[Cite as In re B.T., 2023-Ohio-2082.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

CLARK COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF: B.T. & D.T. :

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C.A. No. 2022-CA-86

Trial Court Case Nos. 20210430; 

20210431

(Appeal from Common Pleas CourtJuvenile Division)

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O P I N I O N

Rendered on June 23, 2023

. . . . . . . . . . . 

ROBERT ALAN BRENNER, Attorney for Appellant, Mother

 

ANDREW P. PICKERING, Attorney for Appellee, Clark County Department of Job and 

Family Services

 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WELBAUM, P.J.

{¶ 1} Mother appeals from two judgments of the Clark County Court of Common 

Pleas, Juvenile Division, which terminated her parental rights and granted permanent 

custody of her son, B.T., and daughter, D.T., to the Clark County Department of Job and 

Family Services (“CCDJFS”). For the reasons outlined below, the trial court’s judgments
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granting CCDJFS permanent custody of B.T. and D.T. will be affirmed.

Facts and Course of Proceedings

{¶ 2} Mother and Father are the biological parents of five-year-old B.T. and threeyear-old D.T. Mother also has two other children with a different father, thirteen-year-old 

A.B. and ten-year-old C.B. Prior to 2021, all four children resided with Mother at her

home in Springfield, Ohio. 

{¶ 3} On August 25, 2021, CCDJFS filed a dependency complaint pertaining to 

B.T. and D.T. In the complaint, CCDJFS alleged that it became involved with Mother in 

early 2021 due to referrals concerning the condition of Mother’s home, truancy issues 

pertaining to A.B. and C.B., and Mother’s drug use and mental health. Specifically, 

CCDJFS alleged that in March 2021, Mother’s home smelled of marijuana and was ridden 

with trash, dirt, and cockroaches. CCDJFS also alleged that Mother had been arrested 

and jailed on truancy charges and had tested positive for tetrahydrocannabinol1(“THC”)

in April 2021. CCDJFS further alleged that Mother had had a prior children services case 

in 2017, due to substantiated physical abuse, neglect, and emotional maltreatment. 

{¶ 4} Prior to the filing of the dependency complaint, B.T. and D.T. were briefly 

placed with their maternal grandmother as part of a safety plan. However, the children 

were removed from maternal grandmother’s care after maternal grandmother submitted 

to a drug screen and tested positive for THC, oxycodone, and cocaine. B.T. and D.T. 

1Tetrahydrocannabinol is the main psychoactive compound found in marijuana. State v. 

Reeder, 3d Dist. Allen Nos. 1-21-08, 1-21-09, 1-21-10, 2021-Ohio-4558, ¶ 32; State v. 

Graves, 5th Dist. Ashland No. 22 COA 001, 2022-Ohio-4130, ¶ 5.
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were then placed with the O Family, who were family friends of Father. The O Family 

cared for B.T. and D.T. for approximately five months before they requested to have the 

children removed from their home due to the family’s negative interactions with Mother. 

As a result of this request, CCDJFS filed motions requesting interim temporary custody 

of B.T. and D.T., which the trial court granted on September 17, 2021. Three months 

later, the trial court adjudicated B.T. and D.T. dependent children on December 2, 2021.

{¶ 5} In August 2021, Father signed a case plan participation waiver stating that 

he did not want to work on a case plan to reunify with B.T. and D.T. Mother, on the other 

hand, attempted to work on a case plan to reunify with her children. Approximately a 

year after Mother’s case plan went into effect, CCDJFS filed motions on July 26, 2022,

requesting that it be granted permanent custody of B.T. and D.T. on grounds that Mother 

had not made substantial progress on her case plan.

{¶ 6} On October 17, November 16, and November 18, 2022, the trial court held 

evidentiary hearings on the permanent custody motions pertaining to B.T. and D.T. In 

support of those motions, CCDJFS presented testimony from the assigned caseworker, 

Sierra Errett; Parenting Network Coordinator Jordan Rose; Family Court Treatment 

Coordinator Traci Schwartz-Sullivan; and the children’s guardian ad litem (“GAL”), 

Amanda Lantz. Mother presented testimony from her drug and alcohol counselor, 

Veronica Bellamy, and also testified on her own behalf. The following is a summary of 

the testimony that was presented at the evidentiary hearings. 

Sierra Errett
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{¶ 7} Sierra Errett was the CCDJFS caseworker assigned to Mother’s case. 

