U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5014

Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service

Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National 

Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania
Cover. Photograph showing the cast house at Hopewell Furnace National Historic site, Pennsylvania. The cast house 

encloses the furnace. The stone stack of the furnace is visible on the left side of the cast house. In the foreground, part 

of the furnace slag pile is exposed and makes up the left bank of French Creek.
Distribution of Trace Metals at 

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

By Ronald A. Sloto and Andrew G. Reif

Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service

Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5014

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Marcia K. McNutt, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2011

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living 

resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS.

For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, 

visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the 

U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Sloto, R.A., and Reif, A.G., 2011, Distribution of trace metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and 

Chester Counties, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5014, 79 p.
iii

Contents

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................4

Historical Background .........................................................................................................................5

The Iron-Making Process....................................................................................................................6

Distribution of Trace Metals.........................................................................................................................7

Ore ...................................................................................................................................................7

Slag..........................................................................................................................................................9

Soil ..................................................................................................................................................12

Cast Iron Furnace Products ..............................................................................................................15

Groundwater........................................................................................................................................15

Stream Sites.........................................................................................................................................19

Stream Base Flow......................................................................................................................21

Streambed Sediment.................................................................................................................23

Benthic Macroinvertebrates ...................................................................................................25

Habitat Evaluations....................................................................................................................26

Statistical Summary of Selected Metals ........................................................................................28

Summary and Conclusions.........................................................................................................................30

Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................31

References Cited..........................................................................................................................................31

Appendix 1. Tables A–K...........................................................................................................................40

............

............
iv

Figures

1. Map showing location of Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania..........2

2. Map showing locations of sampled slag piles at Hopewell Furnace 

National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .........................................................................................3

3. Map showing locations of selected iron mines near Hopewell Furnace 

National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .........................................................................................4

4. Cross-section diagram of a charcoal iron furnace.................................................................6

5. Flow chart showing potential pathways for migration of metals at Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .........................................................................7

6. Map showing locations of slag samples collected at Hopewell Furnace 

National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .........................................................................................9

7. Map showing locations of soil samples collected at Hopewell Furnace 

National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................................13

8. Graph showing vertical profile of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead 

concentrations in soil at soil sampling site SOIL-5, Hopewell Furnace 

National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................................14

9. Photographs showing cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell National Historic 

Site museum sampled for trace-metal concentrations using portable X-ray 

fluorescence spectroscopy ......................................................................................................16

10. Map showing stream sampling locations at Hopewell Furnace National 

Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................................................19

11. Map showing drainage basin upstream from site HF-1, Hopewell Furnace 

National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................................20
v

Tables

1. Concentrations of selected trace metals in ore samples from iron mines in 

southeastern Pennsylvania.........................................................................................................8

2. Concentrations of selected trace metals in ore samples from the Hopewell 

and Jones mines, southeastern Pennsylvania ........................................................................8

3. Concentrations of selected trace metals in slag samples, Hopewell Furnace 

National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................................10

4. Mean concentration and range for selected trace metals in soil in the eastern 

United States ...............................................................................................................................11

5. Concentrations of selected trace metals in soil samples analyzed by inductively 

coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled 

plasma-mass spectrometry, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania ...............................................................................................................................34

6. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection statewide health 

standards for soil ........................................................................................................................12

7. Concentration of selected trace metals in soil samples analyzed by X-ray 

fluorescence spectroscopy, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania. ..............................................................................................................................36

8. Comparison of concentrations of selected trace metals in soils analyzed 

by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and X-ray 

fluorescence spectroscopy, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania ...............................................................................................................................14

9. Mean concentrations of selected trace metals analyzed by X-ray fluorescence 

spectroscopy in cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic 

Site museum, Pennsylvania ......................................................................................................17

10. Chemical analysis results for selected constituents in groundwater, Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................18

11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant, secondary 

contaminant, and action levels for constituents in drinking water....................................18

12. Chemical analysis results and estimated loads and yields for selected trace metals 

in surface-water base-flow samples, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania ...............................................................................................................................22

13. Comparison of published criteria maximum and continuous concentrations to 

measured maximum concentrations of selected trace metals in stream sediment 

at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.................................................23

14. Chemical analysis results for trace metals in streambed sediment samples, Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................24

15. Comparison of published probable effects concentrations and measured maximum 

concentrations of selected trace metals in streambed sediment at Hopewell Furnace 

National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................................24

16. Biometrics for benthic macroinvertebrates sampled at Hopewell Furnace National 

Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................................................25

17. Results of habitat survey conducted at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania ...............................................................................................................................27

18. Summary statistics for concentrations of selected trace metals in ore, slag, cast iron 

artifacts, soil, groundwater, stream baseflow, and streambed sediment, Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania .......................................................................29
vi

Conversion Factors

Inch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtain

Length

inch (in) 2.54 centimeter (cm)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

Area

acre 4,047 square meter (m2)

square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) 

Flow rate

cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s)

SI to Inch/Pound

Multiply By To obtain

Length

centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in)

millimeter (mm) 0.03937 inch (in)

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) 

Volume

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal)

Mass

gram (g) 0.03527 ounce, avoirdupois (oz)

kilogram (kg) 2.205 pound avoirdupois (lb)

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C=(°F-32)/1.8

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 

(NAVD 88).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 

25 °C).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) 

or micrograms per liter (μg/L).
Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National 

Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

By Ronald A. Sloto and Andrew G. Reif

Abstract

Hopewell Furnace, located approximately 50 miles northwest of Philadelphia, was a cold-blast, charcoal iron furnace 

that operated for 113 years (1771 to 1883). The purpose of 

this study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with 

the National Park Service, was to determine the distribution 

of trace metals released to the environment from an historical iron smelter at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

(NHS). Hopewell Furnace used iron ore from local mines that 

contained abundant magnetite and accessory sulfide minerals 

enriched in arsenic, cobalt, copper, and other metals. Ore, slag, 

cast iron furnace products, soil, groundwater, stream base flow, 

streambed sediment, and benthic macroinvertebrates were 

sampled for this study. Soil samples analyzed in the laboratory 

had concentrations of trace metals low enough to meet Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection standards 

for non-residential use. Groundwater samples from the supply 

well met U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinkingwater regulations. Concentrations of metals in surface-water 

base flow at the five stream sampling sites were below continuous concentration criteria for protection of aquatic organisms. 

Concentrations of metals in sediment at the five stream sites 

were below probable effects level guidelines for protection of 

aquatic organisms except for copper at site HF-3.

Arsenic, copper, lead, zinc, and possibly cobalt were 

incorporated into the cast iron produced by Hopewell Furnace. 

Manganese was concentrated in slag along with iron, nickel, 

and zinc. The soil near the furnace has elevated concentrations 

of chromium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc compared to background soil concentrations. Concentrations of toxic elements 

were not present at concentrations of concern in water, soil, or 

stream sediments, despite being elevated in ore, slag, and cast 

iron furnace products. 

The base-flow surface-water samples indicated good 

overall quality. The five sampled sites generally had low 

concentrations of nutrients and major ions but had elevated 

concentrations of iron, manganese, and strontium when compared to sites sampled in adjacent watersheds. The background 

site on Baptism Creek generally had the lowest concentrations 

and yields of constituents. Low concentrations of nutrients and 

major ions at all five sites indicate that measured concentrations can be attributed to general land use and geology and not 

to point sources.

Streambed-sediment sampling results indicated higher 

concentrations of all metals except nickel at sites on French 

Creek compared to the background site on Baptism Creek. 

Concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, and nickel were 

highest in sediment from the sampling site upstream from 

Hopewell Furnace. The highest concentrations of arsenic, 

boron, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, and 

zinc were detected at the site just below Hopewell Furnace, 

which indicates that the source of these metals may be in 

Hopewell Furnace NHS. 

The invertebrate community at the background site on 

Baptism Creek was dominated by pollution sensitive taxa indicating a healthy, diverse benthic-macroinvertebrate community. Benthic-macroinvertebrate communities at sampling sites 

on French Creek indicated disturbed communities when compared to the background site on Baptism Creek and that the 

overall stream quality immediately above and below Hopewell 

Furnace NHS is degraded. The benthic-macroinvertebrate 

communities were dominated by pollution-tolerant taxa, and 

taxa were less diverse than at the background site.

Habitat conditions at the upstream site on French Creek 

were good but were degraded at downstream sites on French 

Creek. The major habitat issues at these sites were related 

to a lack of stable substrate, erosion, and deposition. Water 

quality and streambed-sediment quality do not indicate that 

the degraded benthic-macroinvertebrate communities are the 

result of poor water quality. Habitat conditions (erosion and 

sedimentation) and physical alterations (water temperature) 

from the outfall of Hopewell Lake are the most likely causes 

of the impaired communities. 

Introduction

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site (NHS) is one 

of the finest examples of a rural American 19th-century iron 

plantation. The buildings include a cold-blast, charcoal-fired 
2 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

iron furnace, the ironmaster’s mansion, and auxiliary structures. Hopewell Furnace began making iron before the Revolutionary War and was in operation for 113 years (1771–1883). 

The 848-acre site is representative of the hundreds of iron 

plantations that flourished in the 18th and early 19th centuries.

Hopewell Furnace NHS, located approximately 50 mi 

northwest of Philadelphia, straddles the Berks-Chester County 

border in southeastern Pennsylvania (fig. 1). It is adjacent 

to the 1,800-acre Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 43 and the popular 7,339-acre French Creek State Park, 

which offers hunting, fishing, boating, hiking, and camping. 

Hopewell Furnace NHS and the surrounding French Creek 

State Park host almost 1 million visitors every year (Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, 2007). 

French Creek flows through the heart of Hopewell Furnace NHS, which is near its headwaters. The Commonwealth 

of Pennsylvania designated French Creek as a State Wild and 

Scenic River in 1982 because of its outstanding natural and 

scenic values. It also bears the Commonwealth’s designations 

of High Quality Waters-Cold Water Fishery and Exceptional 

Value Stream. French Creek is listed in the National Park 

Service (NPS) Nationwide Rivers Inventory (NRI), a listing of 

free-flowing river segments in the United States that possess 

one or more “outstandingly remarkable” natural or cultural 

values judged to be of more than local or regional significance 

(National Park Service, 2009). Under a 1979 Presidential 

directive, all Federal agencies must seek to avoid or mitigate 

actions that would adversely affect NRI segments. Outstandingly Remarkable Values listed by the NPS for French Creek 

include (1) hydrologic (northernmost, least developed, freeflowing river within the Piedmont), (2) historic (river-related 

National Historic Register sites and an Historic District within 

the corridor), and (3) geologic (area includes the unique 

Falls of French Creek). The Hopewell Furnace slag piles are 

close to and, in some locations, make up the banks of French 

Creek (fig. 2).

CHESTER

COUNTY

 BERKS COUNTY

MONTGOMERY

COUNTY

LANCASTER

COUNTY

DELAWARE

COUNTY

PHILADELPHIA

BUCKS

COUNTY

FRENCH CREEK

STATE PARK

HOPEWELL

FURNACE NATIONAL

HISTORIC SITE

STATE GAMELANDS

76° 75°

40°

40°20'

0 5 10 20 MILES

0 5 10 15 20 KILOMETERS

15

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data,1972,

1:2,000,000 Albers Equal-AreaConic Projection

Standard parallels 29°30’N, cental meridian 75°00’W

Schuylkill

River

French

Creek

Map area

PENNSYLVANIA

Figure 1. Location of Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.
Introduction 3

Aerial photograph courtesy of the Delaware Valley 

Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC)

75°46'30"

40°12'24"

75°46'26" 75°46'22"

40°12'20"

0 100 200 300 FEET

0 20 40 60 METERS

French Creek

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Visitor’s center

Ironmaster’s mansion

Charcoal house

Furnace

Cast house

Office and store

Barn

Anthracite furnace

Stockyard slag pile 1

Slag pile 2 (south and west of cast house)

Slag pile 3 (south of anthracite furnace)

Location of ore roaster

Ore pile

Tailrace

1

3

2

4 5

6 8 7

9

10

11

12

13

14

Figure 2. Locations of sampled slag piles at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.
4 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Local mines, mainly the Jones, Warwick, and Hopewell 

mines, supplied the iron ore used at Hopewell Furnace (fig. 3). 

The Hopewell mine, 2.8 mi southwest of the furnace, and the 

Jones mine, 4.5 mi southwest of the furnace, were owned by 

Hopewell Furnace and supplied most of the ore for the furnace. In later years, some ore came from the Warwick mine in 

Chester County. Iron ore used at Hopewell Furnace was mined 

from deposits of magnetite skarn and skarn replacements 

referred to as Cornwall-type ore bodies (Spencer, 1908) after 

the large iron ore body mined at Cornwall, Pa. The deposits 

were formed by replacement of carbonate-bearing rocks during contact metamorphism and metasomatism as a result of 

diabase intrusions during the early Jurassic. These deposits 

are mineralogically similar and contain abundant magnetite 

and accessory sulfide minerals enriched in arsenic, cobalt, 

copper, and other metals. Arsenic is a carcinogen (Agency 

for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007), and cobalt 

is a possible carcinogen (Agency for Toxic Substances and 

Disease Registry, 2004). Iron ore containing these trace metals was smelted at Hopewell Furnace during its 113 years of 

operation. The purpose of this study by the U.S. Geological 

Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the NPS, was to determine the distribution of trace metals in ore, slag, soil, streambed sediment, and water in Hopewell Furnace NHS related to 

the iron-smelting process. 

Purpose and Scope 

This report describes the distribution of trace metals in 

iron ore, slag, soil, cast iron furnace products, groundwater, 

stream base flow, and streambed sediment related to iron 

smelting in and around Hopewell Furnace NHS. In addition, 

the report presents results of benthic-macroinvertebrate and 

habitat surveys completed at five sites.

BOYERTOWN

BERKS COUNTY MINES

CHESTER COUNTY

MONTGOMERY

COUNTY

LANCASTER

COUNTY

75°50' 75°40'

40°10'

40°20'

GRACE

MINE

JONES

MINE

FRENCH CREEK

MINE HOPEWELL

MINE

Hopewell

Furnace

DIABASE

WARWICK

MINE

0 2 4 6 8 MILES

0 2 4 6 8 KILOMETERS

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data,1972,

1:2,000,000 Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection.

Standard parallels 29°30’N, cental meridian 75°00’W.

EXPLANATION

Figure 3. Locations of selected iron mines near Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.
Introduction 5

Historical Background

William Bird was born in 1703. Bird initially worked for 

Thomas Rutter, a pioneer ironmaster, at nearby Pine Forge. 

When Bird later went into business for himself, he acquired 

extensive lands near Hay Creek where he built the New Pine 

Forges in 1744. At that time, he also began construction of 

Hopewell Forge, believed to have been located at, or near, 

the present Hopewell Furnace site. By 1756, he had acquired 

12 tracts of land totaling about 3,000 acres. 

Mark Bird, the son of William Bird, took charge of the 

family business upon his father’s death in 1761 and expanded 

it. In 1770–71, Bird constructed Hopewell Furnace on French 

Creek. The location provided ready access to the raw materials 

necessary for maintaining an iron furnace—iron ore, limestone, and hardwood forests for making charcoal. 

The opening of Hopewell Furnace coincided with the 

beginning of the Revolutionary War. Bird produced cannon 

shells and other supplies for the war, including the casting 

of 115 cannons for the Colonial Navy. In 1775, Bird served 

as lieutenant colonel of the Second Battalion, Berks County 

Militia. In August 1776, Colonel Bird outfitted 300 men of 

the battalion with uniforms, tents, and provisions at his own 

expense. This force marched under his command to Washington’s relief after the Battle of Brandywine in late 1777. Bird 

was a member of the Provincial Conference of 1776 and was 

elected to the Provincial Assembly. Many of Bird’s ironworks, 

gristmills, and sawmills supplied the Continental Congress 

with the materials for the Revolutionary War. Bird’s patriotic 

endeavor nearly ruined him when the new government was 

unable to repay its debts following the Treaty of Paris. Compounding this, a flood on Hay Creek destroyed most of Bird’s 

property there (Kurjack, 1954). 

In 1783, Hopewell furnace produced 749.5 tons of pig 

iron and finished castings. Pig iron was its principal product. 

Finished castings included pots, kettles, stoves, hammers, 

anvils, and forge castings. While 1783 was a good year for 

iron production, the following years were not. In April 1786, 

Bird unsuccessfully tried to sell Hopewell Furnace along with 

his Birdsboro and Spring forges. In April 1788, Bird assigned 

Hopewell Furnace and his 5,000 acres of property to a creditor and moved to North Carolina where he died in poverty 

(Walker, 1966). 

The furnace property changed ownership at least five 

times before 1800. At that time, Daniel Buckley and his 

brothers-in-law Thomas and Matthew Brooke purchased 

the property at auction. It was under the Brooke family that 

Hopewell reached its greatest prosperity. They updated the 

furnace technology, improved and extended the boundaries of 

the property, and rebuilt the waterwheel. A stamping mill was 

constructed in 1805 to salvage iron from the slag. From 1816 

to 1848, Clement Brooke, the son of Thomas Brooke, operated 

the furnace, first as resident manager and later as ironmaster. 

Clement Brooke was able to turn Hopewell into a major supplier of iron products. By the 1820s, the furnace was operating 

at its peak, generally in excess of 300 days per year. Castings 

were the most profitable product, especially the popular 

Hopewell Stove. Hopewell produced as many as 23 types and 

sizes of cooking and heating stoves, which found a ready market in Philadelphia. Over 80,000 stoves were cast at Hopewell. 

In addition, Hopewell also cast pots, pans, kettles, bake plates, 

mortars, and waffle irons for the household; moldboards, 

corn-shelling machines, and windmill irons for the farmer; and 

machinery castings for industry.

The most productive years for Hopewell Furnace were 

from 1830 to 1837. During 445 days of continuous production 

in 1836–37, 1,169 tons of castings were produced. Hopewell’s 

products were so much in demand that the furnace was often 

forced to turn down orders from new customers. In 1837, 

an economic panic resulted in a large decline in demand for 

Hopewell stoves. 

The depression of 1837, coupled with the successful 

introduction of the hot-blast method and the substitution of 

coke for charcoal in the smelting of iron, signaled the end of 

the charcoal-burning iron furnace era. Beginning in the 1840s, 

the iron industry shifted to large-scale, steam-driven coke and 

anthracite furnaces. By 1845, finished castings on a commercial scale were discontinued at Hopewell because of competition from the newer furnaces. Thereafter, the furnace concentrated on pig iron for which there was still a ready market. 

Clement Brooke retired in 1848. His successors found, 

despite a short reprieve during the Civil War, they could not 

compete against the new iron and Bessemer steel industries. In 

1849, they erected an experimental anthracite furnace, which 

was to replace the old charcoal furnace. However, a poor 

design resulted in a catastrophic collapse of the furnace. In 

addition, the expense of hauling anthracite coal to Hopewell 

put an end to the experiment. The demand for iron during 

the Civil War and the simultaneous expansion of the railroad 

during the 1850s and 1860s temporarily brought the charcoal furnace back to life. When the iron and steel industries 

consolidated in urban manufacturing centers like Pittsburgh, 

Bethlehem, and Chicago, small independent rural enterprises 

like Hopewell could no longer compete, and the furnace 

ceased operating in 1883 (Kurjack, 1954). 

In August 1935, the Federal government purchased over 

4,000 acres of property that included the ruins of the iron 

furnace and community. The property was purchased for the 

French Creek Recreation Demonstration Area, one of five 

areas in Pennsylvania in the Recreation Demonstration Area 

Program, which was one of the many New Deal initiatives to 

help the nation recover from the Great Depression. 

The Civilian Conservation Corps began to convert the 

land into a public recreation area and engaged the NPS to 

evaluate the furnace ruins found on the property. NPS historians recognized the value of the buildings in preserving the 

story of iron making in America and convinced the Department of the Interior that the furnace should be preserved and 

reconstructed. In 1938, the Acting Secretary of the Interior 

designated part of the land acquired for the French Creek 

Recreation Demonstration Area as Hopewell Village National 

Historic Site under the authority of the Historic Sites Act. The 
6 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

NPS set the current site boundaries in 1946 and changed the 

name to Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site in 1985. 

The land south of the furnace, which included the Hopewell 

mines, was given to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and 

became State Game Lands Number 43. Other land given to 

the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania became French Creek 

State Park (Glaser, 2005). 

The Iron-Making Process

Hopewell Furnace, built in 1770–71, was one of the 

last of the charcoal-burning iron furnaces operated in Pennsylvania. It continued in operation long after most charcoal 

furnaces were replaced by furnaces that were more modern. It was one of the largest furnaces of its time with an 

annual capacity of 700 to 1,000 tons. Blast for the furnace 

was supplied by a bellows powered by a 22-ft diameter 

water wheel. 

The furnace was a truncated pyramid of thick stone 32 ft 

high and 22 ft square at the base built near the side of a small 

hill. Iron ore, charcoal, and limestone were carried across a 

wooden bridge that led from the hill to the opening of the 

furnace stack, into which they were dumped in alternating 

layers (fig. 4). Charcoal was the fuel used to smelt the iron 

ore. The blast was turned in, burning the charcoal at white heat 

(2,600 to 3,000°F) and melting the iron, which then dropped 

down to the hearth below. The slag, formed by the chemical 

fusion of the limestone with the impurities in the ore, floated 

on top and was drawn off from time to time and dumped 

outside the furnace. About twice a day, sometimes more often, 

the molten iron was run into a casting bed of sand. It required 

about 2 tons of ore, 1 to 2 tons of charcoal, and a few shovelfuls of limestone to make 1 ton of pig iron (Kurjack, 1954). 

Figure 4. Cross-section diagram of a charcoal iron furnace.
Distribution of Trace Metals 7

Distribution of Trace Metals

Trace metals from iron ore smelted at Hopewell Furnace 

could potentially follow several pathways (fig. 5). During 

the smelting process, trace metals could be (1) volatilized 

as air emissions by the high temperatures of the furnace, (2) 

combined with slag, or (3) combined with the iron and incorporated into the cast iron products of the furnace. 

Volatilized metals likely were deposited on the land 

surface downwind from the furnace. Travel distance may 

have been short because of the low height (32 ft) of the furnace stack. Metals deposited as aerosols may wash off into 

the surface-water system, be adsorbed onto soil, or be taken 

up by plants and animals. Erosion could move some of the 

soil and plant material into the stream system where it would 

become stream sediment. 

Some of the trace metals were incorporated into the 

slag, which is a glass-like waste material discarded near the 

furnace. Trace metals present in slag may be immobile or, 

during physical and chemical weathering, could have leached 

into the soil or groundwater and surface-water system. 

Shallow, local groundwater discharges directly to French 

Creek as base flow (low streamflow). Physical breakdown 

of the slag may provide metals as solids to the soil or stream 

sediment. 

Ore

Iron ore is the primary source of trace metals present at 

Hopewell Furnace. Three local mines, the Jones, Hopewell, 

and Warwick mines (fig. 3), supplied the iron ore used by the 

furnace. These mines worked iron deposits of a similar origin 

with a similar mineralogy. The ore bodies contained abundant 

magnetite and accessory sulfide minerals enriched in arsenic, 

cobalt, copper, and other trace metals. The major sulfide minerals are chalcopyrite (CuFeS2

) and pyrite (FeS2). Sloto and 

Dickinson (1994) listed the arsenic-bearing minerals cobaltite 

[(Ni,Co,Fe)AsS] and erythrite [Co3(AsO4)X8H2O] as accessory minerals associated with iron ore from the French Creek 

mine, which is 2.7 mi southeast of Hopewell Furnace (fig. 3). 

Smith and others (1988) presented analyses of ore samples 

from mines in Cornwall-type ore bodies in southeastern 

Pennsylvania that showed enrichment in arsenic, cobalt, copper, and nickel (table 1). 

ORE

FURNACE

IRON SLAG

STREAM

SEDIMENT

GROUND

WATER

ATMOSPHERE

SOIL

SURFACE

WATER

LEACHING PHYSICAL

BREAKDOWN

Figure 5. Potential pathways for 

migration of metals at Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania. 
8 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Ore samples from the Hopewell and Jones mines were 

analyzed for this study. Samples from the Hopewell mine were 

collected from the mine dumps at the eastern, western, and 

northern open pits (Sloto, 2009, p. 242–249) and composited. 

The samples were divided into pure or nearly pure magnetite (Ore-1) and magnetite with some sulfide mineralization 

(Ore-2). Although permission to collect samples from the 

Jones mine dumps could not be obtained, ore samples from 

this source were provide by Gregory Kolous of Kutztown 

University. The samples were obtained from one location in 

the extensive mine dumps and are not representative of the 

ore materials. The Warwick mine dumps were not accessible. Complete analyses of ore samples from the Hopewell 

and Jones mines are given in tables A and B in the appendix. 

Selected trace metals are summarized in table 2. 

The bulk chemical composition of ore samples collected 

for this study was determined using inductively coupled 

plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The samples were decomposed using a mixture of hydrochloric, nitric, 

perchloric, and hydrofluoric acids at low temperature prior to 

analysis. Major oxide content was measured using wavelength 

dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (WDXRF). The 

samples were fused with 50/50 lithium metaborate lithium 

tetraborate flux, and the resultant glass disk was irradiated in 

a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer using a Rhodium 

Table 2. Concentrations of selected trace metals in ore samples from the Hopewell and Jones mines, southeastern Pennsylvania. 

Location of mines shown on figure 3.

[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; --, unable to compute statistic]

Sample 

identification 

number

Arsenic 

(ppm)

Chromium 

(ppm)

Cobalt 

(ppm)

Copper 

(ppm)

Iron 

(percent)

Lead 

(ppm)

Manganese 

(ppm)

Nickel 

(ppm)

Vanadium 

(ppm)

Zinc 

(ppm)

Hopewell mine

Ore-1 1 7 30.3 3.5 >15 4 1,930 93.6 446 594

Ore-2 107 7 63 349 >15 328 3,160 36.9 37 2,000

Jones mine

Ore-3 12 1 109 >10,000 >15 423 793 56.3 259 420

Ore-4 11 <1 94.8 >10,000 >15 156 853 73.6 219 558

Ore-5 11 7 76.7 9,080 >15 10.3 992 122 64 59

Mean 28.4 -- 74.8 -- >15 184 1,550 76.5 205 726

Crustal abundance1 4.8 92 17.3 28 3.9 17 77.5 47 97 67

1

 From Rudnick and Gao (2003, p. 4–6).

Table 1. Concentrations of selected trace metals in ore samples from iron mines in southeastern Pennsylvania.

[ From Smith and others (1988, p. 330); sample numbers are those of Smith and others (1988, p. 330); ppm, parts per million; <, less than] 

Mine Sample 

number Sample composition Arsenic (ppm)

Cobalt 

(ppm)

Copper 

(ppm)

Gold 

(ppm)

Nickel 

(ppm)

Jones mine 16 typical ore from dump 5 200 17,900 <0.03 335

French Creek mine 18 typical ore from dump 85 345 10,000 0.25 160

Grace mine 20 chalcopyrite, magnetite, and hematite from dumps 60 520 2,300 0.031 27

Cornwall mine 6 highgraded core 75 790 6,900 0.188 185

Cornwall mine 7 chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite from open pit 60 910 50,500 1 430

Cornwall mine 8 chalcopyrite mill concentrates 60 720 225,000 3.25 370

Cornwall mine 9 pyrite mill concentrates 220 11,000 900 <0.03 1,110

Cornwall mine 10 magnetite mill concentrates 5 50 300 <0.03 10

Boyertown mine 25 magnetite, chalcopyrite, and malachite from dumps 80 145 1,600 0.094 155

Crustal abundance (ppm)1 4.8 17.3 28 0.002 47

1

From Rudnick and Gao (2003, p. 5-6).
Distribution of Trace Metals 9

X-ray tube. The mineralogy of the ore samples is described in 

a separate USGS report (N. M. Piatak and R. R. Seal II, U.S. 

Geological Survey, written commun., 2011). 

Most ore samples contained elevated concentrations 

of arsenic, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, 

vanadium, and zinc (table 2) when compared to the crustal 

abundance of these metals reported by Rudnick and Gao 

(2003, p. 4-6).

Slag

Slag samples for laboratory analysis were collected from 

three slag piles: in the stockyard south and southeast of the 

barn (pile 1 on figure 6), south and west of the cast house 

(pile 2 on figure 6), and south of the anthracite furnace ruins 

(pile 3 on figure 6). Detailed results of the slag analyses are 

given in tables C and D in the appendix. Selected trace metals analyzed in the slag samples are summarized in table 3. 

Concentrations of trace metals in the slag samples were 

compared to mean concentrations in soil in the eastern United 

States (east of the 96th meridian) published by Shacklette and 

Boerngen (1984, p. 6) (table 4). Their sample sites were about 

50 mi apart, and samples were collected from 20 cm below 

land surface.

The bulk chemical composition of slag samples collected 

for this study was determined using ICP-AES and ICP-MS. 

The samples were decomposed using a mixture of hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, and hydrofluoric acids at low temperature prior to analysis. Major oxide content was measured using 

WDXRF. The samples were fused with 50/50 lithium metaborate lithium tetraborate flux, and the resultant glass disk was 

EXPLANATION

Aerial photograph courtesy of the Delaware Valley

Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC)

HPWL-1-D1

HPWL-2-D3

HPWL-2-D2

HPWL-2-D1

F r e n c h C r e e k

3

2

1

HPWL-1-D1 Location of auger hole and sample number

3 Approximate location of slag pile and number

75°46'30" 75°46'26" 75°46'22"

0 100 200 300 FEET

0 20 40 60 METERS

40°12'22"

40°12'18"

Figure 6. Locations of slag samples collected at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania. 
10 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table 3. Concentrations of selected trace metals in slag samples, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania. [Samples were collected on October 28, 2008. Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ppm, parts per million; mm, millimeter; <, less than; --, too few data to compute statistic] Sample identification number Sample location Arsenic (ppm) Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Iron (percent) Lead (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Nickel (ppm) Vanadium (ppm) Zinc (ppm) PILE 1–STOCKYARD HPWL-1-D1 slag from auger < 2 mm size 6 27 17 56.3 12.50 123 2,390 14.4 72 210 HPWL-1-D2 soil and slag mix from auger < 2 mm size 4 27 10.1 26 5.23 61.9 888 13.2 56 98 HPWL-1-C surface composite 7 37 21.3 153 10.60 172 2,090 18.1 80 393 HPWL-1-S-a1 slag grab sample <1 8 1.3 4 3.27 3 7,130 <0.5 134 39 HPWL-1-S-b slag grab sample <1 9 1 6.3 1.55 1.5 5,400 <0.5 80 6 HPWL-1-S-d slag grab sample 12 10 13.3 169 8.72 3.3 3,950 8 60 4 HPWL-1-S-e2 slag grab sample 4 11 4.1 20.6 4.81 1.2 6,840 2.3 78 1 HPWL-1-S-f slag grab sample 4 5 5.4 102 4.18 3 5,040 3.4 56 5 HPWL-1-S-g2 slag grab sample <1 12 8.8 79.7 2.54 0.8 4,100 5.3 55 <1 HPWL-1-S-j2 slag grab sample 2 12 3.5 13.4 5.02 3.6 6,260 7.8 110 20 Mean 14.1 15.8 8.6 63.0 5.8 37.3 4,410 17.3 78.1 177.7 Median 4.0 11.5 7.1 41.2 4.9 3.2 4,570 6.6 75.0 13.0 PILE 2–SOUTH OF CAST HOUSE HPWL-2-D1 auger hole 1, from auger < 2 mm size 6 32 31.8 289 8.84 144 2,440 20.7 89 282 HPWL-2-D2 auger hole 2, from auger < 2 mm size 4 101 25.1 495 6.08 49.9 3,820 23.7 79 79 HPWL-2-D3 auger hole 3, from auger < 2 mm size 5 22 25.9 647 6.82 44.2 2,340 16.5 61 52 HPWL-2-S-A-a2 grab sample <1 12 2.1 98.2 1.88 0.6 4,510 17.1 117 30 HPWL-2-S-A-c2 grab sample <1 6 2.3 83.1 0.90 0.8 3,360 12 53 21 HPWL-2-S-A-e3 grab sample <1 11 5.4 100 1.26 0.8 3,380 8 21 12 HPWL-2-S-A-f3 grab sample 2 39 13.1 85.6 2.46 2.2 3,150 13.2 137 10 HPWL-2-S-A-f3D grab sample 2 38 11.1 69.7 2.35 3.2 2,770 10.7 127 9 HPWL-2-S-A-g2 grab sample <1 8 1.9 19.4 0.68 4.5 4,180 1.1 35 3 HPWL-2-S-B-a2 grab sample <1 4 4.7 282 1.21 3.5 2,540 7.2 28 3 HPWL-2-S-B-b2 grab sample <1 7 8.9 300 2.04 0.8 3,180 7.1 33 2 HPWL-2-S-B-c2 grab sample <1 5 2.3 64.2 0.79 0.7 2,800 1.5 34 2 HPWL-2-S-B-e4 grab sample <1 9 1.3 65.3 1.24 <0.5 3,780 <0.5 102 2 Mean 11.8 22.6 10 200 2.8 21.3 3,250 112 70.5 39.0 Median <1 11 5.4 98.2 1.9 2.7 3,180 11 61.0 10.0 PILE 3–SOUTH OF ANTHRACITE FURNACE HPWL-3-S-a1 grab sample <1 3 1.4 3.9 0.17 0.8 2,020 <0.5 18 3 HPWL-3-S-a3 grab sample <1 3 1.4 2.7 0.17 0.6 1,450 <0.5 15 1 HPWL-3-S-a4 grab sample <1 2 1.1 19 0.03 1.5 1,880 <0.5 3 6 HPWL-3-S-b grab sample 3 6 5.3 90.8 1.58 1.3 2,030 7.4 21 2

Mean -- 3.5 2.3 29.1 0.49 1.05 1,850 -- 14.3 3Mean concentration for soil in Eastern U.S.2 4.8 33 5.9 13 1.4 14 260 11 43 40

1 Less than values set to one-half the detection limit. 2 From Shacklette and Boerngen (1984, p. 6).
Distribution of Trace Metals 11

irradiated in a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer using 

a Rhodium X-ray tube. The mineralogy and geochemistry 

of the slag samples are described in a separate USGS report 

(N.M. Piatak and R.R. Seal, II, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2011). 

The large slag pile in the stockyard south of the barn 

(pile 1 on figure 6) makes up the left bank of French Creek 

and has little soil cover. The slag is representative of slag 

produced by Hopewell Furnace; however, the age of the slag 

is unknown. Slag samples were collected from the surface and 

from an auger hole (HPWL-1-D1 on figure 6) used to install a 

well for groundwater sampling. 

