Supreme Court of Florida

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No. SC17-782

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THE FLORIDA BAR,

Complainant,

vs.

DENNIS L. HORTON,

Respondent.

August 29, 2019

PER CURIAM.

We have for review a referee’s report recommending that Respondent, 

Dennis L. Horton, be found guilty of professional misconduct and suspended from 

the practice of law for twenty-four months. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 15, 

Fla. Const. As discussed below, after having considered the referee’s report, the 

record in this case, the parties’ briefs, and oral argument, we approve the referee’s 

findings of fact, recommendations as to guilt, and findings of aggravation and 

approve in part the findings in mitigation. But we conclude that one of the 

referee’s findings in mitigation is unsupported by the record and disapprove of that 
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finding. Last, we disapprove the referee’s recommendation of suspension. 

Instead, we disbar Horton for his misconduct.

BACKGROUND

On May 1, 2017, The Florida Bar (Bar) filed with the Court a Petition for 

Emergency Suspension alleging that Horton took improper loans from his clients,

commingled trust funds in his operating account, and misused trust funds in 

violation of the following Rules Regulating the Florida Bar (Bar Rules): 4-1.8(a) 

(Business Transactions With or Acquiring Interest Adverse to Client); 4-1.8(b) 

(Using Information to Disadvantage of Client); 4-1.8(c) (Gifts to Lawyer or 

Lawyer’s Family); 4-1.15 (Safekeeping Property); 4-8.4(c) (a lawyer shall not 

engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation); 5-

1.1(a)(1) (a lawyer must hold in trust, separate from the lawyer’s own property, 

funds and property of clients); 5-1.1(b) (Application of Trust Funds or Property to 

Specific Purpose); 5-1.2(b) (Minimum Trust Accounting Records); and 5-1.2(d) 

(Minimum Trust Accounting Procedures). The Court approved the Bar’s Petition 

for Emergency Suspension and suspended Horton from the practice of law on May 

3, 2017. Horton filed a Motion to Dissolve or Modify Order of Emergency 

Suspension and an Emergency Motion for Relief and Clarification Regarding 

Order of Suspension and, following a hearing before a referee, the referee filed 

with the Court his report recommending that the order of emergency suspension, 
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dated May 3, 2017, not be dissolved or modified as to Horton, but that Horton’s 

law partner be permitted to access the law firm’s trust account. On June 16, 2017, 

we entered an order approving the interim Report of Referee and denying Horton’s 

Motion to Dissolve or Modify Order of Emergency Suspension and granting his 

Emergency Motion for Relief and Clarification Regarding Order of Suspension

with respect to permitting his law partner’s access to the law firm’s trust account.

REFEREE’S FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

On December 1, 2017, the referee filed his final Report of Referee with the 

Court. In it, he made the following findings of fact in this case. Horton 

represented E.L., a seventy-four-year-old client, in drafting a revocable living trust 

and power of attorney. Horton admitted to drafting a fifth amendment to the living 

trust naming himself as a fifty percent beneficiary in the distribution, dated July 19, 

2011. In September 2016 and October 2016, E.L. agreed to loan Horton a total of 

$90,000. Horton used the power of attorney issued to him by E.L. to issue three 

checks to himself from E.L.’s checking account in September and October 2016. 

On October 14, 2016, Horton wrote a fourth check to himself in the amount of 

$15,000 from E.L.’s checking account and attempted to deposit the funds into his 

personal checking account. E.L. disputed this fourth loan, and the check was 

returned for insufficient funds because E.L. had removed most of the funds from 

his checking account with a “Closing Debit.” Horton admitted that he initially did 
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not provide a promissory note to E.L. to secure the loan nor did he advise E.L. to 

seek the advice of independent legal counsel regarding the transaction.

In a separate matter, Horton represented C.B., a seventy-five-year-old client. 

On or about August 30, 2016, pursuant to a durable power of attorney issued to 

him by C.B., Horton transferred $30,000 of the $32,066.34 balance in C.B.’s

money market account to her checking account. The same day, Horton transferred 

$30,000 to a trust account for C.B. Following C.B.’s death on September 5, 2016, 

Horton transferred $17,500 of the $30,000 to his operating account by issuing a 

check. He noted in the memo of the check that one-half of the amount was for his 

attorney’s fees and the other half was for his work or appointment as the personal 

representative of C.B.’s estate. Horton testified that he had not yet been appointed 

as personal representative by the probate court at the time he took this fee and that

he was not appointed as personal representative of C.B.’s estate until two days 

later. Matthew Herdeker, Branch Auditor of The Florida Bar, conducted an audit 

of Horton’s trust accounts for January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2016, and 

reviewed Horton’s operating and personal checking accounts for the time period of 

