6A-i

APPENDIX 6A. LIGHTING CONTROLS 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

6A.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 6A-1

6A.2 GENERAL SERVICE FLUORESCENT LAMPS ....................................................... 6A-1

6A.3 INCANDESCENT REFLECTOR LAMPS .................................................................. 6A-6

6A.4 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION FOR LIGHTING 

CONTROLS ......................................................................................................... 6A-10

6A.4.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps ......................................................... 6A-10

6A.4.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps .................................................................. 6A-11

LIST OF TABLES

Table 6A.2.1 Dimming Analysis for a Two-Lamp 4-foot MBP System in the Commercial 

and Industrial Sectors .......................................................................................................... 6A-4

Table 6A.2.2 Dimming Analysis for a Four-Lamp 4-foot MBP System in the Commercial 

and Industrial Sectors .......................................................................................................... 6A-4

Table 6A.2.3 Dimming Analysis for a Two-Lamp 4-foot T5 MiniBP SO System in the 

Commercial and Industrial Sectors ..................................................................................... 6A-5

Table 6A.2.4 Dimming Analysis for a Two-Lamp 4-foot T5 MiniBP HO System in the 

Commercial and Industrial Sectors ..................................................................................... 6A-5

Table 6A.3.1 Adjustments to LCC Inputs Based on Dimmer Usage ....................................... 6A-7

Table 6A.3.2 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen 

Baseline Lamp in the Commercial or Residential Sectors, All Dimmers Scenario ............ 6A-8

Table 6A.3.3 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in 

the Commercial or Residential Sectors, All Dimmers Scenario ......................................... 6A-8

Table 6A.3.4 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen 

Baseline Lamp in the Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Lumens Equalized ............................................................................................................... 6A-8

Table 6A.3.5 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen 

Baseline Lamp in the Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Lumens Equalized ............................................................................................................... 6A-8

Table 6A.3.6 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in 

the Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens Equalized ....... 6A-9

Table 6A.3.7 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in 

the Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens Equalized ......... 6A-9

Table 6A.3.8 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen 

Baseline Lamp in the Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Percent Lumens Reduction ................................................................................................. 6A-9

Table 6A.3.9 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen 

Baseline Lamp in the Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Percent Lumens Reduction ................................................................................................. 6A-9
6A-ii

Table 6A.3.10 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in 

the Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Percent Lumens 

Reduction ............................................................................................................................ 6A-9

Table 6A.3.11 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in 

the Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Percent Lumens 

Reduction .......................................................................................................................... 6A-10

Table 6A.4.1 Annual Energy Consumption for the Dimmed 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 

GSFL 2-Lamp Programmed Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors .............. 6A-10

Table 6A.4.2 Annual Energy Consumption for the Dimmed 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 

GSFL 4-Lamp System Programmed Start, Commercial and Industrial Sectors .............. 6A-11

Table 6A.4.3 Annual Energy Consumption for the Dimmed 4-Foot T5 Miniature Bipin 

Standard Output GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors ................. 6A-11

Table 6A.4.4 Annual Energy Consumption for the Dimmed 4-Foot T5 Miniature Bipin 

High Output GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors........................ 6A-11

Table 6A.4.5 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Commercial or Residential Sectors, All Dimmers Scenario .... 6A-12

Table 6A.4.6 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved HIR 

Baseline Lamp, Commercial or Residential Sectors, All Dimmers Scenario................... 6A-12

Table 6A.4.7 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Lumens Equalized ............................................................................................................. 6A-12

Table 6A.4.8 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Lumens Equalized ............................................................................................................. 6A-13

Table 6A.4.9 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved HIR 

Baseline Lamp, Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens 

Equalized........................................................................................................................... 6A-13

Table 6A.4.10 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved 

HIR Baseline Lamp, Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Lumens Equalized ............................................................................................................. 6A-13

Table 6A.4.11 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Percent Lumens Reduction ............................................................................................... 6A-14

Table 6A.4.12 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Percent Lumens Reduction ............................................................................................... 6A-14

Table 6A.4.13 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved 

HIR Baseline Lamp, Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Percent Lumens Reduction ............................................................................................... 6A-14

Table 6A.4.14 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved 

HIR Baseline Lamp, Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Percent Lumens Reduction ............................................................................................... 6A-15
6A-1

