Native Plant Materials 

Development Program

Progress Report for FY2001-2007

December 2009

U.S. Department of the Interior
Copies available from:

Bureau of Land Management

National Operations Center

Printed Materials Distribution Service

Email: BLM_NOC_PMDS@blm.gov

Order number P-461
Native Plant Materials 

Development Program

Progress Report for FY2001-2007

December 2009

U.S. Department of the Interior

Bureau of Land Management

BLM/WO/GI-10/008+1800
1. Native Seed Collection 2. Evaluation & Development

3. Field Establishment

4. Seed Production 

5. Seed Storage by Private Growers

6. Restore Native

Plant Communities

1. Native Seed Collection 2. Evaluation & Development

3. Field Establishment

4. Seed Production

5. Seed Storage by Private Growers

6. Restore Native

Plant Communities

Native Plant Materials Development Process

There are many steps involved in the process of developing a reliable, stable crop from wild collected 

species. Native plant materials, like agronomic crops, take an average of 10-20 years to develop as 

consistent, reliable commercially available species. Starting with native seed collection, the time and 

length of each step in the development process varies for each grass, forb and shrub. Adequate and 

consistent funding is critical to the success of this long-term endeavor. The goal of the Native Plant 

Materials Development Program is to facilitate this process and to increase capacity within the Federal 

agencies and the private sector for ecologically appropriate native seed.
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................... iii

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................... v

Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1

Background ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

Threats to Native Plant Communities ................................................................................................................. 1

Federal Role ........................................................................................................................................................ 2

Congressional Direction and Appropriations ...................................................................................................... 4

Program Funding, Partnerships and Accomplishments ....................................................................................... 4

Chapter 2: National Program Accomplishments ................................................................................................... 6

Key National Program Partners ........................................................................................................................ 6

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Seeds of Success .......................................................................................... 6

Plant Conservation Alliance .............................................................................................................................. 7

Center for Plant Conservation ........................................................................................................................... 8

Native Seed Network ........................................................................................................................................ 8

USDA Agricultural Research Service’s National Plant Germplasm System .................................................... 9

USDA Forest Service Facilities ........................................................................................................................ 9

NRCS Plant Material Centers ........................................................................................................................... 9

National Native Plant Materials Development Program Overview .................................................................. 10

Chapter 3: Ecoregional Program Accomplishments ............................................................................................ 12

Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Project ................................................................................. 13

Pacific Northwest Ecoregion Program .............................................................................................................. 14

Uncompahgre Plateau and Colorado Plateau .................................................................................................... 15

Mojave Desert Initiative .................................................................................................................................... 16

Seeds of Success Program ................................................................................................................................ 17

Chapter 4: Future Directions ................................................................................................................................ 19

Goal and Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 19

Chapter 5: Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................ 22

Glossary of Native Plant Materials Development Terms ..................................................................................... 23

Appendix 1: Partners Involved in the Native Plant Materials Development Program ..................................... 27

LIST OF REFERENCES

The following reports prepared by Native Plant Materials Development Program partners can be found in 

electronic format on the accompanying CD.

2002 Interagency Report to the Congress on Native Plant Materials 

Center for Plant Conservation Plant Conservation Directory

Genetic considerations in ecological restoration: an annotated bibliography (Center for Plant Conservation)

Great Basin Information

•	 Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Project Annual Reports

-	 Great Basin Native Plant Selection & Increase Project 2002 Progress Report

-	 Great Basin Native Plant Selection & Increase Project 2003 Progress Report

-	 Great Basin Native Plant Selection & Increase Project 2004 Progress Report

-	 Great Basin Native Plant Selection & Increase Project 2005 Progress Report

-	 Great Basin Native Plant Selection & Increase Project 2006 Progress Report

-	 Great Basin Native Plant Selection & Increase Project 2007 Progress Report

-	 Great Basin Restoration Initiative Progress Report 2001
-	 Nevada Native Plant Development 

Project Progress Report 2001-2002

-	 Nevada Native Plant Development 

Project Progress Report 2003

-	 Nevada Native Plant Development 

Project Progress Report 2004

-	 Nevada Native Plant Development 

Project Progress Report 2005

-	 Nevada Native Plant Development 

Project Progress Report 2006

-	 Nevada Native Plant Development 

Project Progress Report 2007

•	 Great Basin Native Seed Guide

•	 2003 Great Basin Seed Logistics Report

An Introduction to Restoration Genetics (Society for 

Ecological Restoration International)

Mojave Desert Initiative Action Plan

Native Alternatives to Invasive Plants (Brooklyn 

Botanic Garden)

Native Plant Materials Development Program Native 

Seed Data

•	 Alaska.xls

•	 Arizona.xls

•	 California.xls

•	 Colorado.xls

•	 Idaho.xls

•	 Montana.xls

•	 New Mexico.xls

•	 Nevada.xls

•	 Oregon and Washington.xls

•	 Utah.xls

•	 Wyoming.xls

•	 Great Basin.xls

•	 Other Partners.xls

•	 Totals.xls

Native Seed Network Information

•	 Focus List for the Northern Basin and Range 

Ecoregion of Oregon

•	 Native Plant Materials Profiles

•	 Plant Material Profiles Great Basin

Pacific Northwest Native Plant Materials Program 

Information

•	 2007 BLM Roseburg District Annual Report 

(NRCS Corvallis Plant Materials Center)

•	 California Brome (Bromus carinatus) 

Genecology Study

•	 Guidelines for Seeding Native Plants 

(Deschutes Basin Native Plant Seedbank)

•	 Interagency Native Plant Materials Working 

Group Success Story

•	 Lotus crassifolius (Big deer Vetch) Common 

Garden Study

•	 Native Plant Species Program Guidelines 

(Western Oregon)

•	 Native Seed Collection & Restoration GeoDatabase

•	 Native Seed Restoration and Evaluation in the 

Eugene District

•	 Oregon and Washington Native Plant 

Materials Development Program Overview

•	 Policy on Use of Native Species Plant 

Materials (BLM OR & WA)

•	 Revegetation Using Native Plants: A Practical 

Guide to Project Planning and Implementation

•	 Roemer’s Fescue Common Garden Study

•	 Seed Collection, Propagation and 

Reintroduction of Native Wildflowers in the 

Columbia Basin

•	 Understanding and Restoring Oregon’s Native 

Plants: A K-12 Native Plant Curriculum

Plant Conservation Alliance Survey Results (Center 

for Plant Conservation)

Pollinator Garden Wheel (North American Pollinator 

Protection Campaign)

Seeds of Success Information

•	 Seeds of Success Annual Report 2006

•	 2006 SOS Collections Information

Uncompahgre Plateau Information 

•	 Progress Report on the Uncompahgre Plateau 

Native Plant Program FY 2005

•	 Progress Report on the Uncompahgre Plateau 

Native Plant Program FY 2006

•	 Progress Report on the Uncompahgre Plateau 

Native Plant Program FY 2007

•	 Uncompahgre Plateau Project Plan
v

INTERAGENCY NATIVE PLANT MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT 

PROGRAM EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Progress Report summarizes the activities and 

achievements of the Native Plant Materials Development 

Program (NPMDP) from its inception in Fiscal Year 2001 

through September 30, 2007. It also provides a detailed 

account of program funding, allocation to state and 

regional partnerships and annual performance as measured 

with the Action Items identified in the 2002 Native Plant 

Materials Report to Congress.

The NPMDP was created by Congress in the FY2001 

Department of Interior and Related Agencies 

Appropriations Act. The accompanying report stated: “to 

ensure a stable and economical supply of native plant 

materials, the agencies need to implement measures that 

facilitate the development of a long-term program to 

supply and manage native plant materials for restoration 

and rehabilitation efforts on public lands.” From FY2001 

to FY2007, Congress appropriated a total of $30.5 million 

for the NPMDP. The funds have been appropriated through 

the Wildland Fire Management account and program. 

The Bureau of Land Management has administered 

the NPMDP funds, allocating them to BLM states and 

ecoregional programs in the West. The BLM states and 

ecoregional programs have Memoranda of Understanding 

and Interagency Agreements with other Federal and state 

agencies, tribal entities, non-governmental organizations 

and private sector partners for distributing NPMDP 

funds to native plant materials development projects. The 

NPMDP also leverages significant matching funds and inkind contributions from public and private partners.

Through the NPMDP, the BLM and its partners have 

invested in priority activities as identified in the 2002 

Report to Congress. From FY2001 to FY2007, over 

1,149 projects have been funded through this program in 

14 western states. Projects include ecoregional and local 

needs assessments, establishment of state and ecoregional 

programs, native plant materials production, research and 

development, outreach, education and technical assistance, 

and monitoring and evaluation of native plant materials 

used in restoration. In addition, native seed collections 

have been made in a total of 29 states.

PROGRAM MISSION & GOALS

Mission

• Ensure sufficient native plant materials in the 

commercial market for maintaining the natural 

landscape on Federal land, including sufficient 

quantity of native seed for emergency stabilization and 

rehabilitation following a 15 million acre fire season.

• Build sufficient capacity among Federal agencies and 

private sector partners to produce plant materials for 

1,000 native restoration species. (122 native plant 

species have been developed through this NPMD 

program.)

Long-term Goals

• Increase Federal seed storage capacity to 5 million 

pounds.

• Expand seed collection and curation to 15,000 

collections.

• Develop guidelines for seed transfer zones for 250 

“workhorse” species.

• Establish ecoregional Native Plant Materials 

Development Programs.

• Provide cohesive programmatic leadership and 

infrastructure.

• Increase public outreach on NPMDP.

Additional funding needed to achieve these goals will 

be evaluated in the context of future budgets and, where 

appropriate, included in future budget requests.

PERFORMANCE

Wildland native seed collections for conservation 

and propagation are the foundation of a native plant 

materials program. Therefore, native species selection 

and cooperative development of native seed agricultural 

techniques have been a major focus of the NPMDP since 

its inception. Native plant materials, like agronomic crops, 

take an average of 10-20 years to develop as consistent, 

reliable commercially available species. Starting with 

native seed collection, the time and length of each step in 

the development process varies for each grass, forb and 

shrub. Adequate and consistent funding is critical to the 

success of this long-term endeavor. 
vi

The indicators of performance listed below cover 2001 

through 2007 and are organized by the five action items 

identified in the 2002 Report to Congress.

Action Item 1: Undertake a comprehensive assessment of 

needs on public land for native plant materials.

• Conducted ecoregional needs assessments for 11 of the 

30 ecoregions in the western United States.

• Developed 60 ecoregional native species target lists to 

guide Seeds of Success collecting efforts.

Action Item 2: Make a long-term commitment to native 

plant materials production, research and development, 

education, and technology transfer.

• Established Seeds of Success program for seed 

collection and coordination across the US. Currently 

40 teams are collecting native plant seeds from BLM, 

FWS, FS, DOD, state, local and private lands.

• Developed germination and propagation protocols for 

3,000 native species.

• Entered more than 2,000 native species into National 

Plant Germplasm System for researchers and growers.

• Supported 20 academic theses and dissertations 

advancing native plant materials development.

• Developed the Plant Conservation Alliance website for 

the Seeds of Success protocols and ecoregional seed 

collection lists (www.nps.gov/plants/sos).

• Trained more than 1,500 people in native seed 

selection, collection, buying and deployment.

• Received National Association for Interpretation 

Award for the “Oregon Ecoregions: Preserving Our 

Natural Diversity” DVD.

• Developed a K-12 native plant curriculum. 

• Created two high school native plant programs.

Action Item 3: Expand efforts to increase availability of 

native plant materials.

• Made 122 native species commercially available.

• Made 6,689 native seed collections available through 

the Seeds of Success program.

• Established interagency ecoregional partnerships to 

develop native seed.

• Established 1,000 demonstration seedings.

• Provided foundation seed of 193 species to 

commercial growers.

• Developed interagency Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite 

Quantity contracts to purchase native plant materials 

from potential private sector growers.

