34(a)(5)(iv). 

7. Late fees – For high-cost mortgages, confirm that late payment charges are disclosed in the 

terms of the loan contract or open-end credit agreement and that such fees do not exceed four 

percent of the amount past due. No such charge may be imposed more than once for a single 

late payment. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(8)) 

Higher-Priced Mortgage Loans: Appraisals52 

1. For higher-priced mortgage loans secured by principal dwelling that are not exempt under 12 

CFR 1026.35(c)(2), determine whether, before consummation, the creditor obtained a written 

appraisal from a state-licensed or certified appraiser that included a physical visit to the 

interior of the dwelling. (12 CFR 1026.35(c)(3)) 

NOTE: 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(2) exempts several types of loans from the appraisal 

requirements, including qualified mortgages under 12 CFR 1026.43. 

2. Determine whether the creditor is deemed to comply with the requirement by:

a. Ordering that the appraiser perform the appraisal in conformity with the Uniform 

Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice and title XI of FIRREA and any 

implementing regulations. (12 CFR 1026.35(c)(3)(ii)(A)) 

b. Verifying through the National Registry that the appraiser who signed the appraiser’s 

certification was a certified or licensed appraiser in the state in which the appraised 

property is located as of the date the appraiser signed the appraiser’s certification. (12 

CFR 1026.35(c) (3)(ii)(B))

c. Confirming that the appraisal includes elements set forth in appendix N. (12 CFR 

1026.35(c)(ii)(3)(C)) 

d. Having no actual knowledge contrary to the facts or certifications contained in the written 

appraisal.

 

52 The higher-priced mortgage loans appraisal requirement was adopted pursuant to an interagency rulemaking conducted by the 

Board, the CFPB, the FDIC, FHFA, NCUA and OCC. The Board codified the rule at 12 CFR 226.43, and the OCC codified the 

rule at 12 CFR Part 34 and 12 CFR Part 164. There is no substantive difference among these three sets of rules.
282

3. Assess whether the creditor exercised reasonable diligence in determining if a second interior 

appraisal was necessary. A creditor can exercise reasonable diligence by basing its 

determination on written source documents such as: 

a. A copy of the recorded deed from the seller, 

b. A copy of a property tax bill, 

c. A copy of any owner’s title insurance policy obtained by the seller, 

d. A copy of the RESPA settlement statement from the seller’s acquisition, 

e. A property sales history report or title report from a third-party reporting service, 

f. Sales price data recorded in multiple listing services, 

g. Tax assessment records or transfer tax records obtained from local governments, 

h. A written appraisal performed in compliance with 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(3)(i) for the same 

transaction, 

i. A copy of a title commitment report detailing the seller’s ownership of the property, 

j. A property abstract (12 CFR 1026.35(c)(4)(i) and (vi); see Appendix O). 

4. For higher-priced mortgage loans that are not exempt under 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(2) or 12 

CFR 1026.35(c)(4)(vii), determine whether an additional written interior appraisal from a 

state certified or licensed appraiser was both required and performed because the seller 

acquired the property 180 days or less before the consumer’s purchase agreement, and the 

sales price increased:

a. Greater than 10 percent over the previous purchase price, if acquired 90 or fewer days 

prior to the consumer’s purchase agreement; or (12 CFR 1026.35(c)(4)(i)(A)) or 

b. Greater than 20 percent over the previous purchase price, if acquired 91 to 180 days prior 

to the consumer’s purchase agreement. (12 CFR 1026.35(C)(4)(i)(B)) 

NOTE: 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(4)(vii) provides for eight exemptions from the second appraisal 

requirement, such as for extensions of credit to finance the acquisition of property from a 

local, state, or federal government agency. 

5. For higher-priced mortgage loans (that are not exempt under 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(2) or 12 

CFR 1026.35(c)(4)(vii)) where the creditor is required to obtain a second interior appraisal: 

a. Confirm that the creditor obtained an appraisal from a different state certified or licensed 

appraiser than the one who conducted the first appraisal. (12 CFR 1026.35(c)(4)(ii)) 

b. Confirm that the creditor charged the consumer for only one of the appraisals. (12 CFR 

1026.35(c)(4)(v)) 
283

NOTE: Reviewing the Closing Disclosure or HUD-1 may assist in identifying whether a 

second appraisal fee was charged to the consumer.

c. For higher-priced mortgage loans that are not exempt under 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(2), 

determine that the creditor provided a written disclosure in a timely manner informing 

consumers that an appraisal may be necessary and that there is a cost associated with the 

appraisal, as specified in 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(5). 

i. Disclosures must be provided to consumers within three business days after receipt of 

an application for a higher-priced mortgage loan. A creditor can meet this 

requirement by placing the disclosure in the mail within three business days after 

receipt of the application for a higher-priced mortgage loan. (12 CFR 

1026.35(c)(5)(ii)) 

ii. If the loan becomes a higher-priced mortgage loan during the application process, but 

after initial receipt of the application, a creditor has three business days from the time 

the loan became a higher priced mortgage loan to provide the necessary disclosure. 

(12 CFR 1026.35(c)(5)(ii)) 

d. Confirm that the creditor provided consumers with a free copy of any written appraisal 

performed in connection with a higher-priced mortgage loan that is not exempt under 12 

CFR 1026.35(c)(2). (12 CFR 1026.35(c)(6)) 

i. Determine whether the creditor is providing consumers with a copy of their 

appraisal(s) no later than three business days prior to consummation of the loan; (12 

CFR 1026.35(c)(6)(ii)(A)) or 

ii. If the loan is not consummated, determine whether the creditor is providing 

consumers with a copy of the appraisal(s) within 30 days after determining that the 

loan will not be consummated. (12 CFR 1026.35(c)(6)(ii)(B)) 

NOTE: The creditor can satisfy this disclosure requirement by providing the 

disclosure required in Regulation B, 12 CFR 1002.14(a)(2), related to a free copy of 

the appraisal. (12 CFR 1026.35(c)(5)). However, unlike the waiver provision in 

Regulation B, a consumer may not waive the timing requirement to receive a copy of 

the appraisal under 12 CFR 1026.35(c)(6)(i). In addition, the creditor must use the 

earliest applicable timing requirement to comply with each regulation’s 

appraisal/valuation disclosure requirements. 

Higher-Priced Mortgage Loans: Escrow Accounts

1. For most higher-priced mortgage loans secured by a first lien on a principal dwelling escrow 

accounts must be established before consummation for property taxes and premiums for 

mortgage-related insurance required by the creditor. (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(1)) 

2. For higher-priced mortgage loans where the creditor did not establish an escrow account, 

determine whether the transaction or the creditor would fall into an exemption. (12 CFR 

1026.35(b)(2)) 
284

a. Is the transaction secured by shares in a cooperative (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(i)(A)); 

b. Is the transaction to finance the initial construction of the dwelling (12 CFR 

1026.35(b)(2)(i)(B)); 

c. Is the transaction a temporary or “bridge” loan with a term less than 12 months (12 CFR 

1026.35(b)(2)(i)(C)); 

d. Is the transaction a reverse mortgage transaction under 12 CFR 1026.33 (12 CFR 

1026.35(b)(2)(i)(D)); 

NOTE: There is a limited exemption for transactions secured by a dwelling in a 

condominium, planned unit development, or other “common interest community” where 

a dwelling ownership requires participation in a governing association that is obligated to 

maintain a master insurance policy insuring all dwellings. In these common interest 

communities, creditors must maintain an escrow account for the payment of taxes only. 

(12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(ii)) 

e. Does the creditor, or loan originator, qualify for an exemption under 12 CFR 

1026.35(b)(2)(iii)(A)-(D):

i. During the preceding calendar year (or if the application for the transaction was 

received before April 1 of the current calendar year, during either of the two 

preceding calendar years), it extended a covered transaction (defined in section 

1026.43(b)(1)) secured by a first lien on a property located in an area that meets the 

definition of “rural” or “underserved” as laid out in 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(2)(iv); 

ii. Together with any affiliates, it did not extend more than 2,000 covered transactions 

(secured by first liens, that were sold, assigned, or otherwise transferred to another 

person or subject at the time of consummation to a commitment to be acquired by 

another person) in the preceding calendar year (or if the application for the 

transaction was received before April 1 of the current calendar year, during either of 

the two preceding calendar years); 

iii. It and its affiliates that regularly extended covered transactions together had less than 

the annually adjusted $2 billion threshold in total assets as of the preceding December

31, or if the application for the transaction was received before April 1 of the current 

calendar year, of either of the two proceeding December 31sts ; and 

iv. Neither the creditor nor its affiliate maintains an escrow account of the type described 

in 12 CFR 1026.35(b)(1) for any extension of consumer credit secured by real 

property or a dwelling that the creditor or its affiliate currently services, other than:

A. Escrow accounts established for first-lien higher-priced mortgage loans on or after 

April 1, 2010, and before May 1, 2016; or 

B. Escrow accounts established after consummation as an accommodation to 

distressed consumers to assist such consumers in avoiding default or foreclosure. 
285

NOTE: The asset threshold will adjust automatically each year, based on the year-toyear change in the average of the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and 

Clerical Workers, not seasonally adjusted, for each 12-month period ending in 

November, with rounding to the nearest million dollars (see comment 35(b)(2)(iii)-

1.iii for the current threshold). 

3. Evasion of requirements: Ensure that the creditor does not structure a higher-priced mortgage 

loan as an open-end plan (“spurious open-end credit”) to evade the requirements of 

Regulation Z. (12 CFR 1026.35(d)) 

Prohibited Payments to Loan Originators – 12 CFR 

1026.36(d) and (e)

1. Determine that, in connection with a closed-end consumer credit transaction secured by a 

dwelling,53 no loan originator receives and no person pays to a loan originator, directly or 

indirectly, compensation54 that is based on: 

NOTE: The term “loan originator” means, a person who, in expectation of direct or indirect 

compensation or other monetary gain or for direct or indirect compensation or other 

monetary gain: takes an application, offers, arranges, assists a consumer in obtaining or 

applying to obtain, negotiates, or otherwise obtains or makes an extension of consumer credit 

for another person; or through advertising or other means of communication represents to the 

public that such person can or will perform any of these activities. The term “loan originator” 

includes an employee, agent, or contractor of the creditor or loan originator organization if 

the employee, agent, or contractor meets this definition. The term “loan originator” also 

includes a creditor that engages in loan origination activities if the creditor does not finance 

the transaction at consummation out of the creditor’s own resources, including by drawing on 

a bona fide warehouse line of credit or out of deposits held by the creditor.

NOTE: A person is not a loan originator who does not take a consumer credit application or 

offer or negotiate credit terms available from a creditor to that consumer based on the 

consumer’s financial characteristics, but who performs purely administrative or clerical tasks 

on behalf of a person who does engage in such activities. An employee of a manufactured 

home retailer who does not take a consumer credit application, offer or negotiate credit 

terms, or advise a consumer on credit terms is not a loan originator. For purposes of 12 CFR 

1026.36(a), “credit terms” include rates, fees or other costs, and a consumer’s financial 

characteristics include any factors that may influence a credit decision, such as debts, 

income, assets or credit history.

a. A term of a transaction, the terms of multiple transactions by an individual loan 

originator, or the terms of multiple transactions by multiple individual loan originators; or 

 

53 12 CFR 1026.36(d) and (e) do not apply to a home-equity line of credit subject to 12 CFR 1026.40 or to a loan that is secured 

by a consumer’s interest in a timeshare plan described in 11 U.S.C. section 101(53D). (12 CFR 1026.36(b))

54 Compensation includes salaries, commissions, and any financial or similar incentive, such as an annual or periodic bonus or 

awards of merchandise, services, trips, or similar prizes. See 12 CFR 1026.36(a)(3) and comment 1026.36(a)-5.
286

NOTE: For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1) only, a “term of a transaction” is any right or 

obligation of the parties to a credit transaction. The amount of credit extended is not a term of 

a transaction or a proxy for a term of a transaction, provided that compensation received by 

or paid to a loan originator, directly or indirectly, is based on a fixed percentage of the 

amount of credit extended; however, such compensation may be subject to a minimum or 

maximum dollar amount. (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1)(ii)) 

b. A proxy55 for a term of a transaction. (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1)(i)) 

2. Determine that a loan originator that receives a contribution to a defined contribution, taxadvantaged plan that meets the applicable requirements of the Internal Revenue Code does 

not receive a contribution that is directly or indirectly based on the terms of the individual 

loan originator’s transactions. (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1)(iii)) 

3. Determine whether an individual loan originator receives compensation pursuant to a nondeferred, profits-based compensation plan only if: 

a. The compensation paid to an individual loan originator is not directly or indirectly based 

on the terms of that individual loan originator’s transactions that are subject to 12 CFR 

1026.36(d); and 

b. At least one of the following conditions is satisfied: 

i. The compensation paid to an individual loan originator does not, in the aggregate, 

exceed 10 percent of the individual loan originator’s total compensation 

corresponding to the time period for which the compensation under the non-deferred 

profits-based compensation plan is paid; or 

ii. The individual loan originator was a loan originator for ten or fewer transactions 

consummated during the 12-month period preceding the date of the compensation 

determination.

