— -— - .

Technical Paper 346 _____ ____

THE EFFECTS OF PHOTO CHARACTERISTICS

UPON LOCATION DETERMINATION IN A

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC FACILITY

E. Sewell and H. Bradie

Raytheon Company/Autometric

A. Harabedian ~~~~ ~~,

1

Human Factors Research, Inc.

and

T. E. Jeffrey

U.S. Army Research Institute

I C) HUMAN FACTORS TECHNICAL AREA

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U. S. Army

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October 1978

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U. S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

A Field Operating Agency under the Jurisdiction of the

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

WILLIAM L. HAUSER

JOSEPH ZEIDNER Colonel , US Army

Technical Director Commander

Research accomplished under contract to

the Department of the Army

Raytheon Company

Human Factors Research, Inc.

NOTICES

OISTAIBLJTION: Primary distribution of thus report has been med. by ARI. P1.., address corr.$pondence

concerning dustnbutton of reporu to: U. S. Army R~~

eer ch I n ititu te for th. Behavioral and Social Scic ric.s, A TTN. PERI-P , 5001 Eusenho~~ r Avenue, Alexandria. Virginia 22333.

FINAL DISPOSITION: This report may b. destroyed when it is no longer needed. Pliat. do not return ito

the U. S. Army Reisarch Institute for the B.h.vuoral and Social Scilnoss.

.

~QIL The findings in this report are not to be COfl$tru.d as an off iciel Dlpartment Of the Army position,

unless so designated by other authorized docum ents.

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Unclassif led SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (ISSue, Date Er.tr()

READ INSTRUCTI ON S REPOR EPITATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM REPORT NUMBER

Technical ~~~~~~~~~ 

12. GOVT ACCESSION NO 2 R 1’ S CATALOG NUMBER

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~ [ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ORT C ; C E ~~~~ Final JHE _pFECTS OF IHOTO CHARACTERISTICS UPON

72~~~~~ 27 Dec J.~

O~ATION DETERMINATION IN A PHOTOCRM~IETR

FACILITY I ~~- ~~~~~~ REPORT UMBE J __-. ‘

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’- Ins.; and T. E. ,ñ~ffreyJ’~ —

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9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAM E AND ADDRESS - 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT . TASK

Raytheon Company , Equipment Division -. A REA C BORIC UNIT NUMBERS

Boston Post Road L~~~I

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~~ 2Ql621O~Ai Way land , Massachusetts 01778 ~~~ 177’ ~~~~~ pp7 II. CONTROLLI NG OFFICE NAME ANO ADDRESS 12~~N~ POR T OATS

Depar tmen t of the Army - Octe~~~,

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.Z&

Off Ice of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Ii. NUMBER OF PAGES

Intelligence (DM41), Washington , DC 20310 48 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESS (U dStf.neit frost Controlling Office) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report)

U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral Unclassified and Social Sciences ______________________________

5001 Eisenhower Avenue ~~~~ ISa. DECLASSI FICATION/OOWNGRADING SCHEDULE

Alexandria , VA 22333 ____________________________

IC. D ISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT ( of the abatract snt.r•d hi Block 20, St dltt.rw t troai Report)

IS. SUPPLEM EN TARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS (Continu, on r,v.ra. aid. ii n.c.aawy ond identity by block numb.r)

Coordinate determination Target acquisition

Stereoscopic da ta base pho tographs Vertical photographs

Imagery correlation Target transfer

Analytical Photogranimetric Positioning Oblique photographs

System (APPS) Panoramic photographs

20.

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~~~~~~~~ACT (Continue an r.v.ra. .I~~ if n.c.a.y a,d identify by block nueb.,)

The operator of the Army Analytical Photograinmetric Positioning System

(APPS) must perform a critical step in the coordinate determination procedure

by the subjective comparison of dissimilar images. He must correlate reconnaissance mission imagery with aerotriangulated photographic stereoscopic

pa irs , known as data base imagery , and visually iden tif y the image position

on the data base of a target detected on the mission image. Results obtained

from 40 image interpreters performing this task using vertical , oblique , and —

(con tinued)

-40 -

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473 sonso~ OF t NOV 655 9 OBSOLETE Unclassified

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SECURITY CLASSIFICATtON OF TWIS PAGE (

~~t.n Date EnEer.d)

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Unclassified __________

SECURITY CLAU IFICATION OF THIS PAOS(Iban Oat. ~~~~~s4) . .

20. (continued)

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,panoramic mission imagery are given. Two levels of target position diff i—

culty were established: (1) A—points located at terrain or man—made features

mutually identifiable on both mission and data base imagery; (2) B—points

remote from terrain or man—made features mutually identifiable on mission

and data base imagery .

‘

~ “rransfer of A—points for vertical , oblique , and panoramic photographs

was accomplished with good accuracy——median location error was 19 meters or

less. Performance was significantly better when A—points in panoramic mis—

slons were located in the near—vertical half of the image in contrast to the

near—horizon half .

~ Similarly, panoramic mission imagery in film transparency

form resulted in ~6re accurate transfer than when presented as an opaque

paper print. ..- 0

ransfer of B—points was more difficult. For vertical missions, median

location error was about 20 meterb. For oblique or panoramic imagery , location errors were markedly greater when the B—points were located in the horizon

half of the image as compared to performance when the points were in the near—

vertical half of the image . points in the horizon half of low panoramic

missions were more accurate transferred when in film transparent forma t

than when displayed on opaq e per prints.

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Technical Paper 346

THE EFFECTS OF PHOTO CHARACTERISTICS

I UPON LOCATION DETERMINATiON IN A

__ 

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC FACILITY

E. Sewelt and R. Bradle

Raytheon Company!Autometrlc

- 

-

~~~ - A. Harabedlan

Human Factors Research, Inc.

- and

- - T. E. Jeffrey

U.S. Army Researc h InstItute

HUMAN FACTORS TECHNICAL AREA

Submitted as complete and Approved By:

technically accurate , by:

- ~~. Technical Area Chief ORGANIZATIONS AND SYSTEMS -

~ -, RESEARCH LABORATORY

0 - Joseph Zeidner

~~~~~~~~~~~ 

- - 0 Edgar M. Johnson Frank J. Harris , Acting Director

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR ThE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, VIrginia 22333

- Office. Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

Department of the Army

October1978 -

Army Project Number Contract DAHC1S T3-C 0031

2Q1 210SA722 Surveillance Systems

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ARI Research Reports and Technical Papers are intended for sponsors of

R&D tasks and other research and military agencies. Any findings ready for

implementation at the time of publication are presented in the latter part of 0

the Brief. Upon completion of a major phase of the task, formal recommendations for official action normally are conveyed to appropriate military

agencies by briefing or Disposition Form.

1 1 -

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FOREWORD

The Human Factors Technical Area is concerned with the demands

of the future battlefields for increased man—machine complexity to ac—

quire , transmit , process, disseminate, and utilize information. The

• research is focused on the interface problems and interactions within

command and control centers and is concerned with such areas as topo—

graphic products and procedures, tactical symbology , user—oriented sys—

teins, information management, staff operations and procedures, and sensor systems integration and utilization.

One critical aspect of intelligence information from aerial sen—

sor is the accurate location of targets. Recently, the Army has devel—

0 oped the Analytical Photogrammetric Positioning System (APPS) which

provides an improved capability for target positioning. However, there

are several unknown factors in this system associated with the human

interface. The present publication deals with the determination of the

speed and accuracy with which operators can transfer terrain positions

from relatively large—scale mission photographs to small—scale data—

base vertical photographs and the dependence of such performance on the

characteristics of the photographs used. This is a critical factor of

the overall job performed by the operator of the APPS. Results m di—

cate that the most important vai-iables were: how close the target is

0 to an identifiable terrain detail; whether the target is in the foreground or background of a non—vertical image; and the resolution of the

mission imagery .

Research in the area of sensor systems integration and utiliza—

• tion is conducted as an in—house effort augmented through contracts

with organizations selected for their unique capabilities and facili—

ties for research on sensor systems. The present study was conducted

by personnel from Raytheon Company/Autometric and Human Factors Research

Inc . under contract DAHC19—73—C—0031 with program direction from Abraham

H. Birnbaum . This effort is responsive to requirements of Army Project

0 2Q162106A72 2, the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratory , Ft. Belvoir,

Va., and the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. Special require—

ments are contained in Human Resource Needs 73—65.

H

hnical Director

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0 THE EFFECTS OF PHOTO CHARACTERISTICS UPON LOCATION DETERMINATION IN A

PHOT0GRAN~~ TRIC FACILITY

BRIEF

Requirement:

To determine how well an image interpreter can transfer image

points from reconnaissance (stimulus) photography to a small-scale

photographic data base, using photography from vertical frame, oblique

frame , and panoramic cameras as stimulus imagery.

Procedure:

Points selected for transferring were : Type A points appearing

on identifiable ground objects, and Type B points more than 200 meters

from identifiable ground objects. These were marked on negatives of

high— and low-altitude vertical photographs, high- and low-altitude

panoramic photographs, and an oblique photograph , using varying scales.

[ Transparent prints and paper prints were made from each negative. A

photographic data base at a scale of 1:100 ,000 was obtained for each

area covered by the stimulus imagery .

0 After a short pretest training period , 40 Army image interpreters

were required to transfer 30 points from each of the four different

types of stimulus photography to the appropriate data base by marking - the selected points. Time required to transfer each point was recorded.

- Coordinates of the marked points were compared to the true coordinates,

and error vectors listed. The effects of resolution, scale, and posi—

tion on location accuracy were statistically tested and described.

0 Findings:

Point—transfer accuracy was affected ncst by the relationship of

a point to identifiable detail imaged on both the stimulus and data

base photography . Type A points were located more accurately than

. 