• Increased the number and diversity of native seeds 

in the BLM Consolidated Seed Buy from 2 types of 

native seed in 1992 to 89 types of native seed in 2007.

Action Item 4: Invest in partnerships with state and local 

agencies and private sector organizations. 

• NPMDP involves more than 500 partners, including 9 

Federal agencies, 20 state agencies, 22 tribal entities, 

24 local agencies, 96 non-governmental organizations, 

23 botanical gardens and 118 industry partners.

• The Plant Conservation Alliance (PCA) (10 Federal 

agencies and 265 non-governmental partners) has 

focused 25% of its bimonthly interagency meetings 

on native plant materials development since 2000, 

thus providing a national forum for dialogue between 

national, regional and local partners.

• Conducted a 2004 PCA survey and held a conference 

with non-governmental partners to more effectively 

involve them in developing native plant materials.

Action Item 5: Ensure adequate monitoring of restoration 

and rehabilitation efforts. 

• Monitoring is occurring at all steps of the native 

plant materials development process, including seed 

germination studies, agricultural field trials, and 

ultimately on the restoration projects the native seed is 

developed for, such as the interagency success story in 

the BLM Eugene and Salem Districts in Oregon. 
1

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

This Report highlights Interagency Native Plant Materials Development Program accomplishments, 

performance, and progress. The Program is actively developing a sufficient supply of high quality native seed 

and plant materials, as well as increasing the diversity of species available for restoration and rehabilitation of 

federal and non-federal lands. Additionally, the Report outlines a strategy for future direction of an integrated 

program across federal departments and agencies. Chapter 2 summarizes program accomplishments nationally. 

Chapter 3 highlights accomplishments of ecoregional programs across the country. Chapter 4 identifies the 

future direction of the Native Plant Materials Development Program. Chapter 5 offers concluding remarks about 

the Native Plant Materials Development Program’s contributions to the restoration of native plant communities 

across the more than 650 million acres of federal land.

Background

Native plants are those that evolved naturally in North America. They typically grow in communities with other 

plant and animal species adapted to similar soil, moisture and weather conditions. Native plants play a critical 

role in the intricate web of life with all other organisms. There is a complex link between native plants and 

native wildlife. In North America alone, 96 percent of terrestrial birds rely on native insects to feed their young 

and the native insects rely on native plants for their food. Non-native plants do not provide the food or homes 

for native insects, resulting in no insect food for the young birds.

Native plants are the backbone of healthy ecological systems. They capture energy from the sun and unlock 

nutrients from the soil and water to transform these elements into the leaves, roots and shoots that provide 

food and cover for all the other organisms in that ecosystem. They are also critical to help heal landscapes 

that have been damaged, degraded and destroyed by wildfire, invasive species, and other severe events. Once 

established, native plants better withstand variations in local climate such as droughts and freezes. Native plants 

stabilize soil and reduce erosion; they more effectively filter storm water than exotic plantings, thus improving 

water quality; and they promote biodiversity, offering the food, nectar, cover, and nesting areas which animals, 

including pollinators such as bees, birds, butterflies, bats, and mammals, need.

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA 

Forest Service, and the Department of Defense are responsible for managing one-third of the United States land 

base (map in Chapter 2). Though not evenly distributed across the U.S., federal lands often make up significant 

parts of important ecological systems. Natural resources management decisions on federal lands have ecological 

impacts beyond federal boundaries on the plants and animals that live on surrounding public, tribal and 

private lands. These lands have a special role to play in ensuring healthy ecological systems both within their 

boundaries and across the surrounding landscape. Stewardship of these 650 million acres includes maintaining 

and restoring the native plant communities upon which fish, wildlife and people depend for a wide range of 

ecological services, habitat, and recreational opportunities. 

Threats to Native Plant Communities

Healthy native plant communities are faced with major threats from wildland fire, invasive plant species, and 

climate change. 

While fire is a natural part of many ecosystems, and native plant communities are typically adapted to fire, 

circumstances today resulting from decades of fire exclusion and the invasion of exotic plant species have 

significantly altered the fire regimes of many ecosystems, including those of the arid west. Fires which are 

fueled by exotic annual grasses are often more frequent, severe, and larger in size than the historic fire regimes 

under which native plant communities evolved. This is threatening many native plant communities, as well as 

the native wildlife populations that require them to survive.
2

According to the National Interagency Fire Center, 

between 1996 and 2007 approximately 74 million 

acres burned in the United States. Fifty-seven percent 

of that total acreage burned was on federal lands. 

An average of 9 million acres burned during each of 

the past 4 years (2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007), far 

exceeding the previous 12 year average of 6.1 million 

acres annually. Figure 1 depicts the previous eleven 

year history of acres burned in the United States. 

There are now 2,000 non-native plant species 

established in the United States, of which 400 are 

invasive. Invasive plants have taken over more 

than 15 percent of our nation’s natural landscapes 

- more than 133 million acres of land under public 

and private ownership. According to the National 

Invasive Plant Information Center, an additional 1.7 

million acres of native plant communities are being displaced each year. For example, cheatgrass and other 

weeds are replacing native sagebrush and grasses in the Great Basin, significantly altering natural processes. As 

cheatgrass, red brome, and other invasives crowd out native plants, larger and more frequent fires become likely. 

These repeated fires are destructive to some native sagebrush and grasses, but perpetuate the growth and spread 

of cheatgrass. 

Global climate change is altering native plant communities at a greater rate than previously anticipated. Federal 

agencies have recently begun to look much closer at this issue and the effects on native plant communities 

could be extensive. To avoid the threat of habitats dominated by monocultures of invasive species, we may need 

to move and establish native plant materials to more northern latitudes if plant communities can not adapt to 

climate change. 

Developing native plant materials and having native seed stored in long-term conservation storage and available 

on the market for restoration will provide federal agencies with some of the most important tools to help address 

threats to natural systems posed by destructive events such as wildfires, invasive species, and climate change. 

Federal Role

Federal agencies fill critical bridging and sustaining roles in working with both public and private partners to 

develop the native plant crops from wild species that are required to address these threats across the country, 

regardless of land ownership. Federal land covers significant areas, so restoration needs are great. The federal 

involvement in the process of native plant materials development lessens the risk that the private sector must 

take to produce the materials federal agencies need.

Developing native plant materials is a cooperative effort involving federal, state, and tribal agencies, the seed 

industry and the plant research and restoration communities. It is similar to the process used to develop seed 

for food crops grown commercially on farms across the United States. For both food crops and native plants, 

it takes an average of 10-20 years to develop seeds and learn to grow them successfully for a commercial 

market. The risk and investment in research and development to commercialize seed for food crops has often 

been shared by federal agencies, public universities and private companies. Similar cooperative investments 

are necessary to commercialize the native plant species used by federal agencies and others in restoring native 

ecological systems.

Figure 1. Eleven year history of the number of acres burned in the 

United States with a red line showing the increasing trend. 

2

.8

3.7

4.9

1.8

4.6

2.5

4

6.6

5.2

5.9

.8

.5

1.9

2.5

1.7

2.5

1.4

4

2.1

4.7

3.4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Acres Burned (in millions)

Other Land

Federal Land
3

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is the largest single buyer of native seed for ecological restoration 

projects in the western hemisphere. BLM and other federal land managers prefer to buy native seed, but 

historically, native seed has not been available in sufficient quantity or diversity to meet BLM’s need for fire 

rehabilitation, reclamation and restoration projects. Therefore, the need for restoration materials is often met 

with non-native seed. The main barrier to adequate native seed availability is inconsistent demand, which 

Figure 2. Twelve year history of the number of pounds of seed bought through the Bureau of Land Management Consolidated Seed 

Buys (1996-2007).

327,670

135,330

169,590

4,486,650

1,803,750

1,318,400

972,235

493,498

667,751

1,530,000

2,000,000

3,248,000

701,650

238,450

230,400

2,089,245

2,521,395

1,484,395

1,053,255

534,622

654,529

2,390,000

3,000,000

4,152,000

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Non-native Seed

Native Seed

Pounds of Seed
4

affects private growers’ willingness to propagate native seed. 

Figure 2 shows how BLM’s seed buying fluctuates annually as a direct relationship to the number of acres 

burned by wildfire. Since 2000, BLM has made a commitment to purchase native seed for rehabilitation projects 

as often as possible. As a result, BLM has reversed the proportions of native and non-native seed purchased 

from 33% native in 1999 to 60% native in 2007. Although progress has been made, this huge fluctuation in 

demand from the largest buyer in the market place makes it challenging for private seed growers to plan their 

investments to commercially develop native plant species in appropriate quantities.

Congressional Direction and Appropriations 

In 2001, Congress directed the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service to develop a program to 

ensure a stable and economical supply of native plant materials for restoration and rehabilitation of federal 

lands. The Interagency Native Plant Materials Development Program (NPMDP) was established under this 

directive. Congress recommended that the NPMDP be coordinated through the Plant Conservation Alliance 

(PCA). PCA is a public/private partnership of 10 federal agencies, the American Seed Trade Association, 

and over 265 additional non-federal partners who have the knowledge and are positioned to assist the federal 

government in this significant effort.

In 2002, Congress directed “the Secretaries of Interior and 

Agriculture to report jointly to the Congress... with specific plans 

and recommendations to supply native plant materials for emergency 

stabilization and longer-term rehabilitation and restoration efforts.” The 

Report prepared subsequent to this direction, referred to as the 2002 

Report to Congress, identified five action items to be implemented by 

the NPMDP and is included in the Appendices. 

Program Funding, Partnerships and Accomplishments

Since the 2001 inception of NPMDP, $30.5 million has been 

appropriated in Wildland Fire funds for this program, an average 

of approximately $4.4 million per year. The BLM 

administers and distributes the NPMDP funds. 

Congressional appropriations for FY2001-FY2007 

are displayed in Figure 3. These funds are distributed 

to BLM State Offices for projects that have been 

submitted through the Budget Planning System 

(Figure 4), and they support federal, state, tribal, nongovernmental organizations, universities and private 

sector partners working together on projects to develop 

native plant materials. Through this program, an 

increased supply of native plants is available and more 

species will be available on the open market for use in 

short-term reclamation and rehabilitation projects, as 

well as in long-term restoration at the ecoregional level. 

USDA Forest Service receives separate appropriations 

for native plant materials development on Forest 

Service lands. This Report does not address those 

appropriations. USDA Natural Resource Conservation 

Service Plant Material Centers and USDA Agricultural 

Research Service facilities are also actively 

Fiscal Year Amount in Millions

2001 $5.3

2002 $4.7

2003 $2.3

2004 $4.6

2005 $4.6

2006 $4.4

2007 $4.6

GRAND TOTAL $30.5

Figure 3. Seven year history of Congressional 

Appropriations for Native Plant Materials 

Development Program.

BLM Office

Total Funding 

(in millions)

Projects 

Numbers

Alaska $0.2 11

Arizona $0.3 20

California $2.4 77

Colorado $0.5 22

Eastern States $0.1 3

Idaho $1.5 32

Montana $0.7 18

Nevada $0.8 64

New Mexico $0.6 16

Pacific Northwest (OR/WA) $6.5 534

Utah $0.7 19

Wyoming $0.2 8

Great Basin (NV/ID/UT) $7.3 127

Uncompahgre/Colorado Plateau 

(CO/UT) $1.3 121

National Office $7.4 77

Totals $30.5 1,149

Figure 4. The allocation of NPMDP funds to BLM Offices and 

the corresponding number of projects funded from 2001-2007.
5

participating with the interagency NPMDP in developing native plant materials and providing private sector 

growers with seed and agricultural techniques.

National and international non-governmental partners have also made significant financial and technical 

contributions to this program in collecting native seed from their part of the country as part of Seeds of 

Success. In addition, each of the ecoregional programs has many different partners, including state, local and 

tribal governments, along with non-governmental organizations. Figure 5 displays funding matches by the 

major partners from 2001-2007, totaling $14.2 million. Total contributions exceeded $15 million. Appendix 1 

identifies all the partners, both federal and non-federal, who are integral to NPMDP implementation. 

