SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Appellate Division, Fourth Judicial Department

800 

KA 11-00358 

PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., FAHEY, LINDLEY, SCONIERS, AND MARTOCHE, JJ. 

 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, RESPONDENT, 

V MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

MICHAEL L. SCHROCK, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. 

 

WAGNER & HART, LLP, OLEAN (JANINE C. FODOR OF COUNSEL), FOR

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

LORI PETTIT RIEMAN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, LITTLE VALLEY, FOR RESPONDENT. 

 

Appeal, by permission of a Justice of the Appellate Division of

the Supreme Court in the Fourth Judicial Department, from an order of

the Cattaraugus County Court (Michael L. Nenno, J.), entered January

4, 2011. The appeal was held by this Court by order entered October

5, 2012, decision was reserved and the matter was remitted to

Cattaraugus County Court for further proceedings (99 AD3d 1196). The

proceedings were held and completed. 

It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is affirmed.

Memorandum: Defendant appeals from an order denying his motion

pursuant to CPL 440.10 to vacate a judgment convicting him following a

jury trial of two counts of attempted murder in the first degree,

among other felonies. We previously held the case, reserved decision

and remitted the matter to County Court to consider other possible

grounds for denying the motion (People v Schrock, 99 AD3d 1196, 1197). 

This case is now before us following remittal, and we affirm. 

The offenses were committed on May 3, 2006, when a deputy sheriff

was transporting defendant in a patrol car back to jail after a court

appearance on an unrelated charge. While he was sitting in the back

seat, defendant managed to free one hand from his handcuffs and attack

the deputy. Despite being choked and struck with the handcuffs by

defendant, the deputy stopped the car and exited the vehicle,

whereupon he was overpowered by defendant. During the ensuing

struggle, defendant grabbed the deputy’s firearm and twice attempted

to shoot him, but the gun jammed and would not discharge. Defendant

then entered the patrol car and attempted to run over the deputy, who

had to dive out of the way to avoid being crushed. Defendant was

later apprehended by the police after a high-speed chase. At trial,

defendant did not deny that he engaged in the above conduct; instead,

he asserted that he was not responsible for his actions by reason of

mental disease or defect (see Penal Law § 40.15). The jury convicted
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KA 11-00358 

defendant of all counts of the indictment.

On direct appeal, defendant contended, inter alia, that he was

improperly restrained at trial by a stun belt, the use of which he did

not object to at trial. The record was silent, however, on the issue

of whether defendant actually wore a stun belt at trial. In affirming

the judgment, we stated in relevant part that defendant’s stun belt

contention was unpreserved for our review and that, in any event, the

contention “involves matters outside the record on appeal, and it

therefore must be raised by way of a motion pursuant to CPL 440.10”

(People v Schrock, 73 AD3d 1429, 1431, lv denied 15 NY3d 855; see CPL

440.10 [1] [f]). Defendant thereafter filed the instant CPL 440.10

motion, contending again that he was improperly required to wear a

stun belt at trial. Defendant further contended that he was denied

effective assistance of counsel by his trial attorney. The court

conducted a hearing on the motion, and the testimony at the hearing

established that defendant was required by the Sheriff to wear a stun

belt on the last day of trial during the rebuttal testimony of the

People’s expert witness and that, inasmuch as the stun belt was not

visible under defendant’s clothing, the trial judge did not know that

defendant was wearing it. There was no evidence at the hearing that

defendant wore the stun belt for any other portion of the trial. 

Defense counsel testified at the hearing on remittal that defendant

advised him that he was wearing the stun belt, but that he did not

complain about it and defense counsel did not raise the issue with the

court or otherwise object to its use. 

Following the hearing, the court denied the motion, stating that,

although the use of the stun belt was improper inasmuch as the trial

court did not make particularized findings that the restraint was

necessary (see People v Buchanan, 13 NY3d 1, 3), the error was

harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The court also rejected

defendant’s contention concerning ineffective assistance of counsel. 

