NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 15-3024

___________

OROLOGIO OF SHORT HILLS INC; 

OROLOGIO INTERNATIONAL LTD INC,

 Appellants

v.

THE SWATCH GROUP (U.S.) INC.

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of New Jersey

(D.C. No. 2-11-cv-06854)

District Judge: Honorable Susan D. Wigenton

____________________________________

Submitted under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

on June 10, 2016

Before: CHAGARES, KRAUSE, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: June 24, 2016)

OPINION*

KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.

 

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.
2

Appellants Orologio of Short Hills and Orologio International Ltd. (collectively, 

“Orologio”) seek reversal of the District Court’s order (1) granting summary judgment to 

Appellee Swatch Group on Orologio’s claims under the New Jersey Franchise Practices

Act (FPA), N.J. Stat. Ann. § 56:10-1 to -15, and § 2(d), (e) of the Robinson-Patman Act 

(RPA), 15 U.S.C. § 13(d), (e), (2) denying Orologio’s motion for partial summary 

judgment on its RPA claims, and (3) denying Orologio’s “Motion for an order striking 

[Swatch’s] answer in part and impos[e] other sanctions based upon [Swatch’s alleged] 

spoliation of evidence.” We conclude that the District Court properly granted summary 

judgment on the FPA claim, erred in granting summary judgment on the RPA claims, and 

did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion to strike and for sanctions. We will 

thus affirm in part and reverse in part, remanding the case for proceedings consistent with 

this opinion.

I. Background1

Orologio operates a business in The Mall at Short Hills in Millburn, New Jersey,

selling high-end watches of various brands. Since 1994 this top-notch watch shop was an 

authorized dealer of Swatch’s premier “Omega” brand of watches, famed, among other 

things, for their use by the fictional international super-spy James Bond. While there was 

no formal, written contract between Orologio and Swatch,2the two had, by all accounts, 

 

1 Because we write primarily for the parties, we provide background only as 

relevant to the issues on appeal.

2

Indeed, according to Swatch, it has no formal contract or license agreement with 

any of its authorized retailers, relying instead on various voluntary programs and internal, 

year-to-year agreements setting forth certain standards that must be met to continue 
3

what appeared to be a durable business relationship in which Orologio purchased Omega 

watches for resale, was permitted to display Swatch’s trademarks, and benefited from 

advertising assistance from Swatch. This relationship hummed along until 2011, when 

Swatch terminated its relationship with Orologio because Swatch planned to open its own 

company store in The Mall at Short Hills. In its Complaint, Orologio avers that, at the 

time of the termination, Omega sales accounted for roughly 25% of Orologio’s total 

revenue. Nonetheless, after losing its status as an Omega dealer, Orologio’s business 

increased until at least 2014.

Swatch provides a number of promotional benefits to retailers that sell its 

products, four of which are particularly relevant to this case. First, under the Partner 

Plan, a voluntary program between Swatch and a given Omega dealer, retailers earn from 

Swatch a monetary credit if they achieve a previously-set minimum retail sales threshold, 

and that size of the credit increases with the amount of sales once the threshold is passed. 

Orologio received credits under the Partner Plan in 2004 and 2005, but it failed to reach 

the threshold necessary to earn credits in subsequent years. Second, retailers may apply 

for co-op support, through which Swatch provides funds to select retailers to help defray 

the costs of specific, additional advertising (though some degree of cost sharing between 

the retailer and Swatch is expected). Orologio’s president has stated that the shop has 

received co-op support “over [its] more than 20-year relationship” with Swatch, with the 

most recent successful application providing funds in 2006. Third, Swatch at times 

 

receiving Swatch’s merchandise for resale. Swatch avers that either party may end the 

buyer-seller relationship at any time.
4

would invest in “tagging,” which amounts to advertisements (e.g., billboards, television 

commercials, and magazine ads) funded entirely by Swatch that feature the name of a 

specific retailer. Fourth, Swatch has offered “slotting fees” to at least one Omega 

retailer, whereby Swatch pays a premium in order to ensure Omega watches are 

displayed in an especially advantageous spot in a given store.

