April 28,2011 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460 

OFFICE OF 

CHEMICAL SAFETY AND 

POLLUTION PREVENTION 

PC Codes: 230001 

DP Barcodes: DP 376600 

MEMORANDUM 

SUBJECT: 

TO: 

FROM: 

Drinking Water Assessment for Tolerance Petition for New Chemical 

Kasugamycin [EPA Est No. 075703-JPN-001] 

Mary Waller, Risk Manager 

Fungicide Branch, Registration Division (7505P) 

..,. 

Tiffany Dowen, Environmental Engineer . 1"4{~ ~~ J .1/-- / 

James Hetrick, Ph.D., Se cience dvisor~ fA· r;-a_ rc..ADana Spatz, Branch Chie~ ~ 

Environmental Risk Brancl13 ~ 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P) 

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division [EFED] has been requested to provide a drinking 

water assessment (DWA) for the proposed use of the antibiotic fungicide kasugamycin on pome 

fruits (apples and pears), walnuts, tomatoes, and peppers. This memorandum presents the 

estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) in surface and ground water for kasugamycin, 

at the maximum rate proposed for the new use, for the human health risk assessment. 

Summary Conclusions 

Based on the analysis described below, we recommend that HED use the following estimated 

drinking water concentrations in the human health dietary risk assessment: 
Table I. Estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) for Kasugamycin 

plus degradates Kasugamycinic acid and kasuganobiosamine 

Crop 

Acute Exposure from One in Chronic Exposure from One in Average of Yearly Average 

Ten Year Peak Values (p.g!L) Ten Year Annual Mean {llg!L) for Cancer Exposure (JLg/L) 

Surface Water (PRZMIEXAMS) 

Tomato 11.562 1.178 0.602 

Ground Water (SCI-GROW) 

Walnut 0.116 0.116 0.116 

Background 

Arysta LifeScience North America LLC is proposing to use kasugamycin (CAS No. 066330-

00UNG) to control certain fungicides on pome fruits (apples and pears), tomatoes, walnuts, and 

peppers. The product is Kasumin 2L, an agricultural antibiotic [EPA Est No. 075703-JPN-00 1] 

and contains 2.3% kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate. 

The Residues of Concern Knowledgebase Subcommittee (ROCKS) has previously detennined 

(DP387527) that parent kasugamycin and the its two major degradation products 

kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycinic acid should be considered as the residues of concern 

(ROC). It is assumed that the toxicity of these two degradates are equivalent to the parent 

compound and will be assessed using total toxic residues approach. The total toxic residues 

approach will be used for determining the Environmental fate data parameters for modeling 

using the Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate and 

Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1, October 22, 2009 and the draft Guidance for Modeling 

Pesticides Total Toxic Residues (TTR) May 20, 2009. 

Current Analysis 

The estimated drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) represent the combined residues of the 

fungicide kasugamycin plus its major degradation products (kasuganobiosamine and 

kasugamycinic acid) for the proposed maximum application rate on pome fruit (apples, pears), 

tomatoes and peppers, and walnuts of 0.083 lb a.i./acre and 2, 3, 4 applications per season 

respectively, with intervals of3,7)4 days respectively. 

In this assessment, Tier II (PRZM and EXAMS) and Tier I (SCI-GROW) models were used to 

estimate EDWCs in surface water and ground water, respectively. 

Table 2 lists the surface water EECs for kasugamycin plus degradates of concern for the 

proposed uses, and Table 3 lists the EECs calculated for ground water. 

2 
Table 2. Estimated surface water concentrations for Kasugamycin 

plus degradates Kasugamycinic acid and Kasuganobiosamine 

Scenario Chosen in Acute Exposure Chronic Exposure 

Crop PRZMIEXAMS from One in Ten from One in Ten 

Year Peak Values Year Annual Mean 

(Jtg/L) (Jlg/L) 

CAfruit WirrigSTD 0.715 0.147 

Apple/ Pear NCappleSTD 3.462 0.569 

ORappleSTD 0.849 0.230 

PAappleSTD 2.262 0.435 

CAalmond WirrigSTD 1.980 0.759 

Walnut GAPecansSTD 9.197 1.410 

OR.filbertsSTD 1.569 0.421 

Pepper CARowCropRLF V2 10.146 1.384 

FLpeppersSTD 2.680 0.840 

Tomato CAtomato WirrigSTD 0.543 0.112 

FLtomatoSTD 11.562 1.1"'8 

*Bold: numbers represent the highest EDWCs calculated per use. 

*Red and Bold: represent the suggested numbers to be used by HED. 

Table 3. Estimated ground water concentrations for Kasugamycin 

plus degradates Kasugamycinic acid and Kasuganobiosamine 

Average of Yearly 

Average for 

Cancer Exposure 

(Jlg/L) 

0.093 

0.271 

0.174 

0.270 

0.613 

0.862 

0.325 

0.598 

0.541 

0.105 

0.602 

Acute Exposure from Chronic Exposure from Average of Yearly 

Crop One in Ten Year Peak One in Ten Year Annual Average for Cancer 

Values (Jtg/L) Mean (Jtg/L) Exposure (Jtg/L) 

Apple /Pear 0.0581 0.0581 0.0581 

Walnut 0.116 O.ll6 0.11~ 

Tomato/Pepper 0.0871 0.0871 0.0871 

*Red and Bold: represent the suggested numbers to be used by HED. 

The EDWCs ofKasugamycin and its degradates, Kasugamycinic acid and Kasuganobiosamine, 

are not expected to exceed 11.562 J..lg/L for the 1 in 10 year daily peak concentration, 1.178 J..lg/L 

for the 1 in 10 year annual peak, and 0.602 J..lg/L for the 30 year annual average. 

