INTRODUCTION

Historically, Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) inhabited

western Oregon from the Pacific Ocean to the Cascade Crest,

including the area presently contained within Crater Lake

National Park (CRLA). Early settlers in the western foothills and

valleys of the Cascades were confronted with a seemingly endless

supply of elk which they hunted excessively for hides, meat and

teeth. By the late 1880's the effects of unrestricted harvest were

evident; elk populations were depleted in many areas throughout

western Oregon and were reported to have disappeared altogether

from the Crater Lake area (Harper 1985). In an effort to restore

elk to the Oregon Cascades, they were completely protected from

hunting at the turn of the century, and populations were later

supplemented with Rocky Mountain elk from Yellowstone

National Park. In 1917, 15 such elk were transferred to CRLA, and together with residual populations of native

Roosevelt elk, they formed the nucleus for elk herds that presently summer within the park.

Records of the reestablishment of elk to CRLA are incomplete. Elk herds were reported in the high Cascades within and

adjacent to CRLA in 1929, specifically on Mount Scott, Mount McLoughlin, and in Red Blanket Canyon (Anon., 1929).

By the late 1960's, CRLA was believed to be visited each summer by a stable population of 50-75 elk. The first

systematic surveys of elk during the 1970's suggested that a minimum of 140-160 elk summered within the park

(Manning 1974, Hill 1976). Landowners in the Fort Klamath area south of CRLA reported seeing 40-60 elk feeding in

their pastures each spring in the 1950's and 1960's. However, 150 elk are now commonly counted during spring (John

Toman, Pers. Comm.). Such information, though not well documented, suggests that the Crater Lake elk herd may have

increased in the last decade.

Potential elk management problems in CRLA are common to relatively small parks that contain only a small fraction of

the available annual range. Elk of CRLA cross several ownership boundaries in their annual movements. Consequently,

they are exposed to diverse management practices which may influence population levels and distribution patterns.

CRATER LAKE

Report: Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake National Park And Vicinity

Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake

National Park And Vicinity

by Kurt Jenkins, Kevin Cooper, Edward Starkey

National Park Service

Cooperative Park Studies Unit

College of Forestry

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR 97331

CPSU/OSU 88-2

CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Acknowledgments

 Study Area

 Methods

 Results and Discussion

 Management Implications

 Literature Cited

 Appendix A

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Forests on the west slope of the Cascades are managed intensively for wood-fiber production. Such management

practices could have both beneficial and adverse effects on elk numbers, depending on cutting prescriptions, timing and

spacing of cutting units, and factors relating to human disturbance (Witmer et al. 1985). Additionally, elk are subject to

intensive sport hunting outside CRLA, which also could have variable influences on park elk depending on elk

movement patterns in response to hunting seasons.

The first step to enable park managers and scientists to interpret the effect of land management and hunting on elk is to

determine population characteristics, seasonal movements, and habitat use patterns of park elk herds. Initially, the

greatest need is for descriptive information as a basis for identifying important management areas for park elk, and for

formulating and testing specific hypotheses for future research. The objectives of this research in CRLA were:

1. to determine indices of herd sizes and composition,

2. to describe elk seasonal movements, migratory routes, and seasonal ranges,

3. to determine habitat use patterns of elk within and adjacent to the park.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was conducted cooperatively by the National Park Service (NPS), Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife

(ODFW), the Klamath Indian Tribe, and the United States Forest Service (USFS), each of which shared a common

interest in Crater Lake elk and their habitats. The National Park Service provided funding and personnel for this study

through the Cooperative Park Studies Unit at Oregon State University. ODFW provided personnel, planning and

materials for the construction of elk traps and the ensuing elk trapping efforts. Oregon State Police (OSP) provided pilots

and aircraft for aerial radio-telemetry studies, the Klamath Indian Tribe provided radio-telemetry equipment, and the

USFS and NPS provided housing. Individuals from each agency provided logistical support, as well as the benefits of

their individual experiences in elk research and management. We would particularly like to thank Jon Jarvis, Bob

Benton, George Phillips, and Roger Andrasik of CRLA, John Toman, Ralph Opp, Rick Werner, and Steve Hutchinson of

ODFW, Larry Throop and Jack Inman of USFS, Craig Bienz of the Klamath Tribe, John Rizzo of OSP, and Carl

Scheeler and Patricia Happe of the Oregon State University Cooperative Park Studies Unit for all their generous

assistance.

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Date: 31-May-2001

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STUDY AREA

Movements of elk were investigated within CRLA and in surrounding lowlands south and west of the park. The study area

encompassed three geographic areas corresponding to the seasonal ranges of elk, including: (1) much of the south and west side of

CRLA (summer range), (2) portions of the Rogue River National Forest on the west slope of the Cascades (winter range), and (3) the

Winema National Forest on the east slope, south of the park (spring range). Private and state-owned lands were common at low

elevations adjacent to the Rogue River and Winema National Forests.