APPENDIX 6A. LIGHTING CONTROLS

6A.1 INTRODUCTION 

 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) evaluated the effects of lighting controls on the 

energy consumption of general service fluorescent lamps (GSFLs) and incandescent reflector 

lamps (IRLs). Most lighting controls have one of two impacts: reducing operating wattage or 

reducing operating hours. DOE refers to these two groups of controls as dimmers/light sensors 

and occupancy sensors, respectively. The operating hours reported in the 2010 U.S. Lighting 

Market Characterization (LMC), which are used to determine the national average operating 

hours for the energy use characterization of this preliminary analysis (see chapter 6 of this 

preliminary technical support document [TSD]), already account for occupancy sensors as they 

are based on building surveys and metering data. Therefore, no additional analysis was 

conducted to determine the effects of occupancy sensors. 

 Dimmers reduce the power of lamps, thereby reducing their energy consumption and 

resulting in lower operating costs. This chapter evaluates the impact of dimmers on the annual 

energy consumption for GSFLs and IRLs. DOE used these annual energy consumption results to 

conduct sensitivities for the life-cycle cost (LCC) and payback period (PBP) analysis. See 

appendix 8B of this TSD for the LCC savings of GSFLs and IRLs operated on dimming systems. 

6A.2 GENERAL SERVICE FLUORESCENT LAMPS 

 DOE assessed the impacts of dimmers on GSFLs by determining the reduction in system 

lumen output and system input power as a result of using dimming ballasts. Based on product 

research and manufacturer feedback, DOE determined that lamps in the 4-foot medium bipin 

(MBP), 4-foot T5 miniature bipin (MiniBP) standard output (SO), and 4-foot T5 MiniBP high 

output (HO) product classes are most commonly paired with dimming ballasts. Additionally, 

DOE determined that fluorescent dimming is most commonly used in the commercial and 

industrial sectors and is not frequently employed in the residential sector. Thus, DOE decided to 

analyze dimming scenarios for 2-lamp 4-foot MBP systems, 4-lamp 4-foot MBP systems, 2-lamp 

4-foot T5 MiniBP SO systems, and 2-lamp 4-foot T5 MiniBP HO systems operating in the 

commercial and industrial sectors. 

 DOE identified the most common dimming ballasts on the market and paired them with 

the representative lamps identified in the engineering analysis. DOE developed a database of 

commercially available dimming ballasts to determine the most common characteristics of 

products designed to operate 4-foot MBP, 4-foot T5 MiniBP SO, and 4-foot T5 MiniBP HO 

lamps. DOE found that there are two types of dimming ballasts: step dimming and continuous 

dimming. Step dimming ballasts restrict dimming to fixed percentages of light output, while 

continuous dimming ballasts allow for dimming across a full range of light output levels. DOE 

also found that, similar to fixed light output ballasts, multiple starting methods are available for 

dimming ballasts, including instant start and programmed start (PS). DOE concluded through 

manufacturer feedback and a review of product offerings that continuous dimming, PS ballasts 

were the most common dimming ballasts across all lamp types analyzed. DOE examined all 
6A-2

ballasts of this type and selected models with the most common performance characteristics (i.e., 

ballast factor [BF] and ballast luminous efficiency [BLE]) in order to best represent the typical 

ballasts available on the market. 

DOE next considered if dimming ballasts operate both full wattage and reduced wattage 

lamps in practice. Based on manufacturer feedback and product literature, DOE concluded that 

full wattage lamps are more frequently paired with dimming ballasts. Further, some 

manufacturers do not advise using reduced wattage lamps with dimming ballasts and thus do not 

cover such a system under warranty. However, DOE found that the acceptance of reduced 

wattage lamps in dimming applications varied by manufacturer and lamp type. DOE determined 

that a substantial number of dimming ballasts are compatible with reduced wattage 4-foot MBP 

lamps and thus concluded that reduced wattage lamps should be included in the dimming 

analysis for the 4-foot MBP product class. DOE found significantly fewer dimming ballasts 

advertised as compatible with reduced wattage 4-foot T5 MiniBP HO and 4-foot T5 MiniBP SO 

lamps, and therefore decided not to analyze reduced wattage replacements in the dimming 

scenario for these lamp types. 

 Once DOE selected the appropriate dimming ballasts, DOE calculated the system input 

power for the ballasts when paired with the representative lamps from the engineering analysis. 