Type B points by ratios of 3:1 to 6:1.

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Accuracy was also affected by the position of a point in the Near

or Far portion of a non—vertical photograph . (Near is defined as the

half of the photograph closest to the vertical. Far is the horizonhalf of the photograph.) Points in the Near portion were located more

accurately than points in the Far portion. Examples of error magnitudes

at the 75th percentile are:

Oblique, B-Points Near- 54 meters Far- 229 meters 0

High Pan , A—Points Near— 14 meters Far- 32 meters

The difference in ground resolution (paper print vs. transparency)

was most significant for Type A points on the Low Pan imagery. The

transfer error for the transparent print was 25 meters compared to 165 0

meters for the paper prints. For other mission imagery the resolution

difference was of no practical consequence.

Under the conditions of these tests, transfer errors of less than

20 meters can be met 50% of the time for Type A points on all imagery 0 P and 75% of the time for Vertical and Near High and Near Low Pan photos.

Only the Vertical imagery is adequate for keeping Type B point transfer

errors to 20 meters.

Test subjects preferred transparencies to paper prints for the stimu- 0 lus imagery and they preferred transmitted light (light table) to reflected light (high—intensity lamp) even for paper prints.

Utilization of Findings:

.

This study showed clearly that large errors may result in the point

transfer process. Targets appearing on identifiable features visible on

both the mission and data base imagery (Type A points) can generally be

transferred to within 30 meters at 75th percentile. However , even for

Type A points, when the resolution of the mission imagery falls too low

because of scale and position, the accuracy deteriorates rapidly. For

this case an acceptable level of resolution can be maintained by using

transparent prints instead of paper prints. Transfer accuracy improves

overall when transparent prints are used. This strongly suggests the

use of equipment on which transparencies can be viewed and the operational use of transparencies instead of paper prints. •

4 Type B points cannot be transferred visually to acceptable accuracies with any consistency. Since most target points are likely to be 0

Type B points, a way must be found for improving the transferring of

these points.

• 

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- The difference in transfer error between scales for vertical mis—

• sion imagery was not operationally significant. This does not mean

that scale is not an important factor. Rather , it indicates that the

ground resolution of all vertical mission imagery used in the tests

was higher than the corresponding data base ground resolution . It - follows that higher quality data base photography might permit better

utilization of vertical mission imagery in the transferring process.

Higher ground resolution can be obtained by better cameras (lens-film

combinations) or by larger scale data bases.

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THE EFFECTS OF PHOTO CHARACTERISTICS UPON LOCATION DETERMINATION IN A

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC FAC ILITY

CONTENTS 

0

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

Scale of the Data Base 2

Scale and Geometry of Reconnaissance Photography 2

Other Factors 3

OBJECTIVE • 3

SCOPE 3

METHOD 3

Experimental Design 3

Subj ects 4

Variables 4

Development of Experimental Materials 7

Pilot Tests 12

Subject Training 12

Data Collection (Principal Tests) 12

Statistical Computations 14

Scoring 15

RESULTS 17

Marking Error 17

Location Errors 17

Point Transf er Times 35

SUMMARY AI~D DISCUSSION 37

CONCLUSIONS 40

APPENDIX A. ANALYTICAL PHOTOGR.A1~4ETRIC POSITIONING SYSTEM (APPS) 43

DISTRIBUTION 47

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Page

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Experimental conditions by groups 5

2. Order of mission photos by groups 6

3. Characteristics of the mission and data

base photography 8

4. Vertical mission photos mean location error

(meters) for A points 19

5. Vertical mission photos analysis of variance

of location errors (meters) for A points 19

6. Vertical mission photos mean location error

(meters) for B points 21

7. Vertical mission photos analysis of variance

of location errors (meters) f or B points 21

8. Oblique mission photos mean location error

(meters) for A points 23

9. Oblique mission photos analysis of variance

of location errors (meters) for A points 23

10. Oblique mission photos mean location error

(meters) for B points 25

11. Oblique mission photos analysis of variance

of location errors (meters) for B points 25

4 12. High pan mission photos mean location error

(meters) for A points 27

13. High pan mission photos analysis of variance

of location errors (met ers) fo r A points 27

14. High pan mission photos mean location error

(meters) for B points 30

0 15. High pan mission photos analysis of variance

of location errors (meters) for B points 30

16. Low pan mission photos mean location error

(meters) for A points 32

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17. Low pan mission photos analysis of variance

of location errors (meters) for A points 32

18. Low pan mission photos mean location error

(meters) for B points 34

19. Low pan mission photos analysis of variance

of location errors (meters) for B points 34

20. Summary of results for location errors 37

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Vertical mission imagery and associated data base . . . 9

2. High altitude pan mission imagery 10

3. Alexandria , VirgInia data base 11

4. Test subject transferring a point from mission

imagery to data base 13

5. Typical layout for a local transformation 16

6. Typical printout f or a local transformation 16

7. Typical printout showing the comparison of a subject ’s 0

0 

location of points to the true locations 18

8. Cumulative percentage of location errors:

vertical mission photos/A points (N 542) 20

9. Cumulative percentage of location errors :

vertical mission photos/B points (N=550) 22

10. Cumulative percentage of location errors :

oblique mission photos/A points (N=529) 24

11. Cumulative percentage of location errors:

oblique mission photos/B points 26

12. Cumulative percentage of location errors:

high pan mission photos/A points; Print Type 28

13. Cumulative percentage of location errors:

high pan mission photos/A points; Position 29

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Page

14. Cumulative percentage of location errors:

high pan mission photos/B points 31 H

F 15. Cumulative percentage of location errors:

low pan mission photos/A points 33 0

16. Cumulative percentage of location errors:

low pan mission photos/B points 36

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THE EFFECTS OF PHOTO CHARACTERISTICS UPON LOCATION

DETERMINATION IN A PHOTOGRAMMETRIC FACILITY

INTRODUCTION 0

Many photogrammetric applications require the locating and marking

of the images of the same ground point on one or more sensor records.

In aerial triangulation, pass points and control points are transferred

stereoscopically from one photograph to one or more overlapping photo—

graphs. In terrestrial. photogrammetry, identical image points on two

photographs must be measured . Target images found on reconnaissance

imagery are often transferred to a map or some other type of data base

so their ground positions can be found . The accuracy with which a point

can be transferred from one sensor record to another is a function of

many factors, such as resolution, scale, relative attitudes, target/environs relations and technique and equipment used . Also, the intended

application dictates, to some extent, the care that is given to such

transfers. -

There is a continuing need for more accurate and faster means of

acquiring aiming data for the artillery. This is especially true in

areas where adequate maps are not available. The United States Army

Engineer Topographic Laboratory, Ft. Belvoir, Va. has developed an

instrument which , together with a precision photographic data base, provides a new capability for target positioning. This instrument is

called the Analytical Photograinmetric Positioning System (APPS)~-

~ It

consists essentially of a mirror stereoscope mounted over a coordinate

measuring system whose outputs are fed to an interface unit and then to 0

; a programmable desk calculator . Two overlapping data base photographs

are mounted on the two stages of the mirror stereoscope. Af ter preliminary index ing and check ing, index marks are placed over a point of

interest and the attached calculator computes the X, Y, and Z ground

coordinates of the point of interest . The inherent accuracy of the

0 APPS has been found to be adequate for locating the artillery field

piece and th e target and for some other types of ground surveying.

The unknown factor in this positioning system is the error associated

with the transferring of points to a data base from several types of

photographic imagery of different scales and resolutions, and the relationships of the target to features in the scene (target/environs).

-1-”A more detailed description of the APPS is given in Appendix A.

~

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Transferring of image points from one photograph to another seems

straightforward and quite exact. This may be true under some circumstances but not under others . It has been shown in precision pho togram—

metric applications that when a reasonably good stereo model can be

0 formed with two photographs, conjugate images can be marked on the

photographs with very high accuracy——ten (10) micrometers or less. But

when the two photographs differ in scale,resolution, attitude, etc.,

the problem becomes one of trying to match two dissimilar types of

photographs . Some of the differences that must be considered are discussed below .

Scale of the Data Base

The scale of the photo data bases now being used with the APPS is

1:100,000. Data base scales as small as 1:160,000 are being considered

f-or adoption . At a scale of 1:100,000 , ten micrometers on the data base

represents one meter on the ground . A maximum of 20 meters per coordinate dimension has been projected in the APPS error budget for the

transfer accuracy of points located in friendly terrain, while 50 meters

per dimension for transfer accuracy of points located in enemy terrain

has been allocated . This means that a target point must be transferred

to the data base with an accuracy of 1/5 millimeter (200 micrometers).

This leaves very little margin for error, and in areas with few or no

prominent scene features it may be extremely difficult to transfer a

point “by association” to this accuracy .

Scale and Geometry of Reconnaissance Photography

Targets can be imaged by any one of a variety of reconnaissance

cameras. Panoramic and oblique cameras produce photographic imagery

that has geometry different from that produced by vertical frame

cameras . The farther the target is from the vertical, the greater the

difference In ~eotnetry . As the horizon is approached it becomes difficult even to locate the general area in which the target is located ,

one reason being that the scale becomes smaller as one moves from the

nadir towards the horizon, and ground features become masked by higher

elevations on the camera side of the scene. These conditions, plus

the fact that, usually, there is a large scale difference between the

mission imagery and the pho to data base, are important factors when

trying to correlate two dissimilar types of Imagery to the required

accuracy . Of course the scale of the data base can be enlarged optically so it will be closer to the mission imagery scale. The optics

of the APPS are fixed at 6X so that was the maximum enlargement permit—

ted for this stud y. Even if zoom optics are permitted , v ery little - -

additional useful information can be expected unless the data base

photography is of unusually fine quality .