In 2007, things changed. Under new management, Swatch imposed new 

restrictions and requirements on authorized Omega dealers, compliance with which was 

required in order to retain their buyer-seller relationship with Swatch’s Omega line. The 

most dramatic change was a requirement that any authorized retailer maintain at least 

sixty-five timepieces in its inventory at any given time. Despite the increase in financial

investment this uptick in inventory would require, Orologio wanted to preserve its access 

to Omega products and thus agreed to make the change.

3

 Orologio also claims the 

Partner Plans fundamentally changed in January 2008, shifting the rewards available to 

retailers who reached agreed-upon thresholds from monetary credits on future inventory 

purchases to funds for promotional and advertising support—i.e., co-op funds. 

According to Orologio’s president and the owner of another specialty watch shop, 

Swatch represented the newly formulated Partner Plan as the exclusive means of 

accessing co-op funding, thus eliminating the separate application process. Swatch 

 

3 The record is far from clear as to whether this new sixty-five piece requirement 

was associated with a change in the Partner Plan or with a so-called Selective 

Distribution Program. Compare App. 8, 1122 (indicating that the Partner Plans imposed 

the new requirement), with App. 573 (indicating the “Selective Distribution Program” 

imposed the requirement). For purposes of this case, only the fact that Orologio took on 

this new responsibility is relevant.
5

disputes this characterization, insisting that meeting the targets under the Partner Plan to 

trigger credits was not required for receipt of co-op funds.

Orologio discovered that some of its competitors were, in fact, receiving co-op 

funds even without participating in the new Partner Plan and insists that these co-op 

decisions were not only done behind Orologio’s back but were also doled out at Swatch’s

whim without any objective standards guiding which retailers received co-op funds. 

Meanwhile, Orologio also discovered that some of its competitors had benefited from 

tagged ads and slotting fees—benefits Orologio insists were not offered to it at any time

and were not based on any objective criteria.

In 2011, upon being dropped as an authorized Omega dealer, Orologio brought 

suit first in New Jersey state court, alleging that, under the FPA, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 56:10-

4, it was a franchisee of Swatch and that Swatch’s termination of their business 

relationship without cause thus violated New Jersey law, id. § 56:10-5. The state court 

denied Orologio relief. Orologio filed its Complaint in federal court a few months later,

seeking declaratory and injunctive relief for its FPA claim along with claims under §

2(d), (e) of the Robinson-Patman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 13(d), (e), and a state law claim for 

breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Orologio’s RPA claims rest on the 

idea that Swatch failed to provide promotional benefits to all its authorized Omega 

dealers in a way that was “available on proportionally equal terms.” 15 U.S.C. § 13(d). 

Orologio claims Swatch failed to meet that bar (1) by not providing notice that co-op 

funds were available outside the Partner Plan nor that tagging and slotting fees were on 
6

the table, and (2) by offering co-op support, tagging, and slotting fees in an ad hoc 

manner rather than through the use of objective criteria.

During the pendency of this litigation, Swatch authorized the destruction of hardcopy tapes containing the tagged television commercials it funded for other authorized 

Omega dealers. Based on the evidence in the record, the tapes were destroyed without 

reference to this litigation and for the sole reason that Swatch no longer wished to pay a 

storage company to house the tapes. Orologio points to the destruction of these tapes as 

spoliation of evidence because Gregory Swift—the brand manager for Omega watches—

was copied on the emails regarding their destruction, and he had been put on notice years 

earlier by Swatch’s counsel not to allow the destruction of emails and “any other 

documents” relating to the Orologio litigation.

In early 2015, Orologio and Swatch filed cross motions for summary judgment, 

with Swatch seeking judgment on all counts and Orologio seeking judgment solely on its

RPA claims. Orologio also moved to strike Swatch’s Answer and impose other sanctions 

based on the alleged spoliation of evidence. The District Court found in favor of Swatch 

on all counts and entered a corresponding order. Orologio timely filed this appeal, 

seeking reversal of the District Court’s grant of summary judgment on the FPA and RPA 

claims and reversal of the District Court’s dismissal of the motion to strike and issue

sanctions.

