Coal Geology of Adams, Blaine, 

Richardson, and Sitka Quadrangles, 

Kentucky, and Louisa Quadrangle, 

Kentucky-West Virginia 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1526 

Coal Geology of Adams, Blaine, 

Richardson, and Sitka Quadrangles, 

Kentucky, and Louisa Quadrangle, 

Kentucky-West Virginia 

By PHILIP T. HAYES and CAROL WAITE CONNOR 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1526 

Resources and physical and chemical characteristics of 

the Pennsylvanian-age bituminous coal are noted. Stratigraphy, 

structure, and depositional history are discussed, in relation to 

published geologic quadrangle maps 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1982 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

JAMES G. WATT, Secretary 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data 

Hayes,PhilipThayer, 1923-

Coal geology of Adams, Blaine, Richardson, and Sitka quadrangles, Kentucky, and Louisa quadrangle, KentuckyWest Virginia. 

(Geological Survey Bulletin 1526) 

Bibliography: p. 56 

Supt. ofDocs. No.: I 19.3:1526 

1. Coal-Geology-Kentucky. 2. Coal-Geology-WestVirginia. 

I. Connor, Carol Waite. II. Title. III. Series. 

QE75.B9 No. 1526 [TN805.K3] 557.3s 81--607980 [553.2'4'0976926] AACR2 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office 

Washington, D.C. 20402 
CONTENTS 

Abstract - - --- --- - --- --- --- - --- - - - - - - - -- - -- -- - -- - - - - - --- --- - - - - - - - -- -- - - - - --

Introduction - -- - - --- -- - - - - - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - -- - -- -- - - - - -- - - --- - --- - - - -- -- - - ---

Location -- - - - - -- --- --- - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - --- --- - -- - - --- --- - - -- - - --- - - - --

Description of project - - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - --- - - --- -- - - - -- - --- - - - - - - - --- - - - ---

Previous work----------------------------------------------------------

A.cknow ledgmen ts -- - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - --- - - - -- - -- - -- - - -- - -- - -- - - - -- - - - -- -

Methods and definitions ------------------------------------------------

Geologic setting - --- - - - - - -- - -- - -- -- - -- - -- - - --- - - --- - - - - - - - - -- - - --- - - -- --- -- -

Stratigraphy of Pennsylvanian rocks -------------------------------------

Lee Formation-----------------------------------------------------

Breathitt Formation -- ---- ----- ---- --- -- -- --- ---- ---- ----- -- -- ------

Base of formation to base of Van Lear coal bed -- - - -- - -- - - - - --- - - -

Base of Van Lear coal bed to base of Whitesburg coal bed --- --- ---

Base of Whitesburg coal bed to base of Magoffm Member ---------

Base of Magoffin Member to base of Peach Orchard coal zone --- --

Base of Peach Orchard coal zone to top of Richardson coal zone -- -

Top of Richardson coal zone to top of formation -- - - - -- - - --- - - - - - -

Conemaugh and Monongahela(?) Formations -------------------------

Interpretation of depositional history-------------------------------------

Open marine carbonates and tidal flats --- ----- -- ---- ---- ------ ----- -

Rocks below Lee Formation -- - -- - - -- - -- -- - --- - - - - --- - --- -- - -- - - -

Barrier-island complex----------------------------------------------

Sandstone of Lee Formation -- -- ---- ------- ----- ------ -- -- ---- - -

Estuary or lagoon -- -- - -- - - - - -- -- - - -- -- - - - -- -- - -- - - - -- - - - - -- - - - -- - --

Rocks from base of Breathitt Formation to below Van Lear coal bed 

Page 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

4 

5 

5 

5 

7 

7 

7 

8 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

15 

15 

16 

16 

16 

16 

Lower delta plain - -- -- -- ---- ------ --- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- ------ - 17 

Rocks from below Van Lear .coal bed to Whitesburg coal bed ------ 17 

Transitional zone ------- ----- ---- --- -- --- ----- ----- ----- ----- -- ----- 18 

Rocks from Whitesburg coal bed to base of Peach Orchard coal zone 18 

Upper delta plain - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - --- - - - - --- -- - - - -- - - - -- - - -- - - - --- - - 18 

Rocks from base of Peach Orchard coal zone to base of Princess No. 

6 coal zone - - --- -- - - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- - -- -- - - - --- --- - - - - -- - - - - -- - 18 

All uvial plain - - -- - -- - -- -- - - -- - - - -- -- - - -- - -- - - - -- -- - --- - - -- - - - -- - - - - 19 

Rocks from base of Princess No. 6 coal zone to top of Breathitt Formation -- - - - - -- --- - -- - - - -- - -- -- - -- - -- - - - - --- - --- - - - -- - - - --- - - 19 

Rocks from base of Conemaugh Formation to Brush Creek coal bed 19 

Lower delta plain - - -- - - - -- - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - -- - - --- - - - --- - - - - - - - -- - - - 20 

Rocks from Brush Creek Limestone Member to top of exposed section in Monongahela(?) Formation----------------------------- 20 

Geologic structure -- --- --- -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -- - --- - --- - - - --- - - - -- - - --- -- 20 

Coal beds or zones - - - -- -- - - --- -- -- - -- -- - --- -- - -- - -- - -- - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - - -- - - - 21 

Unnamed coal bed below the sandstone of the Lee Formation - - -- - - - --- - - 25 

Van Lear coal bed - - - -- - - --- - -- - -- - - - -- - - --- - - --- - - - --- - -- -- - - -- - - --- - - - 25 

Williamson coal zone -- - -- - - - - - - -- - - - --- --- -- --- -- - -- - - - -- -- - -- - - --- - - - - 29 

Whitesburg coal bed---------------------------------------------------- 29 

Little Fire Clay coal bed - --- - - - - -- - - - --- -- - -- -- - - - - -- - -- - --- - - -- - -- --- - - 36 

m 
IV CONTENTS 

Coal beds or zones - Continued Page 

Fire Clay coal bed- -- - - - - -- - -- -- - --- -- - --- - - - -- -- - - - -- --- - - -- -- --- -- - -- - 38 

Fire Clay rider coal bed -- ---- - -- --- -- - - - - - - - - --- - - --- - - - --- --- - - - - - - - - - 39 

Hamlin coal zone --- - -- - - - - --- - --- -- - - - - - ---- - --- --- - - --- -- - --- - - - -- - - - 40 

Haddix coal bed ------------------------------------------------------- 40 

Hazard coal zone -- - --- --- - -- -- - - -- - -- -- - -- - - --- - -: - -- - - -- - - -- - -- - - --- - - 42 

Peach Orchard coal zone - -- -- - - - --- --- -- -- - - - - --- - - - -- - - -- -- -- --- - - --- - - 43 

Broas coal zone -- - -- -- -- - -- - - --- --- -- --- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - -- - - --- --- -- --- - 44 

Richardson coal zone -- - - -- - -- - - - --- - --- - - - - -- --- - - --- - --- -- - --- - - --- - - - 46 

Princess No. 6 coal zone - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - - - -- - - -- - - - -- -- - - - - - - - 48 

Princess No. 7 coal bed -- -- -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- - -- - -- - - -- - --- - --- - -- -- - - - - 49 

Princess No. 8 coal bed - -- - - - - - - -- - -- -- -- - - - - -- - -- -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -- -- 50 

Princess No. 9 coal zone ------------------------------------------------ 50 

Brush Creek coal bed - - - -- --- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --- - - -- - -- ---- - --- - --- - -- - 52 

Unnamed coal bed of Conemaugh Formation --- ------------- ------- ---- -- 53 

General observations on analytical data-------------------·------------------- 53 

Stratigraphic trends ---- --- --- ----- ---- ------- ---- ------ -- --- ----- --- --- 54 

Geographic trends -- - - - --- - - - - -- - -- -- - -- -- - - - - --- - - --- - - - -- - --- - - - - -- - - - 55 

References cited ---- ---- --- --------- --- ---- -- ---- ---- --- ------ ----- -- -- ----- 56 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE 1. Generalized geologic map of Pennsylvanian rocks in Adams, Blaine, 

Richardson, and Sitka quadrangles, Kentucky, and Louisa 

Page 

quadrangle, Kentucky-West Virginia--------------------------- 3 

2-4. Diagrams showing: 

2. Stratigraphic positions and relative economic importance of 

coal beds in the study area and the stratigraphic intervals 

represented------------------------------------------- 6 

3. Interpreted environments of deposition of rocks in lower part 

of U.S. Geological Survey corehole K-3-75, from Van Lear 

coal bed through sandstone of Lee Formation to bottom of 

h~e ------------------------------------------------- 13 

4. Interpreted environments of deposition of rocks exposed in 

report area------------------------------------------- 14 

5. Map showing coal sample localities in and near report area -------- 15 

6-12. Maps showing areas for which coal resources were calculated for: 

6. All coal beds and zones; Van Lear coal bed--------------- 24 

7. Williamson coal zone; Whitesburg coal bed ------ ----- ---- 34 

8. Little Fire Clay and Fire Clay coal beds; Fire Clay rider coal 

bed and Hamlin coal zone -- - -- - -- - -- - --- - -- --- -- - -- --- 37 

9. Haddix coal bed; Hazard coal zone ---------------------- 41 

10. Peach Orchard coal zone; Broas coal zone ---------------- 45 

11. Richardson coal zone; Princess No. 6 coal zone and the 

Princess Nos. 7 and 8 coal beds --- -- -- -- --- --- ---- ---- - 47 

12. Princess No. 9 coal zone; Brush Creek coal bed, and an unnamed coal bed in the Conemaugh Formation------- ---- 51 
CONTENTS v 

TABLES 

Page 

TABLE 1. Total coal resources stratigraphically by coal bed or zone in millions of 

short tons --------------------------------------------------- 22 

2. Total coal resources by quadrangle and county in millions of short tons 23 

3. Descriptions of 55 bituminous coal samples collected in or near the 

report area -------------------------------------------------- 26 

4. Arithmetic mean, observed range, geometric mean, and geometric 

deviation of 36 elements in 45 coal samples from the report area, 

reported on whole-coal basis, and geometric means of 331 

Appalachian-region bituminous coal samples of Pennsylvanian age 28 

5. Arithmetic means, by coal bed, of proximate, ultimate, heat of combustion, and forms-of-sulfur analyses of samples from the report area 30 

6. Geometric means, by coal bed, of major-, minor-, and trace-element 

composition of samples from the report area -------------------- 32 

7-24. Coal resources, in study area quadrangles, of: 

7. Van Lear coal bed - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- --- - - - - - -- -- - 35 

8. Williamson coal zone ------ -- -- --- --- ----- ---------- ---- 35 

9. Whitesburg coal bed ------------------------------------ 35 

10. Little Fire Clay coal bed -------------------------------- 36 

11. Fire Clay coal bed-------------------------------------- 38 

12. Fire Clay rider coal bed --------------------------------- 39 

13. Hamlin coal zone --------------------------------------- 40 

14. Haddix coal bed---------------------------------------- 42 

15. Hazard coal zone --- ---- -- -- ---- -- --- ------- ----- ------- 43 

16. Peach Orchard coal zone ----- -- --- --- ----- ---- ------ ---- 44 

17. Broas coal zone----------------------------------------- 46 

18. Richardson coal zone------------------------------------ 48 

19. Princess No. 6 coal zone -------------------------------- 49 

20. Princess No. 7 coal bed --------------------------------- 49 

21. Princess No. 8 coal bed - -- - -- - - - -- ---- --- - - - - - --- - - - - -- - 50 

22. Princess No. 9 coal zone -------------------------------- 52 

23. Brush Creek coal bed----------------------------------- 52 

24. Unnamed coal bed in Conemaugh Formation ------------- 53 

25. Proximate, ultimate, and forms-of-sulfur analyses, air-dry loss, heat of 

combustion, apparent rank, free-swelling index, and fusibility of ash 

of 35 coal samples from the report area ------------------------ 58 

26. Content of 42 elements in 53 coal samples from the report area --- - 62 

27. Major- and minor-oxide and trace-element composition of the 

laboratory ash of 53 coal samples from the report area -- ---- ---- 66 

COAL GEOLOGY OF 

ADAMS, BLAINE, RICHARDSON, AND SITKA 

QUADRANGLES, KENTUCKY, AND 

LOUISA QUADRANGLE, 

KENTUCKY -WEST VIRGINIA 

By PHILIP T. HAYES and CAROL WAITE CONNOR 

ABSTRACT 

The report area, a part of the Appalachian Plateau physiographic province, contains 

outcropping rocks of the Lee, Breathitt, Conemaugh, and Monongahela(?) Formations of 

Pennsylvanian age. The Lee Formation, of which only about 45 m is exposed, is made up 

predominantly of sandstone and minor siltstone. The Breathitt Formation, about 250 m 

thick, is made up of interbedded sandstone, siltstone, shale, coal, underclay, and 

limestone, in roughly decreasing order of abundance. The Conemaugh Formation and 

overlying Monongahela(?) Formation, together about 135m thick, are roughly similar to 

the Breathitt, but the only coal and limestone are in the lower part of the Conemaugh. 

The outcropping rocks of the Lee Formation are interpreted to have been deposited in a 

barrier-island complex. The Breathitt Formation, from base to top, is interpreted to 

represent a succession of environments from estuary or lagoon to lower delta plain to upper delta plain to alluvial plain. The Conemaugh and Monongahela(?) Formations apparently represent a return to deposition on a lower delta plain. 

A total of about 370 million short tons (336 million t) of demonstrated and inferred coal 

resources in 18 coal beds or zones underlie the area. Three of these units, the Van Lear 

coal bed and the Peach Orchard and Richardson coal zones, contain more resources and 

have produced more coal than the other 15 beds or zones combined, though 7 other beds or 

zones are of local importance. Thirty samples of coal from 14 beds were subjected to standard coal analysis, and 45 samples of coal were subjected to trace-element analysis. The 

standard analyses indicate that most of the coal in the area is of high-volatile B or A 

bituminous rank but that some is high-volatile C bituminous in rank. The indicated sulfur content of several of the coals is less than 1 percent but several others have sulfur contents in the 2--0 percent range. Some geographic and stratigraphic variations of certain 

trace elements within the coals are noted. 

1 
2 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

INTRODUCTION 

LOCATION 

This report describes the geology and provides coal resources and 

analytical data for five 7 V2 -minute quadrangles within the Appalachian 

coal region. Four of the quadrangles, bounded by lats 37° 52'30" N. and 

38°07'30"N. and by longs 82°37'30"W. and 82°52'30"W., are in 

Johnson and Lawrence Counties, Ky.; and one quadrangle, bounded by 

lats 38°N. and 38°07'30"N. and by longs 82°30'W. and 82°37'30"W., is 

approximately half in Lawrence County, Ky., and half in Wayne 

County, W. Va. (fig. 1). 

DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT 

The geologic mapping of the five quadrangles described herein was 

done as a part of the U.S. Geological Survey and Kentucky Geological 

Survey cooperative 1 :24,000-scale mapping project of the State of Kentucky. These five quadrangles were selected for additional detailed 

study of the coal geology as little previous scientific coal research had 

been done in them. The resultant geologic quadrangle maps are 

basically similar to other Kentucky geologic quadrangle maps but differ 

in that only coal beds of potential commercial value (except coal beds 

used as stratigraphic color breaks) are shown and in that thicknesses of 

individual coal beds are shown at numerous localities. The published 

quadrangle maps should be used by the reader of this report for a better 

understanding of this report's contents; they are U.S. Geological Survey 

Geologic Quadrangle Maps of the Sitka quadrangle (Hayes, 1977), the 

Richardson quadrangle (Sanchez and others, 1978), the Louisa 

quadrangle (Connor and Flores, 1978), the Adams quadrangle (Ward, 

1978), and the Blaine quadrangle (Pillmore and Connor, 1978). 

PREVIOUS WORK 

Very little work has been done previously on the coal geology of the 

report area. Crandall (1905) very briefly described some of the coal 

along the Levisa Fork in the Richardson quadrangle. Phalen (1912) 

mapped several coal beds in a very general way in the Blaine, Adams, 

and Louisa quadrangles. Hauser (1953) mapped and described several 

coal beds of the Sitka quadrangle in somewhat greater detail. Huddle, 

Lyons, Smith, and Ferm (1963) summarized all previous study of the 

coals of the area in a report on the coal resources of eastern Kentucky. 

Of primary use to us were a structure contour map of Lawrence County 

by Hudnall and Pirtle ( 1926) and geologic maps of adjacent 

quadrangles by Outerbridge (1964, 1966, 1977), Jenkins (1966), Sharps 

(1967), Rice (1968), and Carlson (1971). 
INTRODUCTION 3 

0 5 MILES 

EXPLANATION 

Monongahela (?)and Conemaugh 

Formations 

-"'"""'T"-- Normal fault-Bar and ball 

on downthrown side 

-Joo- Structure contour on principal 

coal bed of Peach Orchard 

coal zone-Showing elevation above sea level, in 

meters 

Breathitt Formation 

Lee Formation 

FIGURE !.-Generalized geologic map of Pennsylvanian rocks in Adams, Blaine, 

Richardson, and Sitka quadrangles, Kentucky, and Louisa quadrangle, Kentucky-West Virginia. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

We are grateful to numerous local landowners and strip-mine 

operators who allowed access to their lands and who supplied us with 

information on coal exposures. We are indebted to the A. G. P. Coal 

Co., the Arrington Bros. Coal Co., the Consolidation Coal Co., and the 

Kentucky Department of Highways for allowing us to examine drill 

cores and drill records and to the Gaddy Engineering Co., for allowing 

us to examine some reports on private coal properties. We are especially 
4 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

indebted to Charles L. Rice and William F. Outerbridge of the U.S. 

Geological Survey for acquainting us with local coal stratigraphy when 

we were beginning our work in the area and to John C. Horne of the 

University of South Carolina for sharing his unpublished data on coal 

beds in highway cuts. Many other geologists also lent help and advice 

both in the field and during compilation. 

METHODS AND DEFINITIONS 

The coal resource calculations presented in this report were made in 

accordance with the standardized methods used by the U.S. Bureau of 

Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey (1976) except that, for reasons 

described here, in most cases we were more conservative in the calculation of inferred resources than is customary. The coal beds as depicted 

on the geologic quadrangle maps of the report area were drawn in accordance with the latest guidelines accepted by the joint U.S. Geological 

Survey-Kentucky Geological Survey geologic mapping project. In 

general, the methods for resource calculation and guidelines for coalbed mapping are compatible, but the reader should be aware of what 

those methods and guidelines are and the small ways in which they may 

seem to be in conflict. 

Resource calculations were not made for beds that are less than 14 in. 

(36 em) thick, and coal beds believed to be less than that thickness are 

not shown on the geologic maps except where they are important 

stratigraphic markers separating differently colored stratigraphic units 

on the maps. On the maps, coal beds more than 14 in. (36 em) thick are 

depicted by one symbol within about 1 km of points of observation, 

such as adits, prospects, strip benches, road cuts, or drill holes, and are 

depicted by another symbol for an additional 1 km, except in cases 

where the bed is known to be cut out by channel sands or thins to less 

than 14 in. (36 em) in a lesser distance. In the resource calculations, the 

resources were considered to be demonstrated if they are within 0. 75 mi 

(1.21 km) of an adit, strip mine, or point of measurement, except in 

cases where the bed is known to be cut out by channel sands or 

otherwise thinned to less than 14 in. (36 em) in a lesser distance. U.S. 

Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey resource calculation standards dictate that coal resources to a distance of 3 mi ( 4.8 km) from 

points of control be considered inferred resources, but because of the 

lenticular nature of most beds in these quadrangles we generally did not 

calculate inferred resources beyond the mapped limit of the bed (about 

1 mi or 1.6 km). For a few beds known to be laterally extensive, the inferred resources were calculated for a greater distance, but nowhere 

more than 3 mi ( 4.8 km) from a point of observation. In the resource 

tables, coal that occurs in beds greater than 28 in. (71 em) thick is 

shown separately from coal that occurs in beds 14-28 in. (36-71 em) 

thick. For beds with one or more partings, the thickness of the coal bed 
GEOLOGIC SETTING 5 

· is considered to be the total thickness of the coal, exclusive of the 

partings. In cases where a parting is thicker than the coal benches above 

or below, the benches are considered to be separate beds. 

The resource tables have columns showing coal mined and coal lost in 

mining prior to 1976. These calculations are relatively simple to make 

for stripped areas because the area stripped can be seen. Because mine 

maps are unavailable for a vast majority of the small underground 

mines, however, it is only possible to estimate how large an area has 

been worked. In most cases, we assumed that an area within a radius of 

about 300ft (90 m) of the adit had been mined or lost in mining. 

GEOLOGIC SETTING 

The report area, a part of the Appalachian Plateau physiographic 

province, is underlain by nearly horizontal, sparsely faulted Carboniferous rocks that have been intricately dissected by a dendritic 

drainage system (fig. 1). There is little flat land, except along the bottoms of some of the major streams, and local relief between drainage 

courses and adjacent ridges ranges from 60 to 120 m in the northwestern 

part of the area and from 105 to 150 m in the southeastern part. The 

highest ground elevation above sea level is about 390 m in the southcentral part of the Sitka quadrangle; the lowest point is about 165 m 

above sea level in the northwest part of the Louisa quadrangle. All of 

the area drains to the Big Sandy River, which joins the Ohio River 

about 32 km north of Louisa, Ky. Roughly, the southeast half of the 

area drains via the Levisa and Tug Forks, which join at Louisa to form 

the Big Sandy. The remainder of the area drains via tributaries, chiefly 

Blaine Creek, that join the Big Sandy north of Louisa. 

STRATIGRAPHY OF PENNSYLVANIAN ROCKS 

All the consolidated rocks that crop out within the report area are assigned to the Pennsylvanian System. The oldest exposed formation is 

the Lower Pennsylvanian Lee Formation (fig. 2), which is overlain by 

the Lower and Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation. The 

Breathitt Formation of Kentucky is represented in West Virginia by the 

Kanawha and overlying Allegheny Formations. Above the Breathitt or 

Allegheny is the Upper Pennsylvanian Conemaugh Formation, which is 

overlain with undefined contact in this area by the Upper Pennsylvanian Monongahela(?) Formation. 

LEE FORMATION 

The Lee Formation is present in valley bottoms in three separate outcrop belts in the western part of the report area (fig. 1). Nowhere is its 

base exposed; the maximum exposed thickness is 45 m near the west 
6 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

~~ EXPLANATION 

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Coal bed or zone of relatively great economic importance 

Coal bed or zone of intermediate economic importance 

Coal bed or zone of relatively little economic importance 

Local coal bed of no economic importance 

----- Important stratigraphic marker 

Unnamed coal bed 

r----- Brush Creek Limestone Member of !"' Conemaugh Formation 

Brush Creek coal bed 

Princess No.9 coal zone (3) 

Princess No. 8 coal bed 

Princess No. 7 coal bed 

Princess No. 6 coal zone (4) 

y Van port Limestone Member as used ~---- by Phalen (1912) 

Richardson coal zone (5) 

Broas coal zone (7) 

Peach Orchard coal zone (3) 

Hazard coal zone (3) 

r------+-Haddix coal bed ---= Magoffin Member 

Hamlin coal zone (2) 

~===1:::Fire Clay rider coal bed 

Fire Clay coal bed 

~==;;;;;l Little Fire Clay coal bed 

Whitesburg coal bed 

1---==cJ..-Kendrick Shale of Jillson (1919) 

Williamson coal zone (2) 

Van Lear coal bed 

METERS FEET 

200 

50 - r-----

100 

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FIGURE 2.-Stratigraphic positions and relative economic importance of coal beds in the 

study area and the stratigraphic intervals represented in each of the quadrangles of the 

study area. Numbers in parentheses following zone names indicate maximum number 

of beds in zone. Scale is approximate. 
GEOLOGIC SE'ITING 7 

edge of the area. The exposed part of the formation consists almost entirely of resistant thick beds of fine- to coarse-grained, locally pebbly, 

crossbedded sandstone; but a few thin interbeds of sandy siltstone occur. Although lenticular coal beds have been found in the Lee in other 

areas of Kentucky (Huddle and others, 1963), none occur at the surface 

in the report area. However, several thin allochthonous coal beds were 

encountered in the Lee in a core hole drilled by the U.S. Geological 

Survey in the northeastern part of the Blaine quadrangle (Connor, 

1975). 