—2— 0

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~~~~~~ T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Other Factors

Some of the other faLtors that can cause problems in transferring 0

points are:

• Seasonal differences in the time of exposure of the

data b~se photography and the mission imagery .

• Different acquisition times of the-data base and, the

mission photography. New roads, railroads, and -

housing developments, different water levels of rivers

and lakes, different crop patterns, etc. may be on

one photograph and not the other. This may cause confusion in transferring points.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to determine how well an image

interpreter could transfer image points from a reconnaissance photograph to a small scale photographic data base. Tests were designed to

determine both the accuracy and the speed of transfer. Mission (recon—

naissance) photographs used in the tests were selected frames from

oblique, panoramic and vertical frame cameras at various scales and

resolutions. The data bases were vertical mapping photographs at

1:100,000 scale.

SCOPE

This study was limited to the one act of transferring points from

one type of photography (mission imagery) to another type of photography (data base). The transferring was done visually, i.e., no instrumental aids, other than small. tube—type or linen tester magnifiers, were

allowed . APPS operations were approximated by using, in this study, the

same type of photographic material used in APPS , by limiting the magnification of the data base to 6X, and by using the same scale data base .

The tests were designed to provide information on the accuracy and speed

of transferring points from mission imagery for combinations of the

• following variables:

• Types of imagery (vertical, panoramic, oblique)

Scale

• Resolution (positive transparency vs. paper print)

• Point/environs relationship .

METHOD 0

Experimental Design

The experimental design for the vertical mission photos was a

2x2 factorial. The effects of Print Type, Scale, and the interaction

between the two variables were between groups. The experimental

design for each of the non—vertical photos was also a 2x2 factorial.

The effect of Print Type was between groups, but the effects of

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Position and the interaction between the two variables were within

groups . As can be seen in Table 1, each group of subjects transferred

the points from four miss ion photos——one vertical photo and three non—

vertical photos.

Table 2 shows the order in which the four mission photos were

presented to each of the groups. Within each group, half of the lub—

• • jects were given one sequence of the four photos and the other half

another sequence. The photo sequences were varied across groups

to control for the effects of time—correlated variables, such as bore—

dom, fatigue, and learning. An equal number of subjects were presented

with each non—vertical photo, first, second, third, and fourth . For

example, five subjects worked with Bi the oblique transparency first,

a different five subjects with it second, etc. An equal number of

subjects were presented with each vertical photo either first and

second, or third and fourth . . 0

For each photo, half of the subjects transferred the points in

one sequence and the remaining half in the reverse sequence. In the

case of the non—vertical photos, half of the subjects transferred the

points starting at the horizon and working toward the nadir, and the

other half transferred the points in reverse sequence. This was done

to minimize any bias in performance .on the Near and Far points and on 0

the A and B points due to the potential effects of any time—correlated

• variables. -

0 -

Subj ects

• For ty enlisted image interpreters from the 18t Military Intelligence Battalion, Aerial Reconnaissance Support (1St MIBARS), Ft. Bragg,

North Carolina served as subjects. The experience of the image interpreters ranged from one year to over twenty years. The forty subjects

were assigned randomly in equal numbers to one of four groups. A given

combination of Print Type and Scale for the vertical photographs was

assigned to each group . Thus no subject viewed the same scene more

than once. Transparencies of each of the non—vertical photos were

assigned to two groups and Paper Prints to the two remaining groups.

Here, again, no subject viewed the same scene more than once. The

experimental condition by groups is shown in Table 1. 0

Variables

independen~_Vartables. There were two independent variables for

the vertical mission photos and two for the oblique , the high pan , and

the low pan mission photos . The independent variables for the vertical

photos were scale and ground resolution . Scale change was achievad by

selecting different flight altitudes and resolution difference was

achieved by the use of paper prints and transparencies of the miss ion

photos. Hereafter these two variables will be referred to as Scale

and Print Type. The independent variables for each of the non—vertical

photos were Print Type and Position of the point (Far vs. Near). Near

4 points are defined as those located in the half of the photo which is

0 

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Table 1

EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS BY GROUPS

MISSION PHOTO PRINT TYPE

Trans—

SCALE Paper parency

Vertical Gp 1i1 Gp 2

______ 

Gp 4 Gp3

PRINT TYPE

Iran

POSITION Paper parency

Far Gp3 G p l

Oblique + +

Near Gp4 Gp2

Trans—

I 

- PRINT TYPE

~~SITION_ Paper parenc y

Far Gp3 G p l

High Pan + +

Near Gp4 Gp2

PRINT TYPE

Trans—

POSITION Paper - parency~

Far G p l Gp 3

Low Pan + +

Near 6 p2 Gp4

~ lO sub jects in a group (Gp). Each cell represents a photo .

H 

-5-

- ..~~~~~~~~~.- _ 

—
Table 2

ORDER OF MISSION PHOTOS BY GROUPS

______ 

ORDER ______ _____ 

-

GROUP N ______ 

2nd 3rd _AflL .

Gpl 5 A~ B1 02 Cl

_______ 

5 02 C 1 A

~ 

B1

Gp2 B~ 

D 2 C1 A 8

5 C1 A3 B1 ___

Gp3 5 A2 B2 D~ C2

Gp 4 ____ ______ ______

- 

_____ _____

NOTE : A = Vertical Photos

i = Small Scale/Transparency

2 = Small Scale/Paper Print 3 = Large Scale/Transparency = Large Scale/Paper Print

- B = Oblique Photos

C = High Pan Photos

0 * Low Pan Photos . 

—

For B , C, and 0

1 = Transparency 0

2 = Paper Print

6-

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closest to the vertical. Far points are defined as those located in

the horizon—half of the photograph. —

Dependent Variables. The dependent variables for these tests

were the location error (in micrometers), and the time (in seconds)

required to transfer a point. 0

Control Variables — The control variables were the two types of

points, A and B. The points were selected in terms of significant

background detail, i.e., point/environs.

Development of Experimental Materials

Stimulus Imagery . Mission imagery was chosen that was representative of Army reconnaissance photography as to type, quality and scale.

Further , the test materials issued to the subjects were printed on two

types of emulsion bases——paper and transparent(film). Preliminary tests

confirmed that more of the available resolution in the negatives was

retained by transparent prints than by paper prints. (A 40 lines/mm photo

negative contacted onto standard photographic paper produces paper

prints having a ground resolution of about 22 lines/mm. The same negative

contact printed onto copy film produces transparencies having a ground

resolution of about 32 lines/mm . An 80 lines/mm negative yields 30 lines/mm 0

paper prints and 55 lines/mm transparencies). One portion of the experiment

was designed to compare transfer performance when using paper prints (“low”

resolution) with performance using transparent prints (“high” resolution).

The characteristics of the mission and data base imagery are shown in

Table 3.

Point Selection. Transfer points were selected by examining the

mission and the data base photographs using 6X magnifiers. The points

were selected carefully so they could be classified logically in terms

of their proximity to features. Although three levels of proximity were

considered originally, it was found that a two—level classification, Type A and Type B, was more meaningful. The two types of points are

def ined as:

Type A — Points on a feature identifiable on both the

mission and the data base photographs . (For

example, a point on a road intersection, a

building corner, a bridge, or a drainage

pattern.)

Type B — Points which are more than 200 meters-from

a point identifiable on both the mission

and data base photographs .

Test Materials. Test material produced for each subject con—

sisted of four frames of mission imagery and their assoc iated data

bases. Two frames were paper prints and two were transparent prints.

The data bases were printed on a pigmented film base.

—7—

- 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — -~~~~~-— 0~
___ - - -

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-

Table 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MISSION AND

THE DATA BASE PHOTOGRAPHY

Mission Photography

Code Location Type of Photography Scale Photo Base

Al Ft.Belvoir,Va . High Alt.Vertical 1:20,000 Transparency

A2 Ft.Belvoir,Va. High Alt.Vertica]a/ 1:20,000 Paper 0

AS Ft.Belvoir,Va . Low Alt.Vertical 1:5,000 Transparency

— A4 Ft.Belvoir,Va. Low Alt.Vertical 1:5,000 Paper

Bi Ft.Sill,Okla. Low Oblique 1:10,000 Transparency

- (at nadir)

B2 Pt.Sill,Okl.a. Low Oblique 1:10,000 Paper

Cl Alexandria,Va. High Alt.Panoramick_’ 1:30, 000 Transparency

C2 Alexandrla,Va . High Alt.Panoramic Paper

Dl Syracuse N.Y. Low Alt.Panoramic 1:30,000 Transparency

(at nadir)

132 Syracuse,N.Y. Low Alt.Panoramic 1:30,000 Paper

Data Base Photography

Code Location Scale Photo Base

A Ft.Belvoir,Va.W 1:100,000 Cronapaque~

1

B Ft.Sill,Okla. - 1:100,000 Cronapaque

C A.lexandria,Va..

~/ 1:100, 000 Cronapaque

D Syracuse,N.Y. 1:100,000 Cronapaque

See Figure 1

See Figure 2

See Figure 3

Cronapaque is the trade name for a translucent, low—shrink film 0

used for the APPS data base. Commercial or trade names are given

only in the interest of precision in reporting experimental pro— 0

cedures. Use of the names does not constitute official endorsement

by the Army or by the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral

and Social Sciences.

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Figure 2~ — High Altitude Pan Mission Image ry . (See Figure 4

For Associated Data Base)

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Pilot Tests

Pilot tests were conducted prior to the principal tests. The purpose

of these tests was to provide a realistic assessment of the test materials, test equipment , test procedures , mensuration , and data processing . Also, these tests provided useful data on the t ime that would be required to

conduct the principal tests. Perspnnel from the Army Research Institute , the Engineer Topographic Laboratories , and the contractor participated

in the tests. All pilot test data were measured , graded and analyzed.

