September 1, 2006 

 1 

Technical Support Document on 

Agricultural and Forestry Smoke Management in the MANE-VU Region 

September 1, 2006 

1. Introduction 

This technical support document aims to provide States with information useful in addressing 

agricultural and forestry smoke management in their State Implementation Plans (SIP). This 

document may also be useful for tribes in MANE-VU that choose to include smoke management 

issues in their Tribal Implementation Plans (TIP). 

Each State must develop a long-term (10-15 years) strategy for making reasonable progress 

towards the national goal stated in 40 CFR 51.300(a), “preventing any future, and remedying any 

existing, impairment of visibility in mandatory Class I Federal Areas which impairment results 

from man-made air pollution.” States are required to develop long-term strategies for each 

mandatory Class I Federal Area located within the state and each mandatory Class I Federal Area 

located outside the state that may be affected by sources within the state. According to 40 CFR 

section 51.308(d)(3)(v)(E), States must consider “smoke management techniques for agricultural 

and forestry management purposes including plans as currently exist within the State for these 

purposes” in developing its long-term strategy. 

Prior to developing their Regional Haze SIP/TIP, States/tribes must consider the air quality and 

visibility impacts of fires in the Region and evaluate whether their existing approaches to 

regulating fires are adequate. States must determine whether or not smoke management is 

necessary to mitigate the impacts of fires to meet the 2018 reasonable progress goals for Class I 

Areas. If smoke management policies are required for a particular Class I Area, then a smoke 

management program (SMP) should be initiated by the affecting States as appropriate. If smoke 

management policies are not required to meet 2018 goals, then States must include a brief 

discussion in their SIPs as to why a SMP is not required at this time. If States already have a 

SMP or other smoke management policy in place, then they are advised by the EPA to mention 

their policies in the SIP, whether or not they will be used to meet 2018 goals (see EPA’s “Interim 

Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires,” available online at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf). 

A primary objective of this document is to provide information on the impact of fires on haze in 

the MANE-VU Region. Section 2 describes fires and smoke management in the MANE-VU 

Region, section 3 provides information on the air quality and visibility impacts of pollutants 

from wildland and prescribed fires, section 4 presents fire emissions inventory data, section 5 
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presents relevant MANE-VU source apportionment study results. While the contribution of fires 

to regional haze appears to be minor, fires may cause visibility problems on an episodic basis. 

States are not required to include a SMP in their SIP. However, there are incentives for States to 

certify to the EPA that they have adopted and are implementing a basic SMP, whether or not the 

State chooses to incorporate the SMP into their SIP or make the SMP federally enforceable. 

Section 6 describes existing SMPs in the Region, provides an explanation of the incentives for 

States, and briefly explains the necessary elements in a basic SMP. Section 7 summarizes the 

key points presented in this paper. 

2. Fires and Smoke Management in the MANE-VU Region 

While some of the fires that occur in the MANE-VU Region are subject to SMPs, others are not. 

The definitions provided in this section are consistent with the descriptions included in the 

EPA’s “Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires” (prepared in 1998 and 

available online at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf), and the Western 

Regional Air Partnership’s “Policy for Categorizing Fire Emissions” (prepared in 2001 and 

available online at www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera/research/FirePolicy.pdf). Agricultural and forestry 

smoke management applies to all fires that are managed to achieve resource benefits, regardless 

of the cause of ignition (e.g. deliberate to meet specific objectives, lightning, arson, accidental, 

etc.) or the purpose of the fire (resource management, hazard reduction, etc.). Agricultural fires 

include all fires ignited by management actions to achieve benefits on agricultural land, such as 

croplands and pasture. Prescribed fires include all fires ignited by management techniques to 

achieve benefits on land other than agricultural land. Prescribed fires can be used for managing 

forests or rangeland, land on which the historic climax plant community is predominantly 

grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs. Managed burning of logging debris, sometimes called 

slash burning, may also be used for forest management. Land managers may also manage 

naturally ignited fires to achieve resource benefits if the proper requirements have been met in 

the Fire Management Plan. These fires are termed Wildland Fire Use. 

Naturally ignited fires in areas without plans for wildland fire use are considered unwanted fires 

or “wildfires” and are not covered by agricultural and forestry smoke management. Wildfires 

include any unwanted, non-structural fires that occur on wildlands, where there are a limited 

number of structures, or agricultural lands. Wildfires may be ignited by lightning, escaped 

prescribed fires, arson, or accidents, such as fireworks, cigarettes, escaped campfires, or vehicle 

fires, and are suppressed by management action. High pollutant concentrations attributable to 

wildfires can be treated as due to a natural event under EPA’s Natural Events Policy. Under this 

policy, EPA may use its discretion not to redesignate areas as nonattainment if the State develops 

and implements a plan to respond to the health impacts of natural events. 

Residential, industrial, and commercial/institutional wood combustion, open burning, slash 

burning, and structure fires are also not covered by SMPs. Residential industrial, and 

commercial/institutional wood combustion includes the burning of wood in indoor fireplaces and 

woodstoves and outdoor equipment. Open burning activities can occur at residential, 

commercial, or industrial sites and involve the burning of yard waste, including various types of 

plants and plant growth. 

Emissions inventory results from 2002 (see section 4) show that the majority of fire emissions in 

the MANE-VU Region are from residential wood combustion. The Region is not prone to 
September 1, 2006 

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wildland fires due to vegetation types and relatively abundant rainfall. Agricultural and 

prescribed burning are also uncommon in the Region. 

Typically, wood smoke is not detected in large amounts at monitoring sites in the MANE-VU 

Region. Several source apportionment studies that have been conducted in the MANE-VU 

Region show that wood smoke is a small to moderate contributor to fine particle pollution at 

monitoring sites (see section 5). Most source apportionment studies cannot distinguish between 

different types of fires, but smoke from agricultural and forestry activities is unlikely to be 

significant in the MANE-VU Region. 

