[Cite as Cincinnati v. Rennick, 2022-Ohio-1110.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

CITY OF CINCINNATI,

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 vs.

STEVEN M. RENNICK, SR.,

 and 

PHYLLIS RENNICK, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

STATE OF OHIO, EX REL.,

STEVE RENNICK, SR. a.k.a.

STEVE RENNICK,

 Relator,

 and 

STEVE RENNICK, SR., a.k.a.

STEVE RENNICK, et al.,

 Plaintiffs,

 vs.

CITY OF CINCINNATI, et al.,

 Respondents-Defendants.

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APPEAL NO. C-210383

TRIAL NO. A-1805774

APPEAL NO. C-210383

TRIAL NO. A-1806226

 O P I N I O N.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

2

Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas

 

Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed 

Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: April 1, 2022

Andrew W. Garth, City Solicitor, and Kevin M. Tidd, Senior Assistant City Solicitor,

for Plaintiff-Appellant, 

Lindhorst & Dreidame Co., LPA, Matthew C. Curran and Elizabeth M. Johnson, for 

Defendants-Appellees.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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BERGERON, Presiding Judge.

{¶1} The Ohio Political Subdivision Tort Liability Act grants statutory 

immunity against damages incurred in the performance of governmental and 

proprietary functions, subject to certain exceptions. The exception at issue before us 

involves damages caused by the negligence of the political subdivision’s employees 

with respect to proprietary functions. Defendants-appellees Steve and Phyllis Rennick 

(the “Rennicks”) contend that plaintiff-appellant the city of Cincinnati (“city”) failed 

to adequately maintain a sewer system, a proprietary function which they believe

negates immunity. For its part, the city frames the issue as arising out of the 

construction and design of the sewage system, governmental tasks shielded by 

sovereign immunity. Because the record here (essentially limited to the complaint) is 

not developed enough for us to determine whether the challenged functions fall on the 

governmental or proprietary side of the line, we affirm the trial court’s denial of the 

city’s motion for judgment on the pleadings because the alleged facts plausibly suggest 

a proprietary function. 

I.

{¶2} The Rennicks operate a commercial garage and office on their Hamilton 

County property, a plot of land containing multiple consolidated parcels. Despite its 

current zoning designation, the original land purchased by the Rennicks was located 

in a commercial community-mixed zoning district. The Rennicks continue operating 

their business on the original property footprint as a legal, nonconforming use of the 

property, but the subsequent adjoining properties acquired and consolidated by them

are situated in single family residential zoning districts. The city alleged that the 

Rennicks’ business operations stretched onto the single-family parcels, in 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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contravention of the residential zoning code, and it filed for injunctive relief 

demanding that they cease the operation of nonpermitted uses on the expanded part 

of their property.

{¶3} Between 2014 and 2017, a seven-acre tract of land southwest of the 

Rennicks’ original property developed into what is now the 21-home Witherby 

Meadows subdivision. The parcel of land adjoining the Rennicks’ original property 

contained a creek and other land unsuitable for building homes, so the Witherby 

Meadows developer conveyed it to the Rennicks. The city dedicated public storm 

sewers to collect storm water runoff from the new subdivision, and those storm sewers 

empty into the creek on what is now the southernmost part of the Rennicks’ property. 

From there, water flows first into an inlet pipe running along the road adjacent to the 

Rennicks’ property and then into an unknown terminus underneath the road. After 

the city filed for injunctive relief, the Rennicks separately filed a petition for a writ of 

mandamus and a complaint seeking damages for the city’s negligent maintenance of 

the storm water drainage system on their property. The Rennicks claimed that the city 

created a nuisance by negligently maintaining the inlet pipe leading to the public storm 

sewer system, thereby increasing the amount of water, mold, and mice invading the 

southern part of their property. 

{¶4} Additionally, the Rennicks maintain that—to alleviate this incursion—

they purchased pipes at their own cost to contain the drainage system. After the city 

allegedly blessed this plan, it later rescinded permission, leaving the Rennicks on the 

hook for the piping costs. Seeing things differently, the city parried with a

counterclaim for breach of easement, after which the trial court consolidated the 

parties’ complaints. The Rennicks voluntarily dismissed some claims in their
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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amended complaint, and the city moved for judgment on the pleadings as to the

remaining claims of nuisance, interference of surface water, and promissory estoppel. 

Without analysis, the trial court denied the motion. 

{¶5} The city’s sole assignment of error challenges the denial of its motion 

for judgment on the pleadings on immunity grounds, arguing that R.C. Chapter 2744 

provides immunity for what it depicts as a drainage system design capacity issue. 