On defendant’s appeal from the order denying the motion, we agreed

with the court’s ruling that defendant was not deprived of effective

assistance of counsel. Relying on People v Barnes (96 AD3d 1579,

1579-1580; see People v Cruz, 17 NY3d 941, 945 n), however, we

determined that harmless error analysis did not apply to the improper

use of a stun belt (Schrock, 99 AD3d at 1197), and that the court

could not deny defendant’s motion on that ground. We noted that,

although there may be grounds to justify denial of the motion, we

could not affirm the order based on those grounds because they were

not relied upon by the motion court (id.). We therefore remitted the

matter to County Court to consider other possible grounds for denying

the motion. 

Upon remittal, the court again denied the motion, this time

relying on the “ ‘plain error’ ” doctrine, which, as codified in

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure rule 52 (b), allows consideration

on appeal of unpreserved issues that affect the appellant’s 

“ ‘substantial rights’ ” (Henderson v United States, ___ US ___, ___,

133 S Ct 1121, 1122). In denying the motion, the court wrote: “The

United States Supreme Court has said that a verdict of a jury will not

ordinarily be set aside for error not brought to the attention of the
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KA 11-00358 

court and the parties or to the public interest where an opportunity

has been presented to advance all issues of law and fact in the case

[citation omitted]. Certainly, there can be exceptional circumstances

in criminal cases where appellate courts find errors to which no

objection was made, if the errors are obvious or [a]ffect the

fairness, integrity or reputation of a public proceeding [citations

omitted]. This does not appear to be the case in this instance . . .

The ‘plain error’ doctrine requires the Court to find that the error

not only [a]ffected substantial rights but that it had an unfair

prejudicial effect on the jury deliberations [citation omitted]. 

There is no evidence before this court that such error existed in this

case.” We interpret the court’s determination to be a denial of the

motion on the ground that any error does not constitute a mode of

proceedings error requiring reversal as a matter of law and that

defendant failed to preserve for our review his contention that he was

improperly required to wear a stun belt on the last day of the trial. 

We now affirm.

As a preliminary matter, we note that defendant’s motion was

brought pursuant to CPL 440.10 (1) (g) and (h), neither of which

applies to the facts of this case as it relates to the stun belt

contention. CPL 440.10 (1) (g) is inapplicable because the motion is

not based upon newly discovered evidence, and CPL 440.10 (1) (h) is

inapplicable because the Court of Appeals explicitly stated in

Buchanan that its holding concerning the use of the stun belt was not

based on constitutional grounds. The court thus could have denied the

motion on that basis alone. Because the court did not do so, however,

we cannot rely on that rationale to affirm the order (see People v

Concepcion, 17 NY3d 192, 194-195). The only subdivision that

seemingly applies to defendant’s stun belt contention is CPL 440.10

(1) (f), and we will thus address the issue as if it were raised

thereunder. 

CPL 440.10 (1) (f) provides that, “[a]t any time after the entry

of a judgment, the court in which it was entered may, upon motion of

the defendant, vacate such judgment upon the ground that . . .

[i]mproper and prejudicial conduct not appearing in the record

occurred during a trial resulting in the judgment which conduct, if it

had appeared in the record, would have required a reversal of the

judgment upon an appeal therefrom” (emphasis added). Here, as the

court stated in its decision issued upon remittal, defendant failed to

object to the stun belt and, thus, we could have reversed the judgment

on appeal on that ground only in the interest of justice, and not as a

matter of law. That is to say, reversal would not have been required. 

It therefore follows that County Court could not have granted

defendant’s motion under CPL 440.10 (1) (f) unless the unauthorized

use of the stun belt at trial constitutes a mode of proceedings error,

in which case reversal would have been required on direct appeal if

the use of the stun belt had been disclosed on the record (see

generally People v Tabb, 13 NY3d 852, 853). 

We respectfully disagree with our dissenting colleague that the

improper use of the stun belt, i.e., at the direction of the Sheriff

rather than the court, constitutes a mode of proceedings error. 
-4- 800 

KA 11-00358 

Indeed, we note that a mode of proceedings error occurs “[w]here the

procedure adopted by the court . . . is at a basic variance with the

mandate of law” (People v Patterson, 39 NY2d 288, 296 [emphasis

added]), and that is not the case here. We further note that in

Buchanan the court deferred to the Sheriff, indeed delegated to the

Sheriff, the determination whether defendant should wear the stun belt

after the court acknowledged that defendant had done nothing to merit

it (see Buchanan, 13 NY3d at 3), but the Court of Appeals did not find

the error to be a mode of proceedings error. Instead, the Court of

Appeals simply ruled that the court failed to exercise its discretion

(see id. at 4).