4

 

4 The District Court opinion does not reference Orologio’s breach of the covenant 

of good faith and fair dealing claim, but we assume that, in finding there was no FPA 

violation nor an RPA violation, the District Court intended either to grant summary 

judgment in Swatch’s favor on that claim as well or to dismiss it for lack of supplemental 
7

II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1367, and we 

have jurisdiction to review its final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary 

review over a grant of summary judgment, applying the same standard employed by the 

District Court. In re Chocolate Confectionary Antitrust Litig., 801 F.3d 383, 395 (3d Cir. 

2015). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine 

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Meanwhile, we review a denial of a motion to strike and issue

sanctions based on spoliation of evidence for abuse of discretion. Bull v. United Parcel 

Serv., Inc., 665 F.3d 68, 73 (3d Cir. 2012); Meditz v. City of Newark, 658 F.3d 364, 367 

n.1 (3d Cir. 2011); Complaint of Consolidation Coal Co., 123 F.3d 126, 131 (3d Cir. 

1997).

III. Discussion

Upon review, we conclude that the District Court properly entered summary 

judgment in favor of Swatch on Orologio’s FPA claim and did not abuse its discretion in 

denying Orologio’s motion to strike and issue sanctions. However, because we perceive 

genuine dispute over issues of material fact as to Orologio’s RPA claims, we will reverse 

the District Court’s decision to grant summary judgment on those claims and remand for 

further proceedings.

 

jurisdiction once the federal RPA claims were disposed of. In any event, Orologio does 

not raise this issue on appeal and it is thus waived for our purposes. See, e.g., United 

States v. Pelullo, 399 F.3d 197, 222 (3d Cir. 2005) (“It is well settled that an appellant’s 

failure to identify or argue an issue in his opening brief constitutes waiver of that issue on 

appeal.”).
8

A. FPA Claim

Orologio claims its relationship with Swatch was a franchise under the FPA and 

that its termination without cause was thus in violation of New Jersey law. The FPA 

makes it unlawful for a franchisor to “terminate, cancel, or fail to renew a franchise 

without having first given written notice setting forth all the reasons for such [action] at 

least 60 days in advance” or to take such action without good cause. N.J. Stat. Ann. 

§ 56:10-5. While there are a number of additional requirements a franchisee must meet 

before it can benefit from the FPA, see id. § 56:10-4, a business must first demonstrate 

that its business relationship meets the threshold definition of “franchise” under the 

statute:

“Franchise” means a written arrangement for a definite or indefinite period, 

in which a person grants to another person a license to use a trade name, 

trade mark, service mark, or related characteristics, and in which there is a 

community of interest in the marketing of goods or services at wholesale, 

retail, by lease, agreement, or otherwise.

Id. § 56:10-3(a). 

We agree with the District Court that Orologio was not a franchisee of Swatch and 

that its FPA claim therefore fails as a matter of law. While the District Court considered 

each component of the franchise definition, we need not consider the presence or absence 

of a written arrangement or a license because we are satisfied that there was no 

community of interest between Orologio and Swatch in this case.

We have characterized the community of interest analysis as a balancing test in 

which a court considers four factors: “(1) licensor’s control over the licensee, (2) the

licensee’s economic dependence on the licensor[,] (3) disparity in bargaining power, and 
9

(4) the presence of a franchise-specific investment by the licensee.”5 Cassidy Podell 

Lynch, Inc. v. SynderGeneral Corp., 944 F.2d 1131, 1140 (3d Cir. 1991); cf. Instructional 

Sys., Inc. v. Comput. Curriculum Corp., 614 A.2d 124 (N.J. 1992) (considering similar 

factors and citing favorably to Cassidy and our other recitations of the community of

interest test). The community of interest inquiry is designed to advance the FPA’s main 

concern: “that once a business has made substantial franchise-specific investments it 

loses all or virtually all of its original bargaining power regarding the continuation of the 

franchise . . . [and] has no choice but to accede to the demands of the franchisor, no 

matter how unreasonable those demands may be.” Instructional Sys., 614 A.2d at 141. 

