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26 ORDER - 1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON

AT TACOMA

LISA PENNER, PAUL HAUGH and DARCI

HAUGH, on behalf of themselves and all others

similarly situated,,

Plaintiffs,

v.

CHASE BANK USA, N.A., and BANK ONE,

DELAWARE, N.A.,,

Defendants.

Case No. C06-5092 FDB

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS’

MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFFS’

FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT

This matter comes before the Court on a Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) motion of Defendants

Chase Bank USA, N.A. and Bank One Delaware, N.A. (hereafter, Chase) to dismiss Plaintiffs’ First

Amended Complaint for failure to plead any facts that state a cause of action. After reviewing all

materials submitted by the parties and relied upon for authority, the Court is fully informed and

hereby grants the motion and dismisses the First Amended Complaint for the reasons stated below.

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs Lisa Penner, Paul Haugh, and Darci Haugh, on behalf of themselves and all others

similarly situated, allege that Chase engages in a practice of increasing interest rates retroactively,

without giving advance notice, violating the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), the Cardmember

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This Court takes particular notice of the decision of Judge Conti in Evans v. Chase

Manhattan Bank USA, N.A., 2006 WL 213740 (N.D. Cal.,2006)(Slip Copy, January 27, 2006),

wherein the Court dismissed a complaint against Chase asserting nearly identical claims. This Court

finds Judge Conti’s well-reasoned decision highly persuasive and regrets the necessity of revisiting

the issues. 

ORDER - 2

Agreement, and state contract and consumer protection laws.1

Chase is a national banking association organized under the National Bank Act with its home

office in the State of Delaware. Plaintiffs purport to represent all Chase credit card members in

Washington “whose interest rates charges on outstanding balances were retroactively increased by

Chase without warning or advance notice.” Plaintiffs contend that Chase violated Regulation Z of

the TILA, 12 C.F.R. § 226.9(c), by failing to notify its customers of increases in the interest rates

before the effective date of the change. Plaintiffs assert that Chase is not in compliance with

Regulation Z because rate increases are discretionary, are based on unknown factors, and are applied

retroactively. Plaintiffs asset that such unannounced and retroactive interest rate increases are unfair,

unconscionable and constitute illegal penalties.

The First Amended Complaint alleges six causes of action arising out of Chase Cardmember

interest rate practices:(1) Chase’s practices violate the TILA, (2) Plaintiffs are entitled to declaratory

relief, (3) the Court should sever the unconscionable contract terms, (4) the Court should declare

that Chase’s practice is the imposition of an illegal penalty, (5) Chase is committing consumer fraud

under Washington’s Consumer Protection Act, RCW 19.86, and (6) Chase breached its contract

with cardholders.

Chase contends that its practices are in compliance with the TILA, Regulation Z, as the

retroactive increases complained of are the implementation of lawful terms explicitly disclosed in the

Cardmember Agreement. Thus, Chase claims there is no violation of the TILA or breach of

contract. Chase further asserts that Plaintiffs’ common law claims fail because the challenged

practices are explicitly authorized by federal and State of Delaware law and that the State of

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Plaintiffs did not attach to their Complaint a copy of the Cardmember Agreement to which

the Complaint makes reference. The Cardmember Agreement of Plaintiff Paul Haugh has been cited

by Defendants and is referenced in this Order. 

ORDER - 3

Washington consumer protection law claim is preempted.

The Cardmember Agreement2

 between Chase and Plaintiffs specifically provides that the

annual percentage rate “may vary” if the cardmember is in default under the Agreement for the

following specified reasons: failure to make minimum payments, exceeding credit limits, failure to

make payment to other creditors, payments with dishonored checks, and upon demand after closing

the account. The Cardmember Agreement states that if any of these default events occurs, Chase

“may increase the APRs (including any introductory or promotional APR) on all balances (including

existing balances, but not Overdraft Advances) “up to a maximum default rate of the prime rate plus

23.99%.” The Agreement further lists factors considered to determining the default rate, such as

length of time account is open; existence, serious and timing of defaults on the account; other

indications of account usage and performance; and information related to credit history. The

Agreement provides that Chase reserves the discretion to charge reduced default rates below the

maximum default rate stated in the rates and fees table. Finally, the Agreement provides that the

“default rate will take effect as of the first day of the billing cycle in which the default occurs, and

will apply to purchase balances from the previous billing cycle for which periodic finance charges

have not been already billed.” 

STANDARDS FOR RULE 12(b)(6) DISMISSAL

On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the Court must construe the complaint in

the light most favorable to the plaintiff, taking all his allegations as true and drawing all reasonable

inferences from the complaint in his favor. A complaint should not be dismissed for failure to state a

claim unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim

which would entitle him to relief. Doe v. U.S., 419 F.3d 1058, 1062 (9th Cir. 2005). The complaint

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The Commentary, which is put forth by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve

System is entitled to a great deal of deference. Anderson Bros. Ford v. Valencia, 452 U.S. 205, 219,

(1981)

ORDER - 4

need not set out the facts in detail; what is required is a “short and plain statement of the claim

showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); La Salvia v. United Dairymen, 804

F.2d 1113, 1116 (9th Cir. 1986). Thus, the Court's task “is merely to assess the legal feasibility of the

complaint, not to assay the weight of the evidence which might be offered in support thereof.” 