The mean concentrations of arsenic, chromium, cobalt, 

and nickel in the slag samples from the stockyard pile 

(pile 1 on figure 6) were less than or just slightly higher than 

the mean soil concentrations for the eastern United States 

(table 3). The arsenic concentrations ranged from less than 1 to 

12 ppm, and the mean was 4.1 ppm. The chromium concentrations ranged from 5 to 37 ppm, and the mean was 15.8 ppm. 

The cobalt concentrations ranged from 1 to 21.3 ppm, and the 

mean was 8.6 ppm. The nickel concentrations ranged from 

less than 0.5 to 18.1 ppm, and the mean was 7.3 ppm. 

The mean concentrations of copper, lead, vanadium, 

and zinc in the slag samples from the stockyard pile 1 were 

higher than the mean soil concentrations for the eastern United 

States (table 3). The copper concentrations ranged from 4 to 

169 ppm, and the mean was 63 ppm. The lead concentrations 

ranged from 0.8 to 172 ppm, and the mean was 37 ppm. The 

vanadium concentrations ranged from 55 to 134 ppm, and the 

mean was 78 ppm. The zinc concentrations ranged from less 

than 1 to 393 ppm, and the mean was 78 ppm. 

The manganese and iron concentrations in the slag 

samples from the stockyard pile 1 were substantially higher 

than the mean soil concentration for the eastern United States 

(table 3). The iron concentrations ranged from 15,500 to 

125,000 ppm (1.55 to 12.5 percent), and the mean was 

58,000 ppm (5.8 percent). The manganese concentrations 

ranged from 888 to 7,130 ppm, and the mean was 4,410 ppm. 

The slag in the pile south and west of the cast house 

(pile 2 on figure 6) was not produced at Hopewell Furnace but 

was brought in from another site for display to park visitors 

(Rebecca Ross, National Park Service, oral commun., 2008). 

A path used by park visitors runs along the top of the pile. 

Samples were collected from three auger holes drilled into the 

pile (sites HPWL-2-D1, HPWL-2-D2, and HPWL-2-D3 on 

figure 6) and from the surface of the pile. The mean concentrations of arsenic, chromium, cobalt, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc 

(table 3) were less than or just slightly higher than the mean 

soil concentrations for the eastern United States (table 4). 

Concentrations of vanadium were higher, and concentrations 

of copper and manganese were substantially higher than the 

mean soil concentrations for the eastern United States. The 

cast-house slag pile contained substantially more copper and 

less arsenic, iron, manganese, and zinc than the stockyard slag 

pile produced at Hopewell Furnace. 

Table 4. Mean concentration and range for selected trace 

metals in soil in the eastern United States. 

[From Shacklette and Boerngen (1984, p. 6); concentrations given in parts 

per million; <, less than; >, greater than]

Element Mean concentration Observed range

Aluminum 33,000 7,000–>100,000

Antimony 0.52 <1–8.8

Arsenic 4.8 <0.1–73

Barium 290 10–1,500

Beryllium 0.55 <1–7

Bromine 0.62 <0.5–53

Cerium 63 <150–300

Chromium 33 1–1,000

Cobalt 5.9 <0.3–70

Copper 13 <1–700

Gallium 9.3 <5–70

Iron 14,000 100–>100,000

Lanthanum 29 <30–200

Lead 14 <10–300

Lithium 17 <5–140

Manganese 260 <2–7,000

Mercury 0.081 0.01–3.4

Molybdenum 0.32 <3–15

Niobium 10 <10–50

Nickel 11 <5–700

Rubidium 43 <20–160

Scandium 6.5 <5–30

Selenium 0.3 <0.1–3.9

Strontium 53 <5–700

Thorium 7.7 2.2–23

Tin 0.86 <0.1–10

Titanium 2,800 70–15,000

Uranium 2.1 0.29–11

Vanadium 43 <7–300

Yttrium 20 <10–200

Zinc 40 <5–2,900

Zirconium 220 <20–2,000

The slag pile south of the anthracite furnace ruins (pile 3 

on figure 6) may have been produced by the anthracite furnace 

experiment in 1849. Mean concentrations of all metals listed 

in table 3 were less than those of the stockyard slag pile. 

However, slag pile 3 had the greatest mean concentrations of 

beryllium, lithium, scandium, strontium, thorium, uranium, 

and yttrium of the three piles (appendix table C). 
12 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Soil

Three sets of soil samples were collected. (1) An initial 

set of soil samples was collected for laboratory analysis. (2) A 

second set of samples was collected and analyzed onsite with a 

portable XRF spectrometer at approximately 3-cm depth intervals. (3) On the basis of the results of the XRF analysis, a set 

of follow-up samples were collected for laboratory analysis.

Initial soil samples were collected from two sites downwind of the furnace (SOIL-1 and SOIL-2) and from a background site 3,400 ft northeast of the furnace (SOIL-3) (fig. 7). 

Downwind direction was determined from the wind rose for 

the Reading Regional Airport (Pennsylvania State University, 

2009), which is approximately 16 mi northwest of Hopewell 

Furnace. The most frequent wind direction (resultant vector) 

is from 289 degrees resulting in a downwind direction of 109 

degrees. One soil core to about 3 ft below land surface was 

collected at each site using a stainless steel core-sampling tube 

with a 1-in. diameter plastic sleeve. Bulk chemical composition of soil samples collected for this study analyzed in the 

laboratory (table 5 at end of report and appendix tables E 

and F) was determined using ICP-AES and ICP-MS. The samples were decomposed using a mixture of hydrochloric, nitric, 

perchloric, and hydrofluoric acids at low temperature prior to 

analysis. Major oxide content was measured using WDXRF. 

The samples were fused with 50/50 lithium metaborate lithium 

tetraborate flux, and the resultant glass disk was irradiated in 

a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer using a Rhodium 

X-ray tube. Selected trace metals in soil samples analyzed in 

the laboratory are summarized in table 5. Complete laboratory 

analyses are given in tables E and F in the appendix. Concentrations of metals regulated by the Pennsylvania Department 

of Environmental Protection (PaDEP) (table 6) were below 

standards for non-residential soil. 

Additional soil samples were collected near the ore 

roaster, the ore pile, and on the south side of French Creek 

(SOIL-5, SOIL-6, SOIL-7, and SOIL-8 on figure 7). At each 

sample site, one soil core approximately 1 to 3 ft deep was 

collected using a stainless steel core-sampling tube with a 

1-in. diameter plastic sleeve. Samples were analyzed onsite 

by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the USGS using a portable XRF 

spectrometer. The portable XRF spectrometer is accepted 

by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for 

screening purposes (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2010a); it’s use is described under USEPA method 6200 (U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). Complete analyses for samples analyzed by XRF are given in table G in the 

appendix, and selected constituents are summarized in table 7 

(at end of report); these results should be considered screening-level results. 

The field XRF analyses (table 7) indicated that the highest metal concentrations were in about the first foot (35 cm) 

of soil below the land surface. The concentrations of arsenic, 

chromium, copper, and lead with depth at soil sampling location SOIL-5 are shown on figure 8. 

Concentrations of metals regulated by the PaDEP 

(table 6) were below standards for non-residential soil except 

for three samples with elevated arsenic and seven samples 

with elevated iron concentrations from soil sampling location 

SOIL-5, which was near the ore roaster. Concentrations of 

arsenic in samples from 22.9 to 33 cm below land surface and 

concentrations of iron in samples from 15.2 to 35.6 cm below 

land surface exceeded the PaDEP standard (table 6). Ninetyfive percent of arsenic concentrations were below the minimum detection limit. All concentrations of barium, chromium, 

cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, and zinc 

(table G) were below the PaDEP standards for non-residential 

soil. Antimony, bromine, cadmium, gold, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, rubidium, selenium, silver, strontium, and tin 

were not detected or, if present, the concentrations were below 

the minimum reporting level.

Concentrations of cobalt ranged from not detected to 

3,710 ppm with a median concentration of 345 ppm. Soil 

samples with the highest cobalt concentrations also had the 

highest iron concentrations. These elevated concentrations are 

likely the result of interference with high concentrations of 

iron, which were present in the samples. Three soil samples 

Table 6. Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection 

statewide health standards for soil.

[Standards from Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection 

(2011); concentrations given in parts per million; Concentrations represent 

direct contact values.]

Regulated constituent Residential soil

(0–15 feet)

Non-residential soil

(0–2 feet)

Aluminum 190,000 190,000

Antimony 88 1,100

Arsenic 12 53

Barium and compounds 44,000 190,000

Beryllium 440 5,600

Boron and compounds 44,000 190,000

Cadmium 110 1,400

Chromium III 190,000 190,000

Chromium VI 660 8,400

Cobalt 66 840

Copper 8,100 100,000

Iron 150,000 190,000

Lead 500 1,000

Manganese 10,000 130,000

Mercury 35 450

Nickel 4,400 56,000

Selenium 1,100 14,000

Silver 1,100 14,000

Thallium 15 200

Tin 130,000 190,000

Vanadium 1,500 20,000

Zinc 66,000 190,000
Distribution of Trace Metals 13

Aerial photograph courtesy of the Delaware Valley 

Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC)

75°46'30" 75°46'26" 75°46'22"

0 100 200 300 FEET

0 20 40 60 METERS

40°12'22"

40°12'18"

EXPLANATION

SOIL-1 Location of soil sample and sample number

Most frequent wind direction—arrow shows resultant vector 

75°46'20" 75°46'

40°12'20"

40°12'30"

SOIL-1

SOIL-14

SOIL-3

Furnace SOIL-2

SOIL-1

SOIL-5

SOIL-9 SOIL-6

SOIL-10

SOIL-8

SOIL-11

SOIL-12

SOIL-7

SOIL-13

Furnace

MAP AREA SHOWN BELOW

0 300 600 FEET

0 40 80 120 METERS

Figure 7. Locations of soil samples collected at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania. 
14 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

were split, with about two-thirds of the sample analyzed in 

the laboratory and one-third of the sample analyzed with the 

portable X-ray spectrometer. A comparison of sample results 

(table 8) shows that reported concentrations for cobalt were 

substantially higher and titanium concentrations were somewhat higher for the samples analyzed by XRF. Some differences in concentration may result from the different analytical 

techniques. For the laboratory analysis, the bulk of the sample 

was dissolved in acid and then analyzed. In contrast, concentrations measured by XRF may be strongly influenced by 

metals adsorbed onto the surface of soil particles. For the XRF 

analysis, the depth of penetration of X-rays depends on sample 

density and the source energy level. For example, the depth of 

penetration for cobalt is 0.07 mm at an energy level of 10 Kev 

and 2.9 mm at an energy level of 40 Kev.

On the basis of the results from the portable XRF spectrometer, follow-up soil samples for laboratory analysis for 

bulk chemical composition were collected from the same areas 

(SOIL-9, SOIL-10, SOIL-11, and SOIL-13 on figure 7) and 

two additional areas (SOIL-12 and SOIL-14 on figure 7). At 

each sample site, three to four cores approximately 1 ft deep 

were collected from an area about 6 in. in diameter using a 

stainless steel core-sampling tube with a 1-in. diameter plastic 

sleeve. The cores for each area were subdivided by depth and 

then composited for laboratory analysis. Complete analyses 

are given in tables E and F in the appendix. Selected trace 

metals in soil samples analyzed in the laboratory are summarized in table 5. Concentrations of all metals in soil samples 

analyzed in the laboratory were below PaDEP standards for 

non-residential soils (table 6).

Mean concentrations of arsenic, cobalt, manganese, 

nickel, and vanadium were similar in soil samples from the 

furnace area and samples from the background area. Concentrations of arsenic in soil near the furnace ranged from 3 to 

9.2 ppm. The mean arsenic concentration was 5.4 ppm, which 

Table 8. Comparison of concentrations of selected trace metals in soils analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission 

spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania. 

[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada; XRF analyses by Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey; XRF, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer; ppm, parts per million; ND, below detection limit of instrument; >, greater than]

Sampleidentification 

number

Number of XRF 

measurements

Arsenic

(ppm)

Chromium

(ppm)

Cobalt

(ppm)

Copper

(ppm)

Iron

(ppm)

Lead

(ppm)

Manganese

(ppm)

Nickel

(ppm)

Titanium

(ppm)

Zinc

(ppm)

SOIL-9_17-22

XRF median 18 ND ND 2,990 ND 549,000 430 4,790 ND 6,300 860

Laboratory 10 11 45.6 115 >150,000 558 2,560 53.4 1,800 562

SOIL-9_22-28

XRF median 22 ND ND 2,520 127 326,000 231 2,840 ND 7,500 489

Laboratory 10 15 38 139 >150,000 310 1,990 47 1,700 415

SOIL-10_0-7

XRF median 13 ND ND 1,020 68 113,000 154 2,420 ND 5,300 338

Laboratory 6 203 17 55 120,000 194 2,270 45 2,200 316

Figure 8. Vertical profile of arsenic, chromium, copper, and 

lead concentrations in soil at soil sampling site SOIL-5, Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.

0 100 200 300 400 500

Concentration, in parts per million

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Depth below land surface, in centimeters

Arsenic

Chromium

Copper

Lead

EXPLANATION
Distribution of Trace Metals 15

was similar to the mean concentration of soil (5.4 ppm) in 

the background area and the mean eastern United States soil 

concentration (4.8 ppm). Concentrations of cobalt in soil near 

the furnace ranged from 3.7 to 45.6 ppm. The mean cobalt 

concentration was 16.3 ppm, which was similar to the mean 

concentration of soil (13.9 ppm) in the background area and 

slightly higher than the mean eastern United States soil concentration (5.9 ppm). Concentrations of manganese in soil near 

the furnace ranged from 109 to 2,700 ppm. The mean manganese concentration was 1,170 ppm, which was similar to the 

mean concentration of soil (1,533 ppm) in the background area 

and substantially higher than the mean eastern United States 

soil concentration (260 ppm). Concentrations of nickel in soil 

near the furnace ranged from 10.5 to 53.8 ppm. The mean concentration was 28 ppm, which was similar to the mean concentration of soil (23 ppm) in the background area and slightly 

higher than the mean eastern United States soil concentration 

(11 ppm). Concentrations of vanadium in soil near the furnace 

ranged from 43 to 182 ppm. The mean concentration was 

80.3 ppm, which was similar to the mean concentration of soil 

(75.4 ppm) in the background area and higher than the mean 

eastern United States soil concentration (43 ppm).

Mean concentrations of chromium, copper, and iron were 

higher in soil samples from the furnace area and samples from 

the background area. Concentrations of chromium in soil near 

the furnace ranged from 11 to 239 ppm. The mean concentration was 48.8 ppm, which was higher than the mean concentration of soil (13.9 ppm) in the background area and the mean 

eastern United States soil concentration (5.9 ppm). Concentrations of copper in soil near the furnace ranged from 13.1 to 

139 ppm. The mean concentration was 55.1 ppm, which was 

higher than the mean concentration of soil (23.4 ppm) in the 

background area and the mean eastern United States soil concentration (13 ppm). Concentrations of iron near the furnace 

ranged from 1.52 to greater than 15 percent. The mean concentration was 5.8 percent, which was higher than the mean 

concentration of soil (2.9 percent) in the background area and 

the mean eastern United States soil concentration (1 percent).

Mean concentrations of lead and zinc were substantially 

higher in soil samples from the furnace area. Concentrations 

of lead in soil near the furnace ranged from 8.8 to 646 ppm. 

The mean concentration was 125 ppm, which was substantially higher than the mean concentration of soil (22 ppm) in 

the background area and the mean eastern United States soil 

concentration (14 ppm). Concentrations of zinc in soil near the 

furnace ranged from 23 to 562 ppm. The mean concentration 

was 159 ppm, which was substantially higher than the mean 

concentration of soil (55.8 ppm) in the background area and 

the mean eastern United States soil concentration (40 ppm).

Cast Iron Furnace Products

The trace-metal concentrations of cast iron furnace 

products produced at Hopewell Furnace were analyzed by 

Martin Helmke of West Chester University using a portable 

XRF spectrometer. The XRF spectrometer was used because it 

could perform onsite, non-destructive, real-time analysis. The 

artifacts analyzed, which are on display in the Hopewell NHS 

museum, included eight cast iron stoves, a footed pot, and a 

kettle (fig. 9). In addition, a stove cast at the Rock Furnace in 

Lancaster County was analyzed. Complete analyses are given 

in table H in the appendix. Concentrations of selected trace 

metals are summarized in table 9.

Each stove was sampled three times on the ash lip and 

three times on the top. Mean concentrations are presented in 

table 9. For the statistics in table 9, zero was used for nondetection. Nickel was not detected in any sample. The mean 

arsenic concentration for stoves cast at Hopewell Furnace was 

499 ppm, the mean cobalt concentration was 11,500 ppm, the 

mean copper concentration was 2,000 ppm, the mean lead 

concentration was 588 ppm, and the mean zinc concentration 

was 1,280 ppm (table 9). Elevated concentrations of cobalt are 

likely caused by interference from iron. Most concentrations 

of manganese were non-detect or below the detection limit. 

All concentrations of antimony, barium, chromium, mercury, 

silver, tin, and titanium were non-detect or below the detection 

limit. The stoves contained a mean concentration of 270 ppm 

gold. Gold was reported in ore samples from Cornwall-type 

iron deposits by Smith and others (1988, p. 330) (table 1). 

The stove cast at Rock Furnace had no detectable copper, less 

cobalt and zinc, about the same arsenic and lead concentration, and substantially more manganese than the stoves cast at 

Hopewell Furnace. 

Groundwater

Hopewell Furnace NHS uses one well as the sole source 

of water supply for park visitors, employees, and residents. 

The well is 150 ft deep and cased to 65 ft below land surface. It is approximately 2,500 ft topographically upgradient 

from the furnace and slag piles. An unfiltered water sample 

was collected from the well for field (pH, acid neutralizing 

capacity, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and water 

temperature) and laboratory analysis. Field meters used for 

water-chemistry measurements were calibrated daily using 

certified standards and buffers. Field-meter log books were 

kept with the meters to record calibration and performance 

information. Thermistors in the field instruments were checked 

against a National Institute of Standards and Technology 

certified thermometer (U.S. Geological Survey, 1997 to present). Groundwater samples were analyzed for nutrients, major 

ions, and metals at the USGS laboratory in Denver, Colo. 

Complete field and laboratory analyses are given in table I 

in the appendix, and selected constituents are summarized in 

table 10. The water from the supply well had a near neutral pH 

(7.2) and was low in dissolved solids (specific conductance of 

209 μS/cm). The well-water sample met all applicable USEPA 

drinking-water standards (table 11).

A temporary well was installed in slag pile 1 south 

of the barn at location HPWL-1-D1 on figure 6 using a 
16 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Figure 9. Cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell National Historic Site museum sampled for trace-metal concentrations using portable 

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.
Distribution of Trace Metals 17

Table 9. Mean concentrations of selected trace metals analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy in cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site museum, Pennsylvania.[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University; ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; ND, not detected; E, mean uses some estimated data]

Artifact

Arsenic, 

mean 

(ppm)

Chromium 

(ppm)

Cobalt, 

mean

(ppm)

Copper, 

mean

(ppm)

Gold, 

mean

(ppm)

Iron

(ppm)

Lead, 

mean

(ppm)

Manganese, 

mean

(ppm)

Nickel

(ppm)

Zinc, 

mean

(ppm)

Stove 1 408 158 E 13,000 1,750 261 >900,000 695 ND ND 1,960Stove 2 1,030 ND 14,400 2,660 219 >900,000 2,290 1658 E ND 1,550Stove 3 470 ND 11,000 3,730 341 >900,000 1220 E ND ND 490Stove 5 331 1183 E 9,650 1,560 267 >900,000 16 E 2,270 E ND 544Stove 6 509 <1 E 10,600 1114 E 143 >900,000 1,220 11,440 E ND 1,020Stove 7 562 ND 9,540 2,300 317 >900,000 252 3,680 E ND 1,050Stove 8 327 1269 E 11,200 2,610 255 >900,000 1525 E 1725 E ND 3,180Stove 9 353 ND 12,900 1,300 312 >900,000 129 E 1448 E ND 432Mean for Hopewell stoves 499 164 E 11,500 12,000 E 264 >900,000 1588 E 11,320 E ND 1,2802Stove 4 636 1116 E 8,000 E ND 303 >900,000 496 5440 E ND 859Footed pot 999 ND 13,180 E ND 289 >900,000 3,020 11,590 E ND 1,160Kettle ND ND ND ND 282 >900,000 492 5,600 ND 810

1Not detected set to zero.2Stove cast at Rock Furnace in Lancaster County.
18 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table 10. Chemical analysis results for selected constituents in groundwater, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.

[Laboratory analyses by USGS National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colo.; USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; <, less than; E, estimated concentration; --, no drinking-water standard]

Well and USGS identifier 

Depth of 

well

(feet)

pH

(units)

Specific conductance

(microsiemens per centimeter 

at 25 degrees Celsius)

Dissolved 

oxygen

(mg/L)

Sulfate, 

dissolved

(mg/L)

Aluminum, 

total

(μg/L)

Arsenic, 

total

(μg/L)

Supply well BE-523 150 7.2 209 6.7 8.74 24 3.4

Slag pile well BE-1784 13 7.0 87 9.6 3.19 570 0.8

Drinking-water standard1 6.5–8.5 -- -- 250 50–200 10

Well and USGS identifier 

Chromium, 

total

(μg/L)

Cobalt, 

total

(μg/L)

Copper, 

total

(μg/L)

Iron, 

total

(μg/L)

Lead, 

total

(μg/L)

Manganese, 

total

(μg/L)

Nickel,

total

(μg/L)

Zinc,

total

(μg/L)

Supply well BE-523 0.73 <0.1 <4 32 0.35 0.9 0.3 6.1

Slag pile well BE-1784 1.2 3.9 3.4 E 1,740 13.7 2,430 2.5 11.6

Drinking-water standard1 100 -- 1,000 300 15 50 -- 5,000

1

From U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009).

Table 11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant, secondary 

contaminant, and action levels for constituents in drinking water.

[From U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009); --, no standard]

Regulated constituent

Maximum 

contaminant level

(micrograms per liter)

Action level1

(micrograms per liter)

Secondary maximum 

contaminant level

(milligrams per liter)

Aluminum -- -- 0.050–0.2

Antimony 6 -- --

Arsenic 10 -- --

Barium 2,000 -- --

Beryllium 4 -- --

Cadmium 5 -- --

Chromium, total 100 -- --

Chloride -- -- 250

Copper -- 1,300 1

Iron -- -- 0.3

Lead -- 15 --

Manganese -- -- 0.05

Mercury 2 -- --

Nitrate as N 10,000 -- --

Nitrite 1,000 -- --

Selenium 50 -- --

Silver -- -- 0.1

Sulfate -- -- 250

Thallium 2 -- --

Total dissolved solids -- -- 500

Uranium 30 -- --

Zinc -- -- 5 1

 Lead and copper are regulated by a treatment technique that requires water purveyors to control the 

corrosiveness of their water. If more than 10 percent of tap water samples exceed the action level, the water 

purveyor must take additional steps.
Distribution of Trace Metals 19

backhoe-mounted auger. The well was 13 ft deep and extended 

about 1.5 ft below the bottom of the slag pile. A 2-in. diameter 

well screen and casing were installed. The well was sampled 

for field and laboratory chemical analysis. Following sampling, the screen and casing were removed, and the hole was 

backfilled. Complete field and laboratory analyses are given in 

table I in the appendix, and selected constituents are summarized in table 10. The water from the slag-pile well had neutral 

pH (7.0) and was very low in dissolved solids (specific conductance of 87 μS/cm). The water sample contained elevated 

concentrations of aluminum, iron, and manganese relative to 

the supply well. Elevated concentrations of these metals may 

be caused by suspended sediment in the water sample or they 

may indicate that these metals may be leaching from the slag 

into the groundwater. The results of leaching experiments 

on the slag samples are described in a separate USGS report 

(N.M. Piatak and R.R. Seal, II, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2011).

Stream Sites

Five stream sites (fig. 10) were sampled during base-flow 

conditions between November 10 and November 14, 2008, 

to determine if trace-metal or other contamination from the 

slag piles at Hopewell Furnace was affecting the water quality 

in French Creek. One site on Baptism Creek (site HF-4) was 

sampled to indicate background conditions, one site on French 

Creek (site HF-1) was sampled upstream from Hopewell 

Furnace, and three sites on French Creek (sites HF-2, HF-3, 

and HF-5) were sampled downstream from Hopewell Furnace. 

Samples of water, streambed sediment, and benthic macroinvertebrates were collected and analyzed. An instream habitat 

assessment was conducted at all sampling locations. 

Site HF-1 is on French Creek upstream from the slag 

piles (fig. 10); much of the flow at this site is from Hopewell 

Lake, which is upstream from the site (fig. 11). Hopewell Lake 

is a 62-acre recreational impoundment with a 25-ft high dam 

0 0.2 0.4 MILE

0 0.2 0.4 KILOMETER

75°46' 75°45'

40°12'

40°13'

Base modified from National Park Service (2006) 

HF-5

HF-4

HF-3

HF-2

HF-1

EXPLANATION

Location of stream-sampling

 site and site number

HF-1

BERKS COUNTY

CHESTER COUNT

Hopewell

Lake

Baptism

Creek

French

Creek

HOPEWELL

FURNACE NATIONAL

HISTORIC SITE

Spout

Run

HOPEWELL ROAD

PARK

ROAD

BETHESDA

ROAD

345

Visitor

center

Furnace

Figure 10. Stream sampling locations at 

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.
20 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

75°48' 75°47' 75°46'

40°12'

40°13'

345

HF-1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 MILE

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 KILOMETER

EXPLANATION

Location of stream-sampling site and site number HF-1

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data,1972,

1:2,000,000 Albers Equal-Area Conic Projection

Standard parallels 29°30’N, cental meridian 75°00 

Drainage-basin boundary

Hopewell Lake

Scotts Run Lake

French

Creek

Baptism Creek

HOPEWELL

FURNACE NATIONAL

HISTORIC SITE

BERKS COUNTY

CHESTER COUNT

Figure 11. Drainage basin upstream from site HF-1, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.
Distribution of Trace Metals 21

in French Creek State Park. The drainage area above Hopewell 

Lake is 2.5 mi2. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania classifies Hopewell Lake as a warm-water fishery. Ninety percent of 

the Hopewell Lake watershed is forested. Scotts Run Lake is 

upstream from Hopewell Lake. Scotts Run Lake is a 22-acre 

recreational impoundment in French Creek State Park with a 

drainage area of 1 mi2. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 

classifies Scotts Run Lake as a cold-water fishery.

Site HF-2 is at the downstream end of the tailrace below 

the furnace water wheel. Water flows underground from the 

cast house to a point southeast of the barn where it becomes 

a small tributary to French Creek. The source of water for the 

millrace is French Creek upstream from the furnace. Streamflow at site HF-2 likely contains some groundwater discharging from the area of slag pile 1. Site HF-3 is on French Creek 

just upstream from its confluence with Baptism Creek. Site 

HF-4 is the background site on Baptism Creek. Site HF-5 is on 

French Creek at the downstream park boundary.

Stream Base Flow 

Surface-water samples were collected at the five stream 

sites (fig. 10) at base flow when the streamflow was composed 

of groundwater discharge. However, much of the flow at site 

HF-1 is outflow from Hopewell Lake. Complete chemical 

analyses are given in table J in the appendix, and selected 

constituents, loads, and yields are summarized in table 12. 

Samples were collected using standard USGS field collection procedures (U.S. Geological Survey, 1997 to present). 

All stream reaches were sampled at three locations in the 

stream cross section by a narrow-mouthed polyethylene bottle 

placed in the stream (U.S. Geological Survey, 1997 to present). Stream cross-section subsamples were composited in a 

churn splitter before being processed into bottles for shipment 

to the USGS laboratory for analysis. Stream discharge and 

field water-quality characteristics pH, specific conductance, 

dissolved oxygen, and water temperature were measured with 

each sample collected. Methods for field measurements were 

the same as described for groundwater samples. Samples 

were analyzed for nutrients, major ions, and metals at the 

USGS laboratory in Denver, Colo. One equipment blank was 

collected during the sampling period to evaluate potential 

bias due to contamination. The field blank was processed at a 

field site by pouring inorganic blank water into the sampling 

containers and processing it through normal procedures. The 

blank sample was analyzed for the same constituents as the 

streamflow samples. All constituents in the blank sample were 

below the method detection limits, indicating that no bias due 

to contamination had occurred. 

 The analytical results (table 12 and appendix table J) 

indicate low values of specific conductance along with typical pH values and concentrations of dissolved oxygen near 

equilibrium with air. Although measured water temperatures 

were normal for November, the presence of the Hopewell 

Lake outfall could increase the water temperature downstream 

from the lake during the summer. Hopewell Lake is a top 

release lake. During the summer, the temperature of the water 

at the surface of the lake that is released may be warmer than 

the background stream water. Low concentrations of dissolved 

oxygen in the warm water can be stressful to fish and benthicmacroinvertebrate communities. Additional monitoring during 

the summer months would be needed to evaluate the effects of 

discharge from the Hopewell Lake outfall on the temperature 

of French Creek. 

The base-flow water samples indicated good overall baseflow surface-water quality. The five sampled sites generally 

had low concentrations of nutrients and major ions but had 

elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, and strontium 

when compared to sites sampled from the adjacent Pickering 

and Pigeon Creek watersheds (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009). 

Background site HF-4 generally had the lowest concentrations 

and yields of constituents. Although the concentrations at the 

other four sites were higher, all stream-water samples met 

drinking-water (table 11) and aquatic-life criteria (table 13). 

Low concentrations of nutrients and major ions at all five sites 

indicate that measured concentrations can be attributed to general land use and geology and not to point sources. Concentrations of ammonia at sites HF-1 and HF-2 were greater than 

at background site HF-4, but concentrations decreased to the 

background concentration at downstream sites HF-3 and HF-5.

Aquatic-life criteria were established to identify concentrations of constituents that may pose a threat to aquatic 

organisms (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b). 

The criteria categories include criteria maximum concentration (CMC) and criteria continuous concentration (CCC). 

The CMC is an estimate of the highest concentration of a 

constituent in surface water to which an aquatic community 

can be exposed briefly without resulting in an unacceptable 

effect. The CCC is an estimate of the highest concentration of 

a constituent in surface water to which an aquatic community 

can be exposed indefinitely without resulting in an unacceptable effect. Aquatic-life criteria were created for aluminum, 

arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron, lead, nickel, selenium, 

silver, and zinc. No metal concentrations measured at the five 

sites exceeded the CMC or CCC (table 13). 

The highest concentration of arsenic was measured at site 

HF-1 (0.39 μg/L). However, arsenic concentrations were similar for all sites with a range of 0.26 to 0.39 μg/L. The highest 

concentrations of cobalt, iron, lead, manganese, strontium, and 

zinc were measured immediately downstream from Hopewell 

Furnace at sites HF-2 and HF-3. Although the highest concentrations of aluminum and nickel were measured at background 

site HF-4, the highest yields of these metals were measured at 

site HF-1 (table 12). Beryllium, cobalt, lithium, molybdenum, 

selenium, and uranium were detected at low concentrations. 

Antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper, silver, and thallium were not detected in any sample (table 12 and appendix 

table J).

Although the highest concentrations of metals were at 

sites close to Hopewell Furnace, the samples collected above 

Hopewell Furnace at site HF-1 and at the most downstream 

site HF-5 also had concentrations of metals that were higher 
22 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table 12. Chemical analysis results and estimated loads and yields for selected trace metals in surface-water base-flow samples, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania. [Laboratory analyses by U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colo.; mi2, square miles; --, no data; <, less than; E, estimated concentration] Site number Station number Date sampled Flow (cubic feet per second) Drainage area (mi2

)

Aluminum, total Arsenic, total

Concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Load

(grams 

per day)

Yield

(grams per 

day per mi2

)

Concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Load

(grams 

per day)

Yield

(grams per 

day per mi2

)

HF-1 014721245 11/14/2008 1.4 2.57 29 99.5 38.7 0.39 1.34 0.52HF-3 014721253 11/12/2008 1.4 2.83 17 58.3 20.6 0.32 1.10 0.39HF-5 014721265 11/10/2008 2.7 5.25 23 152 29.0 0.31 2.05 0.39HF-4 014721259 11/10/2008 0.30 1.67 37 27.2 16.3 0.26 0.19 0.11HF-2 0147212511 11/12/2008 0.27 -- 36 23.8 -- 0.36 0.24 --

Site 

number

Station 

number

Cobalt, total Iron, total Lead, total

Concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Load

(grams 

per day)

Yield

(grams per 

day per mi2

)

Concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Load

(grams 

per day)

Yield

(grams per 

day per mi2

)

Concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Load

(grams 

per day)

Yield

(grams per 

day per mi2

)

HF-1 014721245 0.05 E 0.17 E 0.07 E 162 556 216 0.20 0.69 0.27HF-3 014721253 0.10 0.34 0.12 196 672 238 0.23 0.79 0.28HF-5 014721265 0.12 0.79 0.15 257 1,700 324 0.15 0.99 0.19HF-4 014721259 0.05 E 0.04 E 0.02 E 78 57.3 34.3 0.24 0.18 0.11HF-2 0147212511 0.20 0.13 -- 346 229 -- 0.61 0.40 --

Site 

number

Station 

number

Manganese, total Nickel, total Zinc, total

Concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Load

(grams 

per day)

Yield

(grams per 

day per mi2

)

Concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Load

(grams 

per day)

Yield

(grams per 

day per mi2

)

Concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Load

(grams 

per day)

Yield

(grams per 

day per mi2

)

HF-1 014721245 41 141 54.7 0.43 1.5 0.57 1.0 E 3.43 E 1.33 EHF-3 014721253 47.7 164 58.2 0.35 1.2 0.42 5.5 18.9 6.67HF-5 014721265 51.4 336 64.3 0.41 2.7 0.52 1.4 E 9.26 E 1.76 EHF-4 014721259 8.4 6.17 3.7 0.60 0.4 0.26 1.6 E 1.18 E 0.70 EHF-2 0147212511 50.8 34 -- 0.39 0.3 -- 1.2 E 0.79 E --

Site 

number

Station 

number

Chromium, total 

concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

Copper, total 

concentration

(micrograms 

per liter)

HF-1 014721245 <0.4 <4HF-3 014721253 <0.4 <4HF-5 014721265 <0.4 <4HF-4 014721259 <0.4 <4HF-2 0147212511 <0.4 <4
Distribution of Trace Metals 23

than background site HF-4. This indicates that the source of 

the metals is not limited to the area immediately around the 

Hopewell Furnace slag piles. 