Subject Training

p

Test equipment , consisting of a light table, two six—power magni—

fic~

rs, a point marker, an electrical timer , and ~

i high intensity gooseneck lamp , was issued to each subject (See Figure 4). Photographs of the

APPS equipment were shown , the equipment was described and the subjects

were told the purpose of the tests. They were instructed on use of the

test equipment and on techniques for making point transfers. Sample

mission and data base photographs were issued and the subjects were asked

to practice transferring points from a mission photo to the data base.

Instructor personnel observed the subjects to ensure that each one was

adequately prepared for the tests.

Data Collection (Principal Tests)

A packet of test material containing ~~l miosion photos, data base

photos, and sheets for recording the time take.i for each transfer was

issue d ro each subject. ihe s~t’r;jects we re told that , eveii though tim e

was being recorded , there was no t ime limitation and that accuracy , not

speed , was of paramount importance . Each subjcct was required to transfer 30 points on each of four-24nission photographs by marking the location

of each point on a data base and recording the time taken to transfer

each point.

It required from 1 to 11⁄2 hours to transfer the 30 points from a

single mission photograph. After each session , a critique uas held to

get the views of the test subjects concerning the tests and the test

equipment. All tests were comp leted in seven working days.

• p

p

Five mission photo ; wcrc uaed in LhC tests but the two verticals

covered the s.irn e ground area. Only one vertic il mission photo was

assigned to a ~

;ubject.

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Inspectio n of the location error

data revealed that 3 of the 40 subjects did noc follow the procedures adequately, so these subjects ’ data were not used . In addition , one subjec t ’s data for the high pan photo Pa~~r A points were not used . It

was apparent that on half of the Far points , he had mis iden tified the

app ropriate fea tures in the da ta base.

Tho data from three points in the low pan photos were also eliminated from the analyses. One point was a Far A point , one a Near A

point , and one a Far B point. On e of the points was eliminated because

a valid solutio n could not be obtained for its true location. The other

two points we re eliminated because over half of the subjects did not

attempt to transfe r them . Thus for the low pan pho to s there remained

a total of 7 Far A points , 6 Near A points , 7 Far B points , and 7 Near

B points .

About 21⁄2 percent of the required transfers were either missing or

could not be scored for the following reasons : the subject made a long

scratch or the pinprick was so large that the intended location of the point

could not be determined ; he selected the wrong point ; or , by far the most

common reason , no pinprick could be found on the data base, or the subject

noted that he could not find the point on the data base photo .

Afte r the stud y was comp l eted , it was discovered that , due to a

clerical, er ror , ha lf of the subjects assigned to the oblique pho tos

were not given the point numbers appropriate for these photos . Instead, Lhey wer o given the 30 point nu~

ubcrs appr~’pri-~te ~or the v~~ tica 1

p hotos . As a consequence , these su bje cts transferr ed 14 A points and .16 B points instead of 15 of each type~ Ten A po ints and 7 B points

were in common with t h e points transferred by the other half of the

subjects. ihis did not seriously affect the data analyses.

~r~~ t icu of the D a t a for S t a t i s t ic a l Analysis. The measure of

each s ub j ect ’ s lcc~~ti~ :i error p orfo rmance for a particular exper imental

conditio n was the uedi

~ n of the errors he made on the points for that

co ndition . f he med .

~an rather than the mean error was used because , for

n’any o~ the subj ccLs , the dist ribution of errors across points was

~

;(

~ w r- 1 ] ly posit ivLl y skewed ; tha t is , many subjects ra!e ~i iarge error

OU oro or two of the points. If a subject was missing an orror score

r a part i ~u lar point , he wa~ ass igned an art if icial score , which was

the med ian of the other s ubj€ c t ’s errors [or that point.

For the vertical p hoto s, two m o iian errors we~~

c computed for each

subje ct——one based on 15 A points , and one based on 15 B point s. For

the n o n--ve rtical p hotos , fou r ni ediatis were conputed for each subject;

for the high pan photos , the media ns were based on 8 A and 8 B Far

points , and 7 A and 7 B Near points; fo r th e low pan photo s, the

—1 4--

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— -------- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

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___________ __
medians were based on 7 A and 7 B Far points , and 6 A and 7 B Near

points; for the oblique photos, the medians for half of the subjects

we r e based on 8 A and 8 B Far points and 7 A and 7 B Near points; and

fo r the other half of the subjects, the medians were based on 8 A and

8 B Far points , and 6 A and 8 B Near points .

Means of the subject ’s median errors were used in testing the

statistical significance of the effects of the various independent variables. The statistical tests (analysis of variance and t tests) were

used to test not ooly the significance , but to determine whether or not

levels of the independent variables should be combined for descriptive —

purposes.

Scoring

Point Location Standards. Point location standards (school

solutions) were established for each frame of mission imagery .

The A points on the mission photo were located visually on the

data base and the location of each point was marked with a pin prick.

The B points could not be transferred accurately in this way . A series

of tests showe.d that sufficient accuracy could be attained by analytically transferring the B points from the mission to the data base photographs. To perform this, an eight—parameter projective transformation

was chosen and programmed on a CDC 6600 digital computer .

The true locatIons of the poir.ts were determined in tha following

manner . Each mission photo , ‘

.ihicts had been marked with A and B points,

s/a s placed in a precision comparator and the coordinates of all points

were measured and recorded on punched cards . The corresponding data

base photo was plac ed in the comparator and the f iducia l markers and

allA points were measured and recorded on punched cards. A series of

local transformations was set up. A local transformation was made up

of B poi nts surrounded by A poi nts. (Additional “control” poi n ts wer e

added in areas where there were not enough A points to ef f ect a strong

transformation.) Since the A points were measured on bo th the mission

and the data base photog ra phs, transformation parameters could be

computed . Using these transformation parameters , the B points

(ateasured on the mission imagery only) were transformed into the data

base coo rdinate system . The computer program printed out the X and Y

r esiduals of the A poi nts. The size of the residuals was a good m di—

cation of how well the B points had been transformed . A typ ical layout

of A and B points for an oblique local transformation is shown in

Figure 5. The computer printou t for this is shown in Figure 6.

The true locations, then , are the data base comparator coordinates

of the A points and the transformed locations of the B points, in the

data base coordinate system .

L - - _____
-

~~~~~~~~

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022

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35 .34 330

36•

0 “A” PoInts

•48 • 5 Points

Figure 5. — Typical Layout For A Local Transformation

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Mensuration and Error Vector Computation. Each of the forty

(40) test subjects transferred thirty (30) points to each of four data.

base photographs. Each data base was placed in a precision comparator

and the coordinates of the f our f iducia l marks and the 30 points were

measured . The output of these measurements was a punched card for each

transferred point showing the Subject Number, the Mission Photo Code

(B1, B2, Cl , etc.) and the x and y coordinates of the point.

Programs were written for the CDC 6600 computer to process the

measurement data. A transformation program was used to place the subject ’s measurements into the appropriate data base coordinate system.

Thus, the coordinates of all points on the subject’s data base could be

compared directly with the true coordinates of their conjugate points.

The computer printout contained the errors in x and y and the error

vector (location error) for each point, in micrometers (See Figure 7).

At the scale of the data base (1:100 ,000), ten micrometers equals one

meter on the ground .

RESULTS

Marking Error - 

-

One factor that has a direct bearing on transfer accuracy is the

accuracy with which a person can mark a pre—selected point. Tests

mad e with six subjects showed tha t, at a scale of 1:100,000, the error

in marking was less than two meters on the ground .

Location Errors

The location errors for each type of mission photo are described

in the following four sections . Within each section, the results for

the A points are presented f irs t, and those for the B points second .

For each type of point, there- is a table of error means by levels of

the independent variables, statistical tests of the effects of the independent variables , and a description (or descriptions) of the- location

error in the form of cumulative percentage distributions. Descriptive

statistics based on the cumulative percentage of error in meters were

considered more appropr iate than those based on the normal distribution

assumption because the distribution of errors was positively skewed.

A cumulative percentage distribution was presented for each level

of the independent variables if the effects of that variable were sta—

tistically significant (p < .05). If the effects of a variable were not

statistically significant, the data w ere combined into a compos ite

cumulative percentage distribution. Artificial error scores are not

included in these distributions .

Vertical Mission Photos. Table 4 shows the error means for the

vertical photo A points. It is apparent from the table that there were

only small and negligible differences among the means for the different

combinations of Print Type and Scale.

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- .4 .4454 04 IC ‘4 4 4’ 4 4 . 4’ 4 ~~~4 . 4.4 ..4 ..4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 . 4 4 4’4 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 4

4 0 -

(4) - I -

I , - 0 

-

- - - 0 0*0 - I 00 00 - CP0In0 1700000 017000047000001700000

0000 -

P.O.. - S *010111 0 3 O ’ N . 4.4Pd0l C - 0 ’..a N’4P1 N 4900WIIA.0 4lN-J -00 001*410

.4001.901 ..I U .a 0’.4 *7 0144.4 1 01 CI P.O 0) 00. 4.4 00’ 0 11% 0’ 0.4 .5 004 45 0’ “ • • 410 411 P.4 .0 - . 41 .0 ON C5J 0’ .4* .

~ .110 PS P. I NN 4, 0.44 .0 U’. 414 p ) P.4) •04’) 4’.? 454

O 0 545 .4.0 - -0 01.0.4 014, 0 0) 44, 4) 41.4 41 .1 0’ P. 4* 4, 9.4.4 In .100 45 .41 3 .0 1

dP.PS.4 - • fOP.PSInUP S P . 0’0 0 P . P S P S 0’I n 0 0 0’n 0 . I 0’0 . ~~~5 ..00

• - ~~~~~~~~ - .4 t *aJS44J.* S P I t 4 4 4 4 4 4 . 7 4 4. 3 9*3 4l 3

000* . 00 0 00 0 00

00041 .

0040 0 -

- fl•~~ a • IC 

- 0 .009 -0 P 1.4 Cl’ 01 1) P .4’ 0 ~~ P14 .. 

~~ -4 4, 7 1* .4101 0) 44 P *7 P. P. ,

~ -~ ~ ~

.3* p.. 4) F. - .317 P1.4 .4, 7. • 1 49 41’.. .4* .

7 3.4 4, P 0. 4) P144 4) 4,. 81 4 .41.7 7 45.4 .11

40 0 0 0’ ‘0 7 P0 P. P. 10 .4 04 P.4 ‘ P.. 0. *7 11 — 4 17 4) 450454 7’ P1 .4 450 0 j .tb fl 451

. 00 PS SI’ N - - ( 1511 4) 71 0’ 0’ .1 451 P P. 1749.4 P ~ ‘ •4) PS .0 0. — 4 .

~~ 41 44’ 4s. 0*45 .4

0 0 0’ 0 0’ 17 .4 0.4 01 I) 3 .P 111 P I.. 41 *4% ~. 4, .4 ’ Il F-. .1. 4,. 0. P.. 7. P. 0. P. P. ~ -4

4 I .4.41901 • ‘4 ’4 . 4 4 4 4 4’4 4 4 . 4 . 4 . 4-4 . 4 . I .4 .4 444444.4.4 ,

4 .4.4.444 .4 .4.4.4.4

0 

- 

0 . I - - 0

J . I -

- .4 *4 4) 4 - .4 N 4 .0 P.. 445 .4 4’) .4 .o P. 4 4. 4 .1 .11 IA 0. 4)1 0144 — .9 III P. 4450.44) .0 .4.

0 0 0 0 - 0 47 P3 17 17 CI .4.4 44.4 —4 454 ts~ Pd Pd Al 4*5 04 ~) 0) 0’ 0) 0) 07 II j p 4 .5

40* 0’ 0’ 0 4 ’) 0 71 0 C) 7 0 0’ 0 0’ 0’ 17 0 0’ 4700 0’ 0’ 51 0’ 0’ 3 II 17 7 11 o 0 4 0 4 P d 0 9 1 9 0 9 0 1 0 1 P d 0 9 0 1 4 9 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 9 0 1 0 4 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 1 N P d P d 1 90 4 0 1

: 1 1

1 1 : 1 1 1 : I

Figure 1. — A Typical Printout Showing The Cosipari.on Of A Subject’s

Location Of Points To The True Locations

H -18- 
7’ -