Through manufacturer feedback and research,1 DOE concluded that the average reduction of 

system lumen output for GSFLs was 33 percent. The BF of the baseline lamp-and-ballast system 

was then calculated using the catalog BF at 100 percent light output and adjusting the value to 

reflect that the system would be dimmed by 33 percent (i.e., 67 percent of full light output). 

Next, the system mean lumen output was calculated using the baseline lamp’s catalog mean 

lumen output, the number of lamps in the lamp-and-ballast system, and, finally, the BF

associated with 67 percent of full light output. DOE assumed that each higher efficacy lamp-andballast system would be dimmed to the mean lumen output of the baseline system. Thus, for each 

representative unit at a higher candidate standard level (CSL), the BF was calculated given the 

specific lamp’s mean lumen output, number of lamps in the system, and total mean lumen output 

of the system (assumed to be equal to that of the baseline system). DOE calculated the 

percentage each higher efficacy lamp-and-ballast system was dimmed by dividing the calculated 

BF by the catalog BF at full light output. 

 For dimming ballasts, manufacturers’ catalogs report performance characteristics for 

ballasts operating lamps at both the maximum and minimum possible light outputs. To calculate 

system input power as a result of dimming, DOE plotted the maximum and minimum light 

output levels and associated system input powers for the lamp types analyzed. A linear equation 

was fit to the points and used to derive the system input power for the calculated light output at 

each CSL. For 4-ft MBP lamps, separate linear equations were developed for each reduced 

wattage system. 

 DOE also calculated the BLE for each dimming ballast using the calculated system input 

power, or ballast input power, and total lamp arc power. DOE calculated total lamp arc power by 

multiplying the high-frequency reference lamp arc power, the BF, and the number of lamps; see 

chapter 5 of this TSD for more information. DOE computed the BLE at the given percentage of 

light output using Eq. 6A.1.
6A-3

 

 

 

Eq. 6A.1

Where: 

β = 1.0 for high-frequency ballasts 

 The following tables present the system performance characteristics at the baseline and 

each CSL for the dimming scenario. Note the lamp lifetimes in the dimming lamp-and-ballast 

systems are consistent with the rated lifetime of the lamp when paired with a PS ballast because 

fluorescent lamp lifetime is not typically affected by dimming. Additionally, unlike the 

engineering analysis, separate scenarios for lamp replacement and lamp-and-ballast replacement 

are not presented for the dimming analysis because energy savings can be achieved for all higher 

efficacy lamp-and-ballast combinations; that is, lamps with more light output are dimmed by a 

larger percentage to match the light output of the baseline system and therefore consume less 

energy. 
6A-4

Table 6A.2.1 presents the dimming analysis results for the 2-lamp 4-foot MBP product class in the commercial and industrial 

sectors. As discussed earlier, the BF is adjusted so as to normalize the system mean lumen output across CSLs. 

Table 6A.2.1 Dimming Analysis for a Two-Lamp 4-foot MBP System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

Candidate 

Standard 

Level

Lamp 

Diameter

Nominal 

Wattage

Rated 

Wattage

Rated 

Efficacy

Initial 

Lamp 

Light 

Output

Mean 

Lamp 

Light 

Output

Rated 

Life Starting 

Method

Ballast 

Factor

Percent 

of 

Light 

Output

System 

Input 

Power BLE

System 

Initial 

Light 

Output

System 

Mean 

Light 

Output

W W lm/W lm lm hr W lm lm

Baseline T8 32 32.5 89.2 2,900 2,725 40,000 PS 0.59 67% 42.1 81.3 3,420 3,213

CSL 1 T8 32 32.5 90.0 2,925 2,770 30,000 PS 0.58 66% 41.6 80.9 3,393 3,213

CSL 2 T8 25 26.6 93.0 2,475 2,350 40,000 PS 0.68 78% 36.7 90.1 3,384 3,213

CSL 2 T8 32 32.5 95.4 3,100 2,941 40,000 PS 0.55 62% 39.8 79.5 3,387 3,213

CSL 2 T8 28 28.4 96.0 2,725 2,560 40,000 PS 0.63 71% 38.1 85.6 3,420 3,213

 Table 6A.2.2 presents the dimming analysis results for the 4-lamp 4-foot MBP product class in the commercial and industrial 

sectors. As discussed earlier, the BF is adjusted so as to normalize the system mean lumen output across CSLs. 