Partner Funds in Millions

Center for Plant Conservation $1.5

Chicago Botanic Garden $2.1

Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Project $3.0

Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center $0.8

National Fish & Wildlife Foundation $1.3

Native Seed Network $1.7

Pacific Northwest Native Plant Program $1.5

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew $2.3

Uncompahgre Plateau Project $1.4

GRAND TOTAL $14.2

Figure 5. Major contributions from partners including funds and in-kind match 

from 2001-2007.
6

CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS

The national NPMDP is coordinated through the Bureau 

of Land Management’s Plant Conservation Program in 

Washington, DC. Congress specifically recommended the 

agencies work through the Plant Conservation Alliance 

(PCA) and its network of 10 federal agencies and over 

265 partners. BLM’s Plant Conservation Program Lead 

serves as the Chair of the Federal Committee of the 

PCA. BLM provides the programmatic leadership and 

national infrastructure for NPMDP. BLM administers and 

distributes the Congressional appropriations through the 

BLM State Offices to regional and local projects. The 

distribution of funds for ecoregional programs is depicted 

in Figure 6.

In addition to the Wildland Fire funds, other BLM programs in Management of Land and Resources 

Appropriation and Oregon & California accounts have provided support through funding infrastructure, labor, 

and operations. The BLM programs that have played a major role include the following: Oregon & California, 

Wildlife Management and Fisheries Management, Threatened and Endangered Species, Challenge Cost Share, 

Cooperative Conservation Initiative, Rangeland Management, and Riparian Management.

NPMDP funds are distributed and matched by non-governmental entities who partner on projects that contribute 

to the success of the program nationally. Major national partners include, but are not limited to, Royal Botanic 

Gardens, Kew, Center for Plant Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, and Native Seed Network. The National 

Fish and Wildlife Foundation provided $1.3 million in grant funding for projects such as common garden 

studies. Non-governmental partners have provided substantial assistance to this program. Figure 5 displays 

funding matches by the major partners from 2001-2007. Appendix 1 identifies the partner organizations, with 

thousands of individuals, who make this integrated interagency NPMDP succeed. Not all partners receive 

federal funds for their contributions to the program. Some partners provide funding, technical assistance and inkind contributions. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is one such example. 

Key National Program Partners

Following is a list of key partners and a brief description of their contributions to NPMDP, using both BLM 

NPMDP funding and their own contributed funds.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Seeds of Success

The Bureau of Land Management began its partnership 

with the internationally renowned Royal Botanic Gardens, 

Kew (KEW) in 1999 to coordinate native seed collecting in 

the U.S. as part of KEW’s Millennium Seed Bank Project 

(MSB). KEW, located in England, partners with 128 

countries around the globe collecting native seed. The seed 

is stored at the MSB in England and within the country of 

origin, thus ensuring seed conservation at two localities. 

The MSB and its global partners’ goal is to bank seed from 

ten percent of the world’s wild plant species by 2010. MSB 

is the largest ex situ conservation project ever conceived 

having over one billion seeds (www.kew.org/msbp). KEW 

has contributed more than $2.3 million towards native 

$7.350 (24%)

$6.526 (21%)

$1.346 (4%)

$7.388 (25%)

$2.387 (8%)

$5.449 (18%)

Great Basin

Pacific Northwest

Uncompahgre/Colorado

Plateaus

National Program

California Ecoregions

Other States

(Funding in millions, from 2001-2007)

Figure 6. Percentages of Native Plant Materials Development 

Program funds distributed to ecoregional programs and other 

BLM states.

447

685

1,235

1,012

1,208

1,044 1,058

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 7. Seeds of Success yearly seed collection numbers.
7

plant materials development through the funding of native seed 

collecting in the U.S. as part of the Millennium Seed Bank 

Project.

Seeds of Success (SOS), a national native seed collection 

program for the U.S., began in 2001. SOS started with 14 

western states and expanded its partnerships and coverage 

across the country with more than 40 teams making over 6,600 

native seed collections from 2001 through 2007 (Figure 7). SOS 

is coordinated through the BLM with PCA. The PCA website 

(www.nps.gov/plants/sos) hosts the Seeds of Success protocols 

and species collecting lists for the teams. The SOS partners 

include the following: Chicago Botanic Garden, Lady Bird 

Johnson Wildflower Center, North Carolina Botanical Garden, 

New England Wild Flower Society, New York City Department 

of Parks and Recreation-Greenbelt Native Plant Center, 

and Zoological Society of San Diego. These organizations’ 

contributions are highlighted in Chapter 3.

Seeds collected through Seeds of Success are stored in both the 

United States and England for long-term conservation to ensure 

the materials are protected for use in the future. The materials 

stored in England at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Seed Bank 

are a back-up to the materials stored here in the United States 

at the USDA Agricultural Research Service’s National Plant 

Germplasm Storage facility in Ft. Collins, CO. The materials 

in the U.S. are divided into two groups for storage. One part 

of the seed is in long-term storage for future use, if necessary. 

The other part of the seed is in short-term storage and is used 

for current research in the development of native plant crops for 

restoration and rehabilitation of federal lands. This short-term 

storage allows for the distribution of seeds to any researcher, 

worldwide, who is interested in working with native seed.

Plant Conservation Alliance

The Plant Conservation Alliance (PCA) and its 265 partner 

organizations are an integral part of the Native Plant Materials 

Development Program as a forum connecting government 

staffers, conservation organizations, university researchers, 

restoration experts and industry personnel. The PCA Federal and NGO Committees have been working together 

and with the American Seed Trade Association on developing native seed for federal agencies. The PCA serves 

as a conduit for information on the Native Plant Materials Development Program and Seeds of Success through 

its website (www.nps.gov/plants), bimonthly public meetings, bimonthly Federal Committee meetings, web 

links with many of the 265 non-federal cooperators and 5 PCA e-mail discussion lists on general native plant, 

alien plant, medicinal plant, restoration, and seed collecting issues. Exhibits on NPMDP were created and 

presented at national and regional scientific conferences across the U.S, to a variety audiences from scientists to 

land managers to the seed industry. Thousands of people have been educated and hundreds of partnerships have 

been formed from these interactions.

Private Sector Collaboration: 

The Truax Company

Jim Truax of the Truax Company, 

located in New Hope, Minnesota, 

began reengineering the standard 

rangeland drill in 2000. The Rough 

Rider rangeland drill evolved and with 

it several key improvements in planting 

technology including 1) metering and 

planting seeds of different sizes and 

shapes at the same time and at different 

depths; 2) minimizing soil disturbance 

and reducing damage to residual 

biological soil crusts and native species; 

3) planting surface seeded species 

between rows of drilled species; and 

4) planting into heavy litter without 

plugging. This partnership has been 

mutually beneficial, increasing the 

effectiveness of research treatments 

and highlighting further equipment 

modification needs for rugged western 

terrain. Recently, Truax has been 

adding GPS to the drill to monitor 

both equipment utilization and seed 

placement.
8

Center for Plant Conservation

The Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) is a national network 

of 35 botanical gardens located throughout the U.S., who 

are working on native plant conservation, propagation and 

research. CPC (www.centerforplantconservation.org), its 

participating institutions and their associated colleges and 

universities have provided significant assistance to the NPMDP. 

CPC’s contributions have included assistance with native seed 

collection and database development for Seeds of Success, 

research on seed germination and seed storage, common garden 

studies and genetic analysis on numerous species, and a survey 

of non-governmental partners in PCA on how PCA partners 

could assist in the NPMDP. Six of CPC’s botanic gardens have 

collected SOS materials on BLM and USDA Forest Service (FS) 

land. CPC’s institutions have the knowledgeable staff that are 

trained and experienced in native seed collection, germination, 

propagation and storage. 

A fundamental concern federal land managers have in restoring 

degraded habitats centers on native plant materials to be used 

in the project. All managers want to maximize the chances for 

successful restoration and minimize the possibility of putting 

materials into the project site that would have deleterious 

effects. One of the most important projects produced by CPC 

is an extensive literature review on the importance of ecotypes 

in restoration. Along with the literature review, CPC convened 

a meeting of internationally recognized geneticists to evaluate 

the literature review and determine the knowledge gaps 

related to restoration of native plant communities. The Genetic 

Considerations in Ecological Restoration Bibliography was the 

result of this project and is available online through PCA and 

CPC. 

In addition, CPC and Coevolution Institute developed a 

Pollinator Conservation Digital Library which is available online 

through the Coevolution Institute (libraryportals.com/PCDL). 

CPC, with its national network, assisted the NPMDP with 

several regional meetings on native plant materials issues, such 

as the 2007 Wildflower Propagation Research Symposium and 

2007 American Public Garden Association Conference. The Center for Plant Conservation and its participating 

institutions contributed $1.5 million in matching funds to NPMDP through seed collection, propagation 

research, and seed transfer zone guidelines.

Native Seed Network

The Native Seed Network (NSN) is a program within the Institute of Applied Ecology dedicated to 

providing information about how to select and use the right seed for ecological restoration. NSN (www.

nativeseednetwork.org) provides a searchable database of native seed vendors, information about released plant 

materials, such as cultivars, articles about restoration genetics, and species lists and recommendations for most 

ecoregions of the U.S. The Native Seed Network was established to fulfill the needs of federal agencies by 

Partnering with Native Americans

Since 2005, the Idaho BLM State 

Office has been working on a tribal 

partnership with the Shoshone-Bannock 

and Shoshone-Paiute focusing on 

development of native plant materials 

and greenhouse facilities. The Great 

Basin Native Plant Selection and 

Increase Program tribal partnership has 

collaborated on seed collecting, seed 

cleaning, agronomic farming of native 

plants for seed, and providing technical 

assistance on greenhouse production 

with the Shoshone-Bannock, ShoshonePaiute, Richfield Band of Paiutes, and 

Ibapah Band Goshute Tribe.
9

connecting them with private sector growers. NSN developed lists of restoration species for the Northern Basin 

and Range Ecoregion of Oregon and the Great Basin. NSN also provides a service to the private sector growers 

in addition to identifying their native seeds that are available for purchase, and that is the opportunity to see 

what the potential species are that federal agencies would be interested in for various ecoregions. The Native 

Seed Network and its partners have contributed $1.7 million in matching funds to NPMDP for projects such as 

development of native plant material profiles for over 425 restoration species.

USDA Agricultural Research Service’s National Plant Germplasm System

USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) conducts research to develop and transfer solutions to agricultural 

problems and provide information. ARS’s expertise in this field makes them an essential partner in native plant 

materials development. Once cleaned and processed, the SOS collections are shipped to restoration and native 

plant material development projects, with portions transferred to ARS National Plant Germplasm System’s 

facilities at the Western Regional Plant Introduction Station in Pullman, WA and the National Center for Genetic 

Resource Preservation in Ft. Collins, Colorado for long-term and short-term storage in state-of-the-art seed 

storage facilities. (www.ars.usda.gov)

The ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station and BLM have an interagency agreement for ARS 

to be a repository for both short-term and long-term conservation storage of SOS collections. Over 2,000 

SOS collections have become part of ARS’s National Plant Germplasm System, which distributes materials 

for research and development through its Germplasm Resource Information Network. ARS distributes SOS 

materials to researchers around the world. ARS also works collaboratively with other federal agencies in the 

Great Basin and Pacific Northwest, collecting multiple populations of native species to conduct common garden 

studies and genetic analysis for development of seed transfer zones. (www.ars.usda.gov)

USDA Forest Service Facilities

The USDA Forest Service receives separate appropriations for native plant materials development on FS 

lands. This Report does not address those appropriations. The FS began its breeding programs for forest 

trees in the early 1900’s and has a comprehensive research program that developed practices for collecting, 

processing, testing, and use of tree seeds. FS staff and several of its facilities have been instrumental in the 

NPMDP, including the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Boise Idaho, the Pacific Northwest Research Lab 

in Corvallis, Oregon and the Bend Seed Extractory in Bend, Oregon. (The work of both the Rocky Mountain 

Research Station and the Pacific Northwest Research Lab will be discussed in Chapter 3.) The BLM has an 

interagency agreement with the Bend Seed Extractory to clean, test, process, package, store and ship native 

plant materials collected through Seeds of Success. The Bend Seed Extractory has processed over 500 native 

seed collections for this effort since 2003. 