USGS has two historical sampling sites near Hopewell 

Furnace NHS, site 01472126 (French Creek near Trythall, Pa.) 

and site 01472124 (Hopewell Lake at Hopewell, Pa.). Neither 

site is currently active. Site 01472124 was sampled twice in 

2005 for field determinations, selected nutrients, and selected 

inorganic constituents. Site 01472126, which is downstream 

from the park boundary, was sampled annually from 1971 to 

1982 and in 2000 for field determinations, nutrients, inorganic 

constituents, and selected trace constituents. Constituents 

analyzed and detection limits varied from year to year. Results 

from these historic samples indicate that concentrations of 

nutrients, ions, and metals measured prior to 1982 were higher 

than concentrations measured after 1982 (Moore, 1989; Reif, 

1999). 

Streambed Sediment

Streambed-sediment samples were collected at the five 

stream sites (fig. 10) concurrent with the water samples. At 

each site, samples were collected from depositional areas 

within the 100-m stream reach selected for macroinvertebrate 

sampling. An effort was made to collect the most fine-grained 

streambed sediments available at each site. Samples were 

collected manually from the top 6 in. of sediment using a 

polyethylene scoop and were sieved through a 2-mm polyethylene sieve with native water to remove gravel. Sand, silt, 

and clay-sized particles that passed through the sieve were 

collected in a polyethylene basin, homogenized, transferred 

into glass jars, and kept on ice for shipment to the laboratory. 

All equipment was washed between each sample with soap, 

5 percent hydrochloric acid, and a deionized water rinse. All 

equipment was then rinsed in native water prior to sampling. 

Samples were analyzed for metals at the USGS laboratory in 

Denver, Colo. Samples were analyzed by collision/reaction 

cell inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (cICP/MS) 

following digestion in acid. Complete analyses are given in 

table 14.

Sediment-quality guidelines have been established to 

identify environmental conditions that may pose a threat 

to aquatic resources (MacDonald and others, 2000). Concentrations below the probable effects concentration (PEC) 

are unlikely to cause adverse effects in aquatic communities. Harmful effects in aquatic communities are likely to be 

observed when concentrations above the PEC are measured. 

Sediment guidelines have been created for arsenic, cadmium, 

chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc. The concentration of copper at site HF-3 was the only metal concentration measured above the PEC (table 15). 

PECs have not been established in the United States for 

aluminum, iron, and manganese. Concentrations of aluminum 

in streambed-sediment samples from Hopewell Furnace NHS 

sites are higher and concentrations of iron and manganese are 

about the same as concentrations in samples from streams in 

Berks and Chester Counties. The concentrations of aluminum in streambed-sediment samples from Hopewell Furnace 

NHS sites ranged from 5,700 to 33,500 μg/g, and the mean 

was 14,600 μg/g. The range of aluminum concentrations for 

six samples collected in Berks and Chester Counties during 1972–2000 was 6,800 to 8,700 μg/g, and the mean was 

7,900 μg/g (USGS National Water Information System data 

retrieval made on July 26, 2010). The concentrations of iron 

in streambed-sediment samples from Hopewell Furnace NHS 

sites ranged from 7,140 to 44,900 μg/g, and the mean was 

Table 13. Comparison of published criteria maximum and continuous concentrations to measured maximum concentrations of 

selected trace metals in stream sediment at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.

[From U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010b); concentrations given in micrograms per gram; --, no data; <, less than]

Element

Criteria 

maximum 

concentration 

Criterion 

continuous 

concentration

Maximum 

concentration 

at sampled sites

Maximum 

concentration 

site location

Aluminum 750 87 37 HF-4

Arsenic 340 150 0.39 HF-1

Cadmium 2 0.25 <0.06 All sites

Chromium (VI) 16 11 <0.04 All sites

Iron -- 1,000 346 HF-2

Lead 65 2.5 0.61 HF-2

Nickel 470 52 0.6 HF-4

Selenium -- 5 0.14 HF-2

Silver 3.2 -- <0.06 All sites

Zinc 120 120 5.5 HF-3
24 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table 14. Chemical analysis results for trace metals in streambed sediment samples, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.

[Laboratory analyses by U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colo.; concentrations given in micrograms per gram; <, less 

than; --, no standard]

Site number Station number Date sampled Aluminum Arsenic Boron Cadmium Chromium Cobalt

HF-1 014721245 11/14/2008 34,000 7.5 <5.4 0.54 34 13.6

HF-2 0147212511 11/12/2008 12,000 3.3 8.8 0.22 60 6

HF-3 014721253 11/12/2008 16,000 8 41 0.38 19 19.8

HF-4 014721259 11/10/2008 5,700 1.5 3.8 0.14 6.3 3.3

HF-5 014721265 11/10/2008 6,200 1.9 <5.4 0.14 6.5 4.2

Probable effects concentration1 -- 33 -- 4.98 111 --

Site number Station number Copper Iron Lead Manganese Mercury Nickel Zinc

HF-1 014721245 31 34,000 56 890 0.071 28.5 150

HF-2 0147212511 37 31,000 57 730 0.032 9.9 120

HF-3 014721253 190 45,000 86 2,300 0.126 22.4 160

HF-4 014721259 7 7,100 9 210 0.017 6.1 32

HF-5 014721265 19 11,000 20 330 0.031 5.9 46

Probable effects concentration1 149 -- 128 -- 1.06 48.6 459

1

 MacDonald and others (2000).

Table 15. Comparison of published probable effects 

concentrations and measured maximum concentrations of 

selected trace metals in streambed sediment at Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.

[Guidelines from MacDonald and others (2000); concentrations given in 

micrograms per gram]

Element

Probable 

effects 

concentration

Maximum 

measured 

concentration

Maximum 

concentration 

site location

Arsenic 33 7.5 HF-1

Cadmium 4.98 0.54 HF-1

Chromium 111 59.7 HF-2

Copper 149 190 HF-3

Lead 128 86.1 HF-3

Mercury 1.06 0.13 HF-3

Nickel 48.6 28.5 HF-1

Zinc 459 155 HF-3
Distribution of Trace Metals 25

14,200 μg/g. The range of iron concentrations for 61 samples 

collected in Berks and Chester Counties during 1972–2000 

was 30 to 40,000 μg/g, and the mean was 13,300 μg/g (USGS 

National Water Information System data retrieval made on 

July 26, 2010). The concentrations of manganese in streambed-sediment samples from Hopewell Furnace NHS sites 

ranged from 206 to 2,270 μg/g, and the mean was 883 μg/g. 

The range of manganese concentrations for 60 samples collected in Berks and Chester Counties during 1972–2000 was 

53 to 1,900 μg/g; the mean was 539 μg/g (USGS National 

Water Information System data retrieval made on July 26, 

2010).

Although concentrations of metals in streambed sediment 

detected at the five sampling sites were below the PEC except 

for copper at site HF-3 (table 15), background site HF-4 on 

Baptism Creek had lower concentrations of metals than the 

other four sites, except for nickel, which was lower at site 

HF-5. Concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, and nickel were 

highest at site HF-1 and generally decreased in concentration downstream. This indicates the source of these metals is 

upstream from site HF-1 and may be related to discharge from 

Hopewell Lake. Oxidizing conditions or elevated pH could 

promote the formation of iron oxide and aluminum oxide 

coatings and adsorption of metals, effectively concentrating 

these constituents locally. The concentration of chromium was 

highest in sediment from site HF-2. The highest concentrations of arsenic, boron, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, 

mercury, and zinc were detected at site HF-3 below Hopewell 

Furnace. This indicates that the source of these metals may be 

in Hopewell Furnace NHS between sites HF-1 and HF-3. 

Benthic Macroinvertebrates

Benthic-macroinvertebrate samples were collected at the 

five stream sites (fig. 10) concurrent with the water and sediment samples. Benthic-macroinvertebrate samples were collected following the USEPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocols 

(RBP) (Barbour and others, 1999). The samples were collected 

using a 500-micron D-frame net. Three 1-m2 kick samples 

were collected at each site within a 100-m reach and composited. The samples were sieved and rinsed using a Standard No. 

30 sieve to remove fine sediments. The samples were preserved with 95-percent ethanol in the field and returned to the 

laboratory for sorting and identification. 

In the laboratory, composited samples were subsampled 

(300 organisms) using methods described in the USEPA RBP 

methodology (Barbour and others, 1999). All sorted organisms 

were identified to the lowest practical taxonomic level (genus) 

except for midge larve (chironomidae) and worms (oligocheatae), which were identified to the family level. Complete 

counts are given in table K in the appendix and summarized in 

table 16. In addition to benthic-macroinvertebrate identifications, biometric indices (“metrics”) were calculated for each 

300-organism sample. Many of the metrics rely on pollution 

tolerance values (PTV) that are assigned to each organism 

on the basis of its ability to survive in degraded environments. PTVs range from 0 (pollution sensitive) to 10 (pollution tolerant). 

Calculated metrics include:

1. Total Taxa Richness, which is a measurement of the total 

number of taxa (taxonomic distinct organism) present. 

Higher taxa richness generally reflects a healthier macroinvertebrate community.

2. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) Taxa 

Richness, which is a count of the number of taxa belonging to the orders Ephemeroptera (mayflies), Plecoptera 

(stoneflies), and Trichoptera (caddisflies). Only EPT taxa 

with PTVs between 0 and 4 are counted. EPT taxa richness generally decreases with increasing ecosystem stress 

because of the loss of these pollution-sensitive taxa.

3. Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI), which summarizes the 

overall pollution tolerance of the benthic-macroinverteTable 16. Biometrics for benthic macroinvertebrates sampled at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.

[300 organism subsamples; HBI, Hilsenhoff’s biotic index; EPT, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; PTV, pollution tolerant value]

Station number 014721245 0147212511 0147212511 014721253 014721259 014721265

Site number HF-1 HF-2 HF-2 replicate HF-3 HF-4 HF-5

Date sampled 11/14/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/10/08 11/10/08

Grids 8 9 10 10 12 28

Total count 317 336 303 302 330 93

Total Taxa Richness 21 26 30 25 33 19

EPT Taxa Richness (0–4 PTV) 3 3 4 8 17 5

HBI 5.27 5.85 5.97 5.46 4.05 5.26

Beck’s Index 1 0 6 5 19 6

Shannon Diversity 1.6 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.3

Percent Sensitive Individuals (0–3 PTV) 21.77 8.93 4.95 14.9 46.67 24.73
26 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

brate community. The range of values is from 0 to 10; 

values generally increase with increasing ecosystem 

stress, reflecting increased dominance of pollution-tolerant organisms.

4. Beck’s Index (version 3), which is a weighted count 

of taxa with PTVs of 0, 1, or 2. Values will generally 

decrease with increasing ecosystem stress because of the 

loss of pollution-sensitive taxa.

5. Percent Sensitive Individuals (PTV = 0 to 3), which is a 

community composition and tolerance metric that is based 

on the percentage of individuals with PTVs between 0 and 

3. This metric will generally decrease with increasing 

ecosystem stress because of the loss of pollution-sensitive taxa.

6. Shannon Diversity, which is a community-composition 

metric that measures taxonomic richness and evenness 

of individuals across taxa. This metric will generally 

decrease with increasing ecosystem stress because of the 

loss of pollution-sensitive taxa and increasing dominance 

of a few pollution-tolerant taxa.

Quality control for the benthic-macroinvertebrate 

samples involved the processing of a replicate subsample from 

the sample collected at site HF-2. The replicate invertebrate 

sample indicated that most of the biological metrics for the 

sample were within 15 percent of the original sample with the 

exception of percent sensitive individuals and Beck’s index. 

This was due to the presence in the replicate sample of a few 

individuals with low pollution tolerance values. The difference 

between the replicate and original sample does not alter the 

overall assessment of the site and is consistent with the natural 

variability of biological samples and sample processing. 

The benthic-macroinvertebrate communities at the 

French Creek sites (HF-1, HF-2, HF-3, and HF-5) were similar 

to each other but differed greatly from the benthic-macroinvertebrate community at the Baptism Creek background site 

HF-4. Pollution-sensitive organisms dominated the benthicmacroinvertebrate community at site HF-4. When compared 

to the other four sites, site HF-4 had the lowest HBI score 

(4.05) and highest values for total taxa richness (33), EPT taxa 

richness (17), Beck’s Index (19), Shannon Diversity (2.3), and 

percent sensitive individuals (46.67) (table 16). All the metric 

values indicated a diverse community low in pollution-tolerant 

taxa and high in pollution-sensitive taxa. The benthic-macroinvertebrate communities at the French Creek sites contained 

fewer taxa and were dominated by pollution-tolerant taxa. This 

is an indication that chemical and (or) physical conditions in 

French Creek near Hopewell Furnace are degraded compared 

to the background site on Baptism Creek. 

Site HF-1 was immediately downstream from the 

Hopewell Lake outfall and upstream from Hopewell Furnace 

and the slag piles. Site HF-1 was dominated by Hydropsychid 

caddisflies (PTV = 5–6), contained numerous non-insect taxa, 

and had a Beck’s Index value of 1. The metrics indicated a 

disturbed macroinvertebrate community. Sites HF-2 and HF-3 

had increased numbers of EPT taxa but also had increased 

HBI values when compared to site HF-1. This was due to a 

decrease in dominance in Hydropsychid caddisflies and an 

increase in midges (PTV = 6). Sites HF-2 and HF-3 also had 

relatively few pollution-sensitive taxa and had metric values 

that indicated a disturbed community. Site HF-5 is at the park 

boundary and is the most-downstream site sampled. Decreased 

HBI and increased values for percent sensitive individuals 

and Shannon Diversity indicate a slight improvement over the 

upstream sites, but site HF-5 is still degraded when compared 

to background site HF-4.

The benthic-macroinvertebrate sampling indicated that 

all four sites sampled on French Creek had disturbed communities when compared to background site HF-4 on Baptism 

Creek. The French Creek sites were dominated by pollutiontolerant taxa and had relatively few pollution-sensitive taxa. 

There were small differences in community structure and 

metric values, but the overall evaluation indicated degraded 

conditions in French Creek near Hopewell Furnace.

Habitat Evaluations

Habitat evaluations (table 17) were performed to assess 

the structure of the surrounding physical habitat that influences the quality of the water resources and the condition of 

the benthic-macroinvertebrate community. Habitat parameters pertinent to the assessment of habitat quality include 

the variety and quality of the substrate, channel morphology, 

bank structure, and riparian areas. Barbour and others (1999) 

described habitat-assessment criteria in detail. Ten parameters 

were evaluated and rated on a numerical scale of 0 to 20 for 

each sampling reach with higher scores indicating improved 

habitat quality. Each category is divided into four groups: 

optimal, suboptimal, marginal, and poor. 

Habitat scores at the five sites sampled ranged from 

113 to 160 (table 17). Background site HF-4 on Baptism 

Creek had a score of 151 with 7 of the 10 categories ranked in 

the optimal range. The stream in this reach is 2.4 m wide and 

had bottom substrate composed of a mix of cobbles, gravel, 

and sand. The reach was a mixture of riffles, runs, and pools. 

The riparian area was a mix of woods and pasture. The three 

parameters that scored in the suboptimal range were depth 

regime, sediment deposition, and bank stability. Baptism 

Creek is a small stream and had no deep sections in the sampling reach, which caused the lower depth-regime score. The 

scores for sediment deposition and bank stability were related 

to minor erosion and deposition in the sampling reach. 

Site HF-1 is on French Creek downstream from Hopewell 

Lake and upstream from Hopewell Furnace. The stream in this 

reach is 2.5 m wide and had bottom substrate composed of a 

mix of boulders, cobbles, and gravel. The reach was a mixture of riffles, runs, and pools. The riparian area was heavily 

wooded and undisturbed. This site had a habitat score of 160, 

the highest score of the five sites. Eight of the 10 categories 
Distribution of Trace Metals 27

were ranked in the optimal range. This site had excellent habitat quality with complete canopy cover, stable varied substrate, 

and stable banks. The site had some minor sedimentation that 

caused the embeddedness and sediment deposition scores to 

be ranked suboptimal. 

The stream at site HF-2 was 1.8 m wide and had bottom 

substrate composed of a mix of sand and gravel with a few 

cobbles. The reach was mostly run areas with a few sandbottom riffles. The riparian area was pasture with few trees. 

The banks were grass covered, and the stream was open to the 

sunlight. This site had a habitat score of 113, the lowest of the 

five sites. Eight of the 10 categories were ranked below optimal. The major habitat problems at site HF-2 include unstable 

substrate, pasture riparian area, and heavy sedimentation. 

Site HF-3 is on French Creek below Hopewell Furnace. The stream in this reach is 3.9 m wide and had bottom 

substrate composed of a mix of cobbles, gravel, and sand. 

The reach was mostly pool with a few small cobble-bottomed 

riffles. The riparian area was heavily wooded and undisturbed 

below the bridge at State Route 345. This site had a habitat 

score of 124 with 8 of the 10 categories ranked below optimal. 

The major habitat problems at site HF-3 include unstable substrate and heavy sedimentation.

 Site HF-5 is on French Creek at the downstream park 

boundary below the confluence with Baptism Creek. The 

stream in this reach is 3.5 m wide and had bottom substrate 

composed of sand and gravel. The reach was mostly pool and 

run areas with a few small riffles. There were few cobbles 

exposed on the stream bottom. The riparian area was heavily 

wooded and undisturbed. This site had a habitat score of 123 

with 8 of the 10 categories ranked below optimal. The major 

habitat problems at site HF-5 include unstable substrate and 

heavy sedimentation.

The overall habitat quality at the five sites sampled varied 

from good to marginal. The habitat at sites HF-1 and HF-4 was 

sufficient to support a diverse benthic-macroinvertebrate community. These sites featured wooded riparian areas, stable bank 

and stream-bottom substrate, and minor erosion and sedimentation issues. The overall habitat quality at sites HF-2, HF-3, 

and HF-5 was marginal. The lack of stable bottom substrate 

and heavy sand and gravel deposition may limit the diversity 

of the benthic-macroinvertebrate community at these sites.

Table 17. Results of habitat survey conducted at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.

[LB, left bank; RB, right bank]

Station number 014721245 0147212511 014721253 014721259 014721265

Site number HF-1 HF-2 HF-3 HF-4 HF-5

Date 11/14/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/10/08 11/10/08

Habitat parameters 

1. Epifaunal substrate/available cover 17 7 9 16 7

2. Embeddedness 14 12 13 15 9

3. Velocity/depth regime 15 9 11 10 11

4. Sediment deposition 13 10 7 13 8

5. Channel flow status 17 16 16 16 18

6. Channel alteration 15 15 16 18 18

7. Frequency of riffles (or bends) 16 7 10 16 6

8. Bank stability 

 LB 9 8 6 7 6

 RB 8 8 6 7 6

9. Vegetative protection

 LB 9 5 7 8 7

 RB 9 5 7 8 7

10. Riparian vegetative zone width 

 LB 9 6 8 9 10

 RB 9 5 8 8 10

TOTAL 160 113 124 151 123
28 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Statistical Summary of Selected Metals

Minimum, maximum, mean, and median concentrations 

of selected metals for all media sampled are summarized 

in table 18. Arsenic was present in ore samples at a mean 

concentration of 28.4 ppm (table 18). Arsenic appears to be 

concentrated in cast iron furnace products (mean concentration 

of 499 ppm). The mean arsenic concentrations in soil near the 

furnace (5.5 ppm), in samples from slag pile 1 (4.1 ppm), and 

in streambed sediment (4.4 ppm) were about the same as the 

mean concentration of background soil samples (5 ppm) and 

the mean concentration (4.8 ppm) for soil in the eastern United 

States. Concentrations of arsenic in groundwater and stream 

base flow were less than 0.004 ppm.

The mean concentration of chromium was 4.5 ppm for 

ore samples, 15.8 ppm for samples from slag pile 1, and 25 

ppm for streambed sediments (table 18). The mean chromium 

concentration in soil near the furnace (51.3 ppm) was slightly 

higher than the mean concentration of background soil samples (28 ppm) and the mean concentration (33 ppm) for soil 

in the eastern United States. Chromium concentrations were 

less than the detection limit for cast iron furnace products and 

stream base flow. Concentrations of chromium in groundwater 

were less than 0.002 ppm.

Cobalt was present in ore samples at a mean concentration of 74.8 ppm (table 18). The mean cobalt concentration 

in soil near the furnace (16.1 ppm) was about the same as the 

mean concentration of background soil samples (15.3 ppm), 

both of which were slightly higher than the mean concentration (5.9 ppm) for soil in the eastern United States (table 4). 

The elevated concentrations of cobalt in cast iron analyzed by 

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was likely caused by interference from high concentrations of iron. Cobalt was detectable in the stoves but was not quantifiable. The mean cobalt 

concentration was 8.6 ppm in samples from slag pile 1 and 

9.4 ppm in streambed sediments. Concentrations of cobalt in 

groundwater and stream base flow were less than 0.004 ppm. 

Copper was present in ore samples at a median concentration of 9,080 ppm (table 18). Copper appears to be concentrated in cast iron furnace products (mean of 1,860 ppm 

and median of 2,000 ppm). The mean copper concentrations 

of samples from slag pile 1 (41.2 ppm), from soil near the 

furnace (53.9 ppm), and from streambed sediment (56.6 ppm) 

were similar and were slightly higher than the mean concentration of background soil samples (20.7 ppm) and the mean 

concentration (13 ppm) for soil in the eastern United States. 

Copper was not detected in stream base flow and was less than 

0.004 ppm in groundwater.

Iron was the major constituent of ore (concentrations 

greater than 150,000 ppm) (table 18). The median iron concentrations in soil near the furnace (39,300 ppm) and in samples 

from slag pile 1 (49,200 ppm) were greater than the median 

concentration of background soil samples (29,000 ppm) and 

the mean concentration (14,000 ppm) for soil in the eastern 

United States. The median iron concentration was 31,100 ppm 

for streambed sediment. The concentration of iron in the water 

sample from the well drilled into the slag pile (1.74 ppm) was 

substantially higher than the concentration in the water sample 

from the supply well (0.032 ppm). The iron concentration was 

less than 0.4 ppm in stream base flow.

Lead was present in ore samples at a mean concentration 

of 184 ppm (table 18). Lead appears to be concentrated in cast 

iron furnace products (mean of 588 ppm). The mean lead concentrations in soil near the furnace (137 ppm), in samples from 

slag pile 1 (37.3 ppm), and in streambed sediment (45.6 ppm) 

were greater than the mean concentration of background soil 

samples (18.1 ppm) and the mean concentration (14 ppm) for 

soil in the eastern United States. Concentrations of lead in 

groundwater and stream base flow were less than 0.02 ppm.

Manganese was present in ore samples at a mean concentration of 1,550 ppm (table 18). Manganese was detected 

in only three of the eight cast iron stoves sampled. Manganese appears to be concentrated in slag (mean of 4,410 ppm). 

The mean manganese concentration in soil near the furnace 

(1,190 ppm) was about the same as the mean concentration of 

background soil samples (1,340 ppm); mean soil concentrations were substantially higher than the mean concentration 

(260 ppm) for soil in the eastern United States. The concentration of manganese in the water sample from the well drilled 

into the slag pile (2.43 ppm) was substantially higher than 

the concentration in the supply well (0.0023 ppm). The mean 

manganese concentration was 883 ppm in streambed sediment 

and 0.04 ppm in stream base flow.

Nickel was present in ore samples at a mean concentration of 76.5 ppm (table 18). Nickel was not detected in 

cast iron furnace products. The mean nickel concentrations 

in soil near the furnace (29.1 ppm), in samples from slag 

pile 1 (7.3 ppm), and in streambed sediment (14.6 ppm) were 

about the same as the mean concentration of background soil 

samples (21.2 ppm) and the mean concentration (11 ppm) for 

soil in the eastern United States. Concentrations of nickel in 

groundwater and stream base flow were less than 0.003 ppm.

Zinc was present in ore samples at a mean concentration 

of 726 ppm (table 18). Zinc appears to be concentrated in cast 

iron furnace products (mean of 1,280 ppm). The mean zinc 

concentrations in soil near the furnace (173 ppm), in samples 

from slag pile 1 (77.7 ppm), and in streambed sediment 

(101 ppm) were greater than the mean concentration of background soil samples (46.6 ppm) and the mean concentration 

(40 ppm) for soil in the eastern United States. Concentrations 

of zinc in groundwater and stream base flow were less than 

0.02 ppm.
Distribution of Trace Metals 29

Table 18. Summary statistics for concentrations of selected trace metals in ore, slag, cast iron artifacts, soil, groundwater, stream baseflow, and streambed sediment, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.[n, number of samples; concentration in parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; ND, not detected; E estimated value; --, unable to compute statistic]

n

Arsenic Chromium Cobalt

Minimum Maximum Mean Median Minimum Maximum Mean Median Minimum Maximum Mean Median

Ore 5 1 107 28.4 11 <1 7 14.5 7 30.3 109 74.8 76.7Slag pile 1 10 <1 12 1 4.1 4 5 37 15.8 11.5 1 21.3 8.6 7.1Cast iron stoves 48 ND 1,330 499 438 ND 941 E 264 E ND 5,600 E 17,700 11,500 11,300Soil, laboratory analysis 28 3.3 9.2 5.5 5.3 11 239 51.3 34.5 3.7 45.6 16.1 13Soil, background samples 8 3 6 5.0 5.1 20 32 28.0 28.5 13.5 20.9 15.3 14.2Groundwater, supply well 1 0.0034 -- -- -- 0.0007 -- -- -- <0.0001 -- -- --Groundwater, slag pile well 1 0.0008 -- -- -- 0.0012 -- -- -- 0.0039 -- -- --Stream baseflow 5 0.0003 0.0004 0.0003 0.0003 <0.0004 <0.0004 -- -- 0.00005E 0.0002 1 0.0001 0.0001Streambed sediment 5 1.5 7.5 4.4 3.3 6.3 59.7 25.1 18.7 3.28 19.8 9.38 6.03

n

Copper Iron Lead

Minimum Maximum Mean Median Minimum Maximum Mean Median Minimum Maximum Mean Median

Ore 5 3.5 >10,000 -- 9,080 >150,000 >150,000 -- -- 4 423 184 156Slag pile 1 10 4.0 169 63.0 41.2 15,500 125,000 58,400 49,200 0.8 172 37.3 3.2Cast iron stoves 48 ND 4,790 22000 E 1,860 >900,000 >900,000 -- -- ND 3,150 2588 E 319Soil, laboratory analysis 28 13.1 139 59.3 43.2 15,200 >150,000 -- 39,300 14.7 646 137 79.1Soil, backfground samples 8 13.1 25.5 20.7 22.3 25,200 33,400 28,900 29,200 8.8 25.1 18.1 17.4Groundwater, supply well 1 <0.004 -- -- -- 0.032 -- -- -- 0.000 -- -- --Groundwater, slag pile well 1 0.0034 E -- -- -- 1.74 -- -- -- 0.014 -- -- --Stream baseflow 5 <0.004 <0.004 -- -- 0.078 0.35 0.21 0.20 0.0002 0.0006 0.0003 0.0002Streambed sediment 5 7.1 190 56.6 30.7 7,140 44,900 25,800 31,100 9 86.1 45.6 55.9

n

Manganese Nickel Zinc

Minimum Maximum Mean Median Minimum Maximum Mean Median Minimum Maximum Mean Median

Ore 5 793 3,160 1,550 992 36.9 122 76.5 73.6 59 2,000 726 558Slag pile 1 10 888 7,130 4,410 4,570 <0.5 18.1 17.3 6.6 <1 393 77.7 13.0Cast iron stoves 48 ND 7,000 21,320 E 240 E ND ND -- -- 120 E 8,220 1,280 834Soil, laboratory analysis 28 109 2,700 1,190 1,090 10.5 53.8 29.1 26.0 35 562 173 155Soil, background samples 8 785 1,880 1,340 1,290 16.2 24 21.2 22.1 23 64 46.6 45.0Groundwater, supply well 1 0.001 -- -- -- 0.000 -- -- -- 0.006 -- -- --Groundwater, slag pile well 1 2.43 -- -- -- 0.003 -- -- -- 0.012 -- -- --Stream base flow 5 0.0084 0.051 0.040 0.048 0.0004 0.0006 0.0004 0.0004 <0.002 0.0055 10.0021 0.0014Streambed sediment 5 206 2,270 883 726 5.87 28.5 14.6 9.93 31.7 155 101 120

1 Less than value set to one-half of detection limit.2 Not detected (ND) set equal to zero.
30 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Summary and Conclusions

The 848-acre Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

(NHS) is one of the finest examples of a rural American 19thcentury iron plantation. Hopewell Furnace was in operation 

for 113 years (1771–1883). Hopewell Furnace NHS, located 

approximately 50 mi northwest of Philadelphia, straddles the 

Berks-Chester County border in southeastern Pennsylvania. 

The purpose of this study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in 

cooperation with the National Park Service, was to determine the distribution of trace metals in Hopewell Furnace 

NHS related to iron smelting. Local mines supplied the iron 

ore used at Hopewell Furnace. These ore deposits contained 

abundant magnetite and accessory sulfide minerals enriched in 

arsenic, cobalt, copper, and other metals.

Trace metals from ore smelted at Hopewell Furnace followed several pathways. During the smelting process, trace 

metals were (1) volatilized as air emissions from the furnace, 

(2) combined with slag, or (3) incorporated into the cast 

iron products of the furnace. Volatilized metals likely were 

deposited on the land and other surfaces downwind from the 

furnace. Travel distance may have been short because of the 

low height (32 ft) of the furnace stack. Metals deposited on 

the land may have been washed into the surface-water system, 

adsorbed onto soil, or taken up by plants and animals. Erosion 

would move some of the soil and plant matter into the stream 

system where it would become stream sediment. Trace metals 

present in slag, which is a glass-like waste material deposited near the furnace, could be immobile or, during physical 

and chemical weathering, could have leached into the soil or 

groundwater and surface-water system. Shallow, local groundwater discharges directly to French Creek.

Ore, slag, cast iron furnace products, soil, groundwater, stream base flow, and streambed sediment were sampled 

and analyzed for trace-element concentrations. In addition, 

benthic macroinvertebrates were analyzed from the five stream 

sites where surface-water base flow and streambed-sediment 

samples were collected. 

Arsenic, copper, lead, zinc, and possibly cobalt were 

incorporated into the cast iron produced by Hopewell Furnace. 

Manganese was concentrated in slag along with iron, nickel, 

and zinc. The soil near the furnace had elevated concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc compared to 

background soil concentrations. 

The base-flow surface-water samples indicated good 

overall quality. The five sampled sites generally had low concentrations of nutrients and major ions but had elevated concentrations of iron, manganese, and strontium when compared 

to sites sampled in adjacent watersheds. Background site HF-4 

generally had the lowest concentrations and yields of constituents. Low concentrations of nutrients and major ions at all five 

sites indicate that measured concentrations can be attributed to 

general land use and geology and not to point sources.

The highest concentration and yield of arsenic was 

measured at site HF-1; however, arsenic concentrations were 

similar for all sites with a range of 0.26 to 0.39 μg/L. The 

highest concentrations of cobalt, iron, lead, manganese, strontium, and zinc were measured immediately downstream from 

Hopewell Furnace at sites HF-2 and HF-3. Although the highest concentrations of aluminum and nickel were measured at 

background site HF-4, the highest yields of these metals were 

measured at site HF-1.

Streambed-sediment sampling results indicated higher 

concentrations of all metals except nickel at sites on French 

Creek compared to the background site on Baptism Creek. 

Although metal concentrations in streambed sediments were 

higher than the background site, all concentrations measured 

were below the probable effects limits except for copper at 

site HF-3. Concentrations of aluminum, cadmium, and nickel 

were highest in sediment at site HF-1 and generally decreased 

in concentration downstream, which indicates the source of 

these metals is upstream from site HF-1 and may be related to 

discharge from Hopewell Lake. The highest concentrations of 

arsenic, boron, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, 

and zinc were detected at site HF-3 below Hopewell Furnace, 

which indicates that the source of these metals may be in 

Hopewell Furnace NHS between sites HF-1 and HF-3. 

The invertebrate community at the background site on 

Baptism Creek was dominated by pollution-sensitive taxa 

indicating a healthy, diverse benthic-macroinvertebrate community. Benthic-macroinvertebrate communities at sampling 

sites on French Creek indicated that the overall stream quality 

immediately above and below Hopewell Furnace NHS was 

degraded. The benthic-macroinvertebrate community sampled 

at the sites on French Creek indicated disturbed communities 

when compared to the background site on Baptism Creek. 

The benthic-macroinvertebrate communities were dominated 

by pollution-tolerant taxa, and taxa were less diverse than the 

background site. 

Habitat conditions at upstream site HF-1 were good but 

were degraded at downstream sites HF-2, HF-3, and HF-5. 

The major habitat issues at these sites were related to a lack 

of stable substrate, erosion, and deposition. Water quality and 

streambed-sediment quality do not indicate that the degraded 

benthic-macroinvertebrate communities are the result of poor 

water quality. Habitat conditions (erosion and sedimentation) 

and physical alterations (water temperature) from the outfall 

of Hopewell Lake are the most likely cause of the impaired 

communities. 

In conclusion, soil samples collected from the Hopewell 

Furnace NHS and analyzed in the laboratory met Pennsylvania 

Department of Environmental Protection standards for nonresidential use. Groundwater samples from the park supply 

well met U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinkingwater standards. Concentrations of metals in surface-water 

base flow at the five stream sampling sites were below criteria 

continuous concentrations for protection of aquatic organisms. Concentrations of metals in sediment at the five stream 

sampling sites were below probable effects level guidelines for 

protection of aquatic organisms except for copper at site HF-3.
References Cited 31

Acknowledgments

Nadine Piatak, Jane Hammarstrom, and Robert Seal of 

the USGS and Denise Levitan of Virginia Polytechnic Institute 

collected the slag samples. Soil and groundwater sampling 

was done with assistance from Arthur Lilienthal of the USGS. 

Martin Helmke and Cynthia Hall of West Chester University 

and Michael Degnan of the USGS conducted the soil and 

cast iron artifact analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. 

Gregory Kolous of Kutztown University provided the ore 

samples from the Jones mine.