Beginning in May 2021, Errett worked with Mother and Father on developing a case plan 

to reunify with B.T. and D.T. Errett confirmed that, in August 2021, Father signed a 

waiver indicating that he did not want to work on a case plan and that he had not visited 

the children since that time. Mother, on the other hand, attempted to work on a case 

plan that included the following objectives:

▪ complete a drug and alcohol assessment and follow through with 

recommendations;

▪ complete a mental health assessment and follow through with 

recommendations;

▪ submit to random drug screens;

▪ obtain independent, safe, stable, and clean housing with working 

utilities;

▪ obtain employment to meet the financial needs of her family;

▪ engage in visitation and meet the needs of her children during 

visitation;

▪ engage in drug screens through juvenile court and follow through 

with all recommendations of juvenile court;

▪ engage in a parenting program and follow through with 

recommendations;

▪ meet with the caseworker monthly and communicate with the

caseworker weekly; and
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▪ sign all releases of information. 

{¶ 8} Errett testified that, in an effort to assist Mother with completing these 

objectives, CCDJFS referred Mother to multiple counseling agencies and provided 

Mother with information on housing that was offered through a program called Project 

Woman. Since Mother did not have a valid driver’s license, CCDJFS also provided 

Mother with a transportation referral through Rides Plus so that Mother could visit her 

children. In addition, Errett testified that CCDJFS conducted AQUIRANT searches for 

relatives and made referrals for home studies on relatives that Mother had suggested as 

possible placements.

{¶ 9} During her testimony, Errett confirmed that B.T. and D.T. had initially been 

placed with their maternal grandmother until maternal grandmother tested positive for 

THC, oxycodone, and cocaine. Errett also confirmed that B.T. and D.T. were thereafter 

placed with the O Family until they asked to have the children removed from their care

due to negative interactions with Mother. According to Errett, the O Family was tired of 

Mother’s harassing them and pressuring them to violate court orders. 

{¶ 10} Errett testified that Mother provided her maternal aunt and sister-in-law as

possible placement options. Errett testified that CCDJFS began a home study on the 

maternal aunt, but it placed the study on hold after determining that maternal aunt’s

residence did not have any beds for the children and due to concerns about certain 

individuals who stayed at her residence. Specifically, CCDJFS was concerned about 

Mother’s uncle, who was a registered sex offender, and maternal grandmother, who was 

a known drug user. In addition, CCDJFS was concerned that the maternal aunt would 
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be susceptible to Mother’s pressuring her to violate court orders. 

{¶ 11} Errett testified that Mother’s sister-in-law initially showed interest in taking 

custody of the children but ultimately declined to be a placement option when she learned 

of the need to submit to a home study. Errett also reached out to a second sister-in-law 

who similarly declined to be a placement option when it came time to schedule a home 

study. 

{¶ 12} With regard to Mother’s case plan objectives, Errett testified that Mother had 

obtained a drug and alcohol assessment and had been engaging in drug and alcohol 

counseling at a treatment center called CleanSlate. Errett also testified that Mother had 

been engaging in parenting classes through the Parenting Network. In addition, Errett 

confirmed that Mother had signed all releases for information. 

{¶ 13} Errett’s testimony also indicated that Mother had been engaging in drug 

screens through three different programs, i.e., CCDJFS, Clark County Juvenile Court, 

and CleanSlate. However, according to Errett, the drug screen results established that 

Mother had consistently tested positive for THC and suboxone and, on one occasion, 

cocaine. Errett testified that Mother did not always provide accurate, up-to-date 

prescriptions for her suboxone use and never presented a medical marijuana card. 

Errett also testified that Mother had occasionally declined to participate in drug screens, 

which counted as an automatic positive result. In addition, Errett testified regarding an 

incident in which Mother had attempted to alter a drug screen by purposely chewing up 

the mouth swab and dropping it on the ground. Errett further testified that Mother would 

often show up to screens smelling heavily of mouthwash, which was known to alter the 
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screen. 

{¶ 14} Continuing, Errett testified that Mother had completed a mental health 

assessment but had not followed through with referrals for mental health counseling. 

Errett indicated that this was one of the most important components of Mother’s case 

plan. Errett also testified that Mother did not consistently communicate with her and 

failed to meet with her once a month as required by the case plan. Errett explained that 

it was her practice to give Mother three meeting dates to choose from each month and 

that Mother would often not attend any of the dates offered. Errett asserted that Mother 

would make excuses not to attend office visits and would be highly emotional and hesitant 

to provide information when she did visit. In addition, Errett testified that Mother was not 

employed at the time of the hearing and that Mother’s previous employment consisted of 

various jobs that Mother had maintained for only a short period of time.

