If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

UNPUBLISHED

April 11, 2024

v No. 362031

St. Clair Circuit Court

LESTER T. JENNINGS-BUSH, LC No. 21-001520-FC

Defendant-Appellant.

Before: CAVANAGH, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and RICK, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Defendant appeals by right his jury-trial convictions of one count each of torture, unlawful 

imprisonment, possession of less than 50 grams of a controlled substance, felonious assault, felon 

in possession of a firearm, felon in possession of ammunition (“felon-in-possession”), witness 

intimidation, and two counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (“felonyfirearm”), second offense. The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense habitual 

offender to concurrent prison terms of 600 to 900 months each for the torture and unlawfulimprisonment convictions, 240 to 900 months each for the controlled substance and felon-inpossession convictions, 120 to 180 months for the felonious assault conviction, and 120 to 900 

months for the witness intimidation conviction, to be served consecutively to concurrent five-year 

prison terms for the felony-firearm convictions. Finding no errors warranting reversal, we affirm.

I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant’s convictions arise from events on July 10 and 11, 2021, during which the 

victim, Will Davis, was held captive in the basement of a house in Port Huron. The victim reported 

that while his hands were bound behind his back with a cable, he was beaten with a handgun and 

waterboarded for several hours by defendant and another man, Mathews Hampton, allegedly 

because the victim owed defendant money. The victim was able to escape from the house in the 

middle of the night and flee to a nearby home where he told the homeowner, Aimee Worley, and 

her friend, Jonathan Robert McMullin, what happened and to call the police. 

Mercedes Biland, an emergency medical technician (“EMT”), responded to Worley’s 

house to administer aid. The victim explained the nature and cause of his injuries to her, but he
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refused to go to a hospital. After the police arrived, they obtained a warrant to search the home 

where the victim had been held, which was behind Worley’s house and owned by defendant’s 

girlfriend, Bobbi Jo Abrego. The police found items in the basement consistent with the victim’s 

account of what happened there, and also recovered three firearms, ammunition, and a bag of 

individually wrapped packages of cocaine. The victim did not appear for trial, but his accounts of 

the events as related to Biland, Worley, and McMullin were introduced at trial.

Defendant was convicted by a jury of torture, MCL 750.85; unlawful imprisonment, MCL 

750.349b; possession of less than 50 grams of a controlled substance, MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv); 

felonious assault, MLC 750.82; felon in possession of a firearm, MCL 750.224f(1); felon in 

possession of ammunition, MCL 750.224f(6); witness intimidation, MCL 750.1227b; and two 

counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, second offense, MCL 

750.227b. Defendant was sentenced as previously noted, and this appeal followed.

II. ADMISSIBILITY OF OUT-OF-COURT STATEMENTS

Defendant first argues that the victim’s statements to the neighbors and first responders 

were inadmissible hearsay and their admission violated his constitutional right of confrontation. 

We disagree.

A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review the trial court’s decision to admit this evidence for an abuse of discretion. 

People v Denson, 500 Mich 385, 396; 902 NW2d 306 (2017). “An abuse of discretion occurs 

when the trial court’s decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes.” People v Olney, 

327 Mich App 319, 325; 933 NW2d 744 (2019) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendant 

only objected to the admission of Biland’s report at trial, and did not object to the admission of the 

victim’s other statements and has, therefore, failed to preserve arguments related to them for 

appeal. See People v Aldrich, 246 Mich App 101, 113; 631 NW2d 67 (2001) (“To preserve an 

evidentiary issue for review, a party opposing the admission of evidence must object at trial and 

specify the same ground for objection that it asserts on appeal.”). Unpreserved claims of error are 

reviewed for plain error affecting the defendant’s substantial rights. People v Pipes, 475 Mich 

267, 274; 715 NW2d 290 (2006). “Under the plain-error rule, defendant bears the burden to prove 

(1) an error occurred, (2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, and (3) the plain error affected 

substantial rights, i.e., prejudiced defendant by affecting the outcome of the proceedings.” People 

v Anderson, 341 Mich App 272, 279; 989 NW2d 8322 (2022).