The formation is overlain by the Breathitt Formation with a 

gradational, probably intertonguing, contact. 

BREATHITT FORMATION 

The Breathitt Formation, approximately 250m thick (fig. 2), crops 

out in all parts of the report area except in the northeast corner of the 

Louisa quadrangle, where it is covered by the overlying Conemaugh and 

Monongahela(?) Formations. The Breathitt is made up of interbedded 

sandstone, siltstone, shale, coal, underclay, and limestone, in roughly 

decreasing order of abundance. Sandstone is relatively more abundant 

in the upper half of the formation than in the lower half. For convenience's sake the formation is described in six parts. 

BASE OF FORMATION TO BASE OF VAN LEAR COAL BED 

The thickness of the interval between the base of the Breathitt Formation and the base of the Van Lear coal bed is generally between 45 

and 50 m but may range from 37 to 55 m. Silty shale and siltstone are 

the most abundant constituents of the interval, and sandstone, 

generally in lenticular bodies, is the next most abundant. The interval 

also contains as many as three fairly persistent coal beds in the south 

half of the area, none of which is known to exceed 13 in. (33 em) in 

thickness at any place in the report area. At least two zones in the middle third of the interval in the Sitka quadrangle contain biscuit-shaped 

calcareous concretions as much as several meters in diameter. 

BASE OF VAN LEAR COAL BED TO BASE OF WHITESBURG COAL BED 

The thickness of the interval between the base of the Van Lear coal 

bed and the base of the Whitesburg coal bed may be as little as about 21 

m and as much as about 42 m within the report area but averages 

between 30 and 35 m. The Van Lear coal bed, one of the most important 

commercial beds of the area, is very persistent, lacks partings, and is 

locally as thick as 34 in. (86 em). The Van Lear is commonly overlain by 

clay shale but is locally overlain by channel sandstone. Most of the 
8 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

12-28-m-thick (averaging 19-m-thick) interval separating the Van Lear 

from the next overlying coal zone, the Williamson, is made up of silty 

shale, siltstone, and sandstone, but locally a thin canneloid coal is present 5 or 6 m above the Van Lear. The Williamson coal may occur as 

one bed or as two beds separated by as much as a meter of rooted shale. 

The coal beds are locally absent, presumably owing to nondeposition, 

and are generally only a few inches thick, but one is locally as much as 

36 in. (91 em) thick. The Williamson coal zone is commonly overlain by 

the Kendrick Shale of Jillson (1919), which, where present, may be as 

much as 6 m thick. The Kendrick is a dark-gray fissile marine shale 

that contains fossiliferous limestone concretions. Most of the 

8-28-m-thick (averaging 13- to 14-m-thick) interval separating the 

Williamson coal zone from the Whitesburg coal bed is made up of siltstone, silty shale, and sandstone; a rare thin lenticular coal bed may occur in the interval. 

BASE OF WHITESBURG COAL BED TO BASE OF MAGOFFIN MEMBER 

The interval between the base of the Whitesburg coal bed and the 

base of the Magoffin Member generally ranges in thickness from 21 to 

35 m and averages about 28 m. Within the interval are five very persistent coal beds or zones. The Whitesburg coal bed at the base, except 

where locally cut out by overlying channel sandstones, ranges in 

thickness from a few inches to as much as 42 in. (107 em). The bed is 

rarely parted and has been mined at many localities. The Whitesburg 

may be separated from the Little Fire Clay coal bed, next above, by as 

little as 0.7 m and by as much as 7.5 m, but the separation is generally 

2-4m. The rock immediately above the Whitesburg is commonly canneloid shale, but most of the interval up to the Little Fire Clay coal bed 

is usually silty shale, although sandstone or siltstone may be present. 

The Little Fire Clay coal bed (included as the upper bed of the 

Whitesburg coal zone in the Blaine quadrangle), called the Upper 

Whitesburg bed by Huddle, Lyons, Smith, and Ferm (1963), is nearly 

everywhere less than 10 in. (25 em) thick but is locally as much as 26 in. 

(66 em) thick; it lacks partings. The interval between the Little Fire 

Clay coal bed and the Fire Clay coal bed, next above, is 5-12 m and 

averages about 9 m; it consists primarily of sandstone and siltstone or 

silty shale at most localities. The Fire Clay coal bed is generally less 

than 10 in. (25 em) thick but is locally as much as 34 in. (86 em); it is of 

moderate economic importance. A flint-clay parting from 1 to 5 em 

thick is nearly everywhere found in or adjacent to the Fire Clay coal 

bed. From 0.7 to 6 m and averaging about 2m above the Fire Clay coal 

bed is the Fire Clay rider coal bed. The Fire Clay rider, which is nearly 

everywhere distinctively canneloid in its upper part, is generally less 

than 12 in. (30 em) thick but is locally as thick as 37 in. (94 em). The interval between the Fire Clay rider coal bed and the Hamlin coal zone 
GEOLOGIC SETTING 9 

may be as little as 3 m or as great as 14m but generally is between 6 and 

10m. It is made up of varying proportions of siltstone, silty shale, and 

sandstone, but a rare thin lenticular coal bed may be present. The 

Hamlin coal zone is commonly made up of two coal beds, each less than 

6 in. (15 em) thick, separated by rooted clay; but in some places only 

one bed is present. The greatest observed thickness of a bed of the 

Hamlin zone is 19 in. (48 em). The thickness of the interval between the 

Hamlin coal zone and the base of the Magoffin Mem her may range from 

as little as 3m to as much as 13m but is most commonly about 6-7 m. 

This interval generally is made up of varying proportions of sandstone, 

siltstone, and silty shale. Locally in the Richardson and Louisa 

quadrangles, the top of the interval is occupied by the Taylor coal bed, 

which is everywhere less than 14 in. (36 em) thick. 

BASE OF MAGOFFIN MEMBER TO BASE OF PEACH ORCHARD COAL ZONE 

The interval between the base of the Magoffin Member and the base 

of the Peach Orchard coal zone varies greatly in both thickness and 

lithology. The thickness may be as little as 16m and as great as 64 m, 

although for the most part it ranges from 21 to 47 m and may average 

about 27 m. The interval may contain as many as four coal beds, or 

there may be none. Some variations in lithology are due to nondeposition and some to channel scour and fill. 

The Magoffm Member of the Breathitt Formation, which contains 

marine invertebrate fossils, is apparently absent over extensive areas of 

the Blaine, Adams, Sitka, and Richardson quadrangles; where present, 

it varies in lithologic character. It is nowhere more than 6 m thick and is 

more commonly 1-2 m thick. The Magoffin consists of a bed of resistant, calcareous, fine-grained sandstone as much as 1 m thick, that 

grades upward into gray, fossiliferous limestone as much as 0.7 m thick. 

This is overlain by dark-gray, calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous, platy 

shale. Any or all of these components may be missing locally. The Haddix coal bed lies from 0 to 2 m above the Magoffin Member. The Haddix 

has been cut out by channel sandstones in many places, but where not 

cut out, it seems to be persistent. It is thicker than 14 in. (36 em) at 

many places and is locally as thick as 34 in. (86 em). From 3 to 20m, 

averaging about 8 m, above the Haddix coal bed lies the Hazard coal 

bed or zone. The interval between the beds is generally occupied by 

silty shale but may be occupied by sandstone. In most places the 

Hazard is one bed, but in the Sitka and Blaine quadrangles an additional one or two beds may occur within a few meters above the top of 

the principal bed. The Hazard coal bed or the principal bed of the 

Hazard zone is generally less than 14 in. (36 em) thick but is locally as 

thick as 51 in. (130 em). The thickness of the interval between the 

Hazard coal bed or zone and the base of the Peach Orchard coal zone 
10 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

may be as little as 5 moras great as 32m but is generally in the 6 to 18 

m range and probably averages about 12 m. The interval nearly 

everywhere contains some channel sandstone in addition to silty shale 

and is commonly dominated by sandstone. 

BASE OF PEACH ORCHARD COAL ZONE TO TOP OF RICHARDSON COAL ZONE 

The interval from the base of the Peach Orchard coal zone to the top 

of the Richardson coal zone is 35-75 m thick and averages about 60-65 

m thick. This interval contains a considerably higher proportion of 

sandstone than the underlying part of the Breathitt Formation and contains the thickest coal beds. 

The Peach Orchard coal zone, 3-18m thick and averaging about 10m 

thick, usually contains two or three coal beds that commonly contain 

partings of carbonaceous shale. Individual coal beds in the zone may be 

as thick as 84 in. (213 em), exclusive of partings, and nearly everywhere 

at least one bed of the zone exceeds 14 in. (36 em) in thickness. The coal 

beds of the zone are generally separated by siltstone or silty shale. From 

8 to 29m and averaging 14m above the Peach Orchard coal zone is the 

Broas coal zone. This interval contains sandstone with some siltstone or 

silty shale. The Broas coal zone usually contains two coal beds 

separated by 5-15 m, averaging 9 m, of siltstone and sandstone. The 

beds of the Broas zone are generally less than 14 in. (36 em) thick, but 

locally the upper bed is 63 in. (160 em) thick, and the lower bed 24 in. 

(61 em) thick. The Broas coal zone is separated from the Richardson 

coal zone, next above, by an interval that may range from 9 to 36m 

thick and averages about 20-25 m thick, dominantly of sandstone. The 

Richardson coal zone generally contains about three coal beds within a 

zone that averages about 10m thick. The lowest bed of the zone is the 

most persistent, and except where locally missing, is nearly everywhere 

more than 14 in. (36 em) thick. At one place it is 93 in. (236 em) thick. 

Upper beds of the zone are generally thinner than 14 in. (36 em), but 

one is locally 58 in. (147 em) thick. 

TOP OF RICHARDSON COAL ZONE TO TOP OF FORMATION 

The interval between the top of the Richardson coal zone and the top 

of the Breathitt Formation, present in its entirety only in the northern 

tier of quadrangles (fig. 2), ranges in thickness from 33 to 60 m and 

averages about 50 m, tending to be thicker to the east than to the west. 

Within the interval is a marine limestone unit, a flint-clay marker bed, 

and three coal zones any or all of which may be locally cut out by one of 

the many channel sandstone bodies in the interval. 

In parts of the Blaine and Adams quadrangles, the fossiliferous Vanport Limestone Member of Phalen (1912) rests immediately upon or 

within 1 to 2 m above the top of the Richardson coal zone. The Van port 
GEOLOGIC SETTING 11 

is probably absent in the other quadrangles because the shallow sea in 

which it was deposited did not reach that far southeastward. It is cut 

out over large parts of the Adams and Blaine quadrangles by channel 

sandstones. Where present, the Vanport, rarely more than 1m thick, is 

commonly sideritic and limonitic. 

The Princess No. 6 coal zone lies between 5 and 35m and averages 

about 10 m above the Richardson coal zone or Vanport Limestone 

Member. The interval may be occupied by sandstone or siltstone, and a 

flint-clay marker bed a few centimeters thick can generally be found 

within a few meters below the base of the Princess No.6. The Princess 

No. 6 coal zone was not observed south of the northern tier of 

quadrangles. In those northern quadrangles, it generally contains three 

or four coal beds each only a few centimeters thick separated by rooted 

clay. The greatest observed thickness of any individual bed in the zone 

is 14 in. (36 em), but the entire zone may be as much as 3m thick. The 

Princess No. 7 coal bed lies 6-10 m, and averages 8 m, above the 

Princess No.6 coal zone. The Princess No. 7 is nearly everywhere less 

than 14 in. (36 em) thick but is locally as much as 36 in. (91 em) thick. 

Ranging from 8 to 14 m and averaging 11 m above the Princess No. 7 

coal bed is the Princess No. 8 coal bed. The Princess No. 8 rarely exceeds 14 in. (36 em) in thickness but locally is 26 in. (66 em) thick. The 

Princess No.8 bed lies between 12 and 24m and averages about 15m 

below the top of the Breathitt Formation. The top of the Breathitt is 

placed at the top of the main (middle) bed of the Princess No.9 coal 

zone in the few areas where that bed occurs; otherwise, it is placed at 

the lowest occurrence of the reddish-gray and greenish-gray shales of 

the Conemaugh Formation. 

CONEMAUGH AND MONONGAHELA(?) FORMATIONS 

The lower part of the Conemaugh Formation is exposed across the 

northern part of the Blaine, Adams, and Louisa quadrangles. All of the 

Conemaugh Formation and the lower part of the Monongahela(?) Formation are exposed only in the extreme northeastern part of the Louisa 

quadrangle. As in the Louisa quadrangle (Connor and Flores, 1978), we 

here consider the formation undivided because the Pittsburgh coal bed, 

defined as the base of the Monongahela Formation, is not present. 

However, about 110 m above the base of the Conemaugh is an underclay that, in stratigraphic position and appearance, resembles an 

underclay in the quadrangle to the northwest that Sharps (1967) considered to be a possible lateral equivalent of the Pittsburgh coal bed. 

Another 25m of rocks are partly exposed above the underclay. Troughcrossbedded sandstone, relatively more abundant and thicker bedded 

in the upper part of the interval, is the dominant rock type; inspection 

of hand specimens indicates that it is more feldspathic than sandstones 

in the Breathitt Formation. Except where carbonaceous, the interven-
12 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

ing claystones and silty claystones are greenish gray, dusky yellow, and 

grayish red, in contrast to the gray fine-grained rocks of the Breathitt. A 

30-cm-thick carbonaceous black shale containing fresh-water conchostracans (small bivalved crustaceans) was found in the northeastern 

part of the Louisa quadrangle. This black shale unit occurs 30 m above 

the only marine unit in the Conemaugh in the area and may be a lateral 

equivalent of the marine Ames Limestone Member, which is present in 

the quadrangle to the northwest (Sharps, 1967). 

The marine Brush Creek Limestone Member, 15-43 m above the base 

of the Conemaugh, is as thick as 0.6 m. It is exposed in the northern 

parts of all three quadrangles, becoming thinner to the east and containing smaller and more fragmented and worn fossils in the Louisa 

quadrangle. No supposition is made as to the exact former southern extent of the Brush Creek Limestone Member because the unit has been 

removed by erosion south of the central parts of the northern three 

quadrangles. Coal beds were found only in the lower part of the 

Conemaugh Formation: an unnamed coal bed occurs about 4 m above 

the Brush Creek Limestone Member in the Adams and Louisa 

quadrangles and is locally at least 24 in. (61 em) thick; the Brush Creek 

coal bed, about 5 m below the Brush Creek Limestone Member, also occurs in the Adams and Louisa quadrangles and is as much as 32 in. (81 

em) thick; and the uppermost coal bed of the Princess No.9 coal zone, 

about midway between the Brush Creek coal bed and the base of the 

Conemaugh Formation, was found only in core K-1-75 in the central 

part of the Louisa quadrangle where it is 36 in. (91 em) thick. 

INTERPRETATION OF DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY 

We feel that field evidence and core data collected from the report 

area generally support published reports (Horne and Ferm, 1976; Home 

and others, 1974; Ferm, 1974; Ferm and others, 1971; Flores, 1978; 

Henry and Schweinfurth, 1977) that the major depositional environments of the rocks associated with the coals are successively: open 

marine, tidal flats, barrier island complex (Lee Sandstone), estuary or 

lagoon (top of Lee Formation to below Van Lear coal bed), lower delta 

plain and transitional zone (below Van Lear coal bed through Hazard 

coal zone), upper delta plain (Peach Orchard coal zone to Princess No. 

6 coal zone), alluvial plain (Princess No. 6 coal zone to below Brush 

Creek Limestone Member), and lower delta plain (Brush Creek 

Limestone Member to top of section in lower part· of Monongahela(?) 

Formation). (See figs. 3, 4.) 

The rocks of the area are exposed as deep as the upper part of the Lee 

Formation. USGS core hole (K-3-75 (location shown in fig. 5), which 

was spudded just below the Peach Orchard coal zone, penetrated the 

Lee Formation and ended in fossiliferous marine limestone (Connor, 

1975). 
FORMA- LITHOLTION OGY 

Q) 

Q) 

....J 

II) 

~ 

CJ 

e 

"'0 

Q) 

E 

«< 

r::: 

r::: 

::J 

GEOLOGIC SETI'ING 

DEPOSITIONAL 

ENVIRONMENT 

LOWER DELTA PLAIN 

TIDAL CHANNEL 

ESTUARY OR LAGOON 

BARRIER ISLAND 

COMPLEX 

TIDAL FLATS 

MARINE CARBONATES 

EXPLANATION 

~ Shale 

(-~ Bioturbated shale 

~ Silty shale 

~ Bioturbated silty shale 

~ Siltstone 

~ Bioturbated siltstone 

[///:~-W~J Sandstone 

[2] Bioturbated sandstone 

[Tiill Conglomerate 

Fl Coal spars ~43 Coal bed-Thickness 

g ~ Ca~::::~. :::~~oters 

~ Limestone 

I : :I Marine fossils 

METERS FEET 

0 0 

10 

50 

20 

30 100 

FIGURE 3.-Interpreted environments of deposition of rocks in lower part of USGS 

corehole K-3-75, from Van Lear coal bed through sandstone of Lee Formation to 

bottom of hole in fossiliferous marine limestone. Depths below Peach Orchard 

coal zone at top of core hole are as follows: base of Breathitt Formation, 134m; 

base of Lee Formation, 186m; base of core hole, 220m. 

13 
14 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

FORMATION 

~ 

-cr:::: 

c:-

cu cu 

..r:.Q; 

C)..t:: 

:I cu cu C) ·e c: CD 0 t:: t:: 0 0 

0~ r-- 1-----

r--

r--

r--

r----

1-----

1---

::: ,___ :s 

cu 1---- CD 

eli 1---~ 

-

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-

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CD 

CD 

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1\/VvV 

METERS FEET 

0110: 

50 200 

COAL BEDS, COAL ZONES, DEPOSITIONAL 

AND MARINE BEDS ENVIRONMENT 

Lower delta plain 

Unnamed coal bed 

Brush Creek Ls. Mbr. of Conemaugh Fm. 

Brush Creek coal bed 

Princess No. 9 coal zone 

Princess No. 8 coal bed 

Alluvial plain 

Princess No. 7 coal bed 

Princess No. 6 coal zone 

Vanport Limestone Member as used by Phalen 

(1912) 

!'Richardson coal zone 

Upper delta plaint 

Broas coal zone 

Peach Orchard coal zonet r---------

~azard coal zone addix coal bed 

Magoffin Member Transitional zone Hamlin coal zone Fire Clay rider coal bed 

r'Fire Clay coal bed 

Little Fire Clay coal bed r--------- !"Whitesburg coal bed 

,~endrick Shale of Jillson (1919) Williamson coal zone Lower delta plain 

Van Lear coal bed 

K Tidal channel>-

Estuary or lagoon 

Barrier island 

complex 

EXPLANATION 

Coal bed or zone of relatively great economic importance 

Coal bed or zone of intermediate economic importance 

Coal bed or zone of relatively little economic importance 

Local coal bed of no economic importance 

Important stratigraphic marker 

FIGURE 4.-Interpreted environments of deposition of rocks exposed in report area. 

Scale approximate. 
GEOLOGIC SE'ITING 15 

~r 82°52 '30" 45' 37'30" , 30' 

.3 

1 J8 • (K-3-75) 

• 10 

5•• 4 • 6.7 (K-2-75) 19 2 • • 

20 24 

11 • .21 251 26 • 12 (K-1-75) 27 •• 

8 .13 22•.23 28 • • L.I.J 9 N 

<( (K-4-75)• 115-14 

~ BLAINE 111 ADAMS LOUISA , .34 EXPLANATION 

• CORE LOCALITYK- number indicates 

USGS core .35 • SURFACE SAMPLE 

38 .36 LOCALITY 

39 •• 37 

41 ,. 

29 • 40 

30 • 42 

• .31 •• 43 0 2 4 KILOMETERS 

32 I I I 

37° • 33• SITKA 

I I 

RICHARDSON 0 1 2 MILES 

52' 

30" 

FIGURE 5.-Map showing numbered coal sample localities in and near report area. 

Description of samples is given in table 3. 

The following discussion of the depositional history of the report area 

is based on core K -3-75 from the marine limestone upward to the top of 

the Lee Formation (fig. 3); above the Lee the interpretation (summarized in fig. 4) is based on both core data and on field information 

provided by workers in the five quadrangles (Hayes, 1977; Sanchez and 

others, 1978; Connor and Flores, 1978; Ward, 1978; and Pillmore and 

Connor, 1978). 

OPEN MARINE CARBONATES AND TIDAL FLATS 

ROCKS BELOW LEE FORMATION 

The 5 m of marine limestone and overlying fossiliferous calcareous 

shale at the base of core K-3-75, below the Lee Formation, are considered to have been deposited as an open-marine carbonate mud supporting a rich invertebrate fauna consisting dominantly of crinoids. 

These carbonates were overlain by terrigenous detritus now 
16 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

representing the next 27 m of rock. These sediments represent a lowenergy environment characterized by fine-grained, slightly calcareous 

clastics. Abundant burrows indicate little current activity, although a 

few thin layers of fine rippled sandstone suggest low-energy currents. 

Grayish-red and olive-brown colors indicate partial oxidation, and 

zones of root penetration and thin coal show local areas of subaerial exposure and development of vascular plants. In view of the open-marine 

deposits below and barrier-island deposits above, this group of rocks appears to represent a broad coastal low-energy ·mudflat periodically 

flooded, perhaps by tidal activity, with some coal-marsh development. 

BARRIER-ISLAND COMPLEX 

SANDSTONE OF LEE FORMATION 

Upon the low-energy tidal flats lies an offshore barrier-island complex represented by the next 52 m of sandstone of the Lee Formation. 

This rock unit has four distinct subunits with erosional bases bearing 

pebbles as large as 5 em in longest dimension. The principal criteria for 

recognizing barrier environments are according to Home and Ferm 

(1976, p. 18): 

* * *lateral relationships and mineralogy of the sandstones. In a seaward direction the 

sandstones become finer grained and intercalate with red and green calcareous shales and 

carbonates with marine faunas, whereas in a landward direction, they grade into dark 

gray lagoonal shales with brackish water faunas. Sandstones of the barrier system tend to 

be more quartzose and better sorted than those of the surrounding environments. * * * 

The seaward-landward criteria are met as is the mineralogical criterion. 

The sandstone, below the uppermost subunit, is estimated by handlens 

inspection to be about 70 percent quartz, in contrast to the 35-40 percent quartz in the overlying Breathitt delta-plain sandstones of the 

report area, as determined in a thin-section study by Flores (1978). 

ESTUARY OR LAGOON 

ROCKS FROM BASE OF BREATHITT FORMATION TO BELOW VAN LEAR COAL BED 

The barrier complex sediments are succeeded by deposits of a lagoon 

or estuary that lay landward of the bar. The back-barrier environment 

is characterized by Horne and Ferm (1976, p. 21) as 

* * * sequences of organic-rich dark gray shales and siltstones which are directly overlain 

by thin laterally discontinuous coals or burrowed sideritic zones. These lagoonal-bayfill 

sequences coarsen upward, are extensively burrowed, and often contain marine to 

brackish faunas. Seaward, they intertongue with orthoquartzitic sandstone of barrier 

origin, whereas in a landward direction, they intertongue with subgraywacke sandstone of 

fluvial-deltaic origin. These lagoonal deposits are 25 to 80 feet [7.5 to 24 meters] 

thick* * * 
GEOLOGIC SETTING 17 

The 23 m of sediments of this environment, conformable with the underlying barrier sand, consist of medium-dark-gray shale with siltstone 

streaks and dark-gray silty shale in the lower part coarsening to rippled 

and intensively burrowed interlaminated shale and sandstone in the 

upper part. No coal beds occur, probably because the water depth was 

too great. South of the Blaine quadrangle core location, in the Sitka 

quadrangle, several thin coal beds crop out in this interval, indicative 

that the shoreline of the lagoon or estuary lay in that direction. 

Above the lagoon sediments in the core is a 7-m-thick fine sandstone 

with ironstone pebbles at the erosional base. This probably was 

deposited in a tidal channel which coursed through the lagoon (J. C. 