Cooper v. Parsky, 140 F.3d 433, 440 (2nd Cir. 1998).

REGULATION Z AND THE TRUTH IN LENDING ACT

The Federal Reserve Board has adopted regulations (Regulation Z, 12 C.F.R., part 226)

implementing provisions of the TILA. Section 226.6(a)(2) requires “a disclosure of each periodic

rate that may be used to compute the finance charge ... and the corresponding annual percentage

rate.” Section 226.9(c)(1), requires creditors to notify consumers whenever “any term required under

§ 226.6 is changed.” The Official Staff Commentary3 to Regulation Z (“Commentary”), requires

Chase to provide written notice “if there is an increased periodic rate or any other finance charge

attributable to the consumer's delinquency or default.” 12 C.F.R. pt. 226, Supp. I, § 226.9(c)(1), cmt.

3. The Commentary goes on to state, however, that “[n]o notice of a change in terms need be given

if the specific change is set forth initially, such as: [r]ate increases under a properly disclosed

variable-rate plan.” 12 C.F.R. pt. 226, Supp. I, § 226.9(c), cmt. 1.

In Evans v. Chase Manhattan Bank USA, N.A., 2006 WL 213740 (N.D. Cal.,2006)(Slip

Copy, January 27, 2006), Judge Conti reviewed the exact circumstances alleged here and found that

Chase’s Cardmember Agreement gives cardmembers the appropriate notice required under

Regulation Z. Addressing plaintiffs’ allegations that the rate increases are discretionary and based on

unknown factors, Judge Conti noted that Regulation Z states that “notice must be given if the

contract allows the creditor to increase the rate at its discretion but does not include specific terms for

an increase.” 12 C.F.R. pt. 226, Supp. I, § 226.9(c), cmt. 1. According to the Commentary, because

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26 ORDER - 5

Chase's Cardmember Agreement discloses the specific terms for its increases, it is not bound by

Regulation Z's notice requirements. Evans, 2006 WL 213740 at 2. Chase discloses the maximum

rate it will set an APR in the event of a cardmembers default. Thus, the increase in rates based upon a

cardmembers default is not a “change in terms” under the TILA because the rate increase has been

previously disclosed. Similarly, because Chase gives the reasons for its rate changes, Plaintiffs'

contention that they are based on unknown factors is simply not accurate. That Chase may elect not

to increase the rate to the maximum allowable by the Cardmember Agreement does not require any

additional notice. Section 226.9(c)(2) provides that “[n]o notice ... is required when the change

involves ... reduction of any component of a finance or other charge.” A decision not to increase the

interest rate to the maximum allowed has the same effect as a reduction in the maximum default to a

lower rate. See, Evans 2006 WL 213740 at 2-3.

Plaintiffs assert that the retroactive nature of Chase’s rate increase is a “change in terms”

requiring prior notice. Judge Conti rejected this allegation as well:

[T]he Court is unimpressed by Plaintiffs' complaints that the rate increases are

discretionary, that they are based on unknown factors, and that the rate increases are

retroactive. These complaints have nothing to do with Regulation Z's notice

requirements. The Official Staff Commentary to Regulation Z states that “notice

must be given if the contract allows the creditor to increase the rate at its

discretion but does not include specific terms for an increase.” 12 C.F.R. pt. 226,

Supp. I, § 226.9(c), cmt. 1. According to the Commentary, because Chase's

Cardmember Agreement discloses the specific terms for its increases, it is not bound

by Regulation Z's notice requirements.FN5 Similarly, because Chase gives the reasons

for its rate changes, Plaintiffs' contention that they are based on unknown factors is

simply not accurate. Finally, that Chase applies rate increases retroactively is

disclosed by the Cardmember Agreement.

Evans, 2006 WL 213740 at 2-3. (emphasis added, citations omitted).

The Cardmember Agreement sets forth the circumstances constituting default and the

maximum default interest rate. It further identifies the specific terms that might result in higher

interest rate up to the maximum default rate and the factors considered in determining whether to

charge the maximum default rate or a lower rate. The Cardmember Agreement also explicitly states

that the increase in rates will take effect as of the first day of the billing cycle in which the default

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26 ORDER - 6

occurs, and will apply to purchase balances from the previous billing cycle for which periodic finance

charges have not been already billed. As Judge Conti held in Evans, an increase in interest rate based

explicitly on the terms set forth in the Cardmember Agreement is simply not a “change in terms” that

requires notice. The Complaint does not state a claim for relief under the TILA and thus, the First

Cause of Action for violation of the TILA is subject to dismissal.

DECLARATORY RELIEF AND COMMON LAW CLAIMS

Plaintiffs’ second, third and forth causes of action allege that these same provisions are unfair

and unconscionable and constitute an illegal penalty. Specifically, Plaintiffs' second claim asks the

Court for a determination and a declaration that these provisions are unfair, unconscionable and

constitute an illegal penalty, and as such are unenforceable. Plaintiffs request an award of damages to

the extent Chase has enforced the unconscionable and illegal penalty. Plaintiffs' third cause of action

asks the Court to sever the unconscionable contract terms and for appropriate damages. Plaintiffs'

fourth cause of action asks the Court for an order enjoining Chase from further enforcement and

collection of increased finance charges based on interest rates imposed retroactively and without

advance notice. Plaintiffs also ask the Court to order Chase to make restitution and disgorge its

profits.

Chase contends