To find a community of interest, the alleged franchisee must “establish that it was subject 

to the whim, direction and control of a more powerful entity whose withdrawal from the 

relationship would shock a court’s sense of equity.” Colt Indus. Inc. v. Fidelco Pump & 

Compressor Corp., 844 F.2d 117, 120-21 (1988).

The New Jersey Supreme Court determined in Instructional Systems that a 

franchisee had a community of interest with its franchisor where the franchisee sold only

the franchisor’s product, was forbidden by its agreement with the franchisor to sell 

competing products, had made significant franchise-specific investments, and jointly 

cooperated with the franchisor in “sales, marketing, and maintenance activities.” 614 

A.2d at 140-46. In reaching this conclusion, the court contrasted the franchise 

 

5 This formulation of our community of interest test uses the terms “licensor” and

“licensee,” but because we decline to rule on whether Swatch granted Orologio a license, 

these terms—for purposes of this opinion—should be considered to mean “purported 

franchisor” and “purported franchisee,” respectively.
10

relationship in that case with the relationships at issue in cases where we have determined 

there was no community of interest. Id. In Cassidy, for example, we determined there 

was no community of interest where the investment in skills and the customer base 

associated with the purported franchisor were transferrable to future business endeavors,

and we observed that “a community of interest exists when . . . the nature of the franchise 

business requires the licensee . . . to make a substantial investment in goods or skills that 

will be of minimal utility outside the franchise.” 944 F.2d at 1143-44; accord Cooper 

Distrib. Co. v. Amana Refrigeration, Inc., 63 F.3d 262, 270 (3d Cir. 1995). Likewise, in 

New Jersey American, Inc. v. Allied Corp., we concluded there was no community of 

interest where a retailer relied (and could continue to rely) on a number of suppliers other 

than the alleged franchisor and had not been required to heavily invest in franchisespecific equipment or goodwill. 875 F.2d 58, 63-65 (3d Cir. 1989). See also Neptune 

T.V. & Appliance Serv., Inc. v. Litton Microwave Cooking Prods. Div., Litton Sys., Inc.,

462 A.2d 595, 597, 603 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1983) (finding no community of 

interest where, among other reasons, the purported franchisee obtained only 38% of its 

revenue from the alleged franchisor).

Looking to the factors we outlined in Cassidy, we agree with the District Court’s 

conclusion that there was no community of interest between Orologio and Swatch. First, 

as evidenced by the characterization of Neptune T.V. in Instructional Systems, New 

Jersey courts are not persuaded that there is a community of interest even where an 

alleged franchisee obtains 38% of its revenue from the alleged franchisor. Instructional 

Sys., 614 A.2d at 142 (citing Neptune T.V., 462 A.2d at 597). Here, Orologio alleges in 
11

its Complaint—though it does not direct us to record evidence—that it obtained nearly 

25% of its revenue from Omega sales—far less than 38%. App. 1441. Moreover, as in 

New Jersey American, Inc., Orologio obtained watches from a number of other suppliers,

and it thrived after losing its Omega retailer status, making it clear that Orologio was not 

economically dependent on Swatch. 875 F.2d at 59, 63; see also Cooper, 63 F.3d at 272 

(characterizing economic dependence as “perhaps the ‘most important’ factor in 

determining whether a community of interest exists.”).

Second, Orologio alleges it made two types of franchise-specific investments

during its relationship with Swatch: (1) inventory to comply with the requirement that it 

maintain sixty-five timepieces at all times, and (2) marketing, advertising, and training 

costs. Orologio’s large investment in Omega inventory for resale was arguably specific 

to the alleged franchise, but Swatch offered to buy back existing inventory after it 

terminated its relationship with Orologio, rendering such investment irrelevant for 

assessing the community of interest. In addition, some amount of marketing and 

advertising investments are par for the course for any store that sells products 

manufactured by a supplier, and we decline to hold that—without more—marketing the 

items on the shelf is sufficient to create a community of interest. Moreover, there is no 

evidence that the investments in employee knowledge about Omega were mandatory, see

App. 574 (explaining that Omega offers “voluntary and free of charge seminars and 

training sessions to its dealers”), nor is there evidence indicating such investments would 

not be transferrable to other high-end watch brands that Orologio sells. In the absence of 
12

required, non-recoupable investments, we cannot agree with Orologio that it lacked

bargaining power with Swatch sufficient to create a community of interest.