B. ANALYSIS

“ ‘Hearsay’ is a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while testifying at the 

trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” MRE 801(c).1 A 

 

1 The Michigan Rules of Evidence were substantially amended and restyled on September 20, 

2023, effective January 1, 2024, to remain consistent with the Federal Rules of Evidence. See 512 

Mich lxiii (2023). We will refer to the rules in effect at the time of defendant’s trial, which 

occurred before the amendments. 
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“statement” is an oral assertion intended as an assertion. MRE 801(a). Hearsay is not admissible 

unless an exception applies under the Michigan Rules of Evidence. See MRE 802.

The Confrontation Clause provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 

enjoy the right . . .to be confronted with the witnesses against him[.]” US Const, Am VI. 

However, this “right is implicated only for ‘testimonial’ evidence, because the Confrontation 

Clause applies to ‘witnesses’ against the accused—in other words, those who ‘bear testimony.’ ” 

People v Bruner, 501 Mich 220, 227; 912 NW2d 514 (2018), quoting Crawford v Washington, 

541 US 36, 51; 124 S Ct 1354; 158 L Ed 2d 177 (2004). “Testimony is a solemn declaration or 

affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.” Id. (quotation marks and 

citation omitted). “Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation 

under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to 

enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency. They are testimonial when the 

circumstances objectively indicate that there is no such ongoing emergency, and that the primary 

purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal 

prosecution.” Ohio v Clark, 576 US 237, 244; 135 S Ct 2173; 192 L Ed 2d 306 (2015) (citation 

omitted). “[T]he question is whether, in light of all the circumstances, viewed objectively, the 

primary purpose of the conversation was to create an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.” 

Id. at 245 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

1. EMT REPORT

Defendant first argues that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting Biland’s report 

of her medical treatment of the victim, which included the victim’s explanations for the causes of 

his injuries. Biland’s report stated, in relevant part:

Alpha Central Unit 148 arrived on location with Port Huron PD to find a 

26-year-old male with a chief complaint of patient states he was kidnapped and 

hogtied, pistol whipped, dragged across the floor and hit in the face possibly with 

a fist. An A less (Phonetic) assessment was performed by Medic Mosher and it 

noted the patient was A and O times four answering appropriately. Patient very 

shaken up. The patient complaints started on 7/11/21 when the patient was 

kidnapped and placed in a basement. Patient states he escaped and ran to a house 

that the people took him in for safety. EMS being called for a quick check out of 

injuries. 

Although the victim’s statements to Biland are hearsay, the trial court admitted the 

statements under MRE 803(4), which provides an exception to the hearsay rule for statements 

“made for purposes of medical treatment or medical diagnosis in connection with treatment,”

including statements that describe the cause or external source of symptoms, pain, or sensations as 

reasonably necessary to such diagnosis or treatment. The “rationale for MRE 803(4) is the 

existence of (1) the self-interested motivation to speak the truth to treating physicians in order to 

receive proper medical care, and (2) the reasonable necessity of the statement to the diagnosis and 

treatment of the patient.” People v Duenaz, 306 Mich App 85, 95; 854 NW2d 531 (2014) (citation 

omitted). 
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Biland, an EMT, arrived at the scene for the purpose of administering medical aid. In the 

process of administering aid, the victim described his injuries and how they occurred. His 

statements explaining the origin of his injuries were reasonably necessary to a diagnosis of his 

condition and a determination of his need for medical treatment. See id. Thus, the statements in 

the report fall squarely within the scope of MRE 803(4), and the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion by admitting it.

Whether the victim’s statements to Biland violated defendant’s right of confrontation 

depends on “whether, in light of all the circumstances, viewed objectively, the primary purpose of 

the conversation was to create an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.” Clark, 576 US at 245

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Biland testified that her duties consisted of checking out 

patients, providing treatment, and transporting injured patients to the hospital. In light of all the 

circumstances, the primary purpose of the conversation between Biland and the victim was to 

evaluate the victim’s condition and determine his need for medical treatment, not “to establish or 

prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.” Id. at 244. Therefore, the 

victim’s statements to Biland do not qualify as testimonial. Accordingly, the admission of Biland’s 

report and related testimony regarding the victim’s statements did not violate defendant’s right of 

confrontation.

