IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TH

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

V.

EZEKIEL JAMES WATKINS,

Appellant.

)

APPELWICK, J. — Watkins was convicted

that police elicited a confession in violation

obtained in violation of the privacy act,2 that a s

that the trial .court improperly dismissed a juror.

FACTS

High school student, Kathy Chou disap

boyfriend, Ezekiel Watkins., He spoke with po

also took a polygraph test. He was not arreste

Over one year later, Watkins' friend Gio

had seen Watkins covered in blood and dirt

Candelario also told police that he told Watkins

in Chou's disappearance, :and Watkins did

Carpenter, told police that he had given Wat

STATE OF WASHINGTON

No. 73352-4-1

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: December 11, 2017

of first degree murder. He argues

of Miranda ,1 that evidence was

arch warrant was overbroad, and

We affirm.

eared. Police contacted her exice at the police station. Watkins

at that time.

anni Candelario told police that he

on the night Chou disappeared.

that he suspected he was involved

ot deny it. Another friend, Jon

!tins a shovel the night that Chou

1 Miranda v. Arizona,384 U.S. 436, 86 S

2 Ch. 9.73 RCW.

Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

11:
No. 73352-4-1/2

disappeared. In light of these revelations, Detective Greg Barfield called and

asked Watkins to come to the station for an int rview. They agreed to meet at the

station six days later, on July 6, 2011, at 11:00

Watkins drove himself to the station. Th4 interview room was located within

a secure area of the building. The area could b opened from the inside without a

key. Watkins sat closest to the door. The police did not take his phone or keys.

He was not handcuffed.

When he began the interview at 11:24 a m., one of Detective Barfield's first

statements to Watkins was as follows:

So before we get started I want to mak

we're just talking to everybody in the c

wasn't involved in it back when she, w

want you to know that you are free to go

statement. Matter of fact if you do deci

leave this door right here, you go out th

that's the door you came in at.

At 11:55 a.m., Detective Barfield notes that, co

phone records show that they texted and call

Barfield tells Watkins that "We need to know ev

straight with me."

At 12:04 p.m., Watkins eventually conc des that he saw Chou that night,

they took a walk in the park, and finished betw en 9 and 10. At 12:16 p.m., police

placed a shovel wrapped in evidence tape in the interview room in the view of

Watkins. At 12:17 p.m., Detective Barfield tells Watkins, "I've given you many

opportunities to tell me before I had to confr nt you if there's something that's

different."

sure you understand that

se. It's new to me cause 1

en Kathy went missing. 1

at any time. It's a voluntary

e to do that, if you want to

t door and hang a right and

trary to Watkins' prior statements,

d one another 46 times that day.

rything," and "I'm asking you to be
No. 73352-4-1/3

Shortly thereafter, Watkins tells Detecti

throat. Watkins admits that his friend Carpent

bury her body. Detective Barfield pressed furt

But Ezekiel, I have a hard time believin

hold of your knife and then stabs herse

and your reaction is to not go to cal

ambulance but to call your friend, have

go and bury the body. It doesn't sit right

want you to be truthful with me about it

pretty easy honestly to tell you when yo

you're not being truthful. That's how 1 k

ask because you kind of, for most peopl

them to hide a lie on their face and with t

you know subconsciously. You don't re

me it's like, it's like a red flag going up

asking you to be straight. I'm going to gi

me how.

At 12:37 p.m., Watkins admits to stabbing Ch

during a physical struggle between the two.

Immediately thereafter, Detective Barfiel reads Watkins his Miranda rights.