Prohibition on Dual Compensation

1. If any loan originator receives compensation directly from a consumer in a closed-end 

consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling, determine that (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(2)): 

a. No loan originator receives compensation, directly or indirectly, from any person other 

than the consumer in connection with the transaction (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(2)(i)(A)(1)) 

except that a loan originator organization may receive compensation from a consumer 

and pay compensation to its individual loan originator; and 

b. No person who knows or has reason to know of the consumer-paid compensation to the 

loan originator (other than the consumer) pays any compensation to a loan originator, 

directly or indirectly, in connection with the transaction. (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(2)(i)(A)(2)) 

 

55 A factor that is not itself a term of a transaction is a proxy for a term of the transaction if the factor consistently varies with

that term over a significant number of transactions, and the loan originator has the ability, directly or indirectly, to add, drop, or 

change the factor in originating the transaction. (12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1)(i)) 
287

NOTE: Loan originator organizations are permitted to compensate their employees if the 

organization receives compensation directly from a consumer, subject to the prohibition 

on payments to loan originators in 12 CFR 1026.36(d)(1). 

Prohibition on Steering

1. Determine that, in connection with a consumer credit transaction secured by a dwelling, a 

loan originator does not direct or “steer” a consumer to consummate a transaction based on 

the fact that the originator will receive greater compensation from the creditor in that 

transaction than in other transactions the originator offered or could have offered to the 

consumer, unless the consummated transaction is in the consumer’s interest. (12 CFR 

1026.36(e)(1)) 

NOTE: The rule provides a safe harbor to facilitate compliance with the prohibition on steering 

in 12 CFR 1026.36(e)(1). The loan originator is deemed to comply with the anti-steering 

prohibition if the consumer is presented with loan options that meet all of the following 

conditions for each type of transaction in which the consumer expressed an interest:56 

a. The loan originator obtains loan options from a significant number of the creditors with 

which the originator regularly does business and, for each type of transaction in which 

the consumer expressed an interest, presents the consumer with loan options that include 

(12 CFR 1026.36(e)(3)(i)): 

i. The loan with the lowest interest rate (12 CFR 1026.36(e)(3)(i)(A)); 

ii. The loan with the lowest interest rate without negative amortization, a prepayment 

penalty, interest-only payments, a balloon payment in the first seven years of the life 

of the loan, a demand feature, shared equity, or shared appreciation; or, in the case of 

a reverse mortgage, a loan without a prepayment penalty, or shared equity or shared 

appreciation (12 CFR 1026.36(e)(3)(i)(B)); and

iii. The loan with the lowest total dollar amount of discount points, origination points or 

origination fees (or, if two or more loans have the same total dollar amount of 

discount points, origination points or origination fees, the loan with the lowest interest 

rate that has the lowest total dollar amount of discount points, origination points or 

origination fees). (12 CFR 1026.36(e)(3)(i)(C)) 

b. The loan originator has a good faith belief that the options (presented to the consumer 

that are set forth, above) are loans for which the consumer likely qualifies. (12 CFR 

1026.36(e)(3)(ii)) 

c. For each type of transaction, if the originator presents to the consumer more than three 

loans, the originator highlights the loans that satisfy options 1.i, 1.ii, and 1.iii above. (12 

CFR 1026.36(e)(3)(iii)) 

 

56 The term ‘‘type of transaction’’ refers to whether: (i) A loan has an APR that cannot increase after consummation; (ii) A loan 

has an APR that may increase after consummation; or (iii) A loan is a reverse mortgage. (12 CFR 1026.36(e)(2)) 
288

NOTE: If the requirements set forth in 12 CFR 1026.36(e) are met, the loan originator 

can, without steering, present fewer than three loans. (12 CFR 1026.36(e)(4)) 

Loan Originator Qualifications57 and Documentation – 12 

CFR 1026.36(f) and (g)

1. Determine whether the loan originator organization complies with all applicable state law 

requirements for legal existence and foreign qualification. (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(1)) 

2. Determine whether the loan originator organization ensures that individual loan originators 

who work for it (e.g., employees, under a brokerage agreement) are licensed or registered as 

required by the Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 (SAFE 

Act), its implementing regulations (12 CFR 1007 and 1008), and any state SAFE Act law. 

(12 CFR 1026.36(f)(2)) 

3. For individual loan originators who are its employees and who are not required to be licensed 

and are not licensed as a loan originator under 12 CFR 1008.103 or state SAFE Act 

implementing law, determine whether the loan originator organization, prior to allowing the 

individual to act as a loan originator: 

a. Obtained a copy of the individual’s background check through the Nationwide Mortgage 

Licensing System and Registry (NMLSR) or a criminal background check from a law 

enforcement agency or commercial service (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(i)(A)); 

b. Obtained a credit report from a consumer reporting agency in compliance with FCRA 

Section 604(b) (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(i)(B)); 

c. Obtained information from the NMLSR, or from the individual as applicable, about 

administrative, civil, or criminal findings against the individual (12 CFR 

1026.36(f)(3)(i)(C));

d. Determined on the basis of obtained information or any other information reasonably 

available that the individual has not been convicted of, plead guilty or nolo contendere to 

a felony in a domestic or military court during the preceding seven year period (12 CFR 

1026.36(f)(3)(ii)(A)(1));

e. Determined on the basis of obtained information or any other information reasonably 

available that the individual has not been convicted of, plead guilty or nolo contendere to 

a felony involving an act of fraud, dishonesty, breach of trust, or money laundering, at 

any time (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(ii)(A)(1));

f. Confirmed that if the individual has a felony conviction and is employed as an individual 

loan originator, that the FDIC (or FRB, as applicable), NCUA, or Farm Credit 

Administration has provided consent to employ the individual under their own statutory 

authorities (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(ii)(A)(2)(iii)); 

 

57 For the purposes of 12 CFR 1026.36(f) and (g), all creditors are loan originators.
289

g. Confirmed that the individual demonstrated financial responsibility, character, and 

general fitness such as to warrant a determination that the individual loan originator will 

operate honestly, fairly, and efficiently (12 CFR 1026(f)(3)(ii)(B));

h. Provides periodic training covering federal and state law requirements that apply to the 

individual loan originator’s loan origination activities. (12 CFR 1026.36(f)(3)(iii)) 

NOTE: Paragraph (c) only applies to an individual loan originator hired on after January 

1, 2014 (or an individual loan originator the loan originator organization hired before this 

date but for whom there were no applicable statutory or regulatory background standards 

in effect at the time of hire or used to screen the individual) or an individual loan 

originator regardless of when hired who, based on reliable information known to the loan 

originator organization, likely does not meet the qualification standards. 

4. Verify that the loan originator organization and individual loan originator include their names 

and NMLSR IDs on all required loan documentation, including (12 CFR 1026.36(g)): 

a. The credit application, 

b. The disclosures required by 12 CFR 1026.19(e) and (f), 

c. The note or loan contract, and 

d. The security instrument. 

Policies and Procedures for Depository Institutions to 

Ensure and Monitor Compliance – 12 CFR 1026.36(j)

1. Verify that loan originator organizations that are depositories (including credit unions) have 

established and maintain written policies and procedures reasonably designed (i.e., 

appropriate to the nature, size, complexity and scope of the mortgage lending activities of the 

depository and its subsidiaries) to ensure that the depository, its subsidiaries and their 

collective employees comply with the loan originator requirements of 12 CFR 1026.36(d)-

(g). (12 CFR 1026.36(j)) 

Prohibition on Mandatory Arbitration Clauses and Waiver 

of Certain Consumer Rights – 12 CFR 1026.36(h)

1. Verify that the contract or other agreement for a consumer credit transaction secured by a 

dwelling (including a home equity line of credit secured by the consumer’s principal 

dwelling) does not include terms that require arbitration or any other non-judicial procedure 

to resolve any controversy or settle any claims arising out of the transaction. (12 CFR 

1026.36(h)(1)) 

2. Verify that the contract or other agreement relating to a consumer credit transaction secured 

by a dwelling (including a home equity line of credit secured by the consumer’s principal 

dwelling) has not been applied or interpreted to bar a consumer from bringing a claim in 
290

court pursuant to any provision of law for damages or other relief in connection with any 

alleged violation of any federal law. (12 CFR 1026.36(h)(2)) 

Prohibition on Financing Credit Insurance – 12 CFR 

1026.36(i) 

1. Determine that the creditor does not finance, directly or indirectly, premiums or fees for 

credit insurance (including credit life, credit disability, credit unemployment, or credit 

property insurance, or any other accident, loss-of-income, life, or health insurance or direct 

or indirect payment for debt cancellation/suspension) on the transaction secured by a 

dwelling (including a home equity line of credit secured by a principal dwelling). (12 CFR 

1026.36(i)) 

NOTE: Credit unemployment insurance is not subject to this prohibition where the premiums 

are reasonable, the creditor receives no direct or indirect compensation in connection with the 

premiums, and the premiums are paid under a separate insurance contract and are not paid to 

an affiliate of the creditor. Additionally, this prohibition does not apply to credit insurance 

that is paid in full monthly.

Negative Amortization Counseling – 12 CFR 1026.36(k)

1. Verify that the creditor received documentation that first-time borrowers received pre-loan 

counseling from a HUD certified or approved counselor on each negative amortizing 

mortgage loan to prior to originating the loan. (12 CFR 1026.36(k)) 

NOTE: This restriction does not apply to reverse mortgages covered under 12 CFR 1026.33 

or transactions secured by a timeshare plan. For more information, please see the 

commentary to 12 CFR 1026.36(k). 

Servicing Requirements for Certain Home Mortgages 

Subject to Subpart E

1. Determine if the servicer is a small servicer under 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4)(ii). The following 

steps two through five regarding periodic statements for closed-end loans secured by a 

dwelling are not applicable if the servicer is a small servicer.

NOTE: A small servicer is defined as (1) a servicer that, together with any affiliates, services 

5,000 or fewer loans, for all of which the servicer or any affiliate is the creditor or assignee; (2) a 

servicer that is a housing finance agency under 24 CFR 226.5; or (3) a nonprofit entity (defined 

in 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4)(ii)(C)(1)) that services 5,000 or fewer mortgage loans, including any 

mortgage loans serviced on behalf of associated nonprofit entities (defined in 12 CFR 

1026.41(e)(4)(ii)(C)(2)), for all of which the servicer or an associated nonprofit is the creditor. 

Small servicer status is generally based on the loans serviced by the servicer and any affiliates as 

of January 1 for the remainder of the year. However, to determine small servicer status under the 

nonprofit small servicer definition, a nonprofit servicer should be evaluated based on the 

mortgage loans serviced by the servicer (and not those serviced by associated nonprofit entities) 

as of January 1 for the remainder of the calendar year. Servicers that cease to qualify as a small 
291

servicer will have the later of six months after the date they ceased to qualify, or until the next 

January 1 to come into compliance. Under 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4)(iii), the following mortgage 

loans are not considered in determining whether a servicer qualifies as a small servicer: (a) 

mortgage loans voluntarily serviced by the servicer for a non-affiliate of the servicer and for 

which the servicer does not receive any compensation or fees; (b) reverse mortgage 

transactions; (c) mortgage loans secured by consumers’ interests in timeshare plans; and (d) 

certain seller-financed transactions that meet the criteria identified in 12 CFR 1026.36(a)(5). 

2. Determine whether the creditor, assignee, or servicer provides consumers with reasonably 

prompt periodic statements for closed-end loans secured by a dwelling (12 CFR 1026.41). 

NOTE: 

• “Consumer” includes a confirmed successor in interest as defined in 12 CFR 

1026.2(a)(27). (12 CFR 1026.2(a)(11)). If there is a confirmed successor in interest, 

determine whether the exemption from the requirement to provide a periodic statement to 

the confirmed successor in interest applies as specified in 12 CFR 1026.41(g). (Effective 

April 19, 2018). 