2. WORLEY AND MCMULLIN

Defendant also argues that the victim’s statements to Worley and McMullin were 

inadmissible hearsay. Immediately after the victim escaped from Abrego’s basement, he went to 

Worley’s house and described what happened to Worley and McMullin. The victim’s statements 

to them were admissible as present sense impressions and excited utterances. See MRE 803(1) 

and (2). A present sense impression is a statement “describing or explaining an event or condition 

made while the declarant was perceiving the event or condition, or immediately thereafter.” MRE 

803(1). This rule “allows for the admission of a hearsay statement if three requirements are met: 

(1) the statement must provide an explanation or description of the perceived event, (2) the 

declarant must have personally perceived the event, and (3) the explanation or description must 

have been made at a time ‘substantially contemporaneous’ with the event.” People v Chelmicki, 

305 Mich App 58, 63; 850 NW2d 612 (2014) (citation omitted).

An excited utterance is a “statement relating to a startling event or condition made while 

the declarant was under the stress of excitement that caused the event or condition.” MRE 803(2). 

This exception “allows hearsay testimony that would otherwise be excluded because it is perceived 

that a person who is still under the sway of excitement precipitated by an external startling event 

will not have the reflective capacity essential for fabrication so that any utterance will be 

spontaneous and trustworthy.” People v Smith, 456 Mich 543, 550; 581 NW2d 654 (1998) 

(quotation marks and citation omitted). The requirements for an excited utterance are: (1) that 

there be a startling event, and (2) that the resulting statement be made while under the excitement 

caused by the event. Id.

Concerning the present sense impression exception, the victim described the events that he 

personally witnessed as the victim of the described assault. In addition, the victim’s statements 

were made substantially contemporaneous with the events that he described. Indeed, Worley and 

McMullin observed that the victim was soaking wet, visibly shaking like he was cold, had a black 
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eye, and had bruised and swollen wrists, consistent with having been bound. Both Worley and 

McMullin described the victim as being very frightened and stating that he was afraid for his and 

his family’s lives. This testimony established that the victim’s statements to Worley and McMullin 

were made “substantially contemporaneous” with his escape from imprisonment. Therefore, the 

statements were admissible under MRE 803(1), and the trial court did not plainly err by admitting 

them.

The evidence also clearly supported the admissibility of the statements as excited 

utterances. See MRE 803(2). The victim appeared at the house of a stranger, Worley, at 

approximately 3:00 a.m., asking for help. He was soaking wet, had visible injuries, and appeared 

very frightened and was shaking. The victim’s physical appearance and condition, and Worley’s 

and McMullin’s testimony that the victim cried as he spoke, appeared terrified and frantic, and 

was visibly shaking, demonstrated that the victim was still under the stress or excitement caused 

by the event. Accordingly, defendant has not demonstrated that the trial court plainly erred when 

it admitted the victim’s statements to Worley and McMullin. 

We also disagree that the victim’s statements to Worley and McMullin were testimonial 

and violated his constitutional right of confrontation. Worley and McMullin both testified that 

when they opened the door in response to the victim’s knocks, he appeared to be very frightened 

and needed help. The victim urged them to quickly call 911 and explained what happened. In 

light of the objective circumstances, the primary purpose of the statements made by the victim to 

attend to an emergent situation, not “to create an out-of-court substitute for trial testimony.” Clark, 

576 US at 24. Accordingly, the Confrontation Clause did not bar the admission of the victim’s 

statements to Worley and McMullin.

3. OFFICER REED

Defendant also argues that testimony by Officer Reed, describing various statements made 

by the victim was inadmissible hearsay and violated his constitutional right of confrontation. 

Officer Reed testified that he spoke to the victim at the police station about an hour or two after 

the victim initially made contact with law enforcement. We agree that the victim’s statements to 

Officer Reed were testimonial because they were made in response to Officer Reed’s questioning 

concerning “possible criminal conduct that had occurred in the past, rather than an ongoing 

situation.” See People v Dendel, 289 Mich App 445, 453-454; 797 NW2d 645 (2010). Because 

the victim’s statements to Reed were testimonial, and defendant never had an opportunity to crossexamine the victim, the admission of those statements at trial violated defendant’s constitutional 

right of confrontation. Id.