Watkins waived those rights, the interview con inued, and Watkins took police to

the burial site later that day. Watkins was cha ged with first degree murder. His

statements that day were admitted into eviden e after a CrR 3.5 hearing. A jury

found him guilty. He appeals.

e Barfield that Chou cut her own

r brought a shovel and helped him

er,

that she somehow gets a

f multiple times in the neck

the police or call for an

im meet you and you guys

with me. Right? And I just

Cause yeah I can tell, it's

're being truthful and when

ow to ask what questions I

honestly it is very hard for

eir body. You just do things

lize you're doing it. But for

when I see it. So I'm just

e you an opportunity to tell

u, although he claims it occurred

DISCUSSIO

Watkins makes four arguments. First,

incriminating statements in violation of Mira da, and the trial court erred in

admitting those statements. Second, he ar ues that the trial court erred in

admitting evidence that was obtained in violat on of the Washington privacy act.

e argues that the State obtained
No. 73352-4-1/4

Third, he argues that the trial court admitted ev dence that was obtained pursuant

to an overbroad search warrant. Finally, he rgues that the trial court erred in

dismissing a juror due to a family emergency.3

I. Miranda 

Watkins first argues that the police vi

under Miranda. When Watkins confessed to st

Miranda warnings. Watkins argues that th

amounted to a custodial interrogation and Mir

notes that the interview occurred in a small ro

that the officer told Watkins that he needed to

police strategically brought into the intervie

shovel—that suggested that police knew Watki

A. Custodial Interrogation 

When a state agent Subjects a suspect

Amendment to the United States Constitution r

be given. 384 U.S. at 467-68. If police condu

Miranda warnings, statements made by the su

be suppressed. Id. at 479. Whether a person is

considering all the circumstances, would a rea

freedom was curtailed to a degree associat

lated his Fifth Amendment rights

bbing Chou, he had not been given

circumstances of the interview

nda warnings were required. He

m at the police station. He notes

e truthful. Further, he claims that

room a piece of evidence—a

s was not being truthful.

o custodial interrogation, the Fifth

quires that Miranda warnings must

t a custodial interrogation without

pect during the interrogation must

in "custody" is an objective inquiry:

onable person feel that his or her

d with formal arrest? State v. 

3 On cross appeal, the State assigns error to the trial court's decision to

exclude evidence regarding an alleged "trophy" that Watkins collected from the

victim on grounds that it was overly prejudicial. But, because we affirm, we do not

address this argument.

4
No. 73352-4-1/5

Heritage, 152 Wn.2d 210 218, 95 P.3d 345 ('004). The defendant must show

some objective facts indicating his or her freed .m of movement was restricted or

curtailed. State v. Lorenz, 152 Wn.2d 22, 36-3 , 93 P.3d 133 (2004). We review

a trial court's custodial determination de novo. Id. at 36.

Watkins argues that he was subject to a custodial interrogation from the

outset of the interview.4 He cites to United Stat s v. Jacobs, 431 F.3d 99, 105 (3d

Cir. 2005), where the court reasoned that all s ation house interrogations should

be scrutinized with extreme care. Further, h argues that Detective Barfield's

conduct over the course of the interview creat d a custodial setting by conveying

his belief that Watkins was guilty, pressin for the truth, and placing the

incriminating shovel into Watkins' view.

The station house interview here is co parable to the facts in Oregon v.

Mathiason,429 U.S. 492,97 S. Ct. 711,50 L. Es. 2d 714 (1977). A burglary victim

told police that Mathiason was the only possib e culprit she could think of. Id. at

493. About 25 days after the burglary, the offi er told Mathiason he would like to

discuss something. Id. Mathiason voluntarily ent to the police station. Id. He

4 Watkins first stresses that the trial c

standard to whether Watkins was subject to cu

in support of its decision, the trial court cited W

to go to work later that afternoon after he had ju

Chou. Watkins is correct that the proper standa

152 Wn.2d at 36-37. But, the trial court's ultim

totalit of the circumstances a reasonable

would not have felt that his freedom was cu

reflects an objective analysis. And, similar t

contain passing references to a suspect's own

Wn. App. 832, 834, 836, 930 P.2d 350 (1997) (

is a reasonable person standard, but also noti

did not believe he was free to leave).

urt erred in applying a subjective

todial interrogation. He notes that,

tkins' belief that he would be able

t admitted to stabbing and burying

d is an objective one. See Lorenz,

te conclusion was that "Julnder the

rson in the defendant's sosition

ailed." (Emphasis added.) This

this situation, many prior cases

belief. See, e.g., State v. D.R., 84

xplaining that the proper standard

g that the suspect testified that he
No. 73352-4-1/6

was taken into a room with a closed door, and told that he was not under arrest.