• This requirement does not apply to reverse mortgages under 12 CFR 1026.33; timeshare 

plans; fixed-rate loans where the servicer currently provides consumers with coupon 

books that contain account payment, fees, and contact information specified under 12 

CFR 1026.41(e)(3); small servicers under 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(4); or, as specified in 12 

CFR 1026.41(e)(5), for mortgages while the consumer is a debtor in bankruptcy under 

Title 11 of the US Code. Servicers, however, must provide modified periodic statements 

and coupon books to certain consumers in bankruptcy as specified in 12 CFR 1026.41(f) 

(see questions below). Servicers are exempt from providing periodic statements for 

charged-off mortgage loans if the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(6) are met (see 

questions below). 

NOTE ALSO: When examining a creditor or assignee that continues to own the loan, or a 

servicer, if the entity states that another entity has the obligation to provide the disclosures, 

examiners should determine whether the examined entity takes steps to ensure that the other 

party (a creditor, assignee, or servicer) is complying with the obligation to provide the 

disclosures. 

3. Verify that the periodic statements contain:

a. The payment due date; the amount of any late payment fee, and the date on which that fee 

will be imposed; and the amount due (the latter shown more prominently than other 

disclosures on the page and, if the transaction has multiple payment options, the amount 

due under each of the payment options), grouped together in close proximity to each 

other and located at the top of the first page (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(1)); 

i. If the balance of a mortgage loan was accelerated but the servicer was willing to 

accept a lesser amount to reinstate the loan, verify that the amount due on the periodic 

statement identified only the lesser amount that the servicer would have accepted to 

reinstate the loan. (Comment 1026.41(d)(1)-1); 
292

ii. If the consumer had agreed to a temporary loss mitigation program, verify that the 

amount due identified either the payment due under the temporary loss mitigation 

program or the amount due according to the loan contract. (Comment 1026.41(d)(1)-

2).

iii. If the loan contract had been permanently modified, verify that the amount 

due identified only the amount due under the modified loan contract. (Comment 

1026.41(d)(1)-3).

NOTE: Servicers may modify the sample forms for periodic statements provided in

Appendix H-30 to remove language that could suggest liability under the mortgage loan 

agreement if such language is not applicable. For example, in the case of a confirmed 

successor in interest who has not assumed the mortgage loan obligation under State law and 

is not otherwise liable on the mortgage loan obligation, a servicer may modify the forms to: 

• Use “this mortgage” or “the mortgage” instead of “your mortgage.”

• Use “The payments on this mortgage are late” instead of “You are late on your mortgage 

payments.”

• Use “This is the amount needed to bring the loan current” instead of “You must pay this 

amount to bring your loan current.” 

(Comment 1026.41(c)-5) (Effective April 19, 2018). 

b. The monthly payment amount, including a breakdown of how it will be applied to 

principal, interest, and escrow, and if a mortgage loan has multiple payment options 

along with information regarding how each payment will affect the principal, a 

breakdown of each of the payment options; the total sum of any fees or charges imposed 

since the last statement; and any payment amount past due, grouped together in close 

proximity to each other and located at the top of the first page. (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(2)). 

i. If the balance of a mortgage loan was accelerated but the servicer was willing to 

accept a lesser amount to reinstate the loan, verify that the explanation of amount 

due on the periodic statement listed both the reinstatement amount and the accelerated 

amount. Verify that the periodic statement also included an explanation that the 

reinstatement amount would be accepted through the “as of [date],” as applicable 

along with any special instructions for submitting the payment. The explanation 

should be on the front page of the statement or, alternatively, may be included on a 

separate page enclosed with the periodic statement ( Comment 1026.41(d)(2)-1).

• NOTE: The servicer is not required to list the monthly payment amount that 

would otherwise be required under 12 CFR 1026.41(d)(2)(i). (Comment 

1026.41(d)(2)-1). 

ii. If the consumer had agreed to a temporary loss mitigation program and the amount 

due identified the payment due under the temporary loss mitigation program, verify 

that the explanation of amount due included both the amount due according to the 

loan contract and the payment due under the temporary loss mitigation program. Also 
293

verify that the statement included an explanation that the amount due was being 

disclosed as a different amount because of the temporary loss mitigation program. 

The explanation should be on the front page of the statement or, alternatively, may be 

included on a separate page enclosed with the periodic statement or in a separate 

letter. (Comment 1026.41(d)(2)-2). 

c. The total of all payments received since the last statement, including a breakdown 

showing how the payment was applied to principal, interests, escrow, fees, and charges, 

and any amount sent to a suspense or unapplied funds account grouped together in close 

proximity to each other and located at the top of the first page (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(3)(i)); 

d. The total of all payments received for the calendar year, including a breakdown of how 

those payments were applied to principal, interest, escrow, fees. and charges and any 

amount currently held in a suspense or unapplied funds account, grouped together in 

close proximity to each other and located at the top of the first page (12 CFR 

1026.41(d)(3)(ii)); 

e. A list of transaction activity that occurred since the last statement, including the date, 

amount, and brief description of the transaction. Transaction activity includes any activity 

that caused a credit or debit to the amount currently due (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(4)); 

f. For statements where a partial payment was received and the creditor or servicer held the 

partial payment in a suspense or unapplied funds account, information explaining what 

must be done for the funds to be applied to the balance, located on the front page or a 

separate page of the statement or in a separate letter (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(5)); 

g. A toll-free number, and if applicable, an email address, that consumers may use to obtain 

account information located on the front page (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(6)); 

h. The amount of the outstanding principal balance (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(7)(i)); 

i. The current interest rate for the mortgage (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(7)(ii)); 

j. The date that the interest may change (if applicable) (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(7)(iii)); 

k. Information regarding whether the loan contains a prepayment penalty (12 CFR 

1026.41(d)(7)(iv)); 

l. The web address to the CFPB or HUD’s list of homeownership counselors or counseling 

organizations and HUD’s toll-free telephone number to obtain contact information for 

counselors or counseling organizations (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(7)(v)); 

m. For consumers more than 45 days delinquent, determine that the creditor, assignee, or 

servicer provides on the first page, on a separate page of the statement, or in a separate 

letter:

i. The length of the consumer’s delinquency (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(8)(i)); 
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ii. A notification of the possible risks, such as foreclosure, and expenses that may occur 

if the consumer does not become current (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(8)(ii)); 

iii. An account history showing the shorter of the previous six months or from the time 

the account was last current, the amount of payment that is past due from each billing 

cycle (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(8)(iii)); 

NOTE: If any payment was accepted as a full payment, the creditor or servicer must 

show that the payment was credited to the consumer’s account and the date that the 

payment was credited.

iv. A notice indicating any loss mitigation program that the consumer has agreed to (12 

CFR 1026.41(d)(8)(iv)); 

v. A notice of whether the servicer has initiated foreclosure proceedings (12 CFR 

1026.41(d)(8)(v)); 

vi. The total payment amount needed to bring the account current (12 CFR 

1026.41(d)(8)(vi)); and 

vii. A reference to homeownership counseling information required under 12 CFR 

1026.41(d)(7)(v). (12 CFR 1026.41(d)(8)(vii)). 

4. Effective April 19, 2018, unless the servicer is otherwise exempt as noted below, while any 

consumer on a mortgage loan is a debtor in bankruptcy under Title 11 of the United States 

Code, or if such consumer had discharged personal liability for the mortgage loan pursuant 

Chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13, determine whether the servicer provided a modified periodic 

statement or coupon book in compliance with 12 CFR 1026.41(f). Specifically, the periodic 

statement: 

a. May omit the information set forth in 12 CFR 1026.41(d)(1)(ii) and (d)(8)(i), (ii), and (v). 

The requirement in 12 CFR 1026.41(d)(1)(iii) of this section that the amount due must be 

shown more prominently than other disclosures on the page shall not apply. (12 CFR 

1026.41(f)(1)); 

b. Must include the following bankruptcy notices: 

i. A statement identifying the consumer’s status as a debtor in bankruptcy or the 

discharged status of the mortgage loan; and 

ii. A statement that the periodic statement is for informational purposes only. (12 CFR 

1026.41(f)(2)); 

c. For Chapter 12 and Chapter 13 consumers: 

i. May omit (in addition to information listed in 12 CFR 1026.41(f)(1)) the information 

in 12 CFR 1026.41(d)(8)(iii), (iv), (vi), and (vii). (12 CFR 1026.41(f)(3)(i)); 
295

ii. May limit the amount due information set forth in 12 CFR 1026.41(d)(1) to the date 

and amount of the post-petition payments due and any post-petition fees and charges 

imposed by the servicer. (12 CFR 1026.41(f)(3)(ii)); 

iii. May limit the explanation of amount due information set forth in 12 CFR 

1026.41(d)(2) to: 

A. The monthly post-petition payment amount, including a breakdown showing how 

much, if any, would be applied to principal, interest, and escrow; 

B. The total sum of any post-petition fees or charges imposed since the last 

statement; and

C. Any post-petition payment amount past due. (12 CFR 1026.41(f)(3)(iii). 

iv. Must include all payments that the servicer received since the last statement, 

including all post-petition and pre-petition payments, payments of post-petition fees 

and charges, and all post-petition fees and charges that the servicer imposed since the 

last statement. The brief description of the activity need not identify the source of any 

payments. (12 CFR 1026.41(f)(3)(iv)); 

v. Must disclose the following pre-petition arrearage information, if applicable, grouped 

in close proximity to each other and located on the first page of the statement or on a 

separate page enclosed with the periodic statement or in a separate letter:

A. The total of all pre-petition payments received since the last statement;

B. The total of all pre-petition payments received since the beginning of the 

consumer’s pre-petition arrearage; and

C. The current balance of the consumer’s pre-petition arrearage. (12 CFR 

1026.41(f)(3)(v)).

vi. Must include, as applicable:

A. A statement that the amount due includes only post-petition payments and does 

not include other payments that may be due under the terms of the consumer’s 

bankruptcy plan; 

B. If the consumer’s bankruptcy plan requires the consumer to make the postpetition mortgage payments directly to a bankruptcy trustee, a statement that the 

consumer should send the payment to the trustee and not to the servicer; 

C. A statement that the information disclosed on the periodic statement may not 

include payments the consumer has made to the trustee and may not be consistent 

with the trustee’s records; 

D. A statement that encourages the consumer to contact the consumer’s attorney or 

the trustee with questions regarding the application of payments; and 
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E. If the consumer is more than 45 days delinquent on post-petition payments, a 

statement that the servicer has not received all the payments that became due 

since the consumer filed for bankruptcy. (12 CFR 1026.41(f)(3)(vi)). 

NOTE: 

• Multiple obligors. The servicer may provide the modified statement to any or all of the 

primary obligors, even if a primary obligor to whom the servicer provides the modified 

statement is not a debtor in bankruptcy. (12 CFR 1026.41(f)(4)). (Effective April 19, 

2018) 

• Coupon books. A servicer that provides a coupon book instead of a periodic statement 

must include in the coupon book (or on a separate page enclosed with the coupon book) 

the disclosures set forth in 12 CFR 1026.41(f)(2) and (f)(3)(vi), as applicable. (12 CFR 

1026.41(f)(5)). (Effective April 19, 2018) 

• Under 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(5)(i), a servicer is exempt from providing a periodic statement 

to certain consumers in bankruptcy if: 

o

o

Any consumer on the mortgage loan is a debtor in bankruptcy under Title 11 of the 

United States Code or has discharged personal liability for the mortgage loan 

pursuant to Chapter 7 (11 U.S.C. 727), Chapter 11 (11 U.S.C. 1141), Chapter 12 (11 

U.S.C. 1228), or Chapter 12 (11 U.S.C. 1328); and

With regard to any consumer on the mortgage loan:

 The consumer requests in writing that the servicer cease providing a periodic 

statement or coupon book;

 The consumer’s bankruptcy plan provides that the consumer will surrender the 

dwelling securing the mortgage loan, provides for the avoidance of the lien 

securing the mortgage loan, or otherwise does not provide for, as applicable, 

the payment of pre-bankruptcy arrearage or the maintenance of payments due 

under the mortgage loan;

 A court enters an order in the bankruptcy case providing for the avoidance of 

the lien securing the mortgage loan, lifting the automatic stay pursuant to 11 

U.S.C. 362 with regard to the dwelling securing the mortgage loan, or 

requiring the servicer to cease providing a periodic statement or coupon book; 

or

 The consumer files with the court overseeing the bankruptcy case a statement 

of intention pursuant to 11 U.S.C. 521(a) identifying an intent to surrender the 

dwelling securing the mortgage loan and a consumer has not made any partial 

or periodic payment on the mortgage loan after the commencement of the 

consumer's bankruptcy case. (Effective April 19, 2018)

A servicer ceases to qualify for the exemption pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(5)(i) with 

respect to a mortgage loan if the consumer reaffirms personal liability for the loan or any 
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consumer on the loan requests in writing that the servicer provide a periodic statement or 

coupon book, unless a court enters an order in the bankruptcy case requiring the servicer 

to cease providing a periodic statement or coupon book. (12 CFR 1026.41(e)(5)(ii)) 

(Effective April 19, 2018).