Use Characterization 

Kasugamycin is a fungicide that belongs to the aminoglycoside class of compounds, a group of 

antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Unlike other members of this class, kasugamycin 

exhibits ?Ctivity only towards phytopathogens and is ineffective against human and animal 

pathogens. As such, it is not used as a human or veterinary antibiotic. In general, the 

aminoglycosides are linked to nephrotoxicity. 

The proposed kasugamycin application rate on pome fruit (apples, pears), tomatoes and peppers, 

and walnuts is 0.083lb a.i./acre with 2, 3, and 4 applications per season respectively, with 

3 
intervals of3,7,14 days respectively. The proposed label indicates that kasugamycin can be 

applied using ground spray equipment. 

Residues of Concern, Chemical and Physical Properties 

This drinking water assessment considers the combined residues parent kasugamycin plus the 

degradation products kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycinic acid. The common name, chemical 

name, and structure for kasugamycin and its degradation products are presented in Figure 1. 

Figure 1. The common name, chemical name and structure for a) kasugan1ycin, and the 

degradation products b) kasugamycinic acid and c) kasuganobiosamine. 

Common Name 

Chemical Name 

a. Kasugamycin; Pseudonyms: Kasugamycin 

hydrochloride hydrate, Kasugamycin 

HCLxH20, Kasumin 2L, Kasumin Cobre; 

Kasugamycin hydrochloride; KSMxHCl; 

Kasugamycin,3-0-(2-Amino-4-

[(carboxyiminomethyl)amino]-2,3,4,6-

tetradeoxy-a-0-arabino-hexopyranosyl]-Dchiro-inositol hydrochloride hydrate; IUPAC 

Name: 1 L-1,3,4/2,5,6-.1-Deoxy-2,3,4,5,6-

penta-a-hydroxycyclohexyl 2-amino-2,3,4,6-

tetradeoxy-4-( a-iminoglycino )-a-D-arabinohexopyranoside hydrochloride hydrate 

Cas#: 19408-46-9 (for kasugamycin 

hydrochloride) 

b. Kasugamycinic acid; Pseudonyms: 3-0-

[2-Amino-4-{ ( carboxycarbonyl)amino ]-

2,3 ,4,6-tetradeoxy-a-D-arabinohexopyranosyl]-D-chiro-inositol; IUPAC 

Name: {5-Amino-2-methyl-6-((2,3,4,5,6-

pentahydroxycyclohexy l)oxy] tetrahydro-2Hpyran-3-yl}amino)(oxo)acetic acid 

Cas#: 6001-03-2 

c. Kasuganobiosamine; Pseudonyms: 

Kasuganobiosamine 2HC1 [KB-3; 

kasuganobiosamine dihydrochloride; KSB; 

KB]; JUPAC Name: 6-(3,5-Diamino-6-

methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-

yl)oxy ]cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol 

hydrochloride 

Cas#: 6189-93-1 

Structure 

HN>-OH 

H3C NH 

HO OH 0~ HCI H20 

HO*O NH2 

HO OH 

0 

0==<0H 

H3C NH 

HO OH 0~ HO*O NH2 

HO OH 

4 
Environmental Fate and Transport Characterization 

Kasugamycin is a fungicide that belongs to the aminoglycoside class of compounds. Its major 

routes of degradation are aqueous photolysis (MRID 47945716), aerobic biodegradation, and 

hydrolysis (MRID 46485501). In the aqueous photolysis study, the half-life in natural lake water 

was 17.4 days1

. The hydrolysis study showed that kasugamycin tends to break down much faster 

in neutral to alkaline environments. The hydrolysis half-life at pH 4, 5, 7, and 9 was 462, 630, 

79.7, and 11.4 days, respectively. 

The aerobic aquatic metabolism total system half-life was approximately 45 days in lake waterloamy sand sediment and river water-clay loam sediment (MRID 47945720). In soil, the halflife was 73 days in an aerobjc clay-loam soil (MRID 47945718), and 147.5 days in an 

aerobic/anaerobic soil metabolism study performed under paddy conditions (MRID 47945719). 

The anaerobic aquatic metabolism study reported total system half-life was 105 days (MRID 

47945721). Since aerobic soil metabolism data are only available on one soil type, there is 

uncertainty regarding the variability of degradation in aerobic soils. 

Based on the FAO Mobility classification2

, kasugamycin is classified as highly mobile (Koc = 10 

ml/g in sand) to moderately mobile CKoc = 364 mL/g in a clay loam soil) (MRID 47945714). At 

termination (25-33 days) of a soil column leaching study (MRID 47945715) kasugamycin and its 

degradates were not found in the leachate. Since this study was performed using three foreign 

soils that could not be identified as typical pesticide use areas in the United States, there is 

uncertainty on kasugamycin's and its two degradates, kasugamycinic acid's and 

kasuganobiosamine's, leaching potential. Additionally, the preferred batch equilibrium method 

of measuring sorption coefficients only examined sorption in two soils when this measurement is 

recommended for five soils. Therefore, sorption in the natural environment is likely to be more 

variable than that reflected for the two soils. 

Kasugamycin is highly soluble with a solubility of 228 giL at 25°C and a pH 7. The pKa for 

kasugamycin is 7.73 and thus is less soluble at lower pH. With a vapor pressure of9.8 x 10·

8 torr 

at 25°C, the compound does not appear to volatilize (MRID 47945719). The log Kow of 

Kasugamycin is <1.96 at 23°C and pH 5 (MRID 47945716). With a low Kow, kasugamycin is 

less likely to bioaccumulate. 

