DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

N 377.

THE

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE

OF OKLAHOMA

BY

GEORGE H. GIRTY

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1909
Q E. 1 5
CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction............................................................. 5

Description of species..................................................... 15

Brachiopoda......................................................... 15

Pelecypoda....'........____.......................................... 30

Pteropoda........................................................... 40

Scaphopoda.......................................................... 41

Gasteropoda......................................................... 42

Cephalopoda. ...............^........................................ 44

Ostracoda..............................................'.............. 72

Register of localities................................................ ( ..... 73

Index ....................;.............................. .............. 105

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATES I-XIII. Fauna of the Cauey shale ................................. 77

THE FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE OF OKLAHOMA.

By GEORGE H. GIRTY.

INTRODUCTION.

Owing partly to a deficiency of evidence and partly to the ambiguous or even conflicting character of what we have, the problems 

presented by the Caney shale are peculiarly baffling. They involve 

two distinct areas in Oklahoma, and in their relations to other regions 

ramify extensive!}'.

. The Caney shale occurs in numerous exposures through -the Arbuckle and Ouachita mountains, in the central parts of the Choctaw 

and Chickasaw nations, respectively. It consists of black and blue 

argillites with local sandy strata in the upper part, and has a maximum thickness of more than 1,000 feet. While most of the Caney. 

is a black shale, the upper portion comprises beds of a lighter color 

which may have a different fauna. This paper deals only with the 

fauna of the black shales.

The stratigraphic relations of the Caney are difficult to state in 

general terms, for it is both underlain and overlain by different 

formations in different areas. Although so close geographically 

that one can be seen from the other, the Arbuckle and Ouachita 

mountains present sections which are in some respects strikingly 

different. In the Arbuckle region the Caney shale rests usually 

upon the Woodford chert, but over part of the area the Sycamore 

limestone intervenes between the Woodford and the Caney, thickest 

in the west and dying out entirely in the east. It is correlated with 

an undifferentiated lower division of the Caney in other areas. 

Beneath the Woodford occurs the Hunton limestone of Silurian age, 

the contact between the two formations being an u neon form able 

one. The Woodford contains varying amounts of' black shale and 

where the Sycamore limestone does not intervene appears to graduate 

into the overlying Caney.

In the Ouachita area the Caney rests upon the Jackfork sandstone, 

which in turn rests upon the Standley shale. The Standley shale
D FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

is underlain unconformably by the Talihina chert of Ordovician age. 

The Standley and Jackfork, which together have a thickness of no less 

than 10,000 feet, are found beneath the Caney at all points in the 

Ouachita Mountain region, except in a single area in the southern 

part of the McAlester quadrangle; in that area the Standley and 

Jackfork of the regular Ouachita section are absent and also the 

Woodford chert and Sycamore limestone of the Arbuckle area, and 

the Caney appears to rest directly upon a chert of Silurian age correlated with the Hunton limestone, which is found at no other point 

in the Ouachita region.

It thus appears that the Jackfork sandstone and Standley shale 

of the Ouachita region are not found in the Arbuckle region and 

that the Woodford chert and Sycamore limestone of the Arbuckle 

region are not found in the Ouachita region. That the Woodford 

and Sycamore are absent from the Ouachita region is not cause for 

surprise, for the}7 are relatively thin and are not persistent even in 

the Arbuckle region, but that two formations like the Standley and 

Jackfork, aggregating 10,000 feet in thickness, should occur in one 

section and be entirely absent from another only a few miles distant 

seems almost impossible. This is, however, only one of several 

anomalies.

If we should attempt to ascertain the position in the Arbuckle 

section of the Standley and Jackfork formations it would be natural 

to think that the unconformity below the Standley corresponds to 

the unconformity below the Woodford. The Woodford and' Sycamore might be regarded as local or regional modifications of Caney 

deposition, and, that formation being found in both areas, the Standley and Jackfork would afford a partial measurement of the unconformity in the Arbuckle section by reason of their absence there. 

This, by all means the most promising explanation of the occurrence 

of the Standley and Jackfork, is sharply negatived by what appears 

to be the geologic age of the beds.

In the Tishomingo folio the Woodford chert is referred to the 

Devonian, the fossil evidence, which was obtained from the lower 

part of the formation, being said to consist of a small Lingula, some 

species of conodonts, and fossil wood of the genus Dadoxylon. This 

evidence is certainly inconclusive as thus stated, since conodonts are 

abundant in certain black shales of the " Coal Measures," since Dadoxylon also occurs in the " Coal Measures " as Avell as in the Devonian, and since few paleontologists would attach much importance to 

a small Lingula, especially v unassociated with a more characteristic 

fauna. The Dadoxylon proves to be D. newberryi of the Devonian 

black shale of Ohio, and the lower Woodford which furnished the 

specimen referred to must be regarded as probably of Devonian age. 

However, as there are few species of invertebrates upon which, if
INTRODUCTION. 7

occurring in similar circumstances, one would place absolute reliance, 

it does not seem to me that the Devonian age of the lower Woodford 

is beyond the reach of future revision.

It is rare to find exposures of the basal portion of the Caney shale. 

At this horizon in the eastern part of the Ouachita Mountain region, 

however, lines of large bowlders containing Ordovician fossils were 

observed in 1899, but exposures of the formation sufficient to determine the relations of these limestone bowlders to the shales were not 

seen by parties engaged,in areal surveys until the season of 1904. 

The bowlders were originally supposed to represent solid ledges intervening between the Caney and Jackfork, so that the latter formation, together with the underlying Standley shale, would of necessity 

be of Ordovician age or older. In later surveys it Avas determined 

that the bowlders in question did not belong to continuous ledges but 

to a peculiar basal conglomerate. About the same time plant remains, 

which seemed to be of Carboniferous age, were obtained from a 

horizon well down in the Standley. Thus the position in the Arbuckle section of the Standley and Jackfork appears to be above the 

lower Woodford and below the Caney.

But even if it were possible, as at present it is not, to carry all of 

the beds of the Arbuckle section, down to the base of the Woodford, 

over into a position immediately above the Jackfork sandstone in the 

Ouachita region, an apparent conflict of evidence would still confront us.

A number of years ago I determined the age of the Caney shale as 

upper Mississippian,a but the appearance of evidence which made 

it reasonably probable that it was underlain by some 10,000 feet of 

Carboniferous sediments seemed to justify a doubt as to the correctness of the first determination, and in 1905 6 I suggested that the 

geologic age might in fact be Pennsylvania!!.

It seems very unlikely that the Caney is really upper Mississippian 

if it -is underlain by so great a thickness of strata also of upper 

Mississippian age, and it is, therefore, necessary to examine carefully all aspects of what appears to be almost an impasse. The 

situation would be relieved if the Caney of the Arbuckle region were 

of Mississippian age and distinct from the Caney of the Ouachita, 

which from its position above the Standley and Jackfork may 

have to be considered of late Mississippian if not Pottsville age. 

The lithologic evidence, the stratigraphic evidence, and the paleontologic evidence all unite, however, in identifying them as essentially 

the same series of beds. If it could be shown that the stratigraphic 

relations of the Standley and Jackfork with regard to the Caney

"Atoka folio (No. 79), Coalgato folio (No. 74), and Tlshorningo folio (No. 98) : Geol. 

Atlas U. S., TJ. S. Geol. Survey.

"Proe. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 7, 1905, p. 13.
8 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE. *

shale of the Ouachita region are, in appearance or in fact, the result 

of structural forces, and that these formations really correlate with 

Pennsylvanian sandstones and shales which overlie the Cariey in the 

Arbuckle region, two difficulties would be removed at once, since we 

should not have a Mississippian fauna overlying a Pennsylvanian (?) 

flora, and we should not be confronted with the anomalous fact of 

the absence of the Standley and Jackfork in the Arbuckle region. 

But other difficulties would doubtless be thus created, and, in fact, 

the stratigraphic evidence seems to be convincing and to prohibit 

the hypothesis that the Caney does not in fact overlie the Jackfork, 

but underlies the Standley.

The age of the Standley is not established beyond all peradventure, 

for the plant remains thus far obtained are scanty and fragmentary. 

Indeed, David White's interpretation of the evidence does not assign 

the age definitely. His statement is somewhat as follows:

All the material, except one specimen of Asterocalamites scroMculatus and 

the single minute fern pinnule, is more or less macerated and obscure, the collection consisting chiefly of drift-rounded or comminuted and more or less 

macerated bits of stems, roots, and bark, of no value except as showing that 

they fall within the epoch of vascular or woody plants (post-Silurian). The 

material is not of a nature or state of preservation to justify anything like a 

close correlation. The plant beds are Carboniferous. It is probable that they 

belong either in the upper part of the Mississippian or in the lower Pottsville, 

but this point requires additional paleoutologic data for its determination.

Although, as seen from the foregoing quotation, the plant evidence 

indicates that the Standley is as old as the upper Mississippian, or 

as young as the Pottsville, the one condition is well nigh as bad as 

the other, for with the Standley as upper Mississippian, while we 

should not be confronted with an absolute contradiction of the faunal 

evidence obtained in the Caney, what we know of the lithologic 

character and the thickness of the upper Mississippian in other areas 

would still make it difficult to account for 10,000 feet of sediments of 

that age in the Ouachita region. No really definite statement'as to 

the age of the plants seems to have been justified, however, save that 

they are Carboniferous, and even this is qualified as apparently less 

of a certainty by the preceding statement to the effect that they are 

surely post-Silurian.

The faunal evidence furnished by the Caney is much more extensive 

than that of the fossil plants referred to above. The Caney fauna 

has a facies widely different from that of the typical upper Mississippian faunas, and it would be difficult to determine its position in 

the time scale were it not that it is closely related to certain faunas 

in Arkansas which contain more of the typical upper Mississippian 

species, and which have long been regarded as belonging to that 

period. When I originally determined the Caney as neo-Mississip-
INTRODUCTION. 9

plan, I did so because its fauna was so closely allied with that of the 

Moorefield shale of Arkansas. If, upon returning to the subject with 

a presentation of one side of the evidence upon which this conclusion 

was based, it were possible to say that the preliminary opinion had 

been erroneous, it would afford me real satisfaction as opening a way 

out of the present difficulties. But a more detailed study of the one 

fauna and a hasty review of the other have only added to the weight 

of the evidence. A large number, and those in many cases the most 

striking and typical of the Caney species, occur also in the Moorefield shale. 

The table below gives the fauna of the Caney shale as it is at present

known.

Distribution of the Caney fauna.a

[Asterisk indicates identical or nearly identical species occurring in the Moorefteld shale, 

the Batesville sandstone, and the Fayetteville shale of Arkansas.]

"'Lingulidiscina newberryi var.

*Lingulidiscina newberryi var.

*Lingulidiscina batesvillensis.... .

*Productus pileifonnis. ..........

*Liorhynchus aff. laura. .........

*Caneyella nasuta. ...............

*Caneyella percostata ............

Caneyella richardsoni ...........

Parallelodon multiliratus .......

Conocardium sp. ................

Laevldentaliu.ni venustum ......

Pleurotomaria ? sp. .............

Naticopsis sp. ...................

Macrocheilus ? sp ...............

Orthoceras wapanuckense. ......

Orthoceras caneyanum. .........

*0rthoceras choctawense. ........

Orthoceras indianum. ...........

Orthoceras sp ...................

Cycloceras ballianum. ...........

Actinoceras vaughanianum. .....

Cyrtorhizoceras ? hyattianum . . .

Coelonautilus gratiosus. .........

Bactrites ? quadrilineattis. ......

*Goniatites choctawensis. ........

Trizonoceras lepidum ...........

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a The numbers heading the columns refer to localities similarly designated in the locality register on 

pp. 73-75.
10 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE. 

Distribution of the Caney fauna Continued.

 9

*Lingulidiscinanewberryi var. caneyI

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The ordinary inference from these facts, one which I should draw 

without hesitation were it not for the bearing of the plant evidence 

found in the Standley, is that the Caney and the Moorefield-Fayetteville beds were contemporaneous in a geologic sense.0 But this, it 

may be urged, does not necessarily entail the Mississippian age of the 

Caney Avithout carrying the inquiry one stage further. Careful consideration has been given the hypothesis that the Moorefield-Fayetteville beds may be not Mississippian but Pottsville in age. While 

some circumstances lend a color of probability to such an hypothesis, 

the negative evidence seems at present to warrant its rejection.

If, then, the Caney correlates with the Moorefield, if the Moorefield is of Mississippian age, if the Caney rests on the Jackfork sandstone, and if the evidence furnished by the Standley flora halts between upper Mississippian and Pottsville, the conclusion that the 

Standley is upper Mississippian and that the sedimentation of that 

period was peculiar and excessive in the Ouachita region seems to 

involve the fewest inconsistencies. This conclusion is tentative and 

unsatisfactory, but seems to accord best with the evidence known to 

me. Future discoveries may prove it wrong.

If the lower Woodford is really of Devonian age the position of 

the Standley and Jackfork in the Arbuckle section must evidently 

be above the lower Woodford and below the Caney, in spite of the

"The White Pine shale of Nevada, which is also a black shale formation, likewise contains a fauna similar in many respects to that of the Caney.
INTRODUCTION. ' 11

fact that the.Woodford and Caney appear from lithologic and stratigraphic evidence to present continuous sedimentation. The typical 

Woodford has thus far furnished ve&y little in the way of organic 

remains, but such little as we possess does not tend to ally it with 

the Caney.

If the Standley flora when better known should prove unmistakably of Pottsville age a satisfactory explanation will, it now seems, 

be impossible. Either one line of evidence or the other, the plants 

or the invertebrates, must be misleading. Several hypotheses Avould 

then be open for consideration. Assuming only that the invertebrate 

evidence is at fault, we must conclude that this fauna survived for a 

very long time with but little change in its composition. One contingent hypothesis would be that the basal beds of the Caney in the 

Arbuckle region were essentially the same as the basal beds of the 

Moorefield shale of Arkansas, and that while extensive and varied

sedimentation conjoined with various faunal changes were taking 

place in other areas northern Arkansas and the Ouachita region 

being most in point in the Arbuckle region the sedimentation was 

relatively limited, uniform, and without marked modification of 

organic life. On this hypothesis the Standley and Jackfork would 

be represented by sediments in the Arbuckle region (part of the 

Caney shale). An alternative hypothesis would be that there was an 

interruption in Caney sedimentation in the Arbuckle region during 

which the Standley and Jackfork were laid down in the Ouachita 

region, only the lower part of the Caney of the Arbuckle region being 

equivalent to the Moorefield shale, and only the upper portion being 

equivalent to the Caney of the Ouachita region. This would involve an unconformity in the midst of the Arbuckle Caney during 

which 10,000 feet of sediments were being laid down in the Ouachita 

region without any lithologic or stratigraphic evidence of interruption in the sedimentation or any appreciable break in the faunas. 

Neither hypothesis seems very satisfactory on general principles, 

and, so far as I can see, the evidence favors one little more tlian the 

other. A third hypothesis would be that the Caney of the Arbuckle 

region is wholly of Mississippian age and in position really inferior 

to the Standley but unrepresented in the Ouachita region; while a 

fourth would be that the Arbuckle Caney and the Ouachita Caney 

are the same bed and of Pottsville age, while the Moorefield-Fayetteville beds are distinct and geologically much older.

Of these four propositions the last seems the most probable to me, 

because the faunas of the Caney in the Arbuckle and Ouachita regions 

appear to show closer alliance with one another than with the Moorefield fauna, striking as that certainly is. All four of these hypotheses 

are dependent, it will be observed, upon the theorem that the Caney 

fauna began in upper Mississippian time and continued without any
12 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

marked change of facies for a protracted period, probably into the 

Pottsville. I know of no precedent for such an assumption and am 

strongly opposed to adopting it in the present case unless subsequent 

evidence renders it unavoidable and overthrows the provisional 

explanation which is here adopted.

The account of the Caney fauna which is to follow is based upon 

31 collections, several instances in which practically the same point 

was visited by different parties not being counted separately. Geographically these represent seven different quadrangles, as follows: 

Antlers quadrangle, stations 2075, 3948, 3983, 3984, 3986, 3987, 3988; 

Ardmore quadrangle, stations 3981. 5944; Atoka quadrangle, stations 

2076, 2077, 2082, 2089, 5114; McAlester quadrangle, stations 2078, 

2079; Stonewall quadrangle, stations 2080, 2081; Tishomingo quadrangle, stations .2083, 2084, 2085, 2086, 2087, 2088, 2090, 2091, 5113 

(?); Tuskahoma quadrangle, stations 2047, 2057, 3982, 3985. The 

collections from the Antlers, McAlester, and Tuskahoma quadrangles 

belong to the Ouachita section; those from the Ardmore, Atoka, 

Stonewall, and Tishomingo quadrangles belong to the Arbuckle 

section.

Stratigraphically these collections all had their origin in the Caney 

shale (the assignment of lots 2080 and 2081 being upon faunal 

grounds) except lot 5114, which probably belongs to the Woodford. 

The stratigraphic relations of the exposures where fossils have been 

found in the Caney shale are often indeterminate by reason of faulting and the lack of continuous exposures. In most cases where it was 

possible to determine the stratigraphic relations of collections they 

proved to have come from the middle or lower part of the series. 

The single collection (3984) which seems probably to have been 

derived from the upper part proves to have the same fauna as those

below.

In this connection it is necessary to mention lot 3981, which comprises the few fossils cited from the " Upper Woodford " in the Tishomingo folio. By an unfortunate misunderstanding the limits of the 

Caney and Woodford were not taken at the same points in the section 

by the geologist and paleontologist working in this quadrangle, with 

the result that the Caney is mapped and described as limited below 

by the top of the cherts; while Ulrich, who reported upon the Woodford fossils, included in that formation under the title " Upper 

Woodford " a more or less extensive amount of the black shales above 

the chert series which really belong in the Caney, as elsewhere defined 

and as employed in the present report.

As based upon the fossils from station 3981, the " Upper Woodford " (that is, the lower part of the Caney shale) was assigned to the 

Kinderhook period. The only recognizable fossils are said to be two 

concentrically plicated species of Productella, one of which seemed
INTRODUCTION. . 13

referable to Productella concentrica. The Productella is wrongly 

identified as P. concentrica, which is a common fossil of the Chouteau 

limestone, and proves to be P. hirsutiformis, a characteristic brachiopod of the Caney shale and one characteristic also of the Moorefield shale of Arkansas. It is practically certain, therefore, that the 

age of this part of the Caney is not Kinderhook but considerably 

younger. The fossil evidence from the Woodford is still very incomplete, but so far as known there is no faunal or floral connection with 

the Caney.

The fauna of the Caney shale as at .present known comprises 49 

species of invertebrates, but the present paper by no means presents 

an account of all the organic life of which this, formation has furnished evidence.

Prominent among the classes of organisms which are omitted are 

the plants, of which there are sometimes abundant though ill-preserved vestiges. These oftenest take the shape of impressions or 

replacements of wood or stems, and they frequently occur in immediate association with the goniatites and other cephalopods. Another 

neglected type is the fishes, represented not only by teeth but by what 

appear to be fragments of bone. In this connection may be mentioned agglomerations of organic fragments, possibly of coprolitic 

origin, which occur as a rule in small concretions. There are also 

singular organic remains, quite fragmentary, whose biologic relations 

I would not venture to designate. Even among the recognizable 

Invertebrata a variety of forms, chiefly pelecypods, have been left 

without especial notice, because they are so imperfectly preserved that 

even a, generic reference would be largely guesswork. Among these 

the following very provisional identifications may be mentioned: 

From station 2077 Toldia? sp., Scliizodus? sp.; from station 2079 

Deltopecten? sp.; from station 2082 Aviculipecten? sp. and plant remains; from station 2084 Microdonf sp.; from station 2089 Nuculaf 

sp., Macrodon? sp. Miscellaneous indeterminata have also been 

found at stations 2075, 2077, 2079, 2082, 2083, and 5114.

As already noted, the Caney fauna is a peculiar one, the dominating type, not only in differentiation of species but in abundance of 

individuals, being the cephalopods, a group which in most faunal 

associations of Carboniferous age is inconspicuous. The brachiopods 

are poorly represented compared with the usual faunas of this period, 

and in their occurrence are rather infrequently associated with the 

cephalopods. Where they occur at all, however, they are sometimes 

fairly abundant if restricted to a relatively few species. Lingulas, 

discinoids, one or two species of Liorhynchus, and Productella hirsutiformis are the dominant brachiopod forms an association so primitive in its facies that when first discovered in Arkansas, in a somewhat modified form Prof. H. S. Williams was led to notice it under
14 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

the title " On the recurrence of Devonian fossils in strata of Carboniferous age." 0

While I have spoken of the Caney fauna as a unit and regard it 

as such, there thus appear to be two different facies of a sort contained in it. A typical example of one of these was collected by 

G. B. Richardson and myself near the hamlet of Wapanucka in a 

position but little above the Wood ford chert. It comprises brachiopods and some pelecypods, most of the latter, unfortunately, indeterminable, and has not been found in its entirety at other points. The 

other facies consists characteristically of goniatites and some other 

cephalopods, Avith one or more species of the pelecypod genus Caneyella usually accompanying them. Other types are rare. The goniatite fauna comes in at Wapanucka near that containing the brachiopods, and at a slightly higher horizon.

Fossils are of sporadic occurrence in the Caney shale, and in many 

places the stratigraphic relations of its outcrops can not be definitely 

determined. It seems to be true, so far as now known, that this same 

relation is generally prevalent and that the brachiopod facies usually 

occurs in the lower part of the formation. There is no well-marked 

faunal break, however, between the collections in which the bra.chiopods predominate and those composed chiefly of cephalopods, and it 

seems almost certain that they represent two different facies of the 

same fauna rather than two different faunas. This inference seems 

justified not only by the absence of any break in the Caney fauna, 

but by the apparently uninterrupted character of Caney sedimentation, and by the fact that the two facies, which in the Caney are to a 

certain extent independent, occur in the Moorefield shale of Arkansas. 

A feAv of the Caney goniatites also seem to occur in the Batesville 

sandstone and in the Fayetteville shale, and on this account the evidence would seem to indicate, with the qualifications set down above, 

that the Caney shale correlates with these formations as well as with 

the Moorefield.

The faunal evidence known to me not only warrants the belief that 

the Caney fauna is best regarded as a unit, but seems to justify the 

correlation of the Caney shale of the Arbuckle region and the Caney 

shale of the Ouachita region as essentially the same series of beds.

Aside from the geologists who aided in securing the material upon 

.which this report is based and whose names are given in the locality 

register in connection with the collections with which they were severally concerned, especial acknowledgments are due to J. A. Taff 

for valuable suggestions and for the revision of such portions of this 

account as deal more directly with field relations.

°Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 49, 1895, pp. 94-101.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.

BRACHIOPODA.

Genus LINGULA Brugiere.

LINGULA PARACLETUS Hall and Clarke.

Plate I, figures 1-5.

1892. Lingula paracletus. Hall and Clarke, Geol. Surv. New York, Pal., vol. 8,

pt. 1, p. 172; pp. 10, 12, fig. 8. 

Cuyahoga shale: Charclon, Ohio. 

3895. LinguUi -paracletus. Hall, Mew York State Museum, 4Sth Ann. Kept., 1894.

vol. 2, p. 326, fig. 1. 

Cuyahoga shale : Charclon, Ohio. 

1895. Lingula paracletus. Hall, New York State Geol., 14th Kept., 1894, p. 326,

fig. 1. 

Cuyahoga shale: Chardon, Ohio.