{¶ 15} As for the visitation objective, Errett testified that Mother visited all four of 

her children once a week for three hours at CCDJFS’s visitation center. Errett testified 

that there were concerns with Mother’s visitation because she often showed up late to 

visits. Errett explained that showing up late was a concern because the children used

the Rides Plus transportation service to get to the visitation center. According to Errett, 

the Rides Plus driver cannot wait for Mother to arrive because the driver has other visits 

to transport. Errett also testified that Mother had missed three visits without calling and 

that the missed visits resulted in Mother’s visitation being put on hold for a period of time. 

Errett testified that Mother used lack of transportation as an excuse for missing the visits 

even though CCDJFS provided her with a Rides Plus referral. 
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{¶ 16} Errett also testified that Mother had not fulfilled the objective to obtain safe, 

stable housing. Errett testified that the cleanliness of Mother’s home was no longer a

concern, but she explained that the home was not a safe location due to its being the 

target of multiple shootings. Errett testified that Mother had reported concerns about the 

safety of her residence and had expressed her belief that the shootings were the result 

of Father’s using drugs and owing people money. 

{¶ 17} Errett testified that one of the shooting incidents took place while Mother 

and Father had unauthorized visitation with B.T. and D.T. Errett testified that the O 

Family had reported the shooting to her and told her that it had occurred after they had 

permitted Mother and Father to drive the children to Mother’s home following a visit at a 

local entertainment center. The O Family told Errett that they were traveling behind 

Mother and Father’s vehicle when they observed shots fired at the vehicle as it pulled into 

Mother’s residence. According to Errett, the residence was considered so dangerous 

that the juvenile court had ordered her and the other individuals working on the case not

to visit the home. Errett testified that Mother had recently reported that she was going 

to move to an apartment, but she did not yet have a lease and was still at the same 

residence.

{¶ 18} In addition to the case plan objectives, Errett testified regarding concerns 

about Mother’s being in the presence of Father despite prior incidents of domestic 

violence between them and despite Mother’s obtaining a protection order against Father. 

Errett testified that Mother and Father’s unhealthy relationship posed a risk to the children 

because the children were not old enough to protect themselves if a physical altercation 
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were to transpire between Mother and Father.

{¶ 19} In summary, Errett testified that Mother had not made substantial progress 

on her case plan and would not be in a place to reunify with her children even if she were

given more time to work on her case plan objectives. Errett indicated that the children 

were in a foster-to-adopt placement at that time, where they were doing well and had all 

their needs met. Errett testified that the children had been in their current foster home 

for over one year and were bonded to their foster mother. It was Errett’s opinion that the 

best interest of the children would be served by granting permanent custody to CCDJFS.

Jordan Rose

{¶ 20} Jordan Rose was a coordinator at the Family & Youth Initiatives Parent 

Network, a free program that Mother had been using for parenting classes. Rose 

confirmed that Mother had been a client of the Parenting Network since June 8, 2021, 

and had last attended a parenting class on October 4, 2022. Rose indicated that Mother 

had completed “a decent amount” of parenting classes but declined to describe the 

number of classes completed as being “substantial.” Tr. (Nov. 16, 2022), p. 237. 

Specifically, Rose testified that Mother had attended 18 out of 34 possible classes. Rose 

also testified that there had been a period of three months in which Mother did not attend 

class at all. Rose also indicated that there were two occasions when Mother showed up 

to class but failed to complete her homework. Although Rose testified that Mother had

grown as a parent and was fit to parent her children, Rose admitted that she had never 

observed Mother with her children and that her opinion of Mother’s parenting was based 
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solely off of her classwork. 

Traci Schwartz-Sullivan

{¶ 21} Traci Schwartz-Sullivan was the Family Treatment Court Coordinator who 

monitored Mother’s participation in the juvenile court’s random drug screening program. 

Sullivan testified that the court magistrate ordered Mother to sign up for the drug 

screenings and that Mother began the screenings on March 1, 2022. Sullivan testified, 

however, that Mother had been inconsistent in calling every day to see if she had been

selected to be screened and that Mother had missed 32 screens over a period of 270 

days. Sullivan also presented documentation showing that when Mother had been

screened, she had consistently tested positive for THC and suboxone (buprenorphine), 

and occasionally for alcohol as well. See State’s Exhibit 2. 