Table 6A.2.2 Dimming Analysis for a Four-Lamp 4-foot MBP System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

Candidate 

Standard 

Level

Lamp 

Diameter

Nominal 

Wattage

Rated 

Wattage

Rated 

Efficacy

Initial 

Lamp 

Light 

Output

Mean 

Lamp 

Light 

Output

Rated 

Life Starting

Method

Ballast 

Factor

Percent 

of 

Light 

Output

System 

Input 

Power BLE

System 

Initial 

Light 

Output

System 

Mean 

Light 

Output

W W lm/W lm lm hr W lm lm

Baseline T8 32 32.5 89.2 2,900 2,725 40,000 PS 0.59 67% 81.2 84.3 6,839 6,427

CSL 1 T8 32 32.5 90.0 2,925 2,770 30,000 PS 0.58 66% 80.2 83.9 6,786 6,427

CSL 2 T8 25 26.6 93.0 2,475 2,350 40,000 PS 0.68 78% 73.7 89.8 6,768 6,427

CSL 2 T8 32 32.5 95.4 3,100 2,941 40,000 PS 0.55 62% 76.9 82.4 6,774 6,427

CSL 2 T8 28 28.4 96.0 2,725 2,560 40,000 PS 0.63 71% 73.9 88.4 6,841 6,427

Table 6A.2.3 presents the dimming analysis results for the 2-lamp 4-foot T5 MiniBP SO product class in the commercial and 

industrial sectors. As discussed earlier, the BF is adjusted so as to normalize the system mean lumen output across CSLs. 
6A-5

Table 6A.2.3 Dimming Analysis for a Two-Lamp 4-foot T5 MiniBP SO System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

Candidate 

Standard 

Level

Lamp 

Diameter

Nominal 

Wattage

Rated 

Wattage

Rated 

Efficacy

Initial 

Lamp 

Light 

Output

Mean 

Lamp 

Light 

Output

Rated 

Life Starting

Method

Ballast 

Factor

Percent 

of 

Light 

Output

System 

Input 

Power BLE

System 

Initial 

Light 

Output

System 

Mean 

Light 

Output

W W lm/W lm lm hr W lm lm

Baseline T5 28 27.8 104.3 2,900 2,697 30,000 PS 0.67 67% 44.7 83.4 3,886 3,614

CSL 1 T5 28 27.8 109.7 3,050 2,898 30,000 PS 0.62 62% 42.2 82.1 3,804 3,614

Table 6A.2.4 presents the dimming analysis results for the 2-lamp 4-foot T5 MiniBP HO product class in the commercial and 

industrial sectors. As discussed earlier, the BF is adjusted so as to normalize the system mean lumen output across CSLs. 

Table 6A.2.4 Dimming Analysis for a Two-Lamp 4-foot T5 MiniBP HO System in the Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

Candidate 

Standard 

Level

Lamp 

Diameter

Nominal 

Wattage

Rated 

Wattage

Rated 

Efficacy

Initial 

Lamp 

Light 

Output

Mean 

Lamp 

Light 

Output

Rated 

Life Starting 

Method

Ballast 

Factor

Percent 

of 

Light 

Output

System 

Input 

Power BLE

System 

Initial 

Light 

Output

System 

Mean 

Light 

Output

W W lm/W lm lm hr W lm lm

Baseline T5 54 53.8 92.9 5,000 4,850 24,000 PS 0.67 67% 84.0 85.8 6,700 6,499

CSL 1 T5 54 53.8 97.3 5,237 4,871 30,000 PS 0.67 67% 83.7 85.8 6,988 6,499
6A-6

6A.3 INCANDESCENT REFLECTOR LAMPS 

 For IRLs, DOE evaluated two dimming scenarios. In one scenario (hereafter “All

Dimmers”), DOE considered the performance characteristics of individual lamps when operated 

on dimmers. In another scenario (hereafter “Distribution of Dimmers”), DOE considered 

performance characteristics that were representative of national behavior; that is, DOE used the 

percent of consumers that use dimmers to calculate weighted-average performance 

characteristics. 

 Based on research, DOE determined that on average, consumers using dimmers reduce 

wattage by 20 percent, corresponding to a lumen reduction of 25 percent.2 3Therefore, for the 

All Dimmers scenario, the reduction in energy use was 20 percent for lamps at the baseline. For 

the Distribution of Dimmers scenario, this reduction in energy use was coupled with the 

estimated distribution of dimmers. Based on data from the 2010 LMC, DOE estimated that 29 

percent of halogen IRLs operate on dimmers or light sensors in the residential sector and 5 

percent of halogen IRLs operate on dimmers in the commercial sector.4

This results in an 

average reduction in energy use of 7.25 percent and 1.25 percent across the population for the 

residential and commercial sectors, respectively. DOE applied these reduction factors to the 

performance characteristics of the baseline lamps. 