References Cited

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2004, 

Cobalt: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

Public Health Service Fact Sheet, 2 p.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007, 

Arsenic: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

Public Health Service Fact Sheet, 2 p.

Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J., Snyder, B.D., and Stribling, J.B., 

1999, Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and 

wadeable rivers-Periphyton, benthic-macroinvertebrates, 

and fish (2d ed.): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Office of Water, report EPA 841-B-99-002, 202 p.

Chalfant, B., 2007, A benthic index of biotic integrity for 

wadeable freestone streams in Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania 

Department of Environmental Protection, 157 p.

Glaser, Leah, 2005, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

Administrative History: National Park Service, 341 p.

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 2007, Foundation 

for planning and management: 43 p.

Kurjack, D.C., 1954, Hopewell Village National Historic Site 

Pennsylvania (now Hopewell Furnace): Washington, D.C., 

National Park Service Historical Handbook Series No. 8, 

accessed on December 16, 2009, at http://www.nps.gov/

history/history/online_books/hh/8/hh8toc.htm. 

MacDonald, D.D., Ingersoll, C.G., and Berger, T.A., 2000, 

Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment 

quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems: Archives 

of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 39, 

p. 20–31.

Moore, C.R., 1989, Physical, chemical, and biological data for 

selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1969–80: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-686, 289 p.

National Park Service, 1983, Hopewell Furnace: National Park 

Service Handbook 124, 96 p.

National Park Service, 2006, Hopewell National Historic Site 

map, accessed July 25, 2006, at http://www.nps.gov/hofu/

ppmaps/hofumap.pdf.

National Park Service, 2009, Conservation and outdoor 

recreation Pennsylvania segments, accessed December 16, 

2009, at http://www.nps.gov/ncrc/programs/rtca/nri/states/

pa.html. 

Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, 

2011, Postremediation care attainment, table 4, mediumspecific concentrations (MSCs) for inorganic regulated 

substances in soil, direct contact values: accessed March 

10, 2011 at http://files.dep.state.pa.us/LocalGovt/OCRLGS/

LocalGovtPortalFiles/SWH%20Tables%202011/Table%20

4a%202011.pdf.

Pennsylvania State University, 2009, Reading Regional Airport: Pennsylvania State Climatologist, Pennsylvania wind 

roses, accessed December 7, 2009, at http://climate.met.

psu.edu/features/PA_WIND_ROSES/RDGwindrose.php. 

Reif, A.G., 1999, Physical, chemical, and biological data for 

selected streams in Chester County, Pennsylvania, 1981–

94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-216, 

607 p. 

Rudnick, R.L. and Gao, S., 2003, The composition of the continental crust, in Rudnick, R.L., ed., Treatise on Geochemistry: Oxford, Elsevier-Pergamon, p. 1–64.

Shacklette, H.T., and Boerngen, J.G., 1984, Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional 

Paper 1270, 105 p. 

Sloto, R.A., 2009, The mines and minerals of Chester County, 

Pennsylvania: privately published, 469 p. 

Sloto, R.A., and Dickinson, L.D., 1994, The French Creek 

Mine, St. Peters, Chester County, Pennsylvania: The Mineralogical Record, v. 25, p. 105–120.

Smith, R.C. II, Berkheiser, S.W., Jr., and Hoff, D.T., 1988, 

Locations and analyses of selected early Mesozoic copper 

occurrences in Pennsylvania, in Froelich, A.J., and Robinson, Jr., G.R., Studies of the early Mesozoic basins of the 

Eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 

1776, p. 320–330. 

Spencer, A.C., 1908, Magnetite deposits of the Cornwall type 

in Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 359, 

102 p. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, Method 6200—

Field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the 

determination of elemental concentrations in soil and sediment, accessed October 28, 2010, at http://www.epa.gov/

osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/6200.pdf.
32 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009, National 

primary drinking water regulations: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency report EPA 816-F-09-0004, 6 p. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010a, X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, accessed October 28, 2010, at 

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/neic/field/xray.html.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010b, National 

recommended water quality criteria, accessed June 9, 2010, 

at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wqctable/index.

html.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1997 to present, National field manual for the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, 

book 9, chap. A4, variously paginated.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, Water-resources data for the 

United States, water year 2008: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Data Report WDR-US-2008, accessed June 1, 2010, 

at http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2008/search.jsp.

Walker, J.E., 1966, Hopewell village the dynamics of a nineteenth century iron making community: Philadelphia, PA, 

University of Pennsylvania Press, 526 p. 
Tables 5 and 7 33

Tables 5 and 7
34 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table 5. Concentrations of selected trace metals in soil samples analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; >, greater than; --, unable to compute statistic] Sample identification number Sample location Depth (cm) Date sampled Arsenic (ppm) Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Iron (ppm) Lead (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Nickel (ppm) Vanadium (ppm) Zinc (ppm) SOIL-1_6-12 377 feet southeast of furnace 15–30 12/4/2008 4 29 11.9 105 34,800 68.2 851 11.7 43 145 SOIL-2_6-14 1,350 feet southeast of furnace 15–36 12/4/2008 8 37 11.6 16.7 32,200 22 509 18.1 82 55 SOIL-2_4-22 1,350 feet southeast of furnace 36–56 12/4/2008 7 32 13.4 17.2 31,600 15.8 449 19.6 77 42 SOIL-2_22-32 1,350 feet southeast of furnace 56–81 12/4/2008 6 28 15.3 15.1 29,700 14.8 619 16.4 65 35 SOIL-9_0-7 13.5 feet east of ore roaster 0–7 11/30/2009 5.4 37 23.7 109 124,000 221 1,480 30.1 84 279 SOIL-9_7-12 13.5 feet east of ore roaster 7–12 11/30/2009 5.1 31 25 123 119,000 191 1,420 53.8 85 257 SOIL-9_12-17 13.5 feet east of ore roaster 12–17 11/30/2009 5 41 24.1 128 115,000 240 1,570 33.6 99 257 SOIL-9_17-22 13.5 feet east of ore roaster 17–22 11/30/2009 8.6 11 45.6 115 >150,000 558 2,560 53.4 117 562 SOIL-9_22-28 13.5 feet east of ore roaster 22–30 11/30/2009 9.2 15 38 139 >150,000 310 1,990 47 116 415 SOIL-10_0-7 43 feet east of ore roaster 0–7 11/30/2009 5.6 203 16.8 55.1 122,000 194 2,270 45.4 84 316 SOIL-10_0-7-D 43 feet east of ore roaster 0–7 duplicate 11/30/2009 5.7 198 16.4 54 116,000 219 2,480 70.3 84 267 SOIL-10_7-12 43 feet east of ore roaster 7–12 11/30/2009 5.3 46 16.2 46.4 133,000 158 1,250 30.2 66 218 SOIL-10_12-17 43 feet east of ore roaster 12–17 11/30/2009 5.3 30 16.3 37.2 143,000 160 1,290 41.5 69 201 SOIL-10_17-22 43 feet east of ore roaster 17–22 11/30/2009 3.5 34 15 32 112,000 194 1,170 23.1 67 282 SOIL-10_22-30 43 feet east of ore roaster 22–30 11/30/2009 5.3 38 12 34.5 86,100 95.6 1,740 28.2 83 159 SOIL-11_0-7 230 feet southeast of furnace 0–7 11/30/2009 4.6 39 11.4 40 40,600 60.5 1,080 22.7 81 120 SOIL-11_7-12 230 feet southeast of furnace 7–12 11/30/2009 3.5 37 11.7 36.2 37,900 45.8 880 28.4 85 98 SOIL-11_12-17 230 feet southeast of furnace 12–17 11/30/2009 3.8 33 12 29.6 34,400 84.4 732 25.7 79 76 SOIL-11_17-22 230 feet southeast of furnace 17–22 11/30/2009 4 30 12 22.8 30,900 41.5 856 24.4 75 61 SOIL-11_22-28 230 feet southeast of furnace 22–28 11/30/2009 3.7 35 11.6 36.9 33,600 646 1,130 53.8 81 71 SOIL-12_0-7 415 feet southeast of furnace 0–7 11/30/2009 3.5 27 7.2 67.6 22,400 76.3 433 14.6 46 161 SOIL-12_7-12 415 feet southeast of furnace 7–12 11/30/2009 4 27 8.6 69.9 28,100 76 602 19.9 46 167 SOIL-12_12-18 415 feet southeast of furnace 12–18 11/30/2009 3.8 28 9.5 72.3 25,300 64.4 530 13.9 50 151 SOIL-12_18-24 415 feet southeast of furnace 18–24 11/30/2009 3.3 22 3.7 13.1 15,200 14.7 109 10.5 43 38 SOIL-13_0-7 15 feet east of ore pile 0–7 11/30/2009 7.1 239 22.9 112 77,500 87.6 2,700 41.1 182 221 SOIL-13_7-12 15 feet east of ore pile 7–12 11/30/2009 7.4 156 16.2 70.1 54,500 81.9 2,020 32.7 111 169 SOIL-13_7-12-D 15 feet east of ore pile 7–12 duplicate 11/30/2009 8 186 15.5 179 56,600 77.8 2,160 32.1 114 220 SOIL-13_12-17 15 feet east of ore pile 12–17 11/30/2009 7.1 56 12.6 33.2 37,100 32.9 1,100 26.3 93 87 SOIL-13_17-22 15 feet east of ore pile 17–22 11/30/2009 7.2 47 11.7 31.2 34,800 33.9 851 23.1 91 83 SOIL-13_22-30 15 feet east of ore pile 22–30 11/30/2009 6.6 48 15.5 51.2 48,200 45.7 1,010 25.2 95 115

Mean 5.5 51.3 16.1 59.3 -- 137 1,190 29.1 82.0 173
Table 5 35

Table 5. Concentrations of selected trace metals in soil samples analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; >, greater than; --, unable to compute statistic]

Sample

identification

number

Sample location Depth (cm) Date sampled Arsenic (ppm) Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Iron (ppm) Lead (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Nickel (ppm) Vanadium (ppm) Zinc (ppm)

SOIL-3_6-14 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 15–36 12/4/2008 6 28 20.9 17.5 30,100 14.5 1,120 16.2 68 38SOIL-3_14-22 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 36–56 12/4/2008 5 28 16.2 18.3 29,700 11.6 1,010 21 69 33SOIL-3_22-32 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 56–81 12/4/2008 3 20 16 13.1 25,200 8.8 924 17 56 23SOIL-3_22-32D 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 59–81 duplicate 12/4/2008 3 21 16.8 14.2 24,900 8.9 951 18 56 25SOIL-14_0-7 2,820 feet northeast of furnace 0–7 11/30/2009 5.1 32 14.3 23 27,600 25 1,880 23.1 68 63SOIL-14_7-12 2,820 feet northeast of furnace 7–12 11/30/2009 5.4 29 13.5 23.9 28,700 25.1 1,860 24 75 64SOIL-14_12-17 2,820 feet northeast of furnace 12–17 11/30/2009 5.6 28 13.8 21.8 26,200 24.9 1,690 23.7 77 62SOIL-14_17-22 2,820 feet northeast of furnace 17–22 11/30/2009 4.6 30 14.1 22.7 30,500 20 1,450 23.2 77 51SOIL-14_22-30 2,820 feet northeast of furnace 22–30 11/30/2009 5 29 13.8 25.5 33,400 14.8 785 21.1 80 39Mean 5.0 28.0 15.3 20.7 28,900 18.1 1,340 21.2 71.3 46.6Mean concentration for soil in Eastern U.S.1 4.8 33 5.9 13 14,000 14 260 11 43 40Pennsylvania statewide health standard2 53 190,000 840 100,000 190,000 1,000 130,000 56,000 20,000 190,000

1 From Shacklette and Boerngen (1984, p. 6).2 From Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (2011).
36 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table 7. Concentration of selected trace metals in soil samples analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey; cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; ND, not detected; E, estimated value below the level of detection; >, greater than; --, no standard] Sample- identification number Depth below land surface (cm) Arsenic (ppm) Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Iron (ppm) Lead (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Nickel (ppm) Titanium (ppm) Zinc (ppm) Sample location: 14 feet east of ore roaster SOIL-5-1-2 2.5 10 E 135 E 1,010 76 127,000 117 1,370 ND 4,640 270 SOIL-5-1-5 5.1 30 E ND 1,350 93 112,000 120 2,150 ND 4,420 271 SOIL-5-1-7 7.6 8 E 48 E 773 132 118,000 174 1,710 ND 4,340 311 SOIL-5-1-10 10.2 ND ND 625 141 72,100 143 1,430 ND 2,080 E 198 SOIL-5-1-12 12.7 ND ND 1,110 E 150 113,000 423 1,770 ND 4,330 E 242 SOIL-5-1-15 15.2 46 E ND 3,710 190 450,000 385 2,120 ND 11,800 351 SOIL-5-1-17 17.8 ND ND 3,320 E ND 868,000 293 2,560 E ND 2,550 E 842 SOIL-5-1-20 20.3 ND ND 1,450 E 71 E 871,000 359 3,610 ND 11,800 E 451 SOIL-5-1-22 22.9 249 ND 2,480 E 93 E >900,000 ND 4,680 ND ND 676 SOIL-5-1-25 25.4 79 ND 79 E 62 E 387,000 157 1,300 ND 1,650 E 392 SOIL-5-2-33 33.0 64 67 E 1,400 E 168 530,000 201 2,800 ND 6,620 532 SOIL-5-2-35 35.6 41 E ND 2,480 73 E 521,000 208 3,960 ND 7,050 601 SOIL-5-2-38 38.1 13 E 23 E 174 E 24 E 40,500 15 E 3,180 42 E 5,300 77 SOIL-5-2-40 40.6 8 E 81 E 217 E 26 E 23,000 12 E 2,330 34 E 5,190 47 E SOIL-5-2-45 45.7 3 E ND 380 18 E 38,100 23 E 2,600 ND 5,840 105 SOIL-5-2-50 50.8 6 E 68 E 450 ND 22,400 16 E 2,100 38 E 4,510 66 SOIL-5-2-55 55.9 8 E 24 E 138 E ND 23,900 10 E 2,110 73 E 5,760 56 E SOIL-5-2-61 61.0 5 E 80 E 307 10 E 24,200 14 E 1,220 23 E 5,110 62 SOIL-5-2-66 66.0 8 E 137 215 E 11 E 31,200 16 E 922 40 E 5,510 51 E SOIL-5-3-68 68.6 9 E 17 E 350 24 E 24,400 13 E 843 34 E 5,350 46 E SOIL-5-3-73 73.7 15 E 64 E 242 E 26 E 25,200 6 E 1,240 69 6,000 55 E SOIL-5-3-78 78.7 8 E 120 E 345 13 E 27,500 12 E 487 27 E 6,190 53 E SOIL-5-3-84 83.8 ND 66 E 341 7 E 29,500 27 E 444 64 E 6,730 40 E SOIL-5-3-88 88.9 ND 15 E 199 E 26 E 25,100 20 E 304 41 E 6,020 46 E SOIL-5-3-94 94.0 ND ND 221 E 42 E 25,200 19 E 654 19 E 4,840 31 E
Table 7 37

Table 7. Concentration of selected trace metals in soil samples analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey; cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; ND, not detected; E, estimated value below the level of detection; >, greater than; --, no standard]

Sampleidentification 

number

Depth below 

land surface

(cm)

Arsenic

(ppm)

Chromium

(ppm)

Cobalt

(ppm)

Copper

(ppm)

Iron

(ppm)

Lead

(ppm)

Manganese

(ppm)

Nickel

(ppm)

Titanium

(ppm)

Zinc

(ppm)

Sample location: 43 feet east of ore roaster

SOIL-6-1-3 3.0 6 E 163 E 928 47 E 68,900 153 1,260 7 E 1,970 366SOIL-6-1-6 6.1 ND 83 E 773 93 84,300 207 2,000 2 E 5,320 357SOIL-6-1-9 9.1 14 E 344 1,060 99 97,900 166 2,150 34 E 7,070 378SOIL-6-1-12 12.2 15 E 106 E 745 104 105,000 198 2,060 ND 7,520 342SOIL-6-1-15 15.2 32 E 106 E 754 189 97,200 89 1,900 55 E 6,010 245SOIL-6-1-18 18.3 9 E 22 E 296 E 53 E 55,900 30 E 1,130 18 E 2,710 92SOIL-6-1-21 21.3 13 E 8 E 626 107 99,100 48 E 2,180 ND 6,680 214SOIL-6-1-24 24.4 6 E 109 E 673 162 105,000 90 2,090 15 E 7,470 267SOIL-6-1-27 27.4 24 E 176 E 330 E 107 135,000 35 E 2,300 ND 6,490 198SOIL-6-1-30 30.5 8 E ND 830 E 106 189,000 78 2,170 ND 6,520 288

Sample location: 5 feet east of ore pile

SOIL-7-1-3 3.0 24 E 112 E 866 150 127,000 84 2,920 ND 11,300 257SOIL-7-1-6 6.1 7 E 391 393 E 148 156,000 133 4,220 ND 8,600 372SOIL-7-1-9 9.1 7 E 639 ND 131 170,000 175 3,920 34 E 3,530 396SOIL-7-1-12 12.2 23 E 417 194 E 139 101,000 110 4,400 5 E 4,830 342SOIL-7-1-15 15.2 12 E 379 253 E 84 81,800 147 3,740 ND 5,180 282SOIL-7-1-18 18.3 ND 73 E 25 E 16 E 14,700 26 E 1,500 21 E 3,470 62SOIL-7-1-21 21.3 ND 72 E 287 22 E 15,200 29 E 232 6 E 3,990 34 ESOIL-7-1-24 24.4 11 E 23 E 272 E 67 47,500 43 E 686 28 E 5,400 83SOIL-7-1-27 27.4 ND 12 E 273 E ND 31,100 31 E 1,470 12 E 6,270 54 ESOIL-7-1-30 30.5 6 E 63 E 168 E 34 E 28,500 34 E 575 21 E 5,480 62
38 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table 7. Concentration of selected trace metals in soil samples analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey; cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; ND, not detected; E, estimated value below the level of detection; >, greater than; --, no standard] Sample- identification number Depth below land surface (cm) Arsenic (ppm) Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Iron (ppm) Lead (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Nickel (ppm) Titanium (ppm) Zinc (ppm) Sample location: 190 feet southeast of furnace SOIL-8-1-3 3.0 ND 57 E 238 28 E 22,200 45 E 720 6 E 3,020 72 SOIL-8-1-6 6.1 ND 26 E 253 34 E 27,100 45 E 850 13 E 3,850 69 SOIL-8-1-9 9.1 ND ND 141 E 22 E 29,900 46 E 828 25 E 4,270 78 SOIL-8-1-12 12.2 8 E 88 E 544 48 E 42,100 26 E 1,750 23 E 6,130 94 SOIL-8-1-15 15.2 3 E 112 E 560 16 E 51,400 27 E 615 16 E 6,040 100 SOIL-8-1-18 18.3 ND 51 E 537 38 E 37,400 34 E 1,260 17 E 5,660 56 E SOIL-8-1-21 21.3 18 E 91 E 260 E 8 E 31,500 13 E 887 34 E 7,170 64 SOIL-8-1-24 24.4 10 E 21 E 222 E 25 E 40,200 18 E 1,510 45 E 6,330 69 SOIL-8-1-27 27.4 ND 70 E 258 E 14 E 46,500 25 E 1,600 54 E 6,040 64 SOIL-8-1-30 30.5 ND ND 362 E 43 E 43,600 27 E 1,350 ND 5,050 73 SOIL-8-1-33 33.5 14 E 99 E 328 31 E 32,300 14 E 627 25 E 4,380 75 SOIL-8-1-36 36.6 12 E 100 E 339 24 E 30,500 23 E 1,560 36 E 6,890 74 SOIL-8-1-39 39.6 5 E 24 E 318 18 E 27,800 22 E 722 35 E 5,700 56 E SOIL-8-1-42 42.7 7 E 51 E 390 18 E 30,200 16 E 687 15 E 5,820 69 Mean concentration for soil in Eastern U.S.1 4.8 33 5.9 13 14,000 14 260 11 2,800 40 Pennsylvania statewide health staNDard2 53 190,000 840 100,000 190,000 1,000 130,000 56,000 -- 190,000

1From Shacklette and Boerngen (1984, p. 6).2From Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (2009).
Appendix 1. Tables A–K

Table A. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission 

spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of ore samples from the 

Hopewell and Jones mines, southeastern Pennsylvania.............................................................. 40

Table B. Results of laboratory analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence of 

ore samples from the Hopewell and Jones mines, southeastern Pennsylvania .......................... 42

Table C. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission 

spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of slag samples from Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania................................................................................ 44

Table D. Results of laboratory analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence of 

slag samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania ................................ 48

Table E. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission 

spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of soil samples from Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania................................................................................ 50

Table F. Results of laboratory analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence of 

soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania ................................. 55

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from 

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania............................................................... 56

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts 

in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site museum, Pennsylvania...................................... 64

Table I. Results of field and laboratory analysis for groundwater samples, Hopewell 

Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania................................................................................ 72

Table J. Results of laboratory analysis for surface-water base-flow samples, 

Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania............................................................... 74

Table K. Benthic macroinvertebrates identified from 300 organism subsamples collected 

from sites at Hopewell Furnace National Historical Site, November 2008................................. 76
40 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table A. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of ore samples from the Hopewell and Jones mines, southeastern Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; --, no data] Sample identification number Sample location Antimony (ppm) Arsenic (ppm) Barium (ppm) Beryllium (ppm) Bismuth (ppm) Cadmium (ppm) Cerium (ppm) Ore-1 Hopewell mine 0.13 1 59 1 <0.04 1.7 1.99 Ore-2 Hopewell mine 0.18 107 76 0.6 0.28 4.2 62 Ore-3 Jones mine 0.41 12 10 0.1 0.17 0.5 0.44 Ore-4 Jones mine 0.48 11 5 <0.1 0.12 0.8 0.31 Ore-5 Jones mine 0.29 11 37 <0.1 0.16 <0.1 5.94 Crustal abundance (ppm)1 0.4 4.8 624 2.1 0.16 0.09 63 Sample identification number Cesium (ppm) Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Gallium (ppm) Indium (ppm) Lanthanum (ppm) Lead (ppm) Lithium (ppm) Ore-1 <5 7 30.3 3.5 28.8 0.06 1.2 4 10 Ore-2 <5 7 63 349 9.76 1.89 29.8 328 6 Ore-3 <5 1 109 >10,000 17.8 0.99 <0.5 423 13 Ore-4 <5 <1 94.8 >10,000 17.3 0.77 <0.5 156 14 Ore-5 <5 7 76.7 9,080 13.9 0.38 3.4 10.3 12 Crustal abundance (ppm)1 4.9 92 17.3 28 17.5 0.056 31 17 21 Sample identification number Manganese (ppm) Molybdenum (ppm) Niobium (ppm) Nickel (ppm) Phosphorus (ppm) Rubidium (ppm) Scandium (ppm) Silver (ppm) Strontium (ppm) Ore-1 1,930 0.1 0.3 93.6 <50 6 0.5 <1 12.7 Ore-2 3,160 2.04 2.2 36.9 130 6.3 1.7 <1 8.3 Ore-3 793 0.33 0.8 56.3 <50 0.9 0.8 1 3.8 Ore-4 853 0.24 0.6 73.6 <50 0.6 0.7 <1 2.2 Ore-5 992 3.49 1.4 122 1,180 22.3 2.3 <1 17.4 Crustal abundance (ppm)1 77.5 1.1 12 47 65.5 84 14 0.053 320
Appendix 1 41

Table A. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of ore samples from the Hopewell and Jones mines, southeastern Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; --, no data]

Sample identification 

number

Tellurium

(ppm)

Thallium

(ppm)

Thorium

(ppm)

Tin

(ppm)

Tungsten

(ppm)

Uranium

(ppm)

Vanadium

(ppm)

Yttrium

(ppm)

Zinc

(ppm)

Ore-1 <0.1 <0.1 0.6 0.5 <0.1 0.3 446 1.2 594Ore-2 <0.1 <0.1 2 8.4 73.3 14.3 37 26.3 2,000Ore-3 0.3 <0.1 0.2 1.5 0.7 0.9 259 0.8 420Ore-4 0.2 <0.1 <0.2 1.2 0.6 0.6 219 0.7 558Ore-5 0.2 <0.1 1.2 1 0.3 0.4 64 2.1 59

Crustal abundance (ppm)1 -- 0.9 10.5 2.1 1.9 2.7 97 21 67

Sample identification 

number

Aluminum

(percent)

Calcium

(percent)

Iron

(percent)

Magnesium

(percent)

Potassium

(percent)

Sodium

(percent)

Sulfur

(percent)

Titanium

(percent)

Ore-1 0.50 0.98 >15 0.50 0.13 0.08 0.02 0.05Ore-2 0.77 11.7 >15 0.29 0.23 0.11 1.16 0.04Ore-3 0.27 0.08 >15 5.21 0.02 0.01 1.48 0.03Ore-4 0.26 0.05 >15 5.4 <0.01 <0.01 1.43 0.03Ore-5 1.15 3.9 >15 6.25 0.31 0.02 1.4 0.09

Crustal abundance (percent)1 8.2 2.6 3.9 1.5 2.3 2.4 0.062 0.38

1 From Rudnick and Gao (2003, p. 4–6).
42 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table B. Results of laboratory analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence of ore samples from the Hopewell and Jones mines, southeastern Pennsylvania. [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. <, less than; --, no data] Sample identification number Sample location Aluminum oxide Al O2 3 (percent) Calcium oxide CaO (percent) Chromium(III) oxide Cr O2 3 (percent) Iron(III) oxide Fe O2 3 (percent) Potassium oxide

K O2

(percent)

Magnesium oxide

MgO

(percent)

Ore-1 Hopewell mine 0.88 1.59 <0.01 92.2 0.22 0.87Ore-2 Hopewell mine 1.57 18.2 <0.01 49.4 0.32 0.53Ore-3 Jones mine 0.58 0.1 <0.01 77.4 0.01 9.1Ore-4 Jones mine 0.71 0.09 <0.01 75.9 0.01 9.0Ore-5 Jones mine 2.32 5.43 <0.01 59.9 0.31 10.5

Crustal abundance (percent)1 15.4 3.59 -- -- 2.8 2.48

Sample identification

number

Manganese oxide

MnO

(percent)

Sodium oxide

Na O2

(percent)

Phosphorous pentoxide

P O2 5

(percent)

Silicon dioxide(silica)

SiO2

(percent)

Titanium dioxide

TiO2

(percent)

Loss on ignition

(percent)

Ore-1 0.31 0.16 0.02 5.73 0.1 <0.01Ore-2 0.45 0.24 0.03 27.2 0.08 1.53Ore-3 0.11 <0.01 0.01 8.71 0.04 1.8Ore-4 0.1 0.06 0.02 8.64 0.04 2.23Ore-5 0.13 0.03 0.28 9.83 0.16 5.8

Crustal abundance (percent)1 0.1 3.27 0.15 66.6 0.64 --

1 From Rudnick and Gao (2003, p. 4).
Appendix 1 43

Table C. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of slag samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; mm, millimeters; --, no data]

Sample identification number Sample description Antimony (ppm) Arsenic (ppm) Barium (ppm) Beryllium (ppm) Bismuth (ppm)

HPWL-1-D1 pile 1 stockyard slag from auger < 2 mm size 0.53 6 598 2 0.13HPWL-1-D2 pile 1 stockyard soil and slag mix from auger < 2 mm size 0.42 4 381 1.4 0.25HPWL-1-C pile 1 stockyard surface composite 0.74 7 507 1.8 0.38HPWL-1-S-a1 pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 0.14 <1 1,630 5.4 <0.04HPWL-1-S-b pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample <0.05 <1 1,240 4.3 <0.04HPWL-1-S-d pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 0.39 12 1,660 5.4 <0.04HPWL-1-S-e2 pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 0.12 4 2,030 6.4 <0.04HPWL-1-S-f pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 0.25 4 1,830 4.6 <0.04HPWL-1-S-g2 pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample <0.05 <1 743 6.2 <0.04HPWL-1-S-j2 pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 0.11 2 1,740 6 <0.04HPWL-2-D1 pile 2 south of cast house auger hole 1, from auger < 2 mm size 0.63 6 557 2.4 0.23HPWL-2-D2 pile 2 south of cast house auger hole 2, from auger < 2 mm size 0.56 4 573 2.8 0.09HPWL-2-D3 pile 2 south of cast house auger hole 3, from auger < 2 mm size 0.44 5 477 2.4 0.06HPWL-2-S-A-a2 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample <0.05 <1 802 3.6 <0.04HPWL-2-S-A-c2 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample <0.05 <1 1,040 3 <0.04HPWL-2-S-A-e3 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample <0.05 <1 956 6.7 <0.04HPWL-2-S-A-f3 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample 0.18 2 705 3.6 <0.04HPWL-2-S-A-f3 D pile 2 south of cast house grab sample 0.2 2 664 3.4 <0.04HPWL-2-S-A-g2 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample <0.05 <1 1,190 8.2 <0.04HPWL-2-S-B-a2 pile 2 west of cast house grab sample 0.06 <1 762 2.9 <0.04HPWL-2-S-B-b2 pile 2 west of cast house grab sample 0.07 <1 1,120 2.7 <0.04HPWL-2-S-B-c2 pile 2 west of cast house grab sample <0.05 <1 713 3 <0.04HPWL-2-S-B-e4 pile 2 west of cast house grab sample <0.05 <1 703 4 <0.04HPWL-3-S-a1 pile 3 south of anthracite furnace grab sample <0.05 <1 926 6.8 <0.04HPWL-3-S-a3 pile 3 south of anthracite furnace grab sample <0.05 <1 920 8 <0.04HPWL-3-S-a4 pile 3 south of anthracite furnace grab sample <0.05 <1 783 9.5 <0.04HPWL-3-S-b pile 3 south of anthracite furnace grab sample 0.06 3 904 9.2 <0.04Mean concentration for soil in 

eastern United States1 0.52 4.8 290 0.55 --
44 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table C. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of slag samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; mm, millimeters; --, no data] Sample-identification number Cadmium (ppm) Cerium (ppm) Cesium (ppm) Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Gallium (ppm) Indium (ppm) Lanthanum (ppm) Lead (ppm) HPWL-1-D1 0.2 78.8 <5 27 17 56.3 9.18 0.06 60.2 123 HPWL-1-D2 <0.1 60.6 <5 27 10.1 26 9.88 0.05 38.4 61.9 HPWL-1-C 0.4 70.4 <5 37 21.3 153 8.97 0.1 47.7 172 HPWL-1-S-a1 0.3 230 <5 8 1.3 4 2.74 <0.02 197 3 HPWL-1-S-b <0.1 122 <5 9 1 6.3 1.33 <0.02 73.6 1.5 HPWL-1-S-d <0.1 165 <5 10 13.3 169 4.73 <0.02 160 3.3 HPWL-1-S-e2 <0.1 195 <5 11 4.1 20.6 3.49 <0.02 175 1.2 HPWL-1-S-f <0.1 156 <5 5 5.4 102 2.74 <0.02 131 3 HPWL-1-S-g2 <0.1 135 <5 12 8.8 79.7 1.84 <0.02 96.8 0.8 HPWL-1-S-j2 <0.1 255 <5 12 3.5 13.4 4.43 <0.02 211 3.6 HPWL-2-D1 0.3 79.5 <5 32 31.8 289 9.07 0.12 54.4 144 HPWL-2-D2 0.1 64 <5 101 25.1 495 6.7 0.03 43 49.9 HPWL-2-D3 <0.1 55.1 <5 22 25.9 647 7.78 0.03 36.6 44.2 HPWL-2-S-A-a2 <0.1 79.5 <5 12 2.1 98.2 1.35 <0.02 68.7 0.6 HPWL-2-S-A-c2 <0.1 56.6 <5 6 2.3 83.1 0.9 <0.02 50.5 0.8 HPWL-2-S-A-e3 <0.1 112 <5 11 5.4 100 1.96 <0.02 92.3 0.8 HPWL-2-S-A-f3 <0.1 108 <5 39 13.1 85.6 5.62 <0.02 62.7 2.2 HPWL-2-S-A-f3 D <0.1 105 <5 38 11.1 69.7 5.76 <0.02 59.5 3.2 HPWL-2-S-A-g2 <0.1 153 <5 8 1.9 19.4 1.47 <0.02 145 4.5 HPWL-2-S-B-a2 <0.1 62.9 <5 4 4.7 282 1.26 <0.02 42.8 3.5 HPWL-2-S-B-b2 <0.1 58 <5 7 8.9 300 1.6 <0.02 44.8 0.8 HPWL-2-S-B-c2 <0.1 52.8 <5 5 2.3 64.2 0.79 <0.02 36.1 0.7 HPWL-2-S-B-e4 <0.1 98.4 <5 9 1.3 65.3 1.26 <0.02 77.2 <0.5 HPWL-3-S-a1 <0.1 109 <5 3 1.4 3.9 1.1 <0.02 71.4 0.8 HPWL-3-S-a3 <0.1 114 <5 3 1.4 2.7 1.15 <0.02 74 0.6 HPWL-3-S-a4 <0.1 96.8 <5 2 1.1 19 0.89 <0.02 63.4 1.5 HPWL-3-S-b <0.1 100 <5 6 5.3 90.8 1.74 <0.02 65.5 1.3 Mean concentration for soil in eastern United States1 -- 63 -- 33 5.9 13 9.3 -- 29 14
Appendix 1 45

Table C. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of slag samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; mm, millimeters; --, no data]

Sample identification number Lithium (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Molybdenum (ppm) Niobium (ppm) Nickel (ppm) Phosphorus (ppm) Rubidium (ppm) Scandium (ppm) Silver (ppm) Strontium (ppm)