Ferm, oral commun., 1978). 

LOWER DELTA PLAIN 

ROCKS FROM BELOW VAN LEAR COAL BED TO WHITESBURG COAL BED 

The approximately 50 m of sediments in the next environment, the 

lower delta plain, consist of coarsening-upward sequences each 5-15 m 

thick with coal and root-penetrated rocks at the top and bottom. These 

sequences consist of dark-gray clay shale with siltstone streaks, which 

grades upward into medium-gray silty shale, siltstone with sandstone 

streaks, and sandstones at the top. Burrows are common in the lower 

part of the sequences. Where the sandstone at the top of the sequence is 

thin, less than 1 m, the lower contact is gradational; but where the 

sandstone is on the oder of 2-3 m thick, the basal contact is generally 

erosional. The coarsening-upward pattern is believed to reflect bay 

sedimentation, and the sandstones at the top, crevasse splays or distributary mouth bars. Coal beds are thin (less than a meter thick) but 

generally persistent. These features are consistent with Home and 

Ferm's description of the lower delta plain (Ferm, 1974, p. 87-88; Home 

and Ferm, 1976, p. 11-14). 

The lower part of the bay above the Williamson coal zone contains 

marine fossils representing a marine incursion. These shales, the 

Kendrick Shale of Jillson (1919), are found at scattered outcrops in the 

southern two quadrangles, and in the southernmost part of the Adams 

and Louisa quadrangles, but not in the Blaine quadrangle. North of the 

outcrop areas, the Kendrick is in the subsurface, and only three cores 

that intersected this horizon were available: USGS core K-3-75 in 

northeastern Blaine quadrangle, a company core in west-central Adams 

quadrangle, and USGS core K-4-75 in southeastern Blaine quadrangle 

(locations of USGS cores are shown in fig. 5). None of these cores contain fossiliferous Kendrick Shale, but 2-6 m of burrowed interlaminated shale and siltstone or siltstone and sandstone occur at its 

approximate position, indicating that the Kendrick sea was present in 

this area. 
18 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TRANSITIONAL ZONE 

ROCKS FROM WHITESBURG COAL BED 

TO BASE OF PEACH ORCHARD COAL ZONE 

Between the lower delta plain, described previously, and the upper 

delta plain, above the Peach Orchard coal zone, is a transitional zone. 

In the report area this is represented by about 50-65 m of sediments. 

Bay deposits, individually 1.5-9 m thick, are thinner than in the lower 

delta plain. Channel-sand deposits are common but less abundant and 

thinner than in the upper delta plain. Coal beds attain a maximum 

thickness of 1.3 m. Deposits of a marine incursion, the Magoffin 

Member of the Breathitt Formation, are found in the southern third of 

the Louisa quadrangle and at scattered localities in the other four 

quadrangles of the report area. The authors of the geologic maps of 

those quadrangles considered the Magoffin to be absent over much of 

the area. The Magoffin is absent in USGS core K-3-75 but present in 

K-4-75 and in a company core in west-central Adams quadrangle. 

UPPER DELTA PLAIN 

ROCKS FROM BASE OF PEACH ORCHARD COAL ZONE 

TO BASE OF PRINCESS NO. 6 COAL ZONE 

The 60-65 m of upper delta plain deposits are characterized by thick 

channel sands and by fewer and thinner interdistributary bay deposits 

than in the lower delta plain. The coal beds are thicker than in any 

other environment represented in the report area. Some are persistent, 

others erratically distributed; maximum thickness is 2.4 m. Rootpenetrated rocks, probably representing shallow ponds or levees, are 

common. Owing in part to lateral migration of streams, individual 

1.5-6-m-thick sandstone units with erosional bases are stacked one 

upon another commonly to 15m thick. An unusually thick (more than 

30m) sandstone sequence is found just south of the projected trace of 

the Walbridge fault (fig. 1) in the Louisa quadrangle in a zone about 0.8 

km wide, where the Princess No. 5 through Princess No. 8 coal beds are 

absent. The stacking of sandstone bodies in this area supports and 

geographically extends the conclusion of Horne and Ferm (1976) that 

the stacking of sandstones in the Adams quadrangle along U.S. 

Highway 23, just west of Levisa Fork, wa.s caused by diversion of 

streams along the subsiding block of a basement fault. The Walbridge 

fault may also have influenced or controlled the location of the 

transgression of the Vanport sea in the Adams quadrangle. The V anport 

Limestone Member occurs only south of that fault, in a band less than 

1.5 km wide from within 3 km of the east border to the west edge of the 

quadrangle. In the Blaine quadrangle, the limestone is absent in the 
GEOLOGIC SETTING 19 

northeastern part: company cores show that the interval is occupied by 

thick sandstone bodies that interfinger westward and southward with 

silty clays, carbonaceous shales, and root-penetrated silts and clays. 

Beyond this zone the limestone is found at scattered localities to the 

west and south in an arc 1.5-3 km wide from the northwest corner of the 

quadrangle south and east to where it joins the Vanport of the Adams 

quadrangle. The previously mentioned Magoffin Member also occurs 

only south of the Walbridge fault. 

ALL UVIAL PLAIN 

The alluvial-plain sediments differ from the upper delta plain sediments mainly in having markedly thinner and few coals. The sandstone 

channel deposits are coarser grained, more feldspathic. The finer 

grained flood-plain deposits, considering the area beyond the report 

area, are widespread. 

ROCKS FROM BASE OF PRINCESS NO. 6 COAL ZONE TO 

TOP OF BREATHITT FORMATION 

The thin coals in this 30-40-m interval are fairly persistent and commonly have many partings. A few coal beds are as thick as a meter, with 

limited lateral extent. The sandstones have lateral extents of at least 5 

km. The fine-grained sediments are gray. 

ROCKS FROM BASE OF CONEMAUGH FORMATION TO 

BRUSH CREEK COAL BED 

Coals of only local distribution are found in this interval. The most 

obvious difference between these alluvial-plain deposits and those in 

the interval described previously is the color of the fine-grained sediments. In contrast to the gray color there, here the color is greenish or 

yellowish gray or strikingly grayish purple or grayish red purple. These 

clays and silty clays are commonly intermixed with thin limestone 

layers, lenses, concretions, and nodules, all mostly less than 8 em thick, 

probably representing small fresh-water lakes or ponds. The color of the 

clays and the lack of coals, suggesting oxidizing conditions, and the thin 

fresh-water limestones are consistent with the interpreted environment 

of a broad alluvial flood plain. 

Henry and Schweinfurth (1977, p. 20) gave a similar interpretation 

for the Conemaugh and Monongahela Formations in West Virginia: 

The bulk of the sedimentary rocks in the area of the proposed Upper Pennsylvanian 

Series stratotype are overbank and other flood-plain deposits. * **The mudstone and 

claystone beds, particularly those that are grayish-red or variegated, were probably laid 

down in well flushed and oxygenated marginal lakes or marshes, some of which were extensive. * * * The nodular limestone, marly limestone, and limestone nodules set in 

calcareous claystone and mudstone were most likely deposited in oxygenated marshes or 
20 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

lakes. * * * The thin, discontinuous coal beds, carbonaceous shale, and carbonaceous 

claystone were deposited in stagnant, swampy depressions and marshes between and adjacent to the main stream channels. 

LOWER DELTA PLAIN 

ROCKS FROM BRUSH CREEK LIMESTONE MEMBER 

TO TOP OF EXPOSED SECTION IN MONONGAHELA(?) FORMATION 

A marine transgression resulted in deposition of the Brush Creek 

Limestone Member of the Conemaugh Formation, which is found in the 

extreme northeastern part of the Blaine quadrangle, in the northern 

part of the Adams quadrangle from the northwest comer to about the 

middle on the east, and in the north half of the Louisa quadrangle. 

Limestone with large whole fossils (pelecypods, brachiopods, crinoid 

stems) is found only in the north-central part of the Adams quadrangle. 

To the west, south, and east, shells are progressively smaller, more 

broken and worn, and crinoid stem segments are typically disarticulated. These features indicate a high-energy coastal zone. Though 

the southern~ limit of Brush Creek marine conditions cannot be 

observed, owing to erosion, it is clear that the shoreline of the sea was 

not far to the south. A few meters above the limestone is a coal bed, 

probably a brackish-water swamp deposit. About 30 m above the Brush 

Creek Limestone Member is carbonaceous black shale, 30 em thick, 

replete with conchostracans, small bivalved brackish- or fresh-water 

crustaceans. This unit may be a lateral equivalent of the Ames sea, 

which did not reach this far south: the nearest outcrop of its deposits is 

about 18 km to the northwest, in the Fallsburg-Prichard quadrangle 

(Sharps, 1967). 

Above the marine and brackish-water beds are 100m of lower delta 

plain deposits. The fine-grained deposits are similar to those of the alluvial plain. The sandstones are as thick as 9 m, have erosional bases, 

and are noticeably feldspathic, even without viewing with a handlens. 

Only a few thin carbonaceous shales or coaly shales are found. This part 

of the section is exposed only in the northeast comer of the Louisa 

quadrangle. 

GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE 

Inasmuch as the area is part of the Appalachian Plateau, the rock 

units are generally nearly horizontal and undisturbed by faulting. The 

single mapped fault in the area, the Walbridge fault, trends eastnortheast for about 18 km from the southwestern part of the Blaine 

quadrangle to the east-central part of the Adams quadrangle (fig. 1). 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 21 

This fault, which apparently dies out at both ends, is relatively 

downdropped on its south side a maximum of several tens of meters. 

The fault lies precisely along the trend of the north-dipping Walbridge 

monoclinal flexure, along which dips average 5°-10° and are locally 

much greater. To the south and north of the fault and monocline are 

several gently dipping and very gently east plunging anticlines and synclines. As a result of these structural features, the structurally highest 

part of the area, in which the oldest rocks are exposed, is in the 

northwestern part of the Sitka quadrangle, and the structurally lowest 

part of the area, in which the youngest rocks are exposed, is in the 

northeastern part of the Louisa quadrangle (figs. 1, 2). 

COAL BEDS OR ZONES 

Resource figures were calculated for 18 coal beds or zones in the 

report area (table 1). Three of these, the Van Lear coal bed and the 

Peach Orchard and Richardson coal zones, together contain more 

resources and have produced more coal in the past than the other 15 

beds or zones combined. Seven other coal beds or zones of local importance contain most of the remaining resources; listed from 

stratigraphically lowest to highest, they are the Whitesburg bed, Fire 

Clay bed, Fire Clay rider bed, Haddix bed, Hazard zone, Broas zone, 

and Princess No. 9 zone. The eight remaining coal beds or zones 

together contain only about 2 percent of the resources. All the 18 coal 

beds or zones and one additional uncommercial coal bed are described 

briefly herein in ascending stratigraphic order. (See fig. 2 for depiction 

of their position.) The total calculated resources of all beds and zones in 

each quadrangle and county are given in table 2. Figure 6A shows the 

areas for which resources were calculated. 

Because only unweathered coal samples can yield meaningful 

analytical results, no outcrop samples were collected. Samples were collected where available from working strip mines and cores. Sample 

descriptions are given in table 3 and sample localities are shown in 

figure 5. A summary of U.S. Geological Survey chemical analyses is 

given in table 4; bed-by-bed summaries of U.S. Bureau of Mines 

analyses and U.S. Geological Survey chemical analyses are given in 

tables 5 and 6; and analyses for 53 samples are given in table 27 near the 

end of this report. 

In the sections following, general comments on heat of combustion 

(as calculated on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis), ash, and sulfur 

are made for each coal bed. Elements other than sulfur are mentioned 

only if their abundance is considered unusual-at least three times 

greater than or as little as one-third the average of all the coal beds. 
TABLE 1.-Total coal resources stratigraphically by coal bed or zone in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=0.907 t (metric ton); 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~.equal to or greater than. Leaders (---),no resources] 

Coal Coal 

bed zone 

Van Lear 

Williamson 

Whitesburg 

Little Fire Clay 

Fire Clay 

Fire Clay rider 

Hamlin 

Haddix 

Hazard 

Peach Orchard 

Broas 

Richardson 

Princess No. 6 

Princess No. 7 

Princess No. 8 

Princess No. 9 

Brush Creek 

Unnamed 

Total---------

Original 

demonstrated 

resource 

In beds 

14-28 

in. 

thick 

28.8 

.5 

33.5 

3.6 

24.6 

20.2 

.1 

10.6 

14.1 

71.6 

16.8 

36.1 

N 

1.6 

2.8 

9.7 

.3 

275.0 

In beds 

~28 in. 

thick 

10.6 

.1 

5.2 

.5 

1.3 

1.3 

2.1 

16.3 

5.4 

21.2 

.1 

N 

2.9 

N 

67.0 

Mined and lost 

in mining 

In beds 

14-28 In beds 

in. >28 in. 

thick -thick 

0.3 2.1 

N 

.4 • 2 

N 

.1 .2 

.1 .1 

.3 .1 

.7 .2 

1.4 .9 

.1 • 5 

.6 1.8 

N 

N N 

N N 

.1 .1 

.1 

4.2 6.2 

Remaining 

demonstrated 

resource 

In beds 

14-28 

in. 

thick 

28.5 

.5 

33.1 

3.6 

24.5 

20.1 

.1 

10.3 

13.4 

70.2 

16.7 

35.5 

N 

1.6 

2.8 

9.6 

.2 

270.8 

In beds 

~28 in. 

thick 

8.5 

.1 

5.0 

.3 

1.2 

1.2 

1.9 

15.4 

4.9 

19.4 

.1 

2.8 

N 

60.8 

Inferred 

resource 

In beds 

~14 in. 

thick 

17.5 

2.8 

N 

3.7 

1.6 

.2 

1.6 

5.0 

1.1 

4.0 

.2 

.8 

38.5 

Total 

remaining 

In beds 

>14 in. 

-thick 

54.5 

.6 

40.9 

3.6 

28.5 

22.9 

.1 

11.7 

16.9 

90.6 

22.7 

59.0 

N 

1.7 

3.0 

13.2 

N 

.2 

370.1 

~ 

0 

0 

> t"'l 

0 

tzj 

0 

s 

0 

~-< 

@ 

~ 

?5 

~ 

-< 

~ 

~ 00 

~ 

~ 

~ 
TABLE 2.-Total coal resources by quadrangle and county in millions of short tons 

(N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 tona0.907 t; 

1 in.a2.54 em. ~' equal to or greater than] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. 28 in. in.> 28 in. in. 28 in. 14 in. 14 in. 

thick thick thick thick thick thick thick thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 36.5 4.2 0.7 0.2 35.8 4.0 2.9 42.7 

Sitka------ ---do--- 10.9 .3 N N 10.9 .3 2.8 14.0 

Do------- Johnson 37.2 14.8 .5 2.6 36.7 12.2 14.8 63.7 

Richardson- ---do--- 4.0 .9 .1 .7 3.9 .2 1.4 5.5 

Do------- Lawrence 57.7 11.7 1.2 1. 1 56.5 10.6 7.3 74.4 

Adams------ ---do--- 51.5 15.9 1.1 1.1 50.4 14.8 4.9 70.1 

Louisa----- ---do--- 50.4 15.6 .3 .4 50.1 15.2 2.6 67.9 

Do------- Wayne--- 6.8 3.6 .3 .1 6.5 3.5 1.8 31.8 

Total----------- 275.0 67.0 4.2 6.2 270.8 60.8 38.5 370.1 

0 

0 

> t'"'4 

t:P 

t.:zj 

t:l 

00 

0 

!:0 

N 

0 

z 

t.:zj 

00 

t-.:) 

~ 
24 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

0 5 10 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

LOUISA 

3J052'30" 

B 0 10 KILOMETERS 

0 5 MILES 

FIGURE 6.-Areas for which coal resources (patterned) were calculated, A, for 

all coal beds and zones; B, for the Van Lear coal bed. 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 25 

UNNAMED COAL BED 

BELOW THE SANDSTONE OF THE LEE FORMATION 

An unnamed coal bed was found 208 m below the surface in a core in 

the northeastern part of the Blaine quadrangle. It is 17 in. ( 43 em) thick 

and lies 22 m below the base of the 52-m -thick sandstone of the Lee Formation (Connor, 1975, core K-3-75). Because of its depth beneath the 

surface, resources were not calculated for the bed. 

The core sample of the bed was taken for analysis. It has the lowest 

ash content and highest heat of combustion of all the coal beds; sulfur 

content is about average. Zinc content is the highest of all beds (about 6 

times the average), and arsenic is about one-sixth the average. 

VAN LEAR COAL BED 

The Van Lear coal bed, known locally as the Millers Creek bed and 

correlative with the Upper Elkhorn No.3 bed of areas to the south and 

with the Tom Cooper bed of areas to the north (Huddle and others, 

1963), is one of the three most important beds of the report area and has 

a total remaining calcualted resource of 54.5 million short tons (49.5 

million metric tons (t)) (table 7). Nearly everywhere, the bed is free of 

partings. 

By far the most important area of surface occurrence of the Van Lear 

coal bed is the southwestern and south-central part of the Sitka 

quadrangle (fig. 6B). In this area the bed crops out low in valley sides, 

where the bed is in most places 27-34 in. (69-86 em) thick and is apparently nowhere less than 20 in. (51 em) thick. In that area the bed has 

been entered by at least 83 adits, mainly those of small truck mines that 

operated in the 1940's. It has been contour stripped in five places along 

a total distance of about 1.4 km. An estimated 2.3 million short tons 

(2.1 million t) of coal has been mined or lost to future mining by these 

operations. 

The next most important area of surface occurrence of the Van Lear 

coal bed is the northern part of the Sitka quadrangle and southern part 

of the Blaine quadrangle. In much of this area the Van Lear ranges in 

thickness between 13 and 22 in. (33 and 56 em) and has been entered by 

at least 16 adits, mostly of home coal mines and small truck mines. 

The only other area in which the Van Lear is more than 14 in. (36 em) 

thick at the surface is a small area near the level of the Levisa Fork 

where the stream crosses the boundary of the Richardson and Adams 

quadrangles. The bed has not been mined there, but three isolated 

measurements of surface outcrops showed thicknesses of 11, 19, and 28 

in. (28, 48, and 71 em). 

The Van Lear coal bed is beneath drainage level throughout most of 

the Richardson and Adams quadrangles, all of the Louisa quadrangle, 
TABLE 3.-Descriptions of 55 bitumioous coal samples collected in or near the report area 1:...:> 

0') 

[Depth and elevation are for base of coal. 1 in.•2.54 em; 1 ft • 0.3048 m. Leaders (---), not applicable] 

Sample Locality Coal bed or zone Quadrangle Thick- Rock type above coa 1 Lat N. Long w. Sample Depth Elev. ness 

No. No.1 Deg Min s Deg Min s type (ft) (ft) (in) 0 

0 

Dl74712 21 Brush Creek----- Louisa---- 38 02 54 82 34 39 Core, USGS 36 1095 32 Coaly clay, then Fe nodules. > 

~ 

0 

Dl74713 21 Princess No. 9 ---do----- 38 02 54 82 34 39 ---do----- 75 1055 35 Carbonaceous shale. t:rj 

(upper bed). 0 

~ 

Dl84662 18 Princess No. 9 38 05 45 82 30 47 0 --do----- Channel--- --- 757 15 Carbonaceous clay. 

(middle bed). ~ Dl84663 18 ------do------- ---do----- 38 05 45 82 30 47 ---do----- --- 757 13 Do. 

Dl84664 19 ~ ------do------- ---do----- 38 04 19 82 31 44 ---do----- --- 903 11 no. t:rj 

Dl84665 19 ------do------- ---do----- 38 04 19 82 31 44 ---do----- --- 903 8 Do. z 

D184666 19 ------do------- ---do----- 38 04 19 82 31 44 ---do----- --- 903 11 Do. 

D174714 21 ------do------- ---do----- 38 02 54 82 34 39 Core, USGS 107 1023 16 Siltstone and sandstone. ~ Dl69557 22 ------do------- ---do----- 38 01 54 82 34 49 Core------ 50 1090 48 Coaly shale. 0 

~ 

....::: D168262 7 Unnamed bed Blaine---- 38 04 50 82 46 19 --do------ 44 816 14 Do. 

(Princess No. 7?). ~ 

Mazie2---- t:l 

Dl68265 1 Richardson 38 05 27 82 54 12 Channel--- --- 1050 18 Shale. 

D168264 1 ------do-------

(Princess No. 5). 

---do----- 38 05 27 85 54 12 --do------ ~ --- 1050 12 Do. 00 

D166260 5 ------do------- Blaine---- 38 05 07 82 42 00 Core------ 258 752 16 Silty shale, carbonaceous. ~ 

D168263 

D168261 6 ------do------- ---do----- 38 04 55 82 46 45 --do----- 185 735 16 Sandstone and siltstone. ~ 7 ------do------- ---do----- 38 04 50 82 46 19 ---do----- 152 708 16 Sandstone and siltstone, coaly. :;:o 

Dl74722 12 ------do------- Adams----- 38 02 54 82 42 23 Channel--- --- 974 8 Unknown. 0 

Dl74721 12 ------do------- ---do----- 38 02 54 82 42 23 ---do----- --- 974 20 Do. - Dl69558 

D169555 

22 

20 

------do-------

------do-------

---do-----

Louisa----

38 

38 

01 

03 

54 

18 

82 

82 

34 

35 

49 

35 

---do-----

Core------

233 

157 

907 

783 

35 

33 Carbonaceous 

Concretions. 

claystone. ~ D169556 23 -----do------- ---do----- 38 01 40 82 34 49 ---do----- 193 867 44 Sandstone. 

D182463 42 ------do------- Richardson 37 53 58 82 39 07 Channel--- --- 966 24 Do. 

D182464 42 ------do------- ---do----- 37 53 58 82 39 07 ---do----- --- 966 46 Do. 

D174725 11 Broas---------- Adams----- 38 02 59 82 42 18 ---do----- --- 820 11 Siltstone. 

Dl74723 11 ------do------- ---do---- 38 02 59 82 42 18 ---do----- --- 820 14 Do. 

Dl71581 2 ------do------- Mazie----- 38 03 33 82 52 34 ---do----- --- 900 36 Carbonaceous shale. 
Dl68259 3 Peach Orchard-- Blaine---- 38 06 29 82 46 02 Core----- 321 654 8 Silty clay. 

Dl82462 43 ------do------- Richardson 37 53 31 82 38 46 Channel--- --- 849 25 Shale. 

Dl74719 9 Hazard--------- Blaine---- 38 00 56 82 46 23 Core. USGS 50 1000 20 Siltstone and sandstone. 

Dl74715 4 Haddix--------- ---do----- 38 05 17 82 45 53 --do----- 107 513 13 Shale. Fe streaks. 

Dl68087 33 ------do------- Sitka----- 37 52 30 82 45 00 Run of mine --- 840 --- Silty shale. 

(auger). 

Dl71600 13 Fire Clay rider Adams----- 38 01 43 82 39 07 Core----- 33 688 6 Shale. 

Dl71599 14 ------do------- ---do----- 38 00 42 82 39 45 ---do----- 130+ 718 7 Sandstone. 

Dl71598 15 ------do------- ---do----- 38 00 40 82 39 53 ---do----- 70 728 9 Do. 

Dl71591 16 ------do------- ---do----- 38 00 22 82 39 56 ---do----- 62 736 10 Do. 

Dl71597 17 ------do------- ---do----- 38 00 20 82 39 55 ---do----- 34 734 10 Do. 

D171596 34 ------do------- Richardson 37 59 20 82 39 55 ---do----- 64 723 18 Carbonaceous shale. 

D171595 35 ------do------- ---do----- 37 56 35 82 40 30 ---do----- 32 588 17 Sandstone. 

D171594 39 ------do------- ---do----- 37 55 05 82 43 35 ---do----- 28 683 22 Do. 0 

D171593 40 ------do------- ---do----- 37 55 00 82 43 45 ---do----- 74 682 26 Do. 