Soil dissipation/accumulation of kasugamycin under US field conditions was studied using bare 

plots ofloamy sand soil near Madera, California (Site 1), Ephrata, Washington (Site 2), North 

Rose, New York (Site 3), and Chula, Georgia (Site 4). Dissipation half-lives were only 

calculated for site 2 (Washington, t112 = 5.7 days, r

2

= 0.8843) and site 3 (New York, t112 = 12.3 

days,~= 0.4591). A half-life value could not be calculated for sites 1 (California) and 4 

(Georgia) because the parent decreased to <LOQ (<0.01 ppm) by 7 and 3 days before the fourth 

application, respectively. The compound did not leach further than 0-15 em in Georgia, New 

1 This is an adjusted half-life assuming 12 hr days and 12 hr nights. 2 FAO. 2000. Appendix 2. Parameters of pesticides that influence processes in the soil. In FAO 

Information Division Editorial Group (Ed.), Pesticide Disposal Series 8. Assessing Soil Contamination. A 

Reference Manual. Rome· Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available at 

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X2570EIX2570E06.htm (Accessed July 10, 2009). 

5 
York, and Washington, and not further than the 15-30 em depth in California. The degradate 

kasugamycinic acid was not detected above the LOQ at any sampling interval. No other 

degradates were looked for in this study. The two half-lives calculated reflect the residues in the 

0-15 em soil layer as kasugamcyin was only dete~ted in that layer at those two sites (MRID 

48132602). 

A waiver was submitted for the soil photolysis study. Since this study is missing, degradates that 

would be formed via this pathway may be missed and are an uncertainty. Although there were 

no unique degradates formed by the aquatic photolysis study and it is believed the same would 

apply to the soil photolysis study, without having this study it is uncertain what degradates may 

be formed. 

Biodegradation studies of kasugamycin parent produced kasugamycinic acid under aerobic and 

anaerobic conditions and kasuganobiosamine under anaerobic conditions. In these studies, the 

kasuganomycinic acid was present at 3.1% at 180 days (the termination of the paddy study) in 

non-sterile soil and 11.9% in the sterile soil. Kasugamycinic acid was seen at a maximum of 

30.7% after 14 days in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study, but was only present at 0.6% by the 

termination of the study (100 days). In the anaerobic metabolism study, kasugamycinic acid was 

present at 28.7% at termination of the study (368 days) and a maximum of35.9% at 185 days 

into the study. Kasuganoboisamine was a major degradate in the anaerobic aquatic metabolism 

study only with 44.7% present in the total system at study termination (368 days) and a 

maximum of 48.5% present in the total system after 277 days. Kasuganobiosamine was also 

detected in the aerobic aquatic metabolism, but was not quantified. 

Based on the F AO classification system, kasugamycinic acid was moderately mobile with a Koc 

of 339 mL/g and kasuganobiosamine was slightly mobile (Koc = 6,606 mL/g) in a clay· loam soil 

(soil column leaching study, MRID 47945715). These Koc values were based on data from one 

soil and they were not measured using the preferred batch equilibrium study method. Therefore, 

there is some uncertainty in these measured values and in the variability of the values expected in 

the field on a range of soil types. The mobility of kasugamycin acid and kasuganobiosarnine is 

expected to be similar to or greater than the parent kasugamycin. Therefore, they will likely 

range from highly mobile to moderately mobile. Both of these degradates have the potential to 

be found in drinking water and ground water. 

An area depicted as Area-l in a chromatogram for the anaerobic aquatic metabolism study was a 

major degradate at a maximum of 16.2% of the applied at 63 days, b~t was not seen at 

termination of the study. This degradate was not identified and therefore, is an uncertainty. 

Carbon dioxide was a major degradate in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study and the aerobic 

soil metabolism study at levels up to 45.5% and 55.4% ofthe applied, respectively. 

Minor (e.g., those present at <10% applied radioactivity) degradates of kasugamycin include a 

few unclassified residues: 

• M-1 (found in aerobic aquatic metabolism study at a max of 6.2%) 

• M-2 (found in aerobic aquatic metabolism study at a max of2.2%) 

6 
• Area-3 (found in anaerobic aquatic metabolism study at a max of 5.5%) 

Modeling Inputs for Drinking Water Assessment: 

The environmental fate properties used for modeling for the combined residues are summarized 

in Table 4. 

Environmental fate data parameters used in the modeling were selected from the submitted 

studies in general accordance with Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the 

Environmental Fate and Transport of Pesticides, Version 2.1, October 22, 2009 and the draft 

Guidance for Modeling Pesticides Total Toxic Residues (TTR) May 20, 2009. Please note that 

the half-lives for the hydrolysis study at pH 5 and photolysis study did not need to be 

recalculated using the TTR method because the half-lives for the parent were stable. In addition, 

the half-life for the aerobic soil metabolism study was not recalculated since neither of the 

degradates of concern were detected in the study. 

Typically, the values generated by the models for drinking water are multiplied by a percent crop 

area factor (PCA). The PCA accounts for the fact that is it unlikely for any basin to be . 

completely planted to agricultural crops. The PCA adjustment factor is assumed to be 0.873 for 

the crops in this assessment. 

Detailed description, documentation, and direct links for running these models can be found in: 

http://wvvw.epa.gov/oppefedl/models/water/index.htm 

Table 4. Summary of model input parameters used for the drinking water assessment 

Parameter Modeling Input Value2 Parent or Degradate Source 

Molecular Weight 433.84 Parent MRID 47945719 

Solubility@ 25 ·c 228,000 mg/L @ pH-7 Parent MRID 47945719 

Vapor Pressure 1.31e-02 mPa Parent MRID 47945719 

Henry's Constant Calculated by model NA NA 

Hydrolysis Half-life pH 5 = 630 Parent, MRID 46485501 

pH7 = 1155 Parent and degradates* 

pH 9 = 6932 Parent and degradates * 

Aquatic Photolysis Stable (days) Parent MRID 47945716 

Half-life 

Photolysis on soil Half- No Data No Data No Data 

life 

Aerobic Aquatic 43.3 days Parent and degradates** MRID 47945720 

Metabolism Half-life 

Anaerobic Aquatic Stable (days) De gradate MRID 47945721 

Metabolism Half-life (kasuganobiosamine) 