Id. The officer told Mathiasan that he wanted tu discuss the burglary, and that his

truthfulness would possibly be considered by t e district attorney or the judge. Id.

The officer falsely claimed that he had discove ed Mathiason's fingerprints at the

scene. Id. Mathiason confessed after about fi e minutes. Id.

The United States Supreme Court found that there was no Miranda

violation. Id. at 495. It concluded that this "non ustodial situation is not converted

to one in which Miranda [sic] applies simply be ause a reviewing court concludes

that, even in the absence of any formal arr st or restraint on movement, the

questioning took place in a 'coercive environm nt." Id. Like Mathiason,Watkins

went voluntarily to the station, was told he could leave, and the police had

suspicion that Watkins was involved.

But, Watkins argues that this case is mire similar to Jacobs. In that case,

Jacobs was a police informant. Id. at 102. Police subsequently learned that

Jacobs was engaging in illegal activity that viol ted police instructions. Id. at 103.

Jacobs arrived at the station upon police requ st. Id. at 103. In an open office

area, police placed suitcases that they thought would elicit information from

Jacobs. Id. With the suitcases in view, the pollee told her that they had information

that she was assisting in the trafficking. Id. S ortly thereafter, she confessed to

illegal activity. Id. at 103-04
No. 73352-4-1/7

The Jacobs court found that this was a custodial interrogation. Id. at 108.

It reasoned,

To recap, in Jacobs case, in addition t

place at the FBI offices, and (2) Sullivan

the following additional factors were

summoned to FBI: offices without

questions were confrontational and

interrogation tactics,, including placing t

Jacobs' view; (6) he communicated to

was guilty; (7) Jacobs felt obligated t

questioning because she was reasonab

she was still an FBI informant; (8) she , as not specifically told she

was not under arrest before questionind began; and (9) she did not

agree to meet with Sullivan with krowledge of the fact that

questioning about a criminal offense woiild take place.

Id. Although the suitcase placement in Jaco

strategic shovel placement here, Jacobs is c

noted that Jacobs would have felt compelled to

111

• (1) the questioning taking

believing Jacobs was guilty,

present: (3) Jacobs was

xplanation; (4) Sullivan's

intimidating; (5) he used

e incriminating suitcases in

acobs that he thought she

come to and stay at the

y under the impression that

S is somewhat comparable to the

itically different. There, the court

speak with police given her status

as an informant. Id. Watkins was under no such obligation. He had denied police

requests before.5 And, unlike Jacobs, police

was "free to leave at any time." Id. at 107.

Watkins also relies on United States v.

2008). There, armed officers wearing flak

nequivocally told Watkins that he

rai head, 539 F.3d 1073 (9th Cir.

jackets, some with unholstered

weapons, executed a search warrant on Craighead's residence. Id. at 1078.

During the search, an agent told Craighead they wanted to speak with him. Id.

1

And, Craighead was told he was free to leave Id. at 1078. The agent directed

him to a storage shed in the back of his hous and interviewed him for 20 to 30

5 For example, he once denied a police lequest for him to take a polygraph

test. A few days later, Watkins changed his niind and took the test after initially

refusing.

7
No. 73352-4-1/8

minutes. Id. at 1078. A detective was guardi

from three different law enforcement agencies

The court found that the interview was a custo

The distinctions between Craighead 

Craighead did not voluntarily go to a police sta

See id. at 1078. Although ,he was informed h

less valuable given that he was already on his

to the safety of his own home, which was bein

And, the court found that the presence of multi

besides the interviewing agent might forbid hirr

Lorenz, is also instructive. As Lorenz's

part of a child molestation investigation, polio

her. Lorenz, 152 Wn.2d at 27. The police tol

and was free to leave at any time, and she sign

37-38. But, she was not allowed to enter her

The officers then told her to " 'sit here'. " Id.

statement. Id. at 27-28. Lorenz argued that s

purposes of Miranda. Id. at 36. The court rea

Lorenz was in a coercive environment at the

Relying on the explicit instructions that Lorenz

that Lorenz was not in custody.6 Id. at 37-38.