NRCS Plant Material Centers

USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service Plant 

Material Centers (PMCs), located across the U.S., are 

actively participating with the interagency NPMDP in 

developing native plant materials at the local and regional 

level. Much of the agricultural techniques for growing 

out native species is done at these PMCs. PMCs also 

provide the private growers with seed and agricultural 

methodologies. The partnerships between PMCs and 

the private growers have been essential to native plant 

materials development. BLM Field Offices use these 

materials for all types of rehabilitation and restoration 

projects.
10

National Native Plant Materials Development Program Overview

Map of the United States showing Federal lands and Seeds of Success collecting team locations.

Major Accomplishments of the NPMDP (including BLM and its partners)

• Worked with 9 federal agencies in over 188 field offices.

• Formed over 500 partnerships.

• Partners contributed over $15 million in matching funds.

• Worked with 118 industry partners.

• Coordinated with 23 botanic gardens.

• Engaged over 13 universities in native plant studies.

• Conducted 1,149 projects nationwide.

• Coordinated with the American Public Gardens Association 

and American Seed Trade Association.

• Made 6,689 native seed collections.

• Coordinated 40 seed collecting teams and 400 volunteers.

• Received 10 nationally recognized awards.

• Completed 11 ecoregional assessments.

• Supported 20 theses & dissertations.

• Developed 4 courses on seed collection, selection, buying, 

deployment, and restoration.

• Trained over 1,500 people.

The table on the following page summarizes the 

Native Plant Materials Development Program 

accomplishments by Bureau of Land Management states and ecoregions. The table was developed with data from BLM State Offices and 

shows the number of seed collections made and 

stored, the number of species undergoing the 

necessary studies for crop development, and 

the number of species that are in some phase of 

commercial development. Note that the number 

of collections at the top of the chart is substantially larger than the number of commercially 

available species at the bottom of the chart. 

For every species available on the commercial 

market, many more collections were made because each species needs collections from multiple populations and some of the species fail 

in the evaluation and development studies and 

can not be produced commercially. 
11

Native Plant Materials Development Program Activity Across the United States from 2001-2007 

AK AZ CA CO ID MT NV NM OR / WA UT WY Great Basin National Total 

COLLECTIONS (units in # of collections)

Wildland Seed Collection 97 301 521 256 166 32 190 58 809 293 29 586 6,689*Native Seed Storage 97 264 342 170 167 32 211 46 617 281 22 255 3,770 

D S EVALUATION AND EVELOPMENT TUDIES (units in # of studies)

Seed Zones and Genetic 

Variability

24 83 76 18 346 547 

Pollinator Biology 56 104 1 30 191 Research on

Predator/Diseases/Soil Biota Relationships 

51 1 2 53 8 162 277 

Agricultural Practices 1 13 36 4 25 434 9 216 738 Seed Harvesting, Cleaning

and Storage

93 26 29 6 353 10 62 579 

Plant Propagation 53 7 5 387 10 149 611 Protocol Development 12 3 343 10 37 405 

Shrub Stand Management 1 12 38 12 8 71Seeding Strategies 4 183 16 2 64 4 22 295 Seedbed Ecology 3 174 16 137 4 22 356 

Species Interactions 139 16 21 4 44 224 

Demonstration Seedings 175 16 2 268 4 60 525 

Operational Seedings 53 15 2 403 1 474 

Exotic Grass Monoculture 

Diversification

1 0 9 12 33 55

COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT (units in # of species)

Initial Increase of Foundation

Crop

2 23 3 2 244 9 106 389 

Seed to Growers 1 6 1 3 2 114 1 9 56 193 Commercially Available 1 15 2 72 1 31 122 * includes additional collections information from the Uncompahgre/Colorado Plateaus and other collectors 
12

CHAPTER 3: ECOREGIONAL PROGRAM ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Since the beginning of the NPMDP, the funds have been distributed through the BLM National Office to BLM 

State Offices for projects at the local or regional level. Each of the BLM State Offices differs in the staffing, 

infrastructure, funding, experience and/or length of time involved in native plant materials development. For 

example, the Pacific Northwest Ecoregional Program is coordinated by the Oregon BLM State Office. The 

Oregon/Washington Plant Conservation Program has been working on native plant materials for their region 

since 1992. While the Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Project is funded through the Idaho and 

Nevada BLM State Offices, it is coordinated by the FS Rocky Mountain Shrub Lab and began in 2001. The 

Uncompahgre Plateau and Colorado Plateau funding has come through both Colorado and Utah BLM State 

Offices and is an interagency, multi-state partnership. 

Currently, within the NPMDP, there are four ecoregional programs, which focus on the Great Basin, Pacific 

Northwest, Uncompahgre Plateau and Mojave Desert. Each ecoregional program has many different partners, 

including other federal, state and local agencies, tribal entities, and non-governmental organizations. The 

partners bring a variety of skills to the table and many play a key role in administering and managing the 

ecoregional programs with BLM. It is because of the differences within BLM and the variety of partners 

engaged in the ecoregional programs that the approach to native plant materials development in each of the 

programs varies. The Great Basin program focuses on evaluation and development of native plant materials and 

equipment, while the BLM botanists in the Pacific Northwest work more with the private sector grass farmers 

who are willing to experiment and grow native seed instead of non-native grass seed, such as Jerry Benson of 

Moses Lake, Washington.

In Chapter 2, Figure 6 depicts the distribution of NPMDP funds to the BLM State Offices and ecoregional 

programs, with the Great Basin (Idaho, Nevada, Utah) receiving one-fourth of the appropriated funds from 

2001-2007. The Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington) and California Ecoregions follow with twenty-one 

percent and eight percent of the appropriated funds, respectively. The Uncompahgre Plateau and Colorado 

Plateau (Colorado and Utah), together, received four percent of the appropriated funds. The other BLM State 

Offices (Alaska, Arizona, Eastern States, Montana, New Mexico, and Wyoming) collectively received eighteen 

percent of the appropriated funds. These six BLM State Offices did not have existing infrastructure in place 

when the NPMDP started and are currently creating the expertise, partners and infrastructure for native plant 

materials development in their ecoregions. Funding to these programs will increase as their capacity increases 

for native plant materials development.

The following section presents an overview of the activities and accomplishments by the ecoregional programs.

A Student Conservation Association team collects seed spiny greenbush seed for Oregon’s Baker Resource Area Field Office.
13

Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Project

Background: Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Project 

(Great Basin Project) was initiated in 2001 to foster the development 

of native plant materials based on analysis of adaptive traits for use 

in the Great Basin. The Great Basin Project also provides information 

to managers that will be useful in selecting appropriate plant material 

for seedings that will conserve the natural variation and genetic 

integrity of the restoration site. Another major objective of the Great 

Basin Project is to evaluate and develop the equipment and techniques 

needed for restoring native plant communities. The Great Basin Project 

focused its efforts on forbs and shrubs because those were the types 

of plants not commercially available for restoration and rehabilitation 

projects in the Great Basin. About 25 percent of Native Plant Materials 

Development Program (NPMDP) funds have gone into the Great Basin 

Native Plant Selection and Increase Project.

Current: Research priorities include: 1) improvement in the 

availability of native plant materials adapted to major bio-geographic 

areas of the Great Basin with an emphasis on native forbs; 2) 

development of seed technology and agricultural practices required for agricultural seed increase of native 

forbs and grasses; 3) management or re-establishment of wildland shrubs to improve seed availability for seed 

collection and conserve native plant communities; 4) evaluation of the potential for increasing native plant 

diversity in established crested wheatgrass stands in the Great Basin while minimizing weed invasion; 5) 

investigation of the biology of the native forbs, emphasizing seed germination and seedling establishment; 6) 

examination of interactions among restoration species and between restoration species and invasive exotics; 

7) evaluation of rangeland drills and strategies for establishing diverse native communities; and 8) technology 

transfer.

Accomplishments:

• Made 2,762 seed and bulb collections, contributing to 137 common garden studies.

• Provided over 100 seed lots (2,800 pounds of stock seed) to growers.

• Worked with over 50 cooperators who contributed $3 million to the NPMDP.

• Established 21 plant propagation protocols, 14 seed testing protocols, with 9 in progress.

• Published and peer reviewed over 100 research publications, technical bulletins, and other guides on 

native plant materials development.

• Developed a nationally recognized, award-winning, on-line revegetation equipment catalog that gets 

over 100,000 visitors annually.

• Supported 19 graduate theses and dissertations advancing native plant materials development.

• Received 3 national awards: Blue Ribbon Educational Website Award from the American Society of 

Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Service First Award from the Bureau of Land Management and 

USDA Forest Service (FS), and the National Grasslands Research and Technology Award from NRCS 

and FS.

• Gave presentations and poster sessions on native plant materials development at 16 international, 99 

national, and 120 regional/local conferences.

• Held 17 field days for all partners to showcase new technologies.

• Maintained a demonstration area at the NRCS Aberdeen Plant Materials Center.

• Created 4 databases for the Great Basin Project and contributed to three other databases.

• Worked with 4 tribes, and contributed to sections of the Tribal Nursery Manual.

• Published 6 Great Basin Project and 5 Nevada Native Plant Development Program annual reports.

Map of the Great Basin ecoregion.
14

Pacific Northwest Ecoregion Program

Background: The Pacific Northwest Ecoregion Program is coordinated by the 

Oregon BLM State Office Plant Conservation Program Lead and was initiated in the 

early 1990s by the five western Oregon BLM districts. Managers, botanists, and other 

program leads recognized the need for development of native species for restoration 

projects and a small scale program for the development of native plant materials 

began. Funding was contributed by BLM programs, such as wildlife, forestry, and 

recreation programs in the MLR and O&C accounts. With the establishment of the 

Native Plant Materials Development Program (NPMDP) in 2001, Oregon BLM was 

able to expand to the five eastern BLM districts and develop a long-term native plant 

materials program. The program involves an interagency approach working with the 

U.S. Forest Service and other federal agencies, and to a lesser degree, state, county, city, and other interested 

organizations, to develop native seed for use in variety of programs such as wildland fire, restoration of wildlife 

habitats, and recreation projects. About 21 percent of NPMDP funds have gone into the Pacific Northwest 

Native Plant Materials Program. 

Current: The overall goal is to develop local native plant materials for restoration and rehabilitation activities 

that are consistent with the policy and the mission of the BLM. In 2001, the Oregon BLM State Office developed a policy (IM-OR 2001-014) on the use of native plant materials, which included recommendations to:

• Coordinate with other agencies to increase the availability of native plant materials.

• Develop genetic studies to assist in the preparation of transfer guidelines on the appropriate movement 

of plant materials. 

• Provide training and workshops in each district for employees on the importance of native plants.

• Develop an interagency coordination and information exchange.

• Develop a native plant materials program at the district level.

Accomplishments:

• Developed Interagency Native Plant Materials Working 

Groups. 

• Created over 100 partnerships.

• Conducted needs assessments for native plant material on 

all BLM districts using an interdisciplinary approach and 

utilizing the districts past ten years use of plant material.

• Developed priority species lists for each ecoregion. 

• Developed multi-year/multi-state interagency contracts 

for seed collection and production activities, such as 

indefinite delivery/ indefinite quantity contracts with six 

pre-qualified growers. 

• Produced 250,000 pounds of native seed being used 

on “demonstration seedings” on wildfire and other 

restoration projects.

• Established the private sector Deschutes Basin Native 

Plant Seedbank.