HPWL-1-D1 18 2,390 0.75 6.3 14.4 560 63.9 7.2 <1 117HPWL-1-D2 17 888 0.83 6.3 13.2 310 66.3 6.9 <1 58.4HPWL-1-C 19 2,090 0.89 6.1 18.1 1,010 56 7.3 <1 88.6HPWL-1-S-a1 30 7,130 0.32 12.8 <0.5 50 82.2 18.2 <1 311HPWL-1-S-b 36 5,400 0.17 4.3 <0.5 <50 54.8 16.9 <1 205HPWL-1-S-d 29 3,950 0.74 5.2 8 200 80.1 18.5 <1 299HPWL-1-S-e2 37 6,840 0.39 8.6 2.3 130 80.5 18.8 <1 289HPWL-1-S-f 31 5,040 0.33 6 3.4 100 43.6 17 <1 387HPWL-1-S-g2 58 4,100 0.54 4.4 5.3 <50 50.9 18.6 <1 218HPWL-1-S-j2 27 6,260 0.37 14.9 7.8 150 79.6 22.5 <1 330HPWL-2-D1 25 2,440 0.86 6.8 20.7 410 58.2 9.5 <1 92.9HPWL-2-D2 31 3,820 2.85 5.7 23.7 430 49.2 7.8 <1 116HPWL-2-D3 26 2,340 0.56 5.5 16.5 370 58.7 7.1 <1 94.8HPWL-2-S-A-a2 59 4,510 0.4 5.2 17.1 <50 56.5 16.6 <1 255HPWL-2-S-A-c2 42 3,360 0.22 2.6 12 <50 13.4 11.4 <1 235HPWL-2-S-A-e3 68 3,380 0.38 1.9 8 <50 29.5 16.9 <1 310HPWL-2-S-A-f3 51 3,150 0.65 12.9 13.2 140 55.3 13.1 <1 180HPWL-2-S-A-f3 D 47 2,770 0.67 13.3 10.7 150 57.1 12.5 <1 159HPWL-2-S-A-g2 71 4,180 0.65 3.3 1.1 <50 36.8 20.5 <1 324HPWL-2-S-B-a2 48 2,540 0.24 1.1 7.2 <50 18.9 11.7 <1 203HPWL-2-S-B-b2 40 3,180 0.36 2.2 7.1 90 17.1 11.2 <1 241HPWL-2-S-B-c2 42 2,800 0.32 1.2 1.5 <50 25.1 12.5 <1 184HPWL-2-S-B-e4 59 3,780 0.23 4 <0.5 <50 53.5 17.2 <1 179HPWL-3-S-a1 60 2,020 0.2 0.9 <0.5 <50 15.8 21.9 <1 268HPWL-3-S-a3 57 1,450 0.15 0.8 <0.5 <50 9.8 23.5 <1 300HPWL-3-S-a4 61 1,880 0.1 0.2 <0.5 <50 4.6 21.5 <1 270HPWL-3-S-b 64 2,030 0.28 1.6 7.4 100 12.3 22.1 <1 336Mean concentration for soil in 

eastern United States1 17 260 0.32 10 11 -- 43 6.5 -- 53
46 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table C. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of slag samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; mm, millimeters; --, no data] Sample identification number Tellurium (ppm) Thallium (ppm) Thorium (ppm) Tin (ppm) Tungsten (ppm) Uranium (ppm) Vanadium (ppm) Yttrium (ppm) Zinc (ppm) HPWL-1-D1 <0.1 0.2 7.6 1.9 1.2 2.8 72 37.8 210 HPWL-1-D2 <0.1 0.3 8.1 1.7 1 2 56 17.2 98 HPWL-1-C <0.1 0.2 7.4 5.3 1.3 2.5 80 30.7 393 HPWL-1-S-a1 <0.1 <0.1 21.8 <0.1 0.2 10.4 134 109 39 HPWL-1-S-b <0.1 <0.1 13.8 <0.1 0.1 8.3 80 58.1 6 HPWL-1-S-d <0.1 <0.1 17.6 0.4 0.6 8 60 103 4 HPWL-1-S-e2 <0.1 <0.1 21.3 0.2 0.4 8.9 78 132 1 HPWL-1-S-f <0.1 <0.1 17.1 0.3 0.4 9.6 56 75.6 5 HPWL-1-S-g2 <0.1 <0.1 13 <0.1 0.1 4.4 55 58.3 <1 HPWL-1-S-j2 <0.1 <0.1 23.5 0.2 0.5 11.3 110 141 20 HPWL-2-D1 <0.1 0.3 7.7 3.5 1 2.7 89 35.5 282 HPWL-2-D2 0.1 0.1 5.8 1.8 1.8 2.2 79 24.5 79 HPWL-2-D3 0.2 0.1 5.7 1.3 0.5 2.1 61 20.2 52 HPWL-2-S-A-a2 <0.1 <0.1 10.5 0.1 <0.1 3.1 117 44 30 HPWL-2-S-A-c2 <0.1 <0.1 7.6 <0.1 <0.1 3.3 53 35.6 21 HPWL-2-S-A-e3 <0.1 <0.1 12.6 <0.1 0.1 4.8 21 60.2 12 HPWL-2-S-A-f3 <0.1 0.2 11.2 0.6 1 4 137 44.7 10 HPWL-2-S-A-f3 D <0.1 0.2 11.2 0.6 1.1 3.9 127 42.8 9 HPWL-2-S-A-g2 <0.1 <0.1 14.8 <0.1 0.1 5.3 35 85.1 3 HPWL-2-S-B-a2 <0.1 <0.1 7.6 0.1 0.1 3.7 28 33.1 3 HPWL-2-S-B-b2 <0.1 <0.1 7.6 0.1 0.2 3.3 33 33.6 2 HPWL-2-S-B-c2 <0.1 <0.1 7.7 <0.1 <0.1 3.1 34 29.4 2 HPWL-2-S-B-e4 <0.1 <0.1 12 <0.1 <0.1 3.6 102 48.9 2 HPWL-3-S-a1 <0.1 <0.1 17 <0.1 0.2 7.7 18 169 3 HPWL-3-S-a3 <0.1 <0.1 18.2 <0.1 0.2 8.6 15 171 1 HPWL-3-S-a4 <0.1 <0.1 14.8 <0.1 0.1 10.9 3 140 6 HPWL-3-S-b <0.1 <0.1 15.3 <0.1 0.2 12.3 21 137 2 Mean concentration for soil in eastern United States1 -- -- 7.7 0.86 -- 2.1 43 20 40
Appendix 1 47

Table C. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of slag samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. ppm, parts per million; <, less than; >, greater than; mm, millimeters; --, no data]

Sample identification number Aluminum (percent) Calcium (percent) Iron (percent) Magnesium (percent) Potassium (percent) Sodium (percent) Sulfur (percent) Titanium (percent)

HPWL-1-D1 3.06 2.66 12.5 0.82 1.40 0.30 0.03 0.23HPWL-1-D2 3.54 0.89 5.23 0.39 1.20 0.32 0.01 0.20HPWL-1-C 2.99 2.25 10.6 1.11 1.17 0.22 0.05 0.21HPWL-1-S-a1 7.22 9.98 3.27 2.88 2.92 0.56 0.07 0.62HPWL-1-S-b 5.75 11.2 1.55 6.07 1.98 0.37 0.05 0.45HPWL-1-S-d 5.75 7.28 8.72 3.53 2.45 0.36 0.08 0.34HPWL-1-S-e2 6.88 7.95 4.81 2.40 2.92 0.28 0.05 0.50HPWL-1-S-f 5.77 9.12 4.18 4.33 3.00 0.39 0.07 0.39HPWL-1-S-g2 6.61 7.92 2.54 7.28 1.43 0.16 0.03 0.51HPWL-1-S-j2 5.91 8.54 5.02 2.18 2.65 0.31 0.06 0.57HPWL-2-D1 3.38 3.21 8.84 2.56 1.22 0.20 0.03 0.26HPWL-2-D2 3.26 3.52 6.08 3.66 1.05 0.14 0.03 0.26HPWL-2-D3 2.80 2.49 6.82 3.11 0.96 0.10 0.02 0.22HPWL-2-S-A-a2 6.98 5.50 1.88 10.4 1.45 0.17 0.02 0.51HPWL-2-S-A-c2 4.44 10.9 0.90 12.1 0.61 0.12 0.05 0.36HPWL-2-S-A-e3 6.85 9.92 1.26 9.70 1.09 0.16 0.04 0.44HPWL-2-S-A-f3 5.64 6.46 2.46 6.50 1.33 0.31 0.04 0.51HPWL-2-S-A-f3 D 5.40 5.69 2.35 5.55 1.30 0.32 0.03 0.50HPWL-2-S-A-g2 7.75 10.1 0.68 6.82 1.34 0.16 0.03 0.56HPWL-2-S-B-a2 4.97 8.34 1.21 14.2 0.96 0.15 0.07 0.31HPWL-2-S-B-b2 4.46 9.76 2.04 12.5 0.72 0.12 0.06 0.34HPWL-2-S-B-c2 4.67 9.29 0.79 12.4 0.99 0.11 0.04 0.37HPWL-2-S-B-e4 7.22 5.41 1.24 11.3 1.42 0.17 0.03 0.51HPWL-3-S-a1 8.07 >15 0.17 9.34 0.60 0.13 0.73 0.56HPWL-3-S-a3 8.74 >15 0.17 10.3 0.34 0.08 0.74 0.49HPWL-3-S-a4 6.05 13.9 0.03 10.9 0.22 0.10 0.66 0.40HPWL-3-S-b 7.36 14.3 1.58 10.3 0.49 0.12 0.96 0.47Mean concentration for soil in 

eastern United States1

-- -- 1.4 -- -- -- -- 0.28

1 From Shacklette and Boerngen (1984, p. 6).
48 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table D. Results of laboratory analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence of slag samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. <, less than; mm, millimeters] Sample identification number Sample description Aluminum oxide Al O2 3 (percent) Calcium oxide CaO (percent) Chromium(III) oxide Cr O2 3 (percent) Iron(III) oxide Fe O2 3 (percent) Potassium oxide

K O2

(percent)

HPWL-1-D1 pile 1 stockyard slag from auger < 2 mm size 6.42 4.21 <0.01 19.9 1.92HPWL-1-D2 pile 1 stockyard soil and slag mix from auger < 2 mm size 7.17 1.30 0.02 8.71 1.62HPWL-1-C pile 1 stockyard surface composite 6.17 3.51 <0.01 15.1 1.42HPWL-1-S-a1 pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 13.4 14.7 <0.01 4.88 3.47HPWL-1-S-b pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 10.7 16.6 <0.01 2.33 2.33HPWL-1-S-d pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 11.8 12.2 <0.01 13.8 3.29HPWL-1-S-e2 pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 13.2 12.1 <0.01 7.60 3.67HPWL-1-S-f pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 10.9 15.0 <0.01 6.55 3.51HPWL-1-S-g2 pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 13.9 11.7 <0.01 3.56 1.91HPWL-1-S-j2 pile 1 stockyard slag grab sample 12.3 14.2 <0.01 7.65 3.59HPWL-2-D1 pile 2 south of cast house drill hole 1, from auger < 2 mm size 7.65 4.78 <0.01 13.5 1.53HPWL-2-D2 pile 2 south of cast house drill hole 2, from auger < 2 mm size 6.32 5.22 0.02 9.52 1.28HPWL-2-D3 pile 2 south of cast house drill hole 3, from auger < 2 mm size 5.90 4.02 <0.01 9.84 1.31HPWL-2-S-A-a2 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample 13.4 8.32 <0.01 2.80 1.74HPWL-2-S-A-c2 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample 8.71 17.8 <0.01 1.51 0.74HPWL-2-S-A-e3 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample 13.0 15.2 <0.01 1.98 1.30HPWL-2-S-A-f3 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample 10.6 9.87 <0.01 3.87 1.64HPWL-2-S-A-f3 D pile 2 south of cast house grab sample 10.7 8.90 <0.01 3.81 1.68HPWL-2-S-A-g2 pile 2 south of cast house grab sample 15.0 16.0 <0.01 0.99 1.63HPWL-2-S-B-a2 pile 2 west of cast house grab sample 9.12 12.5 <0.01 1.80 1.12HPWL-2-S-B-b2 pile 2 west of cast house grab sample 8.46 15.1 <0.01 3.15 0.84HPWL-2-S-B-c2 pile 2 west of cast house grab sample 8.64 14.0 <0.01 1.18 1.15HPWL-2-S-B-e4 pile 2 west of cast house grab sample 13.8 8.21 <0.01 1.92 1.72HPWL-3-S-a1 pile 3 south of anthracite furnace grab sample 15.0 26.0 <0.01 0.28 0.69HPWL-3-S-a3 pile 3 south of anthracite furnace grab sample 16.2 26.2 <0.01 0.26 0.43HPWL-3-S-a4 pile 3 south of anthracite furnace grab sample 13.7 23.4 <0.01 0.09 0.25HPWL-3-S-b pile 3 south of anthracite furnace grab sample 14.7 23.2 <0.01 2.64 0.58
Appendix 1 49

Table D. Results of laboratory analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence of slag samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. <, less than; mm, millimeters]

Sample 

identification 

number

Magnesium 

oxide

MgO

(percent)

Manganese 

oxide

MnO

(percent)

Sodium 

oxide

Na O2

(percent)

Phosphorous 

pentoxide

P O2 5

(percent)

Silicon dioxide 

(silica)

SiO2

(percent)

Titanium 

dioxide

TiO2

(percent)

Loss on 

ignition

(percent)

HPWL-1-D1 1.59 0.31 0.44 0.13 59.7 0.57 4.89HPWL-1-D2 0.70 0.09 0.46 0.07 75.9 0.57 3.51HPWL-1-C 2.08 0.27 0.34 0.24 61.7 0.57 8.70HPWL-1-S-a1 5.21 0.89 0.76 0.01 56.2 1.05 <0.01HPWL-1-S-b 10.7 0.68 0.49 <0.01 55.7 0.76 <0.01HPWL-1-S-d 6.91 0.54 0.54 0.05 49.9 0.66 <0.01HPWL-1-S-e2 4.32 0.89 0.40 0.03 54.0 0.88 2.26HPWL-1-S-f 7.82 0.62 0.53 0.03 53.9 0.68 0.15HPWL-1-S-g2 14.2 0.58 0.26 <0.01 53.3 0.98 <0.01HPWL-1-S-j2 4.23 0.89 0.46 0.03 55.8 1.10 <0.01HPWL-2-D1 4.52 0.35 0.32 0.09 60.3 0.66 5.99HPWL-2-D2 6.40 0.46 0.19 0.10 65.1 0.53 5.36HPWL-2-D3 5.90 0.31 0.15 0.09 67.6 0.50 4.47HPWL-2-S-A-a2 18.6 0.58 0.24 <0.01 54.3 0.90 <0.01HPWL-2-S-A-c2 22.6 0.46 0.21 <0.01 47.5 0.66 <0.01HPWL-2-S-A-e3 17.0 0.44 0.24 <0.01 49.9 0.78 0.36HPWL-2-S-A-f3 11.4 0.41 0.43 0.03 59.8 0.90 0.99HPWL-2-S-A-f3 D 10.2 0.37 0.45 0.04 61.0 0.91 1.34HPWL-2-S-A-g2 12.4 0.56 0.24 <0.01 51.8 1.00 0.03HPWL-2-S-B-a2 24.7 0.32 0.23 <0.01 49.0 0.52 0.17HPWL-2-S-B-b2 22.1 0.42 0.17 0.02 49.3 0.61 <0.01HPWL-2-S-B-c2 21.4 0.35 0.17 <0.01 52.5 0.64 0.03HPWL-2-S-B-e4 19.9 0.49 0.26 <0.01 52.2 0.90 0.06HPWL-3-S-a1 18.3 0.28 0.22 <0.01 37.0 1.07 <0.01HPWL-3-S-a3 18.1 0.21 0.14 <0.01 36.4 0.99 <0.01HPWL-3-S-a4 21.3 0.26 0.16 <0.01 37.3 0.73 1.81HPWL-3-S-b 19.1 0.28 0.17 0.02 38.2 0.86 <0.01
50 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table E. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; --, no data; <, less than; >, greater than] Sample number Sample location Depth (cm) Date sampled Antimony (ppm) Arsenic (ppm) Arsenic1 (ppm) Barium (ppm) Beryllium (ppm) Bismuth (ppm) SOIL-1_6-12 377 feet southeast of furnace 15–30 12/4/2008 0.52 4 -- 302 0.9 0.17 SOIL-2_6-14 1,350 feet southeast of furnace 15–36 12/4/2008 0.52 8 -- 361 1.7 0.21 SOIL-2_4-22 36–56 12/4/2008 0.5 7 -- 328 1.5 0.22 SOIL-2_22-32 56–81 12/4/2008 0.52 6 -- 273 1.5 0.22 SOIL-3_6-14 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 15–36 12/4/2008 0.5 6 -- 375 1.7 0.21 SOIL-3_14-22 36–56 12/4/2008 0.4 5 -- 322 1.8 0.17 SOIL-3_22-32 56–81 12/4/2008 0.27 3 -- 354 1.8 0.08 SOIL-3_22-32D 59–81 duplicate 12/4/2008 0.26 3 -- 371 1.8 0.08 SOIL-9_0-7 13.5 feet east of ore roaster 0–7 11/30/2009 0.54 5.4 6 306 1.4 0.23 SOIL-9_7-12 7–12 11/30/2009 0.48 5.1 6 335 1.3 0.17 SOIL-9_12-17 12–17 11/30/2009 0.49 5 5 366 1.3 0.15 SOIL-9_17-22 17–22 11/30/2009 0.56 8.6 10 291 1.8 0.21 SOIL-9_22-28 22–30 11/30/2009 0.69 9.2 10 299 1.6 0.21 SOIL-10_0-7 43 feet east of ore roaster 0–7 11/30/2009 0.76 5.6 6 279 1.4 0.32 SOIL-10_0-7-D 0–7 duplicate 11/30/2009 0.65 5.7 6 269 1.2 0.28 SOIL-10_7-12 7–12 11/30/2009 0.23 5.3 5 254 1.1 0.18 SOIL-10_12-17 12–17 11/30/2009 0.26 5.3 5 340 1.1 0.18 SOIL-10_17-22 17–22 11/30/2009 0.26 3.5 4 310 1.2 0.17 SOIL-10_22-30 22–30 11/30/2009 0.39 5.3 5 446 1.9 0.14 SOIL-11_0-7 230 feet southeast of furnace 0–7 11/30/2009 0.73 4.6 4 387 1.9 0.21 SOIL-11_7-12 7–12 11/30/2009 0.58 3.5 4 439 2.4 0.21 SOIL-11_12-17 12–17 11/30/2009 0.48 3.8 4 440 2.7 0.22 SOIL-11_17-22 17–22 11/30/2009 0.36 4 5 475 2.8 0.21 SOIL-11_22-28 22–28 11/30/2009 0.46 3.7 4 1,050 2.9 0.2 SOIL-12_0-7 415 feet southeast of furnace 0–7 11/30/2009 0.72 3.5 4 271 1 0.2 SOIL-12_7-12 7–12 11/30/2009 0.69 4 5 272 1 0.18 SOIL-12_12-18 12–18 11/30/2009 0.59 3.8 4 296 1 0.16 SOIL-12_18-24 18–24 11/30/2009 0.14 3.3 3 266 1 0.12 SOIL-13_0-7 15 feet east of ore pile 0–7 11/30/2009 1.39 7.1 7 354 1.5 0.32 SOIL-13_7-12 7–12 11/30/2009 1.17 7.4 8 402 1.7 0.39 SOIL-13_7-12-D 7–12 duplicate 11/30/2009 1.24 8 8 404 2 0.34 SOIL-13_12-17 12–17 11/30/2009 0.9 7.1 8 407 1.9 0.24 SOIL-13_17-22 17–22 11/30/2009 0.73 7.2 8 395 1.8 0.23 SOIL-13_22-30 22–30 11/30/2009 0.68 6.6 7 405 1.9 0.24 SOIL-14_0-7 2,820 feet northeast of furnace 0–7 11/30/2009 0.76 5.1 6 450 2.5 0.21 SOIL-14_7-12 7–12 11/30/2009 0.79 5.4 6 466 2.3 0.22 SOIL-14_12-17 12–17 11/30/2009 0.73 5.6 6 456 2.7 0.22

SOIL-14_17-22 17–22 11/30/2009 0.64 4.6 5 444 2.3 0.2SOIL-14_22-30 22–30 11/30/2009 0.54 5 7 387 2.2 0.22
Appendix 1 51

Table E. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; --, no data; <, less than; >, greater than]

Sample number Cadmium (ppm) Cerium (ppm) Cesium (ppm) Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Gallium (ppm) Indium (ppm) Lanthanum (ppm) Lead (ppm)

SOIL-1_6-12 0.2 49.4 <5 29 11.9 105 7.75 0.07 29.2 68.2SOIL-2_6-14 <0.1 83.7 <5 37 11.6 16.7 15 0.05 40.6 22SOIL-2_4-22 <0.1 69.9 <5 32 13.4 17.2 14.5 0.05 33 15.8SOIL-2_22-32 <0.1 64.8 <5 28 15.3 15.1 12.1 0.04 32.5 14.8SOIL-3_6-14 <0.1 79.1 <5 28 20.9 17.5 15 0.05 41.9 14.5SOIL-3_14-22 <0.1 84.4 <5 28 16.2 18.3 16.3 0.06 41.2 11.6SOIL-3_22-32 <0.1 84.3 <5 20 16 13.1 15.7 0.06 39.7 8.8SOIL-3_22-32D <0.1 77.8 <5 21 16.8 14.2 16 0.06 36.8 8.9SOIL-9_0-7 0.3 54.7 <5 37 23.7 109 10.5 0.1 38.2 221SOIL-9_7-12 0.3 54.8 <5 31 25 123 10.5 0.1 36.2 191SOIL-9_12-17 0.2 52.5 <5 41 24.1 128 10.8 0.09 34.8 240SOIL-9_17-22 0.5 53.1 <5 11 45.6 115 15.9 0.26 59.5 558SOIL-9_22-28 0.4 45.1 <5 15 38 139 14.7 0.2 43.9 310SOIL-10_0-7 0.4 69.2 <5 203 16.8 55.1 9.09 0.1 42.2 194SOIL-10_0-7-D 0.3 71.9 <5 198 16.4 54 8.74 0.09 42.9 219SOIL-10_7-12 0.2 48.5 <5 46 16.2 46.4 9.32 0.09 30.7 158SOIL-10_12-17 0.1 52.4 <5 30 16.3 37.2 10.2 0.08 33.6 160SOIL-10_17-22 0.2 51.9 <5 34 15 32 10.7 0.08 29.7 194SOIL-10_22-30 0.1 61.2 <5 38 12 34.5 9.91 0.06 42.5 95.6SOIL-11_0-7 0.3 74.5 <5 39 11.4 40 11.9 0.05 40.7 60.5SOIL-11_7-12 0.2 69.4 <5 37 11.7 36.2 13.5 0.05 38.3 45.8SOIL-11_12-17 0.2 67.7 5 33 12 29.6 14.8 0.05 35.9 84.4SOIL-11_17-22 0.1 74.9 <5 30 12 22.8 15.3 0.05 38.4 41.5SOIL-11_22-28 0.1 72.1 <5 35 11.6 36.9 14.1 0.05 40.6 646SOIL-12_0-7 0.3 54.2 <5 27 7.2 67.6 7.84 0.07 30 76.3SOIL-12_7-12 0.3 52.9 <5 27 8.6 69.9 7.55 0.06 29.1 76SOIL-12_12-18 0.2 58 <5 28 9.5 72.3 8.43 0.07 32.6 64.4SOIL-12_18-24 <0.1 63.3 <5 22 3.7 13.1 9.21 0.03 33.4 14.7SOIL-13_0-7 0.4 101 <5 239 22.9 112 12.5 0.1 57.2 87.6SOIL-13_7-12 0.3 96.6 <5 156 16.2 70.1 12.8 0.08 53.2 81.9SOIL-13_7-12-D 0.3 101 <5 186 15.5 179 13.1 0.08 55.5 77.8SOIL-13_12-17 0.2 75.7 <5 56 12.6 33.2 13.8 0.05 39.1 32.9SOIL-13_17-22 0.1 72 <5 47 11.7 31.2 13.9 0.05 38.2 33.9SOIL-13_22-30 0.2 69.5 <5 48 15.5 51.2 14.2 0.06 38.2 45.7SOIL-14_0-7 0.2 97.8 <5 32 14.3 23 13.2 0.04 62.2 25SOIL-14_7-12 0.2 110 <5 29 13.5 23.9 13.6 0.05 70 25.1SOIL-14_12-17 0.2 111 <5 28 13.8 21.8 14.3 0.05 70.1 24.9SOIL-14_17-22 0.1 96 <5 30 14.1 22.7 14.6 0.05 56.5 20SOIL-14_22-30 <0.1 75 <5 29 13.8 25.5 15.8 0.05 37.5 14.8
52 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table E. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; --, no data; <, less than; >, greater than] Sample number Lithium (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Molybdenum (ppm) Niobium (ppm) Nickel (ppm) Phosphorus (ppm) Rubidium (ppm) Scandium (ppm) Silver (ppm) Strontium (ppm) SOIL-1_6-12 16 851 0.59 7.4 11.7 440 44.2 5.4 <1 54.6 SOIL-2_6-14 29 509 1.01 13.4 18.1 340 81.4 11.6 <1 55.2 SOIL-2_4-22 28 449 0.9 11.4 19.6 240 86.5 11.7 <1 50 SOIL-2_22-32 23 619 0.82 8.3 16.4 230 79.9 9.7 <1 33.6 SOIL-3_6-14 17 1,120 0.75 9.5 16.2 320 90.1 10 <1 32.2 SOIL-3_14-22 15 1,010 0.65 9.8 21 290 89.2 11 <1 33.1 SOIL-3_22-32 10 924 0.37 9.2 17 240 83 10 <1 34.6 SOIL-3_22-32D 11 951 0.39 9.2 18 240 84.2 10.5 <1 35.7 SOIL-9_0-7 15 1,480 1.76 6.8 30.1 690 44.8 7 <1 39.6 SOIL-9_7-12 16 1,420 1.44 6.9 53.8 590 44.9 6.5 <1 55.9 SOIL-9_12-17 18 1,570 1.66 7 33.6 650 45.7 7.5 <1 48.7 SOIL-9_17-22 12 2,560 1.57 7.1 53.4 710 32.4 6.8 <1 23.8 SOIL-9_22-28 13 1,990 1.56 6 47 830 34.2 5.9 <1 27 SOIL-10_0-7 17 2,270 5.4 6.4 45.4 530 43.8 6.1 <1 44.8 SOIL-10_0-7-D 17 2,480 4.99 5.9 70.3 510 40.8 5.2 <1 50.1 SOIL-10_7-12 13 1,250 1.64 5.5 30.2 280 47.1 5.1 <1 31.4 SOIL-10_12-17 13 1,290 0.91 5.9 41.5 280 51.1 5.3 <1 43 SOIL-10_17-22 14 1,170 0.89 6.5 23.1 270 68 5.7 <1 36.1 SOIL-10_22-30 19 1,740 0.9 7.8 28.2 380 72.7 7.5 <1 73.2 SOIL-11_0-7 25 1,080 0.99 10.4 22.7 460 83.5 8.1 <1 56.7 SOIL-11_7-12 22 880 1.17 9.5 28.4 340 97.5 8.8 <1 50.6 SOIL-11_12-17 20 732 0.57 8.6 25.7 270 116 9.6 <1 49.2 SOIL-11_17-22 21 856 0.52 6.8 24.4 240 119 9.7 <1 47 SOIL-11_22-28 20 1,130 0.56 10.1 53.8 230 111 9.4 <1 56.7 SOIL-12_0-7 17 433 0.53 9.5 14.6 450 43.2 4.8 <1 40 SOIL-12_7-12 16 602 0.49 8.8 19.9 350 41.1 4.5 <1 39.6 SOIL-12_12-18 17 530 0.43 10.1 13.9 300 47.4 5 <1 41.7 SOIL-12_18-24 23 109 0.19 2.1 10.5 150 61 5.8 <1 47.2 SOIL-13_0-7 28 2,700 7.4 9 41.1 850 46.2 14.4 <1 122 SOIL-13_7-12 32 2,020 4.35 11.3 32.7 600 79.7 10.1 <1 76.5 SOIL-13_7-12-D 32 2,160 4.62 11.6 32.1 620 81.2 10.3 <1 75.2 SOIL-13_12-17 31 1,100 1.92 12.2 26.3 410 94.5 9.7 <1 50.9 SOIL-13_17-22 28 851 1.46 12.1 23.1 350 96 9.1 <1 46 SOIL-13_22-30 30 1,010 1.03 10.6 25.2 300 101 9.8 <1 50.8 SOIL-14_0-7 17 1,880 0.87 11.4 23.1 740 97.9 7.7 <1 35.5 SOIL-14_7-12 18 1,860 0.85 11.7 24 540 100 7.9 <1 32.1

SOIL-14_12-17 17 1,690 0.82 12.1 23.7 500 103 8.5 <1 29SOIL-14_17-22 18 1,450 0.69 10.8 23.2 370 106 8.9 <1 30.4SOIL-14_22-30 18 785 0.61 9.7 21.1 270 115 10 <1 28.3
Appendix 1 53

Table E. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; --, no data; <, less than; >, greater than]

Sample number Tellurium (ppm) Thorium (ppm) Tin (ppm) Titanium (ppm) Tungsten (ppm) Uranium (ppm) Vanadium (ppm) Yttrium (ppm) Zinc (ppm)

SOIL-1_6-12 <0.1 6.2 1.4 0.3 0.7 1.7 43 12.1 145SOIL-2_6-14 <0.1 12.5 2.1 0.5 1.1 3.1 82 14.5 55SOIL-2_4-22 <0.1 10.9 1.9 0.5 0.9 2.6 77 11.1 42SOIL-2_22-32 <0.1 10 1.6 0.5 0.8 2.2 65 11.1 35SOIL-3_6-14 <0.1 13.4 2 0.5 0.9 2.8 68 15.7 38SOIL-3_14-22 <0.1 14.5 2.2 0.5 0.9 3.2 69 11 33SOIL-3_22-32 <0.1 12.1 2.1 0.4 0.8 2.8 56 9 23SOIL-3_22-32D <0.1 10.1 2.1 0.4 0.8 2.7 56 8.8 25SOIL-9_0-7 0.1 6.1 3.1 0.3 6.7 2 84 24.4 279SOIL-9_7-12 0.1 7.4 2.4 0.3 1.9 2 85 23 257SOIL-9_12-17 <0.1 6.5 3.1 0.4 1.7 2.2 99 25.5 257SOIL-9_17-22 0.1 5.2 2.4 0.6 3.4 2.6 117 58.4 562SOIL-9_22-28 0.1 5.8 2.1 0.5 2.6 2.2 116 42.2 415SOIL-10_0-7 <0.1 8.2 5.3 0.3 4.5 2.1 84 25 316SOIL-10_0-7-D <0.1 7.2 3.7 0.3 3.9 2.1 84 24.4 267SOIL-10_7-12 <0.1 6.8 1.7 0.3 1.6 1.9 66 16.5 218SOIL-10_12-17 <0.1 7.5 1.6 0.3 1.2 2.1 69 16.8 201SOIL-10_17-22 <0.1 7.5 1.8 0.4 1.3 2 67 14.7 282SOIL-10_22-30 <0.1 8.4 2.3 0.3 1.8 2.7 83 31.7 159SOIL-11_0-7 <0.1 10 3.3 0.4 1.6 2.3 81 21.9 120SOIL-11_7-12 <0.1 9.2 2.8 0.5 1.5 2.3 85 21.9 98SOIL-11_12-17 <0.1 9.7 2.8 0.6 1 2.2 79 17.9 76SOIL-11_17-22 <0.1 11.4 2.6 0.6 0.6 2.6 75 16.9 61SOIL-11_22-28 <0.1 10.5 2.4 0.5 1.1 2.5 81 23.2 71SOIL-12_0-7 <0.1 7.5 2.7 0.3 1.3 2 46 11.5 161SOIL-12_7-12 <0.1 7.3 2 0.3 1 1.8 46 11.2 167SOIL-12_12-18 <0.1 8.6 1.8 0.3 1 2.1 50 12.4 151SOIL-12_18-24 <0.1 9.4 1.4 0.3 0.1 2.4 43 10.5 38SOIL-13_0-7 <0.1 9.4 5 0.3 4.7 2.7 182 49.7 221SOIL-13_7-12 <0.1 11.5 4.4 0.4 3.6 3 111 38.2 169SOIL-13_7-12-D <0.1 11.6 4.8 0.5 3.8 3.2 114 36.7 220SOIL-13_12-17 <0.1 10.4 3.2 0.5 1.8 3 93 22.3 87SOIL-13_17-22 <0.1 10.7 3.2 0.5 1.6 3.1 91 21.1 83SOIL-13_22-30 <0.1 10.8 3.3 0.5 1.3 2.7 95 21.5 115SOIL-14_0-7 <0.1 11.2 3.5 0.5 2.2 3.1 68 48.7 63SOIL-14_7-12 <0.1 13.1 3.3 0.5 2.2 3.2 75 52.7 64SOIL-14_12-17 <0.1 13 3 0.5 1.3 3.1 77 52.9 62SOIL-14_17-22 <0.1 13.1 2.8 0.5 1.3 3 77 33.4 51SOIL-14_22-30 <0.1 13.1 2.6 0.6 1 3.1 80 15 39
54 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table E. Results of laboratory analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts per million; --, no data; <, less than; >, greater than] Sample number Aluminum (percent) Calcium (percent) Iron (percent) Magnesium (percent) Potassium (percent) Sodium (percent) Sulfur (percent) Titanium (percent) SOIL-1_6-12 2.88 0.71 3.48 0.32 0.71 0.23 0.03 0.23 SOIL-2_6-14 5.62 0.19 3.22 0.40 1.42 0.41 0.01 0.38 SOIL-2_4-22 5.53 0.13 3.16 0.40 1.51 0.35 <0.01 0.33 SOIL-2_22-32 4.59 0.07 2.97 0.33 1.35 0.18 <0.01 0.24 SOIL-3_6-14 5.60 0.11 3.01 0.26 1.49 0.29 <0.01 0.27 SOIL-3_14-22 6.35 0.10 2.97 0.24 1.61 0.45 <0.01 0.27 SOIL-3_22-32 6.36 0.06 2.52 0.16 1.70 0.69 <0.01 0.25 SOIL-3_22-32D 6.58 0.06 2.49 0.16 1.72 0.71 <0.01 0.25 SOIL-9_0-7 3.26 0.69 12.4 0.42 0.85 0.25 0.03 0.23 SOIL-9_7-12 3.33 0.69 11.9 0.43 0.9 0.25 0.02 0.23 SOIL-9_12-17 3.76 0.84 11.5 0.63 0.98 0.3 0.01 0.25 SOIL-9_17-22 2.59 0.56 >15 0.2 0.66 0.17 <0.01 0.18 SOIL-9_22-28 2.78 0.51 >15 0.29 0.73 0.15 <0.01 0.17 SOIL-10_0-7 3.07 1.34 12.2 0.6 0.89 0.22 0.04 0.22 SOIL-10_0-7-D 2.94 1.53 11.6 0.67 0.87 0.21 0.04 0.21 SOIL-10_7-12 2.99 0.54 13.3 0.27 0.99 0.23 <0.01 0.19 SOIL-10_12-17 3.19 0.75 14.3 0.27 1.09 0.28 <0.01 0.2 SOIL-10_17-22 3.73 0.42 11.2 0.26 1.33 0.33 <0.01 0.23 SOIL-10_22-30 4.35 1.59 8.61 0.55 1.48 0.32 <0.01 0.28 SOIL-11_0-7 6.05 0.68 4.06 0.68 1.57 0.64 0.04 0.39 SOIL-11_7-12 5.82 0.55 3.79 0.74 1.68 0.7 0.02 0.34 SOIL-11_12-17 6.23 0.32 3.44 0.63 1.97 0.72 0.01 0.34 SOIL-11_17-22 6.58 0.18 3.09 0.55 2.05 0.73 <0.01 0.36 SOIL-11_22-28 6.13 0.6 3.36 0.83 1.94 0.77 0.02 0.34 SOIL-12_0-7 3.04 0.36 2.24 0.24 0.79 0.27 0.04 0.32 SOIL-12_7-12 2.97 0.33 2.81 0.22 0.8 0.27 0.02 0.31 SOIL-12_12-18 3.16 0.29 2.53 0.23 0.85 0.29 0.01 0.34 SOIL-12_18-24 3.8 0.12 1.52 0.23 1.05 0.34 <0.01 0.37 SOIL-13_0-7 5.53 4.77 7.75 1.84 0.95 0.76 0.1 0.47 SOIL-13_7-12 5.51 2.17 5.45 0.96 1.35 0.33 0.06 0.4 SOIL-13_7-12-D 5.56 2.26 5.66 0.98 1.38 0.33 0.07 0.4 SOIL-13_12-17 5.67 0.53 3.71 0.52 1.51 0.28 0.02 0.42 SOIL-13_17-22 5.41 0.39 3.48 0.49 1.47 0.26 0.01 0.39 SOIL-13_22-30 5.72 0.66 4.82 0.74 1.69 0.27 0.01 0.39 SOIL-14_0-7 5.21 0.28 2.76 0.32 1.44 0.17 0.03 0.37 SOIL-14_7-12 5.57 0.2 2.87 0.31 1.52 0.18 0.02 0.38 SOIL-14_12-17 5.12 0.16 2.62 0.3 1.41 0.17 0.02 0.37