There are a few documented examples of wildfires producing large quantities of wood smoke 

and causing visibility impairment in MANE-VU Class I Areas. These fires have typically 

occurred outside the Region. For example, the July 7, 2002 Quebec Fires resulted in the largest 

one-day visibility impairment recorded at MANE-VU monitoring sites in recent years. 

3. Air Quality and Visibility Impacts of Pollutants from Wildland and Prescribed Fires 

Recent management strategies for some Federal, State, and Tribal wildlands involve increased 

use of wildland and prescribed fires to improve the health of the ecosystems and minimize risks 

to public and fire fighter safety. However, smoke from wildland and prescribed fires can 

contribute significantly to regional haze. To address issues associated with how fire managers 

can effectively use fires to help ecosystems while minimizing visibility impairment, the U.S. 

EPA, in partnership with other agencies, issued the “Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and 

Prescribed Fires,” available on-line at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf. 

The following description of air quality and visibility considerations includes information 

presented in this document. Other types of fires that involve vegetative burning (e.g. agricultural 

fires, open burning, residential wood combustion, etc.) have similar affects on air quality and 

visibility. 

Burning wildland vegetation emits several air pollutants, including particles, NOx, CO, and 

organic compounds. The quantity and composition of the emissions depend on the type of 

material burned, its moisture content, and the combustion temperature. Particle pollution from 

wildland and prescribed fires includes particles that have a diameter as large as 100 μm. 

Particles that have diameter less than 10 μm are referred to as PM10 and fine particles that have a 

diameter less than 2.5 μm are referred to as PM2.5. There is evidence that particle pollution has 

serious health effects, particularly for sensitive populations. 

Particle pollution also diminishes visibility because particles and gases scatter and absorb light. 

Fine particles scatter light more efficiently than coarser particles per unit mass. The fine 

particles that primarily contribute to visibility impairment include sulfates, nitrates, organic 

compounds, soot, and soil dust. As humidity increases, light scattering efficiencies also increase 

due to the adsorption of water on fine particles. Since the eastern United States typically has 

higher relative humidities than the West, the naturally occurring visual range in the East is only 

105 to 190 km while the range in the West is 190 to 270 km. Visibility impairment affects the 

enjoyment of daily activities. Diminished visibility in mandatory Class I Federal areas, “Areas 

of Great Scenic Importance,” is particularly important because haze affects the public’s 

appreciation of scenic views and tourism. 

4. MANE-VU Fire Emissions Inventories 
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4.1 Analysis of the 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory 

MANE-VU compiled a regional emissions inventory for 2002 for use in modeling. The 

inventory includes fire emissions from each State in the MANE-VU region. States provided fire 

emissions as annual county level estimates. Some States also provided estimates for seasonal 

and/or daily emissions, but those data are not shown here. Emissions data was collected for CO, 

NH3, NOx, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and VOC, but not all States provided data for all pollutants or 

source category codes (SCCs). Fire emissions include industrial wood combustion, 

commercial/institutional wood combustion, residential wood combustion, open burning, 

agricultural burning, forest fires, slash burning, prescribed burning, and structure fires. 

The data presented here are from Version 3.0 of the MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, with 

updated residential wood combustion data from New York. Values for State emissions were 

calculated by adding the county level annual data. 

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont provided data on industrial wood combustion 

(SCC 2102008000). Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York provided data on 

commercial/institutional wood combustion (SCC 2103008000). 

All MANE-VU States and the District of Columbia provided data on residential wood 

combustion from indoor fireplaces and woodstoves. Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, 

Massachusetts, and New Hampshire provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 

2104008000). The District of Columbia, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 

and Vermont instead reported data for separate woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 

2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 

2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC 2104008052). The separate category data were added 

together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states. Connecticut, Delaware, 

the District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire have data for 

outdoor equipment (SCC 2104008070). There is no data in Version 3.0 for outdoor equipment 

from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, or Vermont. 

All States except Connecticut reported data for open burning of yard waste leaf species (SCC 

2610000100), yard waste brush species (SCC 2610000400), and household waste (SCC 

2610030000). Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Vermont 

included data for open burning of land clearing debris (SCC 2610000500). Only Pennsylvania 

reported data for industrial open burning (SCC 2610010000) and commercial/institutional open 

burning (SCC 2610020000). The District of Columbia did not report emissions for any of the 

open burning categories. 

Maine, New Jersey, and Vermont provided emissions data on Agricultural Field Burning (SCC 

2801500000), which involves whole fields set on fire and includes the burning of all crop types. 

No States in the MANE-VU region reported emissions from Agricultural Propaning (SCC 

2801501000), which involves tractor-pulled burners being used to burn stubble only, or 

Agricultural Stack Burning (SCC 280150200), which involves straw stacks being moved from 

the field prior to burning. 

All MANE-VU States provided some emissions data for forest (wildland) fires (SCC 

2810001000). The District of Columbia did not report forest fire emissions for 2002. Maine and 

Maryland reported emissions data for managed/slash burning (SCC 2810005000), which often 

involves the burning of logging debris. Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maine, Maryland, 

New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island included emissions 
September 1, 2006 

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data on prescribed burning for forest management (SCC 2810015000). Only Maine reported 

emissions from prescribed burning of rangeland (SCC 2810020000), and the amounts of all 

pollutants were negligible. All MANE-VU States and the District of Columbia provided 

emissions data for structure fires (SCC 2810030000). 

Relative to other area sources, wood burning is a large source of CO, a moderate source of NOx, 

PM10, PM2.5, and VOC, and a minor source of NH3 and SO2 in the MANE-VU Region. 

Emissions of CO, NH3, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and VOC in the MANE-VU Region by wood 

burning category are included in Table 1. The data for MANE-VU States and the District of 

Columbia that were used to calculate MANE-VU totals are included in tables in the appendix. 

Table 1: Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) in the MANE-VU Region by source category (Source: 2002 

MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data). 