• Received $1.3 million in matching funds from partners for native plant materials development.

• Worked with over 30 new growers in developing grass seed and herbaceous and shrub plants.

• Conducted education and outreach at multiple levels through conferences and workshops, public tours, 

elementary school class room presentations, high school mentoring, posters, reports, and web pages. 

• Developed a K-12 Native Plant Curriculum, “Understanding and Restoring Oregon’s Native Plants.” 

• Received 2 awards. 

• Established over 35 plant propagation protocols.

Map of the Pacific Northwest

In the heart of the Columbia Basin in Washington, 

Benson Farms began raising grass seed in 1987. 

Owner Jerry Benson has been working extensively 

with NPMDP, and now annually produces over 90 

ecotypes of grasses and forbs.
15

Uncompahgre Plateau and Colorado Plateau

Background: The Uncompahgre Plateau, located in southwestern 

Colorado, is comprised of over 1.5 million acres of federal, state 

and private land. Seventy-five percent of the area is public land. 

The Uncompahgre Plateau Project (UPP) was formed in 2001as a 

partnership among the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), USDA 

Forest Service (FS), Western Area Power Administration, Colorado 

Division of Wildlife and the Public Land Partnership to restore and 

sustain the ecological, social, cultural and economic values of the 

Uncompahgre Plateau. UPP is working on 54 native forbs, shrubs and 

grasses with more than 15 partners. About 4 percent of Native Plant 

Materials Development Program (NPMDP) funds have gone into the 

Uncompahgre Plateau and Colorado Plateau efforts.

Current: In 2007 alone, over 580 pounds of seed were produced 

from 33 species. UPP has 15 species (1 shrub, 4 grasses, and 10 

forbs) available for interested growers. UPP is offering a buy back 

program as incentive to growers and is also working within the 

agencies to promote the local ecotypes now available. 

BLM, FS, and State Wildlife Agencies from Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico have met with the 

Uncompahgre Plateau Project to begin the development of a regional Colorado Plateau Native Plant Initiative, 

which would include the UPP. This initiative will be an interagency, multi-state native plant materials program 

similar to the Great Basin Native Plant Selection and Increase Program. NPMDP provided funds to the Utah 

BLM State Office to coordinate the Colorado Plateau effort.

Accomplishments:

• Over 300 wildland seed collections of 50 key native species.

• 25 species are in seed increase fields, and 36 are in study plots.

• Seed from 15 species (1 shrub, 4 forbs, and 10 grasses) is currently available for growers.

• Held a 3-day native plant restoration workshop in 2007, with over 100 attendees.

• Snow College and Brigham Young University produced over 280 pounds of seed from 29 species; the 

Meeker Plant Materials Center produced 24 pounds; Colorado State University produced 169 pounds; 

and a private grower in Delta, Colorado harvested 180 pounds of mountain brome in 2007.

• Established three research study sites in 2006.

• Received 4 nationally recognized awards: USDA Forest Service Regional Honor - Caring for the Land 

Stewardship Award, Colorado Chapter of Wildlife Society Outstanding Achievement Award, National 

Fire Plan Award, and Secretary of the Interior’s Four C’s Award.

Map of the Colorado Plateau ecoregion (larger 

pink area) and the Uncompahgre Plateau 

ecoregion (smaller orange area).
16

Mojave Desert Initiative

Background: Since 2005, over one million acres of the Mojave Desert 

have burned in Arizona, Utah and Nevada. The wildfires were fueled by 

invasive, non-native plants such as cheat grass and red brome. In 2006, 

the Native Plant Materials Development Program (NPMDP) assisted the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Reno Office in organizing a two-day 

meeting in Las Vegas to discuss the issue of native plant materials for 

rehabilitation and restoration after wildland fire in the Mojave Desert.

Current: In 2007, the Mojave Desert Initiative was formed to focus on 

protection and restoration of native plant habitats in the northeast Mojave 

Desert. Partners include: BLM (Las Vegas Field Office, Ely Field Office, 

Battle Mountain Field Office, St. George Field Office, Arizona Strip 

District, Colorado River District), National Park Service’s Lake Mead 

National Recreation Area, Department of Defense’s Nellis Air Force 

Base, Arizona Department of Game and Fish, Nevada Department of 

Wildlife and Utah Department of Wildlife Resources. 

Native plant materials development is a key item in the draft Mojave Desert Initiative Action Plan. NPMDP 

supported the initial 2006 Mojave meeting and supported the Nevada Native Seed Pilot Project with Natural 

Resource Conservation Service’s Tucson Plant Materials Center and will continue to support the Mojave Desert 

Initiative.

Map of the Mojave Desert ecoregion.
17

Seeds of Success Program

Background: Seeds of Success (SOS) was established in 2001 by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 

in partnership with the Millennium Seed Bank Project (MSB) to collect, conserve, and develop native plant 

materials for restoration across the United States. The initial partnership between BLM and MSB quickly grew 

to include many additional partners, such as botanic gardens, arboreta, zoos, and municipalities. These SOS 

teams share a common protocol and coordinate seed collecting and species targeting efforts. 

Current: To date, SOS has 6,689 native seed collections in its National Collection. This material is being used 

for direct seeding in restoration projects, native plant materials development projects such as germination trials, 

common garden studies, and protocol establishment. Portions of each collection are also being held in long-term 

storage facilities for conservation. 

SOS has partnerships nationwide for permits to collect seeds on 30 USDA Forest Service National Forests, 

10 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuges, 6 Department of Defense areas, The Nature 

Conservancy’s lands and multiple state and local lands. The SOS partners, who are non-governmental 

organizations, have made significant collections of the Midwest, Texas, Eastern U.S., and San Diego County. 

They have contributed matching funds totaling approximately $3.3 million. On the next page are highlights 

from the Native Plant Materials Development Program’s SOS partners.

Map of the Seeds of Success collecting areas. The red diamonds show the locations of collecting teams. The shaded states show the 

different areas of coverage: green (Bureau of Land Management), dark green (Zoological Society of San Diego), purple (Chicago 

Botanic Garden), blue (Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center), pink (New England Wild Flower Society), orange (New York CityDepartment of Parks & Recreation–Greenbelt Native Plant Center), yellow (North Carolina Botanical Garden).
18

Western United States: BLM Collecting Teams

Currently, 20 BLM offices are participating in SOS. These collecting teams cover the 14 BLM western states, 

and have made over 4000 collections that have gone towards native plant materials development. A portion of 

all the collections have gone to KEW and ARS for long-term conservation storage.

Great Lakes, Midwest, and Prairie Regions: Chicago Botanic Garden

The Chicago Botanic Garden (CBG) is involved in all phases of the native plant materials development process. 

The CBG SOS team has made over 600 collections. CBG has conducted: 26 seed zones and genetic variability 

studies, 26 pollinator biology and management studies, and 19 cultural practices studies, and has established 

plant propagation protocols for 24 species. CBG also manages the Conservation and Land Management Intern 

program which has placed hundreds of interns in BLM offices to work on public land natural resource issues, 

including native seed collection. BudBurst is another program that CBG manages. BudBurst is a national citizen 

science effort to record bloom dates for plant species in a centralized database, which will be used for climate 

change research. CBG has contributed over $2.1 million in matching funds. 

Texas: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center

Taking on the entire state of Texas, the SOS team at Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center (LBJWC) has 

recruited hundreds of volunteers who have put in over 4000 hours. LBJWC has been working very closely with 

over 100 private landowners, growers, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wildlife Refuges to make 

about 500 collections. LBJWC has made 275 native species commercially available to the public. LBJWC has 

contributed approximately $1 million in matching funds.

Eastern United States: NYC-DPR Greenbelt Native Plant Center, New England Wild Flower Society, and 

North Carolina Botanical Garden

In 2006, SOS expanded its coverage to include the Eastern U.S. With federal, state and local partners, the SOS 

Eastern U.S. collecting teams have been able to collect approximately 200 species. Without these collecting 

teams, much of the eastern flora would not be conserved in long-term storage for use in restoring native plant 

communities.

San Diego County: Zoological Society of San Diego

San Diego County has a rich flora, and the Zoological Society of San Diego (ZSSD) is working with local and 

federal partners to ensure that its flora is banked. To date, the ZSSD SOS team has made over 200 collections 

and is also working on propagation, germination and cleaning studies with its partners including the San 

Pasqual Band of Mission Indians.
19

CHAPTER 4: FUTURE DIRECTIONS

Goal and Objectives

The long-term goal of the Native Plant Materials Development Program is to build sufficient capacity in 

federal agencies to develop native plant materials and provide appropriate native seed to the private sector for 

commercialization. The objectives of the program are to develop 1000 native restoration “workhorse” species, 

which will be available on the commercial market, and to have sufficient quantity of native seed for emergency 

stabilization and rehabilitation in a 15-million acre fire season. 

An interagency strategy will be developed by the NPMDP to help increase the availability of native forbs, 

shrubs and grasses for short-term reclamation, fire rehabilitation and long-term restoration on federal land. 

The strategy will guide agencies’ efforts and investments toward the goals listed below. The pace and extent to 

which progress is made in implementing these goals will be determined by the availability of future funding 

which cannot be estimated at this time. 

• Increase Seed Storage Capacity.

• Expand Seed Collection and Curation.

• Develop Seed Transfer Zones and Guidelines.

• Establish Interagency Ecoregional NPMDPs.

• Provide Programmatic Leadership and Infrastructure.

Increase Seed Storage Capacity

High quality seed storage warehousing is necessary to protect and maintain the viability of native seed for use 

in a 1-5 year period. This provides sufficient time to even out the demand for native seed by federal agencies. 

Native seed is expensive and lasts longer at lower humidity and lower temperatures; therefore, it is cost 

effective to warehouse adequate quantities of sagebrush and other shrub species in cold storage.

The biggest barrier to the development of sufficient, appropriate native plant materials is the federal agencies’

unpredictable annual need for native seed. The wide fluctuation in demand makes it difficult for private seed 

growers to appropriately invest in propagation and commercialization of native plant species because they do 

not know how much agencies will need. Agencies can stabilize their need for native seed by integrating the fire 

rehabilitation need with the reclamation and restoration needs for native seed. The overall concept is that in big 

fire years, stored seed would be used for fire rehabilitation and in small fire years stored seed can be used for 

reclamation and restoration. Successfully stabilizing native seed demand also requires developing more seed 

storage capacity to maintain the viability of seed purchased but not needed in years when fire rehabilitation 

needs are smaller, and a consistent commitment to restoration projects. This would not be possible at the current 

funding level.

For BLM alone, current seed storage capacity at the Boise Seed Warehouse is 800,000 pounds of seed, 

including a capacity for 25,000 pounds in cold storage. Appropriate temperature and humidity conditions are 

essential for maintaining viability and preventing loss to rodents and other seed pests. For example, seed from 

some key native species, such as sagebrush and bitterbrush, require cold storage to remain viable if they are to 

be stored more than 6-12 months. 

Currently, native seed needed for both fire rehabilitation and restoration must be supplied using the 800,000 

pounds of storage capacity available in Boise, Idaho and temporary storage facilities across the west. In 

2002, the BLM Fire Rehabilitation Program estimated that 3 million pounds of storage capacity was needed 

for seed to supply fire rehabilitation needs alone. BLM estimates that meeting both its fire rehabilitation and 

restoration needs would require the capacity to store 5 million pounds of native seed, including 300,000 pounds 

of cold storage capacity. The 5 million pound capacity only reflects BLM’s estimated needs, not the storage 
20

needs of other federal agencies. In FY2009, BLM received funding from the Southern Nevada Public Lands 

Management Act (SNPLMA) special account to build a seed storage facility that will provide an additional 

800,000 pounds of capacity, including 100,000 pounds of cold storage capacity.

Expand Seed Collection and Curation

Federal agencies will continue to focus on the long-term goal of developing, evaluating, and commercializing 

1,000 native plant species which have been identified as restoration “workhorse” species.