SOIL-14_17-22 5.73 0.14 3.05 0.31 1.61 0.18 0.01 0.38SOIL-14_22-30 6.13 0.11 3.34 0.33 1.84 0.16 <0.01 0.35 1 Analysis by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry.
Appendix 1 55

Table F. Results of laboratory analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania. [Laboratory analyses by SGS Laboratories,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cm, centimeters; <, less than]

Sample number Sample location Depth (cm)

Aluminum 

oxide

Al O2 3

(percent)

Calcium 

oxide

CaO

(percent)

Chromium(III) 

oxide

Cr O2 3

(percent)

Iron(III) 

oxide

Fe O2 3

(percent)

Potassium 

oxide

K O2

(percent)

SOIL-1_6-12 377 feet southeast of furnace 15–30 6.01 1.03 <0.01 5.57 1.01SOIL-2_6-14 1,350 feet southeast of furnace 15–36 11.2 0.28 <0.01 4.90 1.87SOIL-2_4-22 1,350 feet southeast of furnace 36–56 11.1 0.19 <0.01 4.94 2.01SOIL-2_22-32 1,350 feet southeast of furnace 56–81 9.22 0.10 <0.01 4.71 1.81SOIL-3_6-14 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 15–36 11.4 0.16 <0.01 4.62 2.01SOIL-3_14-22 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 36–56 12.4 0.14 <0.01 4.64 2.08SOIL-3_22-32 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 56–81 12.7 0.09 <0.01 3.87 2.25SOIL-3_22-32D 3,400 feet northeast of furnace 59–81 duplicate 12.8 0.09 <0.01 3.89 2.26

Sample number

Magnesium 

oxide

MgO

(percent)

Manganese

oxide

MnO

(percent)

Sodium

oxide

Na O2

(percent)

Phosphorous 

pentoxide

P O2 5

(percent)

Silicon dioxide 

(silica)

SiO2

(percent)

Titanium 

dioxide

TiO2

(percent)

Loss on 

ignition

 (percent)

SOIL-1_6-12 0.58 0.11 0.36 0.11 62.3 0.68 22.30SOIL-2_6-14 0.72 0.04 0.58 0.08 73 0.94 6.36SOIL-2_4-22 0.73 0.05 0.5 0.05 74.7 0.87 4.58SOIL-2_22-32 0.60 0.08 0.27 0.05 79 0.66 3.63SOIL-3_6-14 0.48 0.13 0.44 0.07 75.7 0.83 5.20SOIL-3_14-22 0.44 0.12 0.62 0.07 72.8 0.83 5.37SOIL-3_22-32 0.32 0.11 0.95 0.05 74.4 0.77 4.52SOIL-3_22-32D 0.31 0.1 1 0.05 74.2 0.77 4.60
56 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts 

per million; E, estimated value below the level of detection; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Sample 

number Sample location

Depth below 

land surface

(cm)

Antimony (ppm) Arsenic (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

SOIL-5-1-2 14 feet east of ore roaster 2.5 58 E 41 123 10 E 11 33

SOIL-5-1-5 5.1 7 E 66 198 30 E 18 54

SOIL-5-1-7 7.6 ND 46 138 8 E 13 39

SOIL-5-1-10 10.2 ND 47 141 ND 13 39

SOIL-5-1-12 12.7 91 E 85 255 ND 35 105

SOIL-5-1-15 15.2 199 E 96 288 46 E 44 132

SOIL-5-1-17 17.8 195 E 169 507 ND 61 183

SOIL-5-1-20 20.3 74 E 141 423 ND 57 171

SOIL-5-1-22 22.9 8 E 88 264 249 39 117

SOIL-5-1-25 25.4 135 E 60 180 79 20 60

SOIL-5-2-33 33.0 ND 57 171 64 21 63

SOIL-5-2-35 35.6 ND 57 171 41 E 20 60

SOIL-5-2-38 38.1 5 E 33 99 13 E 5 15

SOIL-5-2-40 40.6 7 E 32 96 8 E 4 12

SOIL-5-2-45 45.7 47 E 33 99 3 E 5 15

SOIL-5-2-50 50.8 ND 32 96 6 E 4 12

SOIL-5-2-55 55.9 26 E 43 129 8 E 6 18

SOIL-5-2-61 61.0 ND 33 99 5 E 4 12

SOIL-5-2-66 66.0 ND 34 102 8 E 5 15

SOIL-5-3-68 68.6 ND 33 99 9 E 4 12

SOIL-5-3-73 73.7 45 E 35 105 15 E 4 12

SOIL-5-3-78 78.7 ND 33 99 8 E 4 12

SOIL-5-3-84 83.8 ND 34 102 ND 5 15

SOIL-5-3-88 88.9 21 E 33 99 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-3-94 94.0 ND 33 99 ND 4 12

SOIL-6-1-3 43 feet east of ore roaster 3.0 ND 33 99 6 E 9 27

SOIL-6-1-6 6.1 ND 37 111 ND 11 33

SOIL-6-1-9 9.1 ND 38 114 14 E 10 30

SOIL-6-1-12 12.2 24 E 40 120 15 E 12 36

SOIL-6-1-15 15.2 26 E 39 117 32 E 9 27

SOIL-6-1-18 18.3 52 E 37 111 9 E 6 18

SOIL-6-1-21 21.3 52 E 40 120 13 E 8 24

SOIL-6-1-24 24.4 12 E 42 126 6 E 9 27

SOIL-6-1-27 27.4 ND 43 129 24 E 8 24

SOIL-6-1-30 30.5 ND 44 132 8 E 10 30

SOIL-7-1-3 5 feet east of ore pile 3.0 ND 42 126 24 E 10 30

SOIL-7-1-6 6.1 ND 45 135 7 E 12 36

SOIL-7-1-9 9.1 ND 46 138 7 E 14 42

SOIL-7-1-12 12.2 ND 43 129 23 E 11 33

SOIL-7-1-15 15.2 ND 48 144 12 E 13 39

SOIL-7-1-18 18.3 10 E 34 102 ND 5 15

SOIL-7-1-21 21.3 ND 35 105 ND 5 15

SOIL-7-1-24 24.4 ND 39 117 11 E 7 21

SOIL-7-1-27 27.4 22 E 40 120 ND 6 18

SOIL-7-1-30 30.5 97 E 43 129 6 E 7 21

SOIL-8-1-3 190 feet south of furnace 3.0 17 E 34 102 ND 5 15

SOIL-8-1-6 6.1 16 E 32 96 ND 5 15

SOIL-8-1-9 9.1 ND 36 108 ND 6 18

SOIL-8-1-12 12.2 20 E 36 108 8 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-15 15.2 52 E 36 108 3 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-18 18.3 2 E 34 102 ND 5 15

SOIL-8-1-21 21.3 97 E 38 114 18 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-24 24.4 52 E 36 108 10 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-27 27.4 21 E 40 120 ND 6 18

SOIL-8-1-30 30.5 ND 41 123 ND 6 18

SOIL-8-1-33 33.5 ND 34 102 14 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-36 36.6 45 E 35 105 12 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-39 39.6 21 E 37 111 5 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-42 42.7 ND 35 105 7 E 5 15
Appendix 1 57

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts 

per million; E, estimated value below the level of detection; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Sample 

number

Barium (ppm) Bromine (ppm) Cadmium (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

SOIL-5-1-2 186 E 307 921 22 E 7 21 ND 24 72

SOIL-5-1-5 498 E 478 1,434 10 E 12 36 17 E 37 111

SOIL-5-1-7 526 E 333 999 21 E 8 24 ND 26 78

SOIL-5-1-10 413 E 301 903 12 E 8 24 ND 27 81

SOIL-5-1-12 646 E 609 1,830 38 E 18 54 ND 47 141

SOIL-5-1-15 ND 1,080 3,240 ND 23 69 ND 55 165

SOIL-5-1-17 370 E 2,390 7,170 117 29 87 ND 94 282

SOIL-5-1-20 ND 1,940 5,820 136 33 99 ND 79 237

SOIL-5-1-22 1,230 E 1,660 4,980 164 25 75 ND 49 147

SOIL-5-1-25 672 E 600 1,800 40 E 12 36 38 E 33 99

SOIL-5-2-33 1,020 E 685 2,060 64 13 39 21 E 32 96

SOIL-5-2-35 1,640 E 659 1,980 50 E 11 33 ND 30 90

SOIL-5-2-38 738 210 630 15 E 6 18 ND 19 57

SOIL-5-2-40 528 E 184 552 11 E 5 15 4 E 18 54

SOIL-5-2-45 463 E 199 597 8 E 5 15 ND 19 57

SOIL-5-2-50 582 181 543 3 E 5 15 ND 18 54

SOIL-5-2-55 344 E 242 726 20 E 7 21 ND 24 72

SOIL-5-2-61 521 E 186 558 5 E 5 15 6 E 18 54

SOIL-5-2-66 397 E 194 582 6 E 6 18 4 E 18 54

SOIL-5-3-68 739 196 588 1 E 5 15 ND 18 54

SOIL-5-3-73 35 E 181 543 9 E 5 15 17 E 19 57

SOIL-5-3-78 291 E 184 552 1 E 5 15 ND 18 54

SOIL-5-3-84 450 E 197 591 5 E 6 18 13 E 19 57

SOIL-5-3-88 193 E 179 537 1 E 5 15 20 E 18 54

SOIL-5-3-94 529 E 185 555 3 E 5 15 6 E 18 54

SOIL-6-1-3 492 E 205 615 9 E 6 18 ND 18 54

SOIL-6-1-6 588 E 253 759 14 E 7 21 ND 21 63

SOIL-6-1-9 763 E 272 816 11 E 7 21 4 E 21 63

SOIL-6-1-12 411 E 291 873 14 E 8 24 47 E 22 66

SOIL-6-1-15 928 277 831 19 E 8 24 10 E 21 63

SOIL-6-1-18 738 228 684 8 E 6 18 ND 21 63

SOIL-6-1-21 505 E 286 858 9 E 7 21 14 E 22 66

SOIL-6-1-24 370 E 307 921 7 E 7 21 17 E 24 72

SOIL-6-1-27 493 E 341 1,020 22 E 7 21 4 E 25 75

SOIL-6-1-30 483 E 371 1,110 21 E 8 24 5 E 25 75

SOIL-7-1-3 1,150 359 1,080 9 E 8 24 29 E 24 72

SOIL-7-1-6 ND 341 1,020 29 E 8 24 ND 25 75

SOIL-7-1-9 1,330 404 1,210 15 E 10 30 ND 26 78

SOIL-7-1-12 673 E 320 960 ND 9 27 33 E 24 72

SOIL-7-1-15 703 E 333 999 ND 8 24 ND 26 78

SOIL-7-1-18 329 E 172 516 3 E 5 15 7 E 19 57

SOIL-7-1-21 340 E 180 540 18 E 5 15 ND 19 57

SOIL-7-1-24 239 E 233 699 1 E 6 18 ND 22 66

SOIL-7-1-27 826 251 753 ND 7 21 ND 22 66

SOIL-7-1-30 287 E 232 696 ND 6 18 21 E 24 72

SOIL-8-1-3 321 E 175 525 4 E 5 15 14 E 19 57

SOIL-8-1-6 301 E 179 537 3 E 6 18 13 E 18 54

SOIL-8-1-9 686 215 645 10 E 5 15 36 E 20 60

SOIL-8-1-12 428 E 220 660 ND 6 18 ND 20 60

SOIL-8-1-15 632 E 230 690 1 E 6 18 ND 20 60

SOIL-8-1-18 889 222 666 10 E 5 15 19 E 19 57

SOIL-8-1-21 232 E 229 687 15 E 7 21 ND 22 66

SOIL-8-1-24 625 E 233 699 8 E 6 18 ND 20 60

SOIL-8-1-27 764 E 260 780 10 E 7 21 29 E 22 66

SOIL-8-1-30 1,080 E 267 801 7 E 7 21 ND 23 69

SOIL-8-1-33 543 E 195 585 2 E 6 18 10 E 19 57

SOIL-8-1-36 555 E 215 645 13 E 6 18 ND 19 57

SOIL-8-1-39 303 E 207 621 6 E 6 18 ND 21 63

SOIL-8-1-42 690 213 639 13 E 6 18 10 E 20 60
58 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts 

per million; E, estimated value below the level of detection; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Sample 

number

Chromium (ppm) Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

SOIL-5-1-2 135 E 86 258 1,010 231 693 76 17 51

SOIL-5-1-5 ND 113 339 1,350 345 1,040 93 28 84

SOIL-5-1-7 48 E 87 261 773 236 708 132 21 63

SOIL-5-1-10 ND 72 216 625 202 606 141 22 66

SOIL-5-1-12 ND 150 450 1,110 E 426 1,280 150 39 117

SOIL-5-1-15 ND 283 849 3,710 1,000 3,000 190 56 168

SOIL-5-1-17 ND 663 2,000 3,320 E 2,300 6,900 ND 79 237

SOIL-5-1-20 ND 551 1,650 1,450 E 1,920 5,760 71 E 80 240

SOIL-5-1-22 ND 488 1,460 2,480 E 1,620 4,860 93 E 61 183

SOIL-5-1-25 ND 165 495 79 E 527 1,580 62 E 27 81

SOIL-5-2-33 67 E 190 570 1,400 E 596 1,790 168 33 99

SOIL-5-2-35 ND 174 522 2,480 563 1,690 73 E 27 81

SOIL-5-2-38 23 E 49 147 174 E 100 300 24 E 11 33

SOIL-5-2-40 81 E 44 132 217 E 73 219 26 E 10 30

SOIL-5-2-45 ND 45 135 380 97 291 18 E 11 33

SOIL-5-2-50 68 E 43 129 450 74 222 ND 9 27

SOIL-5-2-55 24 E 56 168 138 E 99 297 ND 13 39

SOIL-5-2-61 80 E 44 132 307 77 231 10 E 10 30

SOIL-5-2-66 137 49 147 215 E 88 264 11 E 10 30

SOIL-5-3-68 17 E 42 126 350 78 234 24 E 11 33

SOIL-5-3-73 64 E 45 135 242 E 81 243 26 E 11 33

SOIL-5-3-78 120 E 46 138 345 81 243 13 E 10 30

SOIL-5-3-84 66 E 45 135 341 85 255 7 E 10 30

SOIL-5-3-88 15 E 41 123 199 E 78 234 26 E 11 33

SOIL-5-3-94 ND 39 117 221 E 78 234 42 E 11 33

SOIL-6-1-3 163 E 58 174 928 134 402 47 E 12 36

SOIL-6-1-6 83 E 64 192 773 160 480 93 15 45

SOIL-6-1-9 344 75 225 1,060 171 513 99 15 45

SOIL-6-1-12 106 E 75 225 745 192 576 104 17 51

SOIL-6-1-15 106 E 69 207 754 173 519 189 18 54

SOIL-6-1-18 22 E 56 168 296 E 129 387 53 E 13 39

SOIL-6-1-21 8 E 70 210 626 186 558 107 17 51

SOIL-6-1-24 109 E 79 237 673 204 612 162 20 60

SOIL-6-1-27 176 E 93 279 330 E 238 714 107 19 57

SOIL-6-1-30 ND 93 279 830 E 285 855 106 20 60

SOIL-7-1-3 112 E 85 255 866 221 663 150 20 60

SOIL-7-1-6 391 104 312 393 E 256 768 148 21 63

SOIL-7-1-9 639 124 372 ND 279 837 131 22 66

SOIL-7-1-12 417 96 288 194 E 204 612 139 20 60

SOIL-7-1-15 379 97 291 253 E 198 594 84 19 57

SOIL-7-1-18 73 E 43 129 25 E 61 183 16 E 10 30

SOIL-7-1-21 72 E 44 132 287 67 201 22 E 11 33

SOIL-7-1-24 23 E 56 168 272 E 128 384 67 15 45

SOIL-7-1-27 12 E 54 162 273 E 105 315 ND 12 36

SOIL-7-1-30 63 E 56 168 168 E 104 312 34 E 14 42

SOIL-8-1-3 57 E 44 132 238 77 231 28 E 11 33

SOIL-8-1-6 26 E 43 129 253 83 249 34 E 11 33

SOIL-8-1-9 ND 46 138 141 E 94 282 22 E 12 36

SOIL-8-1-12 88 E 54 162 544 112 336 48 E 13 39

SOIL-8-1-15 112 E 56 168 560 122 366 16 E 12 36

SOIL-8-1-18 51 E 50 150 537 103 309 38 E 12 36

SOIL-8-1-21 91 E 55 165 260 E 104 312 8 E 12 36

SOIL-8-1-24 21 E 52 156 222 E 110 330 25 E 12 36

SOIL-8-1-27 70 E 61 183 258 E 128 384 14 E 13 39

SOIL-8-1-30 ND 56 168 362 E 127 381 43 E 14 42

SOIL-8-1-33 99 E 48 144 328 91 273 31 E 11 33

SOIL-8-1-36 100 E 51 153 339 93 279 24 E 11 33

SOIL-8-1-39 24 E 48 144 318 93 279 18 E 12 36

SOIL-8-1-42 51 E 48 144 390 92 276 18 E 11 33
Appendix 1 59

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts 

per million; E, estimated value below the level of detection; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Sample

number

Gold (ppm) Iron (ppm) Lead (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

SOIL-5-1-2 15 E 4 12 127,000 2,290 6,870 117 11 33

SOIL-5-1-5 16 E 7 21 112,000 3,150 9,450 120 17 51

SOIL-5-1-7 18 E 5 15 118,000 2,270 6,810 174 13 39

SOIL-5-1-10 13 E 5 15 72,100 1,550 4,650 143 13 39

SOIL-5-1-12 24 E 11 33 113,000 3,940 11,800 423 37 111

SOIL-5-1-15 38 E 10 30 450,000 18,200 54,600 385 46 138

SOIL-5-1-17 85 18 54 868,000 59,600 179,000 293 69 207

SOIL-5-1-20 118 16 48 871,000 51,600 155,000 359 62 186

SOIL-5-1-22 216 16 48 >900,000 63,100 190,000 ND 47 141

SOIL-5-1-25 51 E 8 24 387,000 9,220 27,700 157 20 60

SOIL-5-2-33 65 7 21 530,000 12,100 36,300 201 22 66

SOIL-5-2-35 65 7 21 521,000 11,100 33,300 208 22 66

SOIL-5-2-38 ND 3 9 40,500 606 1,820 15 E 5 15

SOIL-5-2-40 2 E 3 9 23,000 357 1,070 12 E 4 12

SOIL-5-2-45 2 E 3 9 38,100 567 1,700 23 E 5 15

SOIL-5-2-50 4 E 3 9 22,400 346 1,040 16 E 4 12

SOIL-5-2-55 ND 3 9 23,900 495 1,490 10 E 5 15

SOIL-5-2-61 5 E 3 9 24,200 375 1,130 14 E 4 12

SOIL-5-2-66 ND 3 9 31,200 481 1,440 16 E 5 15

SOIL-5-3-68 ND 3 9 24,400 382 1,150 13 E 4 12

SOIL-5-3-73 ND 3 9 25,200 407 1,220 6 E 4 12

SOIL-5-3-78 5 E 3 9 27,500 415 1,250 12 E 4 12

SOIL-5-3-84 6 E 3 9 29,500 450 1,350 27 E 5 15

SOIL-5-3-88 5 E 3 9 25,100 392 1,180 20 E 5 15

SOIL-5-3-94 3 E 3 9 25,200 391 1,170 19 E 5 15

SOIL-6-1-3 9 E 3 9 68,900 980 2,940 153 9 27

SOIL-6-1-6 10 E 4 12 84,300 1,300 3,900 207 11 33

SOIL-6-1-9 12 E 4 12 97,900 1,470 4,410 166 10 30

SOIL-6-1-12 16 E 5 15 105,000 1,740 5,220 198 12 36

SOIL-6-1-15 15 E 5 15 97,200 1,510 4,530 89 9 27

SOIL-6-1-18 7 E 3 9 55,900 894 2,680 30 E 6 18

SOIL-6-1-21 15 E 4 12 99,100 1,650 4,950 48 E 8 24

SOIL-6-1-24 15 E 4 12 105,000 1,860 5,580 90 10 30

SOIL-6-1-27 12 E 4 12 135,000 2,470 7,410 35 E 8 24

SOIL-6-1-30 18 E 4 12 189,000 3,450 10,400 78 11 33

SOIL-7-1-3 10 E 4 12 127,000 2,190 6,570 84 10 30

SOIL-7-1-6 22 E 5 15 156,000 2,850 8,550 133 12 36

SOIL-7-1-9 17 E 5 15 170,000 3,270 9,810 175 14 42

SOIL-7-1-12 15 E 5 15 101,000 1,870 5,610 110 11 33

SOIL-7-1-15 16 E 5 15 81,800 1,650 4,950 147 12 36

SOIL-7-1-18 3 E 3 9 14,700 265 795 26 E 5 15

SOIL-7-1-21 2 E 3 9 15,200 278 834 29 E 5 15

SOIL-7-1-24 5 E 4 12 47,500 832 2,500 43 E 7 21

SOIL-7-1-27 3 E 4 12 31,100 573 1,720 31 E 6 18

SOIL-7-1-30 6 E 4 12 28,500 555 1,670 34 E 7 21

SOIL-8-1-3 6 E 3 9 22,200 370 1,110 45 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-6 1 E 3 9 27,100 429 1,290 45 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-9 2 E 3 9 29,900 512 1,540 46 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-12 4 E 3 9 42,100 673 2,020 26 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-15 2 E 3 9 51,400 797 2,390 27 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-18 7 E 3 9 37,400 585 1,760 34 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-21 3 E 4 12 31,500 572 1,720 13 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-24 8 E 4 12 40,200 668 2,000 18 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-27 6 E 4 12 46,500 824 2,470 25 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-30 5 E 4 12 43,600 789 2,370 27 E 6 18

SOIL-8-1-33 2 E 3 9 32,300 497 1,490 14 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-36 ND 3 9 30,500 496 1,490 23 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-39 4 E 3 9 27,800 481 1,440 22 E 5 15

SOIL-8-1-42 ND 3 9 30,200 489 1,470 16 E 5 15
60 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts 

per million; E, estimated value below the level of detection; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Sample 

number

Manganese (ppm) Mercury (ppm) Molybdenum (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

SOIL-5-1-2 1,370 132 396 ND 7 21 16 E 5 15

SOIL-5-1-5 2,150 226 678 ND 12 36 1 E 7 21

SOIL-5-1-7 1,710 146 438 ND 8 24 8 E 5 15

SOIL-5-1-10 1,430 136 408 ND 8 24 3 E 5 15

SOIL-5-1-12 1,770 266 798 ND 15 45 ND 9 27

SOIL-5-1-15 2,120 484 1,450 ND 22 66 39 E 12 36

SOIL-5-1-17 2,560 E 1,080 3,240 ND 18 54 51 E 20 60

SOIL-5-1-20 3,610 947 2,840 ND 31 93 23 E 16 48

SOIL-5-1-22 4,680 763 2,290 ND 26 78 41 E 9 27

SOIL-5-1-25 1,300 254 762 ND 12 36 17 E 6 18

SOIL-5-2-33 2,800 304 912 ND 12 36 13 E 6 18

SOIL-5-2-35 3,960 305 915 ND 11 33 ND 6 18

SOIL-5-2-38 3,180 116 348 4 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-2-40 2,330 93 279 2 E 5 15 4 E 4 12

SOIL-5-2-45 2,600 104 312 2 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-2-50 2,100 87 261 3 E 5 15 ND 3 9

SOIL-5-2-55 2,110 119 357 4 E 6 18 2 E 5 15

SOIL-5-2-61 1,220 71 213 ND 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-2-66 922 69 207 7 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-3-68 843 63 189 8 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-3-73 1,240 75 225 ND 4 12 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-3-78 487 55 165 7 E 5 15 2 E 4 12

SOIL-5-3-84 444 55 165 6 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-3-88 304 49 147 3 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-3-94 654 58 174 ND 5 15 5 E 4 12

SOIL-6-1-3 1,260 87 261 ND 6 18 10 E 4 12

SOIL-6-1-6 2,000 114 342 1 E 7 21 12 E 4 12

SOIL-6-1-9 2,150 119 357 ND 7 21 3 E 4 12

SOIL-6-1-12 2,060 130 390 6 E 8 24 8 E 4 12

SOIL-6-1-15 1,900 116 348 15 E 8 24 ND 4 12

SOIL-6-1-18 1,130 89 267 3 E 6 18 4 E 4 12

SOIL-6-1-21 2,180 131 393 3 E 7 21 2 E 4 12

SOIL-6-1-24 2,090 139 417 ND 8 24 1 E 5 15

SOIL-6-1-27 2,300 157 471 ND 7 21 6 E 5 15

SOIL-6-1-30 2,170 167 501 ND 8 24 2 E 5 15

SOIL-7-1-3 2,920 159 477 4 E 8 24 11 E 5 15

SOIL-7-1-6 4,220 201 603 ND 7 21 12 E 5 15

SOIL-7-1-9 3,920 209 627 10 E 10 30 10 E 5 15

SOIL-7-1-12 4,400 193 579 8 E 9 27 12 E 5 15

SOIL-7-1-15 3,740 188 564 ND 9 27 ND 5 15

SOIL-7-1-18 1,500 79 237 1 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-7-1-21 232 45 135 ND 5 15 5 E 4 12

SOIL-7-1-24 686 81 243 2 E 6 18 4 E 4 12

SOIL-7-1-27 1,470 96 288 10 E 7 21 11 E 5 15

SOIL-7-1-30 575 73 219 ND 6 18 ND 4 12

SOIL-8-1-3 720 62 186 2 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-8-1-6 850 66 198 9 E 6 18 4 E 4 12

SOIL-8-1-9 828 72 216 ND 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-8-1-12 1,750 96 288 10 E 6 18 8 E 4 12

SOIL-8-1-15 615 73 219 13 E 6 18 ND 4 12

SOIL-8-1-18 1,260 81 243 ND 5 15 5 E 4 12

SOIL-8-1-21 887 80 240 ND 6 18 2 E 4 12

SOIL-8-1-24 1,510 93 279 ND 6 18 ND 4 12

SOIL-8-1-27 1,600 105 315 5 E 7 21 2 E 4 12

SOIL-8-1-30 1,350 99 297 2 E 6 18 2 E 4 12

SOIL-8-1-33 627 62 186 6 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-8-1-36 1,560 87 261 3 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-8-1-39 722 69 207 ND 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-8-1-42 687 66 198 2 E 5 15 3 E 4 12
Appendix 1 61

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts 

per million; E, estimated value below the level of detection; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Sample

number

Nickel (ppm) Rubidium (ppm) Selenium (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

SOIL-5-1-2 ND 42 126 30 E 3 9 ND 3 9

SOIL-5-1-5 ND 64 192 36 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-1-7 ND 43 129 33 E 4 12 ND 3 9

SOIL-5-1-10 ND 40 120 24 E 3 9 ND 3 9

SOIL-5-1-12 ND 83 249 28 E 6 18 ND 7 21

SOIL-5-1-15 ND 163 489 38 E 9 27 ND 8 24

SOIL-5-1-17 ND 388 1,160 34 E 16 48 ND 15 45

SOIL-5-1-20 ND 297 891 9 E 12 36 ND 9 27

SOIL-5-1-22 ND 258 774 ND 11 33 ND 8 24

SOIL-5-1-25 ND 88 264 38 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-2-33 ND 105 315 44 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-2-35 ND 99 297 54 E 5 15 ND 4 12

SOIL-5-2-38 42 E 23 69 73 3 9 1 E 2 6

SOIL-5-2-40 34 E 20 60 63 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-5-2-45 ND 21 63 69 3 9 3 E 2 6

SOIL-5-2-50 38 E 20 60 68 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-5-2-55 73 E 28 84 73 4 12 2 E 2 6

SOIL-5-2-61 23 E 20 60 73 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-5-2-66 40 E 22 66 80 4 12 2 E 2 6

SOIL-5-3-68 34 E 21 63 76 3 9 1 E 2 6

SOIL-5-3-73 69 22 66 65 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-5-3-78 27 E 21 63 88 4 12 ND 2 6

SOIL-5-3-84 64 E 22 66 88 4 12 1 E 2 6

SOIL-5-3-88 41 E 20 60 80 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-5-3-94 19 E 20 60 89 4 12 3 E 2 6

SOIL-6-1-3 7 E 28 84 36 E 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-6-1-6 2 E 33 99 50 E 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-6-1-9 34 E 35 105 45 E 3 9 6 E 3 9

SOIL-6-1-12 ND 37 111 47 E 3 9 ND 3 9

SOIL-6-1-15 55 E 36 108 48E 3 9 5 E 3 9

SOIL-6-1-18 18 E 28 84 31 E 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-6-1-21 ND 36 108 70 4 12 ND 3 9

SOIL-6-1-24 15 E 41 123 45 E 4 12 ND 3 9

SOIL-6-1-27 ND 44 132 55 E 4 12 4 E 3 9

SOIL-6-1-30 ND 51 153 55 E 4 12 3 E 3 9

SOIL-7-1-3 ND 42 126 28 E 3 9 5 E 3 9

SOIL-7-1-6 ND 47 141 25 E 3 9 ND 3 9

SOIL-7-1-9 34 E 52 156 31 E 4 12 ND 3 9

SOIL-7-1-12 5 E 40 120 37 E 4 12 2 E 3 9

SOIL-7-1-15 ND 38 114 41 E 4 12 ND 3 9

SOIL-7-1-18 21 E 18 54 78 4 12 ND 2 6

SOIL-7-1-21 6 E 19 57 83 4 12 1 E 2 6

SOIL-7-1-24 28 E 29 87 64 4 12 1 E 2 6

SOIL-7-1-27 12 E 25 75 78 4 12 5 E 3 9

SOIL-7-1-30 21 E 26 78 77 4 12 ND 2 6

SOIL-8-1-3 6 E 20 60 63 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-8-1-6 13 E 21 63 76 3 9 ND 2 6

SOIL-8-1-9 25 E 23 69 86 4 12 ND 2 6

SOIL-8-1-12 23 E 26 78 131 5 15 ND 2 6

SOIL-8-1-15 16 E 27 81 156 5 15 1 E 2 6

SOIL-8-1-18 17 E 24 72 101 4 12 2 E 2 6

SOIL-8-1-21 34 E 26 78 101 5 15 6 E 3 9

SOIL-8-1-24 45 E 26 78 114 5 15 ND 2 6

SOIL-8-1-27 54 E 30 90 116 5 15 5 E 3 9

SOIL-8-1-30 ND 28 84 162 6 18 1E 2 6

SOIL-8-1-33 25 E 22 66 92 4 12 ND 2 6

SOIL-8-1-36 36 E 23 69 99 4 12 2 E 2 6

SOIL-8-1-39 35 E 24 72 84 4 12 ND 2 6

SOIL-8-1-42 15 E 23 69 84 4 12 1 E 2 6
62 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts 

per million; E, estimated value below the level of detection; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Sample

number

Silver (ppm) Strontium (ppm) Tin (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