6 Lorenz contradicts another argument

interview, Watkins initially confessed to Detec

remains after she had stabbed herself. Only

g the door. Id. at 1088. Agents

were present for the search. Id.

ial interrogation. Id. at 1089.

and Mathiason are significant.

ion. The police came to his home.

could leave, this instruction was

wn property, and could not retreat

searched by officers. Id. at 1088.

le agencies suggested that others

to leave. Id.

residence was being searched as

pulled her aside and questioned

Lorenz she was not under arrest

d a statement to that effect. Id. at

railer during the search. Id. at 37.

t 27. She confessed in a written

e was effectively in custody for the

oned that "Mt is irrelevant whether

time of the interview." Id. at 37.

was free to leave, the court found

ade by Watkins. During the critical

lye Barfield that he buried Chou's

ater did Watkins finally confess to
No. 73352-4-1/9

Here, the police requested an intervie

unlike Craighead,Watkins voluntarily showed u

agreed time. The police told him that he was

to exit the station. Like Mathiason,the fact that

. And, similar to Mathiason and

at the police station at a mutually

'free to leave." They told him how

he interview occurred in the police

station setting did not render the interview cus odial. The presence of the shovel

wrapped with evidence tape was less deceptiv than the false statement that the

police had found Mathiason's fins er rints at th scene. This tactic did not make

the interrogation custodial] In light of thes cases and Miranda's objective

standard, the trial court did not err in concludin that Watkins was not subjected to

custodial interrogation prior to confessing.

B. Admissibilit of ost-Miranda statement

Watkins' first confession occurred prior to him receiving Miranda warnings.

After the police read him his Miranda warnin s, he confessed again. Watkins

argues that this is an interrogation strategy hat the Supreme Court declared

unconstitutional in Missouri v. Siebert, 542 U. . 600, 124 S. Ct. 2601, 159 L. Ed.

2d 643 (2004).

In Siebert, the police arrested and ulti

Siebert. Id. at 604-05. In their interrogation, th

stabbing Chou. Watkins argues that because

separate crime—unlawful disposal of human r

supports the inference that he was in custody.

similar argument: "it is, as the State contends,

probable cause to arrest Lorenz (before or du

37. Therefore, the fact that police had prob

believe that Watkins had committed a different

does not establish that he was in custody.

ately obtained a confession from

police deliberately refrained from

his amounted to a confession of a

mains under RCW 68.50.130— it

But, in Lorenz the court rejected a

irrelevant whether the police had

ing the interview)." 152 Wn.2d at

ble cause during the interview to

crime than that being investigated
No. 73352-4-1/10

providing Miranda warnings as part of a "ques ion first" strategy. See çj. at 605-

06. Writing for the four justices in the plurality, Justice Souter reasoned that the

key inquiry underlying Miranda is whether the warnings reasonably convey to a

suspect his or her rights under Miranda:

Upon hearing warnings only in the aftermath of interrogation and just

after making a confession, a suspect ould hardly think he had a

genuine right to remain silent, let alone persist in so believing once

the police began to lead him over the s me ground again. A more

likely reaction on the suspect's part would be perplexity about the

reason for discussing rights at that poi t . . . . Thus, when Miranda 

warnings are inserted in the midst of oordinated and continuing

interrogation, they are likely to mislead nd "depriv[e] a defendant of

knowledge essential to his ability to uriderstand the nature of his

rights and the consequences of abandoning them."

Id. at 613-14 (alteration in original) (footnote o

475 U.S. 412, 424, 106 S. Ct. 1135,89 L. Ed.

Justice Kennedy concurred in the jud

decisive vote to exclude Siebert's confession. I

He reasoned that "[t]he plurality is correct to

through the use of this technique are inadmis

the infrequent case," such as Siebert, when p

a calculated way, post-Miranda statements mu

Justice Kennedy's analysis, this court has

suppress postwarning confessions during a

where a midstream Miranda warning did not e

or her rights. State v. Hickman,157 Wn. App. 7

itted) (quoting Moran v. Burbine,

d 410 (1986)).

ment, and provided the fifth and

at 618 (Kennedy, J., concurring).

onclude that statements obtained

ible." Id. He agreed that "only in

lice use a question-first strategy in

t be excluded. Id. at 622. Adopting

easoned that a trial court must

deliberate two-step interrogation

ectively apprise the suspect of his

67, 774-75, 238 P.3d 1240 (2010).