5. If the servicer has ceased providing periodic statements for charged-off mortgage loans, 

determine whether the following exemption requirements of 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(6)(i) are 

met: 

a. The servicer charged off the loan in accordance with loan-loss provisions and has not 

charged any additional fees or interest on the account; and

b. The servicer provided, within 30 days of charge-off or the most recent periodic statement, 

a periodic statement, clearly and conspicuously labeled “Suspension of Statements & 

Notice of Charge Off—Retain This Copy for Your Records.” The periodic statement 

clearly and conspicuously explained the following (as applicable): 

i. The mortgage loan was charged off and the servicer will not charge any additional 

fees or interest on the account; 

ii. The servicer will no longer provide the consumer a periodic statement for each billing 

cycle; 

iii. The lien on the property remains in place and the consumer remains liable for the 

mortgage loan obligation and any obligations arising from or related to the property, 

which may include property taxes; 

iv. The consumer may be required to pay the balance on the account in the future, for 

example, upon sale of the property; 

v. The balance on the account is not being canceled or forgiven; and 

vi. The loan may be purchased, assigned, or transferred. 

NOTE:

If a servicer fails at any time to treat a mortgage loan that is exempt under 12 CFR 

1026.41(e)(6)(i) as charged off or charges any additional fees or interest on the account, 

the servicer must resume providing a periodic statement. (12 CFR 1026.41(e)(6)(ii)(A)). 

A servicer may not retroactively assess fees or interest on the account for the period of 

time during which the exemption in paragraph 12 CFR 1026.41(e)(6)(i) applied. (12 CFR 

1026.41(e)(6)(ii)(B)). 

6. For high-cost mortgages, ensure the creditor or servicer does not charge any fee to modify,

renew, extend, or amend a high-cost mortgage, or to defer any payment due under the terms 

of the mortgage. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(7)) 

7. For high-cost mortgages, determine whether the creditor or servicer charged a late payment 

greater than four percent of the payment past due. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(8)(i)) 
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8. For high-cost mortgages, determine that the creditor or servicer did not impose any late fee or 

delinquency charge in connection with a payment, when the only delinquency was 

attributable to late fees or delinquency charges assessed on an earlier payment, and the 

payment is otherwise a full payment for the applicable period and is paid on its due date or 

within any applicable grace period. (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(8)(iii)) 

9. For high-cost mortgages, determine whether the creditor or servicer assessed any fees for 

providing consumers with a payoff statement related to the high-cost mortgage. (12 CFR 

1026.34(a)(9)) 

NOTE: Creditors or servicers are permitted to assess a processing fee if the payoff statement 

is provided by courier or by fax, the fee is comparable to fees for similar services provided 

for non-high-cost mortgages, and the creditor or servicer discloses that payoff statements are 

available by an alternative method free of charge. Additionally, within a calendar year, if the 

creditor or servicer has already provided four payoff statements in compliance with 12 CFR 

1026.34(a)(9), it may assess fees for additional statements. 

10. For high-cost mortgages, determine that the creditor or servicer is providing payoff 

statements within five business days after receiving a request from the consumer (or 

consumer’s authorized representative). (12 CFR 1026.34(a)(9)(v)) 

11. For higher-priced mortgage loans that are subject to the escrow account requirements, ensure 

the creditor or servicer maintains the consumer’s escrow account for a minimum of five years 

after consummation of the loan, unless (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(3)): 

a. The creditor or servicer terminated the escrow account upon termination of the 

underlying debt obligation (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(3)(i)(A)); or 

b. The creditor or servicer terminated the escrow account upon request from the consumer, 

no earlier than five years after consummation of the loan. (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(3)(i)(B)) 

NOTE: Upon request from the consumer, the creditor or servicer must verify that the 

unpaid principal balance of the higher-priced mortgage loan is less than 80 percent of the 

original value of the property securing the loan and that the consumer is not delinquent or 

in default on the loan, prior to cancelling the escrow account. (12 CFR 1026.35(b)(3)(ii)) 

12. For consumer credit transactions secured by a consumer’s principal dwelling, determine that 

the creditor or servicer credited consumer’s periodic payments as of the date the payment 

was received or ensured that any delay in crediting did not result in any charge to the 

consumer or in the reporting of any negative information to a consumer reporting agency. (12 

CFR 1026.34(a)(8)-(9) and 1026.36(c)(1)(i)) 

13. For consumers performing under a permanent loan modification of a consumer credit 

transaction secured by a consumer’s principal dwelling, determine whether the creditor or 

servicer credited the payments according to the terms of the modified loan contract. 

(Comment 1026.36(c)(1)(i)-5). 
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NOTE: For consumers performing under temporary loss mitigation programs, a creditor must 

continue to credit payments according to the loan contract and could, if appropriate, credit 

the payments as partial payments. (Comment 1026.36(c)(1)(i)-4).

14. For consumer credit transactions secured by a consumer’s principal dwelling, determine 

whether the creditor or servicer uses a suspense or unapplied payment account for partial 

payments. 

a. For creditors or servicers that use suspense or unapplied payment accounts for 

consumers’ partial payments, verify that the creditor or servicer discloses to consumers 

that amount held in the suspense account on the periodic statement required by 12 CFR 

1026.41(d)(3) if one is required (12 CFR 1026.36(c)(1)(ii)(A)); and 

b. Verify that creditors or servicers credit a periodic payment to the consumer’s account 

once the amount in the suspense account equals a periodic payment. (12 CFR 

1026.36(c)(1)(ii)(B))

15. For consumer credit transactions secured by a consumer’s principal dwelling, and for 

creditors or servicers that accept non-conforming payments from consumers, verify that the 

creditor or servicer credited the non-conforming payment to the consumer’s account as of 

five days after receipt of the payment. (12 CFR 1026.36(c)(1)(iii)) 

16. Determine whether there were any of the following prohibited acts or practices in connection 

with credit secured by a consumer’s principal dwelling (12 CFR 1026.36(c)): 

a. Imposing on the consumer any late fee or delinquency charge in connection with a 

payment, when the only delinquency was attributable to late fees or delinquency charges 

assessed on an earlier payment, and the payment is otherwise a periodic payment for the 

applicable period and is received on its due date or within any applicable courtesy period 

(12 CFR 1026.36(c)(2)); or 

17. For consumer credit transactions secured by a dwelling (including a home equity line of 

credit secured by a dwelling), verify that the creditor, assignee, or servicer provided, within a 

reasonable time, but no later than seven business days after receiving a written request from 

the consumer or person acting on behalf of the consumer, an accurate statement of the total 

outstanding balance that would be required to pay the consumer’s obligation in full as of a 

specific date except when a delay is because a loan is in bankruptcy or foreclosure, the loan 

is a reverse or shared appreciation mortgage, or because of a natural disaster, in which case 

the payoff statement must be provided within a reasonable period of time. (12 CFR 

1026.36(b) and (c)(3)) 

Valuation Independence

1. Determine that the covered person did not attempt to directly or indirectly cause the value 

assigned to the consumer’s principal dwelling to be based on any factor other than the 

independent judgment of a person that prepares valuations. Examples of such attempts 

include (12 CFR 1026.42(c)): 
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a. Seeking to influence a person that prepares a valuation to report a minimum or maximum 

value for the consumer’s principal dwelling; 

b. Withholding or threatening to withhold timely payment to a person that prepares a 

valuation or performs valuation management functions because the person does not value 

the consumer’s principal dwelling at or above a certain amount; 

c. Implying to a person that prepares valuations that current or future retention of the person 

depends on the amount at which the person estimates the value of the consumer’s 

principal dwelling;

d. Excluding a person that prepares a valuation from consideration for future engagement 

because the person reports a value for the consumer’s principal dwelling that does not 

meet or exceed a predetermined threshold; and

e. Conditioning the compensation paid to a person that prepares a valuation on 

consummation of the covered transaction. 

2. Determine that the valuation does not materially misrepresent the value of the consumer’s 

principal dwelling. (12 CFR 1026.42(c)(2)(i)) 

NOTE: A misrepresentation is material if it is likely to significantly affect the value assigned 

to the consumer’s principal dwelling. A bona fide error shall not be a misrepresentation. 

3. Determine that a valuation was not falsified or materially altered. (12 CFR 1026.42(c)(2)(ii)) 

NOTE: An alteration is material if it is likely to significantly affect the value assigned to the 

consumer’s principal dwelling. 

4. Determine that the covered person does not induce a person to materially misrepresent or 

falsify the value of a consumer’s principal dwelling (in violation of 12 CFR 1026.42(c)(2)(i) 

or (ii)). (12 CFR 1026.42(c)(2)(iii))

5. Prohibition on conflicts of interest. To the extent applicable, determine that the person who 

prepared the valuations or performed the valuation management functions for a covered 

transaction did not have a direct or indirect interest, financial or otherwise, in the property or 

transaction for which the valuation is or will be performed. (12 CFR 1026.42(d)(1)(i)) 

NOTE: No person violates this section solely because that the person is an employee or 

affiliate of the creditor, or provides a settlement service in addition to preparing valuations or 

performing valuation management functions, or based solely on the fact that the person’s 

affiliate performs another settlement service, as long as the conditions discussed below ((f), 

(g), and (h)) are met. If they are not met, whether the conflicts of interest provisions are 

violated by the above persons or entities depends on all of the facts and circumstances. In 

other words, the conditions in (f), (g), and (h) are a safe harbor, but not required. 

6. For any consumer credit transaction secured by the consumer’s principal dwelling in which 

the creditor had assets of more than $250 million as of December 31 for both of the past two 

calendar years, determine that a person subject to 12 CFR 1026.42(d)(1)(i) who is employed 
301

by or affiliated with the creditor does not have a conflict of interest in violation of 12 CFR 

1026.42(d)(1)(i) based solely on the person’s employment or affiliate relationship with the 

creditor if (12 CFR 1026.42(d)(2)): 

a. The compensation of the person preparing a valuation or performing valuation 

management functions is not based on the value arrived at in any valuation;

b. The person preparing a valuation or performing valuation management functions reports 

to a person who is not part of the creditor’s loan production function, as defined in 12 

CFR 1026.42(d)(5)(i), and whose compensation is not based on the closing of the 

transaction to which the valuation relates; and 

c. No employee, officer or director in the creditor’s loan production function, as defined in 

12 CFR 1026.42(d)(5)(i), is directly or indirectly involved in selecting, retaining, 

recommending or influencing the selection of the person to prepare a valuation or 

perform valuation management functions, or to be included in or excluded from a list of 

approved persons who prepare valuations or perform valuation management functions. 

7. For any covered transaction in which the creditor had assets of $250 million or less as of 

December 31st for either of the past two calendar years, determine that a person subject to 12 

CFR 1026.42(d)(1)(i) who is employed by or affiliated with the creditor does not have a 

conflict of interest in violation of 12 CFR 1026.42(d)(1)(i) based solely on the person’s 

employment or affiliate relationship with the creditor if (12 CFR 1026.42(d)(3)): 

a. The compensation of the person preparing a valuation or performing valuation 

management functions is not based the value arrived at in any valuation; and 

b. The creditor requires that any employee, officer or director of the creditor who orders, 

performs, or reviews a valuation for a covered transaction abstain from participating in 

any decision to approve, not approve, or set the terms of that transaction. 

8. For any covered transaction, determine that a person who prepares a valuation or performs 

valuation management functions in addition to performing another settlement service for the 

transaction, or whose affiliate performs another settlement service for the transaction, does 

not have a conflict of interest in violation of 12 CFR 1026.42(d)(1)(i) as a result of the person 

or the person’s affiliate performing another settlement service for the transaction if (12 CFR 

1026.42(d)(4)): 

a. The creditor had assets of more than $250 million as of December 31 for both of the past 

two calendar years and the conditions in paragraph (d)(2)(i)-(iii) are met; or 

b. The creditor had assets of $250 million or less as of December 31 for either of the past 

two calendar years and the conditions in paragraph (d)(3)(i)-(ii) are met. 