Source Category CO NH3 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 VOC 

Industrial Wood 

Comb.1 19492.3 0 9974.9 15088.3 13060.7 2604.2 572.6

Comm./Inst. Wood 

Comb.2 5180.6 0 1654.9 659 567.2 35.2 50.1

Residential Wood 

Comb.3 902117.8 5704.4 11078.2 119147.5 113594.6 1695.8 566531.7

Agricultural Burning4 3029.8 0 54.2 208.4 207.8 0.2 363.4

Wildland Fires5 18381.2 237.4 469.5 2406.4 2179.1 18 1967

Managed/Slash Fires6 42.1 0 1.2 5.1 5.1 0 5.7

Prescribed Fires7 13609.3 70.9 196.2 1361.5 1178.8 55.4 776.6

Structure Fires8 4034.9 0 162.5 939.9 900.4 532.5 751.9

Open Burning9 189504 152 7069.1 24597.1 23713.4 428.2 17174.2

All Fires 1,155,392 6,164.7 30,660.7 164,413.2 155,407.1 5,369.5 588,193.2

1

SCC 2102008000; 2SCC 2103008000; 3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, 

SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, and SCC 2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4

SCC 2801500000; 5SCC 2810001000; 6

SCC 2810005000; 7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8SCC 2810030000; 9SCC 2610000100, SCC 2610000400, SCC 2610000500, 

SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400 

While emissions from wood burning activities comprise a significant portion of MANE-VU area 

source emissions, only a small portion of wood burning activities are relevant to agricultural and 

forestry smoke management. Agricultural, managed/slash, and prescribed burning are subject to 

SMPs. On rare occasions, forest (wildland) fires and structure fires that are permitted to burn are 

also covered by SMPs. Table 2 shows the sum of agricultural, managed/slash, prescribed, 

structure, and wildland fires, the total area source emissions, and the percentage of area 

emissions from wood burning for each pollutant. 
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Table 2: Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) in the MANE-VU Region by source category (Source: 2002 

MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated NY data). 

MANE-VU CO NH3 NOx PM10 PM2.5 SO2 VOC 

Agricultural1, Wildland2, 

Managed/Slash3

, Prescribed4, 

and Structure5 Fires 39,097 308 884 4,921 4,471 606 3,865 

Total Area Source Emissions6 1,325,853 249,795 262,477 1,455,311 332,729 316,357 1,528,141 

% of Area Source Emissions 2.95% 0.12% 0.33% 0.33% 1.34% 0.19% 0.25% 

1

SCC 2801500000; 2SCC 2810001000; 3SCC 2810005000; 4SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 5SCC 2810030000, 6Data from the summary 

developed by E.H. Pechan and Associates, Inc. of area source emissions included in the 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 2.0. 

While fire emissions are not significant sources in any of the MANE-VU States or the District of 

Columbia, some States have slightly greater emissions than others. Figure 1 shows emissions 

from agricultural, managed/slash, prescribed, forest, and structure fires by State. 

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI VT

PM2.5 Emissions (Tons/Yr)

Agricultural, Managed and Prescribed Fires

Structure Fires

Wildland Fires

Figure 1: Fire emissions in the MANE-VU Region by state. (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, 

Version 3.0 with updated NY data).

Fires only account for approximately 2% of CO area source emissions, 1% of PM2.5 area source 

emissions, and less than 1% of NH3, NOx, PM10, SO2, and VOC area source emissions in the 

MANE-VU Region. Considering that most forest and structure fires in the Region are unwanted 

“wildfires,” fires used for resource benefits are a very minor contributor to regional area source 

emissions. 
September 1, 2006 

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Other sources of wood smoke are significantly larger sources of pollutants than fires used for 

resource benefits. Figure 2 shows the relative contributions of PM2.5 emissions from the various 

wood burning source categories. The largest source categories for PM2.5 are residential wood 

combustion (73%), open burning (15%), and industrial, commercial, and institutional wood 

combustion (9%). Structure fires and wildland fires, which are generally characterized as 

unwanted fires, only make up a minor portion of the wood burning emissions. Fires that are 

covered under SMPs, including fires due to agricultural, managed, and prescribed burning, 

comprise less than 1% of the total wood smoke emissions. 

9%

73%

1%

1%

1%

15%

Industrial, Commercial

and Institutional Wood

Combustion

Residential Wood

Combustion

Agricultural, Managed,

and Prescribed Burning

Structure Fires

Wildland Fires

Open Burning

Figure 2: 2002 PM2.5 Emissions from Wood Burning by Source Category (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling 

Inventory, Version 3.0 with updated residential wood combustion data from New York) 

4.2 Future Year Inventory Considerations 

In setting reasonable progress goals and devising long term strategies, States must project the 

2002 base year inventory to future years. Fire emissions are held constant from 2006 through 

2018 for National Forests within the MANE-VU states. This is because variables such as 

weather, staff, budget, priorities, and other programs limit the Forest Services ability to project 

through 2018. 

5. Relevant MANE-VU Source Apportionment Study Results 

States must include a contribution assessment and pollution apportionment analysis in their 

regional haze SIPs. MANE-VU is in the process of using a weight of evidence approach that 

relies on several methods for assessing the contribution of different emissions to regional haze at 

federal Class I Areas. Preliminary findings of this work show that sulfate comprises one-half to 

two-thirds of PM2.5 mass on the 20% haziest days and more than 40% of PM2.5 mass on the 20% 

clearest days. Sulfates also have a much larger impact on visibility than the same mass of other 

pollutants. As a result, sulfates account for an even greater percentage of the particle–induced 
September 1, 2006 

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visibility impairment in the Region. The second most important contributor to PM2.5 mass and 

also haze is organic carbon. 

As part of the contribution assessment work, Serpil Kayin of MARAMA and Richard Poirot of 

the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation summarized the results of studies that 

have used receptor-based models to apportion pollution sources at several sites within the MidAtlantic/Northeast Region and a few sites within the upwind or downwind influence area of the 

Region. The technical summary by Kayin and Poirot will appear as “Appendix B: Source 

Attribution by Receptor-Based Methods” in the MANE-VU document, Tools and Techniques for 

Identifying Contributions to Regional Haze in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic United States. 