The shell from the Caney shale which I have referred to this species 

attains a rather large size and has an ovate shape. The length varies 

from one and one-half to one and one-third times the greatest width, 

which occurs about one-third the length from the anterior margin. 

The shell contracts very gradually above, with a curved outline, and 

the anterior end is broadly rounded. The shape varies considerably 

in different specimens, both in the proportional width and in the outline of the posterior end. Some of the variation can safely be ascribed 

to compression and some to difference in age,- since the smaller, and 

presumably younger, examples as a rule appear to be more slender 

than the mature ones. The shape of the posterior end and the proportional width depend in a measure upon the identity of the valve 

as a dorsal or ventral, for specimens retaining both valves in conjunction show that the posterior extremity of the dorsal, valve is 

rather obtusely or abruptly terminated, while the ventral, more 

pointed in shape, projects considerably beyond. Nevertheless, it is 

frequently impossible to say with any assurance whether a given 

specimen is a dorsal or a ventral shell. In the ventral valve the beak 

is terminal, but in the dorsal it is situated a short distance in front 

of the posterior edge, which seems to be folded strongly inward.

The convexity, especially of the dorsal valve, is considerable, and 

Avhen flattened, as it occurs in the Caney shale, the shell is often 

fractured.

15
16 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

The external surface is marked by numerous irregularities of 

growth and by extremely fine concentric lira?.

On its interior the ventral valve has a large, deep pedicle groove, 

from which proceed the strongly diverging vascular sinuses. The 

latter, though sharply defined at first, can be traced only a short 

distance. In the median portion there are two thin gently diverging 

septa, which begin just below the pedicle groove and extend fonvard 

about one-third the length of the shell. At their anterior ends are 

other impressions, too indistinct to be described, which are in part 

probably those of a pair of median laterals. The apical portion of 

the shell on either side of the pedicle groove is transversely striated. 

The margin of contact is broad. In the dorsal valve no area corresponding to that of the ventral has been observed. This valve apparently terminates in a narrow reflexed margin (the edge of the shell 

posterior to the beak), upon which no area at all, or at most an extremely narrow area, has been developed. The muscular impressions 

in this valve are also too faint to be preserved; at least none have 

been observed.

In the Caney shale this species attains a length of 16 mm. and 

more, but considerable variation is found to exist in material from 

different localities. The, specimens obtained by .G. B. Richardson 

and myself from station 20t7 are nearly all large. Those collected 

by J. A. Taff at almost the same locality are small, averaging about 

9 mm. in length. Of about this size also is the collection obtained 

from station 2090. The small variety agrees in all essentials with 

the more robust form, and no good purpose, it seems, would be served 

by attempting to distinguish them.

The internal characters above noted are not altogether those of the 

typical form of L. paracletus, and to some extent they are suggestive 

of Barroisella. The high cardinal area of the pedicle valve, the two 

septa, as I have denominated them, which may be the elevated margins of a low median ridge, and other structures are in point. I 

think that too little is known of the present form to determine 

Avhether it is really a representative of Barroisella, but though the 

external characters are those of Lingula paracletus this may Avell 

prove to be the case.

This form resembles a number of species from our Carboniferous 

rocks, but appears to be most closely allied to the Waverly shell to 

which Hall and Clarke gave the name Lingula paracletus. Basing 

a comparison with L. paracletus entirely upon their figure and description, I find a close agreement in almost every particular. It is in 

the matter of internal markings alone that any essential differences 

can be pointed out, and it is only upon consideration of their close 

agreement otherwise, and upon the belief that the differences of
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 17

internal character may be due to preservation under different conditions, that an identification of this with the Ohio species is recorded.

The smaller examples of L. paracletus are similar to L. melief 

another Waverly species, but they are proportionately broader, and 

instead of contracting slightly toward the front, as do most specimens 

of L. melie, enlarge, or at least maintain their greatest width, to a 

point anterior to the habit in Hall's species.

The Caney shell has the same general shape which Herrick shows 

in his figures of L. meekif but it is a proportionately narrower form, 

with a broader posterior outline, and it attains a larger size than is 

known in that Waverly species.

Another related form is that to which Miller and Guriey gave the 

name Lingula indianensis. 0 I have no specimens with which to make 

comparison, and can only point out that L. paracletus is a shorter 

and broader form, in which the convexity is apparently somewhat 

greater and in which the flattened margins cited as characteristic of 

the Keokuk species are lacking.

The smaller form of L. paracletus also resembles certain Devonian 

types, as for example, L. ligea (l and L. spatulataf but it is less elongate than either of the species mentioned and much smaller than L. 

spatulata.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2077), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2090).

LlNGULA ALBAPINENSIS Walcott.

Plate I, figures 6, 6a, 7, and 8 (?).

1884. Lingula Albapinensis. Walcott, U: S. Geol. Survey, Mon. 8, p. 108, pi. 2,

fig. 1. 

Upper Devonian: White Pine district, Nevada.

This species is rather plentiful at station 3986 and occurs, though 

less abundantly, at other points. It is always of small size, rarely 

exceeding 7 mm. in length. The shape is narrow, elliptical, the 

widest portion being posterior to the middle. The surface is marked 

by very fine, regular, concentric stria?.

This species differs from that referred to Lingula paracletus in its 

smaller size and different shape, and though occurring in the same 

beds it has not been found associated with the latter except in one 

doubtful instance. From such evidence as I have seen this appears 

to be not a youthful stage of L. paracletus, but an independent form. 

In the characters which can IIOAV be ascertained it is very similar to

"New York State Cab. Nat. Hist, 16th Kept., 1863, p. 24. 

"Bull. Scl. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 4, 1888, p. 18, pi. 10, fig. 31. 

c Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist, No. 3, 1894, p. 69, pi. 7, fig. 1. 

<* New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 13th Kept., 1860, p. 76. 

o Geol. Surv. New York, Kept 3d dist, 1842, p. 168, fig. 3.

71796 Bull. 377 09 2
18 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHAX,E.

if not identical with the species from the White Pine shale of Nevada 

which Walcott described as L. albapinensis.

Lingula albapinensis considerably resembles in miniature L. melie, 

which occurs abundantly in northern Ohio in the Sunbury ("Berea") 

shale of the Waverly group. The resemblance is really closer than 

Hall's figures would lead one to suspect, as many specimens of L. 

melie, perhaps the larger number, differ from one of the figures in 

narrowing toward the front, and from the other in being less acutely 

pointed behind. I can not, however, regard L. albapinensis and L. 

melie as being the same.

L. spatulata Hall from the Genesee shale is also similar and invites comparison because it likewise is a diminutive species. Hall's 

figures, however, show a more slender variety and one whose shape 

is spatulate, as distinguished from more truly elliptical.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2089), Antlers quadrangle (stations 3986, 3988), and Ardmore quadrangle (station 5944).

Genus LINGULIDISCINA Whitfield.

This term is here provisionally employed in a sense not hitherto 

used, namely, for the group of shells now usually referred to Orbiculoidea. Orbiculoidea, as the term has been applied, at least by 

American writers, owes its interpretation to Hall and Clarke, from 

whose valuable monograph the following quotation is derived:

The genus Orbiculoklca of D'Orbigny was first defined and exemplified in 

the Prodrome de Paleontologie, vol. i, p. 44, -the date of this work being 1S50 

not 1849. Dall is in error in stating that OrMcula Morrisi, Davidsou, is the 

first species mentioned under the diagnosis quoted. D'Orbigny here gives three 

species in the following order: 0. Forbesi, Davidson, 0. Morrisi, Davidson, 0. 

Davidsoni, D'Orbigny. As no species-is specially designated as the type of the 

genus we are compelled to assume these three as types in their order and upon 

their merits. It is shown on page 136 that the first of these, 0. Forbesi, Davidson, is unquestionably congeneric with Schizotreta elliptica, Kutorga, Kutorga's 

genus having been established in 1848. As this species, therefore, can not be 

used as the type of Orbiculoidea, we must assume the second species as the 

typical representative of the genus, and upon this is based the distinction 

throughout the foregoing pages in the use of this term OrUculoidea by D'Orbigny and by Davidsou. At the place cited in the " Prodrome " the date " 1847 " 

stands after the name of the genus. The explanation of its use appears upon 

page lix of the Introduction, and the date of publication of. the work renders 

its adoption untenable.*1

The method here employed of determining the generic content of 

Orbiculoidea appears to be that, so called, of residues, a system open 

to serious objection, and much more frequently found in use among 

botanists than zoologists. I believe that the rule among the latter,

0 Geol. Survey New York, Pal., vol. 8, pt. 1, 1892, p. 160.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 19

that unless a genotype is selected by the author the first-named species 

shall be employed, is far preferable, and I propose to apply it in this 

case. In adopting this course I have the fewer doubts, in that D'Orbigny did not arrange his species of Orbiculoidea alphabetically. 

Upon this interpretation, 0. forbesi must stand as the type of the 

genus, which, inasmuch as Hall and Clarke state that that species 

is the same as Schizotreta elliptica, becomes a synonym of Schizotreta.

I have not been able to examine specimens of Lingula exilis, the 

species which Whitfield assumes for the type of his genus Lingulidiscina, but so far as his description and figures depict the fundamental characters, I can not see that Lingulidiscina is aught else 

than an Orbiculoidea (using the term at its current value), in which 

the apex is very eccentric. It requires no great experience among 

this group of discinoids to show the entire futility of attempting to 

use the position of this feature as a;generic character. On this account I have substituted Lingulidiscina for Orbiculoidea, in its commonly accepted usage. Since it may prove, however, that L. exilis 

really possesses characters which are not enumerated by Whitfield, 

and which force a discrimination from the Orbiculoidea group, Lingulidiscina is here used for the latter only provisionally.

Some suspicion that this will be found to be .the case is aroused 

by the fact that Schuchert places Oehlertella as a synonym of Lingulidiscina. If the structural differences pointed out by Hall and 

Clarke are not accidental, I should recognize that genus as distinct, 

Avhether from typical Lingulidiscina or the present group, but one 

may infer from Schuchert's course that he believes the characters are 

accidental, rather than that he considers them inadequate for taxonomic purposes. If he is correct in this I should follow him in 

making Oehlertella a synonym for Lingulidiscina. Orbiculoidea 

newberryi, which he places Avith Lingulidiscina, is certainly a member 

of the Orbiculoidea group.

LINGULIDISCINA NEWBEERYI var. CANEYANA n. var. 

Plate I, figures 13-17.

This species is extremely abundant at station 2077 and is found 

also, more sparingly, at several other points. It occurs in a shale of 

dark color and sandy texture, and specimens are generally both 

macerated and compressed. It is difficult, therefore, to determine 

some of the specific characters. Holding in mind this qualification, 

I have drawn up the following description.

The outline was essentially circular, with the apex of the dorsal 

valve near the posterior margin, perhaps two-thirds of a radius from 

the center. The dorsal convexity was probably rather low.

The ventral valve, was nearly flat, the pedicle slit being narrow, 

only slightly depressed, and not so conspicuous as in sbme species.
20 - FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

In length it is perhaps one-half a radius, and it extends from near 

the circumference to near the center.

The surface of both valves is marked by rather thin, regular, and 

equidistant lirse and by numerous inconspicuous rounded ones intermediate with them.

This species rarely attains a diameter in the Caney shale exceeding 10 mm., and the majority of specimens measure only 8 or 9 mm.

Among described species this form probably most closely resembles 

L. newbemji. A comparison with the typical specimens of L, newberryi, which I have been able to examine through the courtesy of the 

American Museum of Natural History, indicates certain differences 

which, if as constant as now seems to be the case, would make a reference to the same species inadvisable. The Waverly .form attains a 

much greater size than that from the Caney shale, and the. dorsal valve 

is more elevated, though this character can not be satisfactorily determined in the flattened Caney specimens. The apex of this valve 

also seems to be persistently, if slightly, less marginal, and the 'ventral fissure larger and surrounded by a more extensive depressed 

area.

In some respects this form much suggests L. herzeri, but the apex, 

of the dorsal valve is distinctly more marginal than in that species 

and the inner extremity of the pedicle slit correspondingly less 

central. The more marginal apex and lower convexity distinguish 

this form from L. batesvillensis and from the Caney specimens which 

I have called L. newberryi var. ovata.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (stations 

2077, 2089), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2090), Antlers quadrangle (stations 3983, 3988).

LlNGULlDlSCiNA NEWBERRYI var. OVATA n. var. 

Plate I, figures 9-11.

A few specimens from the Caney shale are more or less conspicuous 

for having the transverse axis considerably shorter than the other, 

and the posterior extremity more or less distinctly narrower than the 

anterior, so that an oval shape results. But a small number of specimens so characterized have come to hand and they have been assembled as a group, believed to be distinct-from L. newberryi, though 

probably varietally related to it.

One of these specimens is a dorsal valve from station 2076, where 

these shells occur in small round nodules and have suffered very little 

from compression. It has a length of 9.5 mm. and a maximum width 

of 8 mm. On this shell there is ja, well-marked posterior groove, 

which, however, is probably only an accidental feature.

The surface is crossed by a number of rather indistinct and regular 

concentric markings and by very many indistinct microscopic radial
 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 21

ones. These are probably due to the setae on the inner side of the 

shell and their presence suggests that the surface now seen is an exfoliated one.

A second dorsal having this characteristic elongated and oval shape 

was obtained from station 3986. It retains part of the shell apparently in good preservation, showing veiy strong, rather regular, concentric lirse. A ventral valve from the same point has the characteristic oval shape. The pedicel slit is strongly impressed; it begins near 

the center and the-scar can be traced almost, perhaps quite, to the circumference, being situated at the narrower end of the oval. The depressed area is of a somewhat quadrate outline.

In addition to the specimens primarily concerned in this identification I have referred here three dorsal valves from station 2075. They 

are small and more or less elongate in shape perhaps more elliptical 

than ovate. The largest is less than 6 mm. in length. In the position 

of the apex and other characters, except size, these examples agree 

with L. newberryi var. oyata.

This form is distinguished from that described as L. newberryi var. 

caneyiana by reason of its shape, the less marginal position of the apex 

of the dorsal valve, and the large introverted area surrounding the 

pedicle slit of the ventral valve. It suggests the Keokuk species Z. 

varsoviensis, which likewise has an elongated shape, but L. varsoviensis is elliptical instead of oval and the pedicle slit is not surrounded 

by a large depressed area. The shape of the dorsal valve of L. varsoviensis is not known, but, in view of the differences already pointed 

out, taken in connection with the very different faunal association, I 

would deem it unwise for the present to assume that they are the 

same species.

It is somewhat doubtful whether this form should be distinguished 

from Winch ell's L. saffordi. The dorsal valves referred here differ 

in having the apex less eccentric, and the lirse conspicuously unequal. 

The ventral valve is similar in both. These comparisons are based 

upon authentic if not typical material of L. saffordi, and while they 

leave a reasonable doubt as to the identity of the two forms, better 

and more complete material of both may show that they are really 

the same.

Meek a has figured a ventral valve from the " Coal Measures " of 

Nebraska which much resembles the present species.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Antlers quadrangle (stations 

2075, 3986), Atoka quadrangle (station 2076), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2085).

a Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, etc., Final Rept pi. 4, fig. 3.
22 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE. 

LlNGULIDISCINA BATESVILLENSIS

Plate I, figures 12, 12a.

1897. Orbiculoidea batesvillensis. Weiler, New York Acad. Sci., Trans., vol.

16, p. 255, pi. 18, figs. 4, 5. (Date of volume 1898.) 

Batesville sandstone: Batesville, Ark.

This identification is based primarily upon a dorsal valve from station 2076, which occurs in a small round concretion and has suffered 

very little from compression. It was associated with a specimen referred to L. newberryi var. ovata, but it is considerably larger, and 

differs in certain other particulars. The shape is almost but not quite 

circular, the longitudinal axis measuring 17 mm. and the transverse 

axis probably about 15.5 mm. The convexity, determined as closely 

as possible, is 3 mm. The apex is about 5 mm. from the posterior 

margin and 13 mm. from the anterior, the measurements being made 

along the convexity of the valve.

The surface is crossed by a number of rather indistinct and irregular concentric markings and by a large number of very indistinct and 

fine radial strise. Similar radial markings are found also on the 

associated specimen of L. newberryi var. ovata. They are probably 

due to setse on the inside of the shell, and their presence suggests that 

what we have exposed to view is an exfoliated surface.

This specimen is fairly well distinguished from the form referred 

to L. newberryi var. caneyana by the less marginal position of the 

dorsal apex, the difference being as a rule rather striking, nor is it 

believed that this difference is due to the fact that one of the forms 

occurs flattened in shale and the other retains its natural convexity. 

It is believed also that this is not a mature example of the same form 

of which an associated representative was referred to Z. newberryi 

Var. OVdta. Though not quite circular this specimen clearly does not 

possess the conspicuously. oval shape of the other species. On the 

whole, it seems to be most closely similar to L. batesvillensis of described species, though L. herzeri is also related. L. batesvillensis is 

described as subcircular or longitudinally elliptical, and this specimen 

closely resembles Weller's type specimen, as shown by his figures. 

The only difference which I am able to point out is that the apex is 

a trifle more centrally situated than in the type.

Weller states that Z. batesvillensis is similar to Z. newberryi, but 

is distinguished by being less circular and much larger. Weller's 

figure of Z. batesvillensis is as much smaller than some of Hall's figures of Z. newberryi as it is larger than others, and it is also less ovate 

or elliptical than some of Hall's figures. In fact, after carefully comparing the typical and other specimens of Z. newberryi and Hall's 

figures with Weller's description and figures of Z. batesvillensis, it 

has seemed impossible to distinguish them upon such data as are now
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 23

available. If the study of specimens of L. batesvillensis does not reveal any more real differences than are now extant no other course 

will remain than to place Weller's species in the synonymy of L. newberryi. The apex of the Caney specimens, which was stated to be 

slightly more central than in L. batesvillensis, is also slightly more 

central than in most specimens of L. newberryi.

In its intrinsic characters the Caney shell is perhaps,'if anything, 

more similar to L. herzeri than it is to L. batesvillensis^ but I was influenced to the present identification by the long geographic separation and by the different and probably older faunal association of the 

Waverly species.

The proper ventral valve of the Caney shell is not definitely known, 

but I have provisionally referred to this species a few imperfect ventrals from station 2085. These are of fair size, the largest having a 

diameter of about 12 mm. The shape can not be definitely determined, but appears to have been circular. The sculpture, as in L. 

newberryi var. caneyana, consists of rather strong, thin, regularly 

disposed concentric lirse, separated by flat, relatively smooth intervals. 

These shells have not been referred to L. newberryi var. caneyana 

because the pedicle slit is longer and less eccentric, its inner end 

reaching nearly to the center of the valve and its outer nearly to the 

circumference, but it is not certain that they properly belong to L. 

batesvittensis.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2076), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2085).

Genus CHONETES Fischer.

CHONETES PLANUMBONTJS var. CHOCTAWENSIS n. var. 

Plate II, figures 1, la, 2, 2a, 3.

Among Mississippian Chonetes that from the Keokuk to which 

Meek and Worthen gave the name planumbonus stands out as a 

rather well-marked species. At the same time one can not but trace 

a relationship between it and the earlier C. logani. Its sculpture is 

peculiar, in that the ribs are more or less obsolete, and the radial subordinate to the concentric ornamentation.

In the lower portion of the Caney shale I find a form which is very 

similar to that from Illinois, the general resemblance being so close 

that it is only after some demur that the decision to employ for it a 

new varietal name has been reached.

It is of medium size, transverse, and rather flat. The width varies 

from one and one-half times to nearly twice the height. The greatest 

width is found at the hinge line, and the cardinal angles are sometimes slightly produced. The sides, which are usually more or less 

rectilinear, converge toward the front and merge into the gently
24 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

rounded anterior margin. The convexity appears to be slight, 

though as all the fossils have been somewhat flattened in the shale in 

which they occur, it is difficult to arrive at.the truth in this regard. 

There are five or six, or probably seven, cardinal spines or tubes on 

each side, the two nearest the beak, however, being rarely, preserved. 

They are long, slender, sometimes curved, and decline but little from 

the perpendicular.

The surface is nearly smooth. In most specimens no trace of radial striae can be detected, even with a glass. In others they can 

easily be seen with this aid, but they are always more or-less obsolete. 

They are probably constantly present upon the inner surface of the 

valves. A more conspicuous feature is found in the concentric striae 

or delicate wrinkles, which are usually the only ornamentation that 

the surface seems to have. These are, however, neither strong, equal, 

nor regular.

From typical G. planumbonus as it is found at Crawfordsville, Ind., 

the fossils from the Caney shale present a number of not very striking but fairly constant departures. They are a little larger, and decidedly more transverse, with extended instead of contracted cardinal 

angles. The convexity was apparently less, and is central, considering the whole shell, instead of being, as in the typical variety, near 

the margin, with the central portion left comparatively flat. The 

Caney form also exhibits to a distinctly more marked degree the 

characteristic tendency toward obsolescence of the radial striae.

Our collections, hoAvever, contain some specimens from Ste. Genevieve County, Mo., in which the differences of sculpture are less 

marked, though those of configuration apparently remain. The surface of these specimens retains only occasional and obscure traces of 

radiating striae, while more or less lamellose concentric wrinkles and 

strise are plainly visible with a glass. In both this form and that 

from the Caney shale the radiating striae seem to be a little better developed on the dorsal than on the ventral valve.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2077).

Genus PRODUCTELLA Hall.

PRODUCTELLA HIRSUTIFORMIS Walcott. 

Plate II, figures 4, 5, 6.

1884. Productiis Mrsutiformis. Walcott, U. S. Geol. Surv., Mon. 8, p. 133, pi. 2,

fig. 10. 

Upper Devonian: Eureka and White Pine district's, Nevada.

This form was originally described from a black shale horizon in 

the White Pine district, Nevada, and until rather recently it was not 

known to occur at any other place or horizon. The occurrence of
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 25

the same species in Oklahoma in beds of a similar lithologic character 

is, therefore, a matter of some interest. The Caney .representatives 

of P. liirsutiformAs show the characters of the species so well and so 

faithfully that I can not admit much doubt as to the correctness of 

the identification. Comparison has been made with type and other 

material.

Some slight modification can be introduced into Walcott's description so far as to point out in the statement that the width is less 

than the length, that these terms can not be employed in the usual 

sense, for the shell is always transverse. In fact, the width is more 

than usually in excess, the shape being subquadrate and the convexity 

low. The author also states that a few slender curved spines are scattered irregularly over the surface. They are, indeed, few in comparison with Productella hirsuta, the species evidently in his mind, 

but they are'really rather numerous and somewhat regularly distributed over the surface at intervals of 2 to 4 mm. Their size 

is what might be called average, or a little under the average. Perhaps a basal diameter of 0.5 mm. would represent the usual dimensions.

Attention is called in the original description to the fact that the 

spines are not provided with elongate bases, but spring more or less 

directly from the surface, a circumstance by which Productella hirsutiformis is distinguished from P. hirsuta and other similar forms. 

In addition to the spines the surface is crossed only by concentric 

striae and by wrinkles, Avhich are rather fine and in some cases rather 

strong. In others only the delicate concentric striae are seen. Of 

costse or radial markings there is no trace.

P. hirsutiformis is more a Devonian than a Carboniferous type, 

though in P. pyxidata of the Louisiana (" Lithographic ") limestone 

we probably find a related species. It is at all events a type which is 

very rare, perhaps elsewhere unknown, at any horizon so high in the 

Mississippian as this without much question is.