9. If the creditor did know at or before consummation of a violation of 12 CFR 1026.42(c) or 

(d) in connection with a valuation, determine that the creditor did not extend credit based on 

the valuation, unless the creditor documented that it acted with reasonable diligence to 

determine that the valuation did not materially misstate or misrepresent the value of the 

consumer’s principal dwelling. (12 CFR 1026.42(e)) 
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NOTE: For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.42(e), a valuation materially misstates or misrepresents 

the value of the consumer’s principal dwelling if the valuation contains a misstatement or 

misrepresentation that affects the credit decision or the terms on which credit is extended. 

10. Customary and reasonable compensation. For any covered transaction, determine that the 

creditor and its agents compensated a fee appraiser for performing appraisal services at a rate 

that is customary and reasonable for comparable appraisal services performed in the 

geographic market of the property being appraised. (12 CFR 1026.42(f)(1)) 

NOTE: For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.42(f), “agents” of the creditor do not include any fee 

appraiser as defined in 12 CFR 1026.42(f)(4)(i). An “agent” could be an appraisal 

management company to which the creditor has outsourced the valuation function. 

11. If the creditor reasonably believes an appraiser has not complied with the Uniform Standards 

of Professional Appraisal Practice or ethical or professional requirements for appraisers 

under applicable state or federal statutes or regulations, determine that the creditor referred 

the matter within a reasonable period of time to the appropriate state agency if the failure to 

comply is material. (12 CFR 1026.42(g)(1)) 

NOTE: For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.42(g), a failure to comply is material if it is likely to 

significantly affect the value assigned to the consumer’s principal dwelling.

Open-End Credit Transactional Testing Procedures

1. For each open-end credit product tested, determine the accuracy of the disclosures by 

comparing the disclosure with the contract and other financial institution documents. (12 

CFR 1026.5(c)) 

2. Review the financial institution’s policies, procedures, and practices to determine whether it 

provides appropriate disclosures for creditor-initiated direct mail applications and 

solicitations to open charge card accounts, telephone applications and solicitations to open 

charge card accounts, and applications and solicitations made available to the general public 

to open charge card accounts. (12 CFR 1026.60(b), (c), and (d)) 

3. Determine for all home-equity plans with a variable rate that the APR is based on an 

independent index. Further, ensure home-equity plans are terminated or terms changed only 

if certain conditions exist. (12 CFR 1026.40(f)) 

4. Determine that, if any consumer rejected a home-equity plan because a disclosed term 

changed before the plan was opened, all fees were refunded. Verify that non-refundable fees 

were not imposed until three business days after the consumer received the required 

disclosures and brochure. (12 CFR 1026.40(g) and (h)) 

5. Review consecutive periodic billing statements for each major type of open-end credit 

activity offered (overdraft and home-equity lines of credit, credit card programs, etc.). 

Determine whether disclosures were calculated accurately and are consistent with the initial 

disclosure statement furnished in connection with the accounts (or any subsequent change in 

terms notice) and the underlying contractual terms governing the plan(s). 
303

6. Determine whether the consumer was given notice of the right to reject the significant 

change, with the exception of: 

a. An increase in the required minimum periodic payment (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(B)); 

b. A change in the APR (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(B)); 

c. A change in the balance computation method necessary to comply with 12 CFR 1026.54, 

which sets forth certain limitations on the imposition of finance charges as a result of a 

loss of a grace period; 

d. Increase in fee pursuant to evaluation under 12 CFR 1026.52 or adjustment to safe harbors; 

e. Increase in fees previously reduced under SCRA; 

f. When the change results from the creditor not receiving the required minimum periodic 

payment within 60 days after the due date for that payment. (12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2)(iv)(B)) 

7. Determine that the creditor did not increase the rate applicable to the consumer’s account to 

the penalty rate if the outstanding balance did not exceed the credit limit on the date set forth 

in the notice. (12 CFR 1026.9(g)(4)) 

8. Determine, for each type of open-end rescindable loan being tested, the appropriate number 

of copies of the rescission notice are provided to each person whose ownership interest is or 

will be subject to the security interest and perform the procedures 12, 13, and 14 under 

Closed-End Credit section. (12 CFR 1026.15(b), (c) and (e)) 

9. Additional variable-rate testing: Verify that when accounts were opened or loans were 

consummated that loan contract terms were recorded correctly in the financial institution’s 

calculation systems (e.g., its computer). Determine the accuracy of the following recorded 

information: 

a. Index value, 

b. Margin and method of calculating rate changes, 

c. Rounding method, and 

d. Adjustment caps (periodic and lifetime). 

10. Using a sample of periodic disclosures for open-end variable-rate accounts (e.g., home equity 

accounts) and closed-end rate change notices for adjustable rate mortgage loans: 

a. Compare the rate-change date and rate on the credit obligation to the actual rate-change 

date and rate imposed. 

b. Determine that the index disclosed and imposed is based on the terms of the contract 

(example: the weekly average of one-year Treasury constant maturities, taken as of 45 

days before the change date). (12 CFR 1026.7(a) and 1026.20(c)(2)) 
304

c. Determine that the new interest rate is correctly disclosed by adding the correct index 

value with the margin stated in the note, plus or minus any contractual fractional 

adjustment. (12 CFR 1026.7(g) and 1026.20 (c)(1)) 

d. Determine that the new payment disclosed (12 CFR 1026.20(c)(4)) was based on an 

interest rate and loan balance in effect at least 25 days before the payment change date 

(consistent with the contract). (12 CFR 1026.20(c)) 

Crediting a Consumer’s Account – 12 CFR 1026.10

1. Ensure that the creditor credits payment to a consumer’s account as of the date of receipt, 

except when a delay in crediting does not result in a finance charge or other charge. (12 CFR 

1026.10(a)) 

2. If a creditor specifies requirements for payments, determine that they are reasonable and 

enable most consumers to make conforming payments. (12 CFR 1026.10(b)) 

3. Except as provided by 12 CFR 1026.10(b)(4)(ii), if a creditor specifies, on or with the 

periodic statement, requirements for the consumer to follow in making payments as 

permitted under 12 CFR 1026.10, but accepts a payment that does not conform to the 

requirements, determine that the payment is credited within five days of receipt. (12 CFR 

1026.10(b)(4)(i)) 

4. If the creditor promotes a method for making payments, determine that the creditor considers 

such payments conforming payments in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.10(b) and that they 

are credited to the consumer’s account as of the date of receipt, except when a delay in 

crediting does not result in a finance charge or other charge. (12 CFR 1026.10(b)(4)(ii)) 

5. If the creditor sets a cut-off time for payments to be received by mail, by electronic means, 

by telephone, or in person, verify that the cut-off time is 5 p.m. or later on the payment due 

date at the location specified by the creditor for the receipt of such payments. (12 CFR 

1026.10(b)(2)(ii)) 

6. For in-person payments on a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) 

consumer credit plan at a financial institution branch or office that accepts such payments, a 

card issuer shall not impose a cut-off time earlier than the close of business for any such 

payments made in person at any branch or office of the card issuer at which such payments 

are accepted. However, a card issuer may impose a cut-off time earlier than 5 p.m. for such 

payments, if the close of business of the branch or office is earlier than 5 p.m. (12 CFR 

1026.10(b)(3)(i)) 

7. If a creditor fails to credit a payment as required and imposes a finance or other charge, 

ensure that the creditor credits the charge(s) to the consumer’s account during the next billing 

cycle. (12 CFR 1026.10(c)) 

8. If (due to a weekend or holiday, for example) a creditor does not receive or accept payments 

by mail on the due date for payments, determine that the creditor treats as timely a payment 

received on the next business day. (12 CFR 1026.10(d)(1)) 
305

NOTE: If a creditor accepts or receives payments made on the due date by a method other 

than mail, such as electronic or telephone payments, the creditor is not required to treat a 

payment made by that method on the next business day as timely. 

9. For credit card accounts under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan, 

determine that the creditor does not impose a separate fee to allow consumers to make a 

payment by any method, such as mail, electronic, or telephone payments, unless such 

payment method involves an expedited service by a customer service representative of the 

creditor. (12 CFR 1026.10(e)) 

NOTE: For purposes of 12 CFR 1026.10(e), the term “creditor” includes a third party that 

collects, receives, or processes payments on behalf of a creditor.

10. If a card issuer makes a material change in the address for receiving payments or procedures 

for handling payments, and such change causes a material delay in the crediting of a payment 

to a consumer’s account during the 60-day period following the date on which such change 

took effect, ensure that the card issuer does not impose any late fee or finance charge for a 

late payment on the credit card account during the 60-day period following the date on which 

the change took effect. (12 CFR 1026.10(f)) 

Treatment of Credit Balances, Account Termination 

– 12 CFR 1026.11

1. Determine institution’s treatment of credit balances. Specifically, if the account’s credit 

balance is in excess of one dollar, the institution must take the actions listed below. (12 CFR 

1026.11) 

a. Credit the amount to the consumer’s account; and 

b. Either:

i. Refund any part of the remaining credit balance within seven business days from 

receiving a written request from the consumer; or 

ii. If no written request is received and the credit remains for more than six months, 

make a good faith effort to refund the amount of the credit to the consumer by cash, 

check, money order, or credit to a deposit account of the consumer. No further action 

is required if the consumer’s current location is not known to the creditor and cannot 

be traced through the consumer’s last known address or telephone number. 

2. Determine that institution has not terminated an account prior to its expiration date solely 

because the consumer did not incur a finance charge. However, a creditor is not prohibited 

from closing an account that, for three consecutive months, no credit has been extended (such 

as by purchase, cash advance, or balance transfer) and the account has had no outstanding 

balance. (12 CFR 1026.11(b)) 

3. Determine that, for credit card accounts under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer 

credit plan, the card issuer has adopted reasonable written policies and procedures designed 
306

to ensure that an administrator of an estate of a deceased account holder can determine the 

amount of and pay any balance on the account in a timely manner. (12 CFR 1026.11(c)(1)(i)) 

NOTE: This does not apply to the account of a deceased consumer if a joint account holder 

remains on the account. 

4. Ensure that, upon request by the administrator of an estate, the card issuer provides the 

administrator with the amount of the balance on a deceased consumer’s account in a timely 

manner. (12 CFR 1026.11(c)(2)(i)) 

NOTE: Providing the amount of the balance on the account within 30 days of receiving the 

request is deemed to be timely.

5. Verify that, after receiving a request from the administrator of an estate for the amount of the 

balance on a deceased consumer’s account, the card issuer does not impose any fees on the 

account (such as a late fee, annual fee, or over the-limit fee) or increase any annual 

percentage rate, except as provided by 12 CFR 1026.55(b)(2) (i.e., due to the operation of an 

index). (12 CFR 1026.11(c)(3)(i)) 

6. Determine that, if payment in full of the disclosed balance, pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.11(c)(2), is received within 30 days after disclosure, the card issuer waives or rebates 

any additional finance charge due to a periodic interest rate. (12 CFR 1026.11(c)(3)(ii)) 

Billing Error Resolution – 12 CFR 1026.13 (Open-End 

Credit)

1. Determine whether the creditor mailed or delivered a written acknowledgment to the 

consumer within 30 days of receiving a billing error notice in accordance with 12 CFR 

1026.13(c)(1) if it has not complied with the appropriate resolution procedures provided in 

12 CFR 1026.13(e) and (f), as applicable. 

2. Determine whether the creditor complied with the appropriate resolution procedures provided 

in 12 CFR 1026.13(e) and (f), as applicable, within two complete billing cycles (but in no 

event later than 90 days) after receiving a billing error notice. 

3. Determine if the institution engaged in any of the prohibited conduct provided in 12 CFR 

1026.13(d) while a billing error resolution was pending. 

4. If the creditor determined that a consumer owed all or part of the disputed amount and related 

finance or other charges, determine whether the creditor complied with the requirements 

provided in 12 CFR 1026.13(g).