~~~~~~ ..-— ~

.7’—. -

~~~~~

—

~

... ‘—4,-——-- _ -rnw.7.~

-..- _ ,7,_ ._! -_ - - ~~~~~~~~~~

--4—- -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0

Table 4

VERTI CAL MI SSION PHOTO S

MEAN LOCATION ERR OR (METERS) FOR A POINTS

PRINT TYPE

Trans- - Mean _~~ALE Paper ~arency Total

Lar e 7.6 5.9

- _________ 

(10)!)’ (8) _______

- 8.7 7.1 Small (10) flo) ________ 

-

Mean 82 65 7 4 Total ____ ________

~1Mumber of subjects.

F ~ An analysis of variance of the data (Table 5) indicated that the

effec ts of Scale, Print Type, and the interaction between the variables

were not statistically significant. The data from all levels of the

independent variables were combined .

Table 5

VERTICAL MI SSION PHOTOS

ANALY SIS OF VARIANCE OF - LOCATION ERRORS (METERS ) FOR A POINTS - 

Source df MS _ F

Scale (A) -

- 1 12.28 1.48

- Prints (B) - 1 24.52 2.96

Az B 1 .01 (1.00

Error 33 8.27

Figure 8 shows the cumulative percentage of location error (in

meters) for the A points. The figure may be interpreted as follows: if

the interest is in the typical or average error on these points, select

50% (the median) on the ordinate and read the value on the abscissa

(location error) that corresponds to the point where 50% intersects the

—19-. -

- 

- --:-— - — --- ______________

- I - -- - - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
_________________ “.,,.,0’.w,. , 7: - ‘‘“7 ” 5F ._ .r . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ % 7 4 ’

~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —. 

~

-. -t--———•-’—.v.--.. —.- -4.--4—.--’.

~~

——’—~ ——-,—— - -—”-- —-.’-.-.’

F 

.

100

90 • 

-

80’

Lii -in t.

~~~IU ‘ -

Lu

Lu

40

~~3 O -

20-

10’ _

O 

•

~• I - I I I I I I

5 10- 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

LOCATION ERRORS

(METERS)

- Figure 8. Cumulative percentage of location errors: vertical

mission photos/A points (No542).

function, In Figure 8 that value is 8 meters. This means that half of

the errors were less than 8 meters and half were greater than 8 meters.

If the interest is not in typical performance, but rather in some point

below, say 75% of the errors fall, select 75% on the ordinate and determine

the corresponding error value on the abscissa. In Figure 8 that value is

11 meters. In other words, 75% of the errors were less than 11 meters

and 25% were greater than 11 meters. Interpretations may be made in the

same way for other percentages.

Table 6 shows the error means for the vertical photo B points.

Though the mean errors for the Paper Prints were slightly larger than

they were for the Transparencies, an analysis of variance (Table 7)

shoved that the effects of Print Type, Scale, and the interaction between

the variables were not statistically significant. The data from all

levels of the independent variables were combined .

—20—

- _ -- -— —- - — - - . - - . —-- -- -- 0-~ ---- .-~ . 

~~~~~~~ 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I
~~~ —~~~~-- --- --—.--.~~~~~-- 

- 

- -

t .

- 

- - 

Table 6

VERTICA L MISSION PHOTOS

MEAN LOCATION ERR OR (METERS) FOR B POINTS

PRINT TYPE -

Trans- Mean SCALE Paper ~

p~rency Total

- Large 23.9 20.0 __________ J10~ J (8) 22.0

Small 21.1 20.7 -

_____________ (10) (9) 23.9

To tal 25.5 20.4 23.0

Miumber of subjects.

~

Table 1

VERTICAL M ISSI ON PHOTOS

ANALYSI S OF VARIANCE OF - LOCATION ERRORS (METERS ) FOR B POINTS

Source - df MS F

Scale (A) - 1 34.59 <1

Print (B) 1 242.61 3.73

A x B 1 13.83 (1

Error 33 64.98

Figure 9 shows the cumulative percentage of location errors for

the vertical photo B points. The median error was about 20 meters.

—21—

L - ____
-4- - --4 ’

- - --_ -4_~~~~~~ ,

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _.,~~.~~~~~~-4-4 - 

- ---4 

r -

~~ 

- -

-

~~ 

- 

- . I

80 .

Lu

Lu

~~ 5O~~

~~4 O . ‘1 x -

20

10

O 1 I I I I — I I

10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 90

LOCATION ERRORS

(I IETERS )

Figure 9. Cumulati ve percentage of locati on errors : ve rti ca l

mission photos/B points (N~55O).

Oblique Mission Photos. Table 8 shows the error means for the

oblique photo A points, (The means are based on the performance of two

subgroups of subjects. As pointed out earlier, the two subgroups did

not transfer all of the same points.) The error means wer~ larger for

the Far points than for the Near points and larger for the Paper than

for the Transparency.

—22—

L1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-~ -~~~ ~~

-4: -

~~~~ -~~-

- Table 8

OBLIQUE MI SS ION PH OTOS

MEAN LOCATION ERROR (METERS) FOR A POINTS

PO SITION PR IUT TYPE

OF Trans— Mean

POINT S Pai,er parency - 

Total

F 24.6 20.8 ar (19) (18) 22.7

Near ________ ~~~~~~~~ 

13.0

Mean

Total 20.6 15.0 - 17.8

But an analysis of variance (Table 9) indicated that the effects

of Position, print Type, and the interaction between the variables were

not statistically significant. The data from all levels of the independent variables were combined.

Table 9

OBLIQ UE MISS ION PH OTO S

ANALY SIS OF-VARIANCE OF

LOCATION ERRORS (METER S) FOR A POINTS

Source df MS - - 

F

B etween

Subjects 36

Prints (A) 1 1 ,915 3.57

Grou ps 1 1 ,080 2.01

Error 34 537

Within

Subjects 37

Position (B) I 505 2.28

AxB 1 152 <1.00

Error 35 221

-23- 

____

~~~~~~

-

- 4 - -- - -4--- 

————~~~~4--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ --4 -- —.

a- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- ‘. .r

~~’?,~~~rr..rn -~~~~ W” ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Figure 10 shows the cumulative percentage of location error for

the oblique photo A points. The med ian error was about 11 meters.

100

90

80’

F0’ ~~ 6O’ -

LU

~~ 5O~

~~4O.

~~ 3 O .

20

10

t • I I I 4 I I I I I I I

10 20 30 - 40 50 60 io 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

LOCATION ERRORS

(METERS)

Fi gure 10. CumulatI ve percentage of location errors: oblique

mission photos/A points (N~529).

Note that the median err~r is somewhat smaller than the mean total

of 17.8 meters shown i~ Table 8. This difference is due to the posi—

tive skew of the error distribution. If a distribution of measures is

positively skewed, the mean ‘will, be larger than the median, and the

magnitude of the differenc e between the mean and the median will depend

upon the amount of skew, ~ifferences between the means and medians

will be evident in the remaining results and will not be commented an

further .

Table 10 shows the error means for the oblique photo B points.

(As with the A points, the means are based on the performance of two

subgroups.) The error means were larger for the Far points than for

the Near points for both Print Types, but there was no substantial,

- 

consistent difference between the means for Print Types.