Amanda Lantz

{¶ 22} The testimony of Amanda Lantz, the children’s appointed GAL, supported 

Errett’s testimony regarding Mother’s lack of communication and failure to complete her 

case plan objectives. Like Errett, it was Lantz’s opinion that Mother had not made 

substantial progress on her case plan and that Mother would not be able to substantially 

complete her case plan within six months. Lantz also testified that she believed Mother 

had unresolved mental health issues. Lantz testified that because Mother had not 

completed her mental health objective, it was not in the children’s best interest to be 

placed with Mother. Lantz also testified that “trouble seems to follow [Mother]” and that 
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the children would not be safe in Mother’s care regardless of where she lived. Tr. (Nov. 

18, 2022), p. 476. Furthermore, in her reports, Lantz indicated that Mother was 

manipulative and uncooperative. 

{¶ 23} As for the children, Lantz testified that B.T. and D.T. were doing “fantastic” 

with their current foster mother and were thriving in her care. Id. at 471. Lantz also 

testified that the foster mother was open to adopting B.T. and D.T. and would follow court 

orders to keep certain individuals away from the children. In addition, Lantz testified that 

the foster mother facilitated visits with B.T. and D.T.’s half siblings and planned to 

maintain communication between them. Lantz further testified that foster mother had

custody of her own grandson and that there were no concerns with B.T. and D.T.’s 

interactions with the grandson.

Veronica Bellamy

{¶ 24} Veronica Bellamy, a clinical counselor at an addiction treatment center in 

Springfield, Ohio, known as CleanSlate, testified that she had provided Mother with drug 

and alcohol addiction counseling at CleanSlate since June 13, 2022. According to 

Bellamy, Mother’s history of drug use included abusing opiates such as percocet and 

oxycodone. Bellamy also testified that Mother had admitted to purchasing suboxone off 

the street. According to Bellamy, the physicians at CleanSlate prescribe Mother 

suboxone once a week for purposes of curbing her withdrawals and cravings. Bellamy 

testified that Mother was screened for drugs during every visit at CleanSlate and that 

Mother had tested positive for THC during every screen. Bellamy noted, however, that 
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Mother’s THC levels had been consistently dropping and that, but for the THC use, Mother 

had made progress with maintaining her sobriety. 

{¶ 25} On cross-examination, Bellamy confirmed that she did not provide mental 

health counseling and claimed that she was unaware that the physicians at CleanSlate 

had made a referral for Mother to receive mental health counseling. Bellamy had also 

been unaware that mental health counseling was a component of Mother’s case plan.

Mother

{¶ 26} Mother testified that on November 5, 2022 (approximately two weeks before 

her testimony), she had moved out of the residence that had been the target of multiple 

shootings. Mother testified that she had obtained a two-bedroom apartment “on Friday 

or Saturday” but was then living at a friend’s house while she and the landlord worked on 

improvements to the apartment. Tr. (Nov. 16, 2022), p. 274-275. Mother testified that 

she had not yet signed a lease for the apartment but had paid a $575 deposit. Mother 

testified that she did not know when the apartment would be finished and did not know 

whether the apartment was safe.

{¶ 27} Mother also testified that she had been engaged in drug and alcohol 

counseling at CleanSlate. Mother presented a September 26, 2022 letter from her 

CleanSlate counselor, Bellamy, stating that Mother had been a patient at CleanSlate 

since April 13, 2021. The letter also indicated that, as of September 26, 2022, Mother 

had attended all of her scheduled appointments at CleanSlate and had tested negative 

for opioids during the center’s drug screens. See Mother’s Exhibit E. 
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{¶ 28} Continuing, Mother testified that CleanSlate had referred her to PATH

Integrated Health (“PATH”) for mental health services. In support of this testimony, 

Mother presented a June 7, 2021 letter written by a CleanSlate physician’s assistant

stating that Mother would be attending counseling at PATH. See Mother’s Exhibit G. 

Mother claimed that she had received a mental health assessment at PATH and had 

engaged in mental health counseling there for “close to one year” until her counselor left. 

Tr. (Nov. 16, 2022), p. 254. Mother claimed that she then signed up for counseling at 

CleanSlate, which she thought qualified as mental health counseling. Mother testified 

that it was not until October 2022 that she learned CleanSlate was not accredited to 

provide mental health services.