The study area lies between 43°00' and 42°44' latitude and 122°02'30" and 122°07'00" longitude in the southern High Cascade and

western Cascades physiographic provinces (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). The dominant physiographic feature in and around the park

is Crater Lake itself, the remnant of the ancestral Mount Mazama. The surrounding landscape is dominated by Mount Scott, Union

and Crater Peaks, several lesser volcanic cones, and extensive pumice flats and lava flows. Lowlands of the Rogue Valley to the west

of CRLA contain broad east to west-facing valleys separated by steep densely forested uplands. East slopes of the Cascades

bordering on the Upper Klamath Basin are typified by deep pumice soils, steep, heavily dissected topography, and a series of west to

east-flowing perennial streams flowing into the Klamath Basin. Elevations in the study area ranged from 2600 ft near Prospect in the

Rogue Valley to 8926 ft on Mount Scott, the highest point in CRLA. Elevations of the Fort Klamath meadowlands averaged

approximately 4000 ft.

Climatic patterns are extremely variable throughout the study area, reflecting large elevational gradients and orographic effects of the

Cascades Mountains. Overall, the region is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters. Temperatures are lowest

and precipitation greatest atop the Cascade Crest in CRLA. Annual precipitation exceeds 60 inches, most of which falls as snow

(Phillips 1968). Total precipitation is less in Fort Klamath than in Prospect due to the orographic rain shadow, but because winter

temperatures are cooler on the east side of the Cascades, significantly greater snowfall occurs in Fort Klamath than in Prospect.

Vegetation in the study area reflects the wide variation in elevation and moisture across the Cascade Mountains. The study area falls

primarily within the mixed conifer, Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica shastensis), white fir (Abies concolor), and mountain hemlock

(Tsuga mertensiana) vegetation zones (Franklin and Dyrness 1972).

High elevations within CRLA and the surrounding areas lie primarily within the white fir, Shasta red fir, and mountain hemlock

forest zones (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). Additionally, Ziegler (1978) identified 11 communities dominated by lodgepole pine

(Pinus contorta) within Crater Lake National Park , four of which were considered climax on pumice soils. Oregon boxwood

(Pachystima myrsinites), pine-mat manzanita, and western serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) were commonly reported shrub

species, whereas sedges (Carex spp.), lupines (Lupinus spp.), grasses, and smooth woodrush (Luzula glabrata) were frequently

reported in the understories.

Lowlands along the Rogue River fall primarily within the mixed conifer zone. Major forest tree species are Douglas-fir, white fir,

incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Common

shrubs and herbs include Oregon grape (Berberis nervosa), pine-mat manzanita (Arctostaphylous nevadensis), twinflower (Linnaea

borealis), princes pine (Chimaphilla umbellata) and whipple vine (Whipplea modesta) in mature forest communities. Dense

brushfields, dominated by deerbrush (Ceanothus spp.), are common in low-elevation cutover sites within the mixed conifer zone.

In east-slope forests along the Upper Klamath Basin, Hopkins (1979) reported nine climax forest associations dominated by

lodgepole pine, white fir, Shasta red fir, and mountain hemlock, much the same as within the park. Common understory species

included grouse huckleberry (Vaccinium scoparium), pine-mat manzanita, chinkapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla), snowberry

(Symphoricarpos albus) and various sedges, grasses and forbs. Pasturelands abutting the forest in the Upper Klamath Basin are

dominated by a variety of perennial grasses.

The mosaic of land-ownerships in the study area produce contrasting patterns of land management practices. The National Park

Service adheres closely to a policy of wilderness preservation, whereas the USFS, state, and private owners manage lands primarily

for wood-fiber or livestock production. Clearcutting, followed by slash-burning and reforestation, and partial-cutting are common

land management practices on lands adjacent to CRLA.

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Report: Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake National Park And Vicinity

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METHODS

Capturing and Collaring

Elk were trapped primarily during May 1985 in five portable corral traps (Harper 1985) located in the Winema National

Forest just south of the park boundary. Traps were prebaited with salt and mineral blocks during fall 1984 and 1985, and

baits persisted through trapping periods each of the following springs. Trapped elk were immobilized using powdered

succinylcholine chloride administered using a CO2 powered Cap-chur (TM) rifle and reloadable Pneu-darts. Immobilized

cow elk were fitted with color-coded Telonics radio-transmitter collars that transmitted in the 151 mHz range. Sub-adult

bulls and cows were marked with numbered eartags and vinyl ear streamers.

Radio-tracking Procedures

Radio-collared elk were relocated for 18 months between May 1985 to October 1986. Three seasonal periods were

recognized for data collection and analysis, including:

Seasonal periods correspond to approximate dates of arrival of radio-collared elk on discrete spring, summer, and winter

ranges, respectively.