D171592 29 ------do------- Sitka----- 37 54 25 82 46 10 ---do----- 26 798 6 Shale. ~ t"" 

D171590 16 Little Fire Clay Adams----- 38 00 22 82 39 56 --do----- 103 695 7 Carbonaceous shale. txl 

D171589 36 ------do------- Richardson 37 55 50 82 41 10 ---do----- 24 580 18 Unknown. ~ D171588 37 ------do------- ---do----- 37 55 40 82 41 40 ---do----- 16 626 12 Carbonaceous shale. 00 

D171587 38 ------do------- ---do----- 37 55 35 82 41 55 ---do----- 22 640 8 Do. 0 

D171586 41 ------do------- ---do----- 37 54 45 82 44 40 ---do---- 35 688 18 Shale. ~ 

D171585 31 ------do------- Sitka----- 37 53 45 82 46 25 ---do----- 33 771 7 Sandstone and siltstone. N 

D171584 8 ------do------- Blaine---- 38 01 39 82 48 19 Channel--- --- 860 9 Silty clay. 0 

D171583 z 8 ------do------- ---do----- 38 01 39 82 48 19 ---do----- --- 860 6 Do. tz:.j D174720 9 ------do------- ---do----- 38 00 56 82 46 23 Core. USGS 177 873 17 Carbonaceous shale. 00 

Dl71582 8 Whitesburg----- ---do----- 38 01 38 82 48 18 Channel--- --- 846 29 Do. 

Dl71580 30 ------do-..;. _____ Sitka----- 37 54 02 82 51 07 ---do----- --- 928 28 Shale • black. fissile. 

Dl74716 4 Williamson----- Blaine---- 38 05 17 82 45 53 Core. USGS 250 370 18 Shale with siltstone streaks. 

Dl74717 4 Van Lear------- ---do----- 38 05 17 82 45 53 ---do----- 294 326 10 Silty shale. 

Dl71579 32 ------do------- Sitka----- 37 53 17 82 48 47 Channel--- --- 756 28 Shale. 

Dl74718 4 Unnamed bed below Blaine---- 38 05 17 82 45 53 Core. USGS 683 -63 17 Do. 

sandstone of 

Lee Formation. 

lshown in figure 5. 1:-.j 

2Princess No. 6 at this locality according to Outerbridge (1977). -l 
28 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VffiGINIA 

TABLE 4.-Arithmetic mean, observed range, geometric mean, and geometric 

deviation of 36 elements in 45 coal samples from the report area, reported on 

whole-coal basis. Geometric means of 331 Appalachian region bituminous coal 

samples of Pennsylvanian age (Swanson and others, 1976, table 7C) are included 

for comparison 

[Values other than those in last column computed from data listed in table 

26; values in table 26 followed by L were replaced by the number 

multiplied by 0.66 (standard procedure). As, F, Hg, Se, Th, and U 

values used to calculate the statistics were determined directly on 

whole coal. All other values calculated from determinations made on 

coal ash. L, less than value shown. Thirty-four of the 45 samples 

analyses summarized here were included in the 331 Appalachian 

samples. Si, Al, Ca, Sb, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Ti in percent; others in ppm. 

Leaders (---), not measurable) 

Element 

Arithmetic 

mean 

(abundance) 

Si 

Al 

Ca 

Mg 

Na 

K 

Fe 

Mn 

Ti 

As 

Cd 

Cu 

F 

Hg 

Li 

Pb 

Sb 

Se 

Th 

u 

Zn 

B 

Ba 

Be 

Co 

Cr 

Ga 2 

Mo 

Nb 

Ni 

Sc 

Sr 

v 

y 

Yb3 

Zr 

3.1 

2.0 

.11 

.065 

.024 

.25 

2.3 

68 

.12 

43 

23 

90 

.27 

24 

17 

2.0 

6.9 

6.7 

2.4 

29 

70 

70 

3 

7 

15 

7 

3 

15 

5 

50 

20 

15 

1 

30 

1 Median. 

2 37 samples. 3 30 samples. 

Observed range 

Minimum Maximum 

0.49 

.19 

.042 

.012 

.005 

.019 

.070 

3.9 L 

.008 

1 

.02 L 

7.4 

20 L 

.02 

1. 8 

3.2 

.3 

1.7 

2. 7 

.2 L 

4.5 

15 

10 

1 

1. 5 

2 

2 

.15 

1.5 L 

5 

1. 5 

15 

2 

3 

.7 

2 

11.0 

10 

.51 

.213 

.066 

1.0 

8.0 

1023 

.49 

300 

.5 L 

49 

460 

1.50 

120 

72 

10.8 

25 

47.8 

15 

220 

100 

700 7 

20 

30 

10 

15 

15 

50 

10 

150 

70 

30 

3 

300 

Geometric 

mean Geometric 

(expected deviation 

value) 

2.3 

1.4 

.091 

.045 

.020 

.15 

1.1 

22 

.081 

20 

.2 Ll 

21 

60 

.16 

16 

13 

1. 5 

5.8 

4.9 

1.6 

20 

50 

50 

3 

5 

10 

7 

21 

3 

15 

5 

30 

20 

15 

1 

20 

2.3 

2.3 

1.8 

2.3 

1. 9 

2.7 

4.2 

3.5 

2. 7 

4.3 

1.5 

2.4 

3.0 

2.7 

2.1 

2.0 

1.8 

2.1 

2.6 

2.2 

1.6 

2.3 

1. 7 

1.8 

2.0 

1.5 

2.8 

1.7 

1. 7 

1.9 

2.0 

1.6 

1.4 

2.7 

Mean, 

Appalachian 

bituminous 

coal 

1. 2 

1.3 

.093 

.052 

.025 

.13 

1.0 

200 

.074 

11 

.3 

16 

60 

.14 

18.8 

10.9 

.8 

3.5 

2.8 

1.0 

12.8 

20 

70 

2 

5 

15 

7 

2 

3 

15 

3 

70 

20 

7 

.7 

30 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 29 

and the northern two-thirds of the Blaine quadrangle. The bed should 

be within 100 m of the surface, though, along the major drainage 

courses in the Richardson and southern part of the Adams quadrangle, 

and exploratory drilling could delineate areas within which the bed is of 

mineable thickness. 

Two samples of the Van Lear coal bed were collected, one for the U.S. 

Bureau of Mines and one for U.S. Geological Survey chemical analysis. 

The ash content is a little higher than average, heat of combustion 

about average, and sulfur content about half the average of all the beds. 

Silica, lithium, and zinc contents are about one-fourth the average; 

manganese and cadmium contents are one-seventh the average; and 

arsenic and mercury contents are less than one-tenth the average. 

WILLIAMSON COAL ZONE 

Neither of the coal beds of the Williamson coal zone is of much commercial importance. One or the other exceeds 14 in. (36 em) in thickness 

at only a few scattered localities in the Blaine, Richardson, and Sitka 

quadrangles (fig. 7A). One is as much as 36 in. (91 em) thick near a hilltop in the northwest part of the Sitka quadrangle. A bed of the zone has 

been entered by three adits for small truck mines in the southern and 

east-central parts of the Sitka quadrangle. A bed of the zone is 18 in. ( 46 

em) thick at a locality near the west edge of the Richardson quadrangle, 

and one is 20 in. (51 em) thick at a locality in the southwestern part of 

the Blaine quadrangle. The total calculated remaining resource of the 

zone is 0.6 million short tons (0.54 million t) (table 8). 

One sample from the Williamson coal zone was available for analysis. 

The ash content is about two-thirds the average, heat of combustion 

about average, and sulfur content about one-third the average of all the 

beds. It has unusually low concentration of more elements than any 

other bed: silica, potassium, fluorine, and selenium contents are about 

one-fourth the average; titanium, lithium, uranium, and zinc contents 

are about one-fifth the average; and arsenic and mercury contents are 

about one-tenth the average or less. 

WHITESBURG COAL BED 

The Whitesburg coal bed, called the Lower Whitesburg coal bed by 

Huddle and others (1963), is a very persistent bed without partings and 

is apparently more than 14 in. (36 em) thick over extensive areas of the· 

Sitka, Richardson, and Blaine quadrangles and locally in the Adams 

quadrangle (fig. 7B). It reaches thicknesses as great as 42 in. (107 em) in 

the Sitka quadrangle, 36 in. (91 em) in the Blaine quadrangle, 34 in. (86 

em) in the Adams quadrangle, and 29 in. (74 em) in the Richardson 

quadrangle. The bed has been entered by at least 50 adits of small truck 
30 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE 5.-Arithmetic means, by coal bed, of proximate, ultimate, 

from the report area, reported 

[All values except heat of combustion in percent. Kcal/kg = o. 556 

No. of Proximate analysis Ultimate analysis 

Coal bed or zone ~amples Volatile Fixed 

Moisture matter c Ash H c N 0 

Brush Creek-------- 4.3 40.0 42.0 13.7 5.0 64.8 1. 2 11.2 4.1 

Princess No. 9 

{upper bed)----- 3.4 41.6 41.4 13.6 s.o 66.3 1.4 u. 7 2.0 

Princess No. 9 

{middle bed)----- 4 5.3 35.1 43.9 15.7 s.o 62.4 1.3 13.3 2.3 

Richardson 

{Princess No. 5)- 8 5.8 36.2 47.2 10.7 5.2 66.5 1. 3 13.5 2. 8 

Broas------------ 2 6.4 37.0 50.0 6.6 5.4 71.9 1.4 13.6 1.1 

Peach Orchard------ 1 12.3 27.7 46.3 13.7 4.8 56.3 1.1 23.5 .5 

Hazard----------- 1 5.2 37.0 52.5 5.3 5.6 73.0 1.5 13.9 .7 

Haddix------------ 2 5.4 35.5 54.6 9.4 5.1 69.6 1.4 13.6 .9 

Fire Clay rider--- 4 2.5 33.2 31.8 32.5 4.0 49.2 .98 8.0 5.2 

Little Fire Clay-- 4 3.4 36.4 47.5 12.7 s.o 68.8 1.4 u.s .7 

Whitesburg--------- 1 2.9 37.0 53.2 6.9 5.3 74.3 1.5 11.2 .8 

Williamson--------- 1 5.1 35.9 52.3 6. 7 5.4 72.5 1. 5 13.3 .6 

Van Lear----------- 1 3.9 41.2 39.3 15.6 4.9 64.3 1.3 13.1 .8 

Unnamed bed below 

sandstone of Lee 

Formation-------- 3.5 39.9 51.8 4.8 5.4 75.2 1.4 12.2 1.0 

Average, all 

beds------- s.o 36.7 46.7 11.2 5.1 66.8 1.3 13.1 1. 7 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 31 

heat of combustion, and forms-of-sulfur analyses of samples 

on as-received basis except as noted 

(Btu/lb). Sulf = sulfate, Pyr = pyritic, Org = organic] 

Percent of Heat of combustion 

Forms of sulfur total sulfur (Btu/lb) Rank 

(All highAs Moist, volatile) 

Sulf Pyr Org Sulf Pyr Org received mineralmatter free 

0.14 2.97 0.94 4 73 23 11,540 13,650 B 

.40 1. 29 .27 20 66 14 11,950 14,090 A 

.04 1.63 .60 72 26 11,170 13,540 B 

.09 2.01 .66 3 73 24 11,920 13,560 B 

.02 .43 .64 2 39 59 12,760 12,910 B 

.02 .05 .47 4 9 87 9,490 13,780 c .01 .18 .56 1 24 75 12,970 13,780 B 

.005 .37 .51 1 42 57 12,330 13,780 B 

.28 4.29 .62 5 83 12 8,900 13,970 A-B 

.02 .14 .54 3 20 77 12,170 14,150 A 

.02 .19 .63 2 23 75 13,090 14,180 A 

.01 .05 .54 2 8 90 12,820 13,850 B 

.01 .18 .66 1 21 78 11,480 13,870 B 

.01 .46 .55 45 54 13,500 14,2 70 A 

.08 1.02 .59 43 53 11,860 13,810 B 
32 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE 6.-Geometric means, by coal bed, of major-, minor-, 

[Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, T1 in percent; other elements 

Coal bed 

or zone 

No. of 

sa- Si 

ples 1 Al Ca Mg Na K Fe Ti Mn As Cd2 Cu F Hg 

Brush Creek-----

Princess No. 9 

(upper bed)----

Princess No. 9 

(middle bed)--

Unnamed bed 

(Princess 

No • 7?) -------

Richardson 

(Princess 

No. 5) ---------

Bross-----------

Peach Orchard----

Hazard-----------

Haddix--------

2.8 0.072 0.037 0.022 0.21 3.2 o.u 37 60 0.2 26 75 0.15 

2.5 1.9 .081 .020 .021 .068 1.0 .18 10 45 .1 L 29 13 .45 

2.9 2.1 .12 .047 .016 .16 2.1 .15 10 55 .2 L 16 45 .71 

2. 7 2.4 .062 .032 .015 .12 3.0 .086 26 140 .3 23 13 1.50 

1.8 1.1 .075 .034 .012 .10 1.8 .041 20 20 .1 L 18 55 .20 

1.4 1.0 .062 .021 .ooa .069 .21 .055 11 .06L 12 30 .12 

1.4 .so .14 .046 .oo9 .074 .46 .os1 a.s .1 L 18 20 .15 

• 76 .64 .058 .028 .009 .12 .15 .031 10 .4 23 55 .02 

4.3 2.1 .060 .079 .023 .26 .77 .22 16 35 • 2 L 27 90 .18 

Fire Clay rider-- 10 3.2 1.6 .15 .099 .038 .39 5.4 .099 83 65 .3 L 25 155 .28 

Little Fire 

Clay----------

Whitesburg-------

Williamson-------

Van Lear--------

Unnamed bed 

below sandstone 

of Lee 

Formation-----

Average, all 

beds-----------

4.1 2.5 .069 .055 .027 .22 .30 .18 25 5 .1 L 28 75 .05 

1.3 1.0 .058 .023 .019 .079 .49 .054 6.2 10 .07L 18 40 .08 

.55 .46 .086 .015 .024 .037 .084 .019 7. 7 2 .2 15 13 .03 

.53 .39 .051 .015 .016 .038 .070 .026 2.6 2 .02L 12 24 .02 

.92 .76 .19 .019 .032 .065 .82 .033 14 5 .42 19 30 .22 

2.2 1.4 .089 .038 .019 .13 1.3 .089 19 31 • 2 L 21 46 • 2 8 

1 Except where otherwise footnoted. 

2 Median values. 

5 n•4 

3 n•3 

4 n•S 

7 n•9 

8 n•2 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 33 

and trace-element composition of samples from the report area 

in ppm. L, less than value shown; B, not determined] 

Li Pb Sb Se u Zn Ba Be Co Cr Ga Mo Ni Sc Sr V Y Yb Zr 

34 8.9 1.0 2.8 s.s 1.3 62 100 100 20 20 27 10 30 10 150 30 20 1.5 30 

28 7.1 .9 14 8.1 1. 2 13 30 70 1.5 15 10 7 10 30 30 10 30 

32 10.2 2.4 10 3.5 1.4 32 30 100 2 15 15 50 30 15 31 30 

39 72.2 10.8 18 14.5 15.0 77 50 30 3 10 20 B 10 20 20 30 15 20 

11 9. 2 

8.1 5.5 

8.8 12.4 

5.1 s. 7 

1. 2 

.8 

1.1 

1.5 

s. 3 

s.s 

4. 5 

2.0 

3.3 

2.8 

2.0 

2.0 

1.0 

• 7 

.4 

.4 

23 50 

S.6 70 

28 30 

18 70 

70 2 

15 5 

20 5 

30 7 

24 

16 

19.0 1.5 11 6.S 2.0 9. 7 20 70 1.5 

22.3 1.8 6.6 6.4 3.3 26 70 70 5 

32 16.S 

11 11.1 

3. 2 6.0 

4.0 6.S 

1.6 

1.3 

1. 7 

5.4 

5.3 

1. 7 

9.9 

S.4 

2.0 

.8 4.3 2.0 

2.6 

1.3 

.4 

.8 

14 so 

11 70 

7.3 100 

so. 5 

20 5 

20 

7 .s 30 15 5 

9.0 11.1 1.6 3.5 5. 7 1.3 220 100 30 2 

18 14.9 2.0 6. 7 S.3 2.2 37 70 so 5 

5 10 45 

5 10 

10 65 

15 

1.5 10 

30 

20 1.5 10 

15 77 15 

7 15 10 

5 10 

7 10 

7 15 

1.5 15 

1.5 15 

.5 10 

.2 

20 

15 

30 20 10 51 10 

15 15 10 • 7 10 

20 15 10 

30 10 10 • 7 

15 

50 30 10 30 

50 20 15 8 1.5 20 

30 30 15 

20 15 10 

20 10 15 

1.5 15 

50 10 10 

50 20 15 

1.5 50 

15 

• 7 

10 

20 
34 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

451 371

30" 

10,~ %~ 1\ 

"YC(c-\:. 00 

co-, 

)~ ..... 

"i' ~ \ 

0 BLAINE ADAMS LOUISt) I 

~-""' () 

' ""'0 ................ 

~~~ "o~~ 

0 ;s 1Y~ Co 

0 ~-;~ I _, ... .SJTKA RICHARDSON 3J0521

301 

A 0 5 10 KILOMETERS 

0 5 MILES 

82°52130" 

38°07130" ..-----------:r=----------=-.:....n':..__----------, 451 371

30" 82°301 

<-1~ "f-1h 

~~ C(c- Q 

Q-0 

0 \. 

~£ ~ .... ~ ,1' 

\ 

LOUISA \ 

3J052130"'-------"--L., . ..:;__I_TK_A__.___ __ -----'-'-=-~~-'-=--' 

8 0 10 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

FIGURE 7 .-Areas for which coal resources (patterned) were calculated, A, for 

the Williamson zone; B, for the Whitesburg coal bed. 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 35 

TABLE 7 .-Coal resources of Van Lear coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0. OS million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=O. 907 t; 

1 in.=2.S4 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. >28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick -thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence s. s 0.1 S.4 0.3 s. 7 

Sitka------ ---do--- s.o N s.o 1. 7 6. 7 

Do------- Johnson 17.4 10.6 .2 2.1 17.2 8.5 14.2 39.9 

Richardson- ---do--- 1.3 1.3 

Do------- Lawrence .1 .1 .1 

Adams------ ---do--- .ll N .A .8 

Total---------- 28.8 10.6 0.3 2.1 28.S 8.S l7.S S4.S 

TABLE 8.-Coal resources of Williamson coal zone in millions of short tons 

[N, less than O.OS million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 tona0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.S4 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. >28 in. in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick -thick thick thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 0.1 0.1 0.1 

Sitka------ ---do--- .} .1 .1 

Do------- Johnson .3 0.1 N .3 0.1 .4 

Richardson- lawrence N N N 

Tot a 1------------ .s .1 N .s .1 .6 

TABLE 9.-Coal resources of Whitesburg coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0. OS million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=O. 907 t; 1 in.=2.S4 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds in. ~28 in. in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. thick thick thick thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 4.0 1. s 0.1 0.1 3.9 1.4 N s.3 Sitka------ ---do--- 2.9 .3 N 2.9 .3 o. 7 3.9 Do------- Johnson 6.S 2. 2 .1 .1 6.4 2.1 .2 8. 7 Richardson ---do--- .4 N .4 N .4 Do------- Lawrence 16.9 1.1 • 2 16.7 1.1 1.8 19.6 Adams------ ---do--- 2.8 .1 N 2.8 .1 .1 3.0 

Tot a 1----------- 33.5 5.2 .4 .2 33.1 5.0 2.8 40.9 
36 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

and home coal mines with at least 21 of those adits in the Richardson 

quadrangle. In addition, the bed has been bench stripped along a total 

of about 4.9 km of outcrop in the Sitka and Blaine quadrangles. The 

total calculated remaining resource of the Whitesburg is 40.9 million 

short tons (37.1 million t) (table 9), at least 25 million more tons than 

were reported for the zone in the area by Huddle and others ( 1963). 

Two samples of the Whitesburg coal bed were available for analysis; 

one of these was sent to the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The ash content is 

about two-thirds the average of all the beds, heat of combustion a little 

higher than average, and sulfur content about one-half the average. 

Managnese, arsenic, and zinc contents are about one-third the average. 

LITTLE FIRE CLAY COAL BED 

The Little Fire Clay coal bed (considered as the upper bed of the 

Whitesburg coal zone in the Blaine quadrangle and called the Upper 

Whitesburg coal bed by Huddle, Lyons, Smith, and Ferm (1963)) is a 

very persistent bed, but it is less than 14 in. (36 em) thick throughout 

most of the report area, · except for two small areas in the Sitka 

quadrangle and one along the boundary of the Adams and Richardson 

quadrangles (fig. SA). The larger of these exceptions in the Sitka 

quadrangle is near the center of the quadrangle, where the bed is locally 

as much as 26 in. (66 em) thick; it has been bench stripped along about 

100m of outcrop in conjunction with some more extensive stripping of 

the Whitesburg bed. The other area in the Sitka quadrangle is in the 

northeastern part, where the bed was entered by an adit of a very small 

truck mine. The bed is as much as 24 in. (61 em) thick locally near the 

south edge of the Adams quadrangle. It has a total remaining 

calculated resource of 3.6 million short tons (3.27 million t) (table 10). 

TABLE 10.-Coal resources of Little Fire Clay coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton•0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. leaders (--), no resources) 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. >28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick -thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Sitka------ Lawrence 0.4 N 0.4 0.4 

Do------- Johnson 1.3 N 1.3 1.3 

Richardson- Lawrence .6 .6 N .6 

Adams------ ---do--- 1.3 1.3 1.3 

Total----------- 3.6 N 3.6 N 3.6 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 

82052'30" 45' 37'3[1" 8 03 38°07'30" ,---------~~-----~~:~-----~2 0' 

(1~'~h 

~~~ C(<- Q 

_o 

00' 

\~ ... 1}.1 £. 

38°00't-------=:=:7*~-~~....!.A~D~AM~S~---~LO~ 

0 

0 

EXPLANATION 

~f/ Little Fire Clay coal 

bed 

l!Ji> Fire Clay coal bed 

10 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

0 

38oOO'!------~~~~"'---A_DA_._M_._S+ __ __:_::....::._:~ 

0 

g] 

ul~lt-~~ oft~~ 01\1, co 

cfCf--

37052'30"L-------.:::..:...:..:.:.:..:..L ___ ~R~IC~H~A!..!.!RD~S~O!.:!.N_j 

EXPLANATION 

(:]D Fire Clay rider coal 

bed 

t~ Hamlin coal zone 

B 10 KILOMETERS 

0 5 MILES 

FIGURE 8.-Areas for which coal resources (patterned) were calculated for A, 

Little Fire Clay and Fire Clay coal beds; B, Fire Clay rider coal bed and 

Hamlin coal zone. 

37 
38 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

Eight samples of the Little Fire Clay coal bed were available for 

analysis. Four of these were also sent to the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The 

ash content and heat of combustion are a little higher than the average 

of all beds, and sulfur content less than half the average. Iron and zinc 

contents are less than one-fourth the average, and arsenic and mercury 

contents about one-sixth the average. 

FIRE CLAY COAL BED 

The Fire Clay coal bed, locally called the Springfield coal bed in the 

Sitka quadrangle, is very persistent and, with its distinctive flint-clay 

parting, is a useful marker bed. It is not of great economic importance. 

The bed exceeds 14 in. (36 em) in thickness in many places but rarely 

exceeds 28 in. (71 em). It is more than 14 in. (36 em) thick at some point 

in all of the quadrangles, most extensively in the Richardson 

quadrangle (fig. SA). The greatest observed thicknesses of the bed in 

the several quadrangles are 34 in. (86 em) in the Sitka quadrangle, 27 

in. (69 em) in the Adams, Richardson, and Louisa quadrangles, and 17 

in. (43 em) in the Blaine quadrangle. The bed has been entered by at 

least 42 adits of very small truck mines and home coal mines, chiefly in 

the Richardson and Adams quadrangles, and has been contour stripped 

along about 3.5 km of outcrop in the southwestern part of the Sitka 

quadrangle. The bed has a total remaining calculated resource of 28.5 

million short tons (25.9 million t) (table 11). 

No samples of the Fire Clay coal bed were available for analysis. 