The most recent draft of Appendix B is available online at http://bronze.nescaum.org/Em/HazeContrib/AppendixB-04-07-05.pdf. 

The primary goal of the receptor-based studies was to describe and quantify the major source 

categories that contribute to the observed PM2.5 concentrations. Several methods were used to 

apportion PM2.5 concentrations including mathematical receptor models and ensemble trajectory 

analysis techniques. Descriptions of the monitoring sites that were investigated by Kayin and 

Poirot are included in Table 3. For more information on the periods of data collection, analysis 

technique(s), and references, see the draft of “Appendix B: Source Apportionment by ReceptorBased Methods.” 

Table 3: Monitoring sites in the MANE-VU Region where source apportionment analyses have been 

conducted 

Site Location Elevation 

(meters) 

Type of Monitoring 

Network 

Acadia National Park, ME 44 N, 68 W 150 IMPROVE 

Lye Brook Wilderness, VT 43 N, 73 W 1010 IMPROVE 

Underhill, VT 45 N, 73 W 400 IMPROVE 

New York, NY (three sites in the Bronx, 

one site in Queens) 

41 N, 74 W Urban STN 

Brigantine Wilderness, NJ 39 N, 74 W 15 IMPROVE 

Baltimore-Washington Corridor (Fort 

Meade, MD) 

39 N, 77 W 46 Site included in a 

University of Maryland 

study 

Washington, DC 39 N, 77 W 30 McMillan IMPROVE 

Shenandoah National Park, VA 39 N, 78 W 1098 IMPROVE 

Jefferson/James River Face Wilderness 

Area, VA 

38 N, 79 W 280 IMPROVE 

Dolly Sodds Wilderness Area, WV 39 N, 79 W 1158 IMPROVE 

Mammoth Cave National Park, KY 37 N, 86 W 248 IMPROVE 

Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 

TN 

36 N, 84 W 815 IMPROVE 

Boundary Waters canoe area, MN 48 N, 91 W 524 IMPROVE 

Charlotte, NC 35 N, 81 W 230 EPA Trends 

Boston, MA (residential site in 

Watertown, MA) 

42 N, 71 W Site included in the 

Harvard Six Cities Study 

Potsdam and Stockton, NY (one Potsdam 

site, one Stockton site) 

47 N, 75 W 

42 N, 79 W 

 Site included in a Clarkson 

University study 

Toronto, Canada Site located at the 

University of Toronto 
September 1, 2006 

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The data presented in the report by Kayin and Poirot are source apportioned PM2.5 mass and the 

percentage of PM2.5 mass. While the sources for PM2.5 and haze are the same, the relative 

importance of those sources on PM2.5 concentration and visibility impairment differ somewhat. 

In addition to being related to PM2.5 concentration, light extinction is also a function of the 

components of PM2.5 and relative humidity. Thus, while source apportioned PM2.5 mass data is 

highly relevant to regional haze, there are limitations to making direct comparisons. Certain 

pollutants, such as sulfate, make up a larger contribution to regional haze than to PM2.5 mass. 

The major sources of PM2.5 identified were coal burning (primary and secondary sulfate 

aerosols), secondary organic matter from possibly mobile sources, nitrate aerosols, biomass 

burning (wood smoke and forest fires indicated by the presence of organic carbon, elemental 

carbon, and potassium), industrial sources (a variety of sources, including smelters, incinerators, 

and oil burning, indicated by the presence of elemental carbon and characteristic trace metals), a 

crustal source (dust and soil indicated by the presence of silicon, aluminum, calcium, iron, and 

titanium), and a sea salt source (identified by the presence of sodium and chloride). 

A wood smoke or biomass burning source was identified at most of the rural sites, but was 

generally not detected or of small magnitude in larger urban areas, including Boston, New York 

City, Toronto, and Washington D.C. Wood smoke was also a negligible or low contributor (less 

than 10%) in Acadia National Park, Boundary Waters, Brigantine Wilderness, Charlotte, Dolly 

Sods Wilderness Area, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and Potsdam and Stockton. 

Wood smoke was identified as a significant source of average PM2.5 mass (greater than 10%) in 

the Baltimore-Washington corridor, Lye Brook Wilderness, Mammoth Cave National Park, 

Shenandoah National Park, Jefferson/James River Face Wilderness Area, and Underhill. In Lye 

Brook Wilderness and Underhill, wood smoke was the second largest source, following regional 

secondary sulfate. 

In the Lye Brook Wilderness Area, wood smoke comprised a relatively high percentage (35%) of 

the average PM2.5 mass. However, the smoke source was not identified as especially important 

there on either the 20% best or worst visibility days. 

Smoke also contributed significantly to the PM2.5 mass at Underhill, VT. This source was found 

to make up a large portion (25%) of the PM2.5 mass on the 20% clearest days but a smaller 

portion (7%) on the 20% dirtiest days. It was predicted that the site was influenced by Canadian 

fires. 

In addition studies on source categories, there has also been work to investigate the source 

regions for wood smoke. Figure 3 is based on source apportionment and back trajectory results 

in the Eastern United States. The results for various IMPROVE sites are aggregated for the 

Northeast Region (Acadia National Park, Presidential Mountain Range, and Lye Brook 

Wilderness Area), the Mid-Atlantic Region (Washington D.C., Shenandoah National Park, and 

James River Face Wilderness Area), and the Southeast Region (Great Smoky Mountains 

National Park and Mammoth Cave National Park). 
September 1, 2006 

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Figure 3: Wood smoke source regional aggregations (Source “Appendix B: Source Attribution by Receptor-Based 

Methods” in the MANE-VU document, Tools and Techniques for Identifying Contributions to Regional Haze in the 

Northeast and Mid-Atlantic United States. The most recent draft of Appendix B is available online at 

http://bronze.nescaum.org/Em/Haze-Contrib/AppendixB-04-07-05.pdf.) The results are aggregated for New England 

in green (Acadia National Park, Presidential Mountain Range, and Lye Brook Wilderness Area), the Mid-Atlantic in 

red (Washington D.C., Shenandoah National Park, and James River Face Wilderness Area), and the Southeast in 

blue (Great Smoky Mountains National Park and Mammoth Cave National Park). 