Due to seasonal differences in the accessibility of the study animals, a variety of telemetry sampling schedules and

techniques were employed throughout the seasons. During spring, elk were easily monitored from extensive road

networks. Elk were relocated one to three times daily during early morning, midday, and late-night sampling periods. To

obtain each relocation, bearings were taken from two to six telemetry stations along roads until the elk's location could be

established by plotting bearings on a gridded map of the study area. To minimize telemetry errors, telemetry stations

were chosen as close as possible to the elk's location, and such that angles of intersecting bearings averaged between 60°

- 120°. If bearings did not intersect, if elk were further than 1 km from a road, or if accuracy of the location was doubtful,

telemetry equipment was used to approach the elk and verify its location. Coordinates of such points were recorded using

a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system, for subsequent assignments of vegetation classes of elk locations.

During winter, summer, and intervening migration periods, an attempt was made to adhere to the same sampling

schedule used during spring. However, elk frequently inhabited remote roadless areas or areas that were inaccessible

because of deep snow, preventing a systematic sampling regime. During such times, elk were relocated at least once a

week from fixed-wing aircraft equipped with strut-mounted yagi antennae. Attempts were also made to approach each

collared elk on the ground each week, either on foot, horseback, or off-road vehicle. A total of 1-7 relocations of radiocollared elk were thus obtained each week depending on season and ease of access.

Population Characteristics

Efforts to monitor herd numbers and composition were concentrated on spring range in the Upper Klamath Basin, where

elk could be observed grazing in pastures without disturbing them. During April - May 1985, prior to calving season, elk

were counted each morning between 0530 and 0700 by driving a fixed route along pasture perimeters. The survey route

originated at the USFS Seven Mile Guard Station, proceeded east on Seven Mile Road to Highway 62 and northwest on

highway 62 to USFS Road 3227. All observed elk were classed as calves (<1 year old), adult females (>1 year old),

yearling males (spike antlers) or adult males (branched-antlered males). No special efforts were made to obtain visual

contacts with elk during the remainder of the year, because dense vegetation generally obscured portions of the herds,

and because it was felt that associated disturbance factors would bias habitat use patterns. Nonetheless, all incidentally

observed elk were classified throughout the study, which yielded some supplemental information on population

characteristics.

CRATER LAKE

Report: Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake National Park And Vicinity

spring: 15 May - 15 June, 1985, 1 April - 15 June 1986

summer: 15 June - 15 October 1985, 1986

winter: 1 November - 15 April 1985-86

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Seasonal Movements and Home Range

Home range is the area used by an animal to obtain necessary nutrients. shelter and security requirements, as well as

potential mates and areas for reproduction. These resources are obtained either within a single annual home range or, as

was the case in this study, among several sequentially used seasonal home ranges connected by migratory pathways.

Home ranges of radio-collared elk were delimited for each seasonal period using the harmonic mean method (Dixon and

Chapman 1980). The harmonic mean home range method generates contour intervals that encompass specified

percentages of the spatial distribution patterns of animals. For this analysis, seasonal home ranges were based on

contours that encompassed 80% of the probability distribution of all elk locations. Home ranges were based on

composited locations of all radio-collared elk to provide an overview of the population distribution patterns. All maps of

elk home ranges were generated using MCPAAL software for IBM-compatible microcomputers (Stuwe and Blohowiak,

undated).

Habitat Use Patterns

Elk habitat use was evaluated by season to determine vegetation characteristics that were used by radio-collared elk

significantly more (i.e., preference) or less (i.e., avoidance) than random use. The analyses of vegetation types used by

elk varied among the three seasonal ranges, reflecting differences in vegetation maps available for the areas. On the

summer ranges within CRLA, vegetation had been classified and mapped according to dominant overstory tree species

(Walsh 1977). On spring ranges of the Winema National Forest, stands were mapped according to dominant overstory

species, stand size-classes, and densities. On winter ranges of the Rogue River National Forest, vegetation had been

mapped according to designated elk habitat components and tree size-classes. Elk habitat components on winter range

included foraging areas (<60% shrub or tree overstory closure), hiding cover (vegetation capable of hiding 90% of a

standing elk at 200 feet), thermal cover (overstory >40 feet tall and >70 feet enclosure), and optimal cover (dominant

trees >21" dbh and >70% crown closure. Additional descriptions of elk habitat components are provided by Witmer et al.

(1985).

Vegetation preferences (or avoidance) were determined by comparing use by elk of each of those vegetation classes to

their availability within the seasonal composite home range. Seasonal use was determined as the proportion of pooled

telemetry locations that fell within a vegetation class. Availability was determined as the proportion of a composite home

range area occupied by each vegetation class. Land areas used to estimate availabilities of vegetation classes were

measured directly from vegetation maps using a digital planimeter. Use of vegetation classes by elk that was significantly

greater or less than availability was detected using Bonferroni z-tests for equality of proportions (Neu et al. 1974).