However, because defendant did not object to this testimony at trial, he must also 

demonstrate that the error affected his substantial rights. See Pipes, 475 Mich at 274; People v 

Walker, 273 Mich App 56, 66; 728 NW2d 902 (2006). To obtain relief under plain error review, 

the defendant must show that the error affected the outcome of the proceedings. Anderson, 341 

Mich App at 279. Defendant has the burden of demonstrating that he was prejudiced by the plain 

error. Id.

During his testimony, Officer Reed attempted to avoid offering testimony directly relating 

the victim’s statements. To the extent that there were some instances when Officer Reed provided 
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testimony that referred to various statements made by the victim, it was not done with a primary 

purpose of establishing the truth of the statements. Moreover, the limited testimony was 

cumulative of properly admitted testimony from Biland, Worley, and McMullin regarding the 

victim’s statements to them. Abrego’s testimony also placed the victim at her house on the day of 

the assault, and established the relationship between the victim and defendant. Defendant does 

not identify any specific statements by the victim to Officer Reed that he claims were prejudicial, 

but merely complains in generalities that Officer Reed’s testimony violated defendant’s 

confrontation rights. See Shepherd Montessori Ctr Milan v Ann Arbor Twp, 259 Mich App 315, 

344; 675 NW2d 271 (2003) (“It is not enough for an appellant in his brief simply to announce a 

position or assert an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis 

for his claims, or unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority either 

to sustain or reject his position.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Under these 

circumstances, defendant has not met his burden of demonstrating that he was prejudiced by any 

error involving the introduction of the victim’s statements to Officer Reed. Anderson, 341 Mich 

App at 279; Walker, 273 Mich App at 66.

4. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE

Defendant also argues in the alternative that defense counsel was ineffective for failing to 

object to the aforementioned testimony regarding the victim’s out-of-court statements. We 

disagree. 

To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must show (1) that trial counsel’s 

performance was below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing professional 

norms and (2) that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, a different 

outcome would have resulted.” People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 600-601; 808 NW2d 541 

(2011). In examining whether trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of 

reasonableness, a defendant must overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s performance 

was born from a sound trial strategy. People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 52; 826 NW2d 136 

(2012). 

As explained, Biland’s testimony regarding the victim’s statements to her while she was 

evaluating him for medical treatment was admissible under MRE 803(4), and the admission of 

those statements did not violate defendant’s right of confrontation. Similarly, the victim’s 

statements to Worley and McMullin were admissible under either MRE 803(1) and (2), and also 

did not violate defendant’s right of confrontation. Thus, any objection to those statements as either 

inadmissible hearsay or on constitutional grounds would have been futile, and defense counsel is 

not ineffective for failing to make a futile objection. People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 

793 NW2d 120 (2010). Finally, to the extent that it was objectively unreasonable for defense 

counsel not to object to Officer Reed’s testimony regarding some of the victim’s statements on the 

ground that admission of the statements violated defendant’s constitutional right of confrontation, 

for the reasons explained earlier, defendant has not demonstrated a reasonable probability that 

counsel’s failure to object to the statements affected the outcome of defendant’s trial. Accordingly, 

defendant cannot establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.

III. OTHER-ACTS EVIDENCE
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Next, defendant argues the trial court abused its discretion when it permitted Abrego to 

testify that defendant assaulted her two days before he assaulted the victim. Although we agree

that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting this evidence, the error was harmless.

A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review the trial court’s decision to admit this evidence for an abuse of discretion. 

Denson, 500 Mich at 396. “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision falls 

outside the range of principled outcomes.” Olney, 327 Mich App at 325 (quotation marks and 

citation omitted).

B. ANALYSIS

Under MRE 404(b)(1), “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to 

prove the character or a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” Such evidence 

is admissible, however, for other purposes, “such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, 

preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake 

or accident when the same is material, whether such other crimes, wrongs or acts are 

contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent to the conduct at issue in this case.” Id. “Thus, 

MRE 404(b) is a rule of inclusion, meaning it permits the admission of any logically relevant 

evidence even if it also reflects on a defendant’s character, so long as the evidence is not relevant 

solely to the defendant’s character or criminal propensity.” People v Spaulding, 332 Mich App 

638, 649; 957 NW2d 843 (2020) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Other-acts-evidence is admissible under MRE 404(b)(1) if the following requirements are 

met:

First, that the evidence be proffered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); 

second, that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, 

that the probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair 

prejudice; fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting 

instruction to the jury. [People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52, 55; 508 NW2d 114 

(1993).]