As regards the generic position of P. hirsutiformis, I find that the 

ventral valve has a well-marked, though narrow, cardinal area, with 

transverse striations. On account of the possession of this structure 

it is thought probable that this form belongs to the group of Productella, though it is true that in the best example noted the delthyrium appears to have been open. Other generic characters bearing 

upon this point have not been ascertained. Several ventral valves 

(from Nevada) apear to bear a rather well-marked septum. This 

character does not appear in all the material, but if it really exists 

it is an interesting and anomalous one.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Ardmore quadrangle (station 

3981), Atoka quadrangle (station 2077), Tishomingo quadrangle 

(station 2086).
26 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

Genus PRODUCTUS Sowerby.

PRODUCTUS PILEIFORMIS McChesney. 

Plate II, figure 7.

1860. Productus pileiformis. McChesney, Desc. New Species Pal. Foss., p. 40.

(Date of imprint 1859.) 

Kaskaskia division: Chester, Illinois. 

1863. Productus corarformis. Swallow, St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 2, p. 94.

Archimedes limestone: Cooper County, Missouri. 

1891. Productus pileiformis. Whitfield, New York Acad. Sci., Ann., vol. 5, p.

582, pi. 13, figs. 13, 14. 

Maxville limestone: Ohio. 

1895. Productus 'pileiformis. Whitfield, Geol. Survey Ohio., Kept., vol. 7, p. 470,

pi. 9, figs. 13, 14. (Date of imprint 1893.) 

Maxville limestone: Ohio.

Of this species our Caney collections have thus far furnished but 

a single specimen. It is a small dorsal valve of the usual type. The 

length is 8 mm. and the greatest width about 9 mm, the outline contracting somewhat at the hinge. The costaj are fine, about ten in 

3 mm. There are a few concentric wrinkles, strongest upon the ears.

From the example under consideration it would be difficult to tell 

whether the Caney form resembled more the Mississippian P. pileiformis or the Pennsylvanian P. cora. The name adopted, therefore, 

should have a biologic rather than a stratigraphic significance.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, McAlester quadrangle (station 

2079).

Genus LIORHYNCHUS Hall.

LlORHYNCHTJS AFF. MESICOSTALE Hall.

Plate II, figures 11, 12.

1843. Atrypa mesacostalis. Hall, Geol. Surv. New York, Kept. Fourth Dist,

Tables Organic Remains, No. 67, fig. 1. 

Chemung group: Ithaca, Chemung, etc., New York. 

1860. Leiorhynchus mesacostalis. Hall, New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

Thirteenth Kept., p. 86, fig. 1.

Chemung group: Steuben County and other parts of western New York. 

1867. Leiorhynchus. mesacostalis. Hall. Geol. Surv. New York, Pal., vol. 4,

p. 362, pi. 67, figs. 18-25.

Chemung group: Numerous localities in central New York. 

1887. Rhynchonella mesacostalis. Tschernyschew, Com. geol. [St. Petersburg],

Mem., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 91, pi. 14, figs. 3, 4. 

Devonian: West slope of the Ural Mountains, Russia. 

1893. Liorhynchus mesacostalis. Hall and Clarke, Geol. Surv. New York, Pal.,

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 194, pi. 59, figs. 11, 12. 

Chemung group: Tompkins County, New York.

1896. Leiorhynchus mesacostalis. Kindle, Bull. American Pal., No. 6, p. 37. 

Ithaca group: Ithaca, N. Y.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 27

It is this species or one closely related to it which has been identified in the White Pine shale of Nevada and in the " Spring Creek " 

limestone of Arkansas as Liorhynckus quadricostatum. Hall himself, in fact, pointed out that L. mesicostale, L. quadricostatum, and 

also L. multicosta (=L. laura} tended to run into one species. Without having studied suites of specimens, and basing my remarks upon 

Hall's figures and descriptions, it would seem to me desirable that 

these forms, even though they intergrade and though the limiting 

varieties alone are readily distinguishable, be kept separate in some 

measure. The peculiar feature of L. quadricostatum seems to be that 

the mesial portion of the shell is occupied by four or five large plications, while the sides are covered by numerous much finer ones. In 

L. mesicostale the mesial portion bears four or five large plications, 

but the sides are smooth, while in L. laura the entire surface is covered 

 with coarse plications, of which four or five occupy the fold and

sinus; but in both L. laura and L. quadricostatum a strong tendency 

is manifested for the lateral plications to die out partially or entirely, 

thus grading into L. mesicostale.

It seems to be not the typical but the abnormal or intermediate 

types of L. quadricostatum which the shells from the " Spring 

Creek " and White Pine formations most resemble.

Shells possessing the characters of L. mesicostale and L. laura 

are rather abundant in the Caney shale at several points, but the 

type of L. quadricostatum, \vith fine lateral plications, has not been 

found there as yet. The Caney shale forms appear to intergrade 

with those which I have identified as L. aff. laura.

Liorhyiwhus is generally" characterized by the tenuous nature of 

its rather large shell, and the specimens from the Caney shale have 

suffered a good deal in compression and distortion during fossilization.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

207T).

LlORITYNCHUS AFF. LAURA BillillgS. 

Plate II, figs. 1.3, 14, 15.

1860. Rkynchonella? Laura. Billings, Canadian Jour., vol. 5, p. 273, figs. 26-28.

Hamilton shales: Bosauquet, Canada West."

.1.860. Leiorhynchus multicosta. Hall, New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., Thirteenth Rept., p. 85, figs. 1.4, 15 on p. 94.

Hamilton shales: Numerous localities in 'western New York. 

1863. Rhynchonella? Laura. Billings, Canada Geol. Surv., 1.5th Rept. Prog.,

p. 384, fig. 418. 

Hamilton formation. 

1867. Leiorhynchus multicosta. Hall, Geol. Surv. New York, Pal., vol. 4, p. 358,

pi. 56, figs. 26HtO. 

Hamilton group: At numerous localities to the western limits of the State.
28 FAUNA OP THE CANEY SHALE.

1874. Leiorhynchus Laura. Billings, Canadian Nat., n. ser., vol. 7, p. 240. 

1884. Rhynchonella (Leiorhynchus) Laura. Walcott, U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon.

8, p. 159. 

Upper Devonian: The Gate, northwest of Eureka, Nev.

1886. Rhynchonella multicosta. Tschernyschew, K. Min. Gesell. zu St. Petersburg, Verh., bd. 22, p. 290, pi. 15, figs. 1-3. 

Devonian: Donetz Basin, Russia.

1887. Rhynchonella multicosta. Tschernyschew, Com. geol. [St. Petersburg],

M6m., vol. 3, No. 3, p. 82.

Devonian: Western slope of Ural Mountains, Russia. 

1893. Liorhynchus multicosta. Hall and Clarke, .Geol. Surv. New York, Pal.,

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 194, pi. 59, figs. 8-10. 

Hamilton group: Western New York.

1893. Liorhynchus Laura. Hall and Clarke, idem., p. 194, pi. 59, figs. 13-17. 

Hamilton group: Widder, Ontario.

The shells included under this title are probably not distinguished 

by any sharp line from those referred to L. aff. mesicostale. In the 

latter case only the mesial portion of the shell is plicated, and that 

sometimes only obscurely, while in the present instance the plications 

run onto the sides or even cover the entire surface. If other differences exist, I am unable to name them, as the shape and configuration 

of these fragile shells have been destroyed by the distortion and compression which they have undergone.

Horizon, and locality. Caney shale, Antlers quadrangle (station 

2075), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2085).

:,. Genus SPIRIFER Sowerby.

SPIRIFER sp. 

Plate II, figure 8.

Of this interesting form our collections contain only one specimen;

the figure shows most of the characters which can be determined.

The size is rather large, the hinge line is extended and submucronate, the contour contracting suddenly below. In the ventral valve, 

which is the only one known, the beak is moderately projecting, 

incurved, and the area is probably low. The sinus is well marked, 

broad, and moderately deep. There were probably eight to ten rather 

coarse lateral plications, and the sinus itself appears to have been 

plicated, indications of about two costse being found near the apex. 

Of this, however, one can not be sure from the only specimen 

obtained.

The fine sculpture seems to consist of delicate, more or less regular, 

concentric strise, without traces of any radiating ones.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2077).
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. -29

Genus MARTINIA McCoy.

MARTINIA sp. 

Plate II, figure 9.

The fossils treated under this title come from two localities, but 

they are so crushed and fragmentary that no satisfactory conclusion 

can be reached regarding them.

The most complete material is doubtless that from station 2085. 

The form found at this point is rather small, the largest example 

having a width of about 20 mm. The dorsal valve is broader than 

long, but the ventral is probably as long as or a little longer than 

broad. The hinge is wide, the dorsal valve unusually squarish, the 

ventral subpentagonal. A faint narrow sinus seems to form a constant feature of each valve.

. The surface appears to be smooth or marked only by concentric 

strife of growth. .

The configuration, and especially the structure, of the ventral beak 

indicates that this form, crushed as it is, is a spiriferoid rather than 

an athyroid, and the surface is that of the smooth rather than the 

spinose group of implicated spirifers. The square-shouldered shape 

is that which is familiar in the group of Ambocodia, but the present 

form probably does not belong to that genus.

Similar, and probably congeneric, even probably conspecific, are 

the few fragmentary specimens from station 2089, though their condition is inferior to that of the foregoing and though it is impossible 

to-say anything final regarding them.

The relation of these little-known shells to other American martinias is somewhat uncertain. They resemble M. contmcta more than 

M. robusta, but I should hesitate to identify them with the former or 

say definitely that they were distinct from the latter without more 

abundant and better material than that which I have been able to 

examine.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2089), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2085).

Genus COMPOSITA Brown.

COMPOSITA? Sp. 

Plate II, figure 10.

The fossils included in the present group consist of a single fairly 

perfect specimen from station 2077 and a number of more or less fragmentary ones from station 2090. They attain a rather large size and 

have a generally elongate-oval shape, varying somewhat in the pro-
I "~

i

I 30 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

portion of length to width. There is a IOAV broad sinus and a smooth 

surface. If they really belong to the genus Composita they are different from any species known from the same horizon, but unhappily, 

I have been unable to ascertain either the configuration of the ventral

! beak or the internal structures of the dorsal valve, so that the generic 

relations lean to three very different groups.

So far as one can tell these shells have the general appearance of 

Composita, and they have been tentatively referred to that genus,

! but as the genus Martinia, occurs also in these beds there is a reasonable possibility that they may prove to be martinias. At the same 

time it is probable that they belong to a different species from that 

found at stations 2085 and 2089.

It is possible too that this form belongs to a different genus altogether. The specimen represented by my figure occurs associated with 

Liorhynchus aff. mesicostale, and the smooth and the plicated shells 

have, so far as can be told, the same general shape and configuration. 

Furthermore, L. aff. mesicostale manifests a tendency for even the 

mesial plications to become obsolete, while the figured specimen of 

Composita? sp. shows obscurely what one so disposed might regard 

as traces of obsolete irregular plications, although I do not hold this 

view. There is a possibility, therefore, that the shells under consideration may prove, in part at least, to be an abnormal group of the 

genus Liorhynchus. A fact contradicting such a supposition, however, is that while Liorhynchus is characteristically a thin fragile 

shell and our specimens of L. aff. mesicostale are mostly casts, the 

specimens of Composita ? sp. are testiferous and, though fragmentary, thick and solid.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

207T), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2090).

PELECYPODA.

Genus DELTOPECTEN Etheridge.

1S92. Deltopecien. Etheridge, fil., Geol. Pal. Queensland, p. 269.

3904. Limipecten. Girty, U. S. Nat. Mus., Proc., vol. 27, p. 721.

1906. Deltopecten. Etheridge, jr., Mem. Geol. Surv. New South Wales, Pal. No.

5: Mon. Garb, and Permo-Carb. Inv. New South Wales, Pelecypoda,

vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 22.

In 1904 I introduced the name Limipecten for a type of pelecypod 

structure which was thought to combine the characters of the two 

living genera Lima and Pecten. Though the typical specimens belonged to an undescribed species from Texas, the genus was believed 

to be well represented in the Carboniferous rocks of North America 

and to include among other species the well-known Pehnsylvanian 

form Aviculipecten occidentalis. The chief structural feature of
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 31

Limipecten was the possession of a broad, slanting, or beveled cardinal plate in both valves, centrally depressed into a triangular cartilage pit. Externally the two valves were very unlike, the left being 

strongly convex and marked by prominent radiating ribs, while the 

right was nearly flat, with sculpture almost obsolete and of a different character from that of the opposite valve. The right valve 

also had a deep byssal sinus under the anterior ear.

When Limipecten was described Etheridge's genufe was not known 

to me. Based upon some types from .the Carboniferous of New 

South Wales, Deltopecten seems to have escaped recognition in those 

text-books and general works which furnish one's chief resource for 

ascertaining the diversification of animal types over the earth, so 

that until recent reading in foreign literature brought it to my 

notice I was not aware that such a genus had been described. I am 

Avell satisfied that Limipecten is a distinct type from Aviculipecten, 

but it seems to me that the American shells which I included under 

Limipecten have all the characters of the Australian ones which 

represent Deltopecten. Accordingly, Limipecten must give place to 

Deltopecten in every case.

Whether the form from the Caney shale described beyond is a 

representative of Limipecten (=Deltopecteri) has not yet been completely settled. The characteristic structure is not shown by my 

specimens, but the sculpture and the relative configuration of the 

two valves are those of Deltopecten.

In deciding whether Deltopecten is quite distinct from Aviculipccten the character of typical Aviculipecten must first be determined. My own effort to do this resulted in a memorandum published 

in the'American Geologist (vol. 33, p. 291), which drew forth a 

comment from Mr. Wheelton Hind and a reply to the same from me. 

Eeferring to this short-lived controversy, Mr. E'theridge states that 

it makes little difference which species is regarded as the type of 

Aviculipecten, seeing that McCoy gave a diagram and full description of the genus. The point is perhaps of not prime importance, but 

to me it seems that the determination of the typical species of Aviculipecten is not of so little moment as it appears to Mr. Etheridge, 

for, after all, the genus depends for its validity and its relation to 

other genera not upon the diagram and description, which may 

possibly be misleading or incorrect, but upon the characters of the 

typical species.

°DELTOPECTEN ? CANEYANUS n. sp.

Plate III, figures 1, 2, 3.

Shell of medium size, slightly oblique, inclined backward. Proportion of length to width variable; probably in some specimens the 

two dimensions are almost equal, but in others the length is consid-
32 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

erably in excess of the width. Hinge about half as long as the 

greatest width, which occurs in the lower half of the shell. Ears of 

moderate size, the posterior somewhat the larger. In the left valve 

their outlines are gently concave, the width increasing just below. 

They are defined not only by sinuses in the outline, but by being 

depressed and by having sculpture different from that of the body of 

the shell.

The sculpture1 of the left valve consists of very slender radii separated by flat intervals about three times their own width, but sometimes only twice or even once. The radiating lirse are subequal, 

sometimes slightly alternating, and they increase by implantation. 

About five occur in the space of 5 mm. They are absent upon the 

ears. The surface is also crossed by rather strong, fine, regular, 

concentric lirae, which have a more or 'less cancellating effect with the 

radial ones, though they are much finer. The concentric Iira3 are 

strong upon the ears.

The right valve is like the left in configuration, but is flatter and 

has a deeper sinus under the anterior ear. The surface is nearly 

smooth, but fine radii, though obsolete over the upper portion of the 

shell, are developed toward the front and sides. They are' rather 

broad and are separated by narrow striae, the reverse of the other 

valve.

The literature has been gone over pretty carefully in an effort to 

find a species with which this can be identified, but to no purpose. 

The fine equal radii are one of the features distinguishing this form 

from most of those which have been described, and their absence from 

the wings also serves to characterize it.

I have little doubt that Deltopecten? caneyanus belongs to the 

group for which I propose the name Limipecten. At least it has all 

the superficial characters. Limipecten I now believe to be identical 

with the Australian genus Deltopecten, which was described a long 

.time back, but appears generally to have failed of acceptance, and 

even to have been frequently omitted from general works. It was 

consequently overlooked when I was engaged upon Limipecten.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2077), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2085).

Genus CANEYELLA n. gen.

The shells included under this title are. abundant in and characteristic of the Caney fauna. Although the extremes must appear rather 

Avidely separated, they possess such characters in common and exhibit such tendency to intergrade as to indicate pretty clearly that all 

are manifestations of but a single generic type.

The general expression is aviculoid. The two valves apparently 

are alike in configuration and sculpture. The axis is oblique, much
.DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 33

more oblique in some species than in others, however. Also great 

variability is exhibited in the proportions of length and width, some 

types being very elongate and others relatively transverse. The 

beaks are strongly anterior, but never quite terminal. The posterior 

portion is alate, but the hinge is not extended. The portion anterior 

to the beaks is sometimes like a narrow band, sometimes more extended and nasute, but always so arched and emarginate as to leave 

between the two valves a large and very conspicuous byssal opening. 

The shell is thin and fragile, probably somewhat thickened along the 

hinge line, but so far as I have observed the hinge is edentulous. 

The muscular imprints have not been observed. .

In point of sculpture also great variation is shown. All the species 

known are concentrically corrugated, but in some the folds are a. less 

conspicuous feature than in others. One group is also marked by 

radial costae, which are either few and coarse or numerous and fine.

They are developed particularly along the mesial portion of the 

shell, and through manifesting a decided tendency to become evanescent, even in the species where they are best developed, they frequently occur along the center, while the sides are without them. 

The costse, however, are not substituted for the concentric undulations, but rather are an additional development, corrugations more 

or less strong traversing even the costate species.

So varied is the first impression produced by different species 'of 

this group that rather widely different genera are suggested by them, 

a number of which have been tentatively considered in the hope of 

locating these Caney forms without creating either an anomaly or 

a new genus.

I suspect that to the same genus belong several species from the 

Batesville sandstone which Weller has assigned to Pteronites. The 

configuration of the anterior auricle of the Caney forms is quite unlike that of Pteronites, and it is somewhat doubtful whether the latter was gaping in front, in shape of a large byssal aperture. The 

hinge line of Caneyella is not extended behind, as in Pteronites, 

while the latter genus is not marked by concentric undulations and 

especially by radial costae. In point of fact the only Caney shale 

species which does not differ widely in appearance from typical 

Pteronites is C. nasuta, which is the form that rather suggests to me 

Weller's Pteronites.

Hall appears to have included under Lunulicardium two rather 

distinct types of shells, one of which, if not generically the same as 

Caneyella, at least presents some points of strong resemblance. It 

is this group which J. M. Clarke has recently removed from Lunulicardium and referred, provisionally, be it said, to Posidonia.a The

a New York State Mus., Memoir No. 6, Naples fauna, pt. 2, 1903, pp. 264 et seq. 

71796 Bull. 377 09 3
34 FAUNA OP THE CANEY SHALE.

Devonian species differ from those of the Caney shale, in some cases, 

in the more auriculate character of the anterior projection as well as 

in the more central position of the beaks. One of the characters 

upon which Posidoniella was discriminated from Posidonia is the 

nearly terminal, instead of subcentral, position of the umbones, and 

in this particular the Caney shells much more strongly suggest 

Posidoniella than either typical Posidonomya or our aforementioned 

Devonian posidonias. In fact, one group of them, especially Caneyella wapanuckensis, has in some ways so much the general expression 

of Posidoniella that I have for some time had the shells under consideration assigned to that genus. Even C. wapanuckensis possesses 

one feature the large bj^ssal aperture which is wanting in Posidoniella, while caneyellas of the costate group are quite anomalous 

for De Koninck's genus. I can not, therefore, upon second consideration regard it as appropriate to refer the Caney shells to Posidoniella. 

If the noncostate, concentrically corrugated forms resemble Posidonia, Posidonomya, etc., the forms at the other end of the series, represented by C. percostata, C. richardsoni, and C. nasuta, suggest quite 

different generic relations. Actinopteria and Pterinopecten have suggested themselves to me. Pterinopecten can be immediately dismissed, because of the very unequal configuration, convexity, and 

sculpture of the two valves. Actinopteria also is said to be inequivalve, and it shows some other features with which the present 

species are incongruous. I refer to the lobelike character of the anterior auricle and to the acuminate prolongation of the posterior 

wing, a difference which may be trivial but which I believe is not 

without its significance. Then, too, the two nonplicated species of the 

present group would appear as much out of place in Actinopteria as 

the two plicated ones would in Posidoniella.

Caneyella richardsoni is selected as the type of the genus. 

CANEYELLA WAPANUCKENSIS n. sp. 

Plate III, figures 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.

Shell small, usually under 10 mm. in length, generally ovate, nearly 

or quite equivalve. Proportions of length and width rather variable, 

some specimens being relatively narrow and others broad. Beaks 

nearly terminal. Umbonal/ridge directed to the hinge line at an 

angle somewhat varyingly acute; situated close to the anterior border ; narrow and high at first, low and broader below. Cardinal line 

short and straight, merging into the posterior outline, which is frequently strongly bowed above. Posterior outline, convex, sharply 

curved below, and merging with the anterior outline, which is nearly 

straight. It is seldom possible to get a true outline of specimens
DESCEIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 35

near the beak, but the anterior rim seems to be gently emarginate 

above and the shell somewhat elevated, forming a rather elongate 

opening between the two valves and just below the beak. The convexity is moderate to high, falling away abruptly on the narrow 

anterior side and somewhat more gently in the other direction, often 

showing a more or less flattened band along the posterior margin.

The surface is nearly smooth, marked only by a varying number 

of low concentric undulations.

The most closely similar species of those known to me are Posidonomya fracta and P. fragosa. The species from the White Pine shale 

of Nevada, however, is pretty regularly marked by more or less faint 

radiating costse, a feature which at once distinguishes it from the 

present form, unless, indeed, the latter be supposed to be founded 

upon an immature stage, an hypothesis which its small size in a 

measure sanctions. More striking, however, is the resemblance with

the " Coal Measures " form which Meek described from Ohio as P. 

fracta, especially with the smaller, more elongate specimen represented by his figures, which he designates as the type. Perhaps the 

.most notable difference that can be adduced from his figures is the 

strong undulations of the Ohio form. In view of this difference, of 

the larger size, of the wide geographic separation, and of the different fauna! asociations, it seems hardly advisable to refer the 

present form to Meek's species, especially without comparison with 

authentic or charateristic specimens.

Caneyella wapanuckensis is extremely common at several localities in the Caney shale, and everywhere maintains its small size. In 

spite of numbers it is very difficult to secure good specimens, owing, 

doubtless, to its fragile constitution. In the soft shales these shells are 

macerated, compressed, and distorted so as to become almost hopeless 

for scientific study. In the calcareous concretions they are often 

broken, and even the more perfect ones are somewhat incomplete 

about the edges.

Horizon and locality. Caney .shale, Tuskahoma quadrangle (station 2057), Antlers quadrangle (stations 2075, 3948), Atoka quadrangle (station 2082), McAlester quadrangle (stations 2078, 2079), 

Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2091).

CANEYELLA VAUGHANI n. sp. 

Plate IV, figures 7, 8, 9, 10.

While fairly common in the Caney shale, this species is far from 

being as abundant as C. wapanuckensis, and it is, furthermore, extremely difficult to secure anything but imperfect specimens.
36 FAUNA OP THE CANEY SHALE.

G. vaughani is much larger than any of the other Caneyellas, certainly attaining a length of 25 mm. and probably in some cases of 

over 50 mm. It is a rather broad form,, strongly oblique, and marked 

by relatively strong concentric undulations. The hinge line is shorter 

than the width below. The posterior wing is rather broad, the 

oblique lateral outline making an obtuse angle with the hinge. On 

the anterior side the hinge line is much shorter, the margin rounding 

in strongly and leaving the beak more nearly terminal. In some 

specimens at least a small area just below the hinge line is elevated 

or vaulted, causing an opening to be left between the two valves and 

producing a slight emargination in the outline.