July 1, 2013, through December 31, 2016. Herdeker testified that Horton used a 

portion of the $17,500 payment to cover an overdraft in his operating account, 

transferred part of the funds to his other business accounts and another personal 

account, and paid various operating expenses at his law firm. On October 19, 
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2016, Horton issued an additional check for $15,500 from C.B.’s estate account to 

himself for fees as personal representative. This was the same day that Horton’s 

bank had dishonored the $15,000 check he issued from the account he held 

pursuant to a power of attorney granted to him by E.L. Horton testified under oath 

during his sworn statement on April 6, 2017, that “it wasn’t a coincidence . . . . I 

needed that money, so I thought I would take my – take a portion of my personal 

representative’s fee.”

In a different matter, Horton represented R.O.C., an eighty-five-year-old

client. Pursuant to the power of attorney prepared by Horton and granted to him 

by R.O.C., Horton changed the name and address on his client’s accounts to reflect 

Horton’s name and mailing address. Horton indicated that he made these changes 

at the request of R.O.C. Horton invoiced R.O.C. for legal services provided in 

2014; however, he failed to invoice him for legal services provided in 2015 and 

2016. In 2015, Horton issued thirty-four checks totaling $43,000 from R.O.C.’s

accounts to either Horton’s personal checking account or operating accounts. 

During this time period, Horton deposited funds back into R.O.C.’s checking 

accounts totaling $4800. One of those checks came from Horton’s personal 

account shared with his wife. In 2016, Horton issued thirty-three checks totaling 

$82,840 from R.O.C.’s accounts to either his personal checking or operating 

accounts. During this same time period, Horton deposited funds back into 
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R.O.C.’s checking accounts totaling $40,050. After the Bar began its 

investigation, Horton issued a letter to R.O.C. informing him for the first time of 

Horton’s compensation for 2015 and 2016 and attempting to explain his fees. 

However, he failed to disclose the total amount that he paid himself in 2015 and 

2016 and the amounts that he returned to his client. In that letter, he also enclosed 

timesheets previously not sent to his client and offered to provide legal services to 

his client in 2017 for no charge. On or around February 12, 2016, R.O.C. signed a 

letter, prepared by Horton, authorizing Horton to liquidate and use monies for his 

client’s care from a brokerage account. Between February 2016 and January 2017, 

the brokerage account statements were mailed to Horton’s office address. From 

February 2016 through December 2016, Horton made sixteen transfers totaling 

more than $60,000 from the brokerage account to R.O.C.’s savings account. 

Horton testified that he made the transfers when his client ran short of money and 

used the funds to pay for his client’s expenses. However, the referee identified 

three instances in which Horton transferred funds from R.O.C.’s brokerage account 

and used the funds for his own benefit. On February 17, 2016, Horton transferred 

$5000 from R.O.C.’s brokerage account to R.O.C.’s savings account. The next 

day, Horton transferred $5000 from the savings account to R.O.C.’s checking 

account. The same day, he transferred the $5000 from the checking account to his 

own operating account by issuing a check. Horton then used the funds to cover an 
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overdraft and pay overdraft charges in the operating account, the Internal Revenue 

Service, and Thomson Reuters. The referee further identified two other instances, 

in February 2016, and July 2016, in which Horton similarly transferred funds from 

R.O.C.’s brokerage account to his own accounts and used the funds for his own 

benefit.

Herdeker testified that after review of Horton’s accounts, he determined that 

Horton repeatedly and significantly overdrew his operating account due to 

insufficient funds during 2015 and 2016. Herdeker also reported that the audit of 

Horton’s trust account maintained at First Green Bank revealed that he failed to 

follow the minimum required trust accounting procedures in that he failed to 

identify the client matter on all trust account checks, failed to consistently identify 

the client matter and reasons for transactions in the journal, and failed to 

consistently identify reasons for transactions on the client ledgers.

Based on these findings, the referee recommended that Horton be found 

guilty of having violated the following Bar Rules: 4-1.8(a) (Business Transactions 

With or Acquiring Interest Adverse to Client); 4-1.8(b) (Using Information to 

Disadvantage of Client); 4-1.8(c) (Gifts to Lawyer or Lawyer’s Family); 4-1.15 

(Safekeeping Property); 4-8.4(c) (a lawyer shall not engage in conduct involving 

dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation); 5-1.1(a)(1) (a lawyer must hold in 

trust, separate from the lawyer’s own property, funds and property of clients); 5-
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1.1(b) (Application of Trust Funds or Property to Specific Purpose); 5-1.2(b) 

(Minimum Trust Accounting Records); and 5-1.2(d) (Minimum Trust Accounting 

Procedures).