10
No. 73352-4-1/11

Siebert was arrested prior to the first pha e of questioning. 524 U.S. at 604.

But, Watkins was not under arrest and not subj ct to custodial interrogation when

he first confessed. Admission of his confes ion was therefore not barred by

Seibert, as framed in Justice Kennedy's con urrence, and was surely not the

"infrequent case" that it contemplates.

C. Waiver of Miranda Rights 

Watkins has fetal alcohol spectrum disorder that causes cognitive

impairment. Watkins argues that his cognitive disabilities, in conjunction with the

circumstances, rendered his waiver of his Miran a rights involuntary. After hearing

his rights, when asked whether he is willing t continue speaking with Detective

Barfield, Watkins stated, "I 'guess so." Detect ve Barfield said, "You guess so?"

and "Is that a yes?" Watkins responds, "Yeah.'

Under Miranda,a confession is volunta

after the defendant has been advised of his or

knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waives

Wn.2d 640, 663, 927 P.2d 210 (1996). Th

determined from a totality of the circumstance

663-64. Factors considered include a defenda

abilities, physical experience, and police condu

disability is relevant, but does not necessarily r

When a trial court determines a confession is v

disturb that finding if it is supported by substa

, and therefore admissible, if made

her rights, and the defendant then

those rights. State v. Aten, 130

voluntariness of a confession is

under which it was made. Id. at

t's physical condition, age, mental

t. Id. at 664. A defendant's mental

nder a confession involuntary. Id.

luntary, an appellate court will not

tial evidence from which the trial

11
No. 73352-4-1/12

court could have found that the confession wa voluntary by a preponderance of

evidence. Id.

The State and Watkins each presen ed expert testimony on whether

Watkins' waiver of his Miranda rights was kn wing and voluntary in light of his

cognitive impairment. The State offered testim ny from Dr. Kenneth Muscatel. Dr.

Muscatel opined that, while Watkins has cogni ive impairment, he was capable of

understanding his Miranda rights and abl to knowingly, intelligently, and

voluntarily waive them. The trial court concluded that Dr. Muscatel's testimony

was "more persuasive" than Watkins' expert.

In arguing that the trial court erred, Wat ins cites numerous facts from the

record showing Watkins' impairment, such as h s low cognitive difficulties. But, Dr.

Muscatel noted that he was tracking the conver ation throughout the interrogation,

which suggested that his waiver was volunt ry. Based on his evaluation, Dr.

Muscatel testified that he "had no questio about him being competent to

understand, appreciate, and waive Miranda, if e so chose." Substantial evidence

supports the trial court's conclusion that Watki s' waiver of his Miranda rights was

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.

II. Privacy Act

During the interviews of Watkins, polic used a handheld audio recorder

that Watkins was aware of,, but also recorded Watkins via video for a period after

the handheld audio recorder was turned off.7 iVatkins argues that the trial court

7 The State agreed not to offer these r cordings that were made without

Watkins' knowledge.

12
No. 73352-4-1/13

should have excluded observations and sum

evidence obtained in the investigation that

because the conversations were recorded in vi

If a party violates RCW 9.73.030, which

"private conversations," the proper remedy is

obtained during the conversation. See State v.