Neither the Court of Appeals nor, indeed, any other court in New

York has held that the improper use of a stun belt at trial

constitutes a mode of proceedings error, and we do not do so here. As

the Court of Appeals has stated, the term “mode of proceedings error .

. . is reserved for the most fundamental flaws” (People v Becoats, 17

NY3d 643, 651, cert denied ___ US ___, 132 S Ct 1970), i.e., wherein 

“ ‘the entire trial is irreparably tainted’ ” (id.). Here, the court

did not know that defendant was wearing the stun belt and, while our

dissenting colleague characterizes the situation as the usurpation of

the court’s authority by the Sheriff, it nevertheless results in the

failure, albeit unwittingly, of the court to exercise its discretion. 

We note that there is no evidence that defendant wore the stun belt at

trial other than during the rebuttal testimony of the People’s expert,

and it is undisputed that the stun belt was not visible to the jury. 

Moreover, there is no indication in the record that the stun belt

caused defendant discomfort (cf. Buchanan, 13 NY3d at 1) or inhibited

communication between defendant and his attorney (cf. Buchanan, 56

AD3d 46, 48-49, revd 13 NY3d at 3). 

It is well established that “[a] defendant in a criminal case

cannot waive, or even consent to, error that would affect the

organization of the court or the mode of proceedings proscribed by the

law” (Patterson, 39 NY2d at 296). It therefore follows that because

the court has discretion whether to require the use of a stun belt

(see Buchanan, 13 NY3d at 4), neither the failure to exercise that

discretion nor the improper use of a stun belt constitutes a

“fundamental flaw[]” (Becoats, 17 NY3d at 651), or a “procedure

adopted by the court[, which] is at basic variance with the mandate of

law” (Patterson, 39 NY2d at 296). As noted, it was the court’s

failure to exercise its discretion in Buchanan that resulted in

reversal of the judgment of conviction (see Buchanan, 13 NY3d at 4). 

“To expand the definition of ‘mode of proceedings’ error too freely

would create many . . . anomalous results” (Becoats, 17 NY3d at 651). 

We recognize that the issue here is not the use of the stun belt

per se; but rather that the proper procedures for the use of the stun

belt were not followed. Given the nature of the charged offenses —

defendant escaped from custody and repeatedly attempted to kill a

deputy sheriff before leading the police on a high-speed chase — the

use of a stun belt at trial may well have been justified if the proper

procedures had been followed (see Buchanan, 13 NY3d at 4). In
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KA 11-00358 

addition, we note that Buchanan was decided two years after

defendant’s trial, at a time when the procedures regarding the use of

stun belts were unsettled. In our view, it is not the case that the

Sheriff, who may have had legitimate security concerns regarding

defendant, intentionally usurped the court’s authority with respect to

restraining defendant. 

Under the circumstances, we cannot agree with our dissenting

colleague that the limited use of the stun belt in this case, at the

direction of the Sheriff and not the court, irreparably tainted

defendant’s entire trial and therefore constituted a mode of

proceedings error. Thus, although we agree with defendant that

Buchanan applies here because defendant’s direct appeal was pending

when it was decided (see generally People v Pepper, 53 NY2d 213, 219-

220, cert denied 454 US 967), we nevertheless conclude that the

failure of the court to exercise its discretion with respect to the

use of the stun belt does not constitute a mode of proceedings error. 

Because defendant was required to preserve for our review his

contention that he was improperly restrained at trial by a stun belt,

reversal of the judgment therefore is not required (see CPL 440.10 [1] 

[f]). We thus conclude that the court properly denied defendant’s

motion to vacate the judgment of conviction. 

All concur except FAHEY, J., who dissents and votes to reverse in

accordance with the following Memorandum: I respectfully dissent and

would reverse the order denying defendant’s CPL 440.10 motion, grant

that motion, vacate the judgment and grant a new trial. In my view,

the usurpation by the Sheriff of County Court’s authority, which here

is embodied in the Sheriff’s unilateral decision to require defendant

to wear a stun belt during trial without the knowledge of the court,

is a mode of proceedings error, and the court thus should have granted

defendant’s motion. 