The prosecution bears the burden of establishing a proper noncharacter purpose for the admission 

of other-acts evidence. Denson, 500 Mich at 398.

In the trial court, the prosecutor argued that evidence of defendant’s assault on Abrego was 

admissible to establish a pattern of conduct exhibited by defendant in response to feeling 

disrespected. The prosecutor argued that defendant assaulted Abrego because defendant felt that 

Abrego had disrespected him, which was probative of the prosecutor’s theory in this case that 

defendant assaulted the victim because he felt that the victim’s failure to repay defendant was an 

act of disrespect.

Abrego’s testimony of defendant’s prior assault of her, however, did not establish a pattern 

of conduct for purposes of MRE 404(b). Abrego testified that defendant assaulted her because he 

felt that she had disrespected him. But Abrego never testified that defendant felt that the victim
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had disrespected him. Rather, Abrego testified that the victim owed defendant money. Thus, the 

circumstances that motivated the two assaults were different, and not similarly predicated on 

“disrespect.” The trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence, but the error was 

harmless. 

A preserved, nonconstitutional error is subject to harmless-error review under MCL 

769.26:

No judgment or verdict shall be set aside or reversed or a new trial be 

granted by any court of this state in any criminal case, on the ground of misdirection 

of the jury, or the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or for error as to 

any matter of pleading or procedure, unless in the opinion of the court, after an 

examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that the error 

complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.

Defendant has the burden of establishing a miscarriage of justice under a “more probable than not”

standard. People v Thorpe, 504 Mich 230, 252; 934 NW2d 693 (2019). The focus of the inquiry 

is “on the nature of the error” and “its effect in light of the weight and strength of the untainted 

evidence.” Denson, 500 Mich at 409-410 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

The probative force of Abrego’s other-acts testimony was its tendency to show defendant’s 

willingness to commit an assault. There was significant other evidence that corroborated not only 

the victim’s account of having been assaulted by defendant, but also the manner in which the 

assaultive conduct was carried out. The victim described being hogtied and waterboarded, and 

Worley and McMullin testified that the victim was soaking wet, cold, and very frightened when 

he arrived at Worley’s house. Biland, Worley, and McMullin also noticed bruising on the victim’s 

face and his wrists were swollen and bruised. Investigators also recovered a nine-millimeter 

handgun that contained DNA from defendant and the victim. Considering the weight and strength 

of the properly admitted evidence, defendant has failed to show that it would be more probable 

than not that the outcome of the trial would have been different had Abrego’s other-acts testimony 

not been admitted. See Thorpe, 504 Mich at 252. Accordingly, any error in admitting this 

evidence was harmless. 

IV. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

Defendant also argues that the prosecutor failed to present sufficient evidence to support 

any of his convictions. We disagree.

A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

“In determining whether sufficient evidence exists to sustain a conviction, this Court 

reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and considers whether there 

was sufficient evidence to justify a rational trier of fact in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

People v Oros, 502 Mich 229, 239; 917 NW2d 559 (2018) (citation omitted). This Court employs 

a deferential standard of review because a “reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable 

inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury verdict.” Id. (emphasis in original) 

(citation omitted). “It is for the trier of fact, not the appellate court, to determine what inferences 
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may be fairly drawn from the evidence and to determine the weight to be accorded those 

inferences.” Id. (emphasis in original) (citation omitted).

B. ANALYSIS

“For a jury to find a defendant guilty of a charged crime, the prosecution must demonstrate 

that the defendant is guilty of every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v 

Posey, 512 Mich 317, 323; 1 NW2d 101 (2023). “Conflicting evidence and disputed facts are to 

be resolved by the trier of fact. Minimal circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences can 

sufficiently prove the defendant’s state of mind, knowledge, or intent.” People v Miller, 326 Mich 

App 719, 735; 929 NW2d 821 (2019) (citation omitted). In addition, “[c]ircumstantial evidence 

and reasonable inferences that arise from such evidence can constitute satisfactory proof of the 

elements of the crime.” People v Kanaan, 278 Mich App 594, 619; 751 NW2d 57 (2008).