“Dismissal is appropriate under Civ.R. 12(C) when a court construes as true the 

material allegations in the complaint, along with all reasonable inferences to be drawn 

therefrom, and finds, beyond doubt, that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts that 

would entitle him to relief.” New Riegel Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn. v. Buehrer 

Group Architecture & Eng., Inc., 157 Ohio St.3d 164, 2019-Ohio-2851, 133 N.E.3d 482, 

¶ 8. A trial court may grant a motion for judgment on the pleadings on the basis of 

immunity only where the pleadings, construed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff,

conclusively establish the affirmative defense. Steele v. Cincinnati, 1st Dist. Hamilton 

No. C-180593, 2019-Ohio-4853, ¶ 15. “Appellate review of a judgment on the 

pleadings involves only questions of law and is therefore de novo.” New Riegel at ¶ 8. 

{¶6} Because it does not constitute a final order, the denial of the city’s 

motion for judgment on the pleadings regarding the breach of easement claim is not 

before us; we have appellate jurisdiction only as it pertains to the denial of immunity

for the Rennicks’ nuisance, interference of surface water, and promissory estoppel

claims. See R.C. 2744.02(C) (“An order that denies a political subdivision or an 

employee of a political subdivision the benefit of an alleged immunity from liability as 

provided in this chapter or any other provision of the law is a final order.”). We 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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accordingly confine our review to the propriety of immunity on the extant pleadings, 

and express no opinion on other aspects of the parties’ disputes.

II.

{¶7} The Political Subdivision Tort Liability Act, codified in R.C. Chapter 

2744, sets forth a three-tiered analysis to determine whether a political subdivision, 

such as the city, enjoys immunity from civil liability. Georgantonis v. City of Reading, 

2020-Ohio-3961, 156 N.E.3d 1037, ¶ 10 (1st Dist.). We start from the premise that “a 

political subdivision is generally immune from liability incurred in performing either 

a governmental or proprietary function.” Stykes v. Colerain Twp., 2019-Ohio-3937, 

145 N.E.3d 1123, ¶ 6 (1st Dist.), citing Howard v. Miami Twp. Fire Div., 119 Ohio St.3d 

1, 2008-Ohio-2792, 891 N.E.2d 3, ¶ 18. We then consider if one of the five exceptions

to the general rule of immunity listed in R.C. 2744.02(B) exposes the political 

subdivision to tort liability. Id. If an exception does apply, we then turn to whether 

the political subdivision can establish immunity through another statutory defense (a 

point no party argues on the present record). Id. 

{¶8} We begin with the Rennicks’ claims for nuisance and interference of 

surface water. The question before us at this stage is whether the alleged harm

suffered by the Rennicks results from the city performing a governmental or a 

proprietary function. Governmental functions are those activities imposed upon the 

state as an obligation of sovereignty, performed for the common good of all citizens in 

the state, or achieved to promote the public peace, health, safety, and welfare. See R.C. 

2744.01(C)(1). Relevant to this case, “R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(l) identifies as a 

governmental function ‘the provision or nonprovision, planning or design, 

construction, or reconstruction of a public improvement, including but not limited to, 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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a sewer system,’ making these responsibilities immune from political-subdivision 

liability.” Coleman v. Portage Cty. Engineer, 133 Ohio St.3d 28, 2012-Ohio-3881, 975 

N.E.2d 952, ¶ 12. Design flaws in a sewer system implicate governmental functions

and are accorded immunity. Bernard v. City of Cincinnati, 2019-Ohio-1517, 135 

N.E.3d 485, ¶ 11 (1st Dist.) (“[A] design flaw * * * squarely falls in the ‘governmental’

bucket. Issues of design of a sewer system are accorded governmental immunity.”). 

The city urges us to adopt this governmental function categorization because, in its 

view, “remedying the problem would require [the city] to, in essence, redesign or 

reconstruct the sewer system.” See Coleman at ¶ 30. 

{¶9} By contrast, “political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to 

person or property caused by the negligent performance of acts by their employees 

with respect to proprietary functions of the political subdivisions.” R.C. 

2744.02(B)(2). The Rennicks encourage us to view the activity as one of the exceptions

to immunity found in R.C. 2744.01(G)(2)(d), which “identifies ‘the maintenance, 

destruction, operation, and upkeep of a sewer system’ as a proprietary function for 

which civil liability may attach.” Coleman at ¶ 12. Proprietary functions involve

“activities that are customarily engaged in by nongovernmental persons.” R.C. 