A restoration “workhorse” species is one that occupies a large part of one or more ecoregions. To date, BLM 

and its SOS partners have made more than 6,600 native seed collections which will be used to identify 

“workhorse” species. Continued emphasis will be placed on the collection of multiple populations of the 

restoration “workhorse” species to obtain broader genetic diversity within a species. 

The long-term goal of the NPMDP is to increase the Seeds of Success collection effort to 15,000 new 

collections. The native seed collections will focus on the 1,000 restoration “workhorse” species identified in 

ecoregions across the country. NPMDP will work with all federal land managing agencies to identify restoration 

species for collection by ecoregion. An assessment of native seed needs for each federal agency interested in 

participating in this program will be conducted to quantify native seed needed by ecoregion. At the current 

funding levels, NPMDP would make 800-1,000 collections per year. 

Develop Seed Transfer Guidelines/Zones

The long-term goal of the NPMDP is to develop seed transfer guidelines for 250 of the restoration “workhorse” 

species. At the heart of native plant restoration is the question of how far from the seed source can future 

generations of plant materials be used. This distance, which defines the seed transfer zone, is the area where 

a species is genetically adapted to grow. Geneticists have determined that at least 20 collections of a native 

species within its range are necessary to start a common garden study. Common garden studies, along with 

genetic analysis, contribute to the development of the seed transfer zone for each species. 

Partnerships with universities, botanic gardens and other agencies will enable more common garden studies to 

be conducted. Common garden studies for each of the 250 native species must be conducted in several locations 

and the NRCS Plant Material Centers provide one such venue for these studies. There are ten western NRCS 

Plant Material Centers (PMCs), located in Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New 

Mexico, Oregon, and Washington.

Seed transfer zones for most native grasses, forbs and shrubs are not well defined in the United States, 

although tree seed transfer zones have been in place for decades. Developing seed transfer zones for some of 

the restoration “workhorse” species will be done collaboratively with USDA Forest Service, U.S. Geological 

Service, USDA Agricultural Research Service, and USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 

Collaboration with other university and botanical garden researchers will be necessary. Common garden studies 

are necessary to determine the plant material most appropriate for restoration. This costs approximately $40,000 

per species. It appears that seed transfer zones need to be developed on a species by species basis. At current 

funding levels, about 50 seed transfer zones would be developed over the next 10 years. NPMDP will work with 

all federal land managing agencies to identify species for seed transfer zones.

Establish Ecoregional Native Plant Materials Development Programs

Every wild native plant species must go through a six-step process to be developed into a native plant crop for 

restoration (see inside cover). Each species undergoes: seed technology and cultivation studies, life history 

studies, pollination studies, disease studies, seed predation studies, harvesting and planting equipment studies, 

seed increase plots, and foundation plots. Other areas of study include examining interactions of native 

restoration species and exotic invasive species, collaborating with seed regulatory agencies and the private seed 
21

industry to improve native seed supplies, or developing application strategies and technologies to improve the 

establishment of native seedings in restoration projects. This is a new science which is exploring how these 

native species work as crops. These studies will take several years to conduct because native forbs and shrubs 

may flower only once every 4-5 years. The NPMDP’s long-term goal is to establish ecoregional native plant 

materials development programs across the United States. At the current funding level we have 2 ecoregional 

native plant programs in the Great Basin and Oregon/Washington.

Provide Cohesive Programmatic Leadership and Infrastructure 

The continued success of the NPMDP requires the assistance of a broad array of federal and non-federal 

partners working towards the common goal of developing the most appropriate native plant materials for 

restoration. This is especially critical in adapting to the transition brought about by global climate change. 

Effective program leadership will optimize the allocation of resources and delegate responsibilities and tasks 

associated with implementation of the NPMDP. Programmatic leadership and infrastructure will facilitate the 

process by providing coordination, development, management, and maintenance of national agreements with 

agencies and organizations. There are many unanswered questions concerning the development of native plant 

materials. Therefore, federal research agencies, such as U.S. Geological Survey, USDA Agricultural Research 

Service, Natural Resources Conservation Service and Forest Service will be critical in answering these 

important research questions. In addition, federal facilities such as J. Herbert Stone Nursery (Oregon), Lucky 

Peak Nursery (Idaho), Horning and Sprague Orchard (Oregon) and the Bend Seed Extractory (Oregon) greatly 

assist in developing native plant materials 

In May, 2008, BLM conducted an Interagency Program Review of the Native Plant Materials Development 

Program. Several positive findings were identified through the evaluation process, such as broad support for 

objectives and benefits of the program and a great need for native plant materials. It is the long-term goal of the 

NPMDP to implement the following major recommendations made in the Native Plant Materials Development 

Program Evaluation Report. 

• Establish an interagency Advisory Board under the auspices of the Plant Conservation Alliance.

• Develop an Interagency NPMDP Strategic Plan.

• Develop a national communication plan for the NPMDP.

• Identify priority “workhorse” species.

• Develop an estimate of the total annual need for native plant materials by the federal land managing 

agencies.

• Develop long-term seed storage capability.

• Continue consolidated seed buys.

• Complete common garden studies to determine seed transfer zones for “workhorse” species.

• Continue emphasis on the science of native plant materials development. 
22

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS

Native plants are an essential component of all ecosystems across the United States. Not only do they transform 

the sun’s energy into food on which most other organisms depend, but their presence brings considerable 

economic, aesthetic, and ecological value to our lives and culture. Native plant communities give us our sense 

of place and inspire our stewardship of the American landscape. We would not have the Sonoran Desert without 

the saguaro cactus, the Great Basin without the sea of sagebrush, nor the Rocky Mountains without the majestic 

Ponderosa pines. These places and their unique native plant communities are threatened by non-native invasive 

plants and altered fire regimes and fire severity associated with these exotic invaders. To address these concerns 

and to conserve the wide range of ecological services, habitats, and recreational opportunities that native plants 

provide, the NPMDP has been partnering with federal, state, tribal and local governments and private sector 

organizations to develop commercially available native plant materials to restore degraded landscapes on public 

and private lands. Because the effects of global climate change on native plant communities are uncertain, it is 

especially important for the federal government to build capacity within its agencies, as well as partner with the 

private sector, to ensure that appropriate native plants are available and used. 

To sustain healthy native plant communities, the NPMDP has a long-term goal of developing genetically 

appropriate native plant materials in sufficient quantities to meet federal agencies’ needs after catastrophic 

events such as wildfires. The NPMDP also aims to establish more effective ecoregional programs across the 

country to work with local partners to better develop protocols and priorities for native seed. 

While implementing projects within the ecoregional programs, the NPMDP recognizes the need to concurrently 

build and broaden the participation in the program so that needs across the entire United States are addressed. 

The program is currently entering a second phase in its development and plans on closer collaboration with 

other federal departments and agencies such as the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Department of Defense, 

National Park Service, USDA Forest Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Environmental Protection Agency, 

Bureau of Indian Affairs, Federal Highways Administration, Department of Energy, and the National Science 

Foundation. After the 2007 fire season, with the largest number of acres burned, it is apparent that there will 

be a greater need for native plant materials than we have ever seen. The NPMDP and its partners are already 

developing an interagency strategy to address this greater need for appropriate native seed. 

The development and implementation of the NPMDP’s strategy for native seed provides a framework to 

increase the availability of native forbs, shrubs and grasses for short-term reclamation, fire rehabilitation and 

long-term restoration on federal land through the following actions, which will be implemented over the longterm as available funding permits. 

• Increase Federal seed storage capacity to 5 million pounds.

• Expand seed collection and curation to 15,000 collections.

• Develop guidelines for seed transfer zones for 250 “workhorse” species.

• Establish ecoregional Native Plant Materials Development Programs.

• Provide cohesive programmatic leadership and infrastructure.

• Increase public outreach on NPMDP.
23

GLOSSARY OF NATIVE PLANT MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT TERMS

Agricultural practices – the steps that are followed to establish and maintain a crop, including seeding, 

fertilizing, irrigating, weed control, and harvesting. 

Common garden study – see genetic variability study.

Cultivar – a variety, strain, or race that has originated and persisted under cultivation or was specifically 

developed for the purpose of cultivation.

Demonstration seeding – a seeding that displays or demonstrates the use or adaptation of plants for a specific 

area.

Deployment of materials – selection, collection, increase (seed production or propagation of seedlings/

cuttings), preparation of seed mix, delivery to the planting site, and application (transplanting, drill seeding, 

etc.) of plant materials.

Ecoregion – an area of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental 

resources.

Ecotype – a population, populations, or strain within a given species adapted to a particular environment.

Exotic grass monoculture diversification – an interseeding or planting of native plant species into a 

monoculture of exotic grasses such as various wheatgrasses, smooth brome, cheatgrass, or others.

Forb – perennial or annual herbaceous, broad-leafed plant. 

Foundation field – a plot of land containing original seed stock maintained by the plant breeder(s) for the 

genetic integrity of material.

Genetic integrity – the natural condition of a gene pool; freedom from genetic contamination such as genes 

introduced from non-native or non-local populations.

Genetic variability study/common garden study – a research project to examine the genetic diversity within 

a species or ecotype. Information from such a study is used to develop seed transfer zones and determine 

ecotypes.

Genotype – the genetic code of an organism.

Germination – the resumption of active growth by the embryo, culminating in the development of a young 

plant from the seed. 

Germination trial – the subjection of seeds to selected pretreatments and incubation environments to determine 

optimal procedures and conditions for enhancing germination. 

Germplasm – a collection of genetic resources in the seed of a specified plant population.

Initial increase – seed from an initial source grown in a plot or field to augment the total amount of seed 

available.
24

Life history study – examination of the evolution, taxonomic relationships, biology and ecology of a species. 

Monitoring – the orderly collection, analysis, and interpretation of resource data over time to evaluate progress 

toward meeting management objectives.

Native plants – the indigenous terrestrial and aquatic species that have evolved and occur naturally in a 

particular region, ecosystem, or habitat. Species native to North America are generally recognized as those 

occurring on the continent prior to European settlement. They represent a number of different life forms, 

including conifer trees, hardwood trees and shrubs, grasses, forbs, and others.

Native plant development/native plant materials development – a process where one develops seed that is 

adapted to a planting site or region and has appropriate genetic variation for the objective of the planting. 

This can be achieved by a number of procedures, including collection of seed from populations (sites) 

having similar adaptive characteristics. These collections can then be combined to increase genetic variation 

and adaptive potential. 

Native plant materials – roots, shoots, bulbs, seedlings, or seeds of native species. 

Operational seedings – seedings conducted with commonly used equipment at an application-level scale (as 

opposed to small-plot research treatments).

Pollinator biology and management practices – the study of the interaction between pollinator organisms and 

plant species and techniques for maintaining populations of these organisms in agricultural, horticultural, or 

wildland settings. 

Propagation – multiplication of plant material by seed or vegetative means (cuttings, sprigs, bulbs, etc.).

Protocol – a convention, guideline or standard. 

Rehabilitation – altering a degraded habitat in order to improve ecological function.

Restoration – altering an area in such a way as to reestablish an ecosystem’s structure and function, usually 

bringing the area back to its original (pre-disturbance) state or to a healthy state close to the original.

Seed curation – the process of establishing and developing a long term repository for seed storage to meet 

current and future needs.

Seed drills – consist of seed hoppers, metering devices and seed placement devices. They create a furrow, place 

seed in the furrow and press soil around the seed. Double disk openers with depth bands and presswheels 

can be used on clean-tilled sites. If debris and rocks are present, coulters, modified disk openers, 

cultipackers, chain drags, and rubber-tire packers are used. Different seed types must be metered separately.

Seed increase – similar to initial increase but may also include further improvement of seed harvest or yield.

Seed lot – the seed of known species, type or cultivar harvested from a specified field or plot and given a name 

and/or number, usually by the seed grower that identifies the year grown.