3 Guidance on Development and Use of Percent Cropped Area Adjustment Factors in Drinking Water Exposure 

Assessments September 9, 2010 

7 
Table 4. Summary of model input parameters used for the d rinking water assessment 

Parameter Modeling Input Value

2 Parent or Degradate 

Organic Carbon 10 (sand), 151 (sandy Parent 

Partition Coefficient clay loam), 364 (clay 

(Koc) (mUg) loam), 345 (sandy loam) 

Mean"" 217.5 

NA 

Ground Spray Drift 0.064 Ground 

Application Efficiency 0.99 Ground 

FEXTRA - foliar apps PRZM Foliar Extraction 0.5 (frac/cm rain) 

[Residues of Concern]: 73 days Parent 

Aerobic Soil (multiply by 3 per 

Metabolism Half-life guidance "" 219 days) 

*Kasugamycinic acid was the only degradate seen in the study. 

**The amount ofkasuganobiosamine was not quantified. 

Drinking Water Modeling 

Surface Water 

Source 

MRID 47945714 

EFED Guidance 

EFED Guidance 

MRID 47945718 

The EDWCs in surface water were estimated with the Tier II PRZM (Version 3.12.2) and 

EXAMS (version 2.98.04.06) models linked by the program PE5 (Version 01 compiled 

07 /24/07). PRZM simulates pesticide fate and transport as a result of leaching, direct spray drift, 

runoff and erosion from an agricultural field. The EXAMS model simulates pesticide loading via 

runoff, erosion, and spray drift assuming a standard watershed of 172.8 ha that drains into an 

adjacent standard drinking water index reservoir of 5.26 ha, an average depth of2.74 m. A more 

detailed description of the index reservoir (IR) watershed can be found in Jones et al., 2000. 

Simulations for drinking water used the Index Reservoir scenario in EXAMS, which is a 

surrogate for a drinking water source drawn from a surface water source (USEP A, 2000). 

Weather and agricultural practices are simulated for 30 years so that the 10-year exceedence 

probability (1-year in 1 0-year) at the site can be estimated. The simulation was generated using 

the 30 years of meteorological data, encompassing the years from 1961 to 1990. 

Ground water concentrations were estimated using the Tier I SCI-GROW (Version 2.3) model. 

SCI-GROW is a regression model used as a screening tool to estimate pesticide concentrations 

found in groundwater used as drinking water. SCI-GROW was developed by fitting a linear 

model to ground water concentrations with the Relative Index of Leaching Potential (RILP) as 

the independent variable. Groundwater concentrations were taken from 90-day average high 

concentrations from Prospective Ground Water studies. The RILP is a function of aerobic soil 

metabolism and the soil-water partition coefficient. The output of SCI-GROW represents the 

8 
concentration of kasugamycin and its degradates, kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycinic acid, 

residues. 

Further information on these models can be found at the EFED water model website at http:// 

www.epa.gov/oppefedl/models/water/. 

Scenarios 

Scenarios and EDWCs for kasugamycin residues of concern (kasugamycin + kasugamycinic acid 

+ kasuganobiosamine) are summarized in Table 5. 

Table 5. PRZMIEXAMS Tier II drinking water concentrations (EDWCs) for the propoSed new chemical 

uses. 

Crop or Maximum Total Minimum I" Application EDWC 

Crop Application (season AppliClltion Scenario Application :\'letbod (1-in-1 0 year) Group Rate or Interval date 

crop) (State crop) (mn-day) 

lb Scenario Annual 30-yr lb a.iJacre a.iJacre (days) Peak Mean 'Jean 

CA.fruit WirrigSTD 1-Apr 0.715 0.147 0.093 

NCappleSTD 3-May 3.462 0.569 0.271 

ORappleSTD 30-Apr 0.849 0230 0.174 

Apple/Pear PAappleSTD 10-May 2.262 0.435 0.270 

2 3 CAalmond WirrigSTD 2-Aug 1.980 0.759 0.613 

GAPecansSTD 21-Sep 9.197 1.410 0.862 

Walnut 4 14 ORfilbertsSTD IS-Apr ground 1.569 0.421 0.325 

CARowCropRLF V2 !-Apr 10.146 1.384 0.598 

Pepper FLpeppersSTD 15-Nov 2.680 0.840 0.541 

CAtomato WirrigSTD 1-Jul 0.543 

FLtomatoSTD 21-Apr 11.562 

Tomato 0.083 3 7 P AtomatoSTD 30-Jun 4.425 

Abbrevtattons. lbs a. !.lA =pounds acttve mgredtent per acre as converted from Fl ovA; A-Acre, a.t.-actiVe mgredtent 

*Values in bold are the most conservative values. 

The model outputs are provided in Appendix 1. 

Ground Water 

0.112 0.105 

1.1 '8 0.602 

0.913 0.540 

The ground water EDWC (0.1 16 J.tg/L) represents the combined residues ofkasugamycin plus its 

two degradates of concern, kasuganobiosamine and kasugamycnic acid, for the maximum 

application rate. 

Monitoring Data 

Kasugamycin is a relatively new chemical, for which there is no monitoring data available. The 

California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) surface water database 

(http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emonlsurfwtr/surfcont.htm and USGS NA WQA surface and 

ground water database (http://infotrek.er.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=l36: 1 :O::NO:::) were evaluated for 

available monitoring data. Also, no monitoring data on kasuganobiosamine or kasugamycinic 

acid were found. 

9 
Drinking Water Treatment 

OPP does not have any direct data on effects of drinking water treatment on kasugamycin or its 

degradates. 

CITATIONS 

Burns, L.A. 2002. EXAMS (fuposute Analysis Modeling furstem) Version 2.98.04.06. 

Environmental Research Laboratory. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Athens, 

GA. 

Carse} et al., 1997. PRZM (Pesticide Root Zone Model) Version 3.12.2 Environmental 

Research Laboratory. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Athens, GA. 