SOIL-5-1-2 ND 19 57 37 E 3 9 ND 39 117

SOIL-5-1-5 60 E 30 90 44 E 6 18 ND 61 183

SOIL-5-1-7 14 E 21 63 43 E 4 12 ND 43 129

SOIL-5-1-10 ND 22 66 55 E 4 12 ND 44 132

SOIL-5-1-12 42 E 38 114 40 E 7 21 ND 77 231

SOIL-5-1-15 12 E 45 135 41 E 8 24 200 E 90 270

SOIL-5-1-17 66 E 81 243 48 E 14 42 252 E 159 477

SOIL-5-1-20 180 E 68 204 18 E 9 27 151 E 136 408

SOIL-5-1-22 ND 40 120 22 E 6 18 ND 81 243

SOIL-5-1-25 34 E 27 81 35 E 4 12 25 E 55 165

SOIL-5-2-33 9 E 26 78 39 E 4 12 16 E 53 159

SOIL-5-2-35 2 E 25 75 49 E 5 15 16 E 53 159

SOIL-5-2-38 8 E 15 45 51 E 3 9 ND 31 93

SOIL-5-2-40 ND 15 45 46 E 3 9 ND 30 90

SOIL-5-2-45 ND 15 45 47 E 3 9 48 E 31 93

SOIL-5-2-50 ND 14 42 44 E 3 9 2 E 29 87

SOIL-5-2-55 ND 20 60 44 E 3 9 40 E 40 120

SOIL-5-2-61 15 E 15 45 45 E 3 9 28 E 30 90

SOIL-5-2-66 ND 15 45 36 E 3 9 ND 31 93

SOIL-5-3-68 10 E 15 45 41 E 3 9 ND 31 93

SOIL-5-3-73 16 E 16 48 37 E 3 9 31 E 32 96

SOIL-5-3-78 46 E 15 45 46 E 3 9 13 E 30 90

SOIL-5-3-84 32 E 15 45 43E 3 9 8 E 32 96

SOIL-5-3-88 25 E 15 45 39 E 3 9 22 E 30 90

SOIL-5-3-94 ND 15 45 45 E 3 9 ND 30 90

SOIL-6-1-3 12 E 15 45 51 E 3 9 8 E 31 93

SOIL-6-1-6 ND 17 51 74 4 12 25 E 34 102

SOIL-6-1-9 ND 17 51 73 4 12 52 E 35 105

SOIL-6-1-12 ND 18 54 64 4 12 110 E 37 111

SOIL-6-1-15 ND 17 51 71 4 12 58 E 36 108

SOIL-6-1-18 ND 17 51 50 E 3 9 4 E 34 102

SOIL-6-1-21 18 E 18 54 111 5 15 34 E 37 111

SOIL-6-1-24 8 E 19 57 65 4 12 ND 39 117

SOIL-6-1-27 ND 20 60 109 5 15 15 E 41 123

SOIL-6-1-30 ND 20 60 113 5 15 72 E 41 123

SOIL-7-1-3 9 E 19 57 186 7 21 ND 39 117

SOIL-7-1-6 5 E 20 60 177 7 21 57 E 42 126

SOIL-7-1-9 ND 21 63 176 7 21 ND 43 129

SOIL-7-1-12 15 E 20 60 162 6 18 ND 40 120

SOIL-7-1-15 ND 22 66 141 6 18 86 E 44 132

SOIL-7-1-18 1 E 16 48 47 E 3 9 47 E 31 93

SOIL-7-1-21 ND 16 48 45 E 3 9 ND 32 96

SOIL-7-1-24 30 E 18 54 44 E 3 9 ND 36 108

SOIL-7-1-27 ND 18 54 103 5 15 74 E 37 111

SOIL-7-1-30 7 E 19 57 41 E 3 9 89 E 39 117

SOIL-8-1-3 ND 15 45 27 E 2 6 35 E 31 93

SOIL-8-1-6 ND 15 45 34 E 3 9 36 E 30 90

SOIL-8-1-9 ND 16 48 31 E 3 9 1 E 34 102

SOIL-8-1-12 ND 16 48 37 E 3 9 28 E 33 99

SOIL-8-1-15 1 E 16 48 39 E 3 9 35 E 33 99

SOIL-8-1-18 ND 15 45 36 E 3 9 76 E 32 96

SOIL-8-1-21 2 E 18 54 41 E 3 9 4 E 36 108

SOIL-8-1-24 ND 17 51 42 E 3 9 34 E 34 102

SOIL-8-1-27 24 E 18 54 31 E 3 9 ND 37 111

SOIL-8-1-30 ND 18 54 42 E 3 9 1 E 38 114

SOIL-8-1-33 ND 15 45 44 E 3 9 ND 31 93

SOIL-8-1-36 ND 16 48 43 E 3 9 83 E 32 96

SOIL-8-1-39 36 E 17 51 40 E 3 9 ND 35 105

SOIL-8-1-42 13 E 16 48 42 E 3 9 26 E 33 99
Appendix 1 63

Table G. Results of analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of soil samples from Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, 

Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Analyses by Cynthia Hall and Martin Helmke of West Chester University and Michael Degnan of the U.S. Geological Survey. cm, centimeters; ppm, parts 

per million; E, estimated value below the level of detection; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Sample

number

Titanium (ppm) Zinc (ppm) Zirconium (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

SOIL-5-1-2 4,640 847 2,540 270 17 51 116 5 15

SOIL-5-1-5 4,420 1,310 3,930 271 27 81 143 9 27

SOIL-5-1-7 4,340 906 2,720 311 20 60 166 7 21

SOIL-5-1-10 2,080 E 793 2,380 198 17 51 105 6 18

SOIL-5-1-12 4,330 E 1,650 4,950 242 32 96 151 11 33

SOIL-5-1-15 11,800 3,090 9,270 351 47 141 152 14 42

SOIL-5-1-17 2,550 E 6,110 18,300 842 126 378 65 18 54

SOIL-5-1-20 11,800 E 5,370 16,100 451 78 234 41 E 13 39

SOIL-5-1-22 ND 4,130 12,400 676 58 174 32 E 7 21

SOIL-5-1-25 1,650 E 1,520 4,560 392 29 87 90 7 21

SOIL-5-2-33 6,620 1,800 5,400 532 33 99 112 7 21

SOIL-5-2-35 7,050 1,730 5,190 601 32 96 140 7 21

SOIL-5-2-38 5,300 598 1,790 77 8 24 346 7 21

SOIL-5-2-40 5,190 535 1,610 47 E 6 18 310 6 18

SOIL-5-2-45 5,840 585 1,760 105 8 24 311 7 21

SOIL-5-2-50 4,510 514 1,540 66 7 21 303 6 18

SOIL-5-2-55 5,760 725 2,180 56 E 9 27 314 9 27

SOIL-5-2-61 5,110 540 1,620 62 7 21 330 7 21

SOIL-5-2-66 5,510 570 1,710 51 E 6 18 313 7 21

SOIL-5-3-68 5,350 563 1,690 46 E 6 18 306 6 18

SOIL-5-3-73 6,000 561 1,680 55 E 7 21 295 7 21

SOIL-5-3-78 6,190 555 1,670 53 E 6 18 338 7 21

SOIL-5-3-84 6,730 593 1,780 40 E 6 18 321 7 21

SOIL-5-3-88 6,020 550 1,650 46 E 6 18 287 6 18

SOIL-5-3-94 4,840 535 1,610 31 E 5 15 227 5 15

SOIL-6-1-3 1,970 530 1,590 366 15 45 180 5 15

SOIL-6-1-6 5,320 708 2,120 357 17 51 184 6 18

SOIL-6-1-9 7,070 770 2,310 378 17 51 173 5 15

SOIL-6-1-12 7,520 846 2,540 342 18 54 219 7 21

SOIL-6-1-15 6,010 770 2,310 245 14 42 201 6 18

SOIL-6-1-18 2,710 602 1,810 92 9 27 128 5 15

SOIL-6-1-21 6,680 820 2,460 214 14 42 209 6 18

SOIL-6-1-24 7,470 893 2,680 267 17 51 185 6 18

SOIL-6-1-27 6,490 957 2,870 198 15 45 203 7 21

SOIL-6-1-30 6,520 1,030 3,090 288 18 54 199 7 21

SOIL-7-1-3 11,300 1,050 3,150 257 16 48 107 5 15

SOIL-7-1-6 8,600 1,010 3,030 372 21 63 155 6 18

SOIL-7-1-9 3,530 1,030 3,090 396 23 69 168 7 21

SOIL-7-1-12 4,830 869 2,610 342 20 60 203 7 21

SOIL-7-1-15 5,180 915 2,750 282 19 57 182 7 21

SOIL-7-1-18 3,470 488 1,460 62 7 21 145 5 15

SOIL-7-1-21 3,990 519 1,560 34 E 6 18 199 5 15

SOIL-7-1-24 5,400 684 2,050 83 9 27 240 7 21

SOIL-7-1-27 6,270 730 2,190 54 E 8 24 374 9 27

SOIL-7-1-30 5,480 692 2,080 62 9 27 220 7 21

SOIL-8-1-3 3,020 487 1,460 72 7 21 137 4 12

SOIL-8-1-6 3,850 510 1,530 69 7 21 164 5 15

SOIL-8-1-9 4,270 603 1,810 78 8 24 166 5 15

SOIL-8-1-12 6,130 647 1,940 94 9 27 203 6 18

SOIL-8-1-15 6,040 662 1,990 100 9 27 182 5 15

SOIL-8-1-18 5,660 632 1,900 56 E 7 21 228 6 18

SOIL-8-1-21 7,170 707 2,120 64 8 24 239 7 21

SOIL-8-1-24 6,330 682 2,050 69 8 24 198 6 18

SOIL-8-1-27 6,040 746 2,240 64 9 27 185 6 18

SOIL-8-1-30 5,050 743 2,230 73 9 27 164 6 18

SOIL-8-1-33 4,380 550 1,650 75 7 21 281 6 18

SOIL-8-1-36 6,890 644 1,930 74 8 24 276 6 18

SOIL-8-1-39 5,700 621 1,860 56 E 7 21 261 7 21

SOIL-8-1-42 5,820 620 1,860 69 8 24 279 6 18 1

 The 1 sigma error represents the uncertainty of each analysis.

2

 The 3 sigma error is the level of detection. Values less than the 3 sigma error are estimated.
64 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

museum, Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University. All concentrations are in parts per million (ppm); E, estimated value 

below detection limit; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Artifact

number

Sample

location

Reading

number

Antimony (ppm) Arsenic (ppm) Barium (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

Stove 1 Ash lip 5 128 E 84 252 472 78 234 2,060 E 2,140 6,420

Stove 1 Ash lip 6 8 E 91 273 ND 80 240 2,320 E 2,430 7,290

Stove 1 Ash lip 7 50 E 79 237 500 78 234 ND 1,800 5,400

Stove 1 Top 8 ND 78 234 411 71 213 1,340 E 1,970 5,910

Stove 1 Top 9 99 E 83 249 565 71 213 2,300 E 2,070 6,210

Stove 1 Top 10 5 E 81 243 497 75 225 1,580 E 2,040 6,120

Stove 2 Ash lip 11 ND 92 276 1,330 116 348 ND 2,240 6,720

Stove 2 Ash lip 12 57 E 99 297 845 107 321 2,140 E 2,640 7,920

Stove 2 Ash lip 13 ND 71 213 995 108 324 299 E 1,570 4,710

Stove 2 Top 14 ND 89 267 1,080 123 369 ND 2,180 6,540

Stove 2 Top 15 ND 96 288 958 138 414 1,770 E 2,320 6,960

Stove 2 Top 16 70 E 77 231 992 116 348 ND 1,790 5,370

Stove 3 Ash lip 17 ND 100 300 407 92 276 4,250 E 2,650 7,950

Stove 3 Ash lip 18 ND 104 312 583 91 273 327 E 2,860 8,580

Stove 3 Ash lip 19 ND 94 282 533 79 237 ND 2,430 7,290

Stove 3 Top 20 ND 91 273 659 84 252 908 E 2,410 7,230

Stove 3 Top 21 10 E 87 261 410 77 231 3,760 E 2,300 6,900

Stove 3 Top 22 ND 89 267 229 68 204 3,810 E 2,300 6,900

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 23 26 E 96 288 738 100 300 ND 2,440 7,320

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 24 ND 95 285 709 92 276 2,860 E 2,470 7,410

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 25 ND 102 306 820 100 300 5,530 E 2,760 8,280

Stove 4 3 Top 26 75 E 89 267 394 77 231 ND 2,240 6,720

Stove 4 3 Top 27 ND 92 276 607 86 258 3,500 E 2,320 6,960

Stove 4 3 Top 28 ND 82 246 549 71 213 1,820 E 2,000 6,000

Stove 5 Ash lip 29 ND 83 249 341 52 156 3,430 E 2,030 6,090

Stove 5 Ash lip 30 3 E 87 261 223 54 162 2,100 E 1,950 5,850

Stove 5 Ash lip 31 ND 85 255 239 51 153 3,140 E 1,970 5,910

Stove 5 Top 32 ND 84 252 436 62 186 193 E 2,030 6,090

Stove 5 Top 33 43 E 86 258 328 60 180 2,550 E 2,150 6,450

Stove 5 Top 34 69 E 83 249 416 59 177 2,370 E 2,010 6,030

Stove 6 Ash lip 36 32 E 60 180 462 60 180 1,740 E 1,020 3,060

Stove 6 Ash lip 37 ND 69 207 298 58 174 945 E 1,240 3,720

Stove 6 Ash lip 38 ND 66 198 386 59 177 1,350 E 1,210 3,630

Stove 6 Top 39 66 E 73 219 440 64 192 1,020 E 1,590 4,770

Stove 6 Top 40 ND 77 231 711 90 270 2,680 E 1,780 5,340

Stove 6 Top 41 ND 79 237 759 86 258 ND 1,720 5,160

Stove 7 Ash lip 42 ND 88 264 562 75 225 3,950 E 2,300 6,900

Stove 7 Ash lip 43 ND 91 273 622 80 240 3,750 E 2,300 6,900

Stove 7 Ash lip 44 ND 97 291 549 83 249 ND 2,530 7,590

Stove 7 Top 45 ND 87 261 512 82 246 2,530 E 2,220 6,660

Stove 7 Top 46 ND 103 309 681 97 291 1,840 E 2,780 8,340

Stove 7 Top 47 ND 86 258 446 73 219 2,470 E 2,200 6,600

Stove 8 Ash lip 48 ND 90 270 382 84 252 925 E 2,150 6,450

Stove 8 Ash lip 49 66 E 87 261 640 94 282 3,290 E 2,150 6,450

Stove 8 Ash lip 50 105 E 83 249 208 48 144 ND 1,830 5,490

Stove 8 Top 52 39 E 75 225 316 59 177 1,320 E 1,690 5,070

Stove 8 Top 53 ND 76 228 243 51 153 ND 1,730 5,190

Stove 8 Top 54 0 E 75 225 175 58 174 ND 1,720 5,160

Stove 9 Ash lip 55 85 E 85 255 334 60 180 ND 2,050 6,150

Stove 9 Ash lip 56 ND 82 246 285 59 177 ND 1,890 5,670

Stove 9 Ash lip 57 59 E 87 261 380 65 195 684 E 2,160 6,480

Stove 9 Top 58 45 E 102 306 420 82 246 505 E 2,620 7,860

Stove 9 Top 59 88 E 87 261 356 64 192 6,100 E 2,320 6,960

Stove 9 Top 60 48 E 95 285 341 71 213 1,260 E 2,530 7,590

Footed pot Outside 61 ND 143 429 1,050 178 534 100 E 3,840 11,500

Footed pot Outside 62 ND 102 306 607 100 300 4,050 E 2,800 8,400

Footed pot Inside 63 26 E 89 267 1,180 149 447 3,850 E 2,200 6,600

Footed pot Inside 64 105 E 130 390 1,440 242 726 6,160 E 3,100 9,300

Footed pot Outside 65 12 E 89 267 795 134 402 3,660 E 2,130 6,390

Footed pot Outside 66 ND 129 387 922 155 465 553 E 3,410 10,200

Kettle Outside 67 ND 95 285 ND 42 126 6,940 E 2,360 7,080

Kettle Outside 68 43 E 103 309 ND 45 135 2,120 E 2,210 6,630

Kettle Outside 69 140 E 94 282 ND 45 135 3,420 E 2,190 6,570
Appendix 1 65

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

museum, Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University. All concentrations are in parts per million (ppm); E, estimated value 

below detection limit; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Artifact

number

Sample

location

Reading

number

Bromine (ppm) Cadmium (ppm) Chromium (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

Stove 1 Ash lip 5 265 35 105 ND 49 147 ND 611 1,830

Stove 1 Ash lip 6 238 41 123 ND 54 162 ND 684 2,050

Stove 1 Ash lip 7 233 36 108 ND 46 138 ND 522 1,570

Stove 1 Top 8 345 35 105 ND 47 141 346 E 588 1,760

Stove 1 Top 9 246 37 111 50 E 48 144 ND 582 1,750

Stove 1 Top 10 315 37 111 ND 47 141 ND 573 1,720

Stove 2 Ash lip 11 180 41 123 ND 52 156 ND 650 1,950

Stove 2 Ash lip 12 291 46 138 ND 57 171 ND 763 2,290

Stove 2 Ash lip 13 220 39 117 ND 43 129 ND 455 1,370

Stove 2 Top 14 222 42 126 131 E 52 156 ND 638 1,910

Stove 2 Top 15 201 48 144 3 E 56 168 ND 663 1,990

Stove 2 Top 16 172 41 123 ND 47 141 ND 532 1,600

Stove 3 Ash lip 17 415 42 126 ND 56 168 ND 758 2,270

Stove 3 Ash lip 18 404 47 141 1 E 60 180 ND 829 2,490

Stove 3 Ash lip 19 301 39 117 ND 53 159 ND 715 2,150

Stove 3 Top 20 386 40 120 6 E 53 159 ND 706 2,120

Stove 3 Top 21 333 35 105 16 E 52 156 ND 640 1,920

Stove 3 Top 22 374 34 102 ND 51 153 ND 651 1,950

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 23 349 48 144 ND 56 168 ND 718 2,150

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 24 287 43 129 ND 54 162 326 E 739 2,220

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 25 362 47 141 126 E 60 180 ND 798 2,390

Stove 4 3 Top 26 367 42 126 ND 52 156 369 E 675 2,030

Stove 4 3 Top 27 340 42 126 ND 51 153 ND 680 2,040

Stove 4 3 Top 28 257 34 102 ND 47 141 ND 560 1,680

Stove 5 Ash lip 29 297 33 99 69 E 47 141 590 E 602 1,810

Stove 5 Ash lip 30 301 35 105 ND 49 147 ND 557 1,670

Stove 5 Ash lip 31 324 32 96 ND 48 144 ND 556 1,670

Stove 5 Top 32 328 35 105 25 E 47 141 507 E 614 1,840

Stove 5 Top 33 344 35 105 ND 51 153 ND 622 1,870

Stove 5 Top 34 336 31 93 ND 48 144 ND 590 1,770

Stove 6 Ash lip 36 89 27 81 57 E 36 108 1 E 290 870

Stove 6 Ash lip 37 161 26 78 83 E 40 120 ND 351 1,050

Stove 6 Ash lip 38 186 27 81 ND 38 114 ND 342 1,030

Stove 6 Top 39 225 30 90 ND 43 129 ND 454 1,360

Stove 6 Top 40 223 35 105 ND 46 138 ND 514 1,540

Stove 6 Top 41 193 33 99 5 E 46 138 ND 489 1,470

Stove 7 Ash lip 42 341 39 117 66 E 52 156 ND 666 2,000

Stove 7 Ash lip 43 322 36 108 34 E 52 156 ND 668 2,000

Stove 7 Ash lip 44 405 46 138 5 E 56 168 ND 751 2,250

Stove 7 Top 45 270 37 111 ND 50 150 ND 642 1,930

Stove 7 Top 46 406 45 135 ND 58 174 ND 809 2,430

Stove 7 Top 47 311 38 114 ND 52 156 ND 617 1,850

Stove 8 Ash lip 48 344 37 111 116 E 52 156 69 E 641 1,920

Stove 8 Ash lip 49 228 40 120 ND 51 153 941 E 640 1,920

Stove 8 Ash lip 50 278 28 84 ND 47 141 ND 553 1,660

Stove 8 Top 52 207 30 90 6 E 42 126 ND 493 1,480

Stove 8 Top 53 269 28 84 ND 44 132 602 E 536 1,610

Stove 8 Top 54 251 29 87 67 E 44 132 ND 505 1,520

Stove 9 Ash lip 55 332 38 114 ND 51 153 ND 596 1,790

Stove 9 Ash lip 56 285 34 102 115 E 49 147 ND 556 1,670

Stove 9 Ash lip 57 311 35 105 54 E 51 153 ND 640 1,920

Stove 9 Top 58 429 42 126 26 E 59 177 ND 760 2,280

Stove 9 Top 59 333 36 108 ND 50 150 ND 639 1,920

Stove 9 Top 60 382 45 135 ND 54 162 ND 720 2,160

Footed pot Outside 61 290 63 189 70 E 82 246 ND 1,150 3,450

Footed pot Outside 62 396 44 132 ND 57 171 ND 793 2,380

Footed pot Inside 63 142 46 138 ND 53 159 ND 631 1,890

Footed pot Inside 64 157 E 69 207 5 E 76 228 ND 871 2,610

Footed pot Outside 65 183 43 129 ND 52 156 ND 616 1,850

Footed pot Outside 66 296 55 165 44 E 73 219 ND 992 2,980

Kettle Outside 67 353 34 102 ND 57 171 ND 641 1,920

Kettle Outside 68 357 34 102 ND 59 177 ND 639 1,920

Kettle Outside 69 373 31 93 ND 56 168 ND 626 1,880
66 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

museum, Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University. All concentrations are in parts per million (ppm); E, estimated value 

below detection limit; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Artifact

number

Sample

location

Reading

number

Cobalt (ppm) Copper (ppm) Gold (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

Stove 1 Ash lip 5 11,900 2,150 6,450 1,590 127 381 252 19 57

Stove 1 Ash lip 6 12,100 2,440 7,320 2,270 165 495 327 21 63

Stove 1 Ash lip 7 17,200 1,920 5,760 1,510 115 345 215 20 60

Stove 1 Top 8 13,300 2,000 6,000 1,810 130 390 267 20 60

Stove 1 Top 9 12,000 2,070 6,210 1,430 120 360 266 21 63

Stove 1 Top 10 11,300 2,030 6,090 1,870 135 405 236 20 60

Stove 2 Ash lip 11 16,000 2,360 7,080 2,210 159 477 234 25 75

Stove 2 Ash lip 12 16,200 2,690 8,070 4,240 254 762 341 29 87

Stove 2 Ash lip 13 17,700 1,700 5,100 2,060 126 378 160 23 69

Stove 2 Top 14 12,500 2,280 6,840 3,310 200 600 214 24 72

Stove 2 Top 15 11,000 2,320 6,960 2,060 165 495 193 29 87

Stove 2 Top 16 13,100 1,900 5,700 2,070 138 414 170 23 69

Stove 3 Ash lip 17 16,700 2,700 8,100 4,440 263 789 372 28 84

Stove 3 Ash lip 18 5,600 E 2,870 8,610 4,790 292 876 400 30 90

Stove 3 Ash lip 19 12,200 2,480 7,440 4,750 264 792 341 24 72

Stove 3 Top 20 14,400 2,450 7,350 2,900 189 567 306 24 72

Stove 3 Top 21 9,280 2,270 6,810 2,620 173 519 305 21 63

Stove 3 Top 22 8,090 2,240 6,720 2,850 180 540 321 21 63

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 23 10,200 2,520 7,560 ND 78 234 296 26 78

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 24 5,120 E 2,440 7,320 ND 71 213 334 27 81

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 25 8,810 2,680 8,040 ND 84 252 349 29 87

Stove 4 3 Top 26 10,500 2,270 6,810 ND 70 210 301 23 69

Stove 4 3 Top 27 8,360 2,280 6,840 ND 73 219 290 23 69

Stove 4 3 Top 28 4,870 E 1,950 5,850 ND 67 201 248 20 60

Stove 5 Ash lip 29 8,720 1,980 5,940 1,580 124 372 261 18 54

Stove 5 Ash lip 30 7,030 1,930 5,790 1,460 120 360 256 18 54

Stove 5 Ash lip 31 9,790 1,940 5,820 1,360 116 348 247 16 48

Stove 5 Top 32 8,940 2,040 6,120 1,850 136 408 264 20 60

Stove 5 Top 33 13,800 2,160 6,480 1,930 143 429 311 22 66

Stove 5 Top 34 9,590 2,010 6,030 1,180 112 336 263 19 57

Stove 6 Ash lip 36 11,300 1,010 3,030 215 45 135 81 15 45

Stove 6 Ash lip 37 8,930 1,230 3,690 99 E 48 144 115 13 39

Stove 6 Ash lip 38 13,700 1,240 3,720 267 52 156 96 13 39

Stove 6 Top 39 8,000 1,590 4,770 52 E 56 168 190 16 48

Stove 6 Top 40 10,200 1,760 5,280 53 E 61 183 174 19 57

Stove 6 Top 41 11,400 1,830 5,490 ND 58 174 203 21 63

Stove 7 Ash lip 42 7,960 2,270 6,810 2,700 177 531 319 24 72

Stove 7 Ash lip 43 10,200 2,280 6,840 2,240 160 480 294 23 69

Stove 7 Ash lip 44 9,740 2,610 7,830 3,480 223 669 334 24 72

Stove 7 Top 45 8,540 2,190 6,570 1,670 135 405 295 23 69

Stove 7 Top 46 8,520 2,750 8,250 1,750 159 477 380 29 87

Stove 7 Top 47 12,300 2,220 6,660 1,970 145 435 277 20 60

Stove 8 Ash lip 48 17,100 2,250 6,750 2,140 152 456 289 23 69

Stove 8 Ash lip 49 13,200 2,120 6,360 3,810 212 636 257 23 69

Stove 8 Ash lip 50 7,090 1,880 5,640 1,860 129 387 271 17 51

Stove 8 Top 52 10,700 1,710 5,130 1,310 103 309 213 17 51

Stove 8 Top 53 11,000 1,800 5,400 1,970 129 387 256 17 51

Stove 8 Top 54 7,900 1,770 5,310 4,560 218 654 241 17 51

Stove 9 Ash lip 55 14,600 2,180 6,540 1,030 108 324 281 21 63

Stove 9 Ash lip 56 17,300 2,050 6,150 929 99 297 243 18 54

Stove 9 Ash lip 57 13,700 2,220 6,660 1,030 109 327 299 22 66

Stove 9 Top 58 10,100 2,680 8,040 1,730 154 462 392 29 87

Stove 9 Top 59 12,600 2,280 6,840 1,490 129 387 306 21 63

Stove 9 Top 60 9,250 2,550 7,650 1,610 145 435 350 24 72

Footed pot Outside 61 1,760 E 3,850 11,600 ND 105 315 373 44 132

Footed pot Outside 62 ND 2,750 8,250 ND 79 237 381 29 87

Footed pot Inside 63 7,640 2,160 6,480 ND 64 192 193 29 87

Footed pot Inside 64 5,390 E 2,960 8,880 ND 90 270 178 45 135

Footed pot Outside 65 4,310 E 2,080 6,240 ND 64 192 222 28 84

Footed pot Outside 66 ND 3,420 10,300 ND 98 294 385 43 129

Kettle Outside 67 ND 2,130 6,390 ND 61 183 259 21 63

Kettle Outside 68 ND 2,120 6,360 ND 59 177 323 21 63

Kettle Outside 69 ND 2,080 6,240 ND 54 162 264 19 57
Appendix 1 67

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

museum, Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University. All concentrations are in parts per million (ppm); E, estimated value 

below detection limit; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Artifact

number

Sample

location

Reading

number

Iron (ppm) Lead (ppm) Manganese (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

Stove 1 Ash lip 5 >900,000 96,700 290,000 574 88 264 ND 858 2,570

Stove 1 Ash lip 6 >900,000 119,000 357,000 1,120 102 306 ND 958 2,870

Stove 1 Ash lip 7 >900,000 75,500 227,000 1,090 89 267 ND 751 2,250

Stove 1 Top 8 >900,000 85,000 255,000 560 80 240 ND 795 2,390

Stove 1 Top 9 >900,000 90,600 272,000 230 76 228 ND 815 2,450

Stove 1 Top 10 >900,000 88,000 264,000 596 83 249 ND 817 2,450

Stove 2 Ash lip 11 >900,000 109,000 327,000 1,350 115 345 226 E 954 2,860

Stove 2 Ash lip 12 >900,000 135,000 405,000 838 115 345 ND 1,080 3,240

Stove 2 Ash lip 13 >900,000 60,200 181,000 3,150 142 426 1,870 E 687 2,060

Stove 2 Top 14 >900,000 105,000 315,000 2,330 146 438 ND 935 2,810

Stove 2 Top 15 >900,000 98,600 296,000 2,960 180 540 ND 933 2,800

Stove 2 Top 16 >900,000 77,000 231,000 3,090 153 459 1,850 E 795 2,390

Stove 3 Ash lip 17 >900,000 135,000 405,000 577 110 330 ND 1,020 3,060

Stove 3 Ash lip 18 >900,000 159,000 477,000 ND 108 324 ND 1,170 3,510

Stove 3 Ash lip 19 >900,000 122,000 366,000 4 E 91 273 ND 981 2,940

Stove 3 Top 20 >900,000 118,000 354,000 217 E 92 276 ND 959 2,880

Stove 3 Top 21 >900,000 108,000 324,000 355 89 267 ND 927 2,780

Stove 3 Top 22 >900,000 107,000 321,000 166 E 85 255 ND 930 2,790

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 23 >900,000 127,000 381,000 806 110 330 1,730 E 1,070 3,210

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 24 >900,000 124,000 372,000 464 100 300 177 E 1,040 3120

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 25 >900,000 141,000 423,000 447 105 315 5,110 1,200 3600

Stove 4 3 Top 26 >900,000 107,000 321,000 401 89 267 8,040 1,080 3240

Stove 4 3 Top 27 >900,000 109,000 327,000 535 94 282 10,700 1,150 3450

Stove 4 3 Top 28 >900,000 86,300 259,000 325 76 228 6,900 937 2,810

Stove 5 Ash lip 29 >900,000 86,000 258,000 ND 63 189 2,840 864 2,590

Stove 5 Ash lip 30 >900,000 83,100 249,000 35 E 66 198 2,590 844 2,530

Stove 5 Ash lip 31 >900,000 82,100 246,000 ND 63 189 1,510 E 823 2,470

Stove 5 Top 32 >900,000 90,600 272,000 ND 71 213 2,620 E 887 2,660

Stove 5 Top 33 >900,000 96,100 288,000 ND 72 216 2,200 E 911 2,730

Stove 5 Top 34 >900,000 86,900 261,000 ND 67 201 1,860 E 859 2,580

Stove 6 Ash lip 36 >750,000 25,100 75,300 1,490 68 204 3,220 451 1,350

Stove 6 Ash lip 37 >900,000 37,400 112,000 1,060 65 195 2,430 541 1,620

Stove 6 Ash lip 38 >900,000 35,300 106,000 1,150 66 198 1,190 E 501 1,500

Stove 6 Top 39 >900,000 60,500 182,000 700 69 207 ND 642 1,930

Stove 6 Top 40 >900,000 69,900 210,000 1,700 104 312 895 E 739 2,220

Stove 6 Top 41 >900,000 73,700 221,000 1,210 92 276 877 E 759 2,280

Stove 7 Ash lip 42 >900,000 108,000 324,000 67 E 83 249 2,330 E 981 2,940

Stove 7 Ash lip 43 >900,000 107,000 321,000 279 86 258 7,000 1,060 3,180

Stove 7 Ash lip 44 >900,000 135,000 405,000 7 E 96 288 4,050 1,150 3450

Stove 7 Top 45 >900,000 101,000 303,000 626 92 276 1,590 E 935 2,810

Stove 7 Top 46 >900,000 148,000 444,000 282 E 108 324 5,340 1,240 3,720

Stove 7 Top 47 >900,000 101,000 303,000 253 83 249 1,790 E 934 2,800

Stove 8 Ash lip 48 >900,000 98,100 294,000 950 99 297 700 E 908 2,720

Stove 8 Ash lip 49 >900,000 92,200 277,000 1,360 107 321 2,080 E 895 2,690

Stove 8 Ash lip 50 >900,000 80,000 240,000 ND 63 189 1,570 E 806 2,420

Stove 8 Top 52 >900,000 66,300 199,000 468 67 201 ND 685 2,060

Stove 8 Top 53 >900,000 72,200 216,000 1 E 62 186 ND 728 2,180

Stove 8 Top 54 >900,000 71,800 215,000 370 69 207 ND 732 2,200

Stove 9 Ash lip 55 >900,000 95,700 287,000 ND 73 219 193 E 882 2,650

Stove 9 Ash lip 56 >900,000 83,500 251,000 117 E 69 207 254 E 815 2,450

Stove 9 Ash lip 57 >900,000 99,600 299,000 ND 76 228 ND 898 2,690

Stove 9 Top 58 >900,000 140,000 420,000 54 E 99 297 ND 1,110 3,330

Stove 9 Top 59 >900,000 106,000 318,000 ND 80 240 2,240 E 966 2,900

Stove 9 Top 60 >900,000 130,000 390,000 ND 91 273 ND 1,050 3,150

Footed pot Outside 61 >900,000 217,000 651,000 1,550 198 594 2,620 E 1,690 5,070

Footed pot Outside 62 >900,000 152,000 456,000 469 112 336 3,380 E 1,220 3,660

Footed pot Inside 63 >900,000 97,300 292,000 4,410 221 663 1,620 E 926 2,780

Footed pot Inside 64 >900,000 135,000 405,000 6,270 415 1,250 ND 1,250 3,750

Footed pot Outside 65 >900,000 92,800 278,000 3,890 200 600 725 E 889 2,670

Footed pot Outside 66 >900,000 19,000 57,000 1,550 177 531 1,220 E 1,490 4,470

Kettle Outside 67 >900,000 97,000 291,000 401 54 162 6,120 1,040 3,120

Kettle Outside 68 >900,000 96,000 288,000 536 60 180 5,480 1,020 3,060

Kettle Outside 69 >900,000 93,100 279,000 540 59 177 5,230 988 2,960
68 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

museum, Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University. All concentrations are in parts per million (ppm); E, estimated value 

below detection limit; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Artifact

number

Sample

location

Reading

number

Mercury (ppm) Molybdenum (ppm) Nickel (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

Stove 1 Ash lip 5 ND 31 93 66 10 30 ND 313 939

Stove 1 Ash lip 6 ND 35 105 83 11 33 ND 366 1,100

Stove 1 Ash lip 7 ND 32 96 69 10 30 ND 275 825

Stove 1 Top 8 ND 27 81 52 10 30 ND 290 870

Stove 1 Top 9 ND 36 108 65 10 30 ND 311 933

Stove 1 Top 10 ND 31 93 69 10 30 ND 307 921

Stove 2 Ash lip 11 ND 36 108 91 11 33 ND 345 1,040

Stove 2 Ash lip 12 ND 42 126 76 11 33 ND 396 1,190

Stove 2 Ash lip 13 ND 31 93 51 9 27 ND 248 744

Stove 2 Top 14 ND 35 105 84 11 33 ND 341 1,020

Stove 2 Top 15 ND 41 123 79 12 36 ND 350 1,050

Stove 2 Top 16 ND 35 105 85 10 30 ND 294 882

Stove 3 Ash lip 17 ND 34 102 104 12 36 ND 390 1,170

Stove 3 Ash lip 18 ND 41 123 102 13 39 ND 427 1,280

Stove 3 Ash lip 19 ND 37 111 76 11 33 ND 371 1,110

Stove 3 Top 20 ND 30 90 77 11 33 ND 358 1,070

Stove 3 Top 21 ND 30 90 79 11 33 ND 343 1,030

Stove 3 Top 22 ND 28 84 61 10 30 ND 339 1,020

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 23 ND 42 126 92 12 36 ND 378 1,130