Third, we discern no significant level of “control” exerted by Swatch over 

Orologio. While Orologio’s ability to sell Omega watches was predicated on rules and 

limitations imposed by Swatch, these requirements are not “so burdensome as to create 

the unfettered control typically present in a franchise relationship.” Cassidy, 944 F.2d at 

1141. Moreover, Orologio had the option to agree to these terms and make the 

concomitant investments or instead recalibrate its business to rely on its other watch 

brands—a reality we believe undermines any argument that Orologio is firmly under 

Swatch’s thumb.

Accordingly, we conclude that the District Court was correct to determine there is 

no evidence in the record to create a genuine issue of material fact that might support 

finding a community of interest between Orologio and Swatch. Because this conclusion 

is sufficient to affirm the District Court on the FPA claim, we do not address whether the 

various writings and business dealings Orologio points to in support of the presence of a 

“written arrangement” or “license” sufficient to create a franchise under the definition in 

N.J. Stat. Ann. § 56:10-3.

B. RPA Claims

Section 2(d) of the RPA “makes it unlawful for a supplier in interstate commerce 

to grant advertising or other sales promotional allowances to one ‘customer’ who resells 

the supplier’s ‘products or commodities’ unless the allowances are ‘available on 

proportionally equal terms to all other customers competing in the distribution of such 
13

products or commodities.’” F.T.C. v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 390 U.S. 341, 343 (1968) 

(quoting 15 U.S.C. § 13(d)).6 In practice, this means that entities like Swatch that 

provide products to retailers like Orologio may not offer promotional assistance—e.g., 

the Partner Program, co-op funding, tagging, and slotting fees at issue here—to its 

retailers unless (1) the programs are administered based on some objective,

“proportionally equal” criteria, rather than at the whim of the supplier, and (2) all retailers 

that compete with one another are on notice of the availability of such programs. 16 

C.F.R. § 240.9 (allowing “[a]ny method that treats competing customers on

proportionally equal terms” and suggesting that “basing the payments made . . . on the 

dollar volume or on the quantity of the product purchased during a specified period” is 

the easiest way to accomplish such fairness); 16 C.F.R. § 240.10(b) (“The seller has an 

obligation to take steps reasonably designed to provide notice to competing customers of 

the availability of promotional services and allowances.”); see also 16 C.F.R. § 240.8 (“A 

seller who makes payments or furnishes services that come under the Act should do so 

according to a plan. . . . The seller should inform competing customers of the plans 

available to them, in time for them to decide whether to participate.”).

 

6 Section 2(e) of the RPA imposes essentially the same requirements on

promotional services as § 2(d) imposes on promotional payments. 15 U.S.C. § 13(e) (“It 

shall be unlawful for any person to discriminate in favor of one purchaser against another 

purchaser or purchasers of a commodity bought for resale . . . by contracting to furnish or 

furnishing . . . any services or facilities connected with . . . such commodity so purchased 

upon terms not accorded to all purchasers on proportionally equal terms.”). The 

regulations pertaining to § 2(e) are the same as those pertaining to § 2(e), e.g., 16 C.F.R. 