In determining the recommended sanction, the referee considered Horton’s 

personal history, prior discipline, and the existence of aggravating and mitigating 

factors pursuant to the Florida Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions 

(Standards). In aggravation, the referee found five factors: (1) a dishonest or 

selfish motive pursuant to Standard 9.22(b), because Horton’s pattern of activity 

during the relevant time period was focused on addressing his immediate concerns 

of his own financial distress; (2) a pattern of misconduct pursuant to Standard 

9.22(c); (3) multiple offenses pursuant to Standard 9.22(d); (4) vulnerability of 

victim pursuant to Standard 9.22(h), because the affected clients were elderly and 

fully reliant on Horton to act in their best interests; and (5) substantial experience 

in the practice of law pursuant to Standard 9.22(i). In mitigation, the referee found 

four factors: (1) absence of a prior disciplinary record pursuant to Standard 

9.32(a); (2) timely good faith effort to make restitution or to rectify consequences 

of misconduct pursuant to Standard 9.32(d), because Horton repaid his client with 

interest; (3) character or reputation pursuant to Standard 9.32(g), because 

numerous individuals testified that Horton is a leader in the community, involved 
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in many charitable activities, and is well respected; and (4) remorse pursuant to 

Standard 9.32(l) because Horton appeared generally contrite at the final hearing. 

Based on his findings of fact, recommendations as to guilt, and findings in 

aggravation and mitigation, the referee recommended that Horton be suspended for 

twenty-four months, effective, nunc pro tunc, May 3, 2017—the date of this 

Court’s emergency suspension order. The referee also recommended that Horton 

pay the Bar’s costs.1

 The Bar seeks review of the referee’s recommended sanction 

and finding of remorse as a mitigating factor. Horton filed a cross-petition for 

review in which he seeks review of the referee’s findings of fact on the issue of 

substantial compliance with trust account procedures, the recommended 

determination of rule violation of Bar Rule 4-8.4(c), and “any issue or motion not 

expressly ruled upon by the referee.”

ANALYSIS

First, Horton challenges the constitutionality of Rule Regulating the Florida 

Bar 3-5.2 governing emergency suspensions. We have considered Horton’s 

challenge and find that he waived this claim by not litigating it when his 

emergency suspension was at issue before this Court.

 

1. We address the Bar’s costs in a separate order.
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Next, Horton asserts that the referee’s findings of fact and recommendation 

of guilt as to Bar Rule 4-8.4(c) (a lawyer shall not engage in conduct involving 

dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation) is not supported by the record. If a 

referee’s findings of fact are supported by competent, substantial evidence in the 

record, this Court will not reweigh the evidence and substitute its judgment for that 

of the referee. Fla. Bar v. Gwynn, 94 So. 3d 425, 428 (Fla. 2012); see Fla. Bar v. 

Barrett, 897 So. 2d 1269, 1275 (Fla. 2005). The referee’s findings of fact must be 

sufficient under the applicable rules to support the recommendations as to guilt. 

See Fla. Bar v. D’Ambrosio, 25 So. 3d 1209, 1216 (Fla. 2009); Fla. Bar v. 

Shoureas, 913 So. 2d 554, 557-58 (Fla. 2005). The party challenging the referee’s 

findings of fact and recommendations as to guilt has the burden to demonstrate that 

the record is devoid of evidence supporting those findings or that the record 

evidence clearly contradicts the recommendations. Fla. Bar v. Germain, 957 So. 

2d 613, 620 (Fla. 2007).

Horton argues that there was not proof that his conduct was knowingly 

fraudulent or dishonest and that the referee therefore erred in recommending guilt 

as to Bar Rule 4-8.4(c). We find that the record in this case clearly supports a 

finding that Horton deliberately or knowingly engaged in dishonest and deceitful 

conduct in violation of that rule. The referee found that Horton, through his own 

testimony, admitted to taking funds for fees from C.B.’s estate account as a 
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personal representative, knowing that he had not yet been formally appointed by 

the probate court. Horton does not assert that he acted inadvertently or negligently. 

To the contrary, Horton testified that he intentionally took these funds on 

September 6, 2016, because he was owed money for legal work that he had 

completed prior to C.B.’s death and because he thought that he would be appointed 

as personal representative that same day.