Special Credit Card Provisions and Billing Error Resolution 

– 12 CFR 1026.12 and 13

1. Review a sample of billing error resolution files and a sample of consumers who have 

asserted a claim or defense against the financial institution for a credit card dispute regarding 

property or services. Verify the following (12 CFR 1026.12 and 1026.13): 
307

a. Credit cards are issued only upon request; 

b. Liability for unauthorized credit card use is limited to $50; 

c. Disputed amounts are not reported delinquent unless remaining unpaid after the dispute 

has been settled; 

d. Offsetting credit card indebtedness is prohibited; and 

e. Errors are resolved within two complete billing cycles. 

Ability to Make the Required Minimum Payments 

– 12 CFR 1026.51 

1. Determine that the card issuer does not open a credit card account for a consumer under an 

open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan, or increase any credit limit applicable to 

such account, unless the card issuer considers the ability of the consumer to make the 

required minimum periodic payments under the terms of the account based on the 

consumer’s income or assets and current obligations. (12 CFR 1026.51(a)(1)(i)) 

2. Verify that the card issuer establishes and maintains reasonable written policies and 

procedures to consider a consumer’s income or assets and current obligations. Reasonable 

policies and procedures to consider a consumer’s ability to make the required payments 

include a consideration of at least one of the following (12 CFR 1026.51(a)(1)(ii)):

a. The ratio of debt obligations to income, 

b. The ratio of debt obligations to assets, or 

c. The income the consumer will have after paying debt obligations. 

NOTE: Reasonable written policies and procedures may include treating any income and 

assets to which the consumer has a reasonable expectation of access as the consumer’s 

income or assets, or may be limited to consideration to the consumer’s independent income 

and assets.

3. Confirm that the card issuer does not issue a credit card to a consumer who does not have any 

income or assets, and that the credit does not issue a credit card without reviewing any 

information about a consumer’s income, assets, or current obligations. (12 CFR 

1026.51(a)(1)(ii)) 

NOTE: A card issuer may consider the consumer’s income or assets based on information 

provided by the consumer, in connection with the credit card account or any other financial 

relationship the card issuer or its affiliates has with the consumer, subject to any applicable 

information-sharing rules, and information obtained through third parties, subject to any 

applicable information-sharing rules. A card issuer may also consider information obtained 

through any empirically derived, demonstrably and statistically sound model that reasonably 

estimates a consumer’s income or assets. (Comment 1026.51(a)-5) 
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4. Determine that the card issuer uses a reasonable method for estimating the minimum periodic 

payments the consumer would be required to pay under the terms of the account. (12 CFR 

1026.51(a)(2)(i)) 

5. A card issuer’s estimate of the minimum periodic payment is compliant (i.e., receives the 

benefit of a safe harbor) if it uses the following method (12 CFR 1026.51(a)(2)(ii)): 

a. The card issuer assumes utilization, from the first day of the billing cycle, of the full 

credit line that the issuer is considering offering to the consumer; and

b. The card issuer uses a minimum payment formula employed by the issuer for the product 

the issuer is considering offering to the consumer or, in the case of an existing account, 

the minimum payment formula that currently applies to that account, provided that: 

i. If the applicable minimum payment formula includes interest charges, the card issuer 

estimates those charges using an interest rate that the issuer is considering offering to 

the consumer for purchases or, in the case of an existing account, the interest rate that 

currently applies to purchases; and 

ii. If the applicable minimum payment formula includes mandatory fees, the card issuer 

must assume that such fees have been charged to the account. 

6. Rules affecting young consumers: If the card issuer opens a credit card account under an 

open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan for a consumer less than 21 years old, 

verify that the issuer requires that such consumers: 

a. Submit a written application; and

b. Either possess an independent ability to make the required minimum periodic payments 

on the proposed extension of credit in connection with the account under 12 CFR 

1026.51(b)(1)(i)) or provide a signed agreement of a cosigner, guarantor, or joint 

applicant who is at least 21 years old who has the ability to make the required minimum 

periodic payments on such debts, and be either jointly liable with the consumer for any 

debt on the account, or secondarily liable for any debt on the account incurred by the 

consumer before the consumer has attained the age of 21 pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.51(b)(1)(ii)(A) and (B). 

7. If a credit card account was opened for such consumer without a cosigner, guarantor, or joint 

applicant pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.51(b)(1), determine that the issuer does not increase the 

credit limit on the account before the consumer turns 21 unless: 

a. At the time of the contemplated increase, the consumer has an independent ability to 

make the required minimum periodic payments; or 

b. A cosigner, guarantor, or joint accountholder who is at least 21 years old and has the 

ability to make the required minimum periodic payments agrees in writing to assume 

liability for any debt incurred on the account. (12 CFR 1026.51(b)(2)(i)) 
309

8. If a credit card account was opened for such a consumer with a cosigner, guarantor, or joint 

applicant pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.51(b)(1)(ii), determine that the issuer does not increase 

the credit limit on such account before the consumer attains the age of 21 unless the cosigner, 

guarantor, or joint accountholder who assumed liability at account opening agrees in writing 

to assume liability on the increase. (12 CFR 1026.51(b)(2)) 

Limitations on Fees – 12 CFR 1026.52

1. During the first year after the opening of a credit card account under an open-end (not homesecured) consumer credit plan, determine whether the card issuer required the consumer to 

pay covered fees in excess of the 25 percent of the credit limit in effect when the account is 

opened. (12 CFR 1026.52(a)(1)) 

NOTE: The 25 percent limitation on fees does not apply to fees assessed prior to opening the 

account.

NOTE ALSO: An account is considered opened no earlier than the date on which the account 

may first be used by the consumer to engage in transactions. 

Covered fees include fees (Comment 1026.52(a)(2)-1): 

a. For the issuance or availability of credit, including any fees based on account activity or 

inactivity;

b. For insurance, debt cancellation or debt suspension coverage, if the insurance or debt 

cancellation or suspension coverage is required by the terms of the account; 

c. The consumer is required to pay to engage in transactions using the account, such as: 

i. Cash advance fees, 

ii. Balance transfer fees, 

iii. Foreign transaction fees, and

iv. Fees for using the account for purchases.

d. Fees the consumer is required to pay for violating the terms of the account, except to the 

extent they are specifically excluded (see below);

e. Fixed finance charges; and

f. Minimum charges imposed if a charge would otherwise have been determined by 

applying a periodic interest rate to a balance except for the fact that such charge is 

smaller than the minimum.

NOTE: 12 CFR 1026.52(a) does not authorize the imposition or payment of fees or charges 

otherwise prohibited by law. (12 CFR 1026.52(a)(3) 

2. Fees not covered by this limitation include: (12 CFR 1026.52(a)(2)(i) 
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a. Late payment fees, over-the-limit fees, and returned-payment fees; or 

b. Fees that the consumer is not required to pay with respect to the account, such as: 

i. An expedited payment fee, 

ii. Fees for optional services like travel insurance, 

iii. Fees for reissuing a lost or stolen card, or 

iv. Statement reproduction fees.

3. Review penetration rates of various optional services to determine if they are truly optional 

and therefore not covered by the 25 percent limitation. 

4. Ensure that the card issuer does not impose a fee for violating the terms or other requirements 

of a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan unless 

the dollar amount of the fee is consistent with 12 CFR 1026.52(b)(1) and (b)(2). (12 CFR 

1026.52(b)) 

5. Determine that a card issuer imposes a fee for violating the terms or other requirements of a 

credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan only if the 

dollar amount of the fee is consistent with either 12 CFR 1026.52(b)(1)(i) or 12 CFR 

1026.52(b)(1)(ii). (12 CFR 1026.52(b)(1)) 

6. Cost determination. A card issuer may impose a fee for a particular violation (e.g., late 

payment) if the card issuer has determined that the fee represents a reasonable proportion of 

the total costs incurred by the issuer as a result of that type of violation. If a card issuer is 

relying on a cost determination instead of the safe harbors (see below), review (12 CFR 

1026.52(b)(1)(i)): 

a. The number of violations of a particular type experienced by the card issuer during a 

prior period of reasonable length (e.g., a 12-month period). 

b. The costs incurred by the card issuer during that period as a result of those violations. 

Losses and associated costs (including the cost of holding reserves against potential 

losses and the cost of funding delinquent accounts) must be excluded from this analysis.

c. If used by the card issuer when making its determination: 

i. The number of fees imposed by the card issuer as a result of the type of violation 

during the period that the issuer reasonably estimates it will be unable to collect.

ii. Reasonable estimates for an upcoming period of changes in the number of violations 

of the relevant type, the resulting costs, and the number of fees that the card issuer 

will be unable to collect.

d. If applicable, whether the items in paragraph 1 – 3 have been reevaluated by the card 

issuer at least once during the prior 12 months. If as a result of the reevaluation the card 

issuer determines that a lower fee represents a reasonable proportion of the total costs 
311

incurred by the card issuer as a result of that type of violation, determine that the card 

issuer begins imposing the lower fee within 45 days after completing the reevaluation. 

NOTE: If as a result of the reevaluation the card issuer determines that a higher fee 

represents a reasonable proportion of the total costs incurred by the card issuer as a result 

of that type of violation, the card issuer may begin imposing the higher fee after 

complying with the notice requirements in 12 CFR 1026.9. (12 CFR 1026.52(b)(1)(i)) 

7. Safe harbors. A card issuer may impose a fee for violating the terms or other requirements of 

the account if the dollar amount of the fee does not exceed, as applicable (12 CFR 

1026.52(b)(1)(ii)(A)-(C)): 

a. $27.00, 

b. $38.00 if the card issuer previously imposed a fee pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.52(b)(1)(ii)(A) for a violation of the same type that occurred during the same billing 

cycle or one of the next six billing cycles, or 

c. Three percent of the delinquent balance on a charge card account that requires payment 

of outstanding balances in full at the end of each billing cycle if the card issuer has not 

received the required payment for two or more consecutive billing cycles. 

NOTE: The dollar amounts in paragraphs one and two above will be adjusted annually by 

the CFPB to the extent that changes in the Consumer Price Index warrant an increase or 

decrease of a whole dollar.

8. Determine that the card issuer does not impose a fee for violating the terms or other 

requirements of a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit 

plan that exceeds the dollar amount associated with the violation. (12 CFR 

1026.52(b)(2)(i)(A)) 

9. Determine that a card issuer does not impose a fee for violating the terms or other 

requirements of a credit card account under an open end (not home-secured) consumer credit 

plan when there is no dollar amount associated with the violation. For purposes of 12 CFR 

1026.52(b)(2)(i), there is no dollar amount associated with the following violations (12 CFR 

1026.52(b)(2)(i)(B)): 

a. Transactions that the card issuer declines to authorize, 

b. Account inactivity, and

c. The closure or termination of an account. 

10. Determine that the card issuer does not impose more than one fee for violating the terms or 

other requirements of a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer 

credit plan based on a single event or transaction. (12 CFR 1026.52(b)(2)(ii)) 
312

Allocation of Payments – 12 CFR 1026.53

1. Determine whether, when a consumer makes a payment in excess of the required minimum 

periodic payment, the card issuer allocates the excess amount: 

a. First to the balance with the highest APR, and 

b. Any remaining portion to the other balances in descending order based on the 

applicable APR.

2. For balances on a credit card account subject to a deferred interest or similar program, 

determine whether the card issuer allocated any amount paid by the consumer in excess of 

the required minimum periodic payment: 

a. Consistent with the general requirement discussed in (a) above, except that, during the 

two billing cycles immediately preceding expiration of the deferred interest period, the 

excess amount must have been allocated first to the balance subject to the deferred 

interest or similar program and any remaining portion allocated to any other balances 

consistent with 12 CFR 1026.53(a) (12 CFR 1026.53(b)(1)(i)), or 

b. In the manner requested by the consumer. (12 CFR 1026.53(b)(1)(ii)) 

3. When a balance on a credit card account is secured, the card issuer may at its option allocate 

any amount paid by the consumer in excess of the required minimum periodic payment to 

that balance if requested by the consumer. (12 CFR 1026.53(b)(2)) 

Loss of a Grace Period – 12 CFR 1026.54

1. Determine whether the card issuer imposed finance charges as a result of the loss of a grace 

period on a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan 

based on: 

a. Balances for days in billing cycles that precede the most recent billing cycle, a prohibited 

practice; or

b. Any portion of a balance subject to a grace period that was repaid prior to the expiration 

of the grace period. (12 CFR 1026.54). 