Jones, R.D. et al., 2000. Guidance for use of the Index Reservoir and Percent Crop Area Factor 

in Drinking Water Assessments (March 21, 2000). Office of Pesticide Programs, 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Arlington, VA. 

SCI-GROW (Screening Concentration In Ground Water) 2003. (Version 2.3; July 29, 2003). 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA. 

http://w\VW .epa.gov/oppefed I /models/water/index.htm 

USEP A, 2009a. Guidance for Selecting Input Parameters in Modeling the Environmental Fate 

and Transport of Pesticides. Version 2.1 October 22,2009. 

http: ' 'ww\\.epa.gov/oppefedl/models/water/input guidance2 28 0' .htm. U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and 

Effects Division. Arlington, VA. 

USEPA, 2009b. DRAFT Guidance for Modeling Pesticides Total Toxic Residues (TTR) May 

20, 2009. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, 

Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Arlington, VA. 

U.S. EPA. 2003. Use of Regional Percent Crop Area Factors in Refined Drinking Water 

Assessments. US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP), Environmental Fate and 

Effects Division (EFED), Water Quality Technical Team (WQTT). Arlington, VA. 

USEPA 2010. Guidance on Development and Use of Percent Cropped Area Adjustment Factors 

in Drinking Water Exposure Assessments September 9, 2010. U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects 

Division. Arlington, VA. 

http://www.epa.gov/oppefed 1/models/watcr/index reservoir dwa.html 

USGS. 2007. National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. Data-warehouse 

http://water.usgs.gov/na\\qa/data.html 

10 
APPENDIX 1. Model Outputs 

PRZMIEXA~S Surface Water Estimates 

stored as CAApple.out 

Chemical: kasugamycin 

PRZM environment: CAfruit_ WirrigSTD.txt modified Tueday, 29 May2007 at 12:42:32 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:34:12 

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wed day, 3 July 2002 at I 0:04:24 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96hr 21 Day 60 Day 90Day Yearly 