Seed predation – includes any process inflicted on a plant’s seeds by other organisms that results in seed 

damage or loss of viability. Predation includes consumption of seed as well as parasitization. Seed predation 

can affect reproductive success, population dynamics and evolution of defensive morphological and 

physiological traits and plant dispersal mechanisms. 
25

Seed storage, long-term – placing seeds in sealed, moisture-proof containers in cool, dry environments to 

maintain their viability.

Seed transfer zone – a mapped area with fixed boundaries in which seeds or plant materials can be transferred 

with minimal risk of maladaptation. Continuous zones, or seed transfer guidelines, are similar in that 

they recommend how far seeds can be transferred from the point of origin, and describe the relative risk 

associated with that transfer. 

Shrub – a perennial plant species, usually with a woody basal area and multiple stems, not to exceed 15 feet in 

height at maturity.

Technological transfer – the process of converting scientific findings from research laboratories into useful 

products or applications. Sharing scientific information by means of education and training.

Weed – a plant(s) growing where it is not wanted. Weeds adversely affect the use, economic value, and aesthetic 

aspect of the land and waters that they infest. 

Wildland seed collection – collections of seed made from wild plant populations. This does not include 

collections from cultivated or human seeded populations. 

Workhorse species – those species that occupy a large part of one or more ecoregions.
26
27

APPENDIX 1: PARTNERS INVOLVED IN THE NATIVE PLANT MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

Department of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers, Clinton Lake Wildlife Area, KS xDepartment of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers, Fisher Butte Research Natural Area, OR xDepartment of Defense, Army Corps of Engineers, Perry Lake, KS xDepartment of Defense, U.S. Air Force, Kotzebue Long Range Radar Site, AK xDepartment of Defense, U.S. Air Force, Nellis Air Force Base Nevada Test and Training Range, NV xDepartment of Defense, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Canyon Lake Park, TX xDepartment of Defense, U.S. Army, McGregor Range/Ft. Bliss Military Reservation, NM xGreat Basin Native Plant Selection & Increase Project xGreat Basin Restoration Initiative xSecure Rural Schools and Community Self-Determination Act of 2000 (Title II) xUncompahgre Plateau Project x x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service, Bee Biology and Systematics Laboratory, Logan, UT x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Burns, OR x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service, Forage and Range Research Laboratory, Logan, UT x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service, High Plains Grassland Research Station, WY x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service, Jornada Experimental Range, NM x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service, Logan, UT x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, Ft. Collins, CO x xUSDA Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Plant Introduction Center, Pullman, WA x xUSDA Cooperative Research, Education and Extension Service xUSDA Cooperative Research, Education and Extension Service, National Research Initiative Program xUSDA Forest Service xUSDA Forest Service, Bend Seed Extractory, OR x xUSDA Forest Service, Boise National Forest, ID xUSDA Forest Service, Buffalo Gap National Grasslands, SD xUSDA Forest Service, Cedar River National Grassland, ND xUSDA Forest Service, Chequamegon National Forest, WI xUSDA Forest Service, Chippewa National Forest, MN xUSDA Forest Service, Coconino National Forest, AZ x
28

FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

USDA Forest Service, Coronado National Forest, AZ xUSDA Forest Service, Crooked River National Grassland, OR xUSDA Forest Service, Custer National Forest, Billings, MT xUSDA Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot Genetics Program, Vancouver, WA x xUSDA Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot National Forest, Vancouver, WA xUSDA Forest Service, Gunnison National Forest, CO xUSDA Forest Service, Hiawatha National Forest, MI xUSDA Forest Service, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, NV/CA xUSDA Forest Service, Huron-Manistee National Forests, MI xUSDA Forest Service, Inyo National Forest, Bishop, CA xUSDA Forest Service, J. Herbert Stone Nursery, Central Point, OR x xUSDA Forest Service, Little Missouri National Grassland, ND xUSDA Forest Service, Lucky Peak Nursery, Boise, ID x xUSDA Forest Service, Malheur National Forest, OR xUSDA Forest Service, Medicine Bow National Forest, WY xUSDA Forest Service, Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie, IL xUSDA Forest Service, Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, WA xUSDA Forest Service, Mt. Hood National Forest, OR xUSDA Forest Service, National Seed Laboratory, Dry Branch, GA x xUSDA Forest Service, Nicolet National Forest, WI xUSDA Forest Service, Ochoco National Forest, Prineville, OR xUSDA Forest Service, Oglala National Grassland, NE and SD xUSDA Forest Service, Okanogan National Forest, WA xUSDA Forest Service, Ottawa National Forest, MI xUSDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR x xUSDA Forest Service, Prescott National Forest, AZ xUSDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Laboratory, Provo, UT and Boise, ID x xUSDA Forest Service, Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, Medford, OR xUSDA Forest Service, Seven Springs Recreation Area, AZ xUSDA Forest Service, Sheyenne National Grassland, ND xUSDA Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest, OR xUSDA Forest Service, Siuslaw National Forest, Corvallis, OR x
29

FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

USDA Forest Service, Superior National Forest, MN xUSDA Forest Service, Tonto National Forest, AZ xUSDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Pendleton, OR xUSDA Forest Service, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, OR xUSDA Forest Service, Wasatch-Cache National Forest, UT xUSDA Forest Service, Wayne National Forest, OH xUSDA Forest Service, Wenatchee National Forest, WA xUSDA Forest Service, Willamette National Forest, Eugene, OR xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Beltsville MD x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Bridger, MT x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, OR x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Los Lunas, NM x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Meeker CO x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Palmer AK x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Center, Tucson, AZ x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Plant Materials Program, DC x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Database, Baton Rouge, LA x xUSDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Upper Colorado Plant Materials Center, Meeker, CO x xUSDI Bureau of Land Management xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Alaska State Office, AK xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Albuquerque Field Office, NM xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Alturus Field Office, CA xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage Field Office, AK xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Arcata Field Office, CA xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Arizona State Office, AZ xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Arizona Strip Field Office, AZ xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Baker Resource Area, OR xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Bakersfield Field Office, CA xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Battle Mountain Field Office, NV xUSDI Bureau of Land Management, Bishop Field Office, CA x
30

FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Boise District Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Borders Resource Area, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Burley Field Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Burns District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, California Desert District, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, California State Office, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Carrizo Plain National Monument, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Carson City, NV

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Casso Seed Orchard

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Cedar City Field Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Challis Field Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Colorado State Office, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Coos Bay District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Cottonwood Field Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Couer d’Alene District Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Dillon Field Office, MT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Eagle Lake Field Office, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Eastern States Office, WI

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Elko Field Office, NV

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Ely Field Office, NV

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Farmington District Office, NM

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Fillmore Field Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Folsom Field Office, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Glenwood Springs Field Office, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, AZ

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Grand Junction Field Office, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Gunnison Field Office, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Hollister Field Office, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Horning Seed Orchard

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Idaho Falls District Office, ID

x
31

FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Jarbidge Field Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, King Range National Conservation Area, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Klamath Falls Resource Area, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Lakeview District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Lander Field Office, WY

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Las Vegas Field Office, NV

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Lewistown Field Office, MT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Little Snake Field Office, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Medford District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Milwaukee Field Office, WI

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Moab Field Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Montana State Office, MT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Monticello Field Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, NV

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, New Mexico State Office, NM

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, North Dakota Field Office, MT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Northern Field Office, AK

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Oregon/Washington State Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Phoenix South Field Office, AZ

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Pocatello Field Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Prineville District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Rawlins Field Office, WY

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Redding Field Office, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Richfield Field Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Rock Springs Field Office, WY

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Roseburg District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Royal Gorge Field Office, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Salem District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Salt Lake City Field Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, San Luis Valley Public Lands Center, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Shoshone Field Office, ID

x
32

FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Sonoran Desert National Monument, AZ

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Spokane District Office, WA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, St. George Field Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Surprise Field Office, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Taos Field Office, NM

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Tonopah Field Station, NV

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Twin Falls District Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Tyrell Seed Orchard, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Ukiah Field Office, CA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Uncompahgre Field Office, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Upper Snake Field Office, ID

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Utah State Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Vale District Office, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Vernal Field Office, UT

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Washington Office, DC

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Wenatchee Resource Area, WA

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, West Eugene Wetlands, OR

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, White River Field Office, CO

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Winnemucca Field Office, NV

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Worland Field Office, WY

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming State Office, WY

x

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Yuma Field Office, AZ

x

USDI National Park Service, Lake Mead National Recreation Area, NV

x

USDI National Park Service, Pinnacles National Monument, San Benito County, CA

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge, TX

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, TX

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, NV

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge, TX

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge, WV

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Desert National Wildlife Refuge, NV

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, NJ

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laguna Atacosa National Wildlife Refuge, TX

x
33

FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge, TX

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marin Islands National Wildlife Refuge, CA

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge, NV

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge, IA

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office, NV

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge, NV

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, R1, Snake River Basin, ID

x

USDI U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Trinity River National Wildlife Refuge, TX

x

USDI U.S. Geological Survey

x

x

West Eugene Wetlands Partnership, OR

x

x

x

x

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

A Wild Crafter’s Growers Group, MO

x

x

Agassiz Seed & Supply, West Fargo, ND

x

Alt House Nursery, Cave Junction, OR

x

American Public Gardens Association

x

American Seed Trade Association

x

Antelope Valley Paiute Tribe, NV

x

Applewood Seed Co., Arvada, CO

x

Arboretum at Flagstaff, Flagstaff, AZ

x

x

Arizona Department of Game and Fish

x

Arizona Native Seed Resource, Tucson, AZ 

x

Arkansas Valley Seed Testing Lab, AR

x

Ashland High School, Ashland, OR

x

Association of Official Seed Certifying Agencies

x

Ball Horticultural Co., Chicago, IL

x

Bamert Seed Co., Muleshoe, TX

x

Barton Seed Co., Ephraim, UT

x

Bear Creek Watershed Council, Medford, OR

x
34

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

Benson Farms Inc., Moses Lake, WA

x

Benton Paiute Tribe, NV

x

Berry Botanic Garden, Portland, OR

x

x

x

BG-BASE, Inc.

x

Big Sky Wholesale Seeds, Shelby, MT

x

Biota of North America Program, Chapel Hill, NC

x

Boise Cascade, Boise, ID

x

Boise State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Boise, ID

x

Bolson Seed Co., La Grande, OR

x

Botanic Gardens Conservation International

x

Botanical Development, OR

x

Botanical Liaisons, LLC, Boulder, CO

x

Botanical Society of America

x

Brett-Young Seed Ltd., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

x

Bridgeport Paiute Tribe, NV

x

Brigham Young University, Department of Plant and Animal Science, Provo, UT

x

Brigham Young University, Provo, UT

x

Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY

x

x

x

Buggy Crazy Nursery, Lebanon, OR

x

Butterfly Pavilion & Insect Center, Denver, CO

x

x

California Native Plant Society, CA

x

x

x

CC Headley

x

Cedera Seed, Inc., Swan Valley, ID

x

Center for Plant Conservation

x

x

Center for Urban Horticulture, Seattle, WA

x

x

x

Central Modoc Resource Conservation District, Alturas, CA

x

Central Utah Seed, Ephraim, UT

x

Chapman Farms, Nampa, ID

x

Chelan-Douglas Land Trust, WA

x

Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL

x

x

x

Circle S Seeds of Montana, Inc., Three Forks, MT

x

City of Ashland, OR

x
35

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

City of Bend, OR

x

City of Eugene, OR

x

City of Topeka Parks and Recreation, KS

x

Clackamas Memorandum of Understanding, OR

x

Clarno Nursery, OR

x

Clearwater Seed LLC, Spokane, WA

x

Colorado Crop Improvement Association, Ft. Collins, CO

x

x

Colorado Division of Wildlife, CO

x

Colorado Native Plant Society, CO

x

Colorado State Seed Testing Lab, CO

x

Colorado State University, Rogers Mesa, CO

x

Colorado State University, Tri-River Area Cooperative Extension, Grand Junction, CO