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 24 ND 40 120 92 12 36 ND 374 1,120

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 25 ND 40 120 100 13 39 ND 421 1,260

Stove 4 3 Top 26 ND 35 105 88 11 33 ND 361 1,080

Stove 4 3 Top 27 ND 35 105 79 11 33 ND 381 1,140

Stove 4 3 Top 28 ND 30 90 68 10 30 ND 324 972

Stove 5 Ash lip 29 ND 29 87 61 10 30 ND 313 939

Stove 5 Ash lip 30 ND 30 90 74 10 30 ND 306 918

Stove 5 Ash lip 31 ND 26 78 50 10 30 ND 307 921

Stove 5 Top 32 ND 29 87 70 10 30 ND 319 957

Stove 5 Top 33 ND 30 90 94 11 33 ND 337 1,010

Stove 5 Top 34 ND 23 69 78 11 33 ND 323 969

Stove 6 Ash lip 36 ND 24 72 54 8 24 ND 156 468

Stove 6 Ash lip 37 ND 22 66 54 9 27 ND 191 573

Stove 6 Ash lip 38 ND 21 63 59 8 24 ND 185 555

Stove 6 Top 39 ND 26 78 52 9 27 ND 248 744

Stove 6 Top 40 ND 28 84 52 9 27 ND 271 813

Stove 6 Top 41 ND 29 87 65 10 30 ND 276 828

Stove 7 Ash lip 42 ND 33 99 77 11 33 ND 344 1,030

Stove 7 Ash lip 43 ND 30 90 76 11 33 ND 348 1,040

Stove 7 Ash lip 44 ND 39 117 91 12 36 ND 396 1,190

Stove 7 Top 45 ND 35 105 85 11 33 ND 332 996

Stove 7 Top 46 ND 37 111 101 13 39 ND 421 1,260

Stove 7 Top 47 ND 33 99 75 11 33 ND 334 1,000

Stove 8 Ash lip 48 ND 33 99 112 12 36 ND 330 990

Stove 8 Ash lip 49 ND 37 111 81 11 33 ND 328 984

Stove 8 Ash lip 50 ND 26 78 53 9 27 ND 289 867

Stove 8 Top 52 ND 28 84 37 9 27 ND 258 774

Stove 8 Top 53 ND 26 78 72 10 30 ND 270 810

Stove 8 Top 54 ND 27 81 66 10 30 ND 269 807

Stove 9 Ash lip 55 ND 33 99 83 11 33 ND 325 975

Stove 9 Ash lip 56 ND 30 90 71 10 30 ND 298 894

Stove 9 Ash lip 57 ND 30 90 80 11 33 ND 329 987

Stove 9 Top 58 ND 35 105 112 13 39 ND 403 1,210

Stove 9 Top 59 ND 31 93 58 10 30 ND 346 1,040

Stove 9 Top 60 ND 40 120 83 12 36 ND 389 1,170

Footed pot Outside 61 ND 57 171 108 18 54 ND 608 180

Footed pot Outside 62 ND 36 108 97 13 39 ND 430 1,290

Footed pot Inside 63 ND 40 120 74 11 33 ND 336 1,010

Footed pot Inside 64 ND 55 165 94 17 51 ND 461 1,380

Footed pot Outside 65 ND 38 114 69 11 33 ND 334 1,000

Footed pot Outside 66 ND 51 153 90 16 48 ND 547 1,640

Kettle Outside 67 ND 28 84 50 12 36 ND 348 1,040

Kettle Outside 68 ND 30 90 70 12 36 ND 349 1,050

Kettle Outside 69 ND 23 69 41 11 33 ND 334 1,000
Appendix 1 69

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

museum, Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University. All concentrations are in parts per million (ppm); E, estimated value 

below detection limit; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Artifact

number

Sample

location

Reading

number

Rubidium (ppm) Selenium (ppm) Silver (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

Stove 1 Ash lip 5 ND 16 48 ND 12 36 21 E 42 126

Stove 1 Ash lip 6 258 21 63 ND 13 39 ND 45 135

Stove 1 Ash lip 7 ND 14 42 ND 12 36 111 E 39 117

Stove 1 Top 8 ND 15 45 ND 11 33 17 E 39 117

Stove 1 Top 9 ND 15 45 ND 12 36 95 E 40 120

Stove 1 Top 10 ND 15 45 ND 13 39 105 E 40 120

Stove 2 Ash lip 11 ND 18 54 ND 14 42 86 E 45 135

Stove 2 Ash lip 12 ND 21 63 ND 15 45 98 E 47 141

Stove 2 Ash lip 13 ND 12 36 8 E 14 42 57 E 36 108

Stove 2 Top 14 ND 17 51 ND 15 45 109 E 43 129

Stove 2 Top 15 ND 18 54 9 E 19 57 31 E 48 144

Stove 2 Top 16 ND 14 42 ND 14 42 29 E 39 117

Stove 3 Ash lip 17 ND 22 66 ND 16 48 90 E 48 144

Stove 3 Ash lip 18 ND 23 69 ND 18 54 9 E 48 144

Stove 3 Ash lip 19 ND 19 57 ND 13 39 ND 44 132

Stove 3 Top 20 ND 19 57 ND 15 45 29 E 45 135

Stove 3 Top 21 ND 17 51 ND 12 36 12 E 44 132

Stove 3 Top 22 ND 17 51 ND 12 36 49 E 43 129

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 23 ND 20 60 8 E 17 51 63 E 47 141

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 24 ND 19 57 ND 16 48 ND 45 135

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 25 ND 21 63 ND 16 48 58 E 49 147

Stove 4 3 Top 26 ND 17 51 ND 13 39 42 E 44 132

Stove 4 3 Top 27 ND 17 51 ND 12 36 86 E 43 129

Stove 4 3 Top 28 ND 15 45 ND 11 33 90 E 41 123

Stove 5 Ash lip 29 ND 15 45 ND 11 33 1 E 39 117

Stove 5 Ash lip 30 ND 14 42 ND 11 33 35 E 41 123

Stove 5 Ash lip 31 ND 14 42 ND 9 27 ND 40 120

Stove 5 Top 32 ND 16 48 ND 13 39 34 E 39 117

Stove 5 Top 33 ND 15 45 ND 12 36 ND 42 126

Stove 5 Top 34 ND 14 42 ND 11 33 17 E 41 123

Stove 6 Ash lip 36 60 8 24 ND 9 27 45 E 30 90

Stove 6 Ash lip 37 40 8 24 ND 8 24 20 E 34 102

Stove 6 Ash lip 38 ND 9 27 ND 8 24 1 E 32 96

Stove 6 Top 39 ND 12 36 ND 9 27 27 E 36 108

Stove 6 Top 40 ND 13 39 ND 12 36 ND 38 114

Stove 6 Top 41 ND 13 39 ND 13 39 57 E 39 117

Stove 7 Ash lip 42 ND 17 51 ND 12 36 64 E 43 129

Stove 7 Ash lip 43 ND 18 54 ND 12 36 112 E 44 132

Stove 7 Ash lip 44 ND 20 60 ND 14 42 58 E 48 144

Stove 7 Top 45 ND 17 51 ND 13 39 30 E 42 126

Stove 7 Top 46 ND 22 66 ND 16 48 113 E 50 150

Stove 7 Top 47 ND 17 51 ND 12 36 13 E 43 129

Stove 8 Ash lip 48 ND 16 48 ND 13 39 21 E 43 129

Stove 8 Ash lip 49 ND 15 45 ND 12 36 ND 42 126

Stove 8 Ash lip 50 ND 14 42 ND 9 27 ND 39 117

Stove 8 Top 52 ND 12 36 ND 10 30 40 E 36 108

Stove 8 Top 53 ND 13 39 ND 8 24 ND 38 114

Stove 8 Top 54 ND 13 39 ND 10 30 97 E 37 111

Stove 9 Ash lip 55 ND 16 48 ND 12 36 87 E 43 129

Stove 9 Ash lip 56 ND 14 42 ND 12 36 56 E 40 120

Stove 9 Ash lip 57 ND 16 48 ND 12 36 110 E 43 129

Stove 9 Top 58 ND 20 60 ND 16 48 86 E 51 153

Stove 9 Top 59 ND 18 54 ND 12 36 64 E 42 126

Stove 9 Top 60 ND 21 63 ND 14 42 35 E 46 138

Footed pot Outside 61 ND 29 87 ND 25 75 10 E 69 207

Footed pot Outside 62 ND 21 63 ND 15 45 70 E 48 144

Footed pot Inside 63 ND 16 48 ND 17 51 99 E 44 132

Footed pot Inside 64 ND 19 57 ND 26 78 ND 64 192

Footed pot Outside 65 ND 15 45 ND 15 45 76 E 45 135

Footed pot Outside 66 ND 25 75 14 E 26 78 182 E 62 186

Kettle Outside 67 30 E 13 39 ND 9 27 25 E 48 144

Kettle Outside 68 29 E 13 39 ND 11 33 36 E 48 144

Kettle Outside 69 16 E 12 36 ND 11 33 58 E 45 135
70 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

museum, Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University. All concentrations are in parts per million (ppm); E, estimated value 

below detection limit; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Artifact

number

Sample

location

Reading

number

Strontium (ppm) Tin (ppm) Titanium (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

Stove 1 Ash lip 5 103 11 33 ND 81 243 ND 5,350 16,100

Stove 1 Ash lip 6 97 11 33 166 E 87 261 ND 6,070 18,200

Stove 1 Ash lip 7 90 10 30 9 E 76 228 12,400 E 4,720 14,100

Stove 1 Top 8 60 8 24 38 E 76 228 ND 4,860 14,600

Stove 1 Top 9 53 8 24 179 E 79 237 ND 5,180 15,500

Stove 1 Top 10 68 9 27 ND 78 234 5,860 E 5,190 15,600

Stove 2 Ash lip 11 96 11 33 ND 87 261 ND 5,620 16,900

Stove 2 Ash lip 12 95 12 36 ND 92 276 ND 6,580 19,700

Stove 2 Ash lip 13 79 9 27 18 E 68 204 ND 3,840 11,500

Stove 2 Top 14 54 9 27 173 E 85 255 ND 5,490 16,500

Stove 2 Top 15 58 10 30 ND 88 264 ND 5,790 17,400

Stove 2 Top 16 67 9 27 43 E 74 222 ND 4,420 13,300

Stove 3 Ash lip 17 44 9 27 60 E 91 273 ND 6,430 19,300

Stove 3 Ash lip 18 56 10 30 ND 98 294 ND 7,140 21,400

Stove 3 Ash lip 19 57 9 27 45 E 85 255 763 E 6,130 18,400

Stove 3 Top 20 67 9 27 84 E 88 264 905 E 6,050 18,200

Stove 3 Top 21 60 9 27 56 E 82 246 ND 5,580 16,800

Stove 3 Top 22 47 8 24 170 E 84 252 ND 5,640 16,900

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 23 44 9 27 ND 90 270 ND 5,970 17,900

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 24 42 8 24 60 E 89 267 ND 5,990 18,000

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 25 47 9 27 116 E 94 282 ND 6,660 20,000

Stove 4 3 Top 26 47 8 24 166 E 85 255 1,340 E 5,640 16,900

Stove 4 3 Top 27 58 9 27 87 E 87 261 ND 5,640 16,900

Stove 4 3 Top 28 54 8 24 4 E 78 234 118 E 5,030 15,100

Stove 5 Ash lip 29 30 7 21 31 E 78 234 ND 4,940 14,800

Stove 5 Ash lip 30 52 8 24 ND 80 240 ND 4,760 14,300

Stove 5 Ash lip 31 31 7 21 ND 78 234 ND 4,820 14,500

Stove 5 Top 32 41 7 21 79 E 80 240 ND 5,080 15,200

Stove 5 Top 33 41 8 24 ND 81 243 ND 5,300 15,900

Stove 5 Top 34 52 8 24 27 E 80 240 ND 4,910 14,700

Stove 6 Ash lip 36 233 12 36 43 E 58 174 210 E 2,520 7,560

Stove 6 Ash lip 37 128 10 30 5 E 66 198 798 E 3,110 9,340

Stove 6 Ash lip 38 72 7 21 ND 62 186 1,520 E 3,030 9,100

Stove 6 Top 39 44 7 21 ND 68 204 ND 3,990 12,000

Stove 6 Top 40 58 8 24 63 E 74 222 ND 4,330 13,000

Stove 6 Top 41 44 7 21 64 E 76 228 ND 4,310 12,900

Stove 7 Ash lip 42 67 9 27 ND 84 252 ND 5,550 16,700

Stove 7 Ash lip 43 107 11 33 8 E 87 261 ND 5,530 16,600

Stove 7 Ash lip 44 74 10 30 9 E 92 276 ND 6,380 19,100

Stove 7 Top 45 50 8 24 72 E 82 246 ND 5,470 16,400

Stove 7 Top 46 53 9 27 43 E 96 288 ND 6,960 20,900

Stove 7 Top 47 38 8 24 5 E 82 246 ND 5,420 16,300

Stove 8 Ash lip 48 102 11 33 17 E 84 252 ND 5,330 16,000

Stove 8 Ash lip 49 112 11 33 46 E 83 249 ND 5,320 16,000

Stove 8 Ash lip 50 50 8 24 87 E 77 231 ND 4,480 13,400

Stove 8 Top 52 110 10 30 32 E 70 210 ND 4,190 12,600

Stove 8 Top 53 82 9 27 1 E 72 216 ND 4,230 12,700

Stove 8 Top 54 69 8 24 70 E 72 216 ND 4,340 13,000

Stove 9 Ash lip 55 85 10 30 177 E 84 252 14,400 E 5,410 16,200

Stove 9 Ash lip 56 68 9 27 49 E 79 237 2,540 E 4,820 14,500

Stove 9 Ash lip 57 108 11 33 103 E 83 249 ND 5,340 16,000

Stove 9 Top 58 69 10 30 146 E 97 291 ND 6,480 19,400

Stove 9 Top 59 53 8 24 ND 81 243 ND 5,560 16,700

Stove 9 Top 60 51 9 27 ND 89 267 ND 6,280 18,800

Footed pot Outside 61 40 12 36 293 E 133 399 ND 9,460 28,400

Footed pot Outside 62 31 8 24 47 E 98 294 ND 6,730 20,200

Footed pot Inside 63 30 8 24 82 E 86 258 ND 5,300 15,900

Footed pot Inside 64 23 E 11 33 ND 124 372 ND 7,210 21,600

Footed pot Outside 65 28 8 24 13 E 85 255 ND 5,100 15,300

Footed pot Outside 66 41 11 33 ND 122 366 ND 8,350 25,100

Kettle Outside 67 18 E 7 21 ND 92 276 ND 5,720 17,200

Kettle Outside 68 45 9 27 ND 93 279 ND 5,480 16,400

Kettle Outside 69 33 8 24 56 E 89 267 ND 5,370 16,100
Appendix 1 71

Table H. Results of analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of cast iron artifacts in the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site 

museum, Pennsylvania.—Continued

[Artifacts are shown on figure 9; analyses by Martin Helmke of West Chester University. All concentrations are in parts per million (ppm); E, estimated value 

below detection limit; ND, not detected; >, greater than]

Artifact

number

Sample

location

Reading

number

Zinc (ppm) Zirconium (ppm)

Concentration 1 sigma 

error1

3 sigma 

error2 Concentration 1 sigma error1

3 sigma 

error2

Stove 1 Ash lip 5 675 67 201 21 E 8 24

Stove 1 Ash lip 6 495 65 195 20 E 9 27

Stove 1 Ash lip 7 1,010 75 225 26 8 24

Stove 1 Top 8 2,420 130 390 25 8 24

Stove 1 Top 9 4,850 222 666 29 8 24

Stove 1 Top 10 2,330 129 387 25 8 24

Stove 2 Ash lip 11 865 79 237 28 9 27

Stove 2 Ash lip 12 836 87 261 17 E 9 27

Stove 2 Ash lip 13 2,650 127 381 26 7 21

Stove 2 Top 14 1,260 96 288 21 E 8 24

Stove 2 Top 15 2,780 169 507 36 10 30

Stove 2 Top 16 912 73 219 19 E 8 24

Stove 3 Ash lip 17 887 90 270 29 9 27

Stove 3 Ash lip 18 320 71 213 9 E 9 27

Stove 3 Ash lip 19 656 77 231 10 E 8 24

Stove 3 Top 20 318 59 177 36 9 27

Stove 3 Top 21 467 62 186 19 E 8 24

Stove 3 Top 22 292 55 165 18 E 8 24

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 23 1,500 108 324 18 E 8 24

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 24 766 74 222 17 E 8 24

Stove 4 3 Ash lip 25 1,140 97 291 27 9 27

Stove 4 3 Top 26 676 67 201 33 8 24

Stove 4 3 Top 27 612 65 195 35 9 27

Stove 4 3 Top 28 461 53 159 21 E 8 24

Stove 5 Ash lip 29 120 E 41 123 13 E 7 21

Stove 5 Ash lip 30 583 61 183 24 8 24

Stove 5 Ash lip 31 248 46 138 27 8 24

Stove 5 Top 32 872 74 222 16 E 7 21

Stove 5 Top 33 850 75 225 40 8 24

Stove 5 Top 34 591 61 183 30 8 24

Stove 6 Ash lip 36 1,950 84 252 43 7 21

Stove 6 Ash lip 37 1,010 62 186 43 7 21

Stove 6 Ash lip 38 1,060 62 186 35 7 21

Stove 6 Top 39 832 61 183 20 E 7 21

Stove 6 Top 40 770 62 186 22 7 21

Stove 6 Top 41 519 53 159 32 8 24

Stove 7 Ash lip 42 826 78 234 21 E 8 24

Stove 7 Ash lip 43 650 70 210 41 9 27

Stove 7 Ash lip 44 812 85 255 17 E 9 27

Stove 7 Top 45 1,930 119 357 20 E 8 24

Stove 7 Top 46 1,110 98 294 25 E 9 27

Stove 7 Top 47 952 80 240 20 E 8 24

Stove 8 Ash lip 48 8,220 360 1,080 35 9 27

Stove 8 Ash lip 49 3,330 171 513 25 8 24

Stove 8 Ash lip 50 730 65 195 19 E 7 21

Stove 8 Top 52 2,360 119 357 35 8 24

Stove 8 Top 53 2,950 142 426 19 E 7 21

Stove 8 Top 54 1,480 93 279 18 E 7 21

Stove 9 Ash lip 55 478 58 174 47 9 27

Stove 9 Ash lip 56 592 60 180 46 9 27

Stove 9 Ash lip 57 376 54 162 16 E 8 24

Stove 9 Top 58 548 72 216 39 9 27

Stove 9 Top 59 366 56 168 15 E 8 24

Stove 9 Top 60 230 55 165 28 9 27

Footed pot Outside 61 674 105 315 34 E 13 39

Footed pot Outside 62 348 61 183 13 E 9 27

Footed pot Inside 63 1,530 105 315 22 E 9 27

Footed pot Inside 64 2,450 203 609 44 14 42

Footed pot Outside 65 1,250 93 279 28 9 27

Footed pot Outside 66 676 96 288 33 E 12 36

Kettle Outside 67 376 56 168 18 E 9 27

Kettle Outside 68 785 77 231 17 E 9 27

Kettle Outside 69 1,270 98 294 22 E 9 27 1

 The 1 sigma error represents the uncertainty of each analysis.

2

 The 3 sigma error is the level of detection. Values less than the 3 sigma error are estimated.

3

 Stove cast at Rock Furnace in Lancaster County.
72 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table I. Results of field and laboratory analysis for groundwater samples, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by USGS, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colo. USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; E, estimated concentration] Well and USGS identifier Date collected pH (units) Specific conductance (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Temperature (degrees Celsius) Acid neutralizing capacity, as CaCO3, total (mg/L) Ammonia, dissolved (mg/L as N) Nitrite, dissolved (mg/L as N) Supply well BE-523 10/27/2008 7.2 209 6.7 11.4 82 <0.02 <0.002 Slag pile well BE-1784 10/28/2008 7.0 87 9.6 14.7 66 0.213 0.02 Well and USGS identifier Ammonia + organic nitrogen, dissolved (mg/L as N) Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (mg/L as N) Nitrite + nitrate (NO2+NO3), dissolved (mg/L as N) Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L as P) Orthophosphate, dissolved (PO4) (mg/L as P) Calcium, total (mg/L) Magnesium, total (mg/L) Sodium, total (mg/L) Supply well BE-523 0.1 E <0.1 0.10 0.089 0.084 23.5 6.42 6.2 Slag pile well BE-1784 3.1 0.98 0.15 0.031 0.004 E 14 3.21 5.7 Well and USGS identifier Potassium, total (mg/L) Chloride, dissolved (mg/L) Sulfate, dissolved (mg/L) Fluoride, dissolved (mg/L) Silica, dissolved (mg/L) Aluminum, total (μg/L) Antimony, total (μg/L) Arsenic, total (μg/L) Supply well BE-523 0.81 3.27 8.74 <0.08 18.9 24.3 <0.4 3.4 Slag pile well BE-1784 3.92 8.43 3.19 0.05 E 12.4 570 <0.4 0.8
Appendix 1 73

Table I. Results of field and laboratory analysis for groundwater samples, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by USGS, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colo. USGS, U.S. Geological Survey; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; E, estimated concentration]

Well and USGS 

identifier

Barium,

total

(μg/L)

Beryllium, 

total

(μg/L)

Cadmium, 

total

(μg/L)

Chromium, 

total

(μg/L)

Cobalt, 

total

(μg/L)

Copper, 

total

(μg/L)

Iron, 

total

(μg/L)

Lead, 

total

(μg/L)

Supply well BE-523 129 0.03 <0.06 0.73 <0.1 <4 32 0.35Slag pile well BE-1784 141 0.06 0.03 E 1.2 3.9 3.4 E 1,740 13.7

Well and USGS 

identifier

Lithium, 

total

(μg/L)

Manganese, 

total

(μg/L)

Molybdenum, 

total

(μg/L)

Nickel,

total

(μg/L)

Selenium,

total

(μg/L)

Silver, 

total

(μg/L)

Strontium,

total

(μg/L)

Thallium, 

total

(μg/L)

Supply well BE-523 6.8 0.9 0.60 0.3 0.24 <0.06 91.3 <0.12Slag pile well BE-1784 2.3 2,430 0.30 2.5 0.11 E <0.06 66.1 <0.12

Well and USGS 

identifier

Uranium, 

total

(μg/L)

Zinc,

total

(μg/L)

Supply well BE-523 1.76 6.1Slag pile well BE-1784 0.145 11.6
74 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania Table J. Results of laboratory analysis for surface-water base-flow samples, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued [Laboratory analyses by USGS, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colo. mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; E, estimated concentration] Site number Station number Date sampled pH (units) Specific conductance (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius) Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) Temperature (degrees Celsius) Acid neutralizing capacity, as CaCO3, total (mg/L) Ammonia, dissolved (mg/L as N) Nitrite, dissolved (mg/L as N) HF-1 014721245 11/14/2008 7.5 65 11.1 10.8 13 0.076 0.004 HF-2 0147212511 11/12/2008 6.8 74 11.1 10.7 25 0.036 0.006 HF-3 014721253 11/12/2008 7.4 72 12.3 8.3 22 0.021 0.003 HF-4 014721259 11/10/2008 7.3 48 11.2 8.3 14 <0.02 <0.002 HF-5 014721265 11/10/2008 7.2 87 11.5 9.3 24 <0.02 0.002 Site number Ammonia + organic nitrogen, dissolved (mg/L as N) Ammonia + organic nitrogen, total (mg/L as N) Nitrite + nitrate (NO2+NO3), dissolved (mg/L as N) Phosphorus, dissolved (mg/L as P) Phosphorus, total (mg/L as P) Orthophosphate, dissolved (PO4) (mg/L as P) Calcium, total (mg/L) Magnesium, total (mg/L) Sodium, total (mg/L) HF-1 0.40 0.35 0.04 0.007 0.017 0.005 E 4.97 1.74 3.8 HF-2 0.93 0.28 0.13 0.010 0.020 <0.008 6.10 2.24 3.8 HF-3 0.32 0.25 0.12 0.006 0.011 <0.008 6.06 1.99 4.1 HF-4 0.23 0.11 <0.04 0.015 0.017 <0.008 2.95 1.31 3.9 HF-5 0.27 0.20 0.14 0.009 0.013 0.004 E 7.14 2.27 4.6 Site number Potassium, total (mg/L) Chloride, dissolved (mg/L) Sulfate, dissolved (mg/L) Fluoride, dissolved (mg/L) Silica, dissolved (mg/L) Aluminum, total (μg/L) Antimony, total (μg/L) Arsenic, total (μg/L) Barium, total (μg/L) HF-1 0.90 5.00 5.33 <0.08 0.7 29 <0.4 0.39 35.1 HF-2 1.09 4.54 5.87 <0.08 3.3 36 <0.4 0.36 40.6 HF-3 0.95 4.68 6.04 <0.08 2.9 17 <0.4 0.32 37.6 HF-4 0.74 1.98 3.99 <0.08 20.3 37 <0.4 0.26 33.6 HF-5 0.93 6.02 6.17 <0.08 9.7 23 <0.4 0.31 44.1
Appendix 1 75

Table J. Results of laboratory analysis for surface-water base-flow samples, Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Pennsylvania.—Continued[Laboratory analyses by USGS, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, Colo. mg/L, milligrams per liter; μg/L, micrograms per liter; N, nitrogen; P, phosphorus; <, less than; E, estimated concentration]

Site 

number

Beryllium, 

total

(μg/L)

Cadmium, 

total

(μg/L)

Chromium,

total

(μg/L)

Cobalt, 

total

(μg/L)

Copper, 

total

(μg/L)

Iron, 

total

(μg/L)

Lead, 

total

(μg/L)

Lithium, 

total

(μg/L)

Manganese, 

total

(μg/L)

HF-1 <0.02 < 0.06 <0.4 0.05 E <4 162 0.2 0.6 E 41HF-2 0.02 < 0.06 <0.4 0.20 <4 346 0.61 0.6 51.4HF-3 <0.02 < 0.06 <0.4 0.10 <4 196 0.23 0.7 47.7HF-4 0.02 < 0.06 <0.4 0.05 E <4 78 0.24 1 8.4HF-5 0.01 E < 0.06 <0.4 0.12 <4 257 0.15 1 50.8

Site 

number

Molybdenum, 

total

(μg/L)

Nickel,

total

(μg/L)

Selenium,

total

(μg/L)

Silver, 

total

(μg/L)

Strontium,

total

(μg/L)

Thallium,

total

(μg/L)

Uranium,

total

(μg/L)

Zinc,

total

(μg/L)

HF-1 0.1 0.43 0.11 E <0.06 27.2 <0.12 0.017 E <2

HF-2 0.1 E 0.39 0.14 <0.06 29.9 <0.12 0.018 E 1.2 EHF-3 0.1 E 0.35 0.10 E <0.06 34.1 <0.12 0.011 E 5.5HF-4 <0.1 0.60 0.08 E <0.06 11.7 <0.12 0.011 E 1.6 EHF-5 0.1 E 0.41 0.09 E <0.06 34 <0.12 0.019 E 1.4 E
76 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table K. Benthic macroinvertebrates identified from 300 organism subsamples collected from sites at Hopewell Furnace National 

Historical Site, November 2008.—Continued

[Macroinvertebrate identication by Andrew G. Rief of the U.S. Geological Survey; PTV, Pollution tolerance value from Chalfant (2007)]

Station number 014721245 0147212511 0147212511 014721253 014721259 014721265

Site number HF-1 HF-2 HF-2 replicate HF-3 HF-4 HF-5

Date sampled 11/14/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/10/08 11/10/08

Grids 8 9 10 10 12 28

Total count 317 336 302 302 330 93

Organism PTV Count

Platyhelminthes

    Turbellaria (flatworms)

        Tricladida

              Planariidae 9 4 1

Nemertea (probosas worms)

    Enopla

          Hoplonemertea

              Tetrastemmatidae

                Prostoma 6 3 1

Mollusca

    Gastropoda (snails)

 Basommatophora

              Planorbidae

                Planorbella 6 1

          Neotaenioglaas

              Hydrobiidae

                Amnicola 8 3 2

 Bivalvia (clams)

 Veneroida

              Corbiculidae

                  Corbicula fluminea 4 15 7 7 5 2

              Pisidiidae

                Pisidium 8 1

                Sphaerium 8 4 1 2

Annelida (segmented worms)

    Clitellata

      Oligochaeta

          Lumbriculida

              Lumbriculidae 8 3 18 25 8

          Haplotaxida

              Enchytraeidae 10 1

              Naididae 8 4 8 2 3 9

Arthropoda

    Arachnida

        Acariformes (water mites) 7 1 1 5 4 3
Appendix 1 77

Table K. Benthic macroinvertebrates identified from 300 organism subsamples collected from sites at Hopewell Furnace National 

Historical Site, November 2008.—Continued

[Macroinvertebrate identication by Andrew G. Rief of the U.S. Geological Survey; PTV, Pollution tolerance value from Chalfant (2007)]

Station number 014721245 0147212511 0147212511 014721253 014721259 014721265

Site number HF-1 HF-2 HF-2 replicate HF-3 HF-4 HF-5

Date sampled 11/14/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/10/08 11/10/08

Grids 8 9 10 10 12 28

Total count 317 336 302 302 330 93

Organism PTV Count

  Crustacea

            Cladocera

              Daphniidae

                Daphnia 5 1 2

      Copepoda

          Cyclopoida

              Cyclopidae 8 1

          Amphipoda (scuds)

              Crangonyctidae

                Crangonyx 4 1 2 4 1

              Talitridae

                Hyalella 8 4 1

    Isopoda (sow bugs)

              Asellidae

                Caecidotea 6 1

          Podocopa (seed shrimp) 8 3

    Insecta

          Ephemeroptera (mayflies)

 Baetidae

 Baetis 6 3

              Caenidae

                Caenis 7 1 1

              Ephemerellidae

                Eurylophella 4 1 1 9 1

                Serratella 2 1 1 79 3

              Heptageniidae

                Epeorus 0 1

                Stenacron 4 1 1

                Stenonema (Maccaffertium) 3 64 29 12 33 28 12

              Leptophlebiidae

                Paraleptophlebia 1 1 1

          Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)

              Aeshnidae

 Boyeria 2 1

              Coenagrionidae
78 Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania

Table K. Benthic macroinvertebrates identified from 300 organism subsamples collected from sites at Hopewell Furnace National 

Historical Site, November 2008.—Continued

[Macroinvertebrate identication by Andrew G. Rief of the U.S. Geological Survey; PTV, Pollution tolerance value from Chalfant (2007)]

Station number 014721245 0147212511 0147212511 014721253 014721259 014721265

Site number HF-1 HF-2 HF-2 replicate HF-3 HF-4 HF-5

Date sampled 11/14/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/10/08 11/10/08

Grids 8 9 10 10 12 28

Total count 317 336 302 302 330 93

Organism PTV Count

                Argia 6 1 2

              Gomphidae

                Arigomphus 4 1

                Gomphus 5 1 2

                Lanthus 5 1

          Plecoptera (stoneflies)

              Capniidae 3 3

                Allocapnia 3 3 2

              Chloroperlidae 0 1

              Peltoperlidae

                Peltoperla 2 2

              Nemouridae 2 2 2 1

              Perlidae

                Perlesta 4 1

              Taeniopterygidae

                Strophopteryx 3 1 5

                Taeniopteryx 2 2 3 2

 Megaloptera

              Corydalidae (fishflies and dobsonflies)

              Corydalus 4 1

                Nigronia 2 3 2

          Trichoptera (caddisflies)

              Glossosomatidae

                Glossosoma 0 12

              Hydropsychidae

                Cheumatopsyche 6 179 25 24 35 27 20

                Hydropsyche 5 6 21 13 8 3

              Hydroptilidae

                Hydroptila 6 1 1

              Lepidostomatidae

                Lepidostoma 1 2

              Leptoceridae

                Oecetis 8 2 3

              Philopotamidae

                Chimarra 4 3 1
Appendix 1 79

Table K. Benthic macroinvertebrates identified from 300 organism subsamples collected from sites at Hopewell Furnace National 

Historical Site, November 2008.—Continued

[Macroinvertebrate identication by Andrew G. Rief of the U.S. Geological Survey; PTV, Pollution tolerance value from Chalfant (2007)]

Station number 014721245 0147212511 0147212511 014721253 014721259 014721265

Site number HF-1 HF-2 HF-2 replicate HF-3 HF-4 HF-5

Date sampled 11/14/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/12/08 11/10/08 11/10/08

Grids 8 9 10 10 12 28

Total count 317 336 302 302 330 93

Organism PTV Count

              Psychomyiidae

                Lype 2 1

              Rhyacophilidae

                Rhyacophila 1 2

 Uenoidae

                Neophylax 3 5

          Coleoptera (beetles)

              Elmidae (riffle beetles)

                Ancyronyx 2 1

                Dubiraphia 6 1 1

                Optioservus 4 1 1 1 3 3 2

                Oulimnius 5 24

                Promoresia 2 1 4 3

                Stenelmis 5 2

              Psephenidae (water pennies)

                Ectopria 5 1

          Diptera (true flies)

              Ceratopogonidae

                Probezzia 6 2 1 1 1 1

              Chironomidae (midges) 6 19 178 173 142 102 26

              Empididae (dance flies)

                Chelifera 6 5

                Hemerodromia 6 2 17 15 17 2

              Simuliidae (black flies)

                Simulium 6 5 3 2 9 2

              Tipulidae (crane flies)

                Antocha 3 2 1 1

                Diranota 3 2

                Hexatoma 2 1

                Tipula 4 1 1

For more information about this publication, contact:

U.S. Geological Survey

215 Limekiln Road

New Cumberland, PA 17070

http://pa.water.usgs.gov/

Document prepared by the West Trenton Publishing Service Center
Sloto and Reif—Distribution of Trace Metals at Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, Berks and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania—Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5014