The results shown in the figure demonstrate that in the Northeast wood smoke emissions are 

local, indicating that the smoke is mostly from residential wood combustion. However, in the 

Mid-Atlantic and Southeast Regions, the source regions for the wood smoke lie far from the 

monitoring sites, showing the probable influence of fires to the south. 

Although source apportionment studies have not been conducted at all the Class I Areas in the 

MANE-VU Region, it is reasonable to conclude that throughout the Region, wood smoke is a 

small to moderate contributor to average fine mass. There are other general statements 

conclusions made in “Appendix B: Source Attribution by Receptor-Based Methods.” In general, 

contributions are higher in rural areas than urban areas. There are also winter peaks in northern 

areas from residential wood burning, and occasional summer impacts from wildfires. 

Although wood smoke is typically not a large contributor to PM2.5 mass, there are exceptions, 

generally involving wildfires. A notable exception occurred on July 7, 2002. This event affected 

urban and rural sites and resulted in the largest one-day regional fine mass concentrations and 

visibility impacts recorded in recent years. 

6. Smoke Management Programs in the MANE-VU Region 

MARAMA, on behalf of MANE-VU, sent out a smoke management plan questionnaire to 

MANE-VU States and tribes in August 2004. The District of Columbia, Delaware, Maine, 

Maryland, New York, the Penobscot Indian Nation, the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, and Vermont 

responded to the survey. All five states and the District of Columbia have the legal authority to 
September 1, 2006 

 11 

allow or prohibit burning. Delaware, Maine, Maryland, and New York have a formal permitting 

system in place. Vermont has a SMP that applies to the nuisance of smoke. In 2004, Maine was 

in the development phase of a SMP being devised by the state forest service. States that do have 

a process for approving burns may choose to reference their program in the Regional Haze SIP 

as advised by the EPA. 

There are incentives for States to adopt a SMP. The following statement is included in the 

“Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires,” issued by the US EPA on April 

23, 1998 (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf). 

If a certified SMP has not been implemented, EPA will not give special consideration to 

the high PM concentrations attributed to fires managed for resource benefits that cause 

or significantly contribute to: (1) violations of PM2.5 or PM10 NAAQS, (2) visibility 

impairment in mandatory Class I Areas, or (3) failure to achieve reasonable progress 

toward the national visibility goal. Rather, EPA will call for adoption of the basic SMP, 

described in section IV of the Interim policy as part of the SIP/TIP for PM and visibility. 

The EPA will also notify the governor of the State or the tribal government that the area 

should be redesignated as nonattainment. 

The EPA also states in the Interim Policy that if State/tribal air quality managers certify in a 

letter to the EPA that at least a basic SMP has been adopted and implemented, “special 

consideration will be given under this policy to air quality data resulting from fires managed for 

resource benefits. When PM concentrations are attributable to wildfires that are treated under 

the Natural Events Policy, the EPA will “exercise its discretion, under section 107(d)(3) of the 

CAA, not to redesignate areas as nonattainment if the State develops and implements a plan to 

respond to the health impacts of natural events.” 

If States choose to adopt a SMP to to lessenthe future possibility of being re-designated as nonattainment, there are several elements that should be included. These elements are described in 

EPA’s “Interim Air Quality Policy on Wildland and Prescribed Fires,” available on-line at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1/memoranda/firefnl.pdf. 

7. Summary 

Smoke Management Programs are only required when smoke impacts from fires managed for 

resource benefits contribute significantly to regional haze. The results of the emissions inventory 

indicate that emissions from agricultural, managed, and prescribed burning are very minor source 

categories. Although source apportionment results show that wood smoke is a moderate 

contributor to visibility impairment at some Class I Areas in the MANE-VU Region, most of the 

wood smoke is attributable to residential wood combustion. It is unlikely that fires for 

agricultural or forestry management cause large impacts on visibility in any of the Class I Areas 

in the MANE-VU Region. On rare occasions, smoke from major fires degrades the air quality 

and visibility in the MANE-VU Area. However, these fires are generally unwanted wildfires 

that are not subject to SMPs. 
 12 

Table X: Carbon Monoxide Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 

Source 

Category 

CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

Industrial 

Wood Comb.1

12,780 6,439 0 

Comm./Inst. 

Wood Comb.2

398.4 539.9 125.3 4117 

Residential 

Wood Comb.3

6,5252.8 9,108.6 1,141.6 99,653.2 61,174.5 10,4461.9 63,713.5 74,311 313,179.5 74,914.9 

Agricultural 

Burning4

1,368 1,661.8 

Wildland 

Fires5

384.3 1054 0.1 1,729.9 2,018.5 1,043 4,599.1 5,120.1 2,234 

Managed/Slash 

Fires6

0.1 42 

Prescribed 

Fires7

1,430.6 0 0 457 4,084.1 4,005.1 155.8 3,396.9 

Structure 

Fires8

471.8 66.7 37.1 49.6 263.7 414.2 79.2 481.7 1377.7 765.9 

Open Burning9 244 998.3 0 6,318.2 70,978.5 2,418.4 1,895.7 1,70.1 8,003.6 86,714.5 

All Fires 66,352.9 12,658.2 1178.7 107,787.6 134,645.6 122,632.9 77,379.8 85,228.8 331,953.7 168,026.2 

1SCC 2102008000; 2SCC 2103008000; 3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 210400803

2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4SCC 2801500000; 5SCC 2810001000; 6SCC 2810005000; 7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8SCC 2810030000; 9SCC 2610000