x

x

Colville Confederated Tribes, WA

x

Comstock Seed, Gardnerville, NV

x

Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation, OR

x

Cook County Forest Preserve District, IL

x

Cool Waters Nursery

x

Crook County Weed Control, OR

x

Crooked River Watershed Council, Prineville, OR

x

Curtis & Curtis Seed, Clovis, NM

x

Deepest Valley Cooperative Native Plant Propagation Center, CA

x

Denver Botanic Gardens, Denver, CO

x

x

Deschutes Basin Land Trust, Bend, OR

x

Deschutes Basin Native Plant Seedbank, Prineville, OR

x

Deschutes County Soil & Water Conservation District, OR

x

Deschutes County, OR

x

Deschutes River Conservancy, OR

x

Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ

x

x

x

DuPage County Forest Preserve District, IL

x

E&S Environmental Restoration Inc., Corvallis, OR

x

Eastern Oregon Stewardship Services, Prineville, OR

x

Emerald Commodities, Inc., Harrisburg, OR

x
36

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

Ernst Conservation Seed, Meadville, PA

x

Erstrom, Jerry, Vale, OR

x

Fallon Paiute-Shoshone Tribe, NV

x

First Creek Seeds, Saco, MT

x

Flick Seed Company, Kingsville, MO

x

Ford Seed, Boise, ID

x

Garden of Inner Peace, NC

x

Geertson Seed Farms, Greenleaf, ID

x

Gillian Watershed Council

x

Go Wild! Consulting, CA

x

Gooding Seed Co., Gooding, ID

x

Granite Seed, Lehi, UT

x

Grassland Oregon, Keizer, OR

x

Grassland West, Clarkston, WA

x

Great Basin Seed, Ephraim, UT

x

Harvest Moon Seed Co., Gunnison, UT

x

Hedgerow Farms, Winters, CA

x

Heritage Nursery

x

Heritage Seedlings, Salem, OR

x

High Desert Native Seed, Redmond, UT

x

High Desert Resource Conservation and Development Council, Inc.

x

Honey Lake Paiute Tribe, NV

x

Ibapah Band Goshute Tribe, UT

x

Idaho Botanical Garden, ID

x

x

Idaho Crop Improvement Association, ID

x

x

Idaho Department of Fish and Game, ID

x

Idaho Department of Transportation, ID

x

Idaho Grimm Growers, Blackfoot, ID

x

Idaho Native Plant Society

x

Idaho State Department of Agriculture, Seed Testing Lab, ID

x

Illinois Nature Preserves Commission, Springfield, IL

x

Institute for Applied Ecology, Corvallis, OR

x

x
37

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

Intermountain Seed Co., Ephraim, UT xIowa Ecotype Project, Cedar Falls, IA x xIvan Matveev xJ. Raymond Farm & Reforestation, Central Point, OR xJacksonville Woodlands Association, OR xJames Reneau Seed Co., Shamrock, TX xJefferson County Weed Control, OR xJohn Goble, Gunnison, UT xJornada Experimental Station, NM xKeeley Family Farm, St. Paul, OR xKenagy Family Farms, Inc., OR xKlamath Tribes, OR xL&H Seeds, Inc., Connell, WA xLady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, Austin, TX x x xLake County Forest Preserve District, IL xLandmark Native Seed Inc., Spokane, WA xLovelock Paiute Tribe, NV xLower and Upper Nehalem Watershed Councils, OR xMahmia Nursery, Salem, OR xMaple Leaf Company Seed Division, Ephraim, UT xMarion County Soil and Water Conservation District, Salem, OR xMattole Restoration Council, Petrolia, CA xMaughan Seed Co., Manti, UT xMcClintick Farms, Inc., Orovada, NV xMcCormick Seeds, Inc., Muleshoe, TX xMercer Arboretum & Botanic Gardens, Houston, TX x xMethow Natives Inc., Winthrop, WA xMissouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO x x xMissouri Department of Conservation, MO xMissouri Native Plant Society, MO xMono Lake Paiute Tribe, NV xMontana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Bozeman, MT x
38

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

Mosman, David R. Ranch, Inc., Craigmont, ID

x

Mountain View

x

Mountain West Seed Co., Ephraim, UT

x

Mt. Cuba Center, Inc., DE

x

x

National Fish and Wildlife Foundation

x

Native Plant Conservation Campaign

x

Native Plant Society of Oregon

x

Native Seed Network, Corvallis, OR

x

x

Native-Seed Company LLC, Park City, UT

x

Natural Areas Association

x

NatureServe

x

x

Nestucca Neskowin Watershed Council, OR

x

Nevada Department of Wildlife, NV

x

New England Wild Flower Society, Framingham, MA

x

x

x

New York City Department of Parks & Recreation, NY

x

x

New York City, NY

x

NezPerce Tribe, ID/OR

x

North American Pollinator Protection Campaign

x

North Carolina Botanical Garden, Chapel Hill, NC

x

x

x

Norwest Seed, Ltd., Ashburton, New Zealand

x

NP Seed Co., Ephraim, UT

x

NuSeCo, West Vancouver, BC

x

Oconto County, WI

x

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife

x

Oregon Department of Transportation

x

Oregon Job Council, Medford OR

x

Oregon Seed Certification

x

x

Oregon State University Extension Service, Deschutes County, OR

x

Oregon State University, Malheur Experiment Station, Ontario, OR

x

Oregon State University, Seed Testing Lab, Corvallis, OR

x

Oregon Stewardship, Medford, OR

x

Oregon Wholesale Seed, Silverton, OR

x
39

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

Oregon Youth Authority, OR

x

Owyhee Trail Seed, Nyssa, OR

x

Pacific Coast Seed, Livermore, CA

x

Pacific Forest Seeds, Eagle Point, OR

x

Pacific Northwest Natives, Albany, OR

x

Pawnee Buttes Seed, Inc., Greeley, CO

x

Peterson, Greg B.S.E.E., Moses Lake, WA

x

Phipps - OR State Nursery, OR

x

Pineview Horticultural Service, Inc., Hayden Lake, ID

x

Plainview Seed Co., Shedd, OR

x

Plant Conservation Alliance

x

Plummer Seed Co., Inc., Ephraim, UT

x

Polk Soil and Water Conservation, Polk County, OR

x

Portland General Electric, OR

x

Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe, NV

x

Rain Shadow Nursery, Oroville, WA

x

Rainier Seeds, Inc., Davenport, WA

x

Rana Creek Ranch, Carmel Valley, CA

x

Rancho Sanata Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA

x

x

Red Butte Botanic Garden, Salt Lake City, UT

x

x

x

Reno Sparks Indian Colony, NV

x

Research Seeds Inc., Longmont, CO

x

Richard Pearson

x

Richardson Agco, Vega, TX

x

Richfield Band of Paiutes, UT

x

Rocky Mountain Seed Co., Aurora, UT

x

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom

x

x

x

S&S Seeds, LLC, Albany, OR

x

Saco Dehy Inc., Saco, MT

x

Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, Santa Barbara, CA

x

x

x

Scappoose Bay Watershed Council, OR

x

Seed-Rite, Inc., Odessa, WA

x
40

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

Sharp Bros. Seed Co., Healy, KS xShoshone-Bannock Tribes, ID xShoshone-Paiute Tribes, ID xSkinner Seed Farms, Inc., New Plymouth, ID xSnow College, Ephraim, UT xSociety for Ecological Restoration International x xSociety for Range Management xSouthwest Seed Inc., Dolores, CO xSpecial K Ranch, Columbus, MT x xState Departments of Natural Resources, Parks, and Forests of AK, AZ, CO, IL, IN, KS, MI, MO, MS, NJ, NY, OH, WA, WI xState Foundation Seed Programs of CO, ID, MT, NV, OR, UT, WA, WY x xStevenson Intermountain Seed, Ephraim, UT xStrategic Sourcing, Inc., Reading, PA xStudent Conservation Association xTexas A&M University, Revegetation Equipment Catalog, College Station, TX xThe Nature Conservancy xThe Nature Conservancy, Accola Woods, MO xThe Nature Conservancy, Anderson County Preserve, KS xThe Nature Conservancy, Bennett Spring Savanna, MO xThe Nature Conservancy, Cheyenne Bottoms Preserve, KS xThe Nature Conservancy, Chilton Creek Preserve, MO xThe Nature Conservancy, Chiwaukee Prairie State Natural Area 54, WI xThe Nature Conservancy, Dobbins Woodland, MO xThe Nature Conservancy, Goodnight-Henry Prairie, MO xThe Nature Conservancy, Konza Prairie (co-owned by Kansas State University), KS x xThe Nature Conservancy, Makoce Washte, SD xThe Nature Conservancy, Marmaton River Bottoms Wet Prairie, MO xThe Nature Conservancy, Rockhill Prairie, MO xThe Nature Conservancy, Shelton L. Cook Meadow, MO xThe Nature Conservancy, Sioux Prairie, SD xThe Nature Conservancy, Smoky Valley Ranch, KS xThe Nature Conservancy, Spring Green Prairie, WI x
41

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

The Nature Conservancy, Staffanson Prairie, MN

x

The Nature Conservancy, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, KS

x

The Nature Conservancy, Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, OK

x

The Nature Conservancy, The Hogback, WI

x

The Nature Conservancy, Thorny Mountain, MO

x

The Nature Conservancy, Vermillion Prairie, SD

x

The Nature Conservancy, Williams Woods, MO

x

The Nature Conservancy, Zahorsky Woods, MO

x

Tillamook County Soil and Water Conservation District, OR

x

Tillamook Estuaries Partnership, OR

x

Tillamook Riparian Native Plant Cooperative MOU, OR

x

Treasure State Seed, Inc., Fairfield, MT

x

Trillium Nursery

x

Truax Company Inc., New Hope, MN

x

Tualatin River Watershed Council, OR

x

University of California Berkeley Botanic Garden, Berkeley, CA

x

x

University of California, Davis, CA

x

University of California, Irvine, CA

x

University of California, White Mtn. Research Station, CA

x

University of Florida, Orlando, FL

x

University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, ID

x

University of Maryland, College Park, MD

x

University of Michigan, Matthaei Botanical Gardens and Nichols Arboretum, Ann Arbor, MI

x

x

x

University of Nevada, Reno, NV

x

University of St. Louis, MO

x

Upper Deschutes Watershed Council, OR

x

Utah Crop Improvement Association, Logan, UT

x

x

Utah Department of Natural Resources, UT

x

Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Great Basin Research Center, Ephraim, UT

x

Utah Native Plant Society

x

Utah State University, Department of Plants, Soils, and Biometeorology, Logan, UT

x

Wagstaff Seed, Wallsburg, UT

x
42

NON-FEDERAL PARTNERS

Tribe

Research

Industry

Fed. Gov.

State Gov.

Local Gov.

Non-profit

Garden

Walker River Paiute Tribe, NV

x

Washburn University, KS

x

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, WA

x

Washington Native Plant Society

x

Washington State Seed Testing Lab, WA

x

Washington University, St. Louis, MO

x

x

Washoe Tribe of California and Nevada, CA/NV

x

Western Productions Inc., Woodburn, OR

x

Western Reclamation, Inc., Mesa, WA

x

Westland Seed Inc., Ronan, MT

x

Wheatland West Seed, Brigham City, UT

x

Wilbers (ABT Wilbers), Miller, SD

x

Wildlands, Inc., Richland, WA

x

Willamette Gardens, Corvallis, OR

x

Willamette Province Workforce Partnership, OR

x

Willow Creek, Ephraim, UT

x

Wind River Seed, Manderson, WY

x

Winnebago County Forest Preserve District, Severson Dells Forest Preserve, IL

x

Winter Creek Restoration, OR

x

Wyoming State Seed Testing Lab, WY

x

Yakama Tribe, WA

x

Yamhill Watershed Council, OR

x

Yerington Paiute Tribe, NV

x

Yomba Shoshone Tribe, NV

x

Zoological Society of San Diego, CA

x

x
Reference CD goes here.