§ 240.9, and we therefore analyze Orologio’s § 2(d), (e) claims together. 
14

The District Court granted Swatch summary judgment on Orologio’s RPA claims 

for two independent reasons: (1) that Orologio failed to provide record evidence of who 

its competitors are; and (2) that, even if it had, the Partner Plan, co-op funding, tagging, 

and slotting fees were “available on proportionally equal terms.” We disagree on both 

fronts.

i. Identifying Orologio’s Competitors

Section 2(d) of the RPA only applies when competitors at the “same functional 

level” have unequal access to promotional benefits provided by a supplier. See Fred 

Meyer, Inc., 390 U.S. at 349, 356; see also F.T.C. v. Simplicity Pattern Co., 360 U.S. 55, 

62-64 (1959) (operating from the premise that competition is required for both § 2(d) and 

§ 2(e) claims). It is the claimant’s responsibility to identify its competitors and 

demonstrate they compete at the same functional level. See George Haug Co. v. Rolls 

Royce Motor Cars Inc., 148 F.3d 136, 141-42 (2d Cir. 1998) (determining that a 

complaint sufficiently alleged the presence of “functional competition between 

purchasers of a commodity” in a § 2(d), (e) case). The District Court granted summary 

judgment against Orologio’s RPA claims in part because it determined “Orologio fail[ed]

to carry its burden in demonstrating who its actual competitors are.” App. 17. 

According to the District Court, Orologio’s only evidence that it was in 

competition with nearby Omega dealers was the Fruda deposition, which listed “all 

Omega dealers that obtained co-op assistance in Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, 

and Pennsylvania.” Id. at 18. The District Court was “not persuaded that all Omega 

dealers that received co-op assistance [in that geographic area] were in fact competitors” 
15

of Orologio and found that “the record is devoid of evidence of any competition between 

the dealers.” Id. Similarly, the District Court found a lack of evidence as to whether the 

Omega dealers that received tagged advertisements from Swatch were, in fact, in 

competition with Orologio. Id. We cannot agree. 

As pointed out in its brief, Orologio presented the expert report of Joao C. Dos

Santos, which used Orologio’s historical customer data to calculate the relevant 

geographic market in which Orologio competes: New Jersey, Manhattan, Long Island, 

southern and eastern New York, Connecticut, and eastern Pennsylvania.7 The Dos 

Santos report further identified more than twenty Orologio competitors in that market, 

fifteen of which had received some co-op funding between January 2006 and December 

2013. At the very least, the Dos Santos report presents a genuine issue of material fact as 

to Orologio’s competitors that warranted consideration by a finder of fact.

The District Court also stated that Orologio did not offer any evidence that it lost 

sales to competitors that received tagged ads from Swatch. App. 18. We see two 

problems with this determination. First, there is a report in the sealed appendix that 

calculates lost revenue as a result of tagging, thus creating at least a dispute of fact on this 

point. See App. 2580. Second and more fundamentally, RPA claims brought under 

§ 2(d), (e) do not require proof of competitive injury. Simplicity Pattern Co., 360 U.S. at

65. Unlike the more commonly brought price discrimination claims under § 2(a) of the 

 

7 Because it contains proprietary information, the actual Dos Santos Report was 

filed under seal. We refer only to characterizations made in Orologio’s publicly-filed 

brief on appeal. For the District Court’s benefit, the portion of the report defining the 

relevant market may be found at App. 2551-59.
16

RPA, “the proscriptions [under § 2(d), (e)] are absolute,” meaning that a violation of 

§ 2(d) or § 2(e) is unlawful regardless of a showing of competitive injury. Id. Thus, the 

District Court was wrong to grant summary judgment on this basis as well.

ii. “Available on Proportionally Equal Terms”

In a few short sentences, the District Court held that summary judgment on the 

RPA claims was appropriate because the Partner Plan, co-op funding, tagging, and 

slotting fees were available on proportionally equal terms to Orologio and all of its 

alleged competitors. We do not believe the record supports this conclusion.