The foregoing description is based upon one or two specimens, or 

rather upon parts of one or two specimens, -but will probably be 

found in the main true of the whole.

The mature condition appears to be quite distinct from G. wapanuckensis, but small specimens are much more similar. The greater 

breadth of the present form and the stronger and more regular undulations afford more or less available means of distinguishing even 

quite young individuals. Nevertheless, as many specimens are imperfect, it is often not possible to reach a satisfactory conclusion 

with regard to their specific relations.

Associated with typical G. vaughani is a small, narrow variety, the 

proper disposition of which has given me some concern. In some 

specimens the concentric undulations are fairly strong, but in others 

they are faint. Though many of these examples are considerably 

larger than what I regard as typical G. wapanuckensis, the smaller 

ones, especially those which are nearly smooth, draw very close to 

if they do not merge with that species. I do not'at present regard 

G. wapanuckensis, however, as merely composed of young examples 

of 0. vaughani or as representing only an unimportant variety.

Certain small, presumably young, specimens instead of showing 

concentric rounded undulations are more sharply though not more 

deeply plicate, and have the angular ridges as if somewhat lamellose. 

This may prove a specific or varietal feature, but at present I prefer 

to regard it merely as subordinate, due partly to immaturity, and to 

include the shells themselves under G. vaughani, which they resemble, it is clear, much more than C. wapanuckensis.

This species is named after Mr. T. Wayland Vaughan, who brought 

in the first specimens which I had the opportunity of studying.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, McAlester quadrangle (station 2078), Stonewall quadrangle (station 2080), Tishomingo quadrangle (stations 2083, 2084, 2087?, 5113?).
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 37

CANEYELLA NASUTA n. sp. 

Plate III, figures 12, 12u, 13, 14.

Shell rather small, very oblique, with a well-marked anterior lobe. 

Beak fairly prominent, about one-third the hinge length back from 

the anterior extremity. Hinge line somewhat shorter than the maximum width. The posterior outline meets the hinge at a strongly 

obtuse angle, probably merging with it, and after extending strongly 

backward in a nearly straight line it bends around in a sweeping 

curve and is more or less rectilinear up to its junction with the 

cardinal line in front. The anterior extremity is slightly rounded. 

The umbonal ridge is rather prominent, emphasized on its anterior 

side by a strong sinus, which meets the anterior outline a little in 

 front of its median point, causing a slight deflection. The shell 

rises again, however, into the anterior lobe, which is convex, leaving, 

with the cognate valve, a rather large opening for the byssus.

Surface marked by rather fine, indistinct, regular, concentric undulations and by larger ones at somewhat distant intervals. There 

are also rather fine radiating costse, more extensively developed upon 

some examples than upon others. They occur chiefly down the mesial 

portion of the shell.

In one respect Caneyella, nasuta is a rather aberrant member of the 

interesting group of forms for which this genus has been established 

that is, in the prolonged, nasute character of the anterior auricle, a 

feature in which it strongly contrasts with C. wapanuclcensis and 

G. richardsoni, though in some measure approached by C. vaughani. 

Aside from this, however, the affinities of the present species seem to 

lie distinctly on the side of C. richardsoni.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tuskahoma quadrangle (station 2047), Antlers quadrangle (station 3983).

 CANEYELLA PERCOSTATA n. sp. 

Plate IV, figures 2, 2a, 3, 4, 5, 6.

Shell of medium size, obliquely subovate, varying in relative 

breadth in different specimens. Beak nearly terminal, anterior projection narrow and arched, so that the two valves leave between them 

an elongate byssal aperture. Cardinal line rather long, merging 

with the posterior outline. Anterior outline in general rather 

straight above, more strongly curved below, joining the posterior 

outline without break across the strongly rounded base. Anteriorsuperior angle acute and sharp. Posterior-superior angle obtuse and 

rounded.

Surface marked by a few coarse, often sharply angular ribs, which 

obliquely cross the mesial portion of the shell from the umbo to the 

base. There are in addition concentric undulations, often moderately
38 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

strong and regular, especially over the upper or umbonal portion; 

sometimes fainter and more irregular.

In its general plan this species may be compared with Posidonomya 

fragosa from the White Pine shale of Nevada, but the figured 

specimens show numerous differences from, that species. G. percostata has a longer hinge line and a broader shape. The ribs are 

fewer, coarser, stronger, and more angular. Although this is true 

of the specimens selected for illustration, the shells vary so greatly 

in themselves and in many cases are so imperfect that these differences are at times much less marked.

G. percostata is also related in a general way to 0. richardsoni. 

The shape does not greatly differ; the chief distinction rests in the 

plications, those of the present species being much coarser and less 

numerous. Nevertheless, both forms vary freely. As elsewhere remarked C. richardsoni manifests a distinct tendency to obsolescence 

of the lateral ribs. A specimen of that species with the ribs more 

than usually coarse and restricted to the mesial portion would 

approach very closely to a specimen of the present .species in which 

the plications were more than usually fine. Both cases are found in 

the specimens examined; and as, owing to their imperfect condition, 

it is impossible to take all characters into account, it happens that in 

given instances one can not refer an aberrant example with any 

confidence to one species rather than another. For my own part I 

have been somewhat guided by the character of the dominant form 

when, as proved usually to be the case, only one species was present 

in its typical expression.

Horizon and locality, Caney shale, McAlester quadrangle (station 

2078), Atoka quadrangle (station 2082?), Tishomingo quadrangle 

(station 2084).

CANEYELLA RICHARDSONI n. sp.

Plate IV, figures 1, la.

Shell of medium size, strongly oblique and transverse. Umbones 

prominent. Hinge line long, somewhat shorter than the width. Posterior outline nearly straight above, meeting the hinge at an obtuse 

angle, becoming more and more strongly bowed below until it assumes 

an upward direction, when it again becomes nearly straight; slightly 

sinuous toward the hinge in connection with the byssal sinus.

Surface marked by numerous rather fine ribs, which divide, and 

thus tend to form groups of two or three. Ribs more or less finer 

and fainter toward the sides and tending to become obsolete all over, 

so that occasionally a small specimen shows only a few obscure ones 

over the mesial portion; frequently quite flexuous. There are also 

numerous concentric striae of varying strength, less marked than the 

costae, with which they produce a somewhat cancellated effect.
DESCRIPTIONS OP SPECIES. 39

In being provided with costae this species shows its relationship 

to C. percostata, but is distinguished by the fact that the ribs are 

finer and more numerous. C. richardsoni belongs also to the group of 

which the form described by Meek as Posidonomya fragosa is an 

example, and some specimens in which the costse are nearly obsolete, 

except for a few down the middle, suggest the western form quite 

strongly. The typical variety, however, can hardly be confused, and 

even shells with obsolete costae differ in shape rather widely from 

Posidonomya fragosa.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, McAlester quadrangle (station 2078), Stonewall quadrangle (station 2081), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2083).-

Genus PARALLELODON Meek. 

PARALLELODON MULTILIRATUS n. sp.

Plate III, figures 4, 4a, 5.

Shell of medium size, transverse. Posterior extremity truncate in 

the usual manner. Inferior outline rather strongly convex, curving 

upward somewhat suddenly in front and apparently somewhat retracted as it meets the hinge line. Beak moderately prominent and 

situated a short distance back from the anterior margin. Umbonal 

ridge well up toward the hinge line.

Surface marked by very fine radiating lira?, which are coarsest near 

the cardinal line on the posterior side and gradually become finer and 

fainter toward the front until most of the umbonal region and all the 

anterior half of the shell appear to be smooth. There are in addition 

very fine, faint, concentric lirse.

In the fineness of its radii this species seems to stand alone among 

the American representatives of the genus, and I find it hardly necessary to point out other differences between the present species and 

such others as are sufficiently known to allow of careful comparison. 

Some undescribed forms from the Chester have equally fine radii and 

may prove to -be the same, though they are more highly convex.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2089), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2085).

Genus CONOCARDIUM Bronn.

CONOCARDIUM Sp.

Aside from the peculiar shells for which the genus Caneyella has 

been established, but few species of pelecypods are accounted for in 

this report. A number of types are in fact contained in our collection, but they are too imperfectly known even to appear in the body 

of this account of the Caney fauna as indeterminata. Although 

represented by but two individuals, and rather fragmentary ones, the
40 FAUNA OP THE CANEY SHALE.

present form is of sufficient interest, and can be described in sufficient detail, to merit separate recognition.

The shape was triangular, the truncated tubular anterior portion 

being missing. The anterior and cardinal margins are nearly straight 

and of nearly equal length, about 13 mm. in one specimen. The inferior-posterior margin is gently convex, and in the same specimen 

about 20 mm. long. The inferior-anterior and the superior-posterior 

angles, therefore, are acute, and the anterior-superior angle is obtuse.

The surface is marked by a considerable number of fine, sharp lira?, 

separated by rounded striae considerably wider than -the lirse. Frequently smaller lirae arise by intercalation between the larger ones. 

There are about twelve of the large lirse in a'distance of 5 mm., and 

from two or three to eight or nine small ones additional. The latter, 

however, may have attained such a size that they are not conspicuously alternating.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station

2077). 

PTEROPODA.

Genus IDIOTHECA n. gen.

Shell rather small, short-conical, oblique, laterally compressed. Anterior end (if that nearest to the apex may be provisionally thus designated) narrower than the posterior, and marked by a sinus or groove. 

Posterior end strongly rounded. Sculpture consisting of transverse 

wrinkles, which are strongest across the anterior end and almost obsolete across the posterior, where also they are deflected downward.

Shell substance phosphatic or chitinous (?).

I am quite at a loss regarding the affinities of this interesting form. 

After canvassing several different groups it seems to me probable 

that it belongs to the Coimlariidee, the shell substance, so far as preserved, suggesting Conularia itself. It may possibly be an aptychus 

of one of the Goniatites, which occur so abundantly at a little higher 

horizon, or it may be a gasteropod related to the much older genus 

Stenotheca. That it is a laterally compressed discinoid I regard as 

a hardly possible hypothesis.

IDIOTHECA KUGOSA n. sp. 

Plate V, figures 6, 6a, 6b, 6c.

Shell rather small, rapidly expanding, obliquely conical, strongly 

compressed. Height about three-fourths of the greatest length. Apex 

about three times as far from one edge as from the other. For convenience the end nearest the apex may be called the anterior, although it 

is. at present not possible to homologize the parts with any known 

shell. The width of the aperture is much less than the length, but 

it is difficult to express the ratio numerically, since the shape is irreg-
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 41

ular, the anterior end being narrower than the posterior. There is 

besides an impressed zone or sinus traversing each side from the apex 

to the aperture a little posterior to the middle. The posterior end is 

broadly rounded. The narrower anterior end appears to be concave, 

the concave portions joining the sides in acutely angular edges. . The surface is marked by fine transverse corrugations, which are 

strong over the anterior half of the shell and increasingly faint 

toward the posterior, where they are almost or quite obsolete. Their 

direction is not strictly transverse, as they bend rather strongly 

doAvnward just before dying out near the posterior portion. This 

area, which, as already remarked, shows almost no trace of transverse 

wrinkles, is obscurely marked by very fine longitudinal striae.

The anterior edge of the specimen is unfortunately not very perfect. The structure appears to be as described above, but this configuration may be due to accidental causes and to lateral compression, which upon this hypothesis would have more or less greatly 

diminished the width in proportion to the length and have crushed 

and dislocated the anterior end. While, therefore, it is possible that, 

the section may have been more nearly circular and the anterior end 

rounded instead of reentrant, I am inclined to doubt this, the shape 

at present being quite, symmetrical and showing no signs of compression over the posterior end, which must have been affected only 

less strongly than the front. ,

The only specimen found is covered in part with a dark chitinous (?) or carbonaceous (?) layer, the remainder being white and 

polished, as if phosphatic. While there may have been whitish phosphatic matter forming a part of the shell, the appearance noted is 

probably due to the specimen's being almost an internal mold in a 

very siliceous rock, essentially a chert.

Horizon and locality. Woodford chert (?), Atoka quadrangle 

(station 5114).

SCAPI-IOPODA.

Genus L^VIDENTALIUM Cossmann.

L/imnENTALiuM VENUSTUM Meek and Worthen.

Plate'V, figures 5, 5a.

1861. Dentall'itm venustum. Meek and Worthen, Acacl. Nat. Sci. Phila., Proc.,

p. 145. . 

St. Louis limestone: Waterloo, Monroe County, 111.

1866. Dentdlium venustum. Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. Illinois, Kept,

vol. 2, p. 284, pi. 19, fig. 8.

St. Louis group: Waterloo, Monroe County, 111. 

1903. Plagioglypta venusta. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper, No. 16, p. 453.

The species subsumed under this title comprises straight, slender, 

very gradually expanding, subcylindrical shells having a circular sec-
42 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

tion. The surface is without sculpture, the best preserved showing 

only almost imperceptible growth lines. A characteristic specimen 

has a length of 14 mm., with a diameter at the larger end of a little 

more than 1| mm., and at the smaller of 1 mm. Other specimens are 

about the same.

I am uncertain as to the real affinities of this form, but the probabilities seem to be much more favorable to placing it with the Dentaliidse than with any other group. I have considered the genera 

Styliola and Coleolus, but rejected them because of the much more 

rapid taper which is found in the most typical species of those groups. 

.While some of the individuals at first provisionally included here 

proved upon closer inspection to be septate, and so to belong to Orthoceras or Bactrites, it seems almost certain that others are not so. The 

figured specimen shows traces of neither septa nor siphuncle, and it 

is almost too long to be the chamber of habitation of a small orthoceratite. Some of the other shorter fragments may really be of this 

nature; I know of no way of determining. These forms are almost 

too large and too straight to be the spines of some other organism, 

such as Productus, and that possibility has been dismissed.

The same or a closely related species occurs in the Spergen limestone fauna, where it has been described as Dentalium venustum. 

Most of our specimens from that fauna are larger, and some are more 

rap'idly tapering. One in size and shape is almost a duplicate of 

that from the Caney shale selected for illustration. The latter in 

many respects is similar to L. il],inoisense, but is much smaller and 

less rapidly expanding.

In discussing our Carboniferous Dentaliidse in 1903 I referred this 

species and D. illinoisense to the genus Plagioglypta. Plagioglypta 

is distinguished by being marked with obliquely transverse strise,

while these two species are almost absolutely smooth. It seems rather 

better, therefore, to place them under Lcevidentalium, although 

Lcevidentalium consists typically of curved shells, while these are 

straight.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Antlers quadrangle (station 

3948),Tishomingo quadrangle (stations 2083, 2091).

GASTEROPODA.

Genus PLEUROTOMARIA Defrance.

PLEUROTOMARIA ? sp.

Plate V, figure 4.

Our collection includes but a single specimen of this form, one so 

imperfect, .withal, that only a partial description can be given of it.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 43

The size is rather small and the shape elongate. Height about 6 

mm., diameter of lower volution about 3 mm. Number of volutions 

six. The volutions are angular, the most prominent portion lying 

about two-thirds (or a little more) of the entire height of the whorl 

down from the suture. The sides are flattened, the sutures depressed, 

the lower portion of one volution projecting strongly from the upper 

portion of the next.. The lateral surfaces are marked by three large 

but not strongly elevated spiral costse. One of these constitutes the 

angular peripheral portion of the volution; another is found just 

before the shell rounds down beneath its contact with the preceding 

volution in a depressed suture; the third is intermediate. If other 

sculpture was present it has been lost.

This form represents a type of shell which has more often been 

referred to Murchisonia than to Pleurotomaria, and the most closely 

similar species seem to be Murchisonia archimedea and M. nebraskensis, though it is clearly not identical with either of them.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2082).

Genus NATICOPSIS McCoy.

NATICOPSIS sp. 

Plate V, figure 3.

All that is known of this, species is the little shell represented by 

the figure. It has been impossible to free this specimen, which is 

very small and embedded in a closely adhering limestone, and the only 

portion known is the upper surface. The form comprises about three 

volutions, and has a diameter of 1 mm. or a little -less. The spire is 

very low, scarcely projecting above the general level of the final volution.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2082).

. Genus MACROCHEILUS Phillips.

MACROCHEILUS ? MICULA n. sp. 

Plate V, figure 2.

Shell very small, conical, rapidly expanding, consisting of four 

volutions. Height about 1 mm., greatest diameter a - little less. 

Whorls moderately rounded, sutures depressed.

Only one specimen of this diminutive species has come to hand, 

but it is in rather complete condition. The generic assignment to 

Macrocheilus is doubtful, though probably it belongs with the Pyramidellidse.
44 FAUKA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

MJ micula resembles some of the Carboniferous shells which have 

been referred to the genus Holopea. H. proutana is a similar though 

more slender form. 'Loxonema oligospira of the Kinderhook likewise resembles it, and also L. shumardianum. Among species referred to other genera which have the same general aspect may be 

mentioned Soleniscus blairi and Sphcerodoma subcorpulenta. In 

addition to other differences which can in some cases be pointed out, 

MJ micula is very much smaller than any of the species mentioned, 

and occurs in a very different faunal association.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2091).

MACROCHEILUS ? sp.

Our collections contain two other specimens of the same general 

type as the foregoing and probably congeneric with it, but not belonging to the same species. They also are remarkable for little but their 

small size, and are distinguished from M. ? micula. chiefly by having a 

somewhat higher spire and a more acute apical angle. They are too 

imperfect to be described as new, and I am in some doubt as to whether 

both belong to the same species.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2082), McAlester. quadrangle (station 2079).

CEPHALOPODA.

Genus ORTHOCERAS Breyn. 

ORTHOCERAS WAPANTJCKENSE n. sp. 

 ' Plate VI, figures 11, 12.

Shell rather small, long, and very gradually tapering. The type 

specimen has a length of 52 mm., with a diameter above of 5-£ mm. 

and below of 4 mm. The section is circular and the siphuncle central. 

The septa are moderately far apart, the interseptal distance at any 

point being to the diameter about as 1 to 1-J, varying almost to the 

ratio of 1 to 2 in young specimens. The largest specimen observed has 

a diameter of 12 mm.

The surface is apparently entirely smooth.

This species rather closely resembles Bactritesf smitManus in general appearance, but is at once distinguished by the central position of 

the siphuncle. The septa are also somewhat more closely'arranged, 

although as both species vary somewhat in this particular there is but 

little difference between the longest extreme of one and the shortest 

extreme of the other. At station 2082, where the two species occur in
i DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 45

nearly equal abundance and where B.f smithianus occurs with unusually distant septa, the difference is more marked than when specimens 

from different localities are compared. The resemblance is much 

closer with Orthoceras caneyanum, to Avhich reference is made elsewhere. As a rule, specimens from station 2082, Avhere 0. wapanuckense occurs most abundantly, appear to be smooth. In one instance, 

however, there are shown somewhat wavy cross striae, like those of 

Bactritesf smithianus. This, however, is seen upon some of the inmost shell layers, the superficial ones, or what appear such, being 

smooth.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2082), McAlester quadrangle (station 2079?), Antlers quadrangle 

(stations 3948?, 3983?).

ORTHOCERAS CANEYANUM n, sp.

Plate VI, figures 7, 8.

This species closely resembles 0. wapanuckense, but has been differentiated because the septa are distinctly more closely arranged. 

The shell is slender and very gradually tapering. The siphuncle is 

subcentral. The diameter is twice, instead of one and one-half times, 

the interseptal distance. The surface appears to be smooth, without 

sculpture of any kind, though one example has a few strong, irregular, 

incremental lines encircling the living chamber. The largest specimen referred here with certainty has a diameter of 12 mm.

Many of the specimens placed in this species are internal molds and 

fail to exhibit any of the sculptural characters. Some, however, 

show areas which are either quite intact or but slightly exfoliated, 

and which, if transverse striae like those of 0. crebriliratum and' 0. 

choctawense were present, could hardly fail to retain traces of them. 

A few larger fragments which do not show the septa or siphuncle 

have wavy transverse striae, such as have already been noted in 

the case of 0. wapanuckense and Bactritesf smithianus. These fine 

wavy striae seem to be upon the interior of the shell, the exterior being smooth, and they are different from and coarser than the rigid 

striae which occur in 0. crebriliratum and 0.'choctawense. They appear not to be found upon all molds or exfoliated specimens of this 

and the other species where they occur, being more often noted 

upon the larger specimens, especially the living chamber. They are 

not; however, entirely restricted in this way.

0. caneyanum resembles 0. okawense and 0. epigrus, but both 

species have the septa more closely arranged, while the latter is said 

to have faint longitudinal striae.
46 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Antlers quadrangle (stations 

2075, 3984?), McAlester quadrangle (stations 2078, 2079), Stonewall 

quadrangle (station 2080).

ORTHOCERAS CREBRILIRATUM n. sp. 

Plate VI, figures 9, 9a, 10.

Shell rather small, very gradually expanding. Section circular, 

siphuncle subcentral. Septa rather closely arranged, about two and 

one-half chambers to a diameter.

Sculpture consisting of very fine, regular, transverse striae, separated by slender, rigid, annular lira?, about nine in 1 mm.

The largest specimen referred to this species has a diameter of 

15 mm.

0. crebriliratum resembles 0. caneyanum in a general way, but is 

distinguished by its fine transverse striae, the surface of 0. caneyanum 

being smooth. Its relation to 0. clwctawense is still more intimate. 

It is distinguished by its finer sculpture, less rapidly expanding shape, 

and somewhat higher chambers. I am not sure that the latter differences will always prove to be constant and well marked, but the 

difference in sculpture seems to be sufficiently great to afford an available distinction in most cases.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tishomingo quadrangle (stations 2083, 2091), Antlers quadrangle (station 2075?), McAlester 

quadrangle (station 2078).

ORTHOCERAS CHOCTAWENSE n. sp. 

Plate VI, figures 14, I4a, 14b.

Shell small, rather rapidly expanding. Section circular, position 

of Siphuncle unknown. Septa closely arranged, about three chambers 

to a diameter.

Surface marked by fine, rounded, annular striae separated by much 

narrower angular lirse, the direction being almost strictly transverse. 

There are 16 lirse in 5 mm.

The dimensions of the type are, length 14 mm., diameter below 

2 mm., diameter above 4 mm. or a little less. A fragment of another 

specimen associated with the foregoing, and probably belonging to 

the same species, indicates a considerably larger size, as much as 7 mm. 

in diameter.

This species is based upon the single specimen shown by the figures. 

In the arrangement of its septa, and to a certain extent in the sculpture, it resembles 0. crebriliratum. The annular striae are considerably coarser and the shell is more rapidly expanding.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2091), McAlester quadrangle (station 2079?).
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 47

ORTHOCERAS INDIANUM n. sp.

«

Plate VI, figures 13, 13a.

Shell small, straight, circular in section, gradually expanding. 

Siphimcle central. Suture straight, transverse. Chambers rather 

low, about two in one diameter.

Surface marked by rather low, flat-topped annulations, separated 

by grooves or strise about as wide as or a little wider than the ridges 

which they divide. About five annulations and five striae occur in the 

space of 2 mm.

The dimensions of the type are, length 13 mm., diameter above 

4 mm., diameter below 3 mm.

This species is most closely similar to Orthoceras choctawense, but 

shows several noteworthy differences. The shell is perhaps less rapidly expanding, the chambers are higher, and the sculpture, though of

like general character, presents the following variation. The annulations are somewhat coarser, and instead of being angular and much 

narrower than the strise they are flat and nearly as broad as the intervals which separate them.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, McAlester quadrangle (station 

2078).