1961 0.4099 0.4 0.3619 0.2919 0.2475 0.08059 

1962 0.424 0.4131 0.3733 0.2993 0.2543 0.08791 

1963 0.835 0.8179 0.753 0.611 0.52 0.1804 

1964 0.4419 0.4321 0.3943 0.321 0.2744 0.1009 

1965 0.4423 0.4321 0.4077 0.3323 0.2837 0.1007 

1966 0.427 0.4155 0.3717 0.2917 0.2438 0.08466 

1967 0.7088 0.6989 0.6452 0.5 184 0.4502 0.1533 

1968 0.4779 0.4666 0.4227 0.3401 0.2863 0.1003 

1969 1.839 1.797 1.636 1.299 1.087 0.3636 

1970 0.4661 0.4565 0.4192 0.339 0.2855 0.1106 

1971 0.4757 0.4655 0.4248 0.3745 0.323 0.1131 

1972 0.4289 0.4188 0.3798 0.303 0.2541 0.08827 

1973 0.4254 0.4154 0.3768 0.2984 0.2483 0.08465 

1974 0.4245 0.4149 0.3776 0.3026 0.2543 0.08627 

1975 0.4258 0.4175 0.385 0.3131 02652 0.09269 

1976 0.4279 0.4188 0.3837 0.3093 0.2619 0.0931 

1977 0.4259 0.4144 0.3707 0.2961 0.25 0.08529 

1978 0.8633 0.8441 0.7707 0.6177 0.5168 0.171 

1979 0.4346 0.424 0.3833 0.304 0.2539 0.08867 

1980 0.4228 0.4126 0.3735 0.2996 0.2546 0.08626 

1981 0.4234 0.4128 0.3734 0.2967 02461 0.08051 

1982 0.4231 0.4139 0.3779 0.3039 0.2575 0.08858 

1983 0.4256 0.4164 0.3807 0.3204 0.2727 0.09347 

1984 0.4237 0.4137 0.3751 0.2947 0.2439 0.07929 

1985 0.4202 0.4084 0.3637 0.2849 02362 0.07687 

1986 0.4208 0.4104 0.3703 0.2923 0.2429 0.07996 

1987 0.4208 0.4091 0.3649 0.2844 0.2362 0.0797 

1988 0.4593 0.4485 0.4203 0.3605 0.3074 0.1026 

1989 0.4243 0.4125 0.3682 0.289 0.242 0.08249 

1990 0.4225 0.4111 0.3703 0.2952 0.2485 0.08341 

Sorted results 

Pro b. Peak 96hr 21 Day 60Day 90Day Yearly 

0.032258064516129 1.839 1.797 1.636 1.299 1.087 0.3636 

0.0645161290322581 0.8633 0.8441 0.7707 0.6177 0.52 0.1804 

0.0967741935483871 0.835 0.8179 0.753 0.611 0.5168 0.171 

0.129032258064516 0.7088 0.6989 0.6452 0.5184 0.4502 0.1533 

0.161290322580645 0.4779 0.4666 0.4248 0.3745 0.323 0.1131 

0.193548387096774 0.4757 0.4655 0.4227 0.3605 0.3074 0.1106 

0.225806451612903 0.4661 0.4565 0.4203 0.3401 0.2863 0.1026 

0.258064516129032 0.4593 0.4485 0.4192 0.339 02855 0.1009 

0290322580645161 0.4423 0.4321 0.4077 0.3323 02837 0.1007 

0.32258064516129 0.4419 0.4321 0.3943 0.321 0.2744 0.1003 

0.354838709677419 0.4346 0.424 0.385 0.3204 0.2727 0.09347 

0.387096774193548 0.4289 0.4188 0.3837 0.3131 02652 0.0931 

0.419354838709677 0.4279 0.4188 0.3833 0.3093 02619 0.09269 

0.451612903225806 0.427 0.4175 0.3807 0.304 0.2575 0.08867 

0.483870967741936 0.4259 0.4164 0.3798 03039 0.2546 0.08858 

0.516129032258065 0.4258 0.4155 0.3779 0.303 0.2543 0.08827 

0.548387096774194 0.4256 0.4154 0.3776 0.3026 0.2543 0.08791 

0.580645161290323 0.4254 0.4149 0.3768 0.2996 0.2541 0.08627 

0.612903225806452 0.4245 0.4144 0.3751 0.2993 02539 0.08626 

0.645161290322581 0.4243 0.4139 0.3735 02984 0.25 0.08529 

0.67741935483871 0.424 0.4137 0.3734 0.2967 0.2485 0.08466 

0.709677419354839 0.4237 0.4131 0.3733 0.2961 0.2483 0.08465 

0.741935483870968 0.4234 0.4128 0.3717 0.2952 0.2475 0.08341 

0.774193548387097 0.4231 0.4126 0.3707 0.2947 0.2461 0.08249 

11 
0.806451612903226 0.4228 0.4125 0.3703 0.2923 0.2439 0.08059 

0.838709677419355 0.4225 0.4111 0.3703 0.2919 0.2438 0.08051 

0.870967741935484 0.4208 0.4104 0.3682 0.2917 0.2429 0.07996 

0.903225806451613 0.4208 0.4091 0.3649 0.289 0.242 0.0797 

0.935483870967742 0.4202 0.4084 0.3637 0.2849 0.2362 0.07929 

0.967741935483871 0.4099 0.4 0.3619 0.2844 0.2362 0.07687 

0.1 0.82238 0.806 0.74222 0.60174 0.51014 0.16923 

Average of yearly averages: 

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006 

Data used for this run: 

Output File: CAApple 

Metfile: w93193 .dvf 

PRZM scenario: CAfruit_ WirrigSTD.txt 

EXAMS environment file: ir298.exv 

Chemical Name: kasugamycin 

Description Variable Name 

Molecular weight mwt 433.84 

Henry's Law Const. henry 

Vapor Pressure vapr 

Solubility sol 228000 

Kd Kd 

Koc Koc 217.5 

Photolysis half-life kdp 

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

Aerobic Soil Metabolism 

Hydrolysis: pH 5 

Hydrolysis: pH 7 

Hydrolysis: pH 9 

Method: CAM I 

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 

Application Rate: T APP 

Application Efficiency: 

Spray Drift DRFT 

Application Date Date 

Interval I interval 3 

app. rate I apprate 0.09 

Record 17:FILTRA 

IPSCND 

UPTKF 

Record 18:PLVKRT 

PLDKRT 

FEXTRC 0.5 

1.31E-02 

mg!L 

mg!L 

mg!L 

0 

kbacw 

kbacs 

asm 

630 

1155 

6932 

integer 

0.09 

APPEFF 

0.064 

1-4 

days 

kg/ha 

Flag for Index Res. Run IR 

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF total 

stored as FLPepper.out 

Chemical: kasugamycin 

Value Units 

glmol 

atm·m"3/mol 

torr 

days Half-life 

43 days 

434 days 

219 days 

days Half-life 

days Half-life 

days Half-life 

See PRZM manual 

em 

kg/ha 

0.99 fraction 

Comments 

Hal fife 

Hal fife 

Hal fife 

fraction of application rate applied to pond 

dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm 

Set to 0 or delete line for single app. 

Reservoir 

none, monthly or total(average of entire run) 

PRZM environment: FLpeppersSTD.txt modified Thuday, 24 May 2007 at 09:44:22 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:34:12 

Mettile: w12844.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 10:04:30 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96hr 21 Day 60Day 90Day Yearly 