1. TORTURE

Turning first to defendant’s torture conviction, defendant argues that the evidence did not 

prove that the victim was held within defendant’s care or custody, that defendant intended to cause 

cruel or extreme physical or mental pain and suffering, or that the victim actually suffered a great 

bodily injury or severe mental pain or suffering. The elements of torture are (1) the intent to cause 

cruel or extreme physical or mental pain and suffering, (2) the infliction of great bodily injury or 

severe mental pain or suffering, and (3) the victim is within the person’s custody or physical 

control. MCL 750.85.

Although the victim described being physically assaulted, we agree there was no evidence 

that defendant caused a “great bodily injury” within the meaning of the statute. See MCL 

75.85(2)(c)(ii) (defining “great bodily injury,” in relevant part, as “[o]ne or more of the following 

conditions: internal injury, poisoning, serious burns or scalding, severe cuts, or multiple puncture 

wounds.”). Therefore, defendant must have caused “a mental injury that result[ed] in a substantial 

alteration of mental functioning that [was] manifested in a visibly demonstrable manner . . . .” 

MCL 750.85(2)(d). Here, the victim told Worley and McMullin that, in addition to being 

physically assaulted, he was “waterboarded” while his hands were tied behind his back. Detective 

William Sharp explained that waterboarding is an interrogation technique whereby a wet cloth is 

placed over a person’s face and then water is poured over the cloth to simulate the sensation of

drowning. According to both Worley and McMullin, when the victim arrived at their house and 

asked for help, he was soaking wet, visibly frightened, and shaking. The victim stated that he 

thought he was going to die and he also expressed worry and concern for the safety of his family 

members. This evidence permitted the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant’s 

conduct was “cruel” and was intended to cause, and did cause, severe mental pain and suffering. 

See People v Lymon, 342 Mich App 46, 59-60; 993 NW2d 24 (2022).

2. UNLAWFUL IMPRISONMENT

With respect to defendant’s unlawful imprisonment conviction, he argues there was 

insufficient evidence to support a finding that he secretly confined or restrained the victim. 

Defendant was convicted of violating MCL 750.349b, which states that an individual is guilty of 
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unlawful imprisonment if the individual “knowingly restrains another person” under the following 

circumstances:

(a) The person is restrained by means of a weapon or dangerous instrument.

(b) The restrained person was secretly confined.

(c) The person was restrained to facilitate the commission of another felony 

or to facilitate flight after commission of another felony. [MCL 750.349b(1).]

To “restrain” means “to forcibly restrict a person’s movements or to forcibly confine the person 

so as to interfere with that person’s liberty without that person’s consent or without lawful 

authority.” MCL 750.349b(3)(a).

The jury heard testimony from Worley and McMullin that the victim was held in Abrego’s

basement for seven hours, during which he was bound, waterboarded, and physically assaulted by 

defendant. McMullin and Worley observed that the victim’s wrists were bruised and swollen, 

which a jury could reasonably find supported the victim’s claim that he had been physically 

restrained. Additionally, Detectives Sharp and Frazier found cords and a dog chain in the basement

consistent with the victim’s description. Thus, the victim’s description of being assaulted and 

tortured by defendant in the basement while his hands were bound behind his back, and the 

discovery of evidence in the basement consistent with this account, was sufficient to enable the 

jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant knowingly restrained the victim by using a 

weapon in the commission of the crime of torture, a felony. See MCL 750.349b(1).

3. POSSESSION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE

Defendant concedes that the police found less than 50 grams of cocaine in his house, but 

argues that there was insufficient evidence that he constructively possessed the cocaine. To 

support a conviction of possession with intent to deliver less than 50 grams of cocaine, the 

prosecutor must prove that defendant possessed less than 50 grams of cocaine and that the 

defendant intended to deliver the cocaine to another person. People v Wolfe, 440 Mich 508, 519; 

489 NW2d 748 (1992); MCL 333.7401(2)(a)(iv). Possession is the “dominion or right of control 

over the drug with knowledge of its presence and character.” People v Cohen, 294 Mich App 70, 

76; 816 NW2d 474 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Dominion or control over the 

object need not be exclusive.” People v Flick, 487 Mich 1, 14; 790 NW2d 295 (2010). “The 

defendant need not own or have actual physical possession of the substance to be found guilty of 

possession; constructive possession is sufficient.” Wolfe, 440 Mich at 519. Moreover, “possession 

may be proved by circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from this evidence.” 