\

-24- 

- 

-

~~~~

IL — -~~~~~~~~~ -- - -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — 

________________ ________________ _______
r - - ___ _________________

Tabl e 10 -

OBL IQUE MISSION PHOTOS

MEA N LOC A TION ERR OR (METER S ) FOR B POINTS

PO SITI ON ~~~~ RI~ T TYPE

OF Trans— Mean

________ 

PaDer p~ rericv Total

132.2 138.3 Far (19) (18) 135.0

35•5 34• 4 Near j 19) (18) 35.0

Mean

Tot al 83.8 86.3 85.0

An analysis of variance (Table 11) indicated that only the effect - of Position was statistically signif icant (p < .01). The data from the

two Prin t Types were combined for the Near and for the Far points.

Table 11

OBLI Q UE M ISSIO N PHOTOS

A N A L Y SIS OF VARI A NCE O F

LOCATION ERRORS (METERS) FOR B POINTS

Source - 

d-f MS F’

Between

Subjects -

Prints (A) 1 114 <1.0

Groups 1 556 <1.0

Error 34 4,150

Within

Subject s IL .

Position (B) 1 185 ,626 58.24**

A x B 1 237 <1.0

Err or 35 3,187

< .01

—25—

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

— 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Figure 11 shows the cumulative percentage of error for the Near

and for the Far B points. The median error for the Near points was 29

meters and for the Far points 104 meters.

100 -

~~~~~~~~~~~~‘ 

1

’ 

•

, .

-

_

.

,

~~6O ’ ~

3 0~

LU

~~5O .

~~4O

3 01 /

20 ~4 / Near ~~~~ (N~269)

- _ ‘ I Far •~~~ (‘I~285) i o I ,~

O — I I I I I I I

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

LOCATION ERRORS

(METERS )

Figure 11 . Cumulative percentage of locati on errors : oblique

mission photos/B poi nts .

lli&h Pan Mission Photos. Table 12 shows the error means for the

high pan photo A points . The error means were larger for the Far points

than for the Near points for both Print Types, larger for the Paper than

for the Transparency for both Positions.

—26—

- -

- 

~

- - -

~

- 

~

-- -

I • 

- -

— T

- -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
r

~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Tabl e 12 -

HIGH PAN MISSION PHOTOS

MEAN LoCArI oN ERROR (METERS) FOR A POINTS

POSITION — 

PRINT TYPE

OF Trans— Mean

POn:TS Paoer paren cy_ Total _

20.6 11.8 Far 16 2 -

_~l8) (18) ________

ear (18) - 

( 18) _______

Mean

An analysis of variance (Table 13) indicated that the effects of

both Print Type and Position were statistically significant (p < .01),

but the interaction between the two variables was not. The data from

the two Positions were combined for the Paper and for the Transparency,

and, similarly, the data from the two Print Types were combined for the

Near and for the Far points.

Table 13

HIGH PAN MISSION PHO1’DS

ANALY S IS OF V A R IAN CE OF

LOCATION E RRORS (METERS) FOR A POINTS

Source df MS F

Be tween

Subjects 35 -

Pr ints (A) 832 9.04**

Error 34 92

Within

Subjects

Posi tion (8) 1 1 ,039 20.78**

A x B 1 77 1.54

Error 34 50

**p < .Ol

-27-

~ 

_________ 

j

~~1;~~~ J~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Figures 12 and 13 show the cumulative percentage of errors for the

Paper and Transparency and fQr the Near and Far points. The median

error for the Paper was 12 meters and for the Transparency 8 meters.

The median error for the Far points was 12 meters and for the Near

points 7 meters.

100

0

90 - 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

80•

~~ 7Ø. I f

w 60 _

I LI

30 - o —~~~~ Transparency

(N=2 70)

20 ‘

~~ 

• Paper (N=2~9)

10

0 I I I I I I I I I I I I

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

-_ LOCA T iON ERRORS

(METERS )

Figure 12. CumulatI ve percentage of l ocation errors . High pan

- - 

mission photos/A~points ; Print Type. 

-28 

-~~~~~

~~L. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -----————---~~~--- - - -,~~~--~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —~
______ -

100

— — — 0~~ —o

90 - 

~o.-. .

~~~

— __o — ~~

u—

— —o

80 - 

d

0

~~~ 

LU 

~~ 7O 4 ~~~~~~

~~~~~ F—

L U 6 A C..) V

c.

LII ~ 0

~~4OJ -

~ ~ 1 a—— Near (11=249 )

20 •~~~~ Far (Nx280)

10~

o I I I I I I I I I I I I

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 14 0

LOCATION ERRORS -

(;1ETERS )

Figure 13. Cumulati ve percentage of location errors : high pan

mission photos/A points ; Position .

Table 14 shows the error means for the high pan photo B points.

The error means w ere larger for the Far points than for the Near

points for both Print Types, buL there was essentially no difference - between the means for the Paper and Transparency.

* -29-

- - -----~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- - 

-

1-

Table 14

HIGH PAN MI SSION PHOTO S

MEAN LO CATION ERROR (METE RS ) FOR B POINTS

POSITION PR INT TYPE

OF Trans— Mean

_~Qj~

j~~ - 

Pap er _~a r e nçy Total

57.1 56.0 Far 6 (19) (18) 5 .6

38.2 35.3 Ne ar (19~~~ (~5) - 

6.7

47.6 45.7 -- 

46.7

An analysis of variance (Table 15) indicated that only the effect

of Position was statistically significant (p < .01). The data from the

P Paper and Transparency were combined for the Near and f or the Far

points.

Table 15

HI GH PAN MISS ION PHOT OS

ANALY SIS O F VARIA NC E O F

LOCATION ERRORS (METERS) FOR B POINTS

Source d-? ~~MS_ F

Between 

36 

-

Subjects —

Pr int (A) 1 76 <1 .0

Error 35 749 -

Within - - - -

Subjects 37

Position (B) 1 7,255 2O.8-~* • AxB 1 15 <1.0

Error 35 348

< .01

______

I - -

~~ ~~rt --~ --~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -—
Figure 14 shows the cumu lative percentage of location error for

the high pan mission photo Near and Far B points. The median error for

the Far points was 48 meters, und for the Near points 34 meters .

100 - — — — ~~~~.

— — U

go . 

d 0

VU . 0—

LU

(5

I-

~~6 O . 4

~~5O J ~~4O~~ /

~~3O

a—— Near (N=254)

2 ___

• Far (N=294)

1 O •~:~

0 ‘ I 1 I I I I I I I

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

LOCATION ERROR S

(METERS )

Figure 14. Cumulati ve percentage of location errors : hi gh pan

mission photos/B points .

Low Pan Mission Photos. Table 16 shows the error means for the

low pan photo A points. The mean error for the Paper/Far points was

considerably larger than for any of the other three combinations of Print

Type and Position , and the error mean for the Transpar ency/Far point was

somewhat larger than that for the Transparency/Nea r point.

-31- 

_

- ~~ E~~--~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~ -- —~~~
r’ -

~~~~~~~ 

-

~~ 

- -

~~~

Table 16

LOW PAN MISSION PHOTOS

MEA N LO CATION ERR OR (METER S) FOR A PO INTS

POSIT ION PRI; 1 T TYPE

OF Trans— - Mean

__________ 

Pap er parencv Total

Far ________ 

37.4

Near 6.7

~~ 1

32.7 11.4 22.0 j

An analysis of variance (Table 17) indicated that the effects of

Print Type and Position were statistically significant (p < .05 and

.01, respectively) as well as the interaction between the two variables

< .01).

Table 17

LOW PAN MISSIO N PHOTOS

ANALY SIS OF VARIA NCE OF

LOCATION ERRORS (METERS) FOR A POINTS

Source df MS F

Between

Subj ects 36

Prints (A) 1 8 ,4 10 4 Q9*

Error 35 2 ,054

Within

Subjects -

Position (B) 1 16 ,743 8.61**

A x B 1 9 ,031 4.64*5

Error 35 1 ,944

‘p < .05 < .01

—32—

-- 

~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~ -~~~~--
It is apparent from inspection of Table 16 that the statistical

signif icance of the two variables is due almost entirely to the large

error on the Paper/Far pou t combination. A t test for correlated ob—

servat ions indicated that for the Paper the difference between the

means for the Far and Near points was statistically significant

(t — 2.59, p < .02 df 1 and 17); but, for the Tr;unsparency, the dif—

ference between the means for the Far and Near Points was not statistically significant (t — 1.67). Consequently, only the data from Paper

and Transparency Near points were combined. -

Figure 15 shows the cumulative percentage of error for the low pan

photo A points. Three cumulative percentage distributions are shown:

one for the Near points, one for the Transparency/Far points, and one

for the Paper/Far points. The median error for the Near points and the

Transparency/Far points was about 8 meters, and for the Paper/Far

points about 19 meters .

- 1 00 

— — — — — —

• £

90 - 7

7

80ip ~~~ —

‘

70 1

~ 

14~~~~_frø’____ -

&~~60

(/

LII 50 Li

o——— Near (N=218)

~ 30 

Far ç • Paper (N=120 )

20 1 . ~~~—~~— Transparency

(11=124)

10

0 I I I I I I I I I I I

30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420

LOCATION ERRORS

(METERS)

Fi gure 15. Cumulative percentage of location errors : low pan

mission photos/A points .

ILL

- - - — ---- :

~~~~~~~~ ~--~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ — — -.

r ‘- - -

Table 18 shows the error means for the low pan photo B points.

The error means for the F~r points were considerably larger than

those for the Near points for both the Paper and Transparency. The

difference between means for the Paper Near and Far points was con—

al.derably larger than the difference between the means for the Trans—

parency Near and Far points. There was little difference between the

means for the Paper and Transparency Near points.