2. With respect to the prohibition above, issuers are not required to follow any specific 

methodology, but an issuer is in compliance if it applies the consumer’s payment to the 

balance subject to the grace period and calculates interest charges on the amount of the 

balance that remains unpaid. (Comment 1026.54(a)(1)-5) 

Exceptions: This rule does not apply to adjustments to the finance charge as a result of:

a. The resolution of a dispute under 12 CFR 1026.12, unauthorized use, or 12 CFR 1026.13, 

billing error; or

b. The return of a payment. 
313

Limitations on Increasing Annual Percentage Rates, Fees, 

and Charges – 12 CFR 1026.55

1. With respect to a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit 

plan, determine that the card issuer did not increase an APR or fee or charge required to be 

disclosed under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii) (fee for issuance or availability (e.g., an annual 

fee)), (b)(2)(iii) (fixed finance charge or minimum interest charge), or (b)(2)(xii) (fee for 

required insurance, debt cancellation, or debt suspension coverage), unless as permitted by 

one of the six exceptions: 

a. Temporary rate, fee, or charge exception; 

b. Variable rate exception;

c. Advance notice exception;

d. Delinquency exception; 

e. Workout and temporary hardship arrangement; and 

f. Servicemembers Civil Relief Act exception (12 CFR 1026.55(a)-(b)).

2. To assess whether the temporary rate, fee, or charge exception applies (12 CFR 

1026.55(b)(1)), determine whether: 

a. The card issuer increased the APR, fee, or charge upon the expiration of a specified 

period of six months or longer and 

b. Prior to the commencement of that period, the card issuer disclosed in writing to the 

consumer, in a clear and conspicuous manner, the length of the period and the APR, fee, 

or charge that would apply after expiration of the period. 

3. If the temporary rate exception applies, determine that the card issuer:

a. Did not apply an APR, fee, or charge to transactions that occurred prior to the period that 

exceeds the APR, fee, or charge that applied to those transactions prior to the period; 

b. Provided the required notice, but did not apply an APR, fee, or charge (to transactions 

that occurred within 14 days after provision of the notice) that exceeds the APR, fee, or 

charge that applied to that category of transactions prior to provision of the notice; and 

c. Did not apply an annual percentage rate to transactions that occurred during the period 

that exceeds the increased APR, fee, or charge.

4. If the variable-rate exception applies (12 CFR 1026.55(b)(2)), determine that the card issuer 

did not increase an APR unless: 

a. The increase in the APR is due to an increase in the index; and 
314

b. The annual percentage rate varies according to an index that is not under the card issuer’s 

control and is available to the general public. 

NOTE: For purposes of qualifying under this exception, an index is considered under the 

card issuer’s control if the card issuer applies a minimum rate or floor below which the rate 

cannot decrease. However, because there is no disadvantage to consumers, issuers are not 

prevented from setting a maximum rate or ceiling. (Comment 1026.55(b)(2)-3 

2(ii))

5. If the advance notice exception applies (12 CFR 1026.55(b)(3)), determine that the card 

issuer:

a. Did not apply that increased APR, fee, or charge to transactions that occurred prior to 

provision of the notice; 

b. Did not apply the increased APR, fee, or charge to transactions that occurred prior to or 

within 14 days after provision of the notice; and 

c. Did not increase the APR, fee, or charge during the first year after the account is opened. 

6. If the delinquency exception applies (12 CFR 1026.55(b)(4)), determine that the card issuer: 

a. Disclosed in a clear and conspicuous manner in the required notice a statement of the 

reason for the increase, and

b. Will cease the increase if the card issuer receives six consecutive required minimum 

periodic payments on or before the payment due date, beginning with the first payment 

due following the effective date of the increase.

7. If the delinquency exception applies and the card issuer received six consecutive required 

minimum periodic payments on or before the payment due date beginning with the first 

payment due following the effective date of the increase, determine that the card issuer 

reduces any APR, fee, or charge (increased pursuant to the delinquency exception) to the 

original APR, fee, or charge that applied prior to the increase with respect to transactions that 

occurred prior to or within 14 days after provision of the required notice. 

8. If the workout and temporary hardship arrangement exception applies (12 CFR 

1026.55(b)(5)), determine that: 

a. Prior to commencement of the arrangement (except as provided in 12 CFR 

1026.9(c)(2)(v)(D)) the card issuer provided the consumer with a clear and conspicuous 

written disclosure of the terms of the arrangement (including any increases due to the 

completion or failure of the arrangement); and

b. Upon the completion or failure of the arrangement, the card issuer did not apply to any 

transactions that occurred prior to commencement of the arrangement an APR, fee, or 

charge that exceeds the APR, fee, or charge that applied to those transactions prior to 

commencement of the arrangement.
315

9. If the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act exception applies (12 CFR 1026.55(b)(6)), determine 

that the card issuer increased the APR, fee, or charge only after 50 U.S.C. 3937 or a similar 

federal or state statute or regulation no longer applied. Further, determine that the issuer did 

not apply to any transactions that occurred prior to the decrease an APR, fee, or charge that 

exceeded the APR, fee, or charge that applied to those transactions prior to the decrease.

10. For protected balances (12 CFR 1026.55(c)), determine that the card issuer did not require 

repayment using a method that is less beneficial to the consumer than one of the following 

methods: 

a. The method of repayment for the account before the effective date of the increase;

b. An amortization period of not less than five years, beginning no earlier than the effective 

date of the increase; or

c. A required minimum periodic payment that includes a percentage of the balance that is 

equal to no more than twice the percentage required before the effective date of the 

increase.

11. If a card issuer promotes the waiver or rebate of finance charges due to a periodic interest 

rate or fees or charges (12 CFR 1026.6(b)(2)(ii), (b)(2)(iii), or (b)(2)(xii)) and applies the 

waiver or rebate to a credit card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer 

credit plan, any cessation of the waiver or rebate on that account constitutes an increase in an 

annual percentage rate, fee, or charge for purposes of 12 CFR 1026.55. 

Requirements for Over-the-Limit Transactions 

– 12 CFR 1026.56

1. Joint Relationships. Determine that, if two or more consumers are jointly liable on a credit 

card account under an open-end (not home-secured) consumer credit plan, the card issuer 

treats the affirmative consent of any of the joint consumers as affirmative consent for that 

account. Similarly, determine that the card issuer treats a revocation of consent by any of the 

joint consumers as revocation of consent for that account. (12 CFR 1026.56(f)) 

2. Notwithstanding a consumer’s affirmative consent to a card issuer’s payment of over-thelimit transactions, determine that the card issuer does not (12 CFR 1026.56(j)): 

a. Impose more than one over-the-limit fee or charge on a consumer’s credit card account 

per billing cycle, and, in any event, only if the credit limit was exceeded during the 

billing cycle. In addition, the card issuer may not impose an over-the-limit fee or charge 

on the consumer’s credit card account for more than three billing cycles for the same 

over-the-limit transaction where the consumer has not reduced the account balance below 

the credit limit by the payment due date for either of the last two billing cycles.

NOTE: There is an exception to the latter prohibition if another over-the-limit transaction 

occurred in the last two billing cycles.
316

b. Impose an over-the-limit fee or charge solely because of the card issuer’s failure to 

promptly replenish the consumer’s available credit following the crediting of the 

consumer’s payment following the crediting of the consumer’s payment under 12 CFR 

1026.10. 

c. Condition the amount of a consumer’s credit limit on the consumer affirmatively 

consenting to the card issuer’s payment of over-the-limit transactions if the card issuer 

assesses a fee or charge for such service.

d. Impose an over-the-limit fee or charge for a billing cycle if a consumer exceeds a credit 

limit solely because of fees or interest charged by the card issuer (defined as charges 

imposed as part of the plan under 12 CFR 1026.6(b)(3)) to the consumer’s account during 

that billing cycle.

Reevaluation of Rate Increases – 12 CFR 1026.59

1. If a card issuer increases an APR that applies to a credit card account under an open-end (not 

home-secured) consumer credit plan, based on the credit risk of the consumer, market 

conditions, or other factors, or increased such a rate on or after January 1, 2009, and 45 days’ 

advance notice of the rate increase is required pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.9(c)(2) or (g), 

determine that the card issuer (12 CFR 1026.59(a)(1)): 

a. Evaluates the factors described in 12 CFR 1026.59(d); and 

b. Based on its review of such factors, reduces the APR applicable to the consumer’s 

account, as appropriate. 

2. If a card issuer is required to reduce the rate applicable to an account pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.59(a)(1), determine that the card issuer reduces the rate not later than 45 days after 

completion of the evaluation described in 12 CFR 1026.59(a)(1). (12 CFR 1026.59(a)(2)(i)) 

NOTE: Any reduction in an APR required pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.59(a)(1) of this section 

shall apply to (12 CFR 1026.59(a)(2)(ii)):

a. Any outstanding balances to which the increased rate described in 12 CFR 1026.59(a)(1) 

has been applied; and 

b. New transactions that occur after the effective date of the rate reduction that would 

otherwise have been subject to the increased rate.

3. Determine that the card issuer has reasonable written policies and procedures in place to 

conduct the review described in 12 CFR 1026.59(a). (12 CFR 1026.59(b)) 

4. Determine that a card issuer that is subject to 12 CFR 1026.59(a) conducts the review 

described in 12 CFR 1026.59(a)(1) not less frequently than once every six months after the 

rate increase. (12 CFR 1026.59(c)) 

5. Except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.59(d)(2), determine that the card issuer reviews either 

(12 CFR 1026.59(d)(1)): 
317

a. The factors on which the increase in an APR was originally based; or

b. The factors that the card issuer currently considers when determining the APRs 

applicable to similar new credit card accounts under an open-end (not home-secured) 

consumer credit plan. 

6. For rate increases imposed between January 1, 2009, and February 21, 2010, determine that 

an issuer considered the factors described in 12 CFR 1026.59(d)(1)(ii) when conducting the 

first two reviews required under 12 CFR 1026.59(a), unless the rate increase subject to 12 

CFR 1026.59(a) was based solely upon factors specific to the consumer, such as a decline in 

the consumer’s credit risk, the consumer’s delinquency or default, or a violation of the terms 

of the account. (12 CFR 1026.59(d)(2)) 

7. If an issuer increases a rate applicable to a consumer’s account pursuant to 12 CFR 

1026.55(b)(4) based on the card issuer not receiving the consumer’s required minimum 

periodic payment within 60 days after the due date, note that the issuer is not required to 

perform the review described in 12 CFR 1026.59(a) prior to the sixth payment due date after 

the effective date of the increase. However, if the APR applicable to the consumer’s account 

is not reduced pursuant to 12 CFR 1026.55(b)(4)(ii), determine that the card issuer performs 

the review described in 12 CFR 1026.59(a). Determine that the first such review occurs no 

later than six months after the sixth payment due following the effective date of the rate 

increase. (12 CFR 1026.59(e)) 

8. The obligation to review factors described in 12 CFR 1026.59(a) and (d) ceases to apply (12 

CFR 1026.59(f)): 

a. If the issuer reduces the APR applicable to a credit card account under an open-end (not 

home-secured) consumer credit plan to the rate applicable immediately prior to the 

increase, or, if the rate applicable immediately prior to the increase was a variable rate, to 

a variable rate determined by the same formula (index and margin) that was used to 

calculate the rate applicable immediately prior to the increase; or

b. If the issuer reduces the APR to a rate that is lower than the rate described in 12 CFR 

1026.59(f)(1) of this section. 

9. Except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.59(g)(2), 12 CFR 1026.59 applies to credit card accounts 

that have been acquired by the card issuer from another card issuer. (12 CFR 1026.59(g)) 

10. Determine that a card issuer that complies with this section by reviewing the factors 

described in 12 CFR 1026.59(d)(1)(i) reviews the factors considered by the card issuer from 

which it acquired the accounts in connection with the rate increase. (12 CFR 1026.59(g)(1)) 

11. If, not later than six months after the acquisition of such accounts, a card issuer reviews all of 

the credit card accounts it acquires in accordance with the factors that it currently considers 

in determining the rates applicable to its similar new credit card accounts (12 CFR 

1026.59(g)(2)): 
318

a. Except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.59(g)(2)(iii), determine that the card issuer conducts 

reviews described in 12 CFR 1026.59(a) for rate increases that are imposed as a result of 

its review under this paragraph. 

b. Except as provided in 12 CFR 1026.59(g)(2)(iii), note that the card issuer is not required 

to conduct reviews in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.59(a) for any rate increases made 

prior to the card issuer’s acquisition of such accounts. 

c. Note that if as a result of the card issuer’s review, an account is subject to, or continues to 

be subject to, an increased rate as a penalty, or due to the consumer’s delinquency or 

default, the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.59(a) apply. 