{¶ 29} Mother also confirmed that she was not then employed. Mother claimed 

that she previously had worked at ORBIS, Target Distribution, and Certified Oil. Mother 

testified that she had worked at ORBIS for three months in 2022, but she could not recall 

when and how long she had worked at Target Distribution and Certified Oil. During her 

testimony, Mother could not recall several other dates and events and attributed her 

memory loss to early onset Alzheimer’s disease, a condition that she never reported to

CCDJFS.

{¶ 30} Mother also testified that she had only missed a few drug screens and 

claimed that her caseworker had lied about her intentionally trying to alter some of the

screens. Mother did, however, admit that she had a history of maintaining negative drug 

screens while still using drugs. Specifically, Mother testified that she had been able to

graduate from a treatment program at McKinley Hall while still using drugs because she 
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“worked the program,” which only screened once a week. Tr. (Nov. 16, 2022), p. 289. 

{¶ 31} Mother also admitted to consistently testing positive for THC and suboxone. 

Mother testified that she used marijuana every day and did not have a medical marijuana 

card. But Mother claimed that she had been approved for a medical marijuana card just 

two days before giving her testimony. Mother also suggested that her one positive test 

result for cocaine had been a false positive. 

{¶ 32} Mother further admitted to missing parenting classes at the Parenting 

Network but claimed that she was making up the missed material. Mother also testified 

that she did not have a valid driver’s license but admitted to driving herself to court on the 

day of her testimony. When asked how Mother would transport B.T. to his speech 

therapy if the children were placed back in her care, Mother testified that she would rely 

on maternal grandmother, a known drug user. Mother also claimed that she was not in 

a relationship with Father and noted that her protection order was still in place. 

{¶ 33} Mother testified that she generally did not meet with her caseworker on a 

monthly basis and expressed her belief that the caseworker had not been helping her. 

Mother, however, later testified that her caseworker had tried to help her find housing and

made referrals and gave her phone numbers to call for mental health services. Mother

also claimed that she had been working her case plan and simply needed more time to 

complete her case plan objectives.

{¶ 34} With regard to the custody of her children, Mother testified that she had 

suggested her maternal aunt as a placement option. Mother indicated that maternal aunt 

currently lived alone and that CCDJFS’s concerns about her uncle and mother staying at 
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maternal aunt’s residence were no longer an issue. Mother also testified that she would 

provide maternal aunt with the beds needed for her children. In addition, Mother testified 

that a second aunt was interested in caring for her children, but she admitted to never 

having advised CCDJFS of the second aunt’s interest in being a placement option.

The Trial Court’s Judgment

{¶ 35} After considering the testimony and exhibits presented at the permanent 

custody hearings, the trial court found that Mother was not a credible witness and granted 

CCDJFS’s motions for permanent custody of B.T. and D.T. Mother now appeals from 

those judgments, raising a single assignment of error for review.

Assignment of Error

{¶ 36} Under her assignment of error, Mother contends that the trial court erred by 

granting CCDJFS permanent custody of B.T. and D.T. Specifically, Mother claims that 

the evidence presented at the permanent custody hearings established that she had 

substantially complied with her case plan and that there was a viable kinship placement 

with her maternal aunt. Upon review, we disagree with Mother’s claims.

General Standards

{¶ 37} “The United States Supreme Court has stated that parents’ interest in the 

care, custody, and control of their children ‘is perhaps the oldest of the fundamental liberty 

interests recognized by this Court.’ ” In re B.C., 141 Ohio St.3d 55, 2014-Ohio-4558, 21 
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N.E.3d 308, ¶ 19, quoting Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S.Ct. 2054, 147 

L.Ed.2d 49 (2000). The Supreme Court of Ohio has also “long held that parents who are 

‘suitable’ have a ‘paramount’ right to the custody of their children.” Id., quoting In re 

Perales, 52 Ohio St.2d 89, 97, 369 N.E.2d 1047 (1977). (Other citations omitted.) 

“Permanent termination of parental rights has been described as ‘the family law 

equivalent of the death penalty in a criminal case.’ * * * Therefore, parents ‘must be 

afforded every procedural and substantive protection the law allows.’ ” In re Hayes, 79 

Ohio St.3d 46, 48, 679 N.E.2d 680 (1997), quoting In re Smith, 77 Ohio App.3d 1, 16, 601 

N.E.2d 45 (6th Dist.1991). 