Table 18 - 

-

LOW PAN MISSION PHOTOS

MEAN LOC ATION ERROR (METERS) FOR B POINTS

POSITION PRINT TYPE

OF Trans- Mean

- 

Pfllr:TS Pap er pprency ~ Total_

Far 225.1 117.8 171 4 ____________ 

( 18) (19) __________

42.5 48.3 Near (18) (19) a —

133.8 83.0 108.4

An analysis of variance (Table 19) indicated that effects qf Print

Type, Position, and the interaction between the two variables were

statistically significant (p < .05, .01, .01, respectively).

- Table 19 -

L OW PAN MISSION PHOTOS -

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF -

LOCATION ERRORS (METERS ) FOR B POINTS

Source df MS F

Between - Subj ects

Prints (A) 1 47 ,568 7.12’

Error 35 6 ,677-

Within

Subjects

Location (B) 1 286 ,792 53.76”

A x B 1 59 ,112 11.0$”

Error 35 5 ,335

‘p ’.05

“p ’01

—34—

- ___

____—

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

-—

~

~-
,

~~ 

-

A t test for correlated observations indicated that tha difference

between means for the Paper Near and Far points and for the Transparency

Far and Near points was statistically significant: the values for t

were 5.44 (p < .01, df 1 and 18) and 5.97 (p < .01, df 1 and 17). A t

test for uncorrejated observations indicated that the difference between

means for the Paper and Transparency Far points was also statistically

significant (t — 3.02, p < .01, df 1 and 2l).

~

A The difference between —

means for the Paper and Transparency Near points was not statistically

significant. Consequently, only the data from the Paper and Trans—

parency Near points were combined .

Figure 16 shows the cumulative percentage of error for the low pan

photo B points. Three cumulative percentage distributions are shown:

one for- the Near points, one for the Paper-/Far points, and One for the

Transparency/Far points. The median error for the Near points was 39

meters; for the Paper/Far points, about 183 meters; and for the Trans— — parency/Far points, about 100 meters.

Point Transfer Times

Visual inspection of the times taken to transfer the points re—

vealed no practical differences between the levels of independent

-

- variables of Scale, Print Type, or Position. The differences

among the levels of the variable were on the order of fractions of a

minute. Generally speaking, the mean time taken to transfer points

was about 30 seconds on the vertical photos and about 50 seconds on

the non—vertical photos.

!.éf is 21 instead of 36 because the variance of the two samples was not

homogeneous. This technique of tes ting hypothesis about the difference

between two means when the population variances a-re not equal is described by Welch, B. L. (1947). In Winer, 3. B., Statistica l Prin ci—

- - p ies in Experimenta l De8ign~ p. 37. New York: McGraw—Hill, 1962.

—35-.

L I ~

. 

~~~~

— - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ 

- -~~~~- - - - - ~~- - 

‘

-

~~~~. 

- -~- — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ I : ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
r

~~T~ —

~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~

TI

~~ ~~

‘,

100

. 0 90 ~~~

- 

0 

0

80

F°

~~6O~~~~ ~ 0.

~ 30 ~ 

/ ~~~

___ Near (t1 255)

I. •~~~~ Paper (11=119)

20 Far ~~~ _•

~~~~ 

Transparency

0 I I I I I I I

- 

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

LOCATION ERRORS

- 

(METERS)

Figure 16. CumulatIve percentage of l ocation errors : low pan

mission photos/B points .

—36—
Su MMARY AND DISCUSSION

- - Because of the large-number of independent variables and types of

mission j.hotos, a sununary of the location error results is provided in

Table 20.

Table 20

SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR LOCATION ERRORS

MISSION INDEPENDENT STATISTICALLY LEVELS OF ERRO R (METERS )

PHOTO POINTS VARIABLE SIGNIFICANT VARIABLE 2S% 50:. ~~~~~

A Scale No All levels 7 I i

Print No combined -

Vertical —— ____ —

B Scale No All levels 12 20 36

Pr i nt No combined

— 

A Print No combined 6 11 28

- Position No

Oblique —

B Print No . Far.A

~ — 

~~~~~~

__ • 

104 229

Position Yes Near-

~/ 1 4 29 54 _ ____ - --

- Paper 6 1 2 35

Print Yes Trans- — —-

A —________ ______________ parency ____ 

8 16

Far 6 12 32

Position Yes —— — Near 3 7 14

H ig h Pan

Print No Far.aJ 22 48 97

B —

Position Yes Near .V 15 34 72

Far- 8 ~~ Print Yes Pap er ____ ____ —

Far— - Trans- 5 8 25 . A parcncy _____ - —

- Position Yes Neara/ 4 8 10

Low Pan

Far- 60 183 433 Paper _____ Pr int Yes Far—

Trans - 38 1 00 233

B parency _____ _____ —

Pos ition Yes Pl ear.W 18 39 150

~iDa ta from PrirL t Types combined. -

_______ 

I 

~

~~

IIl

~ I - - - — ~~~~~~ —~~ - --~~,‘- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -
- .— ‘

~ ‘,—-.--n—--------~

’-

~—---~

--’--- . - -- - _ ~~~~. ,-_.~~-t

~~~~t’~rw— ~- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,r- -.,-.-.,—~, - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ vThe table t hows for each mission photo and for the A and B points

separately whether or not the independent variables were statistically

signif icant; the levels of the independent variables for which accumulative percentage distribution was computed ; and the error corresponding to each of three selected cumulative percentages. Each percentage

and associated error may be interpreted as follows: for example, consider the vertical mission photo A points; 257. of the location errors

were less than 4 meters, 50% were less than 7 . meters, and~ 75% were less

than 11 meters.

The location error for the three percentages is showx~ to allow the

r eader to asness the skew of the error distributions . The direction

and the amount of skew may be computed by comparing ~

757.e

~

507.e) to

(50X e 25% e) where e is the location error . If the first term is larger

than the second , the distribution is positively skewed; if the first

term is smaller than the second term, the distribution is negatively

skewed; and if the two terms are equal, the distribution is symmetrical.

The magnitude of the difference in these two terms indicates the amount

- of skew.

I. It is evident from inspection of Table 20 that nearly all of the

distributions were positively skewed, with the exception of that for

the vertical photo A points-~

1and for the low pan photo Near A points.

The positive skew is attributable to two factors: for most of the mission photos, a few of the points were far more difficult to locate accurately than the remaining points and this was particularly true for the

B points and for the Far points; on some points, a few subjects made

errors considerably larger than those mad e by the r emaining subjects.

Now to consider the effects of independent variables of Scale ,

Print Type (Resolution) , and Position (Near , Far) . The scale of the

vertical mission photos did not affec t the magnitude of error . This was

tru e for the A points,- points that were on easily identifiable features,

and for the B points——points that were not close to such fea tures. Scale

did not affect the error magnitude possibly because the two scales pro—

vided sufficient detail for locating the points on the data base.

The variable of Print Type did not affec t location error for the

vertical or oblique mission photos. It did have a statistically sig-.

- nificant but small effect for the high pan photo . A points (Paper

12 me ter median error; Transparency = 8 meter median error); a slightly

larger effec t for the low pan photo Far A points (Paper = 19 meters,

Transparency — 8 m eters); and a pronounced effect for the low pan pho to

Far B points (Paper = 183 meters; Transparency = 100 meters) .

Performa nce with the transparencies was considerably better than

it was with the Paper prints only on the Far portion of the low pan

photos . This seems to indicate that the ground resolution in the Far

portion of the mission negative was close to a level where even a

________________________________________________________

~“Th is has a slight positive skew but is neg].ible compared to the others.

- 

-38- 

- -____

- ~~

-

Iii -~~~ -~~ — - -- --~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
smalL degrada t ion would cause a significant loss of the detail useful

for accurate point transfer . Apparently the transparency preserved

more. of this useful deta i]. than the Paper print. Generall y, the sma ll

degradation caused by the Paper pr int was not as harmful for the other

mission photos because the overall quality of the negatives was sufficiently high so that a small loss in ground resolution did not cause a

signif icant loss of detail useful in po int transferring .

As expected , the variable of Position significantly affected location error . The error for the Far po ints was usually larger than for

the Nea r points and the difference in the magnitude of the error was

larger for the B points than for the A points . The probable exp lana—

tion of the larger error for the Far points is that they were in the

portion of the mission photo in which the distances between scene

features are not linearly proportional to their corresponding features

on the data base , whereas the Near points were in the portion of the

photo in which the distances were closer to linear. It was undoubted ly

more difficult to locate points where the distances were non—linear .

The effects of Position were larger for the B points than fur the A

points because, by definition, the A points were located on identifiable features while the B points were relatively far removed from

such features .

The location error for the non—vertical photo Nea r A points was

not ouch larger than that for the vertical photo A points. For the

vertical photos, the 50% (median) and 75% location errors were 7 and II

meters; for the non—vertical photos, the 50% error ranged EL~

om 7 to

11 meters and the 75% error ranged from 10 to 28 meters. Eut the error

i-or rh ’~ Near B points wa~ considerabl y larger than that for the vertical photo B points. For the vertical photo , the 50% and 75% errors

were 20 and 36 meters; for the Near B points , the 50% orror t~ ng’d from

29 to 39 meters , and the 75% error ranged from 54 to 150 meters.

These results ind icate that the location error Eor the vertical

m tssion photos and for the near portion of the non—vertical tuission

photos are comparable for only specific kinds of points— —those located

on or very close to identifiable features in the scene.

For the B points , the location errors for the vertical mission

photos and for the Far portion of the non—vertical photos were not

comparable: the 50% error f

~’r the Far points ramm ~ed from 48 cn~ters for

the hi gh pan photos to about 140 meters (mean of 183 and 100 meters)

for the low pan p hotos ; the 75% error ranged from 97 meters (hi gh pan

plmo t o~

i) to about 335 meters (mean of 433 and 233 meters) for the low

pan photos .

The results of this study, as sunur.arized in Table 2 0 should be

useful. in assessing the operational capabilities of the APPS for tar—

gets appearing on various types of reconnaissance p hotograp hy. It is

apparent tha t B--type targets usually cannot be transferred visually to

acceptable accuracies except from vertical mission imagery. This m dl—

cates that other means for transferr ing B—type t.irgets should be found .

—39 —

___
- - -

~~~

Overall improvement in point transfer accuracy might be achieved by

judicious selection of operators plus specialized training .