As it pertains to R.O.C., Horton paid himself fees in multiple amounts from 

August 2014 through November 2016. In 2014, Horton wrote himself thirteen 

checks from R.O.C.’s account totaling $13,700. That year, Horton invoiced 

R.O.C. for his legal fees. In 2015, Horton wrote himself thirty-four checks, 

totaling $43,000. However, he returned approximately $4800 to R.O.C.’s 

accounts. In 2016, Horton wrote himself thirty-three checks, totaling $82,840, and 

he returned approximately $40,050 to R.O.C.’s accounts. The referee determined 

that “[g]iven respondent’s financial circumstances, the additional funds were taken 

to help minimize the monetary issues that he was facing.” Regarding the $40,000 

that Horton returned to R.O.C. in 2016, the referee determined that there “was no 

satisfactory rationale” to explain why Horton took these funds. Horton did not 

invoice R.O.C. for his legal services in 2015 and 2016. Although Horton 

eventually advised R.O.C. of the payments in writing, he only did so after the Bar 

began its investigation. And, in doing so, Horton inaccurately represented to his 
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client that he took $38,200 in 2015 and $39,760 in 2016 without further 

elaboration. Accordingly, we find that the record supports a finding that Horton

deliberately transferred funds from R.O.C.’s account for his own personal benefit, 

knowing that he was not entitled to those funds.

Next, the Bar argues that the referee’s finding of remorse as a mitigating 

factor is not supported by the record. “Like other factual findings, a referee’s 

findings in mitigation and aggravation carry a presumption of correctness and will 

be upheld unless clearly erroneous or without support in the record.” Fla. Bar v. 

Germain, 957 So. 2d 613, 621 (Fla. 2007). As discussed herein, we disapprove as 

unsupported the referee’s finding in mitigation that Horton demonstrated remorse 

pursuant to Standard 9.32(l).

This Court has long held that “To succeed in challenging a referee’s findings 

of fact, the challenging party must establish there is a lack of evidence in the 

record to support such findings or that the record clearly contradicts the referee’s 

conclusions.” Fla. Bar v. Glueck, 985 So. 2d 1052, 1056 (Fla. 2008). A party

“cannot meet [its] burden by simply pointing to contradictory evidence when there 

is also competent, substantial evidence in the record to support the referee’s 

findings.” Id.

In the instant case, we hold that the referee’s finding of remorse is clearly 

erroneous and without support in the record. The record evidence demonstrates 
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that Horton testified at length about the harm to his reputation in the community 

and the effect these proceedings have had on his family. He accused the Bar of 

prosecuting him “as a trophy being hunted for the kill so [his] head could be 

mounted on their wall” and compared the proceedings to “facing a firing squad for 

a traffic violation.” Further, Horton has continuously attempted to minimize his 

misconduct, asserting repeatedly that no client was harmed and no money was 

missing. We find no evidence in the record to indicate that Horton has expressed 

remorse for his misconduct or otherwise accepted responsibility for his actions.

2

The Bar also challenges the referee’s recommendation that Horton be 

suspended for twenty-four months, nunc pro tunc to the date of this Court’s 

emergency suspension order. In reviewing a referee’s recommended discipline, 

the Court’s scope of review is broader than that afforded to the referee’s findings 

of fact because, ultimately, it is the Court’s responsibility to order the appropriate 

sanction. See Fla. Bar v. Anderson, 538 So. 2d 852, 854 (Fla. 1989); see also art. 

V, § 15, Fla. Const.

We disapprove of the referee’s recommendation that Horton be suspended 

for twenty-four months. Considering the referee’s recommendations regarding

 

2. During oral argument on March 7, 2019, Respondent’s counsel was asked 

to direct the Court to evidence in the record to support the referee’s finding of 

remorse. In response, Horton’s counsel admitted that he was unable to identify any 

evidence in the record to support the referee’s finding of remorse.
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guilt that we approve, together with the referee’s findings in aggravation and 

mitigation that we approve, we conclude that disbarment is the appropriate 

sanction.

The Court has long held that the misuse of client funds “is one of the most 

serious offenses a lawyer can commit.” Fla. Bar v. Schiller, 537 So. 2d 992, 993 

(Fla. 1989); see also Fla. Bar v. Newman, 513 So. 2d 656, 658 (Fla. 1987); Fla. 

Bar v. Breed, 378 So. 2d 783, 785 (Fla. 1979). The Court has held that disbarment 

is the presumptively appropriate sanction, under both the Standards and existing 

case law, when a lawyer intentionally misappropriates trust funds. Fla. Bar v. 

Valentine-Miller, 974 So. 2d 333, 338 (Fla. 2008); Fla. Bar v. Brownstein, 953 So. 