791 P.2d 897 (1990). By contrast, if a party vi

requires officers to inform 'persons being rec

recorded, the remedy is exclusion of the re

Licensing, 157 Wn.2d 446, 472, 139 P.3d 107

was private under the privacy act is a question

Kipp, 179 Wn.2d 718, 728-29, 317 P.3d 1029 (

In Lewis,our Supreme Court noted that"

have repeatedly held that conversations with p

Wn.2d at 460. There "is no reasonable exp

custody undergoing custodial interrogations." I

solely to the application of the trial court order t

he confessed, was arrested and was read his ri

custodial interrogation during the entirety of the

8 The State argues that this argument

exclude, Watkins argued that "violation of the a

the recordings themselves but of all evidence

result of that violation." Thie is sufficient to pre

9 Watkins confessed to stabbing Chou

him his Miranda rights immediately thereafter.

aries of the conversations, and

temmed from the conversations,

lation of the privacy act.8

rohibits unconsented recording of

xclusion, as well as all evidence

F'ermestad, 114 Wn.2d 828, 836,

lates RCW 9.73.090(1)(b), which

rded that they are in fact being

ording only. Lewis v. Dep't of

(2006). Whether a conversation

of law reviewed de novo. State v. 

014).

this court and the Court of Appeals

lice officers are not private." 157

ctation of privacy for persons in

d at 467. Watkins' challenge was

portions of the conversation after

hts. Therefore, he was subject to

ecorded conversations, Watkins'

is waived. But, in his motion to

t requires not only suppression of

erived directly and indirectly as a

erve this issue.

t roughly 12:37 p.m. Police read

13
No. 73352-4-1/14

conversations with police here were not "privat ." Recording those conversations

did not violate the privacy; act. The trial cou did not err in denying Watkins'

request to exclude the evidence.

III. Search Warrant

ri

Police obtained a search warrant for Wa kins' parents' home where he had

li

previously resided. The warrant specified iten s to be seized, such as specific

clothing items, a knife with a camouflage har dle, a pick axe, and "[a]ny other

item. . . that Detectives reasonably believe m

The warrant was granted in response to an affi

Chou because Chou had been harassing Watk

that the "any other item" language is over

requirement that items to be seized be describ

The Fourth Amendment requires that se

the place to be searched and the persons or

amend. IV. Warrants must enable the sear

y be associated with this crime."

avit that stated that Watkins killed

ns' new girlfriend. Watkins argues

road, and therefore violated the

d with particularity.

rch warrants particularly describe

hings to be seized. U.S. CONST.

her to reasonably ascertain and

identify the things that are authorized to be seized. State v. Besola, 184 Wn.2d

605, 610, 359 P.3d 799 (2015). This court rev ews de novo the issue of whether

a warrant meets the particularity requirement of the Fourth Amendment. State v. 

Clark, 143 Wn.2d 731, 753, 24 P.3d 1006 (

warrants in a common sense, practical manner,

standard. State v. Stenson; 132 Wn.2d 668, 6

001). And, it evaluates search

rather than using a hypertechnical

2, 940 P.2d 1239 (1997).

14
No. 73352-4-1/15

Quoting Marron v. United States,275 U.

231 (1927), Watkins contends that the purpos

that " 'nothing is left to the discretion of the offi

decisions of this court have reasoned that

requirement of elaborate specificity has no plac

satisfies the Fourth Amendment requirem

Christiansen,40 Wn. App. 249, 254, 698 P.2d

In Christiansen, a clause in the warrant

and fruits of the crime(s) Of manufacturing, d

• 192, 196, 48 S. Ct. 74, 72 L. Ed.

of the particularity requirement is

er executing the warrant.' "10 But,

"grudging and overly technical

in determining whether a warrant

nt of particularity." State v. 

059 (1985).

directed seizure of " 'all evidence

livering, or possessing controlled

substances.' " Id. at 251. , The court found that this was sufficiently particular,

because the description of the items to be seiz

the suspected crime. Id. at 254. This court ca

v. Reid, 38 Wn. App. 203, 212, 687 P.2d 861 (

The warrant here sufficiently limite

discretion. The phrase "any other

specifically limited the warrant to the cn

specific items listed, such as a shotgu

provided guidelines for the officers

Therefore, these limitations were ade

exploratory search.

d was confined to the evidence of

e to a similar conclusion in State 

984):

the searching officers'

vidence of the homicide"

e under investigation. The

and shotgun shells, also

conducting the search.

uate to prevent a general

Similarly here, the warrant limited the scope to items Idietectives reasonably

believe may be associated With this crime." (E phasis added.)