TABLE 11.-Coal resources of Fire Clay coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in -inch-pound units; 1 ton•O. 907 t; 

1 in.•2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. >28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick -thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 0.1 0.1 o.1 

Sitka------ ---do--- .5 .5 .5 

Do------- Johnson 3.1 0.5 N 0.2 3.1 0.3 3.4 

Richardson- ---do--- 2.2 N 2.2 0.1 2.3 

Do------- Lawrence 10.3 N 10.3 2. 7 13.0 

Adams------ ---do--- 4.9 0.1 4.8 N 4.8 

Louisa----- ---do--- 1. 5 1.5 .1 1.6 

Do------- Wayne--- 2.0 2~0 .8 2.8 

Total--------- 24.6 0.5 0.1 0.2 24.5 0.3 3. 7 28.5 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 39 

FIRE CLAY RIDER COAL BED 

The Fire Clay rider coal bed is a persistent bed that nearly 

everywhere is canneloid in its upper part. Though of little commercial 

value, it is a useful marker bed. It is more than 14 in. (36 em) thick 

locally in all but the Blaine quadrangle (fig. 8B) and reaches maximum 

thicknesses of 37 in. (94 em) in the Adams quadrangle, 32 in. (81 em) in 

the Louisa quadrangle, 30 in. (76 em) in the Richardson quadrangle, 

and 22 in. (56 em) in the Sitka quadrangle. The bed has been entered by 

at least 18 adits, mostly of home coal mines and small truck mines. It 

was mined commercially near the tum of the century for home use near 

Whitehouse on the southern boundary of the Richardson quadrangle, 

where it may be of better grade (Crandall, 1905) than indicated by the 

analyses reported in table 25. Its total remaining calculated resource is 

22.9 million short tons (20.6 million t) (table 12), at least 9 million more 

tons in the Kentucky part of the area than were reported by Huddle, 

Lyons, Smith, and Ferm (1963). 

TABLE 12.-Coal resources of Fire Clay rider coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than O. 05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=O. 907 t; 

1 in.•2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. >28 in. in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. ~14 in. >14 in. 

thick -thick thick thick thick -thick thick -thick 

Sitka------ Lawrence 0.4 0.4 0.4 

Do------- Johnson .1 .1 .1 

Richardson- ---do--- .1 .1 N .1 

Do------- Lawrence 8.0 0.3 N N 8.0 0.3 1.6 9.9 

Adams----- ---do--- 7.1 1.0 0.1 0.1 7.0 .9 N 7.9 

Louisa----- ---do--- 2.6 N N 2.6 N 2.6 

Do------- Wayne--- 1. 9 1. 9 N 1. 9 

To tal----------- 20.2 1. 3 0.1 0.1 20.1 1. 2 1. 6 22.9 

Ten samples of the Fire Clay rider coal bed were available for 

chemical analysis. Four of these were also sent to the U.S. Bureau of 

Mines. The ash and sulfur contents are the highest of all the beds, 

almost three times the average. The heat of combustion, on a moist, 

mineral-matter-free basis, is about average, but on an as-received basis 

the heating value is well below average because of the high ash content. 

Potassium, iron, manganese, and fluorine contents are three to four 

times the average. Only the sample from the probable Princess No. 7 

coal bed has a greater number of elements in unusually high concentration. 
40 COAL GEOLOGY, KENtUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

I 

HAML~ COAL ZONE 

The Hamlin coal zone is a Ji~istent zone that generally contains two 

beds. It possesses virtually J}o commercial value. At one place near the 

center of the Sitka quadrangle, one bed of the zone is 17 in. ( 43 em) 

thick in a drill hole (fig. BB). A bed of the zone is locally 19 in. (48 em) 

thick in a highway cut in the Richardson quadrangle and 17 in. (43 em) 

thick in a highway cut in the Adams quadrangle. There has been no 

known mining of beds in the zone, and its total calculated resource is 

only about 0.1 million short tons (table 13). 

No samples of beds in the Hamlin coal zone were available for 

analysis. 

TABLE 13.-Coal resources of Hamlin coal zone in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. >28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick -thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Sitka------ Johnson 0.1 0.1 0.1 

Richardson- Lawrence N N N 

Adams------ ---do--- N N N 

To tal----------- 0.1 0.1 0.1 

HADDIX COAL BED 

The Haddix coal bed is somewhat erratic in distribution in the area 

(fig. 9A). It is locally as thick as 34 in. (86 em) in the Blaine quadrangle, 

32 in. (81 em) in the Sitka quadrangle, and 30 in. (76 em) in the 

Richardson quadrangle. It apparently is everywhere less than 14 in. (36 

em) thick in the Adams quadrangle and only locally thicker than that 

in the Louisa quadrangle, where it is 16 in. (41 em) thick at one place. 

The bed has been bench stripped along about 4.3 km of outcrop in the 

southeastern part of the Sitka quadrangle and has been entered by at 

least 34 adits in the Blaine, Richardson, and Sitka quadrangles. This 

bed has been locally misidentified by coal operators as the Springfield 

or Fire Clay coal bed. The total remaining calculated resource of the 

Haddix is 1L7 million short tons (10.6 million t) (table 14), at least 

twice as much as reported by Huddle, Lyons, Smith, and Ferm (1963). 

Two samples of the Haddix coal bed were available for analysis. Both 

were sent to the U.S. Bureau of Mines; one was chemically analyzed by 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 

45' 37'30" 

Oo 0 

0 

"o~.#"'c 

~~ ~ YS~~ Co 

C<i'--

37052'30"L..:"::__ ___ ____:s.~:.z...:..L__ __ ~RI~CH.!.CA~RD~S~O.!..!.N_J 

A 0 5 10 KILOMETERS 

0 5 MILES 

82°52'30" 45' 37'30" 82°30' 38°07'30",---------T------~~-----~ 

<."'ip, 

"~~~ o..v-.... co 0 

~-

0 

37052'30"~-------==~w..~._ ___ .:..:.;RI~CH.!!:A~R~DS~OC!..!N_.J 

8 0 10 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

FIGURE 9.-Areas for which coal resources (patterned) were calculated for A, 

Haddix coal bed; B, Hazard coal zone. 

41 
42 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE 14.-Coal resources of Haddix coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton-0.907 t; 

1 in.•2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources) 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 3.0 N 0.1 2.9 N 2.9 Sitka------ ---do--- N N N 

Do------- Johnson 4.4 1.3 .1 0.1 4.3 1. 2 0.1 5.6 Richardson- Lawrence 2.9 N .1 N 2.8 N .1 2.9 Louisa---- ---do--- .3 .3 .3 

To tal----------- 10.6 1. 3 0.3 0.1 10.3 1.2 0.2 11.7 

the U.S. Geological Survey. The ash content is about four-fifths the 

average of all beds, heat of combustion is about average, and sulfur content is about half the average. Zinc and boron contents are about onefourth the average. 

HAZARD COAL ZONE 

Coal beds of the Hazard coal zone are somewhat erratic in distribution and variable in thickness. All beds are less than 14 in. (36 em) thick 

over a large part of the area (fig. 9B), but locally some bed of the zone is 

28 in. (71 em) or more thick in all but the Richardson and Sitka 

quadrangles, where the maximum measured thicknesses of a bed in the 

zone are 18 in. (46 em) and 20 in. (51 em), respectively. One bed of the 

zone is as thick as 51 in. (130 em) at one point in the Adams quadrangle 

and as thick as 36 in. (91 em) in a drill hole in the Louisa quadrangle. 

About 1.9 km of outcrop of one bed have been bench stripped in the 

Adams quadrangle and about 0.3 km in the Sitka quadrangle. The bed 

has been entered by at least 14 adits in the Adams quadrangle and by at 

least 1 adit in the Sitka quadrangle. The Hazard coal zone has a total 

calculated remaining resource of 16.9 million short tons (15.3 million t) 

(table 15). Huddle, Lyons, Smith, and Ferm (1963) did not calculate 

resources for the zone in the area. 

A single sample from the Hazard coal zone, from the Blaine 

quadrangle, was available for analysis. The ash content is about twice 

the average of all the beds, heat of combustion is near average, and sulfur content is less than half the average. Lithium content is about onethird the average, uranium and arsenic contents about one-sixth, and 

mercury less than one-tenth the average. 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 

TABLE 15.-Coal resources of Hazard coal zone in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton~0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources) 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred 

43 

Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 0.4 0.4 0.4 

Sitka------ Johnson 1.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 

Richardson- Lawrence N N N 

Adams----- ---do--- 8.5 2.0 .6 0.2 7.9 1.8 o. 7 10.4 

Louisa--- ---do--- 4.1 .1 4.1 .1 .9 5.1 

To tal----------- 14.1 2.1 o. 7 0.2 13.4 1. 9 1. 6 16.9 

PEACH ORCHARD COAL ZONE 

The Peach Orchard coal zone, represented by the M udseam coal bed 

in quadrangles to the west (Rice, 1968; Outerbridge, 1977) and by the 

Princess No. 3 coal zone to the north (Huddle and others, 1963), contains greater coal resources than any other coal bed or zone in the area. 

The value of the bed, however, is diminished by the presence of shale 

partings. 

The Peach Orchard coal zone generally contains three coal beds in 

the eastern part of the area, two or three in the central part, and one or 

two in the western part. Any of the beds may be locally thick, but in 

areas where two beds are present it is most commonly the upper that is 

thicker. 

Coal beds of the Peach Orchard zone are thickest and most persistent 

in a large area covering the southern parts ·of the Louisa and Adams 

quadrangles and the northern part of the Richardson quadrangle (fig. 

lOA). In that area, bed thicknesses of 42 in. (107 em) or more are not uncommon, and beds may locally be 72-84 in. (183-213 em) thick in the 

Louisa quadrangle. About 18 km of outcrop have been bench stripped, 

the most in the Richardson quadrangle and the least in the Louisa 

quadrangle; and coal beds of the zone have been entered by at least 146 

adits, also mostly in the Richardson quadrangle. 

In the southern part of the Richardson quadrangle, most of the Sitka 

quadrangle, and the southern part of the Blaine quadrangle, beds of the 

zone are rarely as thick as 28 in. (71 em) and in many places are all less 

than 14 in. (36 em). In this large area one bed of the zone has been 

bench stripped along about 0.4 km of outcrop and entered by at least 24 

adits. 

The Peach Orchard coal zone has been removed by erosion from the 
44 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

highest hills in most of the northwestern parts of the Sitka quadrangle. 

It is below drainage level in the northern parts of the Louisa, Adams, 

and Blaine quadrangles, where very little is known about it. The total 

remaining calculated resource of the zone is 90.6 million short tons (82.2 

million t) of coal (table 16). 

Two samples from the Peach Orchard coal zone were available for 

chemical analysis, one of which was also sent to the U.S. Bureau of 

Mines. The ash content is a little higher than the average of all beds, 

heat of combustion about average, and the sulfur content less than onethird the average, lowest of all the beds. Arsenic and uranium contents 

are about one-fifth the average. 

TABLE 16.-Coal resources of Peach Orchard coal zone in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0. 05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton•0.907 t; 

1 in.•2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (--), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. >28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick -thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 2.8 0.1 2. 7 1. 3 4.0 

Sitka------ ---do--- 1.6 N 1.6 .4 2.0 

Do------- Johnson 2. 7 N 2. 7 .3 3.0 

Richardson- --do--- 1.1 N 1.1 N 1.1 

Do------ Lawrence 18.0 7. 2 .8 • 7 17.2 6.5 .2 23.9 

Adams------ ---do--- 9.1 2.1 .2 .1 8.9 2.0 2. 7 13.6 

Louisa----- ---do--- 45.2 6.1 .2 .1 25.0 6.0 .1 31.1 

Do------- Wayne--- 11.1 .9 .1 u.o .9 N 11.9 

Total----------- 71.6 16.3 1.4 0.9 70.2 15.4 5.0 90.6 

BROAS COAL ZONE 

The term Broas coal zone is used here to include most coal beds 

between the Peach Orchard and Richardson coal zones. The beds in the 

interval are generally thin. In most areas not more than two beds are 

found, although in excellent road cut exposures in the eastern part of the 

Adams quadrangle as many as seven beds are present. For the most 

part the beds in the zone are less than 14 in. (36 em) thick; but, locally, 

one or another may be moderately thick and commercially important in 

the three northern quadrangles-as thick as 63 in. (160 em) in the 

Louisa quadrangle, 44 in. (112 em) in the Adams quadrangle, and 38 in. 

(97 em) in the Blaine quadrangle. At no point in the Richardson 

quadrangle was a bed of the zone found to be more than 14 in. (36 em) 

thick and, except for two localities where beds 24 in. (61 em) and 15 in. 

(38 em) thick were found, the same is true of the Sitka quadrangle (fig. 

lOB). Beds of the zone have been entered by at least 44 adits in the 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 

45' 

37°52'30"~..,__ _____ ::..:...:..:.::...:.J.. ___ ~~~~ 

A 0 1 0 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

<."~tv. 

0 cl%~~ 

0.. 0.-v-.... co 

ecf-- 3J052'30"L.,__-----.:::.:SI~TK~A~--~R.!.!CIC~H.!!:CA:!..!!RD~s!.!:!o.!..L.IN 

B o 

0 

10 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

FIGURE 10.-Areas for which coal resources (patterned) were calculated for 

A, Peach Orchard coal zone; B, Broas coal zone. 

45 
46 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

Adams and Blaine quadrangles, and about 4.0 km of bed outcrop have 

been bench stripped in those quadrangles and the Louisa quadrangle. 

Where mined in the Adams and Louisa quadrangles, a bed of the zone 

has been referred to as the Torchlight coal bed and correlated with the 

Princess No. 4 coal bed of areas to the north (Huddle and others, 1963). 

The total calculated remaining coal resource of the Broas zone is 22.7 

million short tons (20.6 million t) (table 17). 

A bed of the Broas coal zone was sampled in the Adams quadrangle 

and just west of the Blaine quadrangle in the Mazie quadrangle. The 

ash content of the three samples is about half the average of all the 

beds, heat of combustion the lowest of all the beds, and the sulfur content a little lower than the average. Arsenic, uranium, barium, and 

strontium contents are about one-third the average, zinc content onefourth, and iron content one-sixth the average. 

TABLE 17 .-Coal resources of Broas coal zone in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources) 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. ~28 in. in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. ~14 in. 

thick thick thick thick thick -thick -thick thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 7. 2 0.1 0.1 N 7.1 0.1 7. 2 

Sitka------ Johnson .2 .2 .2 

Adams------ Lawrence 3. 9 4.4 N .4 3.9 4.0 o. 9 8.8 

Louisa----- ---do--- s.s .9 .1 s.s .8 .2 6.5 

Total----------- 16.8 5.4 0.1 o.s 16.7 4.9 1.1 22.7 

RICHARDSON COAL ZONE 

The Richardson coal zone, correlated with the Princess No. 5 coal 

zone of areas to the north and locally referred to as the No.5 Block (a 

West Virginia name), contains the thickest and most persistently thick 

coal beds of the area, and contains the largest percentage of the most 

accessible coal. The zone may contain as many as five coal beds, but 

generally only one, at or near the base, is thicker than 14 in. (36 em). 

The major resources of the zone are in a broad belt that extends 

across the Blaine, Adams, and Louisa quadrangles (fig. 11A). The 

greatest amount of mining of the zone, however, has been in the south 

half of the Richardson quadrangle, where the zone generally occurs high 

on the ridges and is particularly amenable to contour or hilltop stripping. Maximum measured thicknesses of beds in the zone are 93 in. 

(236 em) in the Adams quadrangle, 84 in. (213 em) in. the Richardson 

quadrangle, 63 in. (160 em) in the Louisa quadrangle, and 50 in. (127 
82°52'30" 

38°07'30" 

COAL BEDS OR ZONES 

3JC52'30"L-_____ --=...:..c _ _,__ __ _ 

A 0 10 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

\ BLAINE ADAMS 38°00'~----~~-=-+-----____:_-=--~------_L_j LOUISA 

EXPLANATION 

• Princess No. 6 coal 

zone 

e Princess No. 7 coal 

bed 

<."~tv. (Jjf) Princess No. 8 coal 

cl~~~ bed 01\i' co cy-_ 

3

r 52 ,

30, L_ _____ ~SI~TK~A.:L_ __ ____:R~IC:::.:.H.!:..A"-"RD=S=O"-'-N_, 

B 10 KILOMETERS 

FIGURE 11.-Areas for which coal resources (patterned) were calculated for A, 

Richardson coal zone; B, Princess No. 6 coal zone and the Princess Nos. 7 

and 8 coal beds. 

47 
48 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

em) in the Blaine quadrangle. Altogether, beds of the zone have been 

stripped along about 33 km of outcrop, about 19 km of which is in the 

Richardson quadrangle. In addition, the bed has been entered by at 

least 56 adits, chiefly in the Adams, Blaine, and Louisa quadrangles. 

Beds of the Richardson zone are thin or missing in most of the Sitka 

quadrangle, the southern parts of the Blaine and Adams quadrangles, 

and the northern part of the Richardson quadrangle. They are also thin 

or missing in the northeastern part of the Blaine quadrangle. The position of the zone is beneath drainage level in the northern part of the 

Louisa quadrangle and in much of the northern part of the Adams 

quadrangle, where little is known of it. The total calculated remaining 

resource of the Richardson coal zone is 59.0 million short tons (53.6 million t) (table 18). 

Twelve samples of coal from the Richardson coal zone were collected 

at nine localities. All were chemically analyzed by the U.S. Geological 

Survey; 10 also were sent to the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The ash content 

and heat of combustion are about average, and sulfur content is about 

one and one-half times the average of all the beds. None of the other element contents are unusually high or low. 

TABLE 18.-Coal resources of Richardson coal zone in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short ton!>• Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Ori11inal Remaining 

del!lonstr a ted Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. in. ~28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick thick thick -thick thick thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence 12.0 2. 5 o. 2 0.1 11.8 2.4 1. 3 15.5 

Sitka------ Johnson N .1 N .1 N N N 

Richardson- ---do--- .2 .9 .1 • 7 .1 .2 • 3 

Do------- Lawrence • 9 3.1 .1 .4 • 8 2. 7 • 9 4.4 

Adal!ls------ ---do--- 12.7 6. 3 .1 • 3 12.6 6. 0 .5 19. 1 

Louisa----- ---do--- 9.8 8.1 .1 .2 9. 7 7.9 1. 3 18.9 

Do------- Wayne--- .6 .2 N .6 .2 N .8 

To tal----------- 36.2 21.2 0.6 1. 8 35.6 19.4 4.0 59.0 

PRINCESS NO. 6 COAL ZONE 

The Princess No.6 coal zone is found only in the Blaine, Adams, and 

Louisa quadrangles, where it is fairly persistent and is generally made 

up of three or four very thin coal beds separated by rooted clay. At no 

place were any of the beds observed to be more than 14 in. (36 em) 

thick, but at least two adits enter one of the beds: one in the northwest 

quarter of the Louisa quadrangle and one on the north edge of the 

Blaine quadrangle (fig. liB). In the Mazie quadrangle, just west of the 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 49 

Blaine quadrangle, the single bed of the zone is as thick as about 3ft 

(0.9 m) and has been locally stripped (Outerbridge, 1977). The 

calculated remaining resource of the Princess No.6 coal zone is negligible (table 19). 

No samples from the Princess No. 6 coal zone were available for 

analysis. 

TABLE 19.-Coal resources of Princess No. 6 coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton-0.907 t; 

1 in.a2,54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine----- Lawrence N N N N 

Louisa----- ---do--- N N N N 

Total----------- N N N N 

PRINCESS NO. 7 COAL BED 

The Princess No.7 coal bed occurs only in the northern two-thirds of 

the Blaine, Adams, and Louisa quadrangles. It is generally less than 14 

in. (36 em) thick although it locally exceeds that thickness in all three 

quadrangles (fig. 11B). It reaches a maximum measured thickness of 36 

in. (91 em) in the Blaine quadrangle, where it has been entered by at 

least two adits. It is locally 30 in. (76 em) thick in the Louisa quadrangle 

and 22 in. (56 em) thick in the Adams quadrangle. The total remaining 

calculated resource of the bed is 1.7 million short tons (1.54 million t) 

(table 20). 

One sample was available of a coal at the approximate position of the 

Princess No. 7 coal bed. It was not submitted for U.S. Bureau of Mines 

TABLE 20.-Coal resources of Princess No. 7 coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 tonm0,907 t; 

1 in.-2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. ~28 in. in. >28 tn. in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick thick thick -thick thick -thick -thick -thick 

Blaine---- Lawrence 1. 4 0.1 N N 1. 4 0.1 1. 5 

Adams----- ---do--- .1 N .1 .1 

Louisa---- ---do--- .1 N .1 N .1 

To tal----------- 1. 6 0.1 N N 1.6 0.1 1. 7 
50 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

analysis. It has unusually high contents of more elements than any 

other bed: uranium content is about seven times the average of all beds, 

and arsenic, mercury, lead, and antimony contents are about five times 

the average. Only fluorine content is considerably lower than (onefourth) the average. 

PRINCESS NO. 8 COAL BED 

The Princess No.8 coal bed is found only in the Louisa and Adams 

quadrangles (fig. 11B). Although generally less than 14 in. (36 em) 

thick, it reaches maximum measured thicknesses of 26 in. (66 em) in 

the Louisa quadrangle and 19 in. (48 em) in the Adams quadrangle. The 

largest area of occurrence of the bed where it is thicker than 14 in. (36 

em) is in the northeastern part of the Louisa quadrangle. The bed was 

stripped along about 2 km of outcrop near the boundary between the 

Louisa and Adams quadrangles. It has a total calculated remaining 

resource of 3.0 million short tons (2.72 million t) (table 21). No samples 

of Princess No. 8 coal bed were available for analysis. 

TABLE 21.-Coal resources of Princess No. 8 coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources) 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. ~28 in. in. ~28 in. in. >28 in. >14 in. ~14 in. 

thick thick thick thick thick -thick -thick thick 

Adams------ Lawrence 0.1 N N N 0.1 0.1 

Louisa----- ---do--- o.s o.s o. 5 

Do------- Wayne--- 2. 2 2. 2 o. 2 2. 4 

To tal------------ 2. 8 N N N 2. 8 o. 2 3.0 

PRINCESS NO. 9 COAL ZONE 

The main (middle) bed of the Princess No.9 coal zone is sporadically 

present at the top of the Breathitt Formation in the northern three 

quadrangles. It is most persistent and most commonly thicker than 14 

in. (36 em) in the Louisa quadrangle (fig. 12A) and is thinnest and least 

persistent in the Blaine quadrangle, where its only measured thickness 

is 9 in. (23 em). The bed has been bench stripped along about 5 km of 

outcrop in the Louisa and Adams quadrangles and has been entered by 

at least 12 adits, mostly in the eastern part of the Louisa quadrangle. 

An upper bed, 35 in. (89 em) thick, was found in a core in the central 

part of the Louisa quadrangle; and a thin lower bed is exposed locally in 
COAL BEDS OR ZONES 

38 00 ~1--------=B.:::.LA:.:..:IN..:.:E+-____ ___:_A::::.DA:...::M..::.:S4------==~~ 

37052130"L ____ _:S~IT~K~A L--~~[Qgl!i] 

A 0 5 10 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

I 451 371

30" 

<'1 ''(!!> %~ \~ 1-o~~ <;) • ~ Q o-o 

0 \. 

~~ • ~ ..... £. ,7 

\ 

BLAINE ADAMS LOUISA I \ 

EXPLANATION !---_""' • Brush Creek coal 

bed ....... 

""' db Unnamed coal bed 

................. 

R<1ip, 

in Conemaugh 

J~~ Formation 

IVs: c~ o,y, co 

ey__ 

SITKA RICHARIJW 

1 0 KILOMETERS 

5 MILES 

FIGURE 12.-Area for which coal resources (patterned) were calculated for A, 

Princess No.9 coal zone; B, Brush Creek coal bed and an unnamed coal bed 

in the Conemaugh Formation. 

51 
52 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

the east-central part of that quadrangle. The zone has a total calculated 

remaining resource of 13.2 million short tons (12.0 million t) (table 22). 

The lowermost bed in the zone was not sampled. Seven samples of 

the main (middle) bed were collected at four localities. Four composite 

samples representing the four localities were sent to the U.S. Bureau of 

Mines. The ash content is about 1 ~ times the average of all the beds, 

heat of combustion is about average, and sulfur content is about 1 ~ times the average. None of the other element contents are unusually 

high or low. The single sample of the uppermost bed showed ash content, heat of combustion, and sulfur content all a little higher than the 

average; only fluorine content is considerably lower (one-fourth) than 

the average. 