ORTHOCERAS sp.

Of this species our collection contains only one specimen, which 

agrees very closely with 0. crebriliratum in-all points save the height 

of the chambers, which is only a little less than the diameter, the 

diameter being about one and one-fourth the interseptal distance. 

The surface is marked by fine, regular lirse, separated by broader, 

rounded striae, just as in 0. crebriliratum. The diameter of the 

present subcylindrical specimen is 7 mm.

In the arrangement of the septa this species can be compared with 

0. wapanuckense, b.ut the latter species seems to have a smooth external surface, whereas the present one has a transversely striated 

sculpture. The fine rigid stria} which cross the outer surface of the 

form under consideration should not of course be confused with the 

still finer wavy markings which appear only upon the inner layers 

of 0. wapanucJcense.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tuskahoma quadrangle (station 2057).

Genus CYCLOCERAS McCoy.

CYCLOCERAS BALLIANTJM n. sp. 

Plate VI, figures 15, 15a.

This species forms straight, rather gradually expanding, strongly 

annulated, conical shells, which have a circular cross section and an 

eccentric siphuncle. The latter is not marginal, but situated about
48 FAUNA OP THE CANEY SHALE.

one-half of a radius from the margin. The annulations occur about 

three in a diameter, and they are more angular and projecting upon 

the shell itself than upon the internal mold. There is some evidence 

for believing that they are not straight, but have a sinus or lobe in 

the vicinity of the siphuncle. The septa appear to be disposed with 

,relation to the annulations and to alternate with them, so that an 

annulation occurs about the middle of each chamber, or, in other 

words, the suture occurs about midway between two annulations.

This species is related to Cycloceras randolphense, but is distinguished by having the annulations. farther apart. In the present 

form, besides, the section appears to be circular instead.of elliptical.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2083).

Genus ACTINOCERAS Bronn.

ACTINOCEEAS VAUGHANIANUM II. Sp.

Plates VII, VIII, IX.

Of this fine species our collection contains fragments of six individuals. The shape is straight, conical, rather gradually enlarging. 

The size is very large. The largest fragment has a diameter at the 

larger end of 118 mm. and is 99 mm. across at the smaller, the length 

of the fragment being about 175 mm. Judging from the slow expansion of this and other specimens the complete length must have 

been very unusual, and as the fragment above noted is in the septate 

portion the chamber of habitation must have had a still greater diameter. The siphuncle appears to be central or subcentral in position. It is of large size and in the interseptal spaces enlarges into 

ellipsoidal expansions marked by longitudinal cracks or striae, SO 

that the whole resembles a string of large beads. The septa are 

rather close together, the chambers varying somewhat from six in a 

diameter to a little less. The septa have the appearance of being 

double.

The suture appears to have been straight in some specimens, but in 

others, possibly owing to unequal erosion, slightly sinuous. Whether 

there were persistent or appreciable lobes or sinuses is a little doubtful, though possibly such existed.

 In so large a species the shell naturally attained a considerable 

thickness. The external surface, so far as can be determined, was 

smooth.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Stonewall quadrangle (station 2080); Tishomingo quadrangle (near Tishomingo) ; Atoka 

quadrangle (station 2082 ?); McAlester quadrangle (float).
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 49

Genus CYRTORIZOCERAS Hyatt.

CYKTORIZOCERAS ? HYATTIANUM n. sp.

Plate X.

This species consists of rather rapidly expanding conical shells, 

which are moderately bent in the lower portion and somewhat 

straighter above. The section is distinctly though not strongly elliptical, the shorter axis being naturally in the plane of curvature. The 

character and position of the siphuncle are not shown in the single 

specimen examined. The septa are rather close together, about 6 

mm. apart, the distance between them varying somewhat in the different chambers in proportion to their distance from the apex, and in 

the same chamber according to the position of the point of measurement, the height being greater on the convex (ventral?) than on the 

concave (dorsal?) side. The suture is rather strongly sinuousThere is a distinct ventral saddle, opposite to which is a broad, shalIOAV, somewhat rectilinear dorsal, lobe. Between them, upon each 

side, lie a narrow lateral lobe and saddle. The suture is roughly 

divided into four equal parts by these flexures a dorsal portion with 

a lobe, a ventral portion with a saddle, and two lateral portions each 

with a lobe and a saddle. The chamber of habitation is of moderate 

length for the size of the shell, if our specimen is perfect above. The 

length of the fragment is 54 mm., the chamber of habitation about 

26 mm. The greatest diameter of the large end is 53 mm., the least 

diameter 49 mm. Of the smaller end the greatest diameter is 21 mm. 

and the least diameter about 18 mm.

The .sculpture consists of rather regular, fine, annular striae, which 

clearly do not pursue a straight course about the cone. Their flexures can not be made out from the single specimen at hand, but they 

are more or less independent of the suture line. In addition to the striae 

there are rather numerous regularly distributed, small, round pustules, 

such as appear upon the surface of many Orthoceras-like, shells.

The correct generic position of this species is a matter of doubt. 

It could not be placed with the Devonian genus Cyrtoceras because 

of the different section (since it is not triangular, and hence the 

venter is flattened and not elevated) and probable differences in the 

shape of the aperture. Rizoceras may possibly be the correct position, but I have referred it. to Cyrtorizoceras because the latter genus 

is said to have a shorter living chamber and more sinuous suture. 

There are, however, said to be decided dorsal and ventral saddles in 

Cyrtomzoceras, whereas the present form has a flattened if not a concave suture along the ventral side.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2082).

71796 Bull. 377 09 4
50 . FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

Genus CCELONAUTILUS Foord.

CCELONAUTILUS GKATIOSUS, 11. Sp.

Plate V, figures 1, la, Ib.

This interesting species is represented in our collection by two 

specimens, one of them small and both of them fragmentary. A 

fairly complete description can, however, be drawn up. The general shape is discoidal, with rather rapidly enlarging whorls and very 

Avide, open umbilicus. The volutions are but slightly embracing, each 

rendered gently concave in a narrow band along the inner surface. The cross section is subelliptical and strongly transverse. The 

siphuncle is central. The sides are marked by broad, subangular revolving costse, which are swollen or nodose at regular intervals, indicating possibly obscure annular enlargements. There are six of the 

revolving costse on each side. The venter is gently concave along a 

relatively narrow zone, which in a measure corresponds to the sulcus 

separating any pair of revolving costse, but is distinguished not only 

by its medium position but by its greater width, being perhaps twice 

as wide. The median depressed zone and the two bands of revolving 

costse which it separates together occupy about half of the transverse 

section. The remainder consists of the rather narrow depressed dorsal zone, bounded upon either side by a smooth, gently convex surface, which occupies distinctly more than one-third of the dorsal half 

of the entire cross section. This rather long distance between the 

depressed zone and a pretty distinct umbilical shoulder represents 

the lateral extent of the volution beyond that which preceded it. 

The surface in question appears not to be entirely smooth, however, 

the specimen showing traces of a few delicate, widely spaced, elevated revolving lines, which in the younger volutions may have been 

obscure costse.

The sutures are nearly straight, but bend backward over the concave ventral zone to form a rather deep ventral lobe. The height of 

the chambers along the median line of the ventral surface is a trifle 

more than 3 mm. The whole diameter of the larger specimen was 

about 30 mm.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2082).

Genus BACTRITES Sandberger.

BACTRITES? QUADRILINEATUS n. sp. 

Plate VI, figures 1, la, Ib, 2, 3, 4, 4a.

. Shell small, elongate, very gradually enlarging. Section circular, 

siphuncle marginal. Suture straight, transverse, deflected, of course, 

in connection Avith the siphuncular collar. Chambers deep, about one
DESCKlPTIOlsrS OF SPECIES. 51

and one-fourth to one and one-third in a diameter. The chamber 

of habitation is long. In one specimen (see fig. 3 of PL VI), which 

measures only 2^ mm. at the smaller end, there is an unchambered 

portion of almost 30 mm., the entire length of the fragment being 

39 mm. The size attained is not large, the largest specimen referred 

here having a diameter of 8 mm.

The surface is marked by very delicate striae, leaving between them 

flattened bands many times wider than the striae themselves. From 

30 to 32 occur in the space of 2 mm. The course of the striae is not 

directly transverse, but strongly zigzag, forming in fact two reentrant 

and two projecting angles. In each case the angle is a little greater 

than 90°. The sculpture described above does not, it would appear, 

indicate that the aperture is not entire, for the striae become evanescent toward the larger end along a nearly straight transverse line, 

leaving a smooth band which lacks the characteristic markings. The 

striae are not absolutely straight, being somewhat wavy, especially in 

the neighborhood of the change in direction, which is not effected by 

a true geometric angle.

This species is related both to BJ carbonarius and B.9 smithianus^ 

but although I at one time combined it with B.f smithianus and 

identified it as BJ carbonarius it now seems probable that all three 

are distinct. The latter species has about the same height of chamber as the present form, but its surface is described as being smooth, 

except for fine, sinuous, imbricating cross striae of growth. This is, 

of course, distinctly different from the sculpture of B.? guadrilineatus. The same difference distinguishes B.f quadrilineatus from B.? 

smithianus, and the height of the chamber is moreover somewhat less.

The sculpture of this species is peculiar, and it is true that it has 

been noted upon surfaces more or less exfoliated. The hypothesis has 

been carefully considered and abandoned that these striae are due to 

any mineralogic character of the material by which the original shell 

has been replaced. They are extremely even and regular in arrangement. The angles where the direction changes occur along four 

straight, equidistant, longitudinal lines. There are, furthermore, no 

divaricating series of striae. It seems almost necessary to believCj 

therefore, that this sculpture, though preserved upon the inner shell 

layers, is the real sculpture of the exterior, or, at all events, that it is 

not due to cleavage.

This species has been found only at station 2083, but all the specimens obtained from there do not show the characteristic sculpture 

either upon internal molds or upon external surfaces in the rare 

cases where the latter are .shown. ' A number do not exhibit any 

sculpture whatever, while several large fragments, one of them 

illustrated on Plate VI, figure 6, show the striae and punctae which 

appear to belong to B.? smithianus. The punctae which occur also
52 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

in the smaller specimens of BJ smithianus have n6"t been observed in 

the smaller shells found at station 2083. One specimen, the original 

of figure 4 of Plate VI, which shows the striae and their zigzag 

arrangement with peculiar perfection, appears to be a living chamber, for, at all events, no septa or siphuncle can be seen, so that I 

originally mistook it for one of the Dentaliidae. Of the specimens 

figured from station 2083 the originals of figures 1, 3, and 4 shoAV the 

characteristic sculpture. One appears to be smooth (fig. 2) and one 

shows wavy striae and punctoe (fig. 6). The latter I have provisionally 

identified as B.f smithianus, although it may prove to represent, the 

mature sculpture of B.f quadrilineatus. The shells on which no 

sculpture has been observed have been provisionally referred to B.f 

quadrilineatus.

I may also remark that some of the specimens of B.f quadrilineatus, 

especially the smaller ones, for the chambers appear to grow proportionately shorter with advancing age, have longer chambers than 

others, and are practically indistinguishable from B.f smithianus in 

this particular. While the evidence at hand seems practically to 

require the separation here adopted, I am somewhat doubtful 

whether it will be upheld by more complete data.

I am disposed to think that J. P. Smith attaches too much importance to what he calls the siphonal lobe in these forms, and to 

doubt whether they really belong to the Devonian genus Bactrites. 

Orthoceras, it is true, as a rule has the siphuncle nearly central in 

position, and the septa, though deflected in its vicinity to form a 

sheath or collar, make a more or less straight and transverse intersection with the conical sides of the shell. If, however, the siphuncle 

were moved to a marginal position the deflection of the septa would 

show itself by a deflection of the suture, much as we see it in the

present form. The fundamental point here, therefore, seems to be not 

the deflection of the suture, but the marginal position of the siphuncle, 

and it is not certain that variation in the position of the siphuncle, 

even in this degree, would justify the discrimination of a distinct 

genus. In regard to the genus Bactrites, we note that it is a Devonian type, excepting for the present species, and that the suture is 

sinuous and oblique, instead of straight and horizontal. I should 

judge that what is regarded as a lobe in Bactrites is not homologous 

with the deflection of the suture which J. P. Smith regards as a lobe 

in the Carboniferous species.

Horizon arid locality. Caney shale, Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2083).
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 53

BACTKITES? SMITHIANUS n. sp. 

Plate VI, figures 5, 6.

Shell elongate, very gradually tapering. Section circular; siphuncle small, marginal. Chambers high, very nearly one to a diameter. Suture straight, transverse. Sculpture consisting of regular, 

fine, wavy, transverse striae.

This species is obviously related to J. P. Smith's Bactrites? carbonarius, and I originally identified it with that species. The rate 

of expansion appears to be about the same, and it has the same sort 

of sculpture, but the present species probably has distinctly higher 

chambers. Smith merely says " chambers deep," and does not give 

measurements. His figures indicate that there are about one and onethird to one and one-half chambers to a diameter at any point, so that 

the interseptal distance is distinctly shorter than in the Caney form.

This is the chief evidence upon which they are separated..

Although the largest septate fragment which can be referred to 

this species scarcely measures 10 mm. in diameter, fragments of living chambers indicate much larger dimensions, probably no less than 

25 mm. They have been provisionally placed here on account of 

their sculpture. This consists, as already noted, of fine, waA^y, transverse striae and of somewhat inconspicuous irregularities of growth. 

The growth lines and striae do not always correspond in direction, the 

growth lines in some cases at least being slightly oblique. This 

sculpture is best seen on the large fragments, one of which is represented by figure 6 of Plate VI, but the same sort of markings can be 

made out here and there upon the smaller camerated fragments. 

Often the best external surfaces that can be found appear to be 

smooth, and for a while I was disposed to believe that these stria? 

were developed only upon internal molds.or upon exfoliated surfaces, 

but later they were observed upon external molds as well. Unless we 

assume that there is a normal variation from striated to smooth surfaces, or that there are two species, one smooth and one striated, it 

seems necessary to account for the lack of striae upon some specimens 

as the result of erosion, the hypothesis adopted here.

In addition to the striae there are numerous little round spots or 

punctae, which represent perforations in the shell. No other conclusion seems possible from my observations. In some cases the shell 

is replaced by transparent calcite, and these prolongations of the 

matrix can be clearly seen traversing it. They thus pass nearly, if 

not quite, through the test. They appear partly as elevations and 

partly as depressions on the same specimen, according, I believe, as 

they break off near one or the other of the two surfaces of matrix to 

which they were attached. These perforations occur with equal
54 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

abundance upon the small camerated frustums. They are, I believe, 

an intrinsic character of the shell and occur in other forms also. 

They are too equal in size, too regular in distribution, and too invariably transverse to have been produced by a boring animal.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (stations 

2077?, 2082), Stonewall quadrangle (station 2081), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2083).

Genus GASTRIOCERAS Hyatt.

The genus Gastrioceras is in an unsatisfactory condition, being 

more or less complicated with G-oniatites s. s., with which it is said 

to intergrade. The chief distinction from that genus seems to lie 

not in the suture, but in the configuration, the typical species having wide umbilici, but slightly embracing volutions, and rather prominent lateral nodes. The two species referred to Gastrioceras in 

the present report clearly do not belong 'to the typical section of the 

genus, if they belong to the genus at all. They have been referred 

to Gastrioceras because one of them (G. richardsonianum] appears 

to be closely related to G. kingi, which Hyatt, who proposed the 

genus, placed in Gastrioceras. Furthermore, in the form of the 

larval shell both species show important differences from Goniatites 

choctawensis, which is clearly a characteristic species of Glyphioceras ( = Goniatites]. Therefore, at all events, it seems that we must 

consider these shells to be distinct from Goniatites unless the difference already noted be regarded as inadequate to distinguish them, 

and I am rather disposed to think that it would be well to separate 

them from Gastrioceras also.

The two forms here provisionally grouped together and assigned 

to Gastrioceras show such differences from each other in the sculpture of the mature shell that they apparently belong to different sections, if not to different subgenera. In the larval stage, however, 

the sculpture is similar, and both have the same flat discoidal shape 

which distinguishes them from the young of Glyphioceras ( = Goniatites).

GASTRIOCERAS RICHARDSONIANUM n. sp.

Plate XI, figures i-11.

71903. Glyphioceras calyx. Smith, U. S. Geol. Surv., Mon. 42, p. 62, pi. 18,

figs. 1-11. 

Lower Carboniferous: Moorefield, Ark.

This species attains a medium size, with a crescentic whorl section, 

strongly rounded ventral surface, and a small umbilicus. Some 

specimens measure 45 mm. in diameter, and possibly more. The 

type has a diameter of 33 mm. and a thickness of 21 mm. The height
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 55

of the last whorl is 9.5 mm., while the umbilicus measures 8 mm. 

across. Constrictions occur a little more than a quadrant apart. 

The umbilical shoulder is rather sharply angulated.

The surface is marked by regular, transverse, sublamellose raisedlines, coming about ten in 5 mm., but of course more closely crowded 

toward the umbilicus.

There is a moderately broad, rather low siphonal saddle, indented 

on top. The siphonal lobes are rather narrow and obscurely lanceolate. The first lateral saddles are rounded and moderately broad. 

The first pair of lateral lobes are broadly though strongly lanceolate. 

The second lateral saddle is broadly and unsymmetrically rounded, 

the greater curvature being on the more median side. The second 

lateral lobe is small, somewhat lanceolate, and situated upon the 

angular umbilical shoulder. Upon the inner side the second or outer 

saddle is rounded and very broad. The first lateral lobe is moderately broad and strongly lanceolate. The first lateral saddle is 

rather broadly rounded, and the antisiphonal lobe narrow and symmetrically lanceolate.

Apparently owing to a thickening of the inner surface of the shell 

along the siphon, the median portion of the venter in much exfoliated specimens is sometimes marked by a narrow, strong sulcus.

This specie's is closely allied to Gastrioceras Idngi, but is distinguished by being narrower, with a more strongly arched ventral 

surface and a narrower umbilicus. The sculpture appears to be 

about the same in both species. In the present form also the space 

included by the siphonal saddle and siphonal lobes is broader than 

in G. Idngi, though the latter has on the whole a broader and flatter 

ventral surface.

The specimens representing this species do not break down so as 

to show the early stages, and while at one locality the mature shells 

are associated with great numbers of larval ones, their sutures are 

almost always concealed. Nor is it easy to connect them into a continuous developmental series, although some data have been gathered, 

at least relating to the configuration of the early stages. When 

rather young this shell has a discoidal shape, consisting of a number 

of slowly enlarging volutions, which have an elliptical cross section 

and are scarcely at all embracing. During this stage they accomplish 

about four volutions and attain a size of 4 mm. or a little less. 

Then the shell begins to expand rather suddenly in a transverse direction and to become more projecting at the sides, the height remaining nearly stationary. The shape of the cross section, at this stage 

is very broad and flattened across the ventral surface. Later the 

ventral surface becomes more and more arched and the height 

greater in proportion to the width, until at maturity the transverse 

section is high and somewhat helmet-shaped. The umbilicus is
56 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

largely defined by the early growth, increasing very gradually during later developments, owing to the volutions encroaching more at 

the sides.

In the early stages the surface is marked by very fine, sharp transverse striae of almost microscopic dimensions. A little later, probably 

about the time of the sudden enlargement of the whorls, the sculpture 

is much strengthened and coarsened, becoming, in some specimens 

at least, changed to relatively strong, transverse corrugations. These 

become less strong at maturity, relatively to the size much less strong, 

when the elevations have the appearance of being sublamellose.

Gastrivceras richardsonianum is by no means a typical representative of the genus, and I have been in some doubt as to whether it 

should be placed in Gastrioceras at all, rather than in Goniatites s. s. 

It is narrower than the typical species of the genus, with a more 

highly archied venter and a narrower umbilicus, and it lacks the characteristic lateral nodes. Except for the umbilicus, which is somewhat large, the configuration is rather that of Goniatites, and certain 

members of that genus appear to have a similar type of sculpture. 

The present species has been placed with Gastrioceras, however, because it appears to be closely related to G. kingi, which is one of the 

species originally included by Hyatt under Gastrioceras, and because 

of marked differences from Goniatites, displayed in its larval stages, 

differences not as yet in the suture (which is not known for larval 

G. richardsonianum, though J. P. Smith has worked it out for Goniatites) , but in the configuration. In the associated Goniatites choctawensis, which is a characteristic Goniatites, the young stages are 

persistently globose, with almost completely embracing whorls and a 

closed, or nearly closed, umbilicus, contrasting very strongly with the 

flat discoidal early stages of the present species, with its volutions 

scarcely embracing at all and its umbilicus, if the term may be employed, covering the whole side of the shell.

There is one large specimen belonging to this species, or at least 

referred to it, that shows some unusual characters which are, however, 

at present regarded as gerontic, though the existence of the normal 

ones at an earlier stage has not been proved. The maximum diameter 

is no less than 45 mm. and the umbilicus measures 11 mm. The height 

of the last volution is 10 mm. The general configuration, therefore, 

agrees essentially with the smaller typical forms. The surface 

appears to be almost smooth, although there are constrictions apparently at quadrant intervals, and some not very regular though very 

obscure transverse ridges corresponding, probably, to the transverse 

lamellae of the adult condition. The umbilical shoulder is strongly 

marked, the shell abruptly assuming a radial direction, and the 

angle thus formed is emphasized by a projecting seamlike edge, which
DESCBIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 57

is finely crenulated, and still further by a relatively broad, shallow 

depression or sulcus coming-in just above.

Smith seems not to have found this species in the closely 

related fauna which he described from Moorefield, Ark., but I 

suspect that the form which he recognizes as Glyphioceras calyx is 

really only a youthful stage of Gastrioceras richardsonianum. That 

Gastrioceras richardsonianum, in its youthful stages has a shape and 

other characters very close to the Moorefield form is pretty certain. 

Some of the Caney specimens are plumper than others; that is, the 

whorls seem to begin their rapid lateral enlargement at a slightly 

earlier stage. The mature forms also show similar variations, some 

individuals being broad and others relatively narrow. While I have 

regarded these variations in the small examples as merely such as are 

wont to occur between different individuals, it is not impossible that 

one type represents the larval stage of the present species and the 

other the mature stage of Smith's Glypliioceras calyx. This seems 

to me, however, far from probable, and I have tentatively included 

Smith's citation in the synonymy of Gastrioceras richardsonianum.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Antlers quardrangle (stations 

2075, 3948), Atoka quadrangle (stations 2076, 2077, 2082), McAlester 

quadrangle (station 2079), Tishomingo quadrangle (stations 2091, 

5113?), Tuskahoma quadrangle (stations 2057, 3982, 3985).

GASTRIOCERAS CANEYANUM n. sp. 

Plate XII, figures 4-10.

Shell rather small. The largest specimen definitely referred here 

has a diameter of 22 mm.; usually the diameter is 15 mm. or less. 

Cross section subcrescentic, somewhat flattened upon the ventral and 

lateral surfaces, deeply indented for about one-half the entire height 

by the preceding volution, which it almost completely incloses. The 

shape of the entire shell is thick-discoidal. Umbilicus moderately 

large, about one-fourth the entire diameter. Constrictions strong, 

about four to a volution; somewhat sigmoid, with a backward curve 

over the ventral surface.

Surface marked by rather sharp, strongly elevated, revolving lirae, 

separated by relatively broad, rounded stria), which are narrower over 

the ventral area and broader toward the umbilicus. There are about 

36 of the revolving lirse, and as the number seems to remain fairly 

constant the striation appears to be finer upon young than upon older 

shells. It is also finer over the ventral surface than upon the sides. 