2610000500, SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400 

Table X: Carbon Monoxide Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3

SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

2102008000 12,780.0 6,439.0 0.0 2103008000 398.4 539.9 125.3 4,117.0 

Indoor RWC1 61,903.3 8,290.4 605.6 97,150.2 56,108.0 98,315.6 61,753.6 67,230.4 293,760.9 74,914.9 

2104008070 3349.5 818.2 536.0 25,03.0 5,066.5 6,146.3 1959.9 7,080.6 19,418.6 2610000100 22.3 0.0 2,93.8 437.4 69.1 1002.5 60.3 1,290.9 1,743.1 2610000400 107.4 0.0 367.2 28,86.2 1,284.1 250.6 19.5 1,627.3 2,288.8 2610000500 244.0 739.5 66,601.1 0.0 69,750.9 2610010000 9,81.8 2610020000 2,516.4 2610030000 129.1 0.0 5,657.2 1,053.8 16.3 151.0 90.3 5,085.4 9,433.5 2610040400 0.0 1,048.9 491.6 0.0 0.0 2801500000 1,368.0 1,661.8 2810001000 3,84.3 1,054.0 0.1 1,729.9 2,018.5 1,043.0 4,599.1 5,120.1 22,34.0 2810005000 0.1 42.0 2810015000 1,430.6 0.0 0.0 457.0 4,084.1 4,005.1 155.8 3,396.9 2810020000 0.0 2810030000 4,71.8 66.7 37.1 49.6 263.7 4,14.2 79.2 481.7 1,377.7 765.9 

All Fires 66,352.9 12,658.3 1,178.8 107,787.7 134,645.7 122,633.1 77,379.6 85,228.8 331,953.9 168,026.4 

1 For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, and NH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and 

woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC data were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states. 
 13 

Table X: Ammonia Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with 

Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

Industrial Wood Comb.1 0 0 0 

Comm./Inst. Wood Comb.2 0 0 0 0 

Residential Wood Comb.3 470.4 65.6 3.8 719.3 441.1 752.7 459.7 535 2,241.7 0 

Agricultural Burning4 0 0 

Wildland Fires5 1.7 4.7 0 0 47.7 4.7 127.4 50.3 0 

Managed/Slash Fires6 0 0 

Prescribed Fires7 6.4 0 0.5 0 18.4 6.9 0 15.3 

Structure Fires8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Open Burning9 0 1.3 0 0 30.9 21.8 11.3 0 29.1 40.2 

All Fires 472.1 78 3.8 719.8 472 822.2 494.1 669.3 2,321.1 55.5 

1SCC 2102008000; 2SCC 2103008000; 3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 21040080

2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4SCC 2801500000; 5SCC 2810001000; 6SCC 2810005000; 7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8SCC 2810030000; 9SCC 261000

SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400 

Table X: Ammonia Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with 

SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

21020080002013008000

Indoor RWC1 446.5 59.8 0.0 701.5 405.0 708.9 445.7 484.5 2,103.3 0.0 

2104008070 23.9 5.8 3.8 17.8 36.1 43.8 14.0 50.5 138.4 2610000100 0.3 0.0 4.9 0.8 11.3 14.5 19.6 2610000400 1.0 0.0 26.0 11.6 14.6 20.6 26100005002610010000261002000026100300002610040400 0.0 9.4 0.0 28015000002810001000 1.7 4.7 47.7 4.7 127.4 50.3 28100050002810015000 6.4 0.0 0.5 18.4 6.9 15.3 28100200002810030000

All Fires 472.1 78.0 3.8 719.8 472.0 822.2 494.0 669.3 2,321.1 55.5 

1 For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, and NH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and 

woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC data were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states. 
 14 

Table X: Nitrogen Oxides Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3

Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

Industrial Wood Comb.1 4,686.1 5,258.6 0 

Comm./Inst. Wood Comb.2 1,206.4 197.9 102.3 148.3 

Residential Wood Comb.3 821.3 120.2 13.2 1,265.1 751.1 1,331.8 815.1 943 3647 929.7 

Agricultural Burning4 54 0.2 

Wildland Fires5 8.2 22.6 0.4 49.4 57.2 22.4 131.4 109.8 63.8 

Managed/Slash Fires6 0 1.2 

Prescribed Fires7 30.7 0 0 0 87.6 0 3.3 72.9 

Structure Fires8 11 1.6 0.9 1.2 6.2 9.7 1.8 11.2 32.1 17.9 

Open Burning9 6.6 36 0 399.3 2,402 88.4 83.7 10.4 488.2 3,154 

All Fires 847.1 211.1 14.1 2,926.4 3,209.9 6,371.1 6,371.5 1,096.2 4,428.7 4,238.3 

1SCC 2102008000; 2SCC 2103008000; 3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 21040080

2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4SCC 2801500000; 5SCC 2810001000; 6SCC 2810005000; 7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8SCC 2810030000; 9SCC 261000

SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400 

Table X: Nitrogen Oxides Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 

SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA RI 

2102008000 4,686.1 5,258.6 0.0 2103008000 1,206.4 197.9 102.3 148.3 

Indoor RWC1 786.8 111.8 7.7 1,239.3 699.0 1,268.5 794.9 870.1 3,447.1 929.7 34.3 

2104008070 34.5 8.4 5.5 25.8 52.1 63.3 20.2 72.9 199.9 10.0 2610000100 1.2 0.0 24.2 3.8 55.5 3.3 71.5 96.5 2610000400 3.8 0.0 103.1 45.9 0.7 58.1 81.7 2610000500 6.6 21.9 2,200.4 0.0 2,063.6 2610010000 69.3 2610020000 177.6 2610030000 9.1 0.0 399.3 74.3 1.2 10.6 6.4 358.6 665.3 19.7 2610040400 0.0 37.5 17.6 0.0 0.0 2801500000 54.0 0.2 2810001000 8.2 22.6 0.4 49.4 57.2 22.4 131.4 109.8 63.8 3.8 2810005000 0.0 1.2 2810015000 30.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 87.6 0.0 3.3 72.9 1.7 2810020000 0.0 2810030000 11.0 1.6 0.9 1.2 6.2 9.7 1.9 11.2 32.1 17.9 68.4 