 As discussed in chapter 3 of this TSD, dimmed lamps often have increased lifetimes 

compared to lamps that operate at full light output. Given the reduction in power and lumen 

output described above, DOE calculated the increased lifetime of dimmed lamps in this analysis. 

To make these adjustments, DOE identified a relationship between the amount of dimming (i.e., 

reduction in lumens) and the change in power rating and lifetime,5

outlined in Table 6A.3.1. For 

example, for a 25 percent lumen reduction, the wattage was reduced by 20 percent and the 

lifetime was multiplied by 3.94. 
6A-7

Table 6A.3.1 Adjustments to LCC Inputs Based on Dimmer Usage 

Reduction in 

Lumens

%

Power Rating

Wattage Reduction

%

Lifetime 

Multiplier*

0 0 1.00

2.5 2 1.23

5 4 1.46

10 10 2.04

15 15 2.48

20 18 3.21

25 20 3.94

30 24 5.55

35 28 7.45

40 32 10.95

45 36 13.87

50 40 14.60

* Calculated from source data by comparing the change in 

reference lamp lifetime from a 0 percent reduction to the 

selected reduction in lumens. DOE applied this multiplier 

to its lamp lifetime estimates. The maximum multiplier is 

14.60 at a 50 percent reduction in lumens. After this point, 

all further reductions in lumens receive a constant lifetime 

multiplier of 14.60.

 DOE assumed that consumers who have higher efficacy lamps with higher lumen output 

would use their dimmer to equalize lumen output with that of the baseline lamp. Once DOE 

determined the necessary reduction in lumen output, DOE identified the corresponding reduction 

in power rating and increase in lamp lifetime using Table 6A.3.1. 

Additionally, for the Distribution of Dimmers scenario, DOE also evaluated an 

alternative assumption that consumers who have higher efficacy lamps with dimmers do not 

maintain the lumen output of the baseline lamp but instead reduce the lumen output of the higher 

efficacy lamp by the same percentage lumen reduction that occurs for lamps at the baseline. 

 As discussed in chapter 5 of this TSD, DOE evaluated two baselines for IRLs, a 1,500-

hour improved halogen lamp and a 3,000-hour halogen-infrared (HIR) lamp. The tables below 

present the system performance characteristics at each baseline and CSL for each dimming 

scenario. Table 6A.3.2 and Table 6A.3.3 present the dimming analysis results for the All 

Dimmers scenario in the commercial and residential sectors for a 55 W PAR38 improved HIR 

lamp at CSL 1 relative to each baseline. 
6A-8

Table 6A.3.2 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen Baseline 

Lamp in the Commercial or Residential Sectors, All Dimmers Scenario 

Candidate Standard 

Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light 

Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 Improved Halogen 48.0 16.7 803 5,913

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 44.0 18.2 803 17,345

Table 6A.3.3 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in the 

Commercial or Residential Sectors, All Dimmers Scenario 

Candidate Standard 

Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy

Initial Lamp Light 

Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 HIR 48.0 17.2 825 11,826

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 44.0 18.8 825 17,345

Table 6A.3.4 through Table 6A.3.11 present the dimming analysis results for the 

Distribution of Dimmers scenario in which lumens are equalized with the baseline lamp lumens 

in the commercial and residential sectors for a 55 W PAR38 improved HIR lamp at CSL 1 

relative to each baseline. 

Table 6A.3.4 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen Baseline 

Lamp in the Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens 

Equalized 

Candidate Standard 

Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light 

Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 Improved Halogen 60.0 17.6 1,057 1,500

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 53.9 19.6 1,057 5,412

Table 6A.3.5 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen Baseline 

Lamp in the Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens Equalized 

Candidate Standard 

Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light 

Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 Improved Halogen 57.6 17.2 992 2,190

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 49.5 20.0 992 8,994
6A-9

Table 6A.3.6 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in the 

Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens Equalized 

Candidate Standard Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 HIR 60.0 18.1 1,086 3,000

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 55.0 19.8 1,086 4,400

Table 6A.3.7 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in the 

Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens Equalized 

Candidate Standard Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 HIR 57.6 17.7 1,020 4,380

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 52.8 19.3 1,020 6,424

Table 6A.3.8 through Table 6A.3.11 present the dimming analysis results for the 

Distribution of Dimmers scenario in which lumen output for higher efficacy lamps is reduced by 

the same percentage lumen reduction that occurs at the baseline in the commercial and 

residential sectors for a 55 W PAR38 improved HIR lamp at CSL 1 relative to each baseline. 