Well-preserved surfaces show also fine, closely arranged, transverse, 

raised lines, which extend forward from the umbilicus, but are 'withdrawn in a concave curve over the venter.
58 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

There is a rather small, narrow siphonal saddle indented on top. 

The two lateral saddles are relatively large and broad, the second one 

being lower and broader than the first. The siphonal lobes are small, 

narrow, and pointed; the' lateral lobes large, pointed, and somewhat 

lanceolate.

I have not satisfactorily determined the generic position of this 

form between Gastrioceras and Goniatites (Glyphioceras) , but have 

provisionally placed it with the former genus, chiefly because the 

larval stages are flat and discoidal, like those of Gastrioceras richardsonianum, not at all like the globular Glyphioceras chocta/wense. 

Even the sculpture resembles G. richardsonianum at these early 

stages, the revolving Iira3 having given place to more or less lamellose, 

regular, transverse lines. The development of the suture lines has 

not been completely studied, but appears to be like that described by 

J. P. Smith for Goniatites crenistria, differing, only in detail. In 

two groups as closely related as Gastrioceras and Goniatites are supposed to be, a fundamental difference in the development of the suture 

is hardly to be expected. In view of the rather striking differences 

in configuration exhibited by the early stages of Gastrioceras richardsonianum and Goniatites choctawensis, and the agreement of the present type with the former, it seems probable that Gastrioceras richardsonianum and the present type belong to the same genus. Whether 

that genus is really Gastrioceras, however, is another matter. In its 

sculpture the present form is very different from typical Gastrioceras, 

and different also from Gastrioceras richardsonianum, although resembling it in its early stages.

Gastrioceras caneyanum closely resembles two species which J. P. 

Smith has placed under Goniatites (Glyphioceras}, namely, G. newsomi and G. subcircularis. The size of the umbilicus suggests the 

former rather than the latter, but it is a distinctly narrower shell 

than G, newsomi, agreeing in this respect rather with G. subcircularis. The descriptions of both these species are deficient in that 

they fail to indicate the size of the sculpture. It may be noted in 

this connection that, the form identified by Smith with Goniatites 

subcircularis differs from Miller's description and figures in having 

a narrow though distinctly open umbilicus, while Miller represents 

this feature as entirely closed.

Among the species referred by Smith to Gastrioceras the present 

form most closely resembles Gastrioceras entogonum. It is distinguished by its narrower umbilicus and by the persistence of the striae 

onto the sides, which in G. entogonum are said to be smooth.

I am not entirely satisfied that the present form does not belong 

with the same genus as Goniatites newsomi and G. subcircularis, but 

in any event it appears to be at least varietally distinct from either 

of them.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 59

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tuskahoma quadrangle (station 2047), Antlers quadrangle (station 3984), McAlester quadrangle 

(stations 20T8, 2079), Stonewall quadrangle (stations 2080?, 2081?), 

Tishomingo quadrangle? (station 5113?).

Genus GONIATITES de Haan. 

GONIATITES CI-IOCTAWENSIS Shumard.

Plate XIII.

1S63. Goniatites cJlocta^oensis. Shnmard, St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 2,

p. 109.

Coal Measures: Choctaw Nation. 

1903. Goniatites choctawensis. Smith, U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon. 42, p. 67.

60-67.

St. Louis-Chester stage?: Choctaw Nation?, Ind. T. 

?1903. Goniatites striatus. Smith, U. S. Geol. Surv., Mon. 42, p. 80, pi. 10,

figs. 1-11; pi. 26, figs. 6-13. 

Bend formation: Lampasas, Texas. 

Fayetteville shale: Batesville, Arkansas.

I am able to add but little to Shumard's description of this species, 

which is found in abundance at several localities in our collection. 

It possesses the usual characters of Goniatites of the striatus and 

crenistria groups, its distinguishing marks being the small, almost 

closed umbilicus and the fine sculpture. The latter varies greatly 

at different stages of development. Until of considerable size the 

shell is crossed only by regularly arranged transverse lamellose lines, 

about 15 in 3 mm. These have a slightly sinuous course, gently concave in the middle of the ventral surface, with another inward sweep 

about midway upon each side. The transverse lamellae later begin 

to have a sharply and minutely zigzag outline, due, I believe, to the 

development of small tubercles at regular intervals. The tubercles 

and zigzags increase in strength until they become connected into 

longitudinal lirae, which in mature shells are prominent, the transverse lamellose lines being relatively obscure but producing elegant 

crenulations upon the lirse and the intervening striae. The revolving 

lirae measure 8 to 10 in 3 mm. on mature shells. They are sharply 

and strongly elevated, with flattened interspaces, which are one or two 

times as wide as the lira? themselves. The latter are flattened on 

top and not infrequently marked by a distinct longitudinal groove. 

In the young stages the crenulation of the transverse lamella? appears to be stronger upon the sides than over the ventral surface, 

and as the lamellae are naturally more crowded toward the umbilici 

the revolving lirae, possibly on that account, appear to be initiated 

earlier there.

This species attains a considerable size. A large fragment indicates that the diameter may have reached 70 mm. Our next largest
60 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

specimen, however, is only 44 mm., and the large figured specimen 

is considerably above the average. The chamber of habitation is 

long, at least a volution and probably more. Being unsupported by 

septa, it is frequently broken. The characteristic transverse constrictions are strong and come at almost exactly intervals of a 

quadrant.

G. choctawensis is extremely abundant at station 2083, our specimens from thafpoint showing variation in numerous respects, though 

within not very broad limits, in specimens of the same age (size), 

aside from those which are obviously connected with ontogeny. 

Some individuals are more compressed than others. Certain variations occur in the suture line also, the plications being more rounded 

here, more lanceolate there, slightly narrower in this one, somewhat 

broader and lower in that, and so on. The: constrictions vary most 

of all. In many specimens they are strong and in others are absent 

altogether. They are clearly a development on the inside of the 

shell, and consequently do not appear on testiferous specimens. They 

seem to be nearly straight, though usually a gentle sinus can be 

detected when looked for.

More striking, however, are the changes which come with size. 

The shape apparently remains almost uniform, though possibly the 

youthful stages are somewhat more globular and less compressed 

laterally than the mature ones. The umbilicus, however, is relatively 

larger in young specimens. The suture of course varies considerably, 

chiefly by the plications becoming ever deeper and more angular.

No feature shows ontogenetic changes to a greater degree perhaps 

than the sculpture. This begins as sublamellose transverse lirse, 

which gradually become denticulate, and so pass into connected longitudinal Iira3. About the transition stage the transverse lamellae become considerably more crowded and maintain this close arrangement until the end. The revolving lirse when they begin are equally 

fine and in equally close order with the transverse ones, but they 

become gradually more prominent and at the same time more widely 

spaced, so that the crenulating transverse lirse are relatively an 

inconspicuous feature at maturity.

I have identified this species at a number of other points besides 

station 2083. In most cases the material is so scanty or so poorly 

preserved as to contribute nothing to the data already set down. 

At two points, however, stations 2047 and 2078, the fossils are more 

abundant and better preserved, and they appear to show certain local 

mutations, which have made me hesitate between referring them 

directly to G. choctawensis or recognizing them as distinct varieties. 

In the specimens from 2047 the only character which seems positively to distinguish them is the sculpture, which in the average 

specimen is appreciably coarser than at station 2083. The constric-
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 61

tions also probably have a deeper backward concavity or sinus on 

the ventral surface.

The same feature is found in the specimens from station 2078, but 

here the sculpture.is clearly as fine as at station 2083; the revolving 

striation, however, begins at a considerably earlier period, so that 

when specimens from 2083 show only transverse or possibly denticulated transverse lirse those from 2078 show fine revolving lirse with 

very subordinate transverse ornamentation. In both cases (statipns 

2078 and 2047) I have sometimes thought I could detect slight correlated differences in configuration or suture, but different individuals from a single station, such as 2083, show such differences 

among themselves that while those of sculpture mentioned as occurring at the two localities are appreciable, those of configuration, 

etc., it seemed upon reflection, were probably not sufficiently clear for. 

practical use. The differences developed between different individuals from the same station have even led me to minimize those which 

seemed to be constant and tangible in the case of the two other 

occurrences, so that for the present they are all included under the 

same species.

There is very little doubt that Shumard's species G. clioctawensis 

was introduced for one of these modifications, or it may be for more 

than one, but it is not possible to tell from his discriptions to which 

it Avas intended to apply. I will assume that the name should go with 

the form from 2083, because of its finer sculpture.

This species is probably the same which J. P. Smith found in 

Arkansas and identified as G. striatus, rather than as G. crenistria, as 

he suggested. There can be no question that the two forms belong to 

the same general type. Specimens from Moorefield resemble those 

from station 2047 in the Caney, having somewhat coarser sculpture 

than the variety furnished by station 2083. Both the Caney varieties 

differ from that, occurring in Arkansas (at least in such instances as 

I have seen) in the fact that the revolving striae begin earlier and are 

continuous at a stage (size) in which the Arkansas form is still 

marked only by crenulated transverse lamella?.

After prolonged study of these specimens and after much consideration it has seemed that to adopt the differences noted as a basis for 

specific discrimination, and to carry through a division upon a corresponding scale, would lead to a great multiplication of specific 

names and the separation onj paper of subdivisions which it would be 

practically impossible to establish satisfactorily among the specimens 

themselves. I am disposed to think, therefore, that the form here 

called G, choctawense and that identified by Smith as G. striatus 

would for the present best be regarded as the same species. That 

typical G 'striatus occurs in this continent has, I believe, never been
62 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

satisfactorily proved, and on this account I am retaining Shumard's 

name for the species.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tuskahoma quadrangle (station 2047), Antlers quadrangle (station 3984), McAlester quadrangle 

(station 2078), Tishomingo quadrangle (stations 2083, 2084?, 2088, 

5113?), Stonewall quadrangle (station 2081).

GONIATITES NEWSOMI Smith. 

Plate XII, figures 11, lla.

1903. Goniatites newsomi. Smith, U. S. Geol. Survey, Mon. 42, p. 78, pi. 17,

figs. 2-5. 

Fayetteville shale: Batesville, Independence County, Ark.

The shell referred to this species is of moderate size, thick-discoidal, 

with lunate section and wide umbilicus, which shows a number of 

younger whorls.

The sutures are not known. The sculpture consists of rather 

coarse, strong, revolving lirse, about 29 in number, and of delicate 

but sharp transverse lira, much finer than the revolving ones. The 

latter are more crowded over the ventral surface, where they are 

separated by striae a little more than their own diameter in width. 

At the sides the striae are two or three times as wide as the lirse. The 

transverse lirse have the same direction as the well-marked constrictions, bending strongly forward at the sides, but with a distinct sinus 

or lobe across the median portion.

The height of a characteristic specimen is 21 mm., the width of the 

umbilicus 9 mm., the thickness of the final whorl 12 mm.

In general appearance this form strongly suggests G. newsomi, but 

in default of complete knowledge of the Caney form, and without 

specimens of that from Arkansas to compare it with, a satisfactory

identification is not possible. It also so closely resembles Gastrioceras 

caneyanum that it hardly seems likely they should be referred to different genera. The ontogeny of typical G. npwsomi is not known, 

but the mature suture resembles that of Gastrioceras caneyanum more 

than that of Goniatites choctawensis. The first lateral saddle of 

G. choctawensis is narrow, lanceolate, and pointed, while that of 

Gastrioceras caneyanum is broad and rounded. I know not how far 

this feature is characteristic of the natural groups to which these 

species belong, but using it for Goniatites newsomi the latter would 

go with Gastrioceras caneyanum rather than with Goniatites choctaw>- 

ensis. ^

In its specific characters the Caney form referred to G. newsomi is 

distinguished from Gastrioceras caneyanum- by its larger size, coarser 

lirse, and wider umbilicus.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Antlers quadrangle (station 

3984).
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 63 

GONIATITES Sp. a.

Under this title I am considering two examples from station 3987 

which resemble several of the species recognized in this paper, but 

present differences that make it advisable, provisionally at least, to 

retain them under a separate title. Their suture and their immature 

stages are unknown, but their general shape is fairly well exhibited 

and the sculpture excellently preserved. They are subglobose in 

shape, somewhat flattened at the sides, with a rather small umbilicus. 

The sculpture consists of numerous very fine, sharply elevated revolving lirse, crossed by rather inconspicuous transverse lines.

In general appearance this shell at once suggests a possibly distinct variety of G. choctawensis, which is shown by fig. 11 of PI. 

XIII. When of the same size, however, G. choctawensis is cancellated by transverse lirse, which are at least as strong as the revolving 

ones, while in the present case the transverse lines are very inconspicuous. It also resembles the form described as Gastrioceras caneyanum, but is thicker in the diametric direction, with smaller umbilicus 

and finer revolving striae. It is thicker and more finely striated than 

Goniatites subcircularis, as identified by J. P. Smith; similarly distinguished also from G. newsomi, which is said by Smith to be more 

coarsely striated than G. subcircularis. What divisions can properly 

be recognized in this apparently closely related series of forms, and 

to which of them the present species should be referred, are questions on which, from the data examined, I have been unable to reach 

a decided opinion.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Antlers quadrangle (station 

3987).

GONIATITES sp. &.

This form is represented by several specimens, one of them probably mature, but in a very unsatisfactory condition, the others small 

and also more or less fragmentary. The large specimen has a radial 

diameter of about 40 mm., and in general so much resembles- Gastrioceras richardsonianum that it was at first thought to belong to that 

species. The shape, so far as can be told, is very much the same, and 

the sculpture also, consisting of fine, even, transverse striae, without 

revolving lines. It is possible that the umbilicus is small, but no certain determination can be made. The suture and the development are 

distinctly different from those of G. richardsonianum. The latter 

conclusion is based upon the hypothesis that the smaller specimens 

are immature individuals, belonging to the same species as the large 

one. There is at present nothing to bring this hypothesis into doubt. 

Instead, however, of assuming a discoidal shape with flat volutions 

and wide umbilicus, these immature shells retain much of the shape 

of the mature form, being subspherical, with arched, deeply embracing volutions and nearly closed umbilicus. The sutures share the
64 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

maturity of expression exhibited in the full-grown form, being more 

highly flexed than in G. richardsonianum of equal size. At least they 

become strongly flexed at a much earlier period as determined by 

size. They are also differently proportioned. This difference in 

suture is maintained in the mature form also, as already intimated. 

The plications are higher and the septa considerably farther apart. 

The siphonal saddle is higher, and, by reason of the siphonal lobes 

being more lanceolate, is much more spreading below. The first 

lateral saddles are also more lanceolate.

On the whole it seems not only that the form in hand is distinct 

from G, richardsonianum, but that it belongs to an altogether 

different group, being probably more closely allied to Goniatites 

choctawensis. In my estimation this is emphasized by the configuration of the earlier stages. Both in the young and in the mature 

stages, however, it seems to differ from G. choctawensis. At maturity 

it is readily distinguished by its wide umbilicus and by the absence 

of revolving striae. In mature stages the siphonal saddle is much 

broader below, the siphonal lobes are broader, and-the first lateral 

saddle is narrower and more bluntly pointed. In the young stage 

(8 mm. in diameter) the first lateral saddle is singularly broad.

Thus the mature form, though it considerably resembles G. richardsonianum, can nevertheless not be referred to that species, nor can 

the youthful form be identified as Goniatites choctawensis, which it 

especially resembles. I am disposed to believe that the two manifestations belong to the same species, one which is a representative 

of the same group as G. choctawensis, but quite distinct from it 

specifically.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Ardniore quadrangle (station 

5944).

Genus ADELPHOCERAS n. gen.

This name, which it may possibly be found best to employ only in 

a subgeneric sense, is introduced for a very handsome shell showing 

relationship both to Gastrioceras and Paralegoceras, but possessing 

characters incompatible with either of the genera mentioned. In 

configuration the present form more nearly resembles Paralegoceras, 

being discoidal in shape, with the final volutions increasingly lofty, 

helmet shaped, and deeply embracing. The sutures are simple and 

of the general type of both of the genera mentioned; but if Paralegoceras is distinguished fundamentally from Gastrioceras by possessing an additional pair of lateral lobes situated on the umbilical 

shoulders, the present form is distinctly not Paralegoceras, with 

which I should have been disposed to unite it, but is more nearly 

allied to Gastrioceras, having exactly the number and arrangement of 

' lobes and saddles found in that genus. These "plications of the septa.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 65

are, however, less narrow and profound than is often observed in 

Gastrioceras.

It is the configuration and to some extent the sculpture which 

makes it undesirable to unite Adelphoceras with either Glyphioceras 

or Gastrioceras. The sculpture, which has not yet been mentioned, 

is elegant and probably characteristic, consisting of fine, regular, 

sharply angular plications, which arise at the umbilicus and become 

faint or die out entirely over the ventral surface. This region, in 

general appearance nearly smooth, is, however, in the typical species 

traversed by very delicate microscopic revolving lime which extend 

onto the sides, possibly even to the umbilicus. Another feature deserving mention at this point is the constrictions, which have an 

unusually sigmoidal curve. This sculpture somewhat suggests that 

of typical Gastrioceras, but the transverse plications are too fine and 

prolonged to be really comparable with the lateral nodes of that 

genus. It more strongly perhaps recalls that group of Permian 

Gastriocerata which has lateral nodes and revolving lines over the 

ventral area.

Adelphoceras appears to complement the cycle of forms represented 

by Gastrioceras and Glyphioceras, though other units in the series 

may be discovered. Each has a more or less .distinctive configuration 

and sculpture: Glyphioceras, with globose shape, crescentic, strongly 

embracing whorls, and sculpture consisting of fine transverse lines 

or fine revolving lines with transverse crenulation; typical Gastrioceras, Avith transverse, quadrate, or subelliptical, slightly embracing 

volutions, broadly open umbilicus, and sculpture consisting of heavy 

elongate lateral nodes; and Adelphoceras, with discoidal shape, high 

and deeply embracing volutions, and sculpture consisting of fine, 

transverse wrinkles and microscopic revolving stria;. These types, 

which show almost identical sutural development and differ only in 

sculpture and. general expression, appear to be more closely related 

to one another than to some of the other genera associated in the same 

family. It may seem preferable, therefore, to regard them as subgeneric developments of a single genus. Apparently the generic term 

which must be employed is Goniatites, and the three subordinate 

groups would have to be called Goniatites s. .s., Gastrioceras, and 

Adelphoceras. I should like to retain Glyphioceras instead of Goniatites s. s., but that seems impossible under existing rules of nomenclature. . Nor can I agree with those authors who retain Glyphioceras, 

but use it for a different group of shells from that typified by 

Goniatites crenistria.11 The type of Glyphioceras is, unfortunately,

" .1. P. Smith states that G. sphcericus is first mentioned by Hyatt under the description 

of Glyphioceras, and must he regarded as the type of the genus, though authors usually 

cite (?. crentetria. He appears to be mistaken in this point, (?. crenistria being the firstmentioned species.

71796 Bull. 377 00 5
66 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

congeneric with the type of Goniatites, so that if we retain Goniatites 

in its restricted rather than in its common, more general sense, it must 

supplant Glyphioceras, while the latter name should not, I believe, 

be diverted to another group.

So far as has been determined the development as well as the 

mature form of suture of Adelphoceras allies it with Gastrioceras 

and with Glyphioceras (= Goniatites}. The development, however, 

has by no means been completely worked out. In one of its early 

conditions the type species, while manifesting the immature condition 

of the suture, passes through a stage in configuration suggestive of 

typical mature Gastrioceras, having a subdiscoidal shape, Avith broad, 

open umbilici, and a transverse, subelliptical or subquadrate, slightly 

embracing whorl marked on its sides by rather large though not 

strong nodes. The two small discoidal species which Professor 

Smith cites as Goniololjoceras ? limatum and Glyphioceras leviculum 

are somewhat suggestive of Adelphoceras meslerianum, and may 

prove to belong to the present genus.

Type. Adelphoceras meslerianum.

ADELPHOCERAS MESLERIANUM n. sp. 

.Plate XII, figures l-3c.

Shell small, discoidal, the largest specimen seen having a diameter 

of 21 mm. and a thickness of 8 mm. When mature the cross section 

of the whorls is very high and helmet shaped, deeply embracing, so 

as to largely inclose the preceding volution and leave only a narrow 

though deep umbilicus.

The sculpture of the mature portion consists of rather fine, regular, 

transverse striae,, separated by delicate though strong and angular 

folds. These are well defined toward the umbilicus, but die out over 

the venter or become very faint. The direction of these lines is sinuous concave over the ventral portion, then convex, with another reentrant curve half way toward the umbilicus. The venter, which is 

almost free from transverse costae, is crossed by extremely fine, delicate revolving striae, so faint that they might readily be overlooked 

even with a moderately strong hand lens. These revolving striae are 

continued laterally until they become implicated with the transverse 

wrinkles or plications, to which, however, they are very subordinate, 

and they may continue quite to the umbilicus. The constrictions are 

unusually deep and occur about a quadrant apart. They follow the 

course of the plications in -the main, but are strong over the ventral 

region, where they show a deep sinus.

The sutures are those of Glyphioceras and Gastrioceras. The saddles are broadry rounded, the lobes broadly lanceolate. There is a 

low, narrow siphonal saddle indented on top, followed by a pair of
DESCBIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 67

small, narrow, pointed, siphonal lobes. The first lateral saddle is 

high, broadly rounded, and moderately narrow. The lateral lobe is 

broadly lanceolate, and the second lateral saddle is broadly rounded, 

much loAver and wider than the first. A narrow, pointed lobe occupies the umbilical shoulder. Upon the dorsal surface there is a rather 

narrow lanceolate antisiphonal lobe, followed by a symmetrically 

rounded saddle. A narrow rounded lobe follows, succeeded by a very 

broad low saddle and then an obscure lobe on the umbilical shoulder. 

The inner sutures, as described above, are taken from an immature 

specimen, but doubtless afford an accurate idea of the number of 

lobes, which are nine for the entire suture.

In the young stages both shape and sutures naturally undergo considerable modification. The very earliest volutions appear to be of 

a regular elliptical shape in section and, in strong contrast to the

mature outline, are much wider than high, with rounded sides. A 

little later the sides become flattened and slope inward, their union 

with the ventral surface becoming decidedly angular and marked 

by nodes (in the third and fourth volutions). In this early condition the volutions are very slightly embracing and the angular nodose 

shoulder and transverse subquadrate section are suggestive of Gastrioceras. The sutures seem in the main to follow in their development that shown by J. P. Smith to exist in the youthful Glyphioceras, the lobes and saddles in earlier stages being more uniform in 

size and shape. Where the side of the volution is flattened, as in 

the third and fourth round, it is occupied by a broad, shallow saddle, 

broader than those upon the venter and less strongly concave.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, McAlester quadrangle (station 2078), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2083), Antlers quadrangle (station 3984).

Genus EUMORPHOCERAS n. gen.

The type included under this title in its larval stages forms a 

small discoidal shell of slowly enlarging volutions Avhich have a 

transversely elliptical section, with flattened venter, one volution 

projecting but little beyond that preceding and scarcely at all embracing it. The umbilicus in this stage is relatively very -wide. 

In later growths the height of the volutions increases rapidly in 

comparison with their width, and the volutions become more and 

more embracing, until at maturity their shape is radially elongate, 

too a greater or less degree, and the umbilicus relatively small. At 

first the general shape is thick-discoidal, or globular; at maturity 

it is .thin-discoidal;

In the very youthful stages1 the sides of the ventrally flattened 

whorls are ornamented with elongated nodes, which become more 

and more pronounced and elongated as their size increases. Con-
68 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

siderably after the nodes have begun to show themselves two sulci 

are gradually introduced upon either side, dividing the external 

portions of the volutions into three approximately equal divisions. 