Experiment-wise error rates for multiple comparisons were controlled at p <10.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Capture and Collaring

Seventeen elk were trapped and immobilized in Upper Klamath Basin, primarily during spring 1985 (Appendix A).

Eleven cow elk were successfully trapped and radio-collared; three yearling males were successfully ear-tagged, and

three adult cow elk died during the capture process. Eighteen mg of succinylcholine chloride was sufficient to

immobilize adult cow elk, whereas only 14-16 mg was administered to yearling cows and bulls. Deaths of three adult

cow elk were related to trapping injuries or poor physical condition.

Population Characteristics

A total of 844 elk were observed during routine censuses in the Upper Klamath Basin between 22 April - 24 May 1985.

Numbers of elk using pasturelands north and west of Seven Mile Road and Highway 62, respectively, were low in late

April, gradually increased to a peak on 8 May, and decreased steadily until the third week in May (Fig. 1). Those data

suggest a gradual arrival of spring migrants to the Upper Klamath Basin in late April and throughout the first week of

May. Although timing of the arrival of elk to the Upper Klamath Basin undoubtedly varies among years, reflecting

differences in spring weather and snowpack, our results suggest that trends of elk numbers in the Crater Lake area could

perhaps be monitored by conducting intensive spring surveys of elk in pastures immediately to the south of CRLA in the

Upper Klamath Basin.

Fig. 1 Numbers of elk observed between 0530-0700 hrs. along an 8 mile road transect through open pasture in the Upper

Klamath Basin, 22 April - 24 May 1985.

Reasons for the sudden decrease in elk observations following May 8th are unknown; however, it coincided with several

important factors, including: (1) snow disappearance and greenup of adjacent forests and clearcuts, (2) increased rancher

activities in pastures, (3) arrival of cattle in pastures, (4) increased wood cutting and recreational activities in surrounding

areas, and (5) onset of calving. The rather abrupt arrival and dispersal of elk in the Upper Klamath Basin would place

narrow seasonal constraints on any future elk monitoring activities in the Basin. Also, additional years of data would be

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necessary to assess year-to-year variability in elk numbers, and hence, the reliability of the trend index.

A total of 81 elk wee classified as calves or cows on summer ranges within CRLA during 1986, and 220 were classified

on spring range adjacent to the park during 1985. Calf production as estimated from summer counts was 55 calves per

100 cows, not accounting for neonates that might have died prior to summer. Such productivity appeared to be greater

than average estimates of 27 calves per 100 cows obtained in CRLA during the 1970's (Hill 1976). Hill suggested that

the earlier estimates may have been biased because many calves may not have been observed when only portions of

herds were counted. This commonly occurs when calves form nursery groups on the perimeter of cow herds. If only

groups that contained both cows and calves are counted, then production of calves during the 1970's averaged 60 calves

per 100 cows, which as Hill (1976) pointed out, is near the biotic potential of an elk herd. Although productivity of elk

herds in CRLA appears to be high, calf ratios obtained during spring 1985 (25:100) were typical of those found

throughout western Oregon (Harper 1985, Witmer 1980) and Washington (Jenkins 1981, Smith 1980). Sequential counts

of calves and cows obtained during summer and the following spring have frequently been used as indices of calf

survivorship. Unfortunately, overwinter survival of calves cannot be compiled from our data because counts were

obtained during the spring prior to, rather than following, the summer classification counts. However, assuming no large

differences existed in calf production between 1985 and 1986, comparisons of calf ratios from summer 1985 (55:100)

and spring 1985 (25:100) suggest large reductions in the abundance of calves may occur over winter. Although several

authors have observed low calf survivorship in Roosevelt elk (Witmer 1982, Merrill 1985), additional intensive surveys

of calf ratios on summer ranges, and on spring ranges south of the park will be needed to better understand herd

dynamics in CRLA. Such surveys will be very difficult because all elk in each herd must be classified, not just the easily

observable portions of herds.

Seasonal Movements and Home Range

Radio-collared elk in the Crater Lake ecosystem migrated between winter ranges on the west slope of the Cascades,

spring ranges on the east side, and summer ranges on the Cascade Crest. Spring migrations averaged 35 km between

winter range on the Rogue River National Forest and spring range on the Winema National Forest. Late-spring

migrations to summer range within Crater Lake National Park added approximately 16 km to the total migration distance

between winter and summer ranges. Seasonal ranges of radio-collared elk are shown in Figs. 2-6, and are described in

greater detail below.