People v Nunez, 242 Mich App 610, 615; 619 NW2d 550 (2000) (citation omitted). 

While executing the search warrant at Abrego’s house, Detective Frazier found 19 small 

individual bags containing cocaine. Frazier testified that individual bags with small quantities 

were typical of narcotics for sale. Abrego testified that when she and defendant were first alerted 

to the presence of police at the house, defendant handed her the large plastic bag filled with smaller 

bags that contained crack cocaine. Although defendant argues that there were multiple people 

living in the house and he contends that there was no direct connection between him and the 
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cocaine, Abrego’s testimony that defendant handed her the bag and instructed her to do something 

with it provided the necessary connection to permit the jury to find that defendant had constructive 

possession of the cocaine. Moreover, the manner in which the cocaine was packaged in individual 

smaller bags supported a reasonable inference that it was intended for sale. Accordingly, there 

was sufficient evidence to support defendant’s conviction of possession with intent to deliver less 

than 50 grams of cocaine. 

4. FELONIOUS ASSAULT, FELON-IN-POSSESSION, AND FELONY-FIREARM 

CONVICTIONS

Next, defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions of 

felonious assault, felon-in-possession, and felony-firearm because the prosecutor failed to prove 

intent for the felonious assault charge, and failed to prove that he had actual or constructive 

possession of a firearm or ammunition.

To sustain a conviction of felonious assault, the prosecutor was required to prove “(1) an 

assault, (2) with a dangerous weapon, and (3) with the intent to injure or place the victim in 

reasonable apprehension of an immediate battery.” People v Nix, 301 Mich App 195, 205; 836 

NW2d 224 (2013), lv den 495 Mich 880 (2013) (citation omitted). Felonious assault is a specificintent crime requiring the defendant must actually intend to commit a battery or to place the victim 

in reasonable apprehension of an imminent battery. People v Terry, 217 Mich App 660, 662-663; 

553 NW2d 23 (1996).

Felony-firearm, MCL 750.22b(1), applies to “[a] person who carries or has in his or her 

possession a firearm when he or she commits or attempts to commit a felony . . . .” People v 

Burgenmeyer, 461 Mich 431, 436; 606 NW2d 645 (2000). “To be guilty of felony-firearm, one 

must carry or possess the firearm, and must do so when committing or attempting to commit a 

felony.” Id. at 438. Felon-in-possession, MCL 750.224f(1), prohibits a person who has been 

convicted of a felony from possessing a firearm. For both felony-firearm and felon-in-possession 

of a firearm, “[p]ossession may be actual or constructive and may be proved by circumstantial 

evidence.” Burgenmeyer, 461 Mich at 437. “A defendant may have constructive possession of a 

firearm if its location is known to the defendant and if it is reasonably accessible to him.” Id.

The victim told Worley that defendant and defendant’s “cousin” both participated in 

physically assaulting the victim, including hitting him in the head with a gun. Detective Sharp 

found three guns in Abrego’s house and found nine-millimeter ammunition in the bedroom she 

shared with defendant. Further, Abrego testified that she saw defendant in possession of the 

victim’s gun, which was a nine-millimeter handgun. DNA consistent with defendant on the 

victim’s gun corroborated her account. Because the parties stipulated that defendant was not 

allowed to have possession a firearm, this additional evidence was sufficient to enable the jury to 

find beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant possessed a firearm and the ammunition found in 

the house, and that defendant feloniously assaulted the victim with a firearm. 