2d 502, 511 (Fla. 2007); see also Schiller, 537 So. 2d at 993 (“Upon a finding of 

misuse or misappropriation, there is a presumption that disbarment is the 

appropriate punishment.”); Fla. Bar v. Pincket, 398 So. 2d 802, 803 (Fla. 1981) 

(“We again reiterate that the misuse of clients’ funds is one of the most serious 

offenses a lawyer can commit, and we will not be reluctant to disbar an attorney 

for this type of offense even where there is restitution.”).

The Court has also recognized that the presumption of disbarment is 

especially weighty when the misconduct is intentional rather than negligent or 

inadvertent. Fla. Bar v. Mirk, 64 So. 3d 1180, 1185 (Fla. 2011); see also Fla. Bar 

v. Tillman, 682 So. 2d 542 (Fla. 1996) (disbarring attorney who engaged in a 
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pattern of intentional misuse of trust funds by paying personal expenses from the 

trust funds, drawing premature fees and costs, failing to pay client medical 

expenses with funds given to her to do so, commingling personal and client funds,

and failing to follow rules for trust accounting). Indeed, the overwhelming 

majority of cases involving the misuse of trust funds have resulted in disbarment, 

regardless of mitigation. See Fla. Bar v. Spear, 887 So. 2d 1242, 1247 (Fla. 2004)

(citing Fla. Bar v. Massari, 832 So. 2d 701, 706 (Fla. 2002)); Fla. Bar v. Shanzer,

572 So. 2d 1382, 1383 (Fla. 1991) (listing examples of cases in which the Court 

disbarred attorneys for misappropriation of funds notwithstanding the mitigating 

evidence presented in those cases).

In limited instances, the Court has allowed this presumption to be rebutted, 

but only by a showing of substantial mitigating circumstances that demonstrate the 

presumed sanction of disbarment would be unfair and inappropriate in a particular 

case. See, e.g., Fla. Bar v. McFall, 863 So. 2d 303 (Fla. 2003) (imposing threeyear suspension followed by a three-year probation for attorney who suffered 

impaired judgment due to medications and mental health).

Here, Horton has demonstrated a pattern of misconduct involving multiple 

clients over a period of approximately two years. The referee found that he acted 

intentionally and that his “pattern of activity during the relevant period of time 

[was] focused on his best interest, i.e. to address immediate concerns of his own 
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financial distress.” The referee also found that all of the affected clients were

elderly and had no support from family or friends. Horton’s primary argument in 

favor of a lesser sanction appears to be that the Court should evaluate and sanction 

each finding of misconduct individually. However, these arguments are 

misguided. It is well established that the Court views cumulative misconduct more 

seriously than an isolated instance of misconduct. See Fla. Bar v. Carlon, 820 So. 

2d 891, 899 (Fla. 2002). Thus, where there are several acts of misconduct being 

considered together, the sanction imposed is usually greater in the aggregate than 

the sum of the sanctions that might be imposed for any one of them individually. 

Horton’s argument in favor of a lesser sanction also fails to consider that this

“ ‘Court has moved toward imposing stronger sanctions for unethical and 

unprofessional conduct’ to protect the legal profession from dishonor and 

disgrace.” Fla. Bar v. Dopazo, 232 So. 3d 258, 263 (Fla. 2017) (quoting Fla. Bar 

v. Rosenberg, 169 So. 3d 1155, 1162 (Fla. 2015)).

Based on our approval of the referee’s findings of fact, recommendations as 

to guilt, and findings in aggravation and mitigation, we disapprove the referee’s 

recommendation that Horton be suspended for twenty-four months. In light of the 

seriousness of his misconduct, Respondent Dennis L. Horton is hereby disbarred. 

Because Horton is currently suspended, the disbarment is effective immediately. 

Horton shall fully comply with Rule Regulating the Florida Bar 3-5.1(h).
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It is so ordered.

CANADY, C.J., and POLSTON, LABARGA, LAWSON, LAGOA, LUCK, and 

MUÑIZ, JJ., concur.

THE FILING OF A MOTION FOR REHEARING SHALL NOT ALTER THE 

EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS DISBARMENT.

Original Proceeding – The Florida Bar

Joshua E. Doyle, Executive Director, Tallahassee, Florida, Carrie Constance Lee, 

Bar Counsel, Orlando, Florida, and Allison Carden Sackett, Staff Counsel, The 

Florida Bar, Tallahassee, Florida,

for Complainant

Brett Alan Geer, The Geer Law Firm, L.C., Tampa, Florida, 

for Respondent