All Fires 847.1 211.1 14.1 2,926.4 3,210.0 6,370.9 6,371.5 1,096.2 4,428.8 4,238.3 137.8 

1 For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, and NH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and 

separate woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008

separate category data were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states. 
 15 

Table X: PM10 Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with upd

Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

Industrial Wood 

Comb.1 11,012.1 4,045.9 0 

Comm./Inst. Wood 

Comb.2 0 465.3 78.7 115 

Residential Wood 

Comb.3 8,520.7 1,227.9 157.9 12,569.5 8,194.3 13,689.3 8,019.3 9,900.7 41,980 10,285.6 

Agricultural 

Burning4 2.4 203.6 

Wildland Fires5 37.4 102.6 0 210.1 244.9 101.4 985.5 497.8 207.4 

Managed/Slash 

Fires6 0 5.1 

Prescribed Fires7 139.2 0 0 82 397.1 389.9 15.2 330.3 

Structure Fires8 84.9 12 6.7 8.9 47.5 414.2 14.3 86.7 248 0 

Open Burning9 30.8 122.3 0 2,673.4 8,205.6 345.9 329.8 34.3 1,599.9 9,753.5 

All Fires 8,673.8 1,604 164.6 15,254.2 16,744.6 26171.7 12,986.5 11,600.7 44,455.9 20,576.8 

1SCC 2102008000; 2SCC 2103008000; 3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 21040080

2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4SCC 2801500000; 5SCC 2810001000; 6SCC 2810005000; 7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8SCC 2810030000; 9SCC 261000

SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400 

Table X: PM10 Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updat

SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

2102008000 11,012.1 4,045.9 0.0 2103008000 465.3 78.7 115.0 

Indoor RWC1 8,061.9 1,115.8 84.5 12,226.7 7,500.3 12,847.4 7,750.8 8,930.8 39,320.1 10,285.

2104008070 458.8 112.1 73.4 342.8 694.0 841.9 268.5 969.9 2,659.9 2610000100 4.4 0.0 99.7 85.9 13.6 196.9 11.8 253.6 342.4 2610000400 15.1 0.0 44.6 406.8 180.9 30.4 2.7 229.3 322.6 2610000500 30.8 74.4 7,481.4 0.0 7,016.4 261001000026100200002610030000 28.4 0.0 2,529.1 231.5 3.6 33.2 19.8 1,117.0 2,072.1 2610040400 0.0 147.8 69.3 0.0 0.0 2801500000 2.4 203.6 2810001000 37.4 102.6 0.0 210.1 244.9 101.4 985.5 497.8 207.4 2810005000 0.0 5.1 2810015000 139.2 0.0 0.0 82.0 397.1 389.9 15.2 330.3 2810020000 0.0 2810030000 84.9 12.0 6.7 8.9 47.5 414.2 14.3 86.7 248.0 

All Fires 8,673.8 1,603.9 164.6 15,254.3 16,744.4 26,171.7 12,986.4 11,600.9 44,455.9 2,0576.

1 For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, and NH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and 

woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states. 
 16 

Table X: PM2.5 Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with upd

Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

Industrial Wood 

Comb.1 9,521.1 3,509.3 0 

Comm./Inst. Wood 

Comb.2 0 402.3 68.3 96.6 

Residential Wood 

Comb.3 8,520.7 1,227.9 157.9 12,569.5 8,194.3 13,689.3 8,019.3 9,900.7 36,702.8 10,285.6 

Agricultural 

Burning4 2.1 203.6 

Wildland Fires5 32 87.9 0 210.1 244.9 87 887 427 186.7 

Managed/Slash 

Fires6 0 5.1 

Prescribed Fires7 119 0 0 82 340.6 334.2 13 283.3 

Structure Fires8 77.3 10.9 6.1 8.1 43.2 414.2 13 86.7 225.7 0 

Open Burning9 30.8 116.5 0 2,460.4 8,092.9 270.4 311.1 32.1 1,453.4 9,505.1 

All Fires 8,660.8 1,562.2 164 15,040.1 16,627.6 24,542.2 12,348.6 11,444.3 38,918.5 20,260.7 

1SCC 2102008000; 2SCC 2103008000; 3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 21040080

2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4SCC 2801500000; 5SCC 2810001000; 6SCC 2810005000; 7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8SCC 2810030000; 9SCC 261000

SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400 

Table X: PM2.5 Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updat

SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

2102008000 9,521.1 3,509.3 0.0 2103008000 402.3 68.3 96.6 

Indoor RWC1 8,061.9 1,115.8 84.5 12,226.7 7,500.3 12,847.4 7,750.8 8,930.8 34,468.5 10,285

2104008070 458.8 112.1 73.4 342.8 694.0 841.9 268.5 969.9 2,234.3 2610000100 4.4 0.0 99.7 85.9 13.6 196.9 11.8 253.6 342.2610000400 11.7 0.0 44.6 313.6 139.5 30.4 2.1 176.8 248.2610000500 30.8 74.4 7,481.4 0.0 7,016261001000026100200002610030000 26.0 0.0 2,316.1 212.0 3.3 30.4 18.2 1,023.0 1,8972610040400 0.0 114.0 53.4 0.0 0.0 2801500000 2.2 203.6 2810001000 32.0 87.9 0.0 210.1 244.9 87.0 887.0 427.0 186.2810005000 0.0 5.1 2810015000 119.0 0.0 0.0 82.0 340.6 334.2 13.0 283.2810020000 0.0 2810030000 77.3 10.9 6.1 8.1 43.2 414.2 13.0 86.7 225.7 

All Fires 8,660.8 1,562.1 164.0 15,040.3 16,627.5 24,542.1 12,348.5 11,444.3 38,918.3 20,260