TABLE 22.-Coal resources of Princess No. 9 coal zone in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton=0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. ~28 in. in. ~28 in. in. ~28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick thick thick thick thick thick -thick -thick 

Adams------ Lawrence 0.1 N N N 0.1 N 0.1 

Louisa----- ---do--- .8 0.4 N N . • 8 .4 N 1. 2 

Do------- Wayne--- 8.8 2. 5 0.1 0.1 8. 7 2.4 0.8 ll. 9 

To tal----------- 9. 7 2. 9 0.1 0.1 9.6 2. 8 0.8 13.2 

BRUSH CREEK COAL BED 

The Brush Creek coal bed occurs only in the Adams and Louisa 

quadrangles where it isnearly everywhere less than 14 in. (36 em) thick. 

It is, however, about 32 in. (81 em) thick in a drill hole in the central 

part of the Louisa quadrangle (fig. 12B). The bed has apparently not 

been mined at any place in the area. Its total resource is negligible 

(table 23). 

TABLE 23.-Coal resources of Brush Creek coal bed in millions of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 ton•0.907 t; 

1 in.=2.54 em. ~. equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Quadrangle County 

Louisa----- Lawrence 

To tal-----------

Original 

demonstrated 

resource 

In beds 

14-28 In beds 

in. >28 in. 

thick -thick 

N 

N 

Mined and lost 

in mining 

In beds 

14-28 In beds 

in. >28 in. 

thick -thick 

Remaining 

demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource resource remaining 

In beds 

14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. >28 in. >14 in. >14 in. 

thick -thick -thick -thick 

N N 

N N 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON ANALYTICAL DATA 53 

A single sample of the Brush Creek coal bed was available for 

analysis. Ash content is a little higher than the average for all the beds, 

heat of combustion about average, and sulfur content about 21/2 times 

the average. Strontium content, highest of all the beds, three times the 

average, is the only element in unusual concentration. 

UNNAMED COAL BED OF CONEMAUGH FORMATION 

An unnamed coal bed a few meters above the Brush Creek Limestone 

Member occurs locally in the Adams and Louisa quadrangles. Only 

locally is it thicker than 14 in. (36 em). In the Adams quadrangle, where 

it has been entered by at least three adits, it is up to 24 in. (61 em) 

thick; in the Louisa quadrangle it is up to 20 in. (51 em) thick (fig. 12B). 

The bed occurs high on the ridges and is of very little economic importance. It has a calculated total remaining resource of only 0.2 million 

short tons (0.18 million t) (table 24). No samples of this bed were taken 

for analysis. 

TABLE 24.-Coal resources of unnamed coal bed in Conemaugh Formation in millions 

of short tons 

[N, less than 0.05 million short tons. Data in inch-pound units; 1 tons0,907 t; 

1 in.~2.54 em. 2:_, equal to or greater than. Leaders (---), no resources] 

Original Remaining 

demonstrated Mined and lost demonstrated Inferred Total 

resource in mining resource resource remaining 

Quadrangle County In beds In beds In beds 

14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds 14-28 In beds In beds In beds 

in. 2:_28 in. in. >28 in. in. >28 in. 2:_14 in. >14 in. 

thick thick thick -thick thick -thick thick -thick 

Adams------ Lawrence 0.1 0.1 0.1 

Louisa----- Wayne--- .2 0.1 .1 .1 

Total------------ 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON ANALYTICAL DATA 

The 55 coal samples from the report area are chemically similar to 

Appalachian Pennsylvanian bituminous coals as reported by Swanson 

and others (1976, table 7C). Because the mean Appalachian coal values 

of Swanson and others are biased toward the values of the northern Appalachian coals (half of the samples are from Pennsylvania and Ohio), a 

rigorous statistical comparison of our values with those values is not appropriate. The only elements that are considered here as probably different in abundance are those for which the geometric mean is less than 

one-third (manganese) or more than three times (no elements) the 

geometric mean of the Appalachian coals (table 4). Proximate and 

ultimate analyses, heat of combustion, and forms of sulfur for 32 coal 
54 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

samples in the report area are similar to those reported by Swanson and 

others (1976, table 7A). 

Sampling limitations were discussed in the previous section, "Coal 

Beds and Zones." For the report area, analytical data were examined 

and, where the distribution was considered adequate, statistically 

tested for stratigraphic and geographic trends. 

Detailed analytical data are given in tables 25, 26, and 27 of this 

report, on pages 58--69 following "References Cited." 

STRATIGRAPHIC TRENDS 

Coal beds in the upper and lower parts of the stratigraphic section 

were compared for differences in trace-element contents and U.S. 

Bureau of Mines analyses by means of the statistical "t-test." The division between the upper and lower parts is placed at the base of the 

Peach Orchard coal zone, which is approximately at the boundary 

between the upper and lower delta plain environments. (See 

"Interpretation of Depositional History.") All the trace-element contents were tested using coal-bed geometric means (table 6). The Bureau 

of Mines analyses were tested using coal-bed arithmetic means (table 

5). The tests were made both including and excluding the Fire Clay 

rider coal bed, the extremely high ash content (32.5 percent) of which 

could strongly influence the abundance of some elements. 

The results show that the stratigraphically higher coal beds taken as 

a whole (with the Fire Clay rider coal bed excluded from the test) have 

higher contents of total and pyritic sulfur, as percent of total sulfur, of 

iron (at the 95 percent probability level), and of arsenic and mercury (at 

the 90 percent probability level) than do the lower coal beds. Ash content, although not significantly higher in the upper beds at the levels 

considered (90 and 95 percent), is significantly higher at the 80 percent 

level. With the Fire Clay rider coal bed included in the test, only 

moisture and mercury have significantly higher values (90 percent 

probability level). 

The lower coal beds taken as a whole, with the Fire Clay rider coal 

bed excluded from the test, have higher organic sulfur contents, a 

higher heat of combustion, and more nitrogen and carbon (at the 95 

percent probability level) and greater moisture and sodium contents (90 

percent probability level). With the Fire Clay rider coal bed included in 

the test, heat of combustion is higher in the lower part of the section at 

the same probability level (95 percent), organic sulfur content at a 

lower level (90 percent), and sodium content at a higher level (95 percent). 

It was observed that with the boundary between the upper and lower 

parts of the stratigraphic sequence placed higher, between the Broas 

and Richardson coal zones, the differences in forms of sulfur (as percent 

of total sulfur) are even more significant (99.9 percent probability 
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON ANALYTICAL DATA 55 

level). From the Richardson zone upward, without exception, the coal 

beds have more pyritic sulfur. From below the Richardson, excepting 

the unusual Fire Clay rider coal bed, the beds have more organic sulfur. 

(See table 5.) 

Heat of combustion may be higher in beds in the lower part of thesequence because of the greater depth of burial, and sodium content may 

be higher because the lower delta plain would have had greater marine 

influence than the upper delta plain. The reason for the greater amount 

of organic sulfur in coal beds interpreted to have been deposited in the 

lower delta plain environment is not known, nor is it known why more 

total sulfur and pyritic sulfur occur in beds interpreted to have been 

deposited in the upper delta and alluvial plain. The greater amount of 

iron, arsenic, and mercury in the upper coal beds is related to the higher 

percentages of pyrite (as indicated by pyritic sulfur) in those beds. 

The significantly higher percentages of pyritic sulfur in the interpreted upper delta plain coal beds than in the lower delta plain coal 

beds, is in contradiction to the findings of Caruccio and others (1977). 

For their larger study area they stated {p. 61) that "in general * * * 

greater percentages of framboidal pyrite, combined with a greater percentage of pyritic sulfur, occur in lower delta plain sequences * * * ." 

Although we have no direct data on framboidal pyrite for our area, the 

above statement on the association of pyritic sulfur and framboidal 

pyrite suggests that more framboidal pyrite may be present in the upper delta plain coal beds in our area. A correlation coefficient run on 

Caruccio and others' raw data (1977, table A-2, cols. 7 and 9) shows 

that a high correlation, 99 percent probability level, does indeed occur 

between the percentage of pyritic sulfur and the percentage of framboidal pyrite. It is possible, however, that the relatively high percentage 

of pyrite in the upper beds in this report area is postdiagenetic and has 

no relation to depositional environments. If so, the percentages offramboidal pyrite in the upper beds would probably be relatively low. 

GEOGRAPHIC TRENDS 

The number of samples and their distribution were considered 

amenable to testing for geographic trends only for the Richardson coal 

zone and the Fire Clay rider coal bed. 

Eight of the nine Richardson samples occur fortuitously in a linear 

pattern about 29 km long across the northern part of the report area 

(fig. 5, locs. 1, 5-7, 12, 20, 22, 23) in a generally land to sea (southeast to 

northwest) orientation. Correlation coefficients were determined for the 

analytical data (tables 25, 26) versus distance along the line. For the 

U.S. Bureau of Mines analyses, correlation coefficients were significant 

at the 95 percent probability level only for ash (as-received basis, raw 

data), which, as might be expected, increases in the source direction. 
56 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

For the element data (whole-coal basis, log transformed), correlation 

coefficients were fiignificant at the 95 percent level for more than onethird of the elements tested. Increasing in the source direction are 

silicon, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and copper contents. Increasing in the seaward direction are calcium, iron, titanium, mercury, 

boron, germanium, and molybdenum contents. Sulfur and arsenic contents exhibit a tendency to increase in the seaward direction, but at 

lower levels of probability. 

The 10 Fire Clay rider coal bed samples occur in a linear pattern 

about 23 km long almost perpendicular to the line of Richardson coal 

zone samples and therefore generally paralleling the paleoshoreline (fig. 

5, locs.13-17, 34, 35, 39, 40, 29). Because ofthisorientation, few significant correlations of analytical data versus distance along the line were 

expected. As only four of the samples were analyzed by the U.S. Bureau 

of Mines, correlation coefficients for those data were not determined. 

For the element data (whole-coal basis, log transformed) only 

manganese showed a correlation at the 95 percent probability level, increasing northeastward, for an unknown reason. 

REFERENCES CITED 

Carlson, J. E., 1971, Geologic map ofthe Webbville quadrangle, eastern Kentucky: U.S. 

Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-927. 

Caruccio, F. T., Ferm, J. C., Home, John, Geidel, Gwendelyn, and Baganz, Bruce, 1977, 

Paleoenvironment of coal and its relation to drainage quality: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development 

Program Report, 108 p. 

Connor, C. W., 1975, Graphic lithologic logs of four U.S. Geological Survey cores of Carboniferous rocks, Lawrence County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 75-316, 15 p. 

Connor, C. W., and Flores, R. M., 1978, Geologic map of the Louisa quadrangle, Kentucky-West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1462. 

Crandall, A. R., 1905, The coals of the Big Sandy valley south of Louisa and between Tug 

Fork and the headwaters of the North Fork of Kentucky River: Kentucky Geological 

Survey Bulletin 4, 141 p. 

Ferm, J. C., 197 4, Carboniferous environmental models in eastern United States and their 

significance, in Carboniferous of the southeastern United States: Geological Society 

of America Special Paper 148, p. 79-95. 

Ferm, J. C., Horne, J. C., Swinchatt, J.P., and Whaley, P. W., 1971, Carboniferous 

depositional environments in northeastern Kentucky: Geological Society of Kentucky, 30 p. 

Flores, R. M., 1978, Petrographic differentiation of depositional environments of sandstones of the Breathitt Formation, northeastern Kentucky and southwestern West 

Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 6, no. 5, p. 593-602. 

Hauser, R. E., 1953, Geology and mineral resources of the Paintsville [15 minute] 

quadrangle, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 9, Bulletin 13, 80 p. 
REFERENCES CITED 57 

Hayes, P. T., 1977, Geologic map of the Sitka quadrangle, Johnson and Lawrence Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1398. 

Henry, T. W., and Schweinfurth, S. P., 1977, Upper Penns'ylvanian Series, in Englund 

and others, A field guide to proposed Pennsylvanian System stratotype, West 

Virginia: AAPG/SEPM, p. 16-20. 

Home, J. C., and Ferm, J. C., [1976], Carboniferous depositional environments in the 

Pocahontas Basin, eastern Kentucky and southern West Virginia, a field guide: 

University of South Carolina, 129 p. 

Horne, J. C., Ferm, J. C., and Swinchatt, J.P., 1974, Depositional model for the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in northeastern Kentucky, in Car,boniferous of the 

southeastern United States: Geological Society of America Special Paper 148, p. 

97-114. 

Huddle, J. W., Lyons, E. J., Smith, H. L., and Ferm, J. C., 1963, Coal reserves of eastern 

Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1120, 247 p. 

Hudnall, J. S., and Pirtle, G. W., 1926, Structural geologic map of Lawrence County, 

Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 6 (reprinted without revision as Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 9, 1949). 

Jenkins, E. C., 1966, Geologic map of the Milo quadrangle, Kentucky-West Virginia and 

the part of the Webb quadrangle in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic 

Quadrangle Map GQ-543. 

Jillson, W. R., 1919, The Kendrick Shale-A new calcareous horizon in the Coal Measures 

of eastern Kentucky: Kentucky Department of Geology and Forestry, Mineral and 

Forest Resources of Kentucky, ser. 5, v. 1, no. 2, p. 96-104. 

Outerbridge, W. F., 1964, Geologic map of the Offutt quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. 

Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-348. 

__ 1966, Geologic map of the Paintsville quadrangle, Johnson and Floyd Counties, 

Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-495. 

___ 1977, Geologic map of the Mazie quadrangle, eastern Kentucky, U.S. Geological 

Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1388. 

Phalen, W. C., 1912, Description of the Kenova quadrangle [Kentucky-West 

Virginia-Ohio]: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Atlas, Folio 184. 

Pillmore, C. L., and Connor, C. W., 1978, Geologic map of the Blaine quadrangle, 

Lawrence County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map 

GQ-1507. 

Rice, C. L., 1968, Geologic map of the Redbush quadrangle, eastern Kentucky: U.S. 

Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-708. 

Sanchez, J.D., Alvord, D. C., and Hayes, P. T., 1978, Geologic map of the Richardson 

quadrangle, Lawrence and Johnson counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey 

Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1460. 

Sharps, J. A., 1967, Geologic map of the Fallsburg quadrangle, Kentucky-West Virginia 

and the Prichard quadrangle in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic 

Quadrangle Map GQ-584. 

Swanson, V. E., Medlin, J. H., Hatch, J. R., Coleman, S. L., Wood, G. H., Jr., Woodruff, 

S. D., Hildebrand, R. T., 1976, Collection, chemical analysis, and evaluation of coal 

samples in 1975: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 76-468, 503 p. 

U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey, 1976, Coal resource classification 

system of the U.S. Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological 

Survey Bulletin 1450-B, p. B1-B7. 

Ward, D. E., 1978, Geologic map of the Adams quadrangle, Lawrence County, Kentucky: 

U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1489. 
58 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE 25.-Proximate, ultimate, and forms-of-sulfur analyses, air-dry loss, heat of 

samples from 

t 

[All analyses except heat of combustion, apparent rank, free-swelling index, and fusibility of ash 

were collected and transported in plastic bags to avoid metal contamination. Form of analyses: 

Section, u.s. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. ND, not determined. Brae keted values are 

locality. Kcal/kg • 0.556 (Btu/lb) Leaders (--), not applicable] 

Form Proximate analyses Ultimate analysis 

Coal bed Sample of 

or zone No. analy- Mois- Volatile Fixed C Ash H N 0 

sis ture matter 

Brush Creek D174712 14.3 40.0 42.0 13.7 5.0 64.8 1.2 11.2 4.1 

41.8 43.9 14.3 4. 7 67.7 1.2 7.8 4.2 

48.8 51.2 5.5 79.0 1.4 9.2 4.9 

Princess No. D174713 3.4 41.6 41.4 13.6 5.0 66.3 1.4 11.7 2.0 

9 (upper 43.0 43.0 14.0 4.8 68.6 1.5 9.1 2.0 

bed). 50.0 50.0 5.6 79.8 1.7 10.5 2.4 

Princess No. D184662-3 6.8 33.3 45.5 14.4 5.1 62.4 1.3 15.9 .8 

9 (middle 35.7 48.9 15.4 4.7 67.0 1.4 10.6 .9 

bed). 42.2 57.8 5.5 79.2 1. 7 12.5 1.0 

Do---- D184664-6 5.2 35.1 45.1 14.6 5.0 64.1 1.4 13.0 1.9 

37.0 47.6 15.4 4. 7 67.6 1.4 8.9 2.0 

43.8 56.2 5.5 79.9 1. 7 10.5 2.4 

Do--- D174714 4.9 34.3 42.7 18.2 4.9 59.7 1.2 11.5 4.5 

36.0 44.9 19.1 4.6 62.8 1.2 7.6 4. 7 

44.5 55.5 5.6 77.7 1.5 9.4 5.8 

Do--- D169557 4.2 37.8 42.4 15.6 5.0 63.4 1.4 12.8 1.8 

39.4 44.3 16.3 4.8 66.2 1.5 9.3 1.9 

4 7.1 52.9 5. 7 79.1 1. 7 11.2 2.3 

Richardson D168265 1 '·} ~-·} "·'} '·'} '·} "·~ '·~ "·~ '·l (Princess 2 38.8 53.4 7.8 5.1 74.0 1.5 9.5 2.1 

No. 5). 3 42.1 ~ 57.9 - - ... 5.5 ;:'; 80.3 ;g 1. 7 "": 10.2 ~ 2.3 "' oi ,.: 

Do--- D168264 7.2 36.0 48.4 ~ 8.4 5.3 67.0 1.4 14.7 3.2 N 

38.8 52.1 9.1 4.9 72.2 1.5 8.8 3.5 

42.7 57.3 5.4 79.4 1.6 9.8 3.8 

Do---- D168260 4. 7 41.6 47.3 6.4 5.5 70.6 1.4 11.8 4.3 

43.6 49.7 6. 7 5.2 74.1 1.5 7.9 4.6 

46.8 53.2 5.5 79.4 1.6 8.6 4.9 

Do--- D168261 4.6 39.1 48.8 7.5 5.3 70.0 1.4 12.2 3.6 

41.0 51.1 7.9 5.0 73.4 1. 5 8.4 3.8 

44.5 55.5 5.5 79.7 1.6 9.1 4.1 

Do--- D168263 6.6 36.2 48.3 8.9 5.2 67.1 1.4 14.1 3.3 

38.8 51.7 9.5 4.8 71.9 1.5 8.8 3.5 

42.9 57.1 5.3 79.5 1. 7 9.6 3.9 

Do--- D174722 "·} "·'} "·'} .. '} '·J "·'} '·~ "·'} '·l 40.5 54.0 5.5 4.8 72.9 1.2 14.1 1.5 

42.8 ~ 57.2 ~ --,.., 5.1 "' 77.1 ~ 1.3 3 14.9 ~ 1.6 

16.7 ~ ..= ~ Do-- D174721 5.3 38.6 39.4 4.5 60.5 1.0 ll.O 6.3 

40.8 41.6 17.6 4.1 63.9 1.0 6.8 6.6 

49.5 50.5 5.0 77.6 1. 3 s.o 8.1 

Do--- D169558 5.1 32.7 45.2 17.0 4.9 61.8 1.3 14.1 .9 

34.5 47.6 17.9 4.6 65.2 1. 3 10.0 1.0 

42.0 58.0 5.6 79.4 1.6 12.2 1.2 

Do--- D169556 5.5 38.3 44.7 ll.5 5.3 67.3 1.3 12.8 1.8 

40.5 47.4 12.1 4.9 71.3 1.4 8.4 1.9 

46.1 53.9 5.6 81.1 1.6 9.5 2.2 

Do--- D182463-4 4.9 28.6 52.9 13.6 4.8 66.4 1.3 13.1 .8 

30.1 55.6 14.3 4.5 69.8 1.4 9.1 .8 

35.1 64.9 5.2 81.5 1.6 10.7 1.0 
COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 59 

combustion, apparent rank, free-swelling index, and fusibility of ash of 35 coal 

the report area 

are in percent. Original moisture content may be slightly more than shown because samples 

1, as received; 2, moisture free; 3, moisture and ash free. All analyses by Coal Analysis 

weighted average, as-received basis, for upper and lower parts of a coal bed at a single 

Heat of 

combustion Apparent Forms of sulfur 

Air Heat of (Btu/lb), rank Free- Fusibility 

dry combustion moist, (high Sulfate Pyritic Organic Swelling of ash 

loss (Btu/lb) miners l-1Datter volatile Index (OF) 1 

free 

0.61 11,540 13,650 0.14 2.97 0.94 2060 

12,060 .15 3.11 .99 2110 

14,070 .17 3.62 1.15 2300 

3.32 11,950 14,090 A .40 1.29 .27 2510 

12,370 .41 1.33 .2S 2560 

14,390 .4S 1.55 .32 2620 

1.9 11,070 13,170 .03 .14 .63 ND 2SOO+ 

11,SSO .03 .15 .67 2SOO+ 

14,040 .04 .17 .so 2SOO+ 

1.4 11,4SO 13,710 .02 1.40 .so 2655 

12,110 .02 1.4S .53 2755 

14,320 .02 1. 74 .63 2SOO+ 

.30 10,700 13,450 B .04 3.66 .so 1.5 20SO 

11,220 .04 3.S5 .S4 2130 

13,910 .05 4. 76 1.04 2290 

1.02 11,440 13,S40 .04 1.32 .46 ND ND 

11,940 .04 1.37 .4S ND 

14,270 .05 1.64 .57 ND 

1.5 12,240} 

"~} ·"1 '·'] ·"I ND ND 

13,200 .09 1.53 .51 ND 

14,310 g_ .09 ~ 1.66 ; .55 ND 

~ 

1.4 12,060 £:! 13,330 !2 .13 2.53 .57 ND ND 

12,990 .14 2. 73 .62 ND 

14,290 .15 3.00 .6S ND 

.2 12, S20 13, S50 .oo 3. 46 .ss ND ND 

13,450 .oo 3.64 .92 ND 

14,420 .oo 3.90 .99 -ND 

.6 12,660 13,S50 B .11 2.95 .53 ND ND 

13,270 .11 3.09 .55 ND 

14,400 .12 3.36 .60 ND 

1.1 12,030 13,3SO .11 2.60 .57 ND ND 

12,SSO .12 2.79 .61 ND 

14,240 .13 3.0S .6S ND 

7.56 10,650} 

"~1~ ·"} ·"} '·"} 0.5 2140 

12,4SO .14 .03 1.36 2230 

13,210 ~- .15 .03 q 1.44 ~ 2320 N 

N 

1.57 10,940 Q 13,510 £:! B .26 . 4. 29 "' 1. 73 2030 

11,550 .27 4.53 1.S3 2090 

14,030 .33 5.50 2.22 21SO 

1.S9 11,060 13,620 .04 .40 .49 ND ND 

11,650 .04 .42 .52 ND 

14,200 .05 .52 .63 ND 

1.84 12,100 13,880 B .03 1.45 .33 ND ND 

12,810 .03 1.54 .35 ND 

14,580 .04 1. 75 .40 ND 

1.9 11,670 13,740 .10 .27 .40 2800+ 

12,270 .10 .29 .42 2800+ 

14,330 .12 .34 .49 2800+ 
60 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE 25.-Proximate, ultimate, and forms-of-sulfur analyses, ai~dry loss, heat of 

samples from the 

Proximate analyses Ultimate analyses 

Form 

of 

Coal bed Sample analy- Mois- Volatile 

or zone sis ture matter Fixed C Ash H N 0 

Broas--- D174725 

~}- "·'} "·'} '·'} '·~ 11.} 1.~ "·~ 37.7 56.8 5.5 4.8 76.9 1.5 10.6 } 39.9 ~ 60.1 g - N 5.1 "' 81.4 ~ 1.6 ~ 11.1 ~ .a "! ..; ,; .,; 