{¶ 38} That said, “ ‘the natural rights of a parent are not absolute, but are always 

subject to the ultimate welfare of the child, which is the polestar or controlling principle to 

be observed.’ ” In re Cunningham, 59 Ohio St.2d 100, 106, 391 N.E.2d 1034 (1979), 

quoting In re R.J.C., 300 So.2d 54, 58 (Fla. App.1974). Therefore, “parental interests 

are subordinate to the child’s interest when determining the appropriate resolution of a 

petition to terminate parental rights.” B.C. at ¶ 20, citing Cunningham at 106.

{¶ 39} “[T]he [trial] court’s decision to terminate parental rights will not be 

overturned if the record contains competent, credible evidence by which the court could 

have formed a firm belief or conviction that the essential statutory elements for a 

termination of parental rights have been established.” (Citation omitted.) In re E.D., 2d 

Dist. Montgomery No. 26261, 2014-Ohio-4600, ¶ 7. “On review, we give the trial court’s 

final determination ‘the utmost respect, given the nature of the proceeding and the impact 

the court’s determination will have on the lives of the parties concerned.’ ” In re G.B., 2d 
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Dist. Greene No. 2017-CA-30, 2017-Ohio-8759, ¶ 8, quoting In re Alfrey, 2d Dist. Clark 

No. 2001-CA-83, 2003-Ohio-608, ¶ 102. Accordingly, the trial court’s decision will not 

be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. E.D. at ¶ 7, citing In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 

73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 48 (applying abuse-of-discretion standard to a 

trial court’s findings under R.C. 2151.414).

R.C. 2151.414

{¶ 40} R.C. 2151.414 is the statute that governs the termination of parental rights 

in Ohio. This statute provides a two-part test for courts to apply when determining 

whether to grant a motion for permanent custody to a public services agency. 

Specifically, the statute requires the trial court to find by clear and convincing evidence 

that: (1) any one of the factors enumerated in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (e) exist; 

and (2) an award of permanent custody to the agency is in the child’s best interest. R.C. 

2151.414(B)(1). We will now address each of those requirements.

(1) Existence of Factor Under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) through (e):

{¶ 41} In awarding permanent custody to CCDJFS, the trial court determined that 

the factor under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(b) existed with regard to Father. That factor 

provides: “The child is abandoned.” R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(b). In this case, it is 

undisputed that Father abandoned B.T. and D.T., as Father signed a case plan waiver in 

August 2021 and had not had contact with the children since that time.

{¶ 42} With regard to Mother, the trial court found that the factor under R.C. 
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2151.414(B)(1)(a) existed. That factor provides: “The child is not abandoned or 

orphaned, has not been in the temporary custody of one or more public services agencies 

or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-twomonth period, * * * and the child cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within 

a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s parents.” R.C. 

2151.414(B)(1)(a). 

{¶ 43} When evaluating whether a child cannot be placed with the child’s parents 

within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent, the court must 

consider “all relevant evidence” and determine “by clear convincing evidence” whether 

one or more of the factors listed under R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) through (E)(16) exist. R.C. 

2151.414(E). If there is clear and convincing evidence showing that one or more of the 

factors under section (E) exist, the trial court must “enter a finding that the child cannot 

be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either 

parent.” R.C. 2151.414(E). 

{¶ 44} The trial court in this case determined that factor (E)(1) existed by clear and 

convincing evidence. Factor (E)(1) provides: “[N]otwithstanding reasonable case 

planning and diligent efforts by the agency to assist the parent to remedy the problems 

that initially caused the child to be placed outside the home, the parent has failed 

continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to 

be placed outside the child’s home.” R.C. 2151.414(E)(1). 

{¶ 45} Here, there is no dispute that CCDJFS developed a case plan for Mother 

with specific objectives for her to complete so that she could reunify with B.T. and D.T. 
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There is also no dispute that Mother was aware of the case plan and understood the 

required objectives. Despite this, and despite Mother’s caseworker being very 

accommodating with meetings and providing Mother with several referrals for counseling, 

housing, and visitation services, Mother failed to make substantial progress on several of 

her case plan objectives. Specifically, Mother did not communicate regularly with her 

caseworker, failed to obtain employment and suitable housing, and did not follow through 

with mental health counseling. In addition, Mother showed up late to visits with her 

children and missed several parenting classes. 

{¶ 46} Although the record establishes that Mother substantially complied with the 

objectives to obtain drug and alcohol counseling and to submit to regular drug screens, 

the results of Mother’s drug screens indicate that Mother never stopped using illegal drugs 

during the pendency of this case. Specifically, Mother tested positive for THC and 

suboxone on almost every drug screen she participated in, and, on one occasion,

cocaine. Furthermore, Mother did not have a medical marijuana card at the time she 

screened and did not always provide prescriptions for her suboxone use. 