2744.01(G)(1)(b). Because it is possible for proprietary functions to include 

governmental activities, we must evaluate “ ‘what it is that the political subdivision is 

actually doing when performing the function.’ ” Kenko Corp. v. City of Cincinnati, 183 

Ohio App.3d 583, 2009-Ohio-4189, 917 N.E.2d 888, ¶ 27 (1st Dist.), quoting Allied 

Erecting Dismantling Co. v. City of Youngstown, 151 Ohio App.3d 16, 2002-Ohio5179, 783 N.E.2d 523, ¶ 41 (7th Dist.). “[T]he specific act or omission at issue must be 

considered, not just the general nature of the function.” Steele, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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C-180593, 2019-Ohio-4853, at ¶ 20. If the Rennicks can establish that their property 

loss traces to the city’s negligent maintenance of the sewer system, then the city’s 

performance of that proprietary function would defeat its general grant of immunity

(unless an exception applied under R.C. 2744.03). The problem is, on this record and 

construing the pleadings in the Rennicks’ favor, we just can’t say with any certainty 

that the harm alleged is governmental or proprietary, but the allegations in the 

complaint sufficiently point enough in the latter direction to avoid dismissal at this 

stage. 

{¶10} The Rennicks maintain that their claims of nuisance and surface water 

interference arise from the city’s failure to maintain the area around the inlet pipe and 

the inlet pipe itself, along with the drainage system. As described by the Rennicks, 

prior to the installation of the Witherby Meadows storm sewers, they experienced no 

problems with the volume of water flowing to the creek and inlet pipe. Afterwards, the 

volume increased significantly, eroding the area around the creek. The city zeros in 

on those specific lines in the Rennicks’ complaint to conclude that the stress of linking 

the Witherby Meadows drainage infrastructure constitutes a design capacity issue that 

can only be remedied by a reconstruction or new construction of the drainage system. 

But that conclusion disregards other aspects of the complaint, including a section 

titled “Failure to Maintain Inlet Pipe,” and the city fails to reconcile its arguments with 

the allegations that point in the other direction. After all, the Rennicks also allege that 

the city “failed to adequately maintain and operate the inlet pipe,” and that it “created 

a nuisance by not properly maintaining property surrounding the creek and the inlet 

pipe.”
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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{¶11} We recognize that the Rennicks’ complaint uses the words install, 

maintain, and operate somewhat interchangeably, rendering it difficult to discern 

whether the remedy required to solve the problem falls under a governmental or 

proprietary function. See Coleman, 133 Ohio St.3d 28, 2012-Ohio-3881, 975 N.E.2d 

952, at ¶ 30. As we read the complaint, it seems possible that some aspects of the 

Rennicks’ claims will implicate proprietary functions and others governmental, or 

maybe they all fall in one bucket or the other. The parties can revisit such matters on

summary judgment if a more complete record answers these questions. See Bernard, 

2019-Ohio-1517, 135 N.E.3d 485, at ¶ 32 (“A comprehensive and integrated review of 

the record demonstrates that the issues emphasized by the [plaintiffs] fall short of 

raising genuine issues of material fact.”). But, on this record, the face of the complaint 

does not reveal how we should characterize the Rennicks’ claims, meaning the city

failed to conclusively establish its immunity defense. We accordingly find it proper for 

the trial court to have denied the city’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. 

{¶12} For similar reasons, the trial court correctly denied the city’s motion as 

to the Rennicks’ promissory estoppel claim. “ ‘[T]he doctrines of equitable estoppel 

and promissory estoppel are inapplicable against a political subdivision when the 

political subdivision is engaged in a governmental function.’ ” United States Bank 

Natl. Assn. v. City of Cincinnati, 2019-Ohio-1866, 136 N.E.3d 794, ¶ 9 (1st Dist.), 

quoting Hortman v. Miamisburg, 110 Ohio St.3d 194, 2006-Ohio-4251, 852 N.E.2d 

716, ¶ 16. Thus, “[t]he city can be estopped only with respect to acts done in the 

exercise of a proprietary function.” Id. at ¶ 19. The Rennicks insist that this claim 

presents a proprietary function (the city’s failure to maintain the inlet pipe) and their 

complaint explains that they sought permission from the city to install pipes in the 
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS

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ground on the overflow area to contain the drainage ditch, place fill over the pipes, and 

create usable land. The city counters that the alleged damages arise from the 

governmental function of approving plans or permits for the Rennicks’ proposed 

construction of a storm water structure. See R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(p). 

{¶13} But here again, the complaint does not conclusively answer this 

question. We see no indication on this record that the Rennicks ever applied for or 

were denied a permit, or that they endeavored to construct the type of building or 

structure contemplated by R.C. 2744.01(C)(2)(p). At this stage, the Rennicks need 

only plead a plausible set of facts entitling them to relief, and they have done so. The 

record here is not developed enough, on any of the Rennicks’ claims, to establish that

the functions being performed are definitively governmental or otherwise entitled to 

immunity.

* * *

{¶14} In light of the foregoing analysis, we overrule the city’s assignment of 

error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

 

Judgment affirmed.

WINKLER and BOCK, JJ., concur.

Please note:

The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.