Do-- D174723 6.4 39.1 49.2 5.3 5.4 71.3 1.6 15.3 1.1 

41.8 52.5 5. 7 5.0 76.1 1. 7 10.3 1.2 

44.3 55.7 5.3 80.8 1.8 10.9 1.2 

Do--- D171581 6.3 36.6 49.1 8.0 5.4 72.2 1.4 11.7 1.3 

39.1. 52.4 8.5 5.0 77.1 1.5 6.6 1.3 

42.7 57.3 5.4 84.2 1.6 7.3 1.5 

Peach D182462 12.3 27.7 46.3 13.7 4.8 56.3 1.1 23.5 .5 

Orchard. 31.5 52.8 15.7 3.9 64.1 1.3 14.4 .6 

37.4 62.6 4.7 76.1 1.5 17.0 .7 

Hazard--- D174719 5.2 37.0 52.5 5.3 5.6 73.0 1.5 13.9 .7 

39.0 55.4 5.6 5.3 77.0 1.6 9. 7 .8 

41.3 58.7 5.6 81.6 1.6 10.4 .8 

Haddix-- Dl74715 6.4 38.5 51.6 3.5 5.5 73.8 1.4 15.2 .6 

41.2 55.0 3.8 5.2 78.9 1.5 10.0 .6 

42.8 57.2 5.4 82.0 1.5 10.4 .7 

Do--- D168087 4.4 32.5 57.7 15.4 4. 7 65.3 1.4 12.0 1.2 

34.0 59.9 16.1 4.4 68.3 1.4 8.6 1.2 

40.5 59.5 5.3 81.5 1. 7 10.0 1.5 

Fire Clay D171596 1 2.8 35.9 33.9 27.4 4.4 53.6 1.1 8.3 5.2 

Rider. 2 37.0 34.8 28.2 4.2 55.1 1.1 6.1 5.3 

3 51.5 48.5 5.8 76.7 1.6 8.5 7.4 

Do--- D171595 2.4 33.1 31.6 32.9 4.0 49.2 .9 7.8 5.2 

33.9 32.4 33.7 3.8 50.4 1.0 5.8 5.3 

51.1 48.9 5.a 76.1 1.5 a.6 a.o 

Do-- D171594 2.6 31.5 31.4 34.5 3.9 4a.4 1.0 a.2 4.0 

32.4 32.2 35.4 3. 7 49.7 1.0 6.1 4.1 

50.1 49.9 5.7 76.9 1.5 9.5 6.4 

Do-- D171593 1 2.3 32.2 30.2 35.3 3. 7 45.a .9 7.9 6.4 

2 33.0 30.9 36.1 3.5 46.9 .9 6.1 6.5 

3 51.6 4a.4 5.5 73.4 1.4 9.5 10.2 

Little Fire D171589 2.9 36.4 49.6 ll.1 5.0 70.7 1.4 ll.1 .7 

Clay. 37.5 51.1 11.4 4.8 72.8 1.5 8.8 .7 

42.3 57.7 5.4 82.2 1.7 9.9 .a 

Do-- D171586 3.1 36.2 46.8 13.9 4.9 67.8 1.4 11.3 • 7 

37.3 4a.3 14.4 4.7 70.0 1.4 a.a .7 

43.6 56.4 5.5 a1. 7 1. 7 10.2 .9 

Do-- D171584 4.4 36.3 46.4 12.9 5.2 6a.o 1.5 u.s .6 

3a.o 48.5 13.5 4.9 71.1 1.5 a.3 • 7 

43.9 56.1 5.6 82.2 1.8 9.6 .a 

Do-- D174720 3.3 36.8 47.1 12.8 4.9 68.6 1.3 11.7 • 7 

3a.1 4a.6 13.3 4.6 71.0 1.4 9.0 • 7 

43.9 56.1 5.4 a1.9 1.6 10.2 .9 

Whitesburg D1715a2 2.9 37.0 53.2 6.9 5.3 74.3 1.5 11.2 .a 

38.1 54.8 7.1 5.1 76.6 1.6 a. 1 .9 

41.0 59.0 5.5 a2.4 1. 7 9.5 .9 

Williaason D174716 5.1 35.9 52.3 6. 7 5.4 72.5 1.5 13.3 .6 

37.a 55.2 7.0 5.0 76.4 1.6 9.4 .6 

40.7 59.3 5.4 82.2 1. 7 10.0 .7 

Van Lear- D174717 3.9 41.2 39.3 15.6 4.9 64.3 1.3 13.1 .a 

42.9 40.8 16.3 4. 7 66.9 1.4 9.a .9 

51.2 48.a 5.6 79.9 1.6 11.9 1.0 

Unn-ed bed D174718 1 3.5 39.9 51.a 4.a 5.4 75.2 1.4 12.2 1.0 

below Lee 2 41.4 53.6 5.0 5.2 7a.o 1.4 9.3 1.1 

Formation. 3 43.5 56.5 5.5 82.1 1.5 9.a 1.1 

1 o, • 9 Is oC+32. 
COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 61 

combustion, apparent rank, free-swelling index, and fusibility of ash of 35 coal 

report area-Continued 

Heat of 

combustion Forms of sulfur 

(Btu/lb), Apparent 

Air Heat of moist, rank Free- Fusibility 

dry combustion mineral-matter (high swelling of ash loss (Btu/lb) free volatile) Sulfate Pyritic Organic index (OF)l 

1.87 

12, "'} 

13,461 '"} '"} ·"} ND 2910+-

13,580 .01 .03 .68 ND 

14,360 ~ -- 0 .01 ~ .03 • 72 ., ND 

"::'~ ... "': 

1.15 12,620 £:! .02 .23 .83 1.5 2910+ 

13,480 .02 .24 .89 ND 

14,300 .02 .26 .94 ND 

ND 12,860 14,120 A .02 • 72 .52 ND ND 

13,720 .02 • 76 .55 ND 

15,000 .02 .84 .60 ND 

7.0 9,490 11,180 .02 .os .47 2800+ 

10,820 .02 .05 .53 2800+ 

12,820 .03 .06 .63 2800+ 

.56 12,970 13,780 .01 .18 .56 1.5 2680 

13,680 .01 .19 .59 2730 

14,490 .01 .20 .62 2780 

1. 72 13,080 13,610 B .01 .06 .52 1.5 2620 

13,980 .01 .06 .56 2680 

14,520 .01 .07 .58 2740 

1.1 11,580 13,960 .oo .68 .so ND ND 

12,110 .oo .71 .53 ND 

14,430 .oo .85 .63 ND 

ND 9,740 14,050 A .26 4.21 .71 ND ND 

10,020 .27 4. 33 • 73 ND 

13,960 .37 6.04 1. 01 ND 

ND 8,860 14,000 A .27 4.20 .72 ND ND 

9,070 .28 4.31 • 74 ND 

13,690 .42 6. so 1.11 ND 

ND 8,620 13,980 B .24 3.41 .38 ND ND 

8,850 .25 3. so .39 ND 

13,700 .38 5.42 .60 ND 

ND 8,390 13,860 .36 5.33 .66 ND ND 

8,590 .37 5.46 .67 ND 

13,440 .58 8.54 1.06 ND 

ND 12,470 14,220 A .01 .12 .58 ND ND 

12,1!40 .01 .12 • 59 ND 

14,500 .01 .14 .67 ND 

ND 11,980 14,150 A .02 .14 .57 ND ND 

12,370 .02 .14 .58 ND 

14,450 .02 .17 .68 ND 

ND 12,110 14,120 A .03 .10 .49 ND ND 

12,670 .03 .10 .52 ND 

14,640 .04 .12 .60 ND 

.34 12,120 14,120 A .01 • 21 .50 1.5 2910+-

12,540 .01 .22 .52 ND 

14,460 .01 .25 .59 ND 

ND 13,090 14,180 A .02 .19 .63 ND ND 

13,480 .02 .19 .65 ND 

14,500 .02 .21 .69 ND 

.51 12,820 13,850 B .01 .05 .54 2570 

13,510 .01 .05 .56 2620 

14,530 .01 .06 .61 2730 

.68 11,480 13,870 B .01 .18 .66 1.5 1990 

11,940 .01 .19 .68 2040 

14,260 .01 .22 .81 2090 

.35 13,500 14,270 A .01 .46 .55 2250 

13,990 .01 .48 .57 2300 

14,730 .01 .so .60 2350 
62 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE 26.-Content of 42 elements in 53 coal samples 

[Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Ti in percent; rest in ppm (parts per million) • As, F, Hg, Sb, 

analyses calculated lfrom determinations on ash. -s, content determined by emission 

determined. Bracketed values are weighted averages for parts of a coal bed at a single 

Samplto 

No. Si Al Ca Mg Na K Fe Mn Ti 

lJ1747l2 j. 7 2. is 0.072 0.037 0.022 0.21 3.2 37 O.ll 

0174713 2.5 1. 9 .081 .• 020 .021 .053 1.0 10 .18 

0184662 

... rol r .. T ·"T .oT ·'T ~-· r '·T 0184663 2. 9 "' 1. 7 .19 . .020 C! .019 C! .084 -: .65 7.0 1'- .u .26 r . 

0184664 5.1 "' 3. 4 "' .19 .070 I() .022 ID .34 1'- 2.0 1'- 14 .16 I() 

0184665 2. 3 ,.; 1. 7 ,.; .18 !'::. .012 ~ .012 C! .040 -: 1.8 ...: s. 9 ;;; .14 ..., 

018466o 2. 2 1. 6 .15 .01 .014 .081 1. 2 3. 7 .14 

D174714 1.8 1.4 .045 .035 .010 .13 4.1 10 .083 

0169557 3.4 2.4 .085 .101 .020 .19 2.3 26 1 .25 

0168262 2. 7 2.4 .062 .032 .015 .12 3.0 26 .086 

0168265 1.3 }!<! 1.3 r .12 };; .02fr2 .006}~ .040}~ 1. 6 }~ 15 }~ .019}2 0168264 1.4 - 1.2 - .048 C! .02 C! .007 C! .062 C! 2.5 21 .022 C! 

D 168260 .61 • 24 .070 .012 .008 .019 3.0 30 .008 

0168261 .53 .34 .090 .020 .009 .044 3.8 50 .012 

D168263 1. 5 • 70 .071 .025 .012 .083 2. 5 21 .033 

0174722 1.1 }~ .49r .091}:::: .012}::;: .009}~ .030}~ .so }0! 4-8}~ .014}~ 0174721 2. 3 N 2. 2 ...: .086 C! .026 ~ .015 ~ .12 C! 3.8 N 15 .oss C! 

0169555 4.8 3.0 .069 .17 .019 .26 .48 27 1 .17 

0169551:l 4. 6 3.4 .063 .086 .031 .48 .56 28 1 .12 

0169556 1. 8 1.4 .051 .046 .014 .18 1. 7 56 .048 

0182463 1.6 }"l 1.3 }~ .089}~ .019}~ .007}~ .097}~ .51}-: 3.1 }-: .051}~ 0182464 4.2 "'2.1 - .099 C! .040 C! .012 ~ .20 . 2o9 N 6.1 I() .16 . 

D174725 .87}~ • 74f. .osop; .01~}!':: .005}6 .04~}:g .055}:! 3-9}"! • 028}~ 0174723 1.1 - • 79 . .058 C! .020 C! .008 C! • 080 C! .20 . 7.0 I() .031 C! 

0171581 1. 9 1. 3 .070 .026 .009 .074 .30 22 .10 

0168259 .49 .31 .056 .024 .oos .029 1.1 12 .017 

0182462 3.1:l 2.1 .34 .088 .015 .19 .19 6.0 .19 

0174719 • 76 .64 .058 .028 .009 .12 .15 10 .031 

0168087 4.3 2.1 .060 .079 .023 .26 • 77 24 1 .22 

0171600 4.5 1. 9 .29 .ll .066 .51 8.0 360 .11 

0171599 1. 9 1. 1 .16 .088 .025 .28 6.1 550 .063 

0171598 .94 .59 .15 .041 .020 .14 4.0 200 .037 

0171591 2. 8 1. 6 • 51 .13 .049 .47 7.0 1000 .10 

0171597 3.0 1.6 .11 .083 .025 .34 4.4 28 1 .083 

D171596 6. 2 3. 3 .11 .17 .047 • 76 4.4 46 1 .16 

0171595 7 .o 4.1 .13 .19 .062 .93 4.3 50 1 .17 

0171594 8.2 4. 9 .11 .21 .064 1. 0 3.8 55 1 .28 

0171593 8.4 3.9 .11 .16 .053 • 78 6.2 59 1 .36 

D171592 .51 .19 .092 .018 .015 .045 7. 9 23 1 .016 

0171590 4.2 2. 7 .067 .093 .033 .35 .46 84 .17 0171589 3.3 1. 7 .061 .030 .019 .12 .17 18 1 .17 

0171588 11. 10. .13 .14 .044 .43 .63 89 .49 

0171587 7. 1 3. 7 .12 .21 .062 .93 4.0 51 1 .18 

0171586 4.0 2.3 .064 .036 .022 .17 .22 45 .20 

0171585 1. 6 1. 0 .052 .019 .017 .076 .088 9.91 .057 

0171584 3.4 }"! 2.0 }"l .049}g .047}~ .022}~ .23 }"' .17 }- 31 }~ .31 }"' 0171583 3, 9 r<> 2. 7 N .051 C! .080 C! .026 C! .36 "! .26 "! 43 .14 "! 

0174720 3.4 1. 7 .048 .024 .018 .10 .096 s.o .17 

0171582 1. 4 1. 0 .081 .021 .016 .092 .45 10 1 .057 

0171580 1. 2 1.0 .042 .026 .022 .068 .54 9.01 .051 

0174716 .55 .46 .086 .015 .024 .037 .084 7. 7 .019 

0171579 .53 .39 .051 .015 .016 .038 .070 3.91 .026 

0174718 .92 • 76 .19 .019 .032 .065 .82 14 .033 
COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 63 

from the report area, reported on whole-coal basis 

Se, Th, and U values are from direct determinations on air-dried (32°C) coal. Remaining 

S]JeC trogr aphy. L, less than the value shown; N, not detected; leaders (---), not 

locality] 

p As Cd Cu F Hg Li Pb Sb Se 

110 60 0.20 26.0 75 0.15 33.5 8. 9 1. 0 2.1! 

51 L 45 .121 28.8 201 .45 2 7.8 7.1 .g 14 

830 L T ·'~} "T 'T "l ""'} ,.T 'l ·-r 510 L 16 "'" .121 --; 18.3 ~ 25 "'" .31 ~ 26.6 "' 7 .o ,._ .28 - 10 a> 

980 L 22 .231 ..J 20.2 "' 85 .43 66.6 0 5.61 ..J .56 6. 9 

510 L 42 ~ .121 ~ 16.4 ~ 30 ~ .49 ;;: 21.3 ';i 3.5 "l .29 : 14 ~ 

460 L 16 .111 . 19.2 25 .32 29.6 9.5 CD 9.1 52 

63 L 150 .29 15.9 35 1.30 22.2 28.3 8.8 3.9 

73 L 50 .17L 17.1 60 .so 29.9 g. 2 1.0 12 

66 L 140 .30 22.8 20L 1.50 38.9 72.2 10.8 18 

300 45}on .088-~ 9-~}~ 120 }8 -4~}- 15. 7}~ 13.1 }~ 2-8}~ s.5} "': 41 L 70 on .09 q 15.9 - 70 - .36 ": 18.0 - 23.9 - 2.4 "' 3.3 CD 

30 L 50 .07L 15.2 40 .zo 1. 8 12.2 2.2 5.0 

36 L 40 .OSL 16.7 40 .22 2.2 7. 9 1.9 5. 3 

40 35 .09L 17.4 20 • 23 g. 7 s.o 1. 9 6.0 

64 20}0 .10 }-' 4.5}~ 50 }on .19}"' 6.3};:J 3.1 }CI! .3},., 13 ~"l 72L 35 "' .16L ~ 25.1 - 55 on .18 --; 23.8 - 4.1 "' .3 . 8.1 a> 

77 L 5 .18L 23.2 100 .u 35.2 11.4 .a 5.2 

80 L 10 .18L 26.7 115 .17 26.0 12.8 1. 7 3.1 

42 L 40 .101 zo.o 50 .23 9.4 7. 2 • 9 5.9 

340 L ;}"' .os~~ 9-~}~ 50 }:g 660 L • 15L --: 15.2 - 55 .15 .2 ~}-: . 19.9 

15.8}:ri - 3-9}rq .6}on ·}~ 10.6 "' .5 . 5.0 "' 

17 L 2}CD .04~~ 16.1}::::: 20L}iil .04}r-- ~:~}~· 1.6}<1! .3} 3-~~ 21 L 10 .05L ~ 7.2 - 25 "' .og q 5.5 "' 1.1 . 4.6 "'" 

69 12 • 08L 12.8 55 .zo 12.8 s. 0 1. 0 7.1 

16 L 35 .04L 13.0 20L .39 2.5 13.8 3.0 2.9 

650 L 1 .151 24.3 40 .06 30.7 u. 2 .4 7.1 

17 L .35 zz.s 55 .02 5.1 5. 7 1.5 2.0 

66 L 35 .151 26.8 90 .18 23.7 19.0 1.5 11 

1400 90 .291 40.0 330 .26 14.3 28.6 2.1 13 

120 50 .181 17.9 80 .28 10.7 35.8 1. 6 4. 9 

96 35 .111 13.7 60 .17 4.2 6.3 1.5 4.1 

2000 130 .23L 23.3 460 .42 ll.6 69.9 2. 2 12 

108 70 .45 32.4 120 .15 11.7 22.5 1.3 4.5 

160 40 .30L 29.6 200 .20 29.6 14.8 z.o 3. 9 

140 L 35 .32L 32.4 220 .14 48.6 13.0 1.6 4.5 

160 L 50 .351 42.6 250 .30 63.9 21.3 2.2 ]. 5 

160 L 100 .38L 49.3 210 .57 53.1 30.3 2.6 11 

120 300 .15L 7.4 40 • 72 2. 9 25.0 1. 9 7.4 

120 8 .17L 27.5 100 .05 32.7 17.2 2. 7 4.5 

87 5 .121 33.3 50 .05 21.4 15.5 • 7 8. 2 

370 3 .491 34.2 155 .04 122 58.6 .9 13 

180 100 .33L 29.5 235 .26 59.0 26.2 2. 9 5.0 

99 3 .15L 34.3 60 .03 29.8 17.9 • 7 9.0 

32 2 .061 16.0 35 .03 12.8 3. 2 3.8 2. 6 

102 ;}"' .13L}~ 13-~}j 75 }I() .04}~ 20.8}ri 22.1 }~ 3.0}~ 4.5}<1! 97 • 161 --: )2.0 N 100 "' .05 . 32.0 "' 14.4 - 2.8 N 5.3 <I" 

55 L .121 33.3 35 .03 24.7 11.9 1.4 2. 7 

28 L 12 .07L 18.2 40 .05 13.0 12.4 1.1 6.3 

34 8 .06L 17.4 40 .12 9.3 g. 9 1.5 4.5 

12 L .20 14.6 201 .03 ). 2 6.0 1. 7 1. 7 

16 .021 12.5 24 .02 4.0 6.5 .8 4.3 

34 .42 18.7 30 .22 g.o 11.1 1. 6 3.5 
64 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE 26.-Content of 42 elements in 53 coal samples from 

Sample 

No. Th u Zn Ag-S B-S Ba-S Be-S Ce-S Co-S Cr-S 

1>174712 s.s 1.3 6l.S 100 100 100L 20 20 

Dl747l3 8.1 1.2 13.2 N 30 70 1.S 70L lS 

Dl84662 '·T '·T JOT ,r T ,r lOOT T D184663 o.6 """ 1.3 - 10.2 i\i N 30 30 "' 7 --= 70 ~ lS -

D184o64 6.S ~ 1. s 

:~:~ :2 N 30 70 1. s lOOL ~ 1S 

D18466S 3.0L <i 1.3 ~ N 30 ~ 30 ~ 1 ~ 70 g lS ~ 

D184666 3.0L 2.3 12.0 - N so 20 1. s SOL 20 

0174714 3.0L 1.0 4S.2 70 700 s N lS 20 

Ol69SS7 6. 8 2.0 68.9 N 30 30 lOOL 10 20 

0168262 14.S 1S.o 76.6 so 30 N 10 20 

D 1682oS 4. 7} ": 1.6 }'! 21.2}~ N 70}o 70}0 l.S}"'! SOL 7 }"' 1~0 0168264 3.9 """ 2. 7 N 33.3 N N 70 1'- 10 "' 2 - N 3 7 -

0168260 3.0L 1. 2 17.0 N 70 70 3 N 2 2 

D168261 2. 7 1.1 17.4 N 100 100 s N l.S 2 

D1o8263 3.UL • 7 34.0 N 100 so s N 10 s 

D174722 3.0L}~ .4 }Q) 21.4} ": N SO}o lS}o 1 }~ 30 }0 2 }~ SJo D174721 4.S """ 1.0 . lS. 8 !::: N 70 1'- 30 N 2 70 1'- lS 10 -

D 169SSS 6.4 1. 7 9. 9 N so so 3 N 3 30 

D 169SS8 7.1 1. 9 36.6 N 30 !SO 3 N 10 30 

D169SS6 2.8 1.4 1S.4 N 30 100 3 N 7 10 

n 1824o3 3.0L }~ .2L}c;l 33. 3}~ N SO}o 20}0 !•1- SOL }6 7 }"' 1~., Dl82464 3.0L "' .2L . 89.8 1'- N 30 "' 30 "' 70L "" s 20 -

Dl7472S ~ 

.4 }"' 4.1}~ 70}o lOr- s .7}"' 20} ~ }"' Jl'- 3.0L}C! N 

Dl74723 3.UL "' .6 . S.6 """ N 70 1'- 1S - 20L 2 

D171S81 3.9 1.1 6.4 N so 1S SOL 5 10 

Dl682S9 3.0L 1.3 39.8 N 70 10 N 10 7 

D182462 3.UL .2L 20.6 N lS so 70L s 20 

D174719 3.0L .4 18.1 o.os 70 30 20L 

D168087 6.S 2.0 9. 7 N 20 70 l.S 70L 20 

Dl71600 10.3 8.3 22.9 N so 70 s N 7 20 

D171S99 s. s 3. 3 28.6 N 100 30 s N s lS 

D171S98 3.8 2.1 2S.2 N 100 30 7 N 3 5 

D171S91 3.0L 8.6 30.3 N 70 70 7 lOOL 7 15 

D17159 7 S.2 1.6 4S.o N 100 so s 100L s 1S 

D 171S96 9.0 2. s 29.6 N 70 100 2 1SOL 7 20 

Dl71S9S 11.9 3.0 32.4 N 70 !SO 2 1SOL s 20 

D171S94 1S. 2 4.4 31.9 N 70 100 !SOL 20 

D171S93 14.7 4.2 22.7 N 70 100 200L 30 

Dl71S92 3.0L 1.4 8.8 N so 1S N 

D171S90 7.2 2.6 49.9 N so 100 s 100L 10 lS 

D171S89 11.3 2. 2 u. 9 .1 70 20 3 20 7 20 

Dl71S88 47.8 10.s 24.4 N 30 70 s 1SO s L 30 

D171S87 6.b 3.1 26.2 N 70 100 2 !SOL s 20 

Dl71S86 10.6 2.1 7.S .lSL so 70 3 so 3 lS 

D 171S85 4.8 1. s S.8 N so 20 7 30L s s 

D171S84 lO.S }d 1.6 }~ 13.0}~ N so}~ SO}o s }"' so}~ 7 }e lSJ"' D 171S83 9.S - 2.4 - 22.4 - .lSL 70 so "' s 70L ~ lS 20 -

D174720 7.1 1.8 4.S N 70 20 3 70L 7 20 

Dl71S82 4.9 1. s 10.4 N so 1S 30L 2 10 

D171S80 S.9 1.1 11.6 .1 70 30 1S lS 10 

Dl74716 3.0L .4 7. 3 N 100 20 lSL 

Dl71S79 3.0L .8 7.S .02 30 lS 5 

Dl74718 s. 7 1. 3 216 .07 100 30 so 10 
COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 65 

the report area, reported on whole-coal basis-Continued 

Ga-S Ge-S La-S Mo-S Nb-S Nd-S Ni-S Sc-S Sr-S v-s Y-S Yb-S Zr-S 

N 30 10 30 30 10 150 30 20 1. 5 30 

10 10 15 15 10 30 30 10 30 

}: 'T 7 

}: 7 

r JOT r 3 }: lOT T 20r ,.T 'T N 15 "' 2 7 20 "' 7 30 1'- 30 "' 15 1.5 ....: 70 It) 