Table 6A.3.8 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen Baseline 

Lamp in the Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Percent Lumens 

Reduction 

Candidate Standard 

Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light 

Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 Improved Halogen 60.0 17.6 1,057 1,500

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 55.0 19.8 1,086 4,400

Table 6A.3.9 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 1,500 Hour Improved Halogen Baseline 

Lamp in the Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Percent Lumens 

Reduction 

Candidate Standard 

Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light 

Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 Improved Halogen 57.6 17.2 992 2,190

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 52.8 19.3 1,020 6,424

Table 6A.3.10 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in the 

Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Percent Lumens Reduction 

Candidate Standard Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 HIR 60.0 18.1 1,086 3,000

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 55.0 19.8 1,086 4,400
6A-10

Table 6A.3.11 Dimming Analysis for a 60 W PAR38 3,000 Hour HIR Baseline Lamp in the 

Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Percent Lumens Reduction 

Candidate Standard Level Lamp Descriptor Wattage Efficacy Initial Lamp Light Output Life

W lm/W lm hr

Baseline PAR38 HIR 57.6 17.7 1,020 4,380

CSL 1 PAR38 Improved HIR 52.8 19.3 1,020 6,424

6A.4 RESULTS OF THE ENERGY USE CHARACTERIZATION FOR 

LIGHTING CONTROLS 

 DOE calculated the annual energy consumption using the power rating estimates 

determined for dimming scenarios analyzed (see section 6A.2 for GSFLs and section 6A.3 for 

IRLs) and the annual operating hours. The annual energy use estimates for GSFLs and IRLs in 

these dimming scenarios are presented in the sections below. 

6A.4.1 General Service Fluorescent Lamps 

 Using annual operating hours and system input power, DOE calculated the annual energy 

consumption of the dimmed lamp-and-ballast system. The following tables detail (1) the system 

input power for all GSFLs operated on dimming systems; and (2) average annual energy 

consumption using the U.S. weighted average of annual operating hours in each sector. The 

average GSFL annual operating hours for the U.S. residential, commercial, and industrial sectors 

are 648 hours, 4,058 hours, and 4,585 hours, respectively. (For further information on operating 

hours, see chapter 6 of this TSD.) 

Table 6A.4.1 Annual Energy Consumption for the Dimmed 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 

GSFL 2-Lamp Programmed Start System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

Technology Option

System Input Power

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.59BF32 Elec 42.1 170.7 192.8

0.58BF32 Elec 41.6 168.7 190.6

0.68BF25 Elec 36.7 149.0 168.3

0.55BF32 Elec 39.8 161.7 182.6

0.63BF28 Elec 38.1 154.7 174.8
6A-11

Table 6A.4.2 Annual Energy Consumption for the Dimmed 4-Foot Medium Bipin T8 

GSFL 4-Lamp System Programmed Start, Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

Technology Option

System Input Power

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.59BF32 Elec 81.2 329.4 372.1

0.58BF32 Elec 80.2 325.5 367.8

0.68BF25 Elec 73.7 299.2 338.1

0.55BF32 Elec 76.9 311.9 352.4

0.63BF28 Elec 73.9 299.8 338.7

Table 6A.4.3 Annual Energy Consumption for the Dimmed 4-Foot T5 Miniature Bipin 

Standard Output GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

Technology Option

System Input Power

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.67BF28 Elec 44.7 181.3 204.8

0.62BF28 Elec 42.2 171.4 193.6

Table 6A.4.4 Annual Energy Consumption for the Dimmed 4-Foot T5 Miniature Bipin 

High Output GSFL 2-Lamp System, Commercial and Industrial Sectors 

Technology Option

System Input Power

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Industrial

W kWh kWh

0.67BF54 Elec 84.0 340.9 385.1

0.67BF54 Elec 83.7 339.7 383.8

6A.4.2 Incandescent Reflector Lamps 

 Because an IRL does not require a ballast to operate, the rate of energy usage is simply 

the power of the dimmed lamp. DOE calculated the annual energy consumption based on the 

U.S. weighted-average annual operating hours for IRLs in the residential and commercial 

sectors, which are 761 hours and 4,496 hours, respectively. (For further information on operating 

hours, see chapter 6 of this TSD.) 