Servicemembers Civil Relief Act exception: Note that the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.59 do 

not apply to increases in an APR that was previously decreased pursuant to the 

Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (50 U.S.C. 3937,), provided that such a rate increase is 

made in accordance with 12 CFR 1026.55(b)(6). (12 CFR 1026.59(h)(1)) 

Charged off accounts exception: Note that the requirements of 12 CFR 1026.59 do not apply 

to accounts that the card issuer has charged off in accordance with loan-loss provisions. (12 

CFR 1026.59(h)(2)) 

NOTE: Appendix G to Part 1026 is amended by revising Forms G-10(B), G-10(C), G-10(E), 

G-17(B), G-17(C), G-18(B), G-18(D), G-18(F), G-18(G), G-20, G-21, G-22, G- 25(A), and 

G-25(B). 

Administrative Enforcement

1. If there is non-compliance involving understated finance charges or understated APRs 

subject to reimbursement under the FFIEC Policy Guide on Reimbursement (policy guide): 

a. Document the date on which the administrative enforcement of the TILA policy 

statement would apply for reimbursement purposes by determining the date of the 

preceding examination.

b. If the non-compliance involves indirect (third-party paper) disclosure errors and affected 

consumers have not been reimbursed: 

i. Prepare comments, discussing the need for improved internal controls to be included 

in the report of examination. 

ii. Notify your supervisory office for follow up with the regulator that has primary 

responsibility for the original creditor. 

c. If the non-compliance involves direct credit:

i. Make an initial determination whether the violation is a pattern or practice.

ii. Calculate the reimbursement for the loans or accounts in an expanded sample of the 

identified population. 
319

iii. Estimate the total impact on the population based on the expanded sample. 

iv. Inform management that reimbursement may be necessary under the law and the policy 

guide, and discuss all substantive facts including the sample loans and calculations.

v. Inform management of the financial institution’s options under Section 130 of TILA 

for avoiding civil liability and of its option under the policy guide and Section 

108(e)(6) of TILA for avoiding a regulatory agency’s order to reimburse affected 

borrowers. 
320

HIGH-COST MORTGAGE (12 CFR 1026.32) WORKSHEET 

Borrower’s Name: Loan Number:

COVERAGE

Yes No

Is the transaction secured by the consumer’s principal 

dwelling? 

[12 CFR 1026.2(a)(19), 12 CFR 1026.32(a)(1)] 

If the answer is No, STOP HERE. The transaction is not a high-cost mortgage. 

Is the transaction: 

1. A reverse mortgage transaction [12 CFR 

1026.32(a)(2)(i)] 

2. A transaction to finance the initial construction of a 

dwelling [12 CFR 1026.32(a)(2)(ii)] 

3. A transaction originated and financed by a Housing 

Finance Agency [12 CFR 1026.32(a)(2)(iii)] 

4. A transaction originated under the USDA’s rural 

development Section 502 direct loan program [12 

CFR 1026.32(a)(2)(iv)] 

If the answer is Yes to Box 1, 2, 3 or 4, STOP HERE. If No, continue to Test 1, APR.
321

TEST 1 – APR

A. Determine the APR for testing high-cost mortgage coverage: 

1. For fixed-rate transactions, calculate the APR using the interest rate 

in effect on the date the interest rate for the transaction was set.

2. For transactions where the interest rate varies with an index, use the 

greater of the introductory interest rate (if any) or the fully-indexed 

rate (i.e., the interest rate that results from adding the maximum 

margin permitted at any time during the term of the transaction to 

the value of the index rate in effect on the date the interest rate for 

the transaction was set).

3. For transactions where the interest rate may or will vary other than 

in accordance with an index, such as in a step-rate loan, use the 

maximum rate that the applicant may pay during the term of the 

transaction.

[12 CFR 1026.32(a)(3)] 

B. Determine the Average Prime Offer Rate (APOR):

Determine the APOR for a comparable transaction as of the last rate 

lock on the transaction. Determine the APOR for a HELOC by 

identifying the most closely comparable closed-end transaction. APOR 

tables are published at http://www.ffiec.gov/ratespread/aportables.htm. 

[12 CFR 1026.32(a)(1)(i) and comments 32(a)(1)(i)-1 through -3] 

C. Add one of the following amounts to APOR (Box B), as 

applicable:

1. 6.5 percentage points for most first-lien transactions;

2. 8.5 percentage points for first-lien transactions secured by personal 

property (e.g., manufactured housing titled as personal property, 

RVs, houseboats) where the loan amount is less than $50,000; or 

3. 8.5 percentage points for subordinate-lien transactions

[12 CFR 1026.32(a)(1)(i)(A)-(C)]

Yes No

D. Is Box A greater than Box C? 

If Yes, the transaction is a high-cost mortgage. If No, continue to Test 2, Points 

and Fees.

 
322

HIGH-COST MORTGAGE (12 CFR 1026.32) WORKSHEET 

TEST 2 – POINTS AND FEES58

STEP 1: Identify all charges payable in connection with the transaction and known 

at or before consummation or account opening. 

A. Items included in the finance charge (12 CFR 1026.4(a) and (b)), except for the 

following:

• Interest, including per-diem interest, and time-price differential;

• All federal or state government-sponsored MIPs, e.g., up-front and annual FHA 

premiums, VA funding fees, and USDA guarantee fees; 

• All monthly or annual PMI premiums; 

• Up-front PMI premiums if the premiums are refundable on a prorated basis and 

the refund is automatically issued upon loan satisfaction. However, include any 

portion of the PMI premium that exceeds the up-front MIP for FHA loans; 

• Bona fide third-party charges not retained by the creditor, loan originator, or an 

affiliate of either, unless specifically required to be included under Boxes A-H59; 

and

• Up to 1 or 2 bona fide discount points, if eligible.60

[12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(i) (closed-end); 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(i) (open-end)]

Finance Charge Items Amount Subtotals

Origination Charge/Points (unless excluded as bona fide)

Mortgage Broker Fee 

Application Fee (if not charged to all applicants) 

Loan Administration Fee

Rate-Lock Fee 

Commitment Fee

Underwriting Fee

Loan-Level Price Adjustments (LLPAs) (if paid upfront)

 

58 Test 2, Step 1, Boxes A-F and I (i.e., calculating points and fees for closed-end transactions) and Test 2, Step 2, 

Box A (i.e., calculating total loan amount for closed-end transactions) are the same tests used for the points and fees 

calculation for qualified mortgages.

59 Bona fide third-party charges not retained by creditor or loan originator, or an affiliate of either are excluded, 

unless these charges are included as PMI premiums, real estate-related fees, or credit-related insurance premiums.

(12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(i)(D)) 60 Discount points are bona fide if two conditions are met: 1) They must buy down the interest rate from the prediscount rate, and 2) they must do so by an amount consistent with industry norms. The number of bona fide 

discount points that may be excluded depends on the pre-discount rate on the loan. Up to two bona fide discount 

points may be excluded if the interest rate before payment of those discount points did not exceed APOR by more 

than one percentage point. Up to one bona fide discount point may be excluded if the interest rate before payment of 

the discount point did not exceed APOR by more than two percentage points. (12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(i)(E)-(F); 

1026.32(b)(3).) 
323

Non-Refundable Up-front PMI Premiums in Excess of 

Up-front MIP for FHA loans

Other Fees Included in the Finance Charge

Subtotal

B. Loan originator compensation – Include all compensation paid directly or 

indirectly by a consumer or creditor to a loan originator (12 CFR 1026.36(a)(1)) 

that can be attributed to the transaction at the time the rate is set, but exclude:

• payments by consumers to mortgage brokers that were counted under Box A; 

• compensation paid by a creditor or mortgage broker to a loan originator 

employee; and

• compensation paid by a manufactured home retailer to its employee.

[12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(ii) (closed-end); 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(ii) (open-end)]

Subtotal

C. Certain non-finance charges under 12 CFR 1026.4(c)(7) – Include fees only if 

the amount of the fee is unreasonable, or the creditor receives direct or indirect 

compensation from the charge, or the charge is paid to an affiliate of the creditor. 

[12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(iii) (closed-end); 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(iii) (open-end)]

Title Examination

Title Insurance

Property Survey

Document Preparation Charge

 Notary and Credit Report 

Appraisal

Fee for “Initial” Flood Hazard Determination 

Pest Inspection

 Any Other Fees Under 12 CFR 1026.4(c)(7) 

Subtotal
324

D. Premiums or other charges for optional or required insurance payable at or 

before consummation or account opening

[12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(iv) (closed-end); 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(iv) (open-end)]

Credit life

Credit disability

Credit unemployment 

Credit property

Any other life, accident, health, loss-of-income insurance 

(if creditor is a beneficiary)

Debt cancellation or suspension

Subtotal

E. Maximum prepayment penalty

[12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(v) (closed-end); 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(v) (open-end)]

Subtotal

F. For a refinance transaction with the current holder, its servicer, or an affiliate 

of either, prepayment penalty paid in connection with terminating prior 

transaction 

[12 CFR 1026.32(b)(1)(vi) (closed-end); 12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(vi) (open-end)]

Subtotal

G. For open-end transactions, participation fees payable at or before account 

opening

[12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(vii)]

Subtotal

H. For open-end transactions, per-transaction fee charged for drawing on credit 

line (assume at least one)

[12 CFR 1026.32(b)(2)(viii)]

Subtotal

I. Total Points & Fees: Add Subtotals for A-F (Closed-End) or 

A-H (Open-End) 
325

TEST 2 – POINTS AND FEES (continued)

STEP 2: Determine the Total Loan Amount (12 CFR 1026.32(b)(4))

A. Closed-End Transaction

1. Determine the Amount Financed (12 CFR 1026.18(b)) 

o

o

o

The full amount of principal repayable under the terms of the 

note or other loan contract 

Minus: Prepaid finance charges (12 CFR 1026.2(a)(23)) 

Equals: Amount Financed 

2. Deduct from the Amount Financed costs that are included in 

points and fees under Step 1, Boxes C, D, or F 

3. Total Loan Amount (1 minus 2) 

B. Open-End Transaction

1. Credit limit for the plan when the account is opened

TEST 2 – POINTS AND FEES (continued)

STEP 3: Perform High-Cost Fee Calculation

Determine which points and fees threshold applies according to the note amount 

(threshold cut-offs are adjusted annually for inflation) (12 CFR 1026.32(a)(1)(ii)(A)-(B))

(use the dollar amount corresponding to the year of origination or account opening) 

Transactions for $20,000 or more (2014)

A. Calculate 5 percent of the total loan amount 

(Step 2, Box A (closed-end) or Box B (open-end))

B. Total Points & Fees (Step 1, Box I)

C. Does Box B exceed Box A? Yes No

Transactions for less than $20,000 (2014)

A. A. Calculate 8 percent of the total loan amount (Step 2, 

Box A (closed-end) or Box B (open-end))

B. Annually adjusted dollar amount (12 CFR 

1026.32(a)(1)(ii)(B))

2014: $1,000 (use the dollar amount corresponding to the year 

of origination or account opening)

C. Total Points & Fees (Step 1, Box I)

D. Does Box C exceed the lesser of Box A or Box B? Yes No

If Yes, the transaction is a high-cost mortgage. If No, continue to Test 3, 

Prepayment Penalty.
326

TEST 3 – Prepayment Penalty

STEP 1: Determine whether the transaction has a 

prepayment penalty (12 CFR 1026.32(b)(6)(i)-(ii)) Yes No

If No, STOP HERE, the transaction is not a high-cost mortgage. If Yes, continue to 

Step 2. 

STEP 2: Determine the amount and duration of any prepayment penalty61

A. Can prepayment penalties be imposed for longer than 36 

months after consummation or account opening?

B. Can prepayment penalties exceed two percent of the 

amount prepaid?

If Yes, the transaction is a high-cost mortgage and is in violation of the prohibition 

against prepayment penalties for high-cost mortgages (12 CFR 1026.32(d)(6)). If 

No, the transaction is not a high-cost mortgage.

 

61 If the creditor used an accounting method whereby it kept unearned interest charged for any period between 

payoff and the end of the month, this would be a prepayment penalty under the rule. In this case, the maximum 

prepayment penalty would be the maximum amount of interest that could be charged for the “phantom” (postpayoff) accrual period. For this purpose, the examiner would need to assume that the consumer makes the final 

payoff on the day of the month that yields the longest period of post-payoff interest that could be charged under the 

terms of the credit contract and is charged interest for the entire month, and that amount would be the maximum 

unearned interest prepayment penalty.