{¶ 47} With regard to housing, we note that for most of this case, Mother continued 

to reside at a home that was the target of multiple shootings. Although Mother testified 

that she had moved out of that residence on November 5, 2022, (less than two weeks 

before she testified at the November 16th permanent custody hearing), the record 

nevertheless established that Mother had not yet obtained stable housing. At the time 

of her testimony, Mother claimed that she was temporarily living at a friend’s house while 

awaiting improvements to be completed on a two-bedroom apartment for which Mother
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did not yet have a lease. Significantly, Mother provided no timeframe for when the 

apartment would be ready and could not say whether the apartment was located in a safe 

area.

{¶ 48} Upon review, we find that there was clear and convincing evidence in the 

record establishing that CCDJFS had made diligent efforts to assist Mother in reunifying 

with B.T. and D.T. and that, despite those efforts, Mother failed to substantially remedy 

her issues with drug use, housing, employment, and mental health. Accordingly, the trial 

court’s finding that factor (E)(1) of R.C. 2151.414 existed with regard to Mother was not 

an abuse of discretion. Given that factor (E)(1) applied to Mother, and given that Father 

had abandoned the children, the trial court’s ultimate determination under R.C. 

2151.414(B)(1)(a), i.e., that the children could not be placed with either parent within a 

reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent, was not an abuse of 

discretion.

(2) Best Interest Determination:

{¶ 49} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1), when determining whether an award of 

permanent custody to a public services agency is in a child’s best interest, the trial court 

is required to consider all relevant factors, including but not limited to, the following:

(a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s 

parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home 

providers and any other person who may significantly affect the child;

(b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through 
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the child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the 

child;

(c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has 

been in the temporary custody of one or more public children 

services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or 

more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period;

(d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and 

whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of 

permanent custody to the agency; and

(e) Whether any of the factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through (11) are 

applicable.

R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e). 

{¶ 50} Like the findings under R.C. 2151.414(B) and (E), the trial court’s findings 

under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. In re 

K.W., 2d Dist. Clark No. 2013-CA-107, 2014-Ohio-4606, ¶ 7. In this case, the record 

establishes that the trial court considered all the factors under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) and 

determined that it was in B.T. and D.T.’s best interest to grant CCDJFS permanent 

custody. Based on the following, we find that there was clear and convincing evidence 

in the record to support that finding.

(a) B.T. and D.T.’s Interaction and Interrelationship with Parents, Siblings, and 

Foster Caregivers:

{¶ 51} B.T. and D.T. were only three years old and 17 months old when they were 
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removed from Mother’s care in 2021. After their removal, Mother was only permitted to 

have supervised visits with the children. Mother visited the children at the visitation 

center once a week for three hours. Mother had had issues showing up late to visits,

and there were three instances when Mother failed to attend a visit without calling the 

visitation center. These failures resulted in Mother’s visitation being put on hold for a 

period of time. The children had not had contact with Father since he signed his case 

plan waiver in August 2021.

{¶ 52} At the time of the last permanent custody hearing, B.T. and D.T. had been 

with their current foster mother for one year. B.T. and D.T.’s placement with foster 

mother is a foster-to-adopt placement. By all accounts, foster mother was meeting all of 

the children’s needs. B.T. and D.T. were bonded to foster mother and were thriving in 

her care. Foster mother’s grandson lived in the home with B.T. and D.T., and all of the 

children interacted appropriately with one another. Foster mother facilitated visits with 

B.T. and D.T.’s half siblings, who had been placed with another caregiver. Foster mother 

had indicated a willingness to continue those visits so as to maintain a bond between the 

children.

{¶ 53} This factor weighed in favor of granting permanent custody to CCDJFS.

(b) B.T. and D.T.’s Wishes:

{¶ 54} B.T. and D.T., who were approximately five and three years old at the time 

of the permanent custody hearings, were not interviewed by the trial court and no 

testimony was offered purporting to express their wishes. Accordingly, this factor neither 
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weighed in favor nor against granting permanent custody to CCDJFS.