Cow elk trapped during spring in the Upper Klamath Basin concentrated their activities along the eastern boundary of the

Winema National Forest from Seven Mile Guard Station north to the park boundary. Elk arrived on spring range

primarily between 20 April - 8 May during 1985, judging from the survey results (Fig. 1). During 1986, some radiocollared elk arrived on spring range as early as 1 April, and the majority had arrived by 21 April. Three late-comers did

not arrive until sometime after 3 May. Telemetry data indicated that migration from winter to spring ranges was highly

individualistic and occurred over at least a one-month period.

Movements of radio-collared elk were generally quite predictable on spring range. Most elk used clearcuts and private

pastures along the USFS boundary for late night and early morning foraging bouts, and retreated westward to forested

hillsides by day. Movements of two radio-collared cows deviated from the norm. One cow (designated cow #2) departed

during early May 1985 and occupied a spring range partially separate from the others along Annie Creek and Sun Creek

near the park's panhandle (Fig. 2). Another cow, one of the early spring arrivals and the first elk trapped in 1985, traveled

from Seven Mile Guard Station to a location 15 km west across the Cascade Crest, where she remained for 10 days

before returning to spring range.

Radio-collared elk used the same spring ranges both years (Figs. 2-3). Annual differences in the distribution of elk in

1985 and 1986 were related to the trapping effort in 1985 and the resulting differences in sampling schedules. In 1985,

we did not begin actively radio-tracking elk until most elk were captured in late May. In 1986, all except one elk were

already radio-collared when they arrived on spring range, and they were radio-tracked beginning in early April.

Distribution patterns of radio-collared elk in 1986 delineate the spring range of CRLA elk, whereas data from 1985

represent the late-season transition to summer range and the distribution of collared elk during calving season. Primary

calving grounds of CRLA elk were in the remote headwaters of Seven Mile Creek, Dry Creek and the surrounding areas.

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Fig. 2 - Elk home ranges, Spring 1985.

Fig. 3 - Elk home ranges, Spring 1986.

Migration of radio-collared elk from spring range to summer range consisted of gradual westerly and northerly upslope

movements from the spring range. Migration to summer range had no discrete starting date, but distributions of elk began

to shift in mid-May. Most elk were observed in the southern portion of their summer range near Goose Nest Mountain by

15 June 1985 and 1986.

Radio-collared elk returned to the same summer ranges both years (Fig. 4-5). The majority of radio-collared elk

summered from the south slopes of Goose Nest Mountain throughout the west side of the park north to Highway 62.

Composite home ranges of radio-equipped elk were approximately 60-75% within the park. Cow #2 inhabited a summer

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range in the Crater Peak area separate from the remaining collared elk. These two home range areas, in the southwest and

southeast of the park, correspond to two previously identified concentration areas of elk in CRLA (Manning 1974, Hill

1974). None of our radio-collared elk inhabited the northern half of the park, although previous investigators and our

observations indicated lesser numbers of elk also inhabit the northern half of the park, primarily in the northwest. In

October 1985, a radio-collared bull elk from another study, collared in the Umpqua drainage, was located in the

northwestern corner of the park. He remained there until early November, then he joined elk from the southwest corner

of the park and migrated with them to winter range.

Fig. 4 - Elk home ranges, Summer 1985.

Fig. 5 - Elk home ranges, Summer 1986.

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Migration of radio-collared elk from summer to winter range varied between 1985 and 1986. During 1985, 10 inches of

snow fell in mid-September causing elk to move downslope toward spring range for three days. They returned to summer

range as the snow melted. During the third week in October, snow accumulated to two feet on summer range, again

forcing elk to their spring range near Seven Mile Guard Station, where they remained for two weeks. The elk crossed

over the Cascade Crest to the upper basins of Red Blanket Canyon in early November, and moved slowly down Red

Blanket Creek arriving on winter range in mid-November (Fig. 6). Cow #2, from the Crater Peak area, remained on

spring range near Annie Creek for two weeks and then migrated through 4-5 feet of snow on the Cascade Crest down the

Middle Fork of the Rogue River between 25-29 November.

Fig. 6 - Elk home ranges, Winter 1985-86.

During 1968, early winter storms deposited 54" of snow in September and drove nine of eleven elk down Red Blanket

Creek directly to the winter range. Subsequent warm weather and snowmelt allowed radio-collared elk to disperse widely

back on summer range within CRLA. They may also have returned to their summer range due to hunting pressure after

this heavy snow. The elk again returned to their winter range for the season after heavy snow in October, 1986.