1 For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, and NH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and 

woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states. 
 17 

Table X: Sulfur Dioxide Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 

Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

Industrial Wood Comb.1 532.5 268.3 0 

Comm./Inst. Wood Comb.2 0 22.4 5.2 7.6 

Residential Wood Comb.3 120.1 16.1 1.9 184 107 193.5 119 132.4 614.9 142 

Agricultural Burning4 0 0.2 

Wildland Fires5 2.3 6.2 0 0 0 6.1 0 0 2.4 

Managed/Slash Fires6 0 0 

Prescribed Fires7 8.4 0 1.6 0 24 0 0.9 20 

Structure Fires8 0 0 0 0 0 532.5 0 0 0 0 

Open Burning9 0 3 0 66.6 49.6 28.2 14.4 1.7 88.1 150.1 

All Fires 122.4 33.7 1.9 252.2 156.6 1,309.1 437 134.3 711.5 314.5 

1SCC 2102008000; 2SCC 2103008000; 3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 21040080

2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4SCC 2801500000; 5SCC 2810001000; 6SCC 2810005000; 7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8SCC 2810030000; 9SCC 261000

SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400 

Table X: Sulfur Dioxide Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 w

SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

2102008000 532.5 268.3 0.0 2103008000 22.4 5.2 7.6 

Indoor RWC1 114.8 14.8 1.1 180.0 99.0 183.8 115.9 121.2 584.2 142.0 

2104008070 5.3 1.3 0.8 4.0 8.0 9.7 3.1 11.2 30.8 2610000100 0.2 0.0 3.0 0.5 6.8 0.4 8.8 11.8 2610000400 1.3 0.0 34.2 15.1 0.2 19.3 27.1 2610000500 0.0 261001000026100200002610030000 1.5 0.0 66.6 12.4 0.2 1.8 1.1 60.0 111.2 2610040400 0.0 12.4 5.8 0.0 0.0 2801500000 0.2 2810001000 2.3 6.2 0.0 6.1 0.0 2.4 28100020002810003000 0.0 2810015000 8.4 0.0 1.6 24.0 0.0 0.9 20.0 2810030000 532.5 0.0 

All Fires 122.4 33.6 1.9 252.1 156.6 1,309.2 437.1 134.3 711.5 314.6 

1 For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, and NH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and 

woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC data were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states. 
 18 

Table X: VOC Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by Source (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with upd

Source Category CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

Industrial Wood 

Comb.1 362.1 182.4 0 

Comm./Inst. 

Wood Comb.2 27.3 15.3 3.6 3.9 

Residential Wood 

Comb.3 41,067.8 5,952.1 732.9 5,9815.6 39,433.8 66,217.4 38,652 49,989.2 226,181.7 25,537.3 

Agricultural 

Burning4 128.4 235 

Wildland Fires5 18.1 49.6 0 92.9 345.4 49.1 778.6 240.9 383 

Managed/Slash 

Fires6 0 5.7 

Prescribed Fires7 67.4 0 0 70.3 192.2 275.7 7.3 159.9 

Structure Fires8 86.5 12.2 6.8 9.1 48.3 76 14.5 88.3 252.6 140.4 

Open Burning9 20 77.4 0 2,119.9 5,124.5 334.7 358.8 22.2 795.1 7,235.2 

All Fires 41,192.4 6,158.7 739.7 62,100.3 44,775.5 67,350.9 39,452.6 51,389 227,481.5 33,455.8 

1SCC 2102008000; 2SCC 2103008000; 3SCC 2104008000 (or SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 21040080

2104008052) and SCC 2104008070; 4SCC 2801500000; 5SCC 2810001000; 6SCC 2810005000; 7SCC 2810015000 and SCC 2810020000; 8SCC 2810030000; 9SCC 261000

SCC 2610010000, SCC 2610020000, SCC 2610030000, and SCC 2610040400 

Table X: VOC Wood Smoke Emissions (Tons/Year) by SCC (Source: 2002 MANE-VU Modeling Inventory, Version 3.0 with updat

SCC CT DE DC ME MD MA NH NJ NY PA 

2102008000 362.1 182.4 0.0 2103008000 27.3 15.3 3.6 3.9 

Indoor RWC1 38,031.2 5,210.4 246.9 57,546.5 34,840.6 60,645.3 36,875.2 43,570.1 208,577.3 25,537.3 

2104008070 3,036.6 741.7 486.0 2,269.1 4,593.2 5,572.1 1,776.8 6,419.1 17,604.4 2610000100 5.6 0.0 73.4 109.3 17.3 250.6 15.1 322.7 435.8 2610000400 14.6 0.0 49.8 391.7 174.2 34.0 2.6 220.9 310.6 2610000500 20.0 50.8 4,571.4 0.0 4,787.6 2610010000 346.5 2610020000 888.1 2610030000 6.4 0.0 1,996.7 52.1 0.8 7.5 4.5 251.5 466.6 2610040400 0.0 142.4 66.7 0.0 0.0 2801500000 128.4 235.0 2810001000 18.1 49.6 0.0 92.9 345.4 49.1 778.6 240.9 383.0 2810005000 0.0 5.7 2810015000 67.4 0.0 0.0 70.3 192.2 275.7 7.3 159.9 2810020000 0.0 2810030000 86.5 12.2 6.8 9.1 48.3 76.0 14.5 88.3 252.6 140.4 

All Fires 41,192.3 6,158.6 739.7 62,100.4 44,775.6 67,350.9 39,452.6 51,389.0 227,481.6 33,455.8 

1 For indoor residential wood combustion, CT, DE, ME, MD, MA, and NH provided data for total woodstoves and fireplaces (SCC 2104008000). DC, NJ, NY, PA, RI, and 

woodstove and fireplace categories (SCC 2104008001, SCC 2104008002, SCC 2104008003, SCC 2104008004, SCC 2104008010, SCC 2104008030, SCC2104008050, SCC were added together to get a total woodstoves and fireplaces value for these states.