1961 0.6803 0.6372 0.5071 0.2991 0.1994 0.04916 

1962 2.879 2.714 1.161 0.5558 0.3719 0.2219 

1963 9.697 5.427 3.165 1.257 0.9587 0.4769 

1964 11.88 11.27 9.581 5.314 3.549 1.823 

1965 4.495 4.248 3.379 2.176 1.649 0.603 

1966 7.839 7.38 6.1 4.003 3.043 0.9134 

1967 1.687 1.584 1.268 0.955 0.7648 0.2863 

1968 1.44 1.353 1.063 0.563 0.3764 0.196 

1969 5.115 4.822 4.297 2.948 2.317 1.015 

1970 4.896 4.626 3.723 2.75 2.177 0.6483 

1971 1.946 1.82 0.9778 0.5089 0.341 0.1951 

1972 2.136 1.998 1.557 1.006 0.7633 0.3108 

12 

0.106638 
1973 1.751 1.644 1.376 1.056 0.8149 0.3332 

1974 4.86 4.573 3.469 2 1.551 0.7558 

1975 2.86 2.68 2.071 1.27 0.9496 0.3649 

1976 3.458 3.25 2.642 1.25 0.8362 0.4709 

1977 7.99 7.578 6.563 3.939 2.629 0.9703 

1978 7.697 7.205 5.999 2.25 1.504 0.7668 

1979 6.031 5.664 4.409 2.766 2.087 0.8873 

1980 3.329 3.139 2.501 2.081 1.691 0.6891 

1981 7.704 3.927 I. Oil 0.6699 0.5604 0.2453 

1982 7.242 6.96 5.724 3.637 2.764 0.9514 

1983 5.522 5.184 4.092 1.716 Ll93 0.6116 

1984 30.94 29.11 22.96 11.86 7.909 2.315 

1985 8.657 8.201 6.597 4.279 3.38 1.087 

1986 13.63 12.75 9.886 4.902 3.274 1.647 

1987 6.453 6.085 4.813 3.046 2.292 0.8346 

1988 1.953 1.838 1.661 1.122 0.8569 0.3014 

1989 4.225 3.982 1.891 0.8092 0.5406 0.2514 

1990 3.23 3.023 2.478 1.555 1.217 0.4078 

Sorted results 

Pro b. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60Day 90Day Yearly 

0.032258064516129 30.94 29.11 22.96 11.86 7.909 2.315 

0.0645161290322581 13.63 12.75 9.886 5.314 3.549 1.823 

0.0967741935483871 11.88 11.27 9.581 4.902 3.38 1.647 

0.129032258064516 9.697 8.201 6.597 4279 3.274 1.087 

0.161290322580645 8.657 7.578 6.563 4.003 3.043 1.015 

0.193548387096774 7.99 7.38 6.1 3.939 2.764 0.9703 

0.225806451612903 7.839 7.205 5.999 3.637 2.629 0.9514 

0.258064516129032 7.704 6.96 5.724 3.046 2.317 0.9134 

0.290322580645161 7.697 6.085 4.813 2.948 2.292 0.8873 

0.32258064516129 7.242 5.664 4.409 2.766 2.177 0.8346 

0.354838709677419 6.453. 5.427 4.297 2.75 2.087 0.7668 

0.387096774193548 6.031 5.184 4.092 2.25 1.691 0.7558 

0.419354838709677 5.522 4.822 3.723 2.176 1.649 0.6891 

0.451612903225806 5.115 4626 3.469 2.081 1.551 0.6483 

0.483870967741936 4.896 4.573 3.379 2 1.504 0.6116 

0.516129032i58065 4.86 4.248 3.165 1.716 1.217 0.603 

0.548387096774194 4.495 3.982 2.642 1.555 Ll93 0.4769 

0.580645161290323 4.225 3.927 2.501 1.27 0.9587 0.4709 

0.612903225806452 3.458 3.25 2.478 1.257 0.9496 0.4078 

0.645161290322581 3.329 3.139 2.071 1.25 0.8569 0.3649 

0.67741935483871 3.23 3.023 1.891 1.122 0.8362 0.3332 

0.709677419354839 2.879 2.714 1.661 1.056 0.8149 0.3108 

0.741935483870968 2.86 2.68 1.557 1.006 0.7648 0.3014 

0.774193548387097 2.136 1.998 1.376 0.955 0.7633 0.2863 

0.806451612903226 1.953 1.838 1.268 0.8092 0.5604 0.2514 

0.838709677419355 1.946 1.82 Ll61 0.6699 0.5406 0.2453 

0.870967741935484 1.751 1.644 1.063 0.563 0.3764 0.2219 

0.903225806451613 1.687 1.584 1.011 0.5558 0.3719 0.196 

0.935483870967742 1.44 1.353 0.9778 0.5089 0.341 0.1951 

0.967741935483871 0.6803 0.6372 0.5071 02991 0.1994 0.04916 

OJ 11.6617 10.9631 9.2826 4.8397 3.3694 1.591 

Average of yearly averages: 0.687655333333334 

lnputs generated by pe5.pl- Novemeber 2006 

Data used for this run: 

Output File: f:LPepper 

Metfile: wl2844.dvf 

PRZM scenario: FLpeppersSTD.txt 

EXAMS environment file: ir298.exv 

Chemical Name: kasugamycin 

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments 

Molecular weight mwt 433.84 glmol 

Henry's Law Const. henry atm-m"3/mol 

Vapor Pressure vapr 1.3IE-02 torr 

Sol.ubility sol 228000 mg/L 

Kd Kd mg!L 

Koc Koc 217.5 mg/L 

13 
Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life 

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 43 days Halfife 

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 434 days Halfife 

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 219 days Halfife 

Hydrolysis: pHS 630 days Half-life 

Hydrolysis: pH7 1155 days Half-life 

Hydrolysis: pH9 6932 days Half-life 

Method: CAM I integer See PRZM manual 

Incorporation Depth: DEPI em 

Application Rate: TAPP 0.09 kg/ha 

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction 

Spray Drift DRFT 0.064 fraction of application rate applied to pond 

Application Date Date IS-II dd/mm or ddlmmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm 

Interval 1 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app. 

app. rate 1 apprate 0.09 kg/ha 

Interval 2 interval 7 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app. 

app. rate 2 apprate 0.09 kg/ha 

Record 17:FILTRA 

IPSCND 

UPTKF 

Record 18:PLVKRT 

PLDKRT 

FEXTRC 0.5 

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Reservoir 

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF total none, monthly or total( average of entire run) 

stored as ORApple.out 

Chemical: kasugarnycin 

PRZM environment: ORappleSTD.txt modified Tueday, 29 May 2007 at 13:00:08 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at I6:34:I2 

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 10:06:10 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60Day 90Day Yearly 