5. WITNESS INTIMIDATION

Lastly, defendant contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction 

of witness intimidation. Under MCL 750.122(6), “[a] person shall not willfully impede, interfere 
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with, prevent, or obstruct or attempt to willfully impede, interfere with, prevent, or obstruct the 

ability of a witness to attend, testify, or provide information in or for a present or future official 

proceeding.” To show witness intimidation, the prosecutor must prove that the defendant (1) 

committed or attempted to commit (2) any act or attempt that was willfully done (3) to impede, 

interfere with, prevent, or obstruct (4) the ability of a witness to attend, testify, or provide 

information in or for a present or future official proceeding (5) with knowledge or a reason to know 

that the person subjected to interference could be a witness at any official proceeding. People v 

Greene, 255 Mich App 426, 438; 661 NW2d 616 (2003).

Abrego stated she informed defendant that she had been subpoenaed to testify at 

defendant’s preliminary examination. Abrego also stated that she did not attend the preliminary 

examination because she was scared, defendant told her that the prosecutor could only charge her 

with a 90-day misdemeanor for failing to appear, and that he would help her take care of any 

charges when he was released from jail. She testified that she was afraid of defendant. These 

statements by defendant, as related by Abrego, were sufficient to prove that defendant willfully 

and forcefully interfered with and prevented Abrego’s attendance at his preliminary examination, 

with knowledge that Abrego had been subpoenaed to attend. See Greene, 255 Mich App at 438.

V. MISSING-WITNESS INSTRUCTION

In his final argument on appeal, defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion

when it determined the prosecutor exercised due diligence when attempting to locate and produce 

the victim and Andrea Wright, another witness, for trial, and when the court failed to give a 

missing-witness instruction related to the prosecutor’s failure to produce these witnesses. We 

disagree.

A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s determination of due diligence and the appropriateness of a 

“missing witness” instruction for an abuse of discretion. People v Eccles, 260 Mich App 379, 389; 

677 NW2d 76 (2004). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside 

the range of principled outcomes.” Duenaz, 306 Mich App at 90.

B. ANALYSIS

When a prosecutor endorses a witness for trial under MCL 767.40a(3), the prosecutor must 

exercise due diligence to produce the witness at trial. Eccles, 260 Mich App at 388. If the 

prosecutor fails to produce an endorsed witness, the prosecutor may show that the witness could 

not be produced despite the exercise of due diligence. Id. Due diligence is measured by 

reasonableness, and is established by the prosecutor’s “attempt to do everything reasonable, not 

everything possible, to obtain the presence of a witness.” Id. at 391 (quotation marks and citation 

omitted). Reasonableness is determined by “whether diligent good-faith efforts were made to 

procure the testimony, not whether more stringent efforts would have produced it.” People v 

James (After Remand), 192 Mich App 568, 571; 481 NW2d 715 (1992). If the trial court finds 

that the prosecution failed to establish due diligence, the trial court should instruct the jury “that it 

may infer that the missing witness’s testimony would have been unfavorable to the prosecution’s 

case.” Eccles, 260 Mich App at 388.
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Officer Reed testified that he spent hours looking for the victim, including hours surveilling 

an address in Taylor, Michigan. At the Taylor address, Officer Reed questioned Kasandra 

Strawser, whom Reed had previously seen with the victim. Strawser denied that the victim was 

there and denied knowing his whereabouts. Officer Reed also checked the Law Enforcement 

Information Network (“LEIN”) database for the victim, and noted that the victim had several 

outstanding warrants. Officer Reed did not contact any of the local police agencies to determine 

if they had any contact with the victim or knew his whereabouts, but he concluded from the number 

of outstanding warrants that the victim could not be located. Officer Reed also visited the last 

known address that the victim gave him, but the victim was not there.

Wright, who was identified as the victim’s stepmother, was not a known witness to any of 

the events at issue, but Officer Reed stated he believed there might be some benefit to speaking 

with other individuals known to the parties, such as Wright. However, Officer Reed also testified 

that did not know Wright’s birthdate, middle name, phone number, or address, and did not even 

know the city or county where she lived. When Reed looked for Wright’s name in a police 

database, there were more than a hundred people with her name.

Reed’s attempts to locate the witnesses were reasonable in light of the information 

available to him for both Wright and the victim. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion 

by finding that Reed made reasonable, good-faith efforts to procure the witnesses. Accordingly, 

the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied defendant’s request for a missing-witness 

instruction.

Affirmed.

/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh 

/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly 

/s/ Michelle M. Rick