Winter ranges of most collared elk were located at elevations between 2800' - 4000' at the mouth of Red Blanket Canyon,

near its juncture with the Rogue Valley. During November 1955, 1-2 feet of snow forced the elk onto Red Blanket

floodplain near Prospect. As the snows melted, the elk concentrated on the bench known as Buck Flats. This lies between

the mouth of the Middle Fork of the Rogue and the mouth of Red Blanket Creek. They also moved up to the bench north

of the mouth of Red Blanket Creek. Snowpack was light to absent during the winter of 1985-1986, and the elk remained

above the floodplain moving upward into the old-growth forests near Bessie Rock during March and before spring

migration. Two radio-collared elk, one of which was number 2 from the Crater Peak Area, wintered up the Middle Fork

of the Rogue Valley (Fig. 6).

Seasonal Habitat Use Spring

Availability and use of habitats were evaluated within the composite home range of elk during spring 1986. The

composited spring range of elk consisted of 83% silviculturally managed forest, 11% managed pasture, and 6% non

commercial or other forest types (Table 1). Shelterwood harvesting was the most prevalent cutting prescription, although

clearcuts which were common in lodgepole pine forests covered approximately 6% of the spring range. The majority of

forests were dominated by white fir and lodgepole pine.

Radio-collared elk used many vegetation classes in proportion to their availability during spring (Table 1). White fir

forests were the only cover type preferred by elk. White fir stands corresponded primarily to densely-stocked stands of

medium-sized sawtimber, which correspondingly were also selected. Radio-collared elk avoided forest/pasture

communities, which were forests within the pasture fenceline. Those stands were used intensively as bedding grounds by

cattle and contained highly trampled understories. As a general diurnal pattern, elk were found in pasture, clearcuts, or

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partially cut stands during early morning and evening feeding periods, and they retreated to hillside forests, mainly

densely-stocked stands of white fir, from mornings to afternoons. Such forests may have provided elk both with

seclusion from high levels of human disturbance associated with roadways, and thermal protection from high mid-day

temperatures that are common to the region.

a

(-) and (+) symbolize use significantly less than or greater than availability, respectively.

b nonuseable habitats include seed orchard, gravel or paved surfaces.

c Other habitats include unclassified or non-commercial forested lands.

Summer

High elevation summer ranges primarily consisted of Shasta red fir and mountain hemlock/red fir forests (Table 2). A

variety of other less extensive forest types comprised the remainder of the composite home range. During both summers,

elk used red fir forests less than expected on the basis of availability and mountain hemlock/red fir forests significantly

more than expected. Although used less than availability, red fir forests still contained an average of 22% of all the elk

observations on summer range and should, together with mountain hemlock/red fir, be considered important components

of the park habitat. Such forests contain locally dense patches of smooth woodrush, which may be important elk forage

on CRLA ranges (Hill 1974). A variety of lodgepole pine communities were selected or were used in proportion to

availability and were important elk habitats in the southern part of the park.

Table 1. Availability (%) and use of (%) vegetation classes by elk during Spring 1986

in the Upper Klamath Basin, OR. (n=307 elk locations).

Vegetation Class Availability Use

Cover Type

Lodgepole pine 14.2 12.3

Mountain hemlock/White fir 0.5 0.0

Ponderosa pine 1.3 2.6

Shasta red fir 0.2 1.0

White fir 61.4 69.9(+)a

Clearcut 5.6 3.6

Pasture 10.8 7.8

Unclassified (Grazed) 5.8 2.6(-)

a

Nonuseableb 0.2 0.0

Tree Size Class

Shrub-sampling 7.0 6.4

Pole 16.3 10.1(-)

Medium saw timber 36.0 54.1(+)

Large saw timber/pole 15.0 13.2

Large saw timber 7.5 8.1

Otherc 18.2 8.1(-)

Tree Stocking Class

Poor 0.4 0.3

Medium 7.2 10.2

Sparse/Well 14.9 12.9

Well 51.7 62.4(+)

Otherc 25.8 14.l(-)

Table 2. Availability (%) and use (%) of vegetation cover classes by elk during

summers 1985-86 in Crater Lake National Park and vicinity.

1985 1986

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a

(-) and (+) symbolize use significantly less than or greater than availability, respectively.

Winter

Silviculturally managed forests in a variety of age- and size-classes made up more than 95% of the composited home

range of elk in the Rogue Valley (Table 3). Clearcuts, less than 20 years old, primarily in the shrub-sapling

developmental stage, comprised nearly 17% of the winter range. The pole stage of forest development, 21-60 years postlogging, made up 28% of the winter range. Pole stages corresponded to stands that were classed as either elk hiding

cover or as hiding cover plus foraging area. A variety of sawlog and silviculturally overmature timber classes comprised

the majority of the remaining winter range. Most of those forests were classed as elk thermal cover.

a

(-) and (+) symbolize use significantly less than or greater than availability, respectively (p<0.l0)

Vegetation Cover Class

(n=160) (n=84)

Availability Use Availability Use

Brush 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.0(-)

Douglas-fir 0.9 0.0(-)

a 1.1 0.0(-)