1961 0.4092 0.3983 0.3565 02195 0.2343 0.08852 

1962 0.4487 0.4375 0.4057 0.3244 0.2754 0.1398 

1963 3.285 3.196 2.857 2.255 1.898 0.7 

1964 0.5375 0.5242 0.473 0.3816 0.3247 02081 

1965 0.4755 0.4637 0.418 0.336 0.2855 0.1687 

1966 0.4787 0.4661 0.4179 0.3319 0.2806 0.1641 

1967 0.4772 0.4648 0.4356 0.3478 0.2926 0.1574 

1968 0.4833 0.4692 0.4349 0.4006 0.3505 0.1786 

1969 0.6261 0.6059 0.5297 0.4038 0.378 0.2345 

1970 0.4849 0.4723 0.4263 0.338 0.284 0.1561 

1971 0.4512 0.4395 0.3948 0.3258 0.2963 0.1832 

1972 0.9449 0.9264 0.8282 0.6429 0.5551 0.247 

1973 0.4803 0.4674 0.418 0.3317 0.2802 0. 1505 

1974 0.4774 0.4678 0.4452 0.3784 0.2697 0.1616 

1975 0.6556 0.6386 0.5735 0.4575 0.3884 0.216 

1976 0.4561 0.4443 0.3992 0.3193 0.2719 0.1201 

1977 0.5127 0.4999 0.45 0.3814 0.326 0.1288 

1978 1.669 1.624 1.451 1.116 0.9192 0.3361 

1979 0.9134 0.892 0.8034 0.6306 0.5271 0.2661 

1980 0.4799 0.4676 0.4206 0.3869 0.3544 0.1856 

1981 0.6996 0.6796 0.6126 0.4767 0.4461 0.2245 

1982 0.4648 0.4524 0.4052 0.3 192 0.2682 0.1283 

1983 0.5747 0.5585 0.5004 0.4{)25 0.3464 0.1452 

1984 0.7 192 0.7003 0.6291 0.5789 0.5354 0213 

1985 0.9789 0.949 0.8449 0.6355 0.5435 02525 

1986 0.5375 0.5232 0.4684 0.3702 0.3123 0.1537 

1987 0.6032 0.5839 0.5107 0.3832 0.3194 0.195 

1988 0.5003 0.4876 0.4386 0.3677 0.3166 0.1756 

1989 0.4466 0.4344 0.3881 0.3051 02568 0.1461 

1990 0.4808 0.4682 0.4201 0.3355 0.2825 0.1604 

Sorted results 

Pro b. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60Day 90 Day Yearly 

0.032258064516129 3.285 3.196 2.857 2.255 1.898 0.7 

00645161290322581 1.669 1.624 1.451 1.116 0.9192 0.3361 

14 
0.096774193548387 1 0.9789 0.949 0.8449 0.6429 0.555 1 0.2661 

0.129032258064516 0.9449 0.9264 0.8282 0.6355 0.5435 0.2525 

0.161290322580645 0.9134 0.892 0.8034 0.6306 0.5354 0.247 

0.193548387096774 0.7192 0.7003 0.6291 0.5789 0.5271 0.2345 

0.225806451612903 0.6996 0.6796 0.6126 0.4767 0.4461 0.2245 

0.258064516129032 0.6556 0.6386 0.5735 0.4575 0.3884 0.216 

0.290322580645161 0.6261 0.6059 0.5297 0.4038 0.378 0.213 

0.32258064516129 0.6032 0.5839 0.5107 0.4025 0.3544 0.2081 

0.354838709677419 0.5747 0.5585 0.5004 0.4006 0.3505 0.195 

0.387096774193548 0.5375 0.5242 0.473 0.3869 0.3464 0.1856 

0.419354838709677 0.5375 0.5232 0.4684 0.3832 0.326 0.1832 

0451612903225806 0.5127 0.4999 0.45 0.3816 0.3247 0.1786 

0.483870967741936 0.5003 0.4876 0.4452 0.3814 0.3194 0.1756 

0.516129032258065 0.4849 0.4723 0.4386 0.3784 0.3166 0.1687 

0.548387096774194 0.4833 0.4692 0.4356 0.3702 0.3123 0.1641 

0.580645161290323 0.4808 0.4682 0.4349 0.3677 02963 0.1616 

0.612903225806452 0.4803 0.4678 0.4263 0.3478 0.2926 0.1604 

0.645161290322581 0.4799 0.4676 0.4206 0.338 0.2855 0.1574 

0.67741935483871 0.4787 0.4674 0.4201 0.336 0.284 0.1561 

0.709677419354839 0.4774 0.4661 0.418 0.3355 0.2825 0.1537 

0.741935483870968 0.4772 0.4648 0.418 0.3319 0.2806 0.1505 

0.774193548387097 0.4755 0.4637 0.4179 0.33 17 0.2802 0.1461 

0.806451612903226 0.4648 0.4524 0.4057 0.3258 0.2754 0.1452 

0.838709677419355 0.4561 0.4443 0.4052 0.3244 0.2719 0.1398 

0.870967741935484 0.4512 0.4395 0.3992 0.3193 0.2697 0.1288 

0.903225806451613 0.4487 0.4375 0.3948 0.3192 0.2682 0.1283 

0.935483870967742 0.4466 0.4344 0.3881 0.3051 0.2568 0.1201 

0.967741935483871 0.4092 0.3983 0.3565 0.2795 0.2343 0.08852 

0.1 0.9.755 0.94674 0.84323 0.64216 0.55394 0.26474 

Average of yearly averages: 0.199504 

Inputs generated by pe5.pl- Novemeber 2006 

Data used for this run: 

Output File: ORApple 

Metfile: w24232.dvf 

PRZM scenario: ORappleSTD.txt 

EXAMS environment file: ir298.exv 

Chemical Name: kasugamycin 

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments 

Molecular weight mwt 433.84 g/mol 

Henry's Law Const. henry atm-m"3/mol 

Vapor Pressure vapr 1.31E-02 torr 

Solubility sol 228000 mg/L 

Kd Kd mg/L 

Koc Koc 217.5 mg/L 

Photolysis half-life kdp 0 days Half-life 

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 43 days Hal fife 

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 434 days Hal fife 

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 219 days Hal fife 

Hydrolysis: pHS 630 days Half-life 

Hydrolysis: pH7 1155 days Half-life 

Hydrolysis: pH9 6932 days Half-life 

Method: CAM I integer See PRZM manual 

Incorporation Depth: DEPI em 

Application Rate: TAPP 0.09 kglha 

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 0.99 fraction 

Spray Drift DRFT 0.064 fraction of application rate applied to pond 

Application Date Date 30-4 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm 

Interval 1 interval 3 days Set to 0 or delete line for single app. 

app. rate I apprate 0.09 kglha 

Record 17:FILTRA 

lPSCND 

UPTKF 

Record 18:PLVKRT 

PLDKRT 

FEXTRC 0.5 

Flag for Index Res. Run IR Reservoir 

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF total none, monthly or total( average of entire run) 

15