20L ..J 3 7 30L 7 70 30 20 1.5 30 

N 20 ~ 3 7 15 6 7 1'- 3 100 g 20 ~ 10 ~ 1 - 20 ~ 

N 10 5 7 15 N 10 3 20 30 15 1 30 

30 15L 15 3 N 50 7 30 30 20 15 

3 15 5 5 20 15 5 50 30 10 50 

30 N 10 N 20 20 30 15 20 

15 15 7 }r-- :}z 15 15} 10 5 }10 150}8 20}0 ;}r-- ;}r-- 7 N 5 15 - 3 15 - 20 "' 

10 N 3 N 10 1 15 7 N 

10 N 7 N 10 1.5 20 15 2 

7 7 5 1. SL N 15 3 50 15 10 10 

~·5}., 3 15 }o 10 }r-- 1 L};;j 15 }0 3} 10 1;5 }10 100}g 10}10 10}., • 7 5 }., N 20 "' 5 3 20 "' 20 - 150 - 20 - 15 - 15 -

5 15 1.5 5 30L 10 5 30 30 15 1.5 30 

10 N 20 2 30 20 5 30 50 15 1. 5 30 

3 3 7 2 15L 10 3 30 20 7 • 7 10 

5 }10 1. 5 7 }10 2 }., }10 10 } 10 15} 0 2 }"' 20}o 20}o 10}Q 1. 7 }- 10 }0 5 N 15 - 1.5 ....: 20 - 10 - 3 20 "' 20 "' 10 50 "' 

5 }"' ~ }10 }"' 1 }10 }r-- ;}r-- 2 }"' 20}10 10}0 7}o .7 }r-- 7 }o 3 1.5 ....: 3 15 - 10 - 15 - • 7 . 10 -

7L 1.5 10 10 20 15 • 7 10 

20 N 3 N 50 20 10 5 • 7 5 

N 15 1. 5 20 15 20 20 15 1 30 

30 10 10 • 7 

N 15 1. 5 20 10 50 30 10 30 

N 30L .2 7 L N 20 5 100 50 20 30 

10 10 20L 3 3 L 30L 15 3 50 20 20 15 

5 5 10L • 7 2 L N 7 1.5 50 7 15 7 

7 N 20 3 5 L 30L 30 3 50 20 20 20 

5 N 20L 1.5 3 L N 15 3 30 20 15 20 

7 N 30L 3 7 L SOL 15 5 70 30 10 30 

10 N 30L 3 7 L SOL 15 7 70 50 10 30 

10 N 30L 5 7 SOL 15 7 50 50 15 1.5 50 

10 N 30L 3 7 70L 20 7 70 70 20 70 

7 N N 3 L 1.5 20 2 7 3 

10 N 15 2 5 20 20 5 20 30 15 1 50 

7 N 10 2 7 20 10 3 20 30 10 1 30 

15 N 70 N 15 70 15 10 50 50 30 3 300 

10 N 30L 7 N 15 5 50 50 10 1 30 

7 N 20 5 20 5 5 50 20 15 1.5 50 

7 7 7L 2 10 10 3 15 10 10 1 15 

7 }r-- 10 20 }0 }~ 10 }r-- 20 }~ 20} 0 5 }10 20}2 20}0 15}~ 1.5}"1 70 }0 10 10 15 "' 5 20 20 "' 7 20 50 "' 15 2 - 30 10 

10 3 20 10 20 15 7 20 20 20 2 30 

2 7 2 10 5 3 20 20 10 20 

10 10 1.5 10 30 5 30 10 10 15 

15 3L .s 10 20 10 15 

2L .2 1.5 1.5 15 • 7 

10 20 20 20 50 10 10 10 
66 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE Z7 .-Major- and minor-oxide and trace-element composition 

[Ash, Sio2 , l:aO, MgO, Na 2o, K2o, Fe 2o 3 , Ti0 2, P2

o 5 , so3 , Cl in percent; rest in ppm (parts per 

(---), not determined; -s, values listed were determined by semiquantitative spectrographic 

are 1. 2, o. 83, 0. 56, 0. 38, 0. 26, 0.18, 0.12, etc., but are reported arbitrarily as midpoints 

is approximately one bracket at 68-percent, or two brackets at 95-percent confidence] 

Sample 

No. Ash Si0 2 Al 2

o 3 GaO MgO Na 2

0 K2

0 Fe 2

o 3 Mn Ti0 2 P 2o5 S03 Cl Cd 

JH74712 19.7 40 

0174713 l1.8 45 

0184662 18.9 45 

0184663 ll. 7 53 

0184664 22.5 49 

0184665 11.7 43 

0184666 10.5 46 

0174714 14.5 27 

0169557 16.8 43 

0168262 15.2 38 

0168265 

0168264 

0168260 

0168261 

0168263 

0174722 

0174721 

0169555 

0169558 

0169556 

0182463 

0182464 

8.2 35 

9.4 31 

7. 0 19 

8.4 13 

8. 9 36 

5.1 48 

16.5 30 

17.6 59 

18.3 54 

9.6 40 

7. 8 45 

15.2 59 

0174725 3.9 48 

0174723 4.8 48 

0171581 8.0 51 

0168259 3.6 29 

0182462 14.9 54 

0174719 3.9 42 

0168087 15.2 60 

0171600 28.6 34 

0171599 17.9 23 

0171598 10.5 19 

0171591 23.3 26 

0171597 18.0 36 

0171596 29.6 44 

0171595 32.4 46 

0171594 35.5 49 

0171593 37.9 47 

0171592 14.7 7.5 

0171590 

0171589 

0171588 

0171587 

0171586 

0171585 

0171584 

0171583 

0174720 

17.2 53 

11.9 59 

48.8 49 

32.8 4 7 

14.9 57 

6.4 54 

13.0 56 

16.0 52 

12.5 59 

0171582 6.5 46 

0171580 5.8 44 

0174716 2.8 42 

0171579 2.5 46 

0174718 6.0 33 

27 

30 

31 

27 

29 

27 

29 

19 

27 

29 

29 

25 

6.6 

7. 6 

15 

18 

25 

32 

35 

28 

31 

26 

36 

31 

31 

16 

27 

31 

26 

13 

11 

11 

13 

17 

21 

24 

26 

20 

2.4 

30 

27 

41 

22 

29 

30 

29 

32 

26 

30 

33 

31 

30 

24 

0.51 0.32 0.15 1.3 23 190 0.93 1.0 1 0.68 0.201 1.0 

.96 .28 .24 .69 12 85 2.5 1.0 1 1.2 .201 1.01 

3.4 .51 

2.3 .28 

1. 2 .51 

2.1 .17 

2.0 .27 

.43 .40 

• 71 1. 00 

.14 1. 4 

.22 .86 

.14 1. 8 

.14 .41 

.18 1. 0 

.09 1.1 

.16 1. 3 

12 

7. 9 

13 

22 

16 

40 

19 

39 1.00 1.0 1 

62 3.7 1.0 1 

62 

46 

39 

70 

1. 2 

2.0 

2·. 3 

.95 

1.0 1 

1.0 1 

1. 0 1 

1.0 1 

1501 2. 5 .101 

1.1 

.go 

.201 

.201 

.201 

.201 

.201 

.201 

.101 

1.01 

1.01 

1. 01 

1.01 

1.01 

2.0 

1.01 

.58 .35 .14 .92 28 170 .94 .101 .59 .101 2.0 

2.0 

.72 

1. 4 

1.5 

1. 1 

2.5 

• 73 

.55 

.49 

• 75 

1. 6 

.91 

1. 8 

1. 7 

1. 2 

.40 

.3 7 

.28 

.40 

.46 

.40 

.27 

1.59 

• 78 

.so 

.40 

.43 

.09 

.09 

.15 

.15 

.18 

.23 

.12 

.15 

.23 

.20 

.12 

.11 

.59 

• 79 

.34 

.63 

1. 1 

.71 

.86 

1. 8 

3. 2 

2.3 

1. 5 

1.6 

.56 .18 1.4 

• 70 .22 2.0 

.55 .15 1.1 

27 

39 

62 

65 

41 

14 

33 

3.9 

4.4 

25 

9.4 

2. 7 

180 

220 

430 

590 

240 

93 

93 

1501 

1501 

590 

39 

39 

.39 

.39 

.19 

.24 

.62 

.47 

.56 

1.6 

1. 1 

.84 

1.1 

1. 7 

.83 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.10 

1.0 1 

1.0 1 

.101 

.101 

.101 

1.0 1 

1.0 1 

1. 3 

.83 

1. 7 

2. 3 

1. 4 

3.5 

1. 2 

.60 

.52 

1.3 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.201 

.201 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.201 

.201 

1. 01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

2.0 

1. 01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

2.0 100 1.2 1.0 1 1.9 .201 1.01 

5.9 150 1.1 1.0 1 2.9 .201 1.01 

5. 3 270 2. 1 .20 2.0 .101 1.01 

2.2 1.10 .19 ,95 42 330 .78 .101 2.8 .101 1.01 

3.2 .98 .14 1.5 1.8 39 2.1 1.0 1 .201 1.01 

2.1 1.21 .32 3.7 

.55 .86 .20 2.0 

1.4 

1.2 

2.0 

3.1 

.87 

.54 

.56 

.43 

.41 

.87 

.55 

,]2 

.36 

.53 

.61 

1.1 

.53 

.44 

.54 

1. 7 

1.0 

4.3 

2.8 

.65 

• 81 

.65 

.95 

• 76 

.95 

1.00 

1. 00 

.68 

.20 

.90 

.41 

.46 

1.05 

.40 

.so 

.60 

.83 

.32 

.31 2.2 

.19 1. 9 

.26 1.6 

.28 2.4 

.19 2.3 

.22 3.1 

.26 3.5 

.24 3.4 

.19 2.5 

.14 .36 

.26 2.5 

.22 1. 2 

.12 1.1 

.26 3.4 

.20 1.3 

.35 1. 4 

.23 2.1 

.22 2. 7 

.19 1.0 

.53 .32 1.7 

• 73 .51 1.4 

.90 1.17 1.6 

.98 .89 1.8 

.53 .73 1.3 

5.4 260 1.3 1.0 1 3.2 .201 9.0 

7.3 1501 2.4 

40 

49 

54 

43 

35 

21 

19 

15 

23 

77 

3.9 

2.1 

1.9 

17 

2.1 

2. 0 

1. 9 

2. 3 

1.1 

1200 • 62 

3100 • 59 

1900 .59 

4400 • 74 

1501 • 77 

1501 • 90 

1501 .87 

1501 1. 3 

1501 1.6 

1501 .18 

490 1.6 

1501 2. 4 

190 1. 7 

1501 .89 

300 2.3 

1501 1.5 

240 3. 9 

260 1. 4 

39 2.3 

9. 9 1501 1. 5 

13 1501 1. 5 

.101 .32 .101 1.01 

1.1 

.15 

.21 

1. 9 

.14 

.13 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.18 

.16 

.17 

.17 

.12 

.15 

.11 

.18 

.14 

1.0 1 

1.3 

2.1 

2.4 

2.3 

1.5 

1. 2 

1.1 

.98 

1.1 

.82 

.89 

1. 1 

.36 

1. 2 

1.1 

1. 6 

1.2 

.62 

.36 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.15 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.101 

.201 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

2.5 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1. 01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

.101 2.1 .101 1. 01 

.13 1. 3 .101 1.01 

4.3 270 1.1 1.0 1 4.3 .201 7.0 

4.0 1501 1.8 .15 3. 7 .101 1.01 

20 230 .92 1.0 1 4,5 .201 7.0 
COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 67 

of the laboratory ash of 53 coal samples from the report area 

million). The coals were ashed at 525°C. L, less than the value shown; N, not detected; leaders 

analysis. The spectrographic results are to be identified with geometric brackets whose boundaries 

of those brackets, 1. 0, 0. 7, 0. 5, o. 3, 0. 2, 0.15, 0. 1, etc. The precision of the spectrographic data 

Cu Li Pb Zn Ag-S B-S Ba-S Be-S Ce-S Co-S Cr-S Ga-S Ge-S La-S Mo-S Nb-S Nd-S 

132 170 45 

244 236 60 

60 248 

156 227 

90 296 

140 182 

183 282 

110 153 

102 178 

40 

60 

25L 

30 

90 

195 

55 

150 256 4 75 

110 192 160 

170 192 255 

218 26 175 

200 26 95 

196 110 90 

88 123 60 

152 144 25 

132 200 65 

146 142 70 

208 98 75 

121 203 so 100 131 70 

412 140 40 

150 98 115 

160 160 100 

312 

ll2 

162 

87 

92 

105 

114 

312 

410 

504 

260 

356 

244 

208 

384 

420 

96 

56 

200 

160 

427 

591 

106 

116 

80 

360 70 380 llOO 

163 206 75 138 

584 132 145 

176 156 125 

140 so 100 

100 60 200 

130 40 60 

100 so 300 

180 65 125 

100 100 so 100 150 40 

120 180 60 

130 140 60 

so 20 170 

160 190 100 

280 180 130 

70 250 120 

90 180 80 

230 200 120 

250 200 so 100 160 170 

200 200 90 

266 198 95 

464 

64 

80 

160 

240 

130 

250 

100 

100 

90 

90 

60 

290 

100 

so 

80 

50 

90 

100 

140 

36 

N 500 500 

N 300 500 

N 

N 

N 

N 

N 

N 

N 

150 300 

300 300 

150 300 

300 300 

500 200 

500 5000 

200 200 

N 300 200 

N 700 

N 700 

N 1000 

N 1000 

N 1000 

N 1000 

500 

300 

N 200 

N 300 

N 700 

N 200 

700 

100 

1000 

1000 

500 

300 

200 

300 

700 

1000 

300 

200 

20 SOOL 100 

15 SOOL 30 

10 SOOL 15 

7 500 15 

7 SOOL 10 

10 500 20 

15 SOOL 50 

30 N 100 

7 SOOL 70 

20 N 70 

15 SOOL 

20 N 

50 N 

50 N 

50 N 

20 700 

15 500 

15 

20 N 

30 N 

20 SOOL 

7 SOOL 

70 

30 

30 

20 

100 

so 

100 

20 

so 

70 

100 

30 

N 2000 300 20 500 100 

N 1500 300 100 SOOL 50 

N 700 200 70 SOOL 70 

N 2000 300 200 N 300 

N 100 300 20 SOOL 30 

2000 700 200 SOOL 150 

N 150 500 

N 150 200 

N 500 150 

N 1000 300 

N 300 300 

N 500 300 

N 200 300 

N 200 500 

N 200 300 

N 200 300 

N 300 100 

N 300 500 

500 200 

N 70 150 

N 200 300 

L 300 500 

N 700 300 

N 300 300 

L 500 300 

N 500 200 

10 SOOL 20 

15 N 20 

30 N 30 

70 N 30 

30 SOOL 30 

30 SOOL 30 

7 SOOL 20 

7 500L 15 

7 500L 20 

7 500L 20 

30 N 15 

30 SOOL 50 

30 200 50 

10 300 10L 

7 500L 15 

20 300 20 

100 500L 70 

30 300 50 

30 500L 100 

30 500L 50 

280 200 190 

300 160 170 

160 N 700 200 50 500L 30 

200 1.5 1000 500 100 300 300 

520 113 215 260 N 3000 700 150 500L 150 

500 160 260 300 1500 500 200 300 150 

312 150 185 3600 1500 500 30 700 100 

100 

150 

70 

150 

70 

150 

200 

150 

150 

150 

150 

70 

30 

30 

50 

100 

70 

150 

150 

100 

150 

150 

30 N 150 so 

70 70 150 so 

30 30 100L 30 

20 

15 

30 

so 

30 N 150 

30 20 100L 

30 N 200 

50 N 100 

50 200 100L 100 

30 20 100 30 

30 

50 

30 

50 

30 

50 

30 

200 N 70 

200 150 70 

70 N 50 

150 N 50 

100 N 70 

70 70 50 

70 300 200 

N 150 30 

20 70 10 

N 100 10 

30 70 20 

20 100 30 

N 100 10 

150 100 30 150 so 150 70 70 100 so 

150 

200 

150 

70 30 100L 20 

500 N 100 

30 N 100 10 

150 100 150 150 70 

150 

70 

70 

so 

70 

70 

70 

70 

70 

100 

15 

100 

150 

70 

70 

100 

70 

100 

150 

150 

N 100 10 

N 100L 7 

50 50 100L 15 

50 50 100L 7 

30 N 100 15 

30 N 100L 7 

20 N 100L 10 

30 N 100L 10 

30 N 100L 15 

30 N 100L 10 

50 N N N 

50 N 100 15 

50 N 100 15 

30 N 150 N 

30 N 100L 10 

50 N 150 7 

100 100 100L 15 

so 70 150 7 

70 70 100 15 

70 30 150 20 

150 70 30 100 15 

150 100 150 150 50 

150 200 500 lOOL 20 

150 100 150 100L 10 

150 100 200 300 so 

20 150 

so 150 

30 

70 

30 

so 

70 

20 

30 

N 

150L 

200 

!SOL 

150 

150 

N 

150 

N 150 

N ---

N ---

N 

20L N 

20L 300 

20 150 

30 150L 

20 150 

20 150L 

30 150 

50 150 

30 200 

30 150 

30 150 

N 

50 150 

30 150 

20 150 

20L N 

20L 150L 

20L N 

20L 150L 

20L N 

20L 150L 

20L 150L 

20 150L 

20 150L 

20L 

30 150 

so 150 

30 150 

20 N 

30 150 

30 150 

70 200 

30 150 

70 150 

30 150 

30 150 

30 150 

so 200 

30 300 
68 COAL GEOLOGY, KENTUCKY AND WEST VIRGINIA 

TABLE 27.-Major- and minor-oxide and trace-element composition of the laboratory 

ash of 53 coal samples from the report area-Continued 

Sample 

No. Ni-S Sc-S Sr-S V-S Y-S Yb-S Zr-S As F Hg Sb Se Th u 

0174712 150 

0174 713 so 

01a4662 30 

01a4663 30 

0184664 30 

01a4665 50 

01a4666 100 

0174714 300 

0169557 100 

016a262 150 

0168265 

016a264 

D16a260 

016a261 

016a263 

0174722 

0174721 

0169555 

0169558 

0169556 

D1a2463 

01a2464 

150 

150 

150 

100 

150 

70 

150 

so 

100 

100 

200 

70 

0174725 150 

0174723 150 

0171Sa1 150 

so 700 150 100 

70 300 300 100 

20 500 150 100 

so 300 300 150 

30 300 150 100 

30 1000 200 100 

30 200 300 150 

so 200 200 150 

30 300 200 70 

so 150 200 100 

so 2000 300 70 

30 150 200 70 

15 200 100 so 

20 300 150 70 

30 500 150 100 

30 2000 200 200 

30 1000 150 100 

30 150 150 70 

30 200 300 70 

30 300 200 70 

30 300 300 150 

20 150 150 70 

so 500 300 150 

70 300 200 300 

30 300 200 100 

016a259 1500 200 700 300 150 

01!12462 100 30 150 150 100 

0174719 200 

01baOa7 

0171600 

0171599 

017159a 

0171591 

0171597 

0171596 

0171595 

0171594 

0171593 

0171592 

0171590 

0171589 

0171Saa 

0171587 

0171Sa6 

D 171585 

0171584 

0171583 

0174720 

70 

70 

70 

70 

150 

70 

so 

so 

so 

so 

3U 

150 

70 

30 

so 

30 

150 

150 

150 

100 

0171582 70 

0171Sao 500 

70 700 300 300 

30 300 200 70 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

15 

20 

20 

20 

10 

30 

30 

20 

15 

30 

so 

30 

so 

so 

300 150 

300 100 

500 70 

200 100 

200 100 

200 100 

200 150 

150 150 

150 150 

150 15 

150 200 

150 300 

100 100 

150 150 

300 150 

200 150 

200 200 

150 300 

150 200 

70 

100 

150 

100 

70 

30 

30 

so 

so 

so 

100 

100 

70 

30 

100 

150 

100 

100 

150 

so 300 300 150 

70 500 200 200 

0174716 300 100 700 300 500 

0171579 300 70 700 200 300 

0174 71a 300 70 700 200 200 

150 60 75 0.15 1.0 2.a s.s 

300 45 20L .45 .9 14 

7 150 65 

15 500 25 

7 150 as 

10 200 30 

10 300 25 

100 150 35 

300 so 60 

.aa 

.31 

.43 

.49 

.32 

1.30 a.a 3.9 

• ao 1. 0 12 

a.1 

3.0L 

6.6 

6. 5 

3.0L 

3.0L 

3.0L 

6.a 

1.0 

1.3 

1. 5 

1.3 

2.3 

1.0 

2.0 

150 140 20L 1.50 10.a 1a 14.5 15.0 

70 

70 

N 

30 

100 

15 100 

100 

7 200 

7 150 

7 100 

10 150 

7 300 

45 120 

70 70 

so 40 

40 40 

35 20 

20 so 

35 55 

5 100 

10 115 

40 so 

4 so 

3 55 

.45 

.36 

.20 

.22 

.23 

.19 

.1a 

.11 

.17 

.23 

.21 

.15 

2. a a.s 

2.4 3.3 

2.2 s.o 

1.9 5.3 

1. 9 6. 0 

.3 13 

.3 a.1 

.a s.2 

1. 7 3.1 

.9 5.9 

.6 .1 

.s s.o 

4. 7 

3.9 

3.0L 

2. 7 

3.0L 

3.0L 

4.5 

6.4 

7.1 

2.a 

3.0L 

3.0L 

1. 6 

2. 7 

1. 2 

1.1 

.7 

.4 

1. 0 

1. 7 

1. 9 

1.4 

.2L 

.2L 

15 200 20L .04 .3 3.9 3.0L .4 

15 200 10 25 .09 1.1 4.6 3.0L .6 

10 150 12 55 .20 1.0 7.1 3.9 1.1 

20 150 35 20L .39 3.0 2.9 3.0L 1.3 

7 200 1 40 .06 .4 7.1 3.0L .2L 

20 200 55 

7 

10 

7 

3 

10 

15 

10 

15 

15 

200 35 90 

100 90 330 

70 so ao 

70 35 60 

100 130 460 

100 70 120 

100 40 200 

100 35 220 

150 so 250 

150 100 210 

20 300 40 

300 a 100 

300 5 so 

700 3 155 

100 100 235 

300 3 60 

200 2 35 

500 2 75 

200 5 100 

300 3 35 

15 300 12 40 

20 300 a 40 

.02 1.5 2.0 3.0L 

.1a 

.26 

.2a 

.17 

.42 

.15 

.20 

.14 

.30 

.s 7 

.]2 

.os 

.os 

.04 

.26 

.03 

.03 

.04 

.os 

.03 

2.1 

1. 6 

1.5 

2. 2 

1.3 

2. 0 

1.6 

2. 2 

2.6 

1. 9 

2. 7 

• 7 

.9 

2. 9 

• 7 

3. a 3.0 

2. a 

1.4 

11 

13 

4.9 

4.1 

12 

4.5 

3. 9 

4.5 

7.5 

11 

7.4 

4.5 

a.2 

13 

s.o 

9.0 

2.6 

4.5 

5.3 

2. 7 

10.3 

s.s 

3.a 

3.0L 

5.2 

9.0 

11.9 

15.2 

14.7 

3.0L 

7.2 

u. 3 

47.a 

6.6 

10.6 

4.a 

10.5 

9.5 

7.1 

.os 1.1 6.3 4.9 

.12 1.5 4.5 5.9 

.4 

2.0 

a.3 

3.3 

2.1 

a.6 

1.6 

2. 5 

3.0 

4.4 

4.2 

1.4 

2.6 

2.2 

10.5 

3.1 

2.1 

1. 5 

1.6 

2.4 

1.a 

1. 5 

1.1 

30 200 20L .03 1. 7 1. 7 3.0L .4 

30 200 24 .02 .a 4.3 3.0L .8 

15 150 30 .22 1.6 3.5 5.7 1.3