This report should he useful to G— 2 air offic ers and reconnaissance aircraft pilots because it shows clearly the value of acquiring

targets in a near vertical mode , Of course , operationa lly, this is

sometimes not possible but at least the operational personnel will know

the loss of transfer accuracy that will result when targets arc imaged

in the Far portion of a panoramic or oblique frame .

There may be some advantage in viewing the data base or the mission photography in a stereo mode and still further advantage if both

are viewed in stereo . Stereo was not used in this study but , based on

past related exper ience, the use of stereo might improve bo th A point

and B point accuracy, but the greatest improv ement would be to B points .

During the main tests It required an average of less than one

minute per point to effect a transfer . However, there are two steps in

the transfer process. The first is finding on the data base the area

covered by the mission photo . In some preliminary tests this was found

to be so tim e consuming (u p to 30 minutes) that transparent temp lates

were furnished each test subject so he could quickly locate the areas

on the da ta bases. In areas having limited cultural and prominent

natural features, the location of the general area of the mission pho to

could become a major problem . The training of interpreters to more

quickly relate one photo to another , when there is a large disparity in

scale and geometry, seems essential for efficient operation of the APE ~

S.

The second step is the finding and marking of the point of interest on

the data base.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of this study and on general obsarvations

made during the testing phase it is concluded that:

• The tests were conducted according to the test plan

and we re successful in f u l f i l lin g t h e stated objectives .

• The following variables were found to be practicall y

significan t :

Po sition (Fa r or Near portion of the format

of non—vertical imagery)

Point/E nvirons (Relationshi p of point to

ide ntifiable detail)

Resolution (Transparency vs. Pape r Print) —

si gnif icant onl y fo r some combination s

of conditions

The variable found to be not practically si gnif icant

is: -

Scale (wi thin operational ranges — vertical

p hotography)

—40—

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -: ~~~~~~~~~~ -

~~ ________ 

:

~~~~~~ ____
• Under the conditions of the experiment, transfer CEP 

of less than 20 mete rs was obtained for 50 perc0nt of 

the A points transferred from all mission types and 

75 percent of the transfe rs were within a CEP of 20 

mete rs for Vertical mis~ions, fo r the Near po rtion of 

High and Low P3noramic missions , and for film transparencies for the High Panoramic mission irrespc~t ive 

of t a rget position on the image . Only the Vertical 

mission imagery was adequate for the purpose of providing a CEP or 20 meters for the transfer of 50 percent of the B points. 

• Test s ubjects preferred transpar encies to paper prints 

for mission imagery and they preferred transmitted 

light (light t able) to r eflected light (high intensity 

lamp),even for paper prints. 

• The cumulative percentage curves are useful in estima tlng transfer e rrors fo r diffe rent kinds of mi ssion 

imagery . 

41 
APPENDIX A

ANALYTICAL PHOTOCRAtft-~ETRIC P05 ITt ONT Nc; SYSTF>1 (APPS)

The Analytical Photogrammetric Positioning System (APPS) is a

point position ing system developed at the US Army Engineer Topographic

Laboratories (USAETL), Fort Belvoir , Virg inia . The APPS has evolved

as a solution to the problem of determining X , ‘1, Z coordinates of

points of interest anywhere in or forward of a Corps—size area in a

matter of minutes.

Photogrammetric theory and techniques have been combined with the

capabilities of a desk top programmable calcula tor to provide for

utilization of the analytical methods of determining position, unlike

the more classical analog methods found in photog rammetric map

compilation instruments. The problem is treated as an intersection

problem for which universally accepted solution techniques are

available. Numerical data are accepted for certain known parameters ,

and measured photo coordinates are treated as the observed parameters,

thereby solving for the unknown X, Y, Z coordinates of a point .

There are two parts to the APPS; (1) a Data Base (DB) consisting

of mapping quality aerial photography and its associated numerical

data , and (2) an assemblage of mensuration and data processing equipment with associated software. -

The DB is the key element of the APPS. It is rigorously prepared

as part of the normal mapp ing process and only then extracted from

that process for application to the APPS . The UB is mathematically adjusted by an analytical procedure known as aerial block triangulation

which is based upon the method of least squares. Given two poInts of

known horizontal positions (X ,Y) and three poiats of known elevation

(2) , one can determine the six orientation parameters of a p hotog raph ,

whether dealing with one overlapping pair of photog raphs or overlapping

coverage of ent ire countries. Use is made of redundant control data - whenever possible to reduce accumulation of small uncorrected systematic

errors and random errors. The adjustment is held to ground control.

The DB photograph requires no spec ial processing such as rectification . It is annotated with orientation points called index points

and with check points. Its assoc iated numeri :al data includes interior

and exterior orientation parameter s, photo coordinates of the index

points, and geocentric coordinates of the check points. APPS equipment

calibration parameters are al so incorporated in the numerical data .

The other por t ion of the APPS , the hardware, is pr imarily an

assemblage of eonimercial , off—the— shelf items that, will accept the DB

and perform the necessary measurements and computations for X, Y, Z

---5 - ——- .

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—43—

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coordinates. The current package represents first generation components. Modifications and add—ons have been envisioned to increase the

flexibility of the system.

There are five major component items of equipment to include:

(1) a modified Zeiss Stereotopef’ (2) an operator control box, (3) an

interface unit , (4) a Iiewlett—Packard~

1(I1P) 9810A programmable calcu—

lator-~~and (5) an HP cassette memory4” See Figure Al.

The Stereotope provides the capability for stereoscopic v iewing

and parallax measurement by the X , Y and X—parallax motions it pos—

sesses. To extract these measurements, a Bendix X, Y digitized data

gr ld 11is installed under the Stereocope baseplate and a signal cursor is

connected to the moveable photocarriage . Also, a shaft angle encoder

is connected to the X—parallax motion drive. -

The operator control box provides a simple means of selecting a

particular operation for the APPS to perform, i.e., zero the baseplate

data grid datum , or index the DB sterearnodel, etc .

The interface unit converts cursor signals to the HP language and

subsequently HP language to a desired output language.

The UP 9810A programmable calculator and the UP cassette memory

function together . The memory holds the software programming and DB

files on tape covering a Corps size area for sequential access by the

calculator. The calculator uses the program and one numerical DB file

at a time together with the input from the Stereotope through the

interface to compute the X, Y, Z coordinates of a point .

In practice, the operator uses a photo index overlay to determine

which DB stereo pair of photographs to place on the Stereotope. He

inserts the magnetic tape cassette containing the program and DB

numerical data files for that model into the cassette memory. He then

activates the cassette memory to load the program by use o~ a magnet ic

card. The card also contains the Stereotope calibration parameters

mentioned earlier . He then calls in the DB file for the model being

used by keyboard commands. Each photo of the model is oriented inde—

pendently using the index points mentioned earlier. The photo coordinates of four index points are measured and a transformation cotnputa—

tiori made to relate the measured photo coordinates to the adjusted

photo coordinates. The operator then observes and measures a check

po int , this time in stereo, to ascertain that he correctly oriented

the model. He must agree with the known coordinates of the check

point within established tolerances before he can proceed . Once he is

signalled to proceed he then observes the point of interest , measures

and computes the X, Y , 1 coordinates of the point and obtains a print—

Out on paper tape of the UTH Zone , Eastirtg, Northing nd elevation in

meters.

!/Commcrical or trade names are given only in the interest of precision

in reporting experimental procedures . Use of the names does not constitute official endorsement by the Army or by the U.S. Army Research

Institute for the Behavorial and Social Sciences.

—44—

:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-_. ~~5-L~~~~~~JL -

~~~~~~~~~~~ 5- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 
- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1

~

~~~~~~

. 

~~~~~~ -- 

-. 

-

.

:

- 

---

- --—- 
Test results conclude that horizontal position locations determined with the APPS are approximately equivalent to third—order ground

surveys. This is readily achieved by personnel having previous training in the interpretation of aerial photographs and additional 16—40

hours instruction on the APPS .

The APPS is packaged for transport in three militarized carrying

cases for a total we ight of 478 pounds and a volume of 27.42 cubic

feet . It requires 600 watts of power at llOv, 60 lIz .

• 

-46-

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:2

—
-- - - - -

~~~~~~

5 - - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --~~~-

OISI*IBUTION

ARI

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1 Nat Bur of Standards, DC, AIIM: Computer Info Section

I Mat Cleerlng House for MM—Info, RockvIlle

I Denver Fidiral CI, Likewoad, AIIM: ELM

12 Defense Docuenentstlon Center

4 DIr Psych. Army Hg, Ausnd Oft,, Canberra

1 Scientific Adv,r, fIll Pd. Army Hg, Ruissli 0fc~ Cw*euvi

I Mit and Al, Attach., Au,VIan Embassy

I Centre do R.ctiercfte Des Facesurs. Huunalne ds Ia Osfeisee

Nationals, Bruuels

2 CanadIan Joint Staff Widdngton

I C/Air Staff, Royal Canadian AT. AIIM : Pies BUd Anal Br

3 ChIaf, C.nedlevi Del Rich Staff, AiiM: C/CROS(W)

4 BritIsh Del Staff , British Enibessy . Washington

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