As to the Partner Plan and co-op funding, it appears the District Court 

misunderstood the crux of Orologio’s RPA claims. As stated in its brief on appeal, 

Orologio never argued that the Partner Plan—the voluntary plan through which it could 

earn credits for meeting certain sales thresholds—itself violated the RPA. Appellant’s 

Br. 52-53. Rather, Orologio’s chief complaint centers on its claim that the terrain 

changed after 2007 when Swatch represented to Orologio that co-op funding was

exclusively available via participation in the Partner Plan despite still providing co-op 

funding to other competitors who did not participate in the Partner Plan. Thus, the 

District Court’s determination that Orologio had adequate notice of the co-op policy 

because “it had received co-op advertising support ‘over the more than 20-year 

relationship,’ including in 2006,” App. 19, misses the mark: Orologio claims the Partner
17

Plan and access to co-op funding fundamentally changed in 2007, meaning that its 

understanding of the co-op policy pre-2007 is immaterial to its RPA claims.

8

 

Once Orologio’s RPA claims related to co-op funding is properly understood, it 

becomes clear that the record contains sufficient evidence to raise disputed questions of 

material fact on this issue. First, there are two declarations indicating that Swatch 

represented to at least some of its retailers that participation in the Partner Plan was the 

exclusive way to access co-op funds. App. 1573-74 (declaration by Orologio’s president 

stating the Partner Plan was represented to him as the only way to access co-op funds); 

id. at 1463-64 (same from an alleged Orologio competitor). Yet, there is also a sworn

statement by Orologio’s president that the company applied for co-op funding outside the 

context of the Partner Plan (despite purportedly believing—based on Swatch’s 

representations—that such funding was available only via the Partner Plan), id. at 502, 

and, of course, Swatch itself disputes that it ever made such representations, see id. at 

572-73, 619, 807. Thus, at the very least, the record presents a material question of fact 

as to whether Orologio was, in fact, misled by Swatch as to the availability of co-op 

funds outside the context of the Partner Plan, thus depriving Orologio of the “notice” of 

the promotional benefits required under § 2(d), (e). 

 

8 For its part, Swatch rebuts this characterization of the co-op funding program, 

stating that “Omega’s Co-op Commitment program was independent of the Partner Plan, 

meaning that if dealers did not achieve Partner Plan program credit because the dealer 

failed to meet sales goals (such as Orologio), they still had the opportunity to obtain 

[Swatch] co-op assistance . . . .” Appellee’s Br. 54.
18

Second, there is evidence in the record that Swatch’s decisions as to granting or 

denying a co-op fund application, as well as how much funding to give, were made on an 

ad hoc, case-by-case basis without any objective standards. Id. at 619, 729, 808; see also 

16 C.F.R. § 240.9. These alleged facts pose the second § 2(d), (e) question: whether 

Swatch offered co-op funds based on objective, “proportionally equal” criteria.9

The District Court further erred in concluding that because Orologio did not 

affirmatively request tagged ads that it could not make out an RPA claim. See App. 19. 

Rendering a promotional benefit “available” requires affirmatively putting retailers on 

notice of its availability, not merely passively entertaining requests initiated by the 

retailers themselves. 16 C.F.R. § 240.10(b) (“The seller has an obligation to take steps

reasonably designed to provide notice to competing customers of the availability of 

promotional services and allowances.” (emphasis added)); accord Alterman Foods, Inc. 

v. F.T.C., 497 F.2d 993, 1001 (5th Cir. 1974) (“[A] supplier must not merely be willing, 

if asked, to make an equivalent deal with other customers, but must take affirmative 

action to inform them of the availability of the promotion programs.”); Vanity Fair Paper 

Mills, Inc. v. F.T.C., 311 F.2d 480, 484-85 (2d Cir. 1962). Moreover, the District Court’s 

determination that “there is no evidence that Orologio was unaware that it could make a 

tagging request,” App. 19, ignores the fact that, once it is shown that some retailers 

receive a promotional benefit that others do not, “the burden of proving the availability of 

 

9 There is also evidence in the sealed appendix that at least tees up a genuine 

question as to whether retailers not participating in the Partner Plan obtained co-op funds 

(despite Orologio’s contention that such funds were only supposed to be available to plan 

participants). See id. at 2794.
19

similar [benefits] to [the retailer’s] competitors” is on Swatch—not Orologio. See

Alterman Foods, 497 F.2d at 1001. Thus, the District Court cannot base summary 

judgment on its conclusion that Orologio failed to seek tagging itself.