Table 6A.4.5 and Table 6A.4.6 present annual energy consumption in the All Dimmers 

scenario in the commercial and residential sectors for a 55 W PAR38 improved HIR lamp at 

CSL 1 relative to each baseline. 
6A-12

Table 6A.4.5 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Commercial or Residential Sectors, All Dimmers Scenario 

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Residential

lm/W W kWh kWh

Baseline 16.7 48 215.8 36.5

CSL 1 18.2 44 197.8 33.5

Table 6A.4.6 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved HIR 

Baseline Lamp, Commercial or Residential Sectors, All Dimmers Scenario

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy Consumption

Commercial Residential

lm/W W kWh kWh

Baseline 17.2 48 215.8 36.5

CSL 1 18.8 44 197.8 33.5

Table 6A.4.7 through Table 6A.4.10 present annual energy consumption in the 

Distribution of Dimmers scenario, in which lumens are equalized with the baseline lamp lumens 

in the commercial and residential sectors for a 55 W PAR38 improved HIR lamp at CSL 1 

relative to each baseline. 

Table 6A.4.7 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Lumens Equalized

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy 

Consumption

lm/W W kWh

Baseline 17.6 60.0 269.7

CSL 1 19.6 53.9 242.3
6A-13

Table 6A.4.8 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Lumens Equalized

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy 

Consumption

lm/W W kWh

Baseline 17.2 57.6 43.8

CSL 1 20.0 49.5 37.7

Table 6A.4.9 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved HIR 

Baseline Lamp, Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens 

Equalized

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy 

Consumption

lm/W W kWh

Baseline 18.1 60.0 269.7

CSL 1 19.8 55.0 247.3

Table 6A.4.10 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved HIR 

Baseline Lamp, Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Lumens 

Equalized

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy 

Consumption

lm/W W kWh

Baseline 17.7 57.6 43.8

CSL 1 19.3 52.8 40.2

Table 6A.4.11 through Table 6A.4.14 present annual energy consumption in the 

Distribution of Dimmers scenario in which lumen output for higher efficacy lamps is reduced by 

the same percentage lumen reduction that occurs at the baseline in the commercial and 

residential sectors for a 55 W PAR38 improved HIR lamp at CSL 1 relative to each baseline. 
6A-14

Table 6A.4.11 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Percent Lumens Reduction

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy 

Consumption

lm/W W kWh

Baseline 17.6 60.0 269.7

CSL 1 19.8 55.0 247.3

Table 6A.4.12 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 1,500 hour Improved 

Halogen Baseline Lamp, Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With 

Percent Lumens Reduction

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy 

Consumption

lm/W W kWh

Baseline 17.2 57.6 43.8

CSL 1 19.3 52.8 40.2

Table 6A.4.13 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved HIR 

Baseline Lamp, Commercial Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Percent 

Lumens Reduction

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy 

Consumption

lm/W W kWh

Baseline 18.1 60.0 269.7

CSL 1 19.8 55.0 247.3
6A-15

Table 6A.4.14 Annual Energy Consumption for a 60 W PAR38, 3,000 hour Improved HIR 

Baseline Lamp, Residential Sector, Distribution of Dimmers Scenario With Percent 

Lumens Reduction

Technology 

Option

Lamp

Efficacy

Lamp Power 

Rating

Annual Energy 

Consumption

lm/W W kWh

Baseline 17.7 57.6 43.8

CSL 1 19.3 52.8 40.2
6A-16

REFERENCES 

1

 Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Reducing Barriers to Use of High 

Efficiency Lighting Systems. January 2003. (Last accessed November 5, 2012) 

<http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/researchAreas/reducingBarriers/pdf/year2FinalReport.pdf> 

2 Rowbottom, I. “The Economics of Dimming.” May 26, 2010. Lutron. Available at: <

http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/economics%20white%20paper%205-26-

10%20A.pdf> 

3 Lutron Energy Savings Calculator. Inputs: 1 halogen lamp at 60 W for 12 hrs a day. 

Available at: <http://www.lutron.com/Education-Training/Tools/Pages/EnergySavingCalc.aspx> 

4 U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Energy 

Conservation Program for Consumer Products: 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization. 

2012. Washington, D.C. < http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/2010-

lmc-final-jan-2012.pdf>