Grass/Sedge 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0

Lodgepole/Pumice 7.2 5.0 7.6 7.1

Lodgepole/Ponderosa 5.4 11.9(+)a 6.5 6.0

Lodgepole/Red Fir/Mountain Hemlock 4.0 8.1 4.7 8.3

Mountain Hemlock 5.4 4.4 4.6 6.0

Mountain Hemlock/Red Fir 28.5 51.9(+) 29.3 41.7

Ponderosa 4.4 0.0(-) 5.2 1.2

Red Fir 40.4 18.l(-) 39.8 26.2(-)

White Fir 3.2 0.0(-) 0.2 3.6

Nonuseable 0.4 0.0(-) 0.4 0.0

Table 3. Availability (%) and use (%) of vegetation classes by elk during Winter

1985-86 in the Rogue River Valley, OR. (n=164 elk locations).

Vegetation Class Availability Use

Elk Habitat Class

Foraging Area 24.2 31.1

Hiding Cover 4.7 12.2(+)a

Hiding Cover/Forage 25.2 30.5

Thermal Cover 37.6 19.5(-)

Optimal Cover 0.3 6.1(+)

Otherb 8.0 0.6(-)

Tree Size Class

Grass-Forb 0.3 1.2

Shrub-seedling (<0.9" dbh) 16.9 21.3

Pole (1.0 - 8.9" dbh) 28.4 40.9(+)

Small sawlog (9.0 - 20.9" dbh) 18.8 13.4

Large sawlog (21.0" + dbh) 2.3 1.2

Overmature (21.0" + dbh) 29.3 22.0

Otherb 4.1 0.0(-)

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b other habitats include unclassified or non-commercial forested lands.

Elk demonstrated a clear preference for both hiding cover and optimal cover on winter range. Optimal cover, so

designated because it provides both optimum cover and foraging values during severe winter weather, made up a very

small proportion of the winter range, but received high use by elk. The winter of this study was mild, and snow

accumulations rarely exceeded more than 4" from December to spring. Optimal cover may have even greater importance

as elk habitat during severe winters.

Foraging areas and stands of mixed hiding cover and foraging areas were neither preferred nor avoided by elk, but

together they received high use (>60%). The close agreement between the availability (50%) and use (60%) of foraging

areas by elk suggests that they may exist currently in a nearly optimum proportion of the winter range to satisfy forage

requirements of the population. High preference of cover relative to forage, however, suggests that cover values may

currently be more limiting to elk than forage. Creation of new foraging areas will be necessary to sustain wintering elk

populations as the current foraging areas succeed to hiding and thermal cover. We suspect that the greatest challenge

facing integrative forest and elk habitat management on this winter range in the future will be in providing replacement

foraging areas without further diminishing important cover values.

http://www.nps.gov/crla/elk/elk3.htm

Date: 31-May-2001

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MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

Elk only occupy Crater Lake National Park during the summer. Thus other agencies such as The Oregon Department of

Fish and Wildlife and U.S. Forest Service have management responsibility for these elk and their habitat during the rest

of the year. Summer habitat does not currently appear to be a limiting factor. Cow/calf ratios were quite high on the

summer range, but substantial mortality may occur on the winter range.

There is no indication that elk populations have a significant impact on plant communities within CRLA. Elk are widely

dispersed during the summer and, other than tracks, leave very little evidence of their presence. Furthermore, it is

unlikely that populations will soon increase to levels which may cause impacts such as those documented in Mt. Rainier

National Park (MORA). CRLA contains only limited areas of meadow which are most likely to show grazing or

trampling impacts. Although we have no knowledge of primeval elk populations and habitat use patterns, we suspect that

any changes in plant communities of CRLA are the result of factors other than elk, such as changes in fire frequency or

climate.

Perhaps the greatest potential management concern is hunting. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife is currently

experimenting with early hunting seasons to improve hunting quality. During these early seasons, elk are more dispersed

and at higher elevation. Thus some elk, depending on snowfall, may remain in or near CRLA, or enter the park to avoid

hunters. Although we don't expect a "firing line" to develop, law enforcement could be more difficult. Any delay in

migration should only be temporary because the seasons are relatively short and snow will eventually force elk out of the

park. Therefore, park vegetation should not be significantly impacted. Depending on the timing and length of season,

early hunting seasons may result in a reduced harvest of mature bulls. Throughout much of Oregon the proportion of

older bulls has been greatly reduced by hunting. If harvest of these bulls was decreased in the Crater Lake region, sex

and age structures of elk populations would more nearly resemble those typical of unhunted populations. Bulls with well

developed antlers may be more commonly observed by park visitors.

Hunting by Native Americans would have a substantial potential for impact on CRLA elk. However, for the present, this

doesn't appear to be likely.