I generally share the majority’s view of the facts. However, I

note my view that the hearing on the motion establishes that defense

counsel learned during the rebuttal testimony of the People’s expert

witness that defendant was wearing a stun belt, and further leaves

open the possibility that defendant wore the stun belt during parts of

the trial conducted prior to the rebuttal testimony of that witness.

In any event, I further agree with the majority’s treatment of

defendant’s motion as one made pursuant to CPL 440.10 (1) (f), and

will apply that analysis herein. I also agree with the majority that

CPL 440.10 (1) (f) permits reversal here only to the extent that the

unauthorized use of the stun belt at trial was a mode of proceedings

error. To my mind, the unilateral application of that device by the

Sheriff without the knowledge of the court, i.e., the Sheriff’s

unauthorized assumption of the power of the court in determining

whether a stun belt is necessary (cf. People v Buchanan, 13 NY3d 1,

4), is such an error. 

In People v Patterson (39 NY2d 288, 295, affd 432 US 197), the

Court of Appeals stated that “[a] defendant in a criminal case cannot

waive, or even consent to, error that would affect the organization of
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KA 11-00358 

the court or the mode of proceedings pr[e]scribed by law.” The Court

further noted that “the purpose of this narrow, historical exception

is to ensure that criminal trials are conducted in accordance with the

mode of procedure mandated by Constitution and statute. Where the

procedure adopted by the court below is at a basic variance with the

mandate of law, the entire trial is irreparably tainted” (id. at

295-296). 

The Court of Appeals in People v Hanley (20 NY3d 601, 604-605)

recently added that such “exception encompasses only ‘the most

fundamental flaws’ . . . that implicate ‘jurisdictional matters . . .

or rights of a constitutional dimension that go to the very heart of

the process’ ” (id. at 604-605). Hanley also afforded the Court the

opportunity to note that examples of mode of proceedings errors

include: “jurisdictional issues (see e.g. People v Correa, 15 NY3d

213, 222 [2010]; People v Pierce, 14 NY3d 564, 570 n 2 [2010]; People

v Kalin, 12 NY3d 225, 229 [2009]; People v Carvajal, 6 NY3d 305, 312

[2005]); double jeopardy (see People v Williams, 14 NY3d 198, 220-221

[2010], cert denied 562 US ___, 131 S Ct 125 [2010]); constitutional

speedy trial (see People v Blakley, 34 NY2d 311, 315 [1974]); shifting

the People’s burden of proof to the defense (see People v Patterson,

39 NY2d at 296); delegation of a judicial function (see People v

Ahmed, 66 NY2d 307, 310-311 [1985], [rearg denied 67 NY2d 647

(1986)]); prohibiting the defense from meaningful participation in the

criminal proceeding (see People v O’Rama, 78 NY2d 270, 279 [1991]);

and the imposition of an illegal sentence (see People v Samms, 95 NY2d

52, 56 [2000])” (id. at 607 n 2). 

In my view, the usurpation of the court’s power to determine

whether to require defendant to wear a stun belt is no different from

the delegation of court powers found to have constituted mode of

proceedings errors (see Ahmed, 66 NY2d at 309-310; People v Weber

[appeal No. 2], 64 AD3d 1185, 1186; People v Rogoski, 194 AD2d 754,

755, lv denied 82 NY2d 759; cf. People v Mays, 20 NY3d 969, 971). 

Indeed, although defense counsel learned of the application of the

stun belt during the rebuttal testimony of the People’s expert witness

and thus could have brought the issue to the court’s attention, this

is not a case in which the court had the last word and exercised full

and proper control over the application of that device to defendant

(see People v Khalek, 91 NY2d 838, 839-840; cf. People v Kelly, 5 NY3d

116, 120-121). The error here lies not in the fact that defendant had

to wear a stun belt, but in the fact that the Sheriff usurped the

power of the court to make a determination regarding the use of the

stun belt to restrain defendant. We cannot allow court personnel or

law enforcement officers to exercise powers reserved to the court, and

I therefore conclude that the court erred in denying defendant’s CPL

440.10 motion. 

 

Entered: July 19, 2013 Frances E. Cafarell

Clerk of the Court