The area between the umbilicus and the sulcus on each side is occupied by the nodes or plications, which die out as such toward the 

sulcus, bending sharply and strongly forward in so doing. At this 

point they degenerate into or are replaced by growth lines, which 

are continued across the ventral surface defined by the two sulci. 

Here these sharp growth lines have a deeply concave direction, so 

that the aperture shows a deep hyponomic sinus defined by two 

strongly projecting points, whose situation is marked by the two 

sulci. (See fig.0 15a of PL XL)

The internal sutures have not been determined. The external ones 

show the general characters of Glyphoceras. There is a low siphon al 

saddle, which is sharply indented on top. The two lateral saddles 

are both rounded, the first being narrower than the second and projecting far beyond the siphonal saddle. The pair of siphonal lobes 

are low and narrow, the outer limb being much longer than the inner. 

The lateral lobe is rounded and rather large and broad.

The foregoing description, based upon the, only known species, 

probably includes characters which will not be found without modification in related forms when such are discovered.

This is a rather well-marked type,1 and I hardly feel called upon 

to point out the obvious differences which distinguish it from other 

genera of the same famity. From Ga-strioceras, as the term is here 

used, it is distinguished by its discoidal shape, its radially elongated 

cross section, its sculpture, consisting of two revolving sulci and plications radiating from the umbilicus (though the latter feature is

found in the typical section of the genus) , by the shape of the aperture, by the suture, both lobes and saddles being rounded throughout, 

and by the absence of constrictions. Much more nearly related is it 

to the associated type which I have distinguished under the title 

Adelplioceras. The differences here are the absence of constrictions; 

the widely different ornamentation, resulting in part from the peculiar shape of the aperture in the form under consideration; and the 

suture, the lobes being rounded in Eumorphoceras and angular in 

Adelphoceras.

Type. Eumorphoceras bisulcatum.

EUMORPHOCERAS BISULCATUM n. sp. 

Plate XI, figures 15-19a.

Shell small, probably attaining a diameter of 30 mm., but so far 

as observed usually not exceeding 10 mm. The shape is discoidal, 

becoming increasingly so with advancing age. Umbilicus .moder-
DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. 69

ately large, proportionately smaller in old specimens than in young 

ones. The cross section varies greatly, from transverse and elliptical 

in the larval stages to radially elongate and elliptical at maturity. 

The type specimen has a diameter of 11 mm., the height of the last 

volution being 6 mm, and its width about 5 mm. The umbilicus 

measures 2.5 mm.

The surface is divided by two revolving sulci into three nearly 

equal portions. The areas nearest the umbilici are marked by regular, strong, angular, radiating ribs, separated by subangular channels 

of about the same width. Near the revolving sulci the ribs and channels are bent strongly forward, and at the same time they rapidly die 

out and disappear. The ventral area rises rather strongly from the 

two sulci, by which it is defined. Its borders are marked by an additional depressed line, which is less distinct than the main ones, in 

connection with which they give rise to a low revolving carina on

either.side. The remainder of the ventral surface is marked only 

by growth lines, which spring strongly backward in nearly straight 

lines, bending somewhat suddenly to become continuous across the 

median ventral area. The .growth lines indicate the presence of a 

deep hyponomic sinus, on either side of which project long points 

whose position is indicated by the two revolving sulci. In old age 

the transverse or radiating plications near the umbilicus die out, leaving the surface marked only by growth lines and the two revolving 

sulci. Periodic constrictions appear to be wanting.

The siphonal saddle is low and indented above. The remaining 

lobes and saddles, two of each, are all rounded. The first lateral saddle projects far above the siphonal one and is narrower and somewhat 

higher than the second lateral. The pair of siphonal lobes are small, 

much smaller than the pair of laterals, which are as large as the 

lateral saddles.

In its young stages this form has a thick-discoidal shape, with 

volutions which are transverse, elliptical, flattened along the venter, 

and wrapped one upon the other, scarcely embracing at all. The umbilicus is practically the entire diameter of the shell. The height of 

the volutions increases more rapidly than the width, and at the same 

time they become more and more embracing, until the cross section 

is radially elongated and until the umbilicus occupies a fourth or 

less of the entire diameter. The characteristic sculpture is developed 

early, consisting at first of elongated nodes along the sides of the 

ventrally-flattened volutions. The two revolving sulci do not appear 

until later. By the gradual change in shape of the volutions and the 

gradual introduction and modification of the sculpture, the lateral 

plications appearing before the sulci and being lost before them in 

the gerontic stages, the characteristic features of this shell are evolved.
70 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

, In its larval stage this form resembles Gastrioceras richardtfonianum 

and occurs associated with it. It may be distinguished by being 

thicker, not compressed-discoidal, and by being marked by transverse 

costae, coarser and stronger than the lirse of the Gastrioceras.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Tuskahoma quadrangle (station 2057), Antlers quadrangle (stations 2075, 3948), Atoka quadrangle (station 2082), McAlester quadrangle (station 2079), Tishomingo quadrangle (stations 2084, 2091, 51.13).

Genus TRIZONOCERAS n. gen.

This type is represented by two species having very well-marked 

characters, which forbid uniting them with any of the genera known 

to me.

The shape.is more or less discoidal, with nearly closed umbilicus. 

The cross section is subtriangular to sublimate, narrow across the 

venter and expanded below in the typical species, and extending out 

near the umbilicus in auriculate projections. The surface appears to 

be smooth. The suture in its general scheme is like that of Paralegoceras, rather than Goniatites, there being three lobes and three 

saddles, besides a siphonal saddle, in the external suture. The siphonal saddle is narrow and indented above. The others are all 

rounded, the outer differentiated from the two inner ones by being 

larger and asymmetric. The outer lobe is correspondingly differentiated from the two inner lobes by being larger and simple and lanceolate, while the two inner ones are smaller and markedly bifid.

The apparent formation, upon each side, of a continuous revolving 

partition made by the outer sides of the second lateral saddles (see 

fig. 12 of PI. XI) conspicuously divides the external portion of the 

volution into three parts, correspondingly occupied by the small

median lobes and saddles, and the large, somewhat differently shaped 

lateral ones.

This genus is related to Dimorphoceras, but is clearly distinguished 

by important differences in the suture line.

Type. Trizonoceras typicale.

TKIZONOCERAS TYPICALE n. sp. 

Plate XI, figures 12, 12a. 12b.

This species is based upon a single mature specimen, which shows 

the following characters. The size is small, the general shape discoidal, with closed or nearly closed umbilicus. The volutions increase rapidly, so that the aperture occupies considerably more than 

half of the entire diameter. The cross section is subtriangular, very 

narrow across the venter, expanding below, and more or less projecting at the umbilicus in little ears.

The surface appears to have been smooth.
DESCRIPTIONS OP SPECIES. 71

The siphonal saddle is rather narrow and high. It is deeply indented above, but this part of the specimen is obscure, and it can not 

be determined whether the indentation is angular, whether it is 

formed by two parallel lines which do not meet across the bottom, or 

whether the center is elevated into a denticle, thus making the saddle 

three-pronged. The first lateral lobe is considerably broader than 

the siphonal saddle, and is bifid or bilobed, by reason of a moderately 

strong, median, saddle-like depression at its end. The first lateral 

saddle is broadly rounded, about the size of the first lobe, and about 

the width of the siphonal saddle, though not so high. The second 

lateral lobe is somewhat smaller than the first, but, like it, bifid. The 

second lateral saddle, though similar to the first, is considerably 

larger. The third lateral lobe is larger than any of the others, and 

unlike them is simple and lanceolate. The third lateral saddle is 

much larger than the others; it is rounded, but instead of being regular is asymmetric. The internal sutures are not known.

The mesial portion of the structure of this species is rather shaiply 

defined from the two lateral areas, having lobes and saddles which 

are not only smaller but differently shaped. There is another still 

more obvious peculiarity, which appears to divide the external portion of the shell into three distinct areas. The sutures occur very 

close together, and the external limb of the second lateral saddle not 

only almost connects with the same portion of the sutures preceding 

and following it, but, having the same direction, forms part of an 

apparently straight, continuous, revolving line. One of these occurs, 

of course, upon each side, and they appear to divide .the sutural 

pattern into three quite distinct areas.

Horizon and locality, Caney shale, Antlers quadrangle (station 

3948).

TRIZONOCERAS LEPIDUM n. sp.

Plate XI, figures l?,-14a. '

This species can best be described by comparing it with the typical 

and only other known representative of the genus. The size is 

small and the rate of expansion rather rapid. The umbilicus is 

closed. The whorl section is sublimate, projecting at the umbilicus, 

and contracting, though rather broadly rounded above. It is thicker 

than T. ty pic ale and more broadly rounded across the ventral surface. Consequently the shell as a whole is rather more globose. The 

suture is also different in detail, the outer zones being relatively narrower and the median one and the individual lobes which are comprised in it relatively wider. The surface is smooth, so far as known.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Atoka quadrangle (station 

2082), McAlester quadrangle (stations 2078, 2079), Antlers quadrangle (station 3894), Tishomingo quadrangle (station 2091).
72 FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE.

, OSTRACODA. 

Genus CYTHERELLA Jones.

CYTHERELLA aff. BENNIEI Jones, Kirkby, and Brady. 

Plate V, figure 8.

The only station at which Ostracoda have been noted in the fauna 

under consideration is 3981. The material from this point is none 

too well preserved, but two widely different forms appear to be present 

in it. One of these has a deep transverse furrow, a spine, and a 

tubercle. The other, seems to be without such distinguishing marks 

altogether. It is of about the same size as Entomis unicornis. with 

which it is associated. The shape is elliptical, a little less than twice 

as wide as long, somewhat contracting in front, and more or less rectilinear along the upper and lower margins. The convexity is moderate, rather abruptly rounding down at the margins, thickest behind. 

Surface smooth.

So far as can be determined from the material examined, the Caney 

form is closely related to the English one cited above."

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Ardmore quadrangle (station 

3981).

Genus ENTOMIS Jones.

ENTOMIS UNICORNIS n. sp. 

Plate V. figure 7.

Shell fabiform, about twice as wide as high or a little less. Hinge 

straight, somewhat shorter than the greatest width. Lower margin 

gently convex. Ends strongly and rather regularly rounded. A 

well-defined furrow perpendicular to the hinge begins a little in front 

of the middle and passes about halfway to the lower margin. Anterior portion of shell perhaps a trifle more convex than the posterior.

A small but strongly elevated tubercle is situated close to .the hinge 

and posterior to the front margin by about one-third the distance 

between the latter and the nuchal- furrow. A short, stout spine projects backward from the posterior half. Its position is almost 

marginal, a short distance below and posterior to the end of the hinge 

line. Surface nearly or quite smooth, without the ridges which characterize the more common group of the genus.

The majority of the species of Entomis are marked by concentric 

or transverse ridges or lirse of greater or less fineness, though smooth 

species are not unknown. The present form" .is distinguished by its 

smooth surface and by the small spine projecting from near the posterior margin.

Horizon and locality. Caney shale, Ardmore quadrangle (station 

3981).

0 Tones, T. R., Kirkby, J. W., nnd Brady, G. S., British Carboniferous Knlomostraca ; 

Palseonrographical Soc., 1874-1884, p. 70.
REGISTER OF LOCALITIES.

2047. Tuskahoma quadrangle, north of center of sec. 16, T. 3 N., E. IS E. In

creek bed. ' 

Caney shale (collected from blue shale and limestone concretions, surface

material, exact stratigraphic position not determined). 

G. I. Adams. 

2057. Tnskahoma quadrangle, SW. £ SW. i sec. 17, T. 4 N., R. 22 E.

Caney shale. Fossils occur in limestone segregations in bituminous black 

shale; contact relations not deterniinable.

J. A. Taff.

2075. Antlers quadrangle, SW. i sec. 2, T. 1 S., 11. 16 E., valley of Caney Creek. 

Cauey shale (central and lower part; black shale and limestone concretions in same exposed along Caney Creek). 

J. A. Taff and G. H. Girty, November 19, 1898.

2076. Atoka quadrangle, SW. corner of sec. 36, T. 2 S., R. 9 E. 

Cauey shale. 

J. A. Taff.

2077. Atoka quadrangle, SW. i SW. i sec. 36, T. 2 S., R. 8 E., in creek 200 paces 

 north and 56 paces east of corner.

Cauey shale. Sandy shales lying above chert which overlies the Silurian 

limestone. This shale is probably not 100 feet above the Silurian limestone. Dip 35° N: 50° E.

J. A. Taff. j

G. B. Richardson and G. H. Girty, later, 1898.

2078. McAlester quadrangle, near center of sec. 4, T. 2 N., R. 15 E., where small

run crosses chert ridge.

Caney shale (lower part, but not base; from concretions in black shale). 

J. A. Taff and G. H. Girty, November 28, 1898. 

J. A. Taff and E. O. Ulrich, later.

2079. McAlester quadrangle, along tributaries to Elm Creek just north of Ti 

post-office, uortheasten portion of sec. 20, T. 3 N., R. 16 E. (Ti postoffice is no longer situated where shown On map.)

Caney shale (exact stratigraphic position not determined, but presumably 

lower part).

G. I. Adams and J. A. Taff, November 28, 1898.

G. B. Richardson and G. H. Girty, later.

J. A. Taff,and E. 0. Ulrich, later.

2080. Stonewall quadrangle, base of bluff on Boggy Creek 3 miles above Stonewall, Chickasaw Nation. 

Caney shale? (nodules washed out of clay). 

 Elliott and T. W. Vaughan, November 15, 1896.

2081. Stonewall quadrangle, about 2$ miles west of Stonewall, Chickasaw Nation. 

Caney shale? 

T. W. Vaughan, November 14, 1896. -

73
74 FAUNA oi? THE CA^EY SHALE.

2082. Atoka quadrangle, about center of SE. i sec. 36, T. 2 S., R. 8 E.

Caney shale (limestone concretions in black fissile shale in Sandy Creek).

G. B. Richardson and G. H. Girty, November 16, 1898.

J. A. Taff, R. D. Mesler, S. H. Ball, and G. H. Girty, June 24, 1900.

2083. Tishoiningo quadrangle, center of north side of sec. 14, T. 2 S., R. 7 E. 

Caney shale (lower part of shaly portion). 

J. A. Taff, S. H. Ball, and G. H. Girty, June 27, 1900.

2084. Tishoniiugo quadrangle, east side of NW. i sec. 14, T. 2 S., R. 7 E. 

Cauey shale (in black shale 100 feet above chert). 

J. A. Taff, S. H. Ball, and G. H. Girty, 1900.

2085. Tishomingo quadrangle, ravine a short distance (one-eighth mile) west

of Viola.

Caney shale (20 feet above exposures of chert at base). 

G. H. Girty, June 26, 1900.

2086. Tishomingo quadrangle, east side of NW. 1 sec. 14, T. 2 S., R. 7 E. 

Caney shale (at top of chert or base of black shale). 

J. A. Taff, S. H. Ball, and G. H. Girty, 1900.

2087. Tishomingo quadrangle, ravine a short distance (one-eighth mile) west

of Viola.

Caney shale (50 feet above exposures of chert forming base of Caney). 

G. H. Girty, June 26, 1900.

2088. Tishomingo quadrangle, small ravine about one-eighth mile, west of Viola,

SW. 1 sec. 13, T. 2 S., R. 7 E. 

Caney shale (about 40 paces above 2091 and probably near base of shale

and top of chert). 

G. H. Girty, 1900.

2089. Atoka quadrangle, NE. i SE. i sec. 35, T. 2 S., R. 8 E. 

Caney shale (near top of chert). 

J. A. Taff, R. D. Mesler, S. H. Ball, and G. H. Girty, June 24, 1900.

2090. Tishomiugo quadrangle, west side sec. 13, T. 2 S., R. 7 E: 

Cauey shale (about 50 feet above the chert). 

G. H. Girty, June 26, 1900.

2091. Tishomingo quadrangle, SW. i sec. 13, T. 2 S., R. 7 E., little ravine about

one-eighth mile west of Viola. 

Cauey shale (some distance above chert beds at the base).

G. H. Girty, June 26, 1900. 

3948. Antlers quadrangle, NW. i sec. 19, T. 1 S., R. 14 E.

Caney shale (from numerous bowlders on surface; exact strntigraphic

position not known). 

E. 0. Ulrich, J. A. Taff, and R. D. Mesler, October 5, 1902.

3981. Ardniore quadrangle, bluff on Sandy Creek, 3 miles northeast of

Dougherty.

Caney shale, lower part. 

E. O. Ulrich.

3982. Tuskahoma quadrangle, Windingstair Mountain, E. A sec. 32, T. 4 N.,

R. 20 E.

Caney shale (concretions well down in Caney, seemingly in lower part). 

E. O. Ulrich and J. A. Taff.

3983. Antlers quadrangle, SE. I sec. 4, T. 1 S., R. 16 E., branch of Caney Creek,

near 2075.

Caney shale (seems to be central part). 

J. A. Taff, E. O. Ulrich, and party, August 19, 1904.
REGISTER 0.15s LOCALITIES. 75

3984. Antlers quadrangle, SW. i sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 16 E., Caney Creek branch, 

near 2075.

Caney shale (structure not clear; limestone bowlder (concretion?) seemingly in upper part).

M. K. Shaler and C. D. Smith.

3985. Tuskahoma quadrangle, SE. i sec. IS, T. 4 N., R. 22 E., in railroad cut in

vicinity of Couipton, Choctaw Nation. 

Cauey shale (too much disturbance of rocks to interpret stratigraphic

position). 

J. A. Taff and E. O. Ulrich.

3986. Antlers quadrangle, branch of Caney Creek, W. $ sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 16

E., near 2075.

Caney shale (appears to be in central part). 

J. A. Taff, E. O. Ulrich, M. K. Shaler. and C. D. Smith, August 19, 1904.

3987. Antlers quadrangle, Potapo Creek, SW. -] sec. 2, T. 2 S., R. 13 E. 

Caney shale (supposed to be central to lower part). 

J. A. Taff and M. K. Shaler, September 2, 1904.

39SS. Antlers quadrangle, near northeast corner SW. 1 sec. 32, T. 2 S., R. 14 

. E., in gulch leading to McGee Creek. 

Caney shale (indeterminate). 

J. A. Taff and M. K. Shaler, September 2, 1904. 

5113. Tishomingo quadrangle (?), east bank of Washita River, 1 mile below

lower gorge, Chickasaw country. 

Caney shale.

0. St. John, February 20, 1887. 

'5114. Atoka quadrangle, NW. £ sec. 36, T. 2 S., R. 8 E., in branch of Sandy

Creek. 

Woodford chert? (cherty beds below typical Caney at stations 2077 and

2082, as recalled).

G. B. Richardson and G. H. Girty, November 16, 1898. 

5944. Ardrnore quadrangle, Cool Creek, center sec. 1, T. 3 S., R. 2 E.

Caney shale? (1,000 feet ± stratigraphieslly below fossil locality on railway south side sec. 1, T. 3 S., R. 2 E.). 

J. A. Taff, S. H. Ball, and G. H. Girty, July 8, 1900.

PLATE I.
PLATE I.

LINGULA PARACLETUS Hall and Clarke (p. 15).

FIGURE 1. A fragmentary specimen with both valves in conjunction, though 

slightly displaced. The ventral valve is preserved as an internal, 

the dorsal as an external mold, X 3.

2. Internal mold of a large ventral valve, more or less broken in being 

flattened.

3. External mold of a dorsal valve. In the original the two valves are 

in conjunction, as in figure 1. The relative overlap posteriorly of 

the ventral valve, and the shapes of both, are the same as in figure 

1, indicating that that is about their normal relation.

4. Apparently a dorsal valve.

5. Internal mold of a ventral valve showing muscular imprints. The 

posterior end is blunter than in figure 2, X 3. 

Originals of figures 1-5 from station 2077.

LINGULA ALBAPINENSIS Walcott (p. 17).

FIGURE 6. A large specimen preserved as an internal mold, X 2. 

6a. Same, natural size. 

7. A small testiferous specimen, X 2.

Originals of figures 6 and 7 from station 3986.

LINGULA ALBAPINENSIS Walcott? (p. IT).

FIGURE 8. A very small individual from a different locality and of a different 

shape from the foregoing, X 5. This shell is less like typical L. 

albapinensis than the others. 

Original from station 2089.

LlNGULIDISCINA NEWBERRYI, Var. OVata II. VRF. (p. 20).

FIGURE 9. A dorsal valve which over portions of the surface has been but 

slightly exfoliated, X 3.

Original from station 3986.

10. A somewhat exfoliated dorsal valve. X 2. 

Original from station 2076.

11. Impression of the interior of a ventral valve. 

Original from station 3986.

LlNGULIDISCINA BATESVILLENSIS Weller (p. 22).

FIGUBE 12. A large dorsal valve, somewhat exfoliated. 

12a. Side view in outline.

Original from station 2076.

LINGULIDISCINA NEWBERRYI var. caneyana n. var. (p. 19).

FIGUBE 13. A large testiferous ventral valve, X. 2.

14. External mold of a dorsal valve.

15. A dorsal valve preserved in a more or less exfoliated condition. X 2.

16. A macerated ventral valve, X 2.

17. A large dorsal valve preserved as a mold and more or less flattened.

Originals of figures 13-17 from station 2077. 

78
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL.

X2 6a

11

12a

> *.

14 X2

15

X2 X2

16 17

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE II.

79
PLATE II.

CHONETES PLANUMBONUS var. choctawensis n. var. (p. 23).

FIGURE 1. A ventral valve which is almost without a trace of costse, X 2. 

la. Same, natural size, in outline.

2. A ventral valve showing obscure cosfae, possibly owing to exfoliation, X 2. 

2a. Same, natural size, in outline.

3. A ventral valve which is nearly smooth.

Originals of figures 1, 2, and 3, from station 2077.

PRODUCTELLA HIRSUTIFORMIS Walcott (p. 24).

FIGURE 4. A large ventral valve deformed by pressure.

5. A small ventral valve flattened in shale.

Originals of figures 4 and 5 from station 2077.

6. External mold of a small dorsal valve.

Original of figure 6 from station 2086.

PRODUCTUS PILEIFORMIS McChesney (p. 26). .

FIGURE 7. A small dorsal valve preserved as an external mold, X 2. 

Original of figure 7 from station 2079a.

SPIRIFER sp. (p. 28).

FIGURE S. A ventral valve, the only representative of the species yet found.

Preserved largely as an internal mold. 

Original of figure 8 from station 2077. '

MARTINI A sp. (p. 29). .

FIGURE 9. A specimen retaining both valves spread out and flattened down. 

Original of figure 9 from station 2089.

COMPOSITA? sp. (p. 29).

FIGURE 10. A ventral valve which may really be a Liorhynchiiy with obsolete 

plications.

Original of figure 10 from station 2077.

LIORHYNCHUS a if. MESICOSTALE Hall (p. 26).

FIGURE 11. An imperfect ventral (?) valve retaining part of the shell. 

12. Internal mold of a macerated and compressed dorsal valve. 

Originals of figures 11 and 12 from station 2077.

LIORHYNCHUS aff. LAURA Billings (p. 27).

FIGURE 13. A large dorsal valve macerated in shale and crushed to one side. 

Original of figure 13 from station 2085.

14. A large specimen retaining both valves, which have been skewed 

and crushed together.