In conclusion, we see no need for further monitoring of elk within CRLA. However, cooperative work with ODFW,

USFS, and the Klamath Tribe will help identify population trends. Surveys could best be conducted on the spring range,

in late April or early May. Counts of elk occupying the meadows near Fort Klamath would provide an index of

abundance. If elk populations were to increase significantly in the future, monitoring programs should be implemented

within the park. Continued cooperation and communication with other concerned agencies may provide advance

knowledge of management actions with potential for impact on CRLA elk.

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LITERATURE CITED

Dixon, K.R. and J.A. Chapman. 1980. Harmonic mean measure of animal activity area. Ecology 61:1040-1044.

Franklin, J.F. and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW8.

Harper, J.A. 1985. Ecology and management of Roosevelt elk in Oregon. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Portland,

OR. 70 pp.

Hill, T. 1976. The ecology and management of Roosevelt elk in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Unpubl. ms. on file at

Crater Lake National Park.

Hopkins, W.E. 1979. Plant associations of the south Chiloquin and Klamath Ranger Districts - Winema National Forest. USDA

For. Serv. PNW Region. R6-Ecol-79-005.

Jenkins, K.J. 1981. Status of elk populations and lowland habitats in western Olympic National Park. Cooperative Park Studies

Unit, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Report 81-1.

Kuttell, M.P. 1975. Willapa Hills elk herd. Washington Department of Game, Olympia, WA. 63 pp.

Manning, R. 1974. [Elk, their ecology and management. Unpubl. ins. on file at Crater Lake National Park.

Merrill, E.H., K.L. Knutson, B. Biswell, R.D. Taber, and K.J. Raedeke. 1985. Mount Saint Helens Cooperative Elk study:

Progress Report 1981-84. Unpubl. ins.

Neu, C.W., C.R. Byers, and J.M. Peek. 1974. A technique for analysis of utilization-availability data. J. Wildl. Manage.

38:541-545.

Phillips, K.N. 1968. Hydrology of Crater, East and Davis Lakes, Oregon. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1859-E. 57

pp.

Smith, J.L. 1980. Reproductive rates, age structure, and management of Roosevelt elk in Washington's Olympic Mountains. Pp.

67-111 in W. MacGregor (ed.). Proceedings of the Western States Elk Workshop. Feb. 27-28, 1980, Cranbrook, B.C.

Stuwe, M. and C.E. Blohowiak. Undated. MCPAAL: microcomputer programs for the analysis of animal locations. Unpubl.

ins. available from Conservation and Research Center, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Walsh, S.J. 1977. An investigation into the comparative utility of color infrared aerial photography and LANDSAT data for

detailed surface cover type mapping within Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University,

Corvallis, OR. 356 pp.

Witmer, G.W. 1982. Roosevelt elk habitat use in the Oregon Coast Range. Ph.D. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis,

OR. 104 pp.

_____, et al. 1985. Deer and elk. Pp. 231-267 in E.R. Brown (ed.). Management of Wildlife and Fish Habitats in Forests of

Western Oregon and Washington. USDA For. Serv. PNW Region.

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Date: 31-May-2001

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APPENDIX A

Elk capture and response to drug administration in the Upper Klamath Basin, OR. 1985.

a males were not radio-collared; equipped w/yellow ear streamers

b deceased

http://www.nps.gov/crla/elk/elkaa.htm

Date: 31-May-2001

CRATER LAKE

Report: Ecology Of Elk Inhabiting Crater Lake National Park And Vicinity

Date Sex/age Collar#

Transmittor

Frequency

(MHz)

Dosage

(mg)

Reaction

Time

(min)

Recovery

Time

(min) Comments

4/30/85 ad. fem. 1 151.500 18 11 27 Nosebleed from trap

5/3/85 ad. fem. 2 151.510 18 11 34

5/4/85 ad. fem. -

b -b 18 2 Deceased at 8 min. Gash on jaw from trap

5/4/85 ad. fem. 4 151.530 18 5 29 None

5/13/85 ad. fem. 5 151.540 18 4 20

5/25/85 yr. male -

a

-

a 18 2 58 Labored breathing

5/25/85 yr. male -

a

-

a 16 5 34

5/27/85 yr. fem. 6 151.550 15 2 12 Labored breathing

5/28/85 yr. fem. 7 151.560 16 7 38

5/31/85 yr. male -

a

-

a 14 8 24

5/31/85 yr. fem. 8 151.570 16 3 37

6/11/85 ad. fem. -

b -b 14 2 105 Euthanized after 24 hrs. and no full recovery

6/11/85 ad. fem. 9 151.580 18 6 17

6/12/85 ad. fem. 11 151.600 18 5 19

6/12/85 ad. fem. 12 151.610 18+18+20 5 38

4/16/86 ad. fem. 18 5 25

5/14/86 yr. fem. -

b -b 18 -- -- Fractured skull

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