For the same reason, the burden is on Swatch to demonstrate that, despite 

awarding slotting fees to a single retailer in New York City and Las Vegas, it made the 

availability of slotting fees plain to its authorized dealers. The District Court’s rejection 

of the slotting fees claim was thus premature. See App. 20. Moreover, the District 

Court’s reliance on El Aguila Food Products, Inc. v. Gruma Corp., 301 F. Supp. 2d 612 

(S.D. Tex. 2003), aff’d, 131 F. App’x 450 (5th Cir. 2005), to find in Swatch’s favor on 

the slotting fees claim was misplaced given (1) its unsupported assertion that slotting fees 

“are generally not considered valuable” and (2) the fact that “Swatch did not consider 

Orologio’s positioning of Omega as conveying value” being insufficient to justify not 

alerting Orologio of the availability of slotting fees more generally (even if it would not 

end up receiving such fees after some objective review). See App. 20.

For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the District Court’s order granting 

summary judgment to Swatch on Orologio’s claims under § 2(d), (e) of the RPA and 

remand for further proceedings.10

C. Motion to Strike and for Sanctions due to Spoliation

We review the District Court’s denial of Orologio’s motion to strike Swatch’s 

Answer and issue sanctions based on alleged spoliation of evidence for abuse of 

 

10 Because we perceive disputed questions of material fact, we will not accept 

Orologio’s invitation to grant its partial motion for summary judgment on its RPA claims.
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discretion, Bull, 665 F.3d at 73; Meditz, 658 F.3d at 367 n.1; Complaint of Consolidation 

Coal Co., 123 F.3d at 131, meaning we will only reverse if the District Court’s decision 

was based “on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the 

evidence,” Adams v. Ford Motor Co., 653 F.3d 299, 304 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Bowers 

v. Nat’l Collegiate Athletic Ass’n, 475 F.3d 524, 538 (3d Cir. 2007)). 

Here, the relevant motion was based on alleged spoliation of evidence by Swatch 

concerning the destruction of tapes that contained tagged television commercials 

provided to certain Omega retailers. Spoliation of evidence requires “bad faith,” not 

mere negligence, Bull, 665 F.3d at 79 (requiring bad faith for spoliation and subsequent 

sanctions), and in denying Orologio’s motion, the District Court relied in part on its 

finding “that Orologio has failed to show bad faith on Swatch’s part,” App. 11 n.5. 

Orologio insists there are no facts in the record to support the District Court’s denial, and 

points us instead to a magistrate judge’s stated belief that there was a prima facie case of 

spoliation here. But even in expressing her concern over the destruction of the tapes in 

the midst of litigation, the magistrate judge indicated she discerned no allegation by 

Orologio of a nefarious plot to destroy evidence. The District Court found that, inter 

alia, Orologio “failed to show bad faith on Swatch’s part.” App. 11 n.5. We conclude

that the specific email exchanges in the record that reference destruction of the tapes 

amply support the District Court’s determination that neither Omega’s brand manager nor 

the employee who initiated destruction of the tapes acted in bad faith. The District Court 

therefore did not make a “clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence” related to the 
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motivations behind the destruction of the tapes and did not abuse its discretion in denying

Orologio’s motion based on the lack of a showing of bad faith on the part of Swatch.11 

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s entry of summary 

judgment against Orologio’s FPA claim and its denial of Orologio’s motion to strike and 

for sanctions, but we will reverse the District Court’s entry of summary judgment against 

Orologio’s RPA claims. Rather than address Orologio’s motion for partial summary 

judgment on its RPA claims, we will remand to the District Court for proceedings 

consistent with this opinion.

 

11 Because bad faith is a requirement for spoliation of evidence, and we find no 

abuse of discretion on that point, we need not address the District Court’s additional 

reasoning for denying the motion, such as the alleged availability of other avenues to 

obtain information about the content of the tapes or Orologio’s failure to show that 

Swatch attempted to obstruct Orologio. See App. 11 n.5.