(c) Custodial History:

{¶ 55} B.T. and D.T., who were born in 2017 and 2019, had been in Mother’s care 

until CCDJFS became involved with Mother in early 2021 due to concerns about the 

conditions of Mother’s home and Mother’s drug use and mental health. During late 

March/early April 2021, B.T. and D.T. were initially placed in the care of their maternal 

grandmother. However, the children were removed from maternal grandmother’s care 

after maternal grandmother tested positive for THC, oxycodone, and cocaine. 

Thereafter, the children were placed with the O family. After approximately five months, 

the O Family no longer wanted to serve as B.T. and D.T.’s caretakers due to negative 

interactions with Mother. As a result, CCDJFS filed a motion for interim temporary 

custody of the children, which the trial court granted on September 17, 2021. Since that 

time, B.T. and D.T. had been in the custody of CCDJFS, and the children had been in two 

different foster placements. At the time of the last permanent custody hearing, the 

children had been in their current foster placement for a year (since November 2021). 

When CCDJFS filed its motion for permanent custody, the children had not been in the 

temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child 

placing agencies for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period. 

{¶ 56} The foregoing custodial history indicates that B.T. and D.T. had been placed 

in and out of multiple custody arrangements. Given that the goal was for the children to 

have permanency and stability, this factor weighed in favor of granting permanent custody 
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to CCDJFS.

(d) The Children’s Need for Legally Secure Placement and Whether Such a 

Placement Can Be Achieved Without Granting Permanent Custody to

CCDJFS:

{¶ 57} Father had abandoned B.T. and D.T. and Mother had failed to rectify the 

issues that caused the children to be removed from her care. Before filing its motion for 

permanent custody, CCDJFS researched Mother and Father’s relatives and attempted 

kinship placements without success. As previously discussed, the children were 

removed from maternal grandmother’s care after maternal grandmother tested positive 

for illegal drugs. Father’s family friends, the O-Family, then took custody of the children 

until they decided they no longer wanted custody due to negative interactions with Mother. 

Father’s sisters declined to be a placement option as well. 

{¶ 58} In this appeal, Mother argues that her maternal aunt was a viable kinship 

placement option that the trial court overlooked when it granted permanent custody to 

CCDJFS. Mother claims that maternal aunt simply needed beds for the children in order 

to pass CCDJFS’s home study and that she (Mother) had offered to provide the beds so 

that maternal aunt could get custody of the children. The record, however, established

that, in addition to not having beds for the children, maternal aunt was rejected as a 

kinship placement because she would at times allow Mother’s uncle (a registered sex 

offender) and maternal grandmother (a known drug user) to stay at her residence. 

CCDJFS also had concerns that maternal aunt lived too close to Mother and would be 

vulnerable to Mother’s persuading her to violate court orders. Accordingly, we disagree 
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with Mother’s claim that maternal aunt was a viable kinship placement option. 

{¶ 59} At the permanent custody hearing, Mother also suggested a second aunt 

as a kinship placement option, but she admitted that she had never given CCDJFS the 

aunt’s name. Mother also claimed that she had suggested her own father as a kinship 

placement option. However, CCDJFS had conducted AQUIRANT searches to find 

relatives and had sent letters to viable relatives with no response. Mother’s father and 

second aunt would have likely shown up during CCDJFS’s search, and there was nothing 

in the record indicating that they were viable placement options or that they had 

expressed any interest in being a placement option. Accordingly, the record supported 

the finding that the children were in need of a legally secure placement and that there 

was no viable kinship placement available. 

{¶ 60} This factor weighed in favor of granting permanent custody to CCDJFS.

(e) Whether Any of the Factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) Through (11) are 

 Applicable:

{¶ 61} None of the factors in R.C. 2151.414(E)(7) through (11) were applicable to 

Mother; therefore this factor neither weighed for nor against granting permanent custody 

to CCDJFS.

{¶ 62} Based on the foregoing analysis, we find that there was competent, credible 

evidence from which the trial court could have clearly and convincingly found that the 

best-interest factors under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) weighed in favor of granting CCDJFS 

permanent custody of B.T. and D.T. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion by finding that it was in the children’s best interest to grant permanent custody 
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to CCDJFS. 

{¶ 63} Because the record contains competent, credible evidence satisfying both 

parts of the two-part test in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1), the trial court did not err when it granted

permanent custody to CCDJFS. 

{¶ 64} Mother’s assignment of error is overruled. 

Conclusion

{¶ 65} Having overruled Mother’s sole assignment of error, the trial court’s 

judgments granting CCDJFS permanent custody of B.T. and D.T. are affirmed.

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

TUCKER, J. and HUFFMAN, J., concur.