10 Our Supreme Court has reasoned hat this specific statement, from

Marron v. United States, 275 U.S. 192, 196, 48 S. Ct. 74, 72 L. Ed. 231 (1927), "is

not read literally, because to do so would mea that an officer could never seize

anything which is not specifically named in th warrant." State v. Perrone, 119

Wn.2d 538, 546, 834 P.2d 611 (1992).

15
No. 73352-4-1/16

Contrast these holdings with a case cited by Watkins, State v. Garcia, 140

Wn. App. 609, 622, 166 P.3d 848 (2007). Th re, the court invalidated a warrant

that authorized a search of," 'any and all pers

was to be searched in relation to a drug investi

that this language was not , limiting and that a

present are involved in criminal activity is an in

does not support a conclusion that the warrant

Watkins argues that police were im

belongings, as evidenced by the personal writi

warrant explicitly directed officers to limit their s

As illustrated in the affidavit, the detectives kne

murder of Chou, was directly related to Watkins

girlfriend. A journal and notes that contain the

where a detective might reasonably expect to

crime and motive. As in Reid, the warrant

general exploratory search. It was sufficiently

IV. Dismissal of Juror

Watkins next argues that the trial court e

ns present' "at a motel room that

ation. Id. at 616, 623. It reasoned

eneralized belief that all persons

ufficient nexus. Id. at 623. Garcia 

as overly broad.

roperly rummaging through his

gs that they seized. But, here the

arch to items related to the crime.

the crime being investigated, the

romantic relationship with his new

new girlfriend's name is precisely

ind personal notes relevant to the

as sufficient to protect against a

articular.

red in dismissing a sitting juror due

to a conflict, instead of delaying trial to accommodate the juror. The trial court

replaced juror 13 with an alternate juror after jurpr 13 was informed that his mother

had a medical emergency.

A defendant in a criminal case has a ri ht to be tried by an impartial, 12-

person jury. State v. Gentry, 125 Wn.2d 57 , 615, 888 P.2d 1105 (1995). A

16
No. 73352-4-1/17

defendant has no right to be tried by a particul r juror or by a particular jury.11 Id.

In cases, like the one here, that are expected to take a considerable time, the trial

judge may direct the selection of one or more al ernate jurors. Id. CrR 6.5 governs

the use of alternate jurors. State v. Stanley, 1 40 Wn. App. 312, 315, 85 P.3d 395

(2004). This court reviews a trial court's d cision to replace a juror with an

alternate for abuse of discretion. State v. As craft, 71 Wn. App. 444, 461, 859

P.2d 60 (1993).

Juror 13 requested to be excused for

defense and the trial court questioned the juror

Juror 13 had power of attorney with respect to

medical emergency. After this questioning,

replacement of the juror was warranted. In

court's replacement of a juror who had a plan

deliberations had been prolonged due to adve

the need to attend to this emergency was more

Ashcraft. The trial court did not abuse its discre

emergency of the juror's mother provided a pro

Watkins proposed a brief delay in the

juror, rather than dismissing him. Whether th

family medical emergency. The

bout the specifics of the situation.

is mother who was experiencing a

the trial court concluded that

shcraft, the court upheld the trial

ed flight to Belgium, and the jury

e weather. Id. at 461-62. Surely

pressing than the planned flight in

ion in determining that the medical

er basis for being excused.

roceedings to accommodate the

absence of the juror would have

been very brief could not be known with certainty. The trial court properly weighed

11 Relatedly, Watkins suggests that the replacement of the juror with the

alternate juror implicates his constitutional rights. But, Watkins cannot establish

that seating alternate jurors amounted to a cortistitutional error, because he "has

no right to be tried by a jury that includes a particular juror." State v. Jorden, 103

Wn. App. 221, 229, 11 P.3d 866 (2000).

17
No. 73352-4-1/18

the impact of a further delay on the trial. It was ot an abuse of discretion to dismiss

Juror 13 rather than grant a continuance.

We affirm.

WE CONCUR:

18

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