15. A small dorsal valve.

Originals of figure's 14 and 15 from station 2075, 

80
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. II

2a

13

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE III.

7170(5 Bull. 377 0!) 0 81
PLATE III.

DELTOPECTEN? CANEYANTJS n. sp. (p. 31).

FIGURE 1. The typical specimen, a left valve.

2. Fragment of a right valve showing the shape of the anterior ear. 

Originals of figures 1 and 2 from station 2085.

3. A right valve from another locality referred to this species. The 

anterior ear is probably imperfect. 

Original of figure 3 from station 2077.

PARALLELODON MULTILIRATTJS n. sp. (p. 39).

FIGURE 4. Posterior portion of a left valve. 

4a. Same, X 2.

Original of figure 4 from station 2085. 

5. Anterior portion of a right valve.

Original of figure 5 from station 2089.

CANEYELLA WAPANUCKENSIS n. sp. (p. 34).

FJGURE 6. A left valve, crushed in shale. X 2. .

7. A right valve, similarly preserved, X 2.

8. A narrower right valve, similarly preserved, X 2.

Originals of figures 6, 7, and 8 from station 2079.

9. An imperfect right valve, preserved in limestone, X 3. 

Original of figure 9 from station 2082.

10. An imperfect left valve, preserved in limestone, X 4. 

Original of figure 10 from station 3948.

11. A broader, nearly perfect right valve, X 4. 

Original of figure 11 from station 2082.

CANEYELLA NASUTA n. sp. (p. 37).

FIGURE 12. The typical specimen, a left valve, preserved in limestone, X 2. 

12a. Same, natural size. '

Original of figure 12 from station 2047.

13. Another left valve, compressed in shale.

14. A right valve plainly showing radial sculpture, somewhat complicated with an overlapping left valve, probably belonging to the 

same individual, both compressed in shale.

Originals of figures 13 and 14 from station' 3983. 

82
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. Ill

4-a X2

X3

10 X4 11

12 X2

12a

13

14 X2

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE IV.

83
PLATE IV.

CANEYELLA RICHARDSONI n. sp. (p. 38).

FIGURE 1. A slab of calcareous shale containing two pairs of valves, 

la. One of the specimens, X 2.

Original of figure 1 from station 2083.

CANEYELLA PERCOSTATA n. sp. (p. 37).

FiGUKK' 2. A pair of very young valves referred with doubt to this species.

They may really belong to C. wiuylumi, X 4. 

2a. Same, natural size in outline.

3. A small imperfect left valve with well-preserved anterior lobe, X 3. 

Originals of figures 2 and 3 are from station 2078.

4. A large imperfect left valve, probably distorted by pressure.

5. A nearly perfect left valve. . Originals of figures 4 and 5 from station 2084.

6. A left valve, crushed, but with well-preserved sculpture. 

Original of figure 6 from station 2078.

CANEYELLA VAUGHANI n. sp. (p. 35).

FIGUUE 7. A small specimen restored as a right valve.

8. A large right valve.

Originals of figures 7 and 8 from'station 2078.

9. A right valve with somewhat finer and less distinct plications than 

usual.

Original of figure 9 from station 2083. 

10. Impression from an imperfect mold of a right valve.

Original of figure 10 from station 2080. 

84
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. IV

X2

1a

2 X4

2a

/

\

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE V.

85
PLATE V.

 CCELONAUTJLUS GRATIOSUS n. sp. (p. 50).

FIGURE 1. Restoration of a fragmentary specimen selected as the type. Ventral

view.

la. Side view. 

Ib. A7 entral view showing aperture.

Original of figure 1 from station 2082.

MACROCHEILUS ? MICULA n. sp. (p. 43).

FIGURE 2. Side view of the typical specimen, X 10. 

Original of figure 2 from station 2091.

NATICOPSJ.S sp. (p. 43).

FIGURES. A small form, probably belonging to the gemis Naticopais, X 10. 

Original of tigure 3 from station 20S2.

PLEUROTOMARIA ? sp. (p. 42).

FIGURE 4. A fragmentary specimen of an undetermined species,"X 2. 

Original of figure 4 from station 20S2.

LTEVMDENTALIUM VENUSTUM Meek and Worthen (p. 41).

FIGURES. A specimen referred to this species, though it may really have been

an Orthocerus. Side view. 

5a. Same, X 3.

Original of figure 5 from station 2083.

IDIOTHECA RTJCOSA n. sp. (p. 40).

FIGURE6. A peculiar organism of: somewhat doubtful nflinities. Side view. 

Ga. End view. 

Ob. Opposite end. 

Gc. Aperture, in outline.

Original of figure G from station 5114. The horizon is probably 

that of the Woodford chert.

ENTOM.IS ILTSMCORNIS n. sp. (p. 72).

FIGURE 7. A right (?) valve, .X 20.

Original of figure 7 from station 3981.

CYTHERELLA aff. BENNIEI Jones, Ivirkby, and Brady (p. 72).

FIGURE 8. A left (?) valve, X 20.

Original of tigure 8 from station 3981.

86
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. V

0 I

1b

6c

X20

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE VI.

87
PLATE VI.

BACTRITES? QUADRILTNEATUS n. sp. (p. 50).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a inediuru-sized specimen, X 2.

la. Opposite side showing marginal siphuncle, X 2. 

Ib. Same, natural size.

2. View of the si phonal side of another fragment of medium size, X 2.

3. A small specimen with long chamber of habitation.

4. A specimen probably belonging to this species, though it shows 

neither siphuncle nor septa. Possibly it represents only the living 

chamber.

4a. Portion'of the same near the apex, showing peculiar sculpture, X 5. 

Originals of figures 1-4 from station 2083.

BACTRITES? SMITHIANUS n. sp. (p. 53).

FIGURE 5. Side view of a medium-sized specimen selected as the type.

Original of figure 5 from station 2082.

6. Portion of the living chamber of a large specimen, showing the surface ornamentation, wavy transverse strife, and scattered punctse, 

X 5. 

Original of figure 6 from station 2083.

ORTHOCERAS CANEYANUM n. sp. (p. 45).

FIGURE 7. A small free specimen.

Original of figure 7 from station 207S. 

S. A. small, partly eroded specimen.

Original of figure 8 from station 2079.

ORTHOCERAS CREBRILTRATUM n. sp. (p. 46).

FIGURE 9. Side view of the typical specimen. 

9a. Portion of the surface, X 5.

Original of figure 9 from station 2078. 

10. Portion of the surface of another specimen, X 3. 

Original of figure 10 from station 2083.

ORTHOCERAS WAPANUCKENSE n. sp. (p. 44). 

FIGURE 11. A small specimen selected as the typo. Side view. 

12. Side view of a large fragment.

Originals of figures 31 and 32 from station 2082.

ORTHOCERAS INDIANUM 11. sp. (p. 47).

FIGURE 13. A decorticated specimen, X 5. . 

13a. Same, X.2.

Original of figure 13 from station 2078.

ORTHOCERAS CHOCTAWENSi<; n. sp. (p. 46).

FIGURE 14. Side 'View of the type specimen, X 3. 

14a. Opposite side, X 3. 

14b. Same, natural size.

Original of figure 14 from station 2091.

CYCLOCERAS BALLIANUM 11. sp. (p. 47).

FIGURE 15. Side view of the type specimen. 

15a. End view of same.

Original of figure 15 from station 2083. 

SS
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. VI

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE VII.

89
PLATE VII.

ACTINOCERAS VAUGHANIANUM n. sp. (p. 48).

FIGURE!. The typical specimen, crushed and eroded on one side. (See also 

PI. VIII.)

Original of figure 1 from station 2080. 

90
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. VII

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE VITI.

91
PLATE VIII.

ACTTNOCERAS VAUGHANIANITM n. Sp. (p. 48).

1 1. Opposite side of the type specimen illustrated on Plate VJ.I' 

Original of figure :i from station 2080.

02
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. VIM

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE IX.

93
PLATE IX.

ACTINOGERAS VAUGI-IANIANUM n. sp. (p. 48).

FIGURE 1. Another specimen probably belonging to this species. The rate of 

enlargement appears to be more .rapid than in the type, but this is 

probably due to differential weathering and erosion. This specimen is preserved as a chert mold, worn halfway through upon one 

side. Side view, 

la. Opposite, weathered, side.

Original of figure 1 from point near Tishomingo. 

94
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. IX

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE X.

95
PLATE X.

CYRTORIZOCERAS? HYATTIANUM n. sp. (p. 49),

FIGURE 1. Si<le_view of tne only specimen found. 

]a. Dorsal view. 

Ib. 'Veutrnl view.

Original of figure 1 from station 2082. 

96
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. X

1b

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE XI.

71796 Bull. 377 09 7 97

J
PLATE XI.

GASTRIOCERAS KICHARDSONIANUM n. sp. (p. 54).

i 

FIGURE 1. A specimen of the average or a little less than the average size.

Side view, 

la. Ventral view.

2. Part of the surface, X 4, showing the transverse subiamellose lirse. 

Taken from a mature specimen having a diameter of 27 mm.

3. Ventral view of a young specimen showing transversely corrugated

surface, X 4. 

3a. Side view of same, natural size.

4. Suture of a mature specimen having a diameter of 24. mm.

5. Side view of a young specimen, which has a large umbilicus.

6. Side view of a young specimen. 

6a. Ventral view of same. 

6b. Suture of same, X 2.

7. Internal suture of a small specimen having a diameter of 6 mm., X 2.

8. Ventral, view of a young specimen, X 2. 

Sa. Side view of same, X 2.

9. Side view of a very young specimen, X 4. 

9a. Ventral view of same, X 4.

10. Side view of a very young specimen, X 4.

11. Side view of a very young specimen showing sculpture, X S.

Originals of figures 1-11 from station 20S2 except that of figure 

5, which is from station 2091, and that of figure 10, which is 

from station 2079.

TRIZONOCERAS TYFICALE n. sp. (p. TO).

FIGURE 12. Side view of an imperfect specimen taken as the type, X 2. 

I2a. Suture of same, X 3. 

12b. Ventral view of same.

Original of figure H2 from station 394S.

TRIZONOCERAS LEPIDUM n. sp. (p. 71). f

FIGURE 13. Ventral view of the type specimen. 

13a. Side view of same. 

I3b. Suture of same, X 3, somewhat restored at the sides.

Original of figure 13 from station 2078. 

14. A young specimen of rather common type, supposed to belong to

this species. Side view, X 3. 

14a. Ventral view of same, X 3.

Original of figure 14 from station 2091.

98' 
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. XI

n- : w£;r . pf-v^j

. ;;-*a 7 X2

a 6

I8a

17a 17

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
EUMORPHOCERAS BISULCATUM n. sp. (p. 68).

FIGURE 15. Side view of typical specimen, X 2.

15a. Opposite side of same, showing the shape, of the aperture, X 2. 

15b. Ventral view of same, X 2. '

15c. Ventral view opposite to lob, showing hypouomic sinus much foreshortened, X 2.

16. Ventral view of an exfoliated specimen, X 2.

16a. Sid'e view of same, X 2. . 

16b. Suture of same, X 3.

17. Side view of young specimen, X 3. 

17a. Ventral view of same, X 3. 

17b. Ventral view of same showing aperture, X 3. 

IS. Side view of a very young specimen, X 4. 

ISa. Ventral view of same, X 4. 

19. Side view of a larval specimen, X 5. 

lOa. Ventral view of same in outline, X 5.

Original of figures 15-19 from station 2082 except that of 

figure 16, which is from station 2075. :

99

PLATE XII.

101

\
PLATE XII.

G i<T$ 0 C.CV&S 

ADEUHOeBfeVS MESLER1AMUM 11. Sp. (p. 66).

FIGURE I. Side view of the typical specimen which is an internal mold, 

la. Ventral view of same. 

Ib. Ventral view of same, showing aperture. 

Ic. Suture of same, X 2.

2. Side view of an imperfect testiferous specimen showing sculpture,

X 3.

2a. Ventral view of same, X 3. The ventral surface is marked medially 

by revolving striae, too delicate to be shown by the figure.

3. A broken specimen showing larval stages, X 10. The very transverse shape of the cross-section is in strong contrast to that of the 

mature form. . 

3a. Side view of same, X 10. 

3b. Ventral view of same, X 10. 

3c. Suture of same, X 10.

Originals of figures 1-3 are from station 2083.

GASTRIOCERAS CANEYANUM n. sp. (p. 57).

FIGURE 4. Side view of a specimen with well-preserved surface, X 2. 

4a. Ventral view of same, X 2.

5. Side view of a rather large but imperfect specimen.

6. Side view of a medium-sized spe'cimen. 

6a. Ventral view of same.

7. Side view of a very young specimen, X 3. 

7a. Ventral view of same, X 3.

7b. Suture of same, X 3.

8. Side view of a broken specimen showing larval stages, X 3. The

very rapid expansion is well shown. 

Sa. Ventral view of same, X 3. *

9. A fragment showing the sculpture at an early stage, very different

from that at maturity, X 5. 

10. Suture of a mature specimen, X 2.

Originals of figures 4-10 from station 2078.

GONIATITES NEWSOMI Smith (p. 62).

FIGURE 11. A specimen referred to this species with some doubt. It resembles 

Gastriocer.as caneyannm, but differs in having somewhat coarser 

strise and wider umbilicus. Side view. 

Ha. Ventral view of same in outline.

Original of figure 11 from station 2041. 

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U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. XII

11

10 X2 

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
PLATE XIII.

103
PLATE XIII.

GONIATITES CHOCTAWENSIS Shumard (p. 59).

FIGURE 1. A narrow specimen of rather large size, without constrictions. Side

view.

la. Ventral view of same. 

Ib. Suture of same.

2. Side view of a small specimen with constrictions. 

2a. A^entral view of same. 

2b. Suture of same.

3. Side view of a young specimen. 

3a. Ventral view of same. 

3b. Suture of same, X 2.

4. Ventral view in outline of a very young specimen. 

. 4a. Side view of same, in outline. 

4b. Suture of same, X 5.

5. Suture about half a turn from the aperture of a mature specimen 

having a diameter of 25 mm.

6. Side view of a small testiferous specimen.

6a. Ventral view of same, showing the constrictions ouly where exfoliated, X 3.

6b. Ventral view showing aperture, in outline. 

6c. Portion of the surface of the same.

7. Sculpture from the ventral surface of a specimen having a diameter 

of 12 mm. The crenulations show very faintly, but more than in 

figure 6c, where they do not show at all, X 5.

7a. Sculpture of same, near the umbilicus and about half a turn nearer

the aperture, X 5.

8. Sculpture across the ventral surface of a specimen having a diameter 

of 6 mm. Constrictions show faintly upon the outside and are 

further indicated by intermittance of the sculpture. This figure 

may be compared with 6c, but the specimens are viewed in opposite directions, X 5.

9. Portion of the surface taken on the side of the shell of a specimen 

having a diameter of 18 mm., X 5.

10. Portion of a mature or possibly gerontic specimen, X 5. 

Originals of figures 1-10 from station 2083.

11. Ventral view of a specimen having a somewhat different expression 

and from a different locality from the foregoing. The difference 

in shape from figure la is not so marked in all cases. (See 2a.) 

lla. Side view of same, 

lib. Sculpture-of ventral surface near the aperture.

Original of figure 11 from station 2047. 

104
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 377 PL. XII]

10 X5

11

FAUNA OF THE CANEY SHALE
INDEX.

Names in italic are synonyms; figures in black face denote descriptions; figures in italic refer to illustrations.

Actinoceras.................................. '48

vaughanianum.......:.......... 9,48,90,00, 94

Actinopteria................................. 34

Adelphoceras............................. 04-07,68

meslerianum................... 9,10,66-67, 102

Ainboccclia.................................. 29

Arbuckle Mountains, geology of............. 5-9

Asterocalamites scrobiciilatus............... 8

Airy-pa mcsicostalis. .......................... 26

Aviculipecten............................... 30

occiden tails.............................. 30

sp....................................... 13

B. 

Bactrites................................. '42,50-54

carbonarius.............................. 51,53

quadrilineatus...................... 9,50-52,55

smithianus............. 9,44,45,51-52,53-54,88

Barroisella................................... 10

Brachiopoda................................ 15-30

C.

Caneyella.............................. 14,32-39,39

nasuta....................... 9,10,33,34,37,85

percostata.................:.. 9,34,37-38,39,8-f

richardsoni................ 9,34,37,38,38-39,84

vaughani............:........ 9,10,35-36,37,84

wapamickensis.... - - 9,10,34,34-35,35,30,37,8.?

Caney fauna, age of.......................... 8-9

descriptions of........................... 15-72

list of. 1........:......................... 9-10

localities of........................... 12,73-75

plates showing.......................... 77-104

Caney shale,' age of.......................... 8-9

distribution and relations................. 5-11

Cephalopoda................................ 44-71

Chonetes.................................... 23-24

logani................................... 23

planumbonus........................... 23,24

var. cboctawensis.............. 9,23-24,80

Coolonautilus................................ 50

gratiosus............................... 9,50, SG

Coleolus..................................... 42

Composita.................................. 29-30

sp............................... 9,10,29-30,80

Conocardium................................ 39-40

sp..................................... 9,39-10

Conularia.................................... 40

Conulariidae................................. 40

Cycloceras................................... 47-48

ballianum.......................... 9,47-48,88

randolphense............................ 48

Cyrtoceras................................... 49

71796 Bull. 377 09 S

Page. 

Cyrtorizoceras............................... 49

hyattianum........................... 9, 49,96

Cytherella................................... 72

benniei............................... 10,72, 86

IX 

Dadoxylon.................................. 6

newberryi............................... 0

Deltopecten ................................. 30-32

caneyanus.......................... 0,31-32,82

sp........................................ 13

DentaliidEe.................................. 42

Dentalium venustum......................... 41,42

illinoisense.............................. 42

Dimorphoceras.............................. 70

E. 

Entomis..................................... 72

uuicornis.......................... 10,72,72,8(7

Eumorphoceras............................. 67-70

bisulcatum.....................: 9,10,68-70,53

0.

Gasteropoda................................ 42-44

Gastrioceras............... 54-59,04,65,00,07,68,70

caueyanum.............. 9,10,57-59,62,03, 102

entogonum.............................. 58

king!.................................... 54,55

richardsonianum. 9,10,54,54-57,58,63-04,70,38

Glyphioceras.................... 54,58,65,00,67,68

calyx.................................... 54,57

choctawense............................. 58

leviculirm............................... 66

Gouiati tes........:.. 40,54,56,58,59-64,65,00,09,70

choctawensis............................ , 9,

10,54,50,58,59-62,62,63,04, 108 

crenistria.......................... 58,59,61,05

newsomi...................... 10,58,62,63, 108

sphajricus............................... 65

striatus...............................!.. 59,61

subcircularis............................. 58,63

sp.................................... 10,63-64

Gonioloboceras, liniattrm.................... 66

IT. 

]lolopea..................................

proutana.............................

If union limestone, relations of.............

44

44

5

Id iotheca.................................... 40^11

rugosa............................ 10,40-41,86

J. 

Jackfork sandstone, relations of............. 5-8,11
106 INDEX.

L. Page.

Laevidentalium............................. 41-42

illinoisense.............................. 42

venustum....................... 9,10,41-42, 86

Leiorhynchus Laura ......................... 28

mesicostalis.... .......................... 26

multicosta............................... 27

Lima........................................ 30

Limipecten. .............................. 30,31,32

Lingula................................... 0,15-18

albapinensis ....................... 10,17-18, 78

indianensis.............................. 17

ligea..................................... 17

meeki................................... 17

melie.................................... 17,18

paracletus....................... 9,10,15-17, 78

spatulata................................ 17,18

Lingulidiscina............................... 18-23

batesvillensis.................... 9,20,22-23, 78

exilis.....................,.............. 19

herzeri.................................. 20,22

newberryi............................ 20,22,23

newberryi var. caneyana.. 9,10,19-20,22,23,78 

var. ovata ............... 9,10,20-21,22,78

. saflordi................'................. 21

varsoviensis............................. 21

Liorhynchus............................ 26-28,30

laura..........'................. 9,27,27-28,80

mesacostalis............................. 26

mesicostalc.................. 9,26-27,28,30,80

multicosta ..........:.................... 27,28

quadricostatum......................... 27

sp....................................... 13

Localities, register of....................... 73-75

Loxonema oligospira........................ 44

shumardianum.......................... 44

Lunulicardium.... .\........................ 33

M.

Macrocheilus............................... 43-44

micula........................... 10,43-44, 86

sp....................................... 9,44

Macrodon sp............................:... 13

Martinia..........."......................... 29,30

contracta............................... 29

sp................................. 9710,29,80

Microdon sp................................. 13

Moorefleld shale, relations of................. 10-11

Murchisonia................................. 43

archimedea.............................. 43

nebr.askensis............................ 43

N. 

Naticopsis.................................. 43

sp.................................... 9,43,8(7

Nucula sp................................... 13

0.

Oehlertella.................................. 19

Orbicula davidsoni.......................... IS

forbesi ................................... IS, 19

morrisi.................................. IS

Orbiculoidea................................ IS, 19

batesvillensis............................. 22

newberryi......... '...................... 19

Orthoceras........................... 42,44^7,49

caneyanum............... 9,10,45,45^16,46,88

choctawense.............. 9,10,45,46,46,4 7,88

crebriliratum............. 9,10,45,46,46,47,88

epigrus.................................. 45

0 rthoceras Continued.

iudianum............................. 9,47, 88

okawense............................... 45

wapanuckense............ 9,10,44-45,45,47,88

sp....................................... 9,47

Ostracoda.................................. 72

Ouachita Mountains, geology of............. 5-9

P. 

Paralegoceras............................... 64,70

Parallelodon................................ 39

multiliratus........................... 9,10,39

Pecten...........:.......................... 30

Pelecypod'a................................. 30-40

Plagioglypta................................ 42

venusta ................................. 41

Pleurotomaria............................... 42-43

sp................................. 9,42-43, 86

Posiclonia.................................... 33

Posidoniella................................. 34

Posidonomya................................ 34

fracta.................................... 35

fragosa................................ 35,38,39

Productella.............................. 12,24-25

concentrica.............................. 13

hirsuta.................................. 25

liirsutiformis................. 9,10,13,24-25,80

pyxidata................................ 25

Productus................................... 26

cora..................................... 26

Productns cnrxformis.. ...................... 26

pileiformis............................ 9,26,80

Pterinopecten............................... 34

Pteronites................................... 33

Pteropoda................................... 40-41

R. 

Rhynchonella Laura. ........................ 27,28

mesicostalis.. .. J......................... 26

multicosta. ............................... 28

Rizoceras.................................... 49

S. 

Scaphopoda.............'.................... 41-42

Schizodus sp................................. 13

Schizotreta elliptica.......................... 18,19

Soleniscus blairi............................. 44

Sphajrodoma subcorpulenta................. 44

Spirifer...................................... 28

sp..................................... 9,28,80

Standley shale, relations of.............. 5-8,10-11

Stenotheca.................................. 40

Styliola...................................... 42

Sycamore limestone, relations of............. 5-6

T. 

Taff, J. A , aid of............................ 14

Talihina chert, relations of................... 6

Trizonoceras. ................................ 70-71

lepidum............................ 9,10, 71, 98

typicale........................ 10,70-71,71, 98

U. 

Ulrich, E. 0., on Woodford fossils........... 12

W. 

White, David, on Standley fossils............ 8

Williams, H. S. ; on Productella.............. 13-14

Woodford chert, fossils of.................... 12-13

relations of.......................... 5-7,10-11

Y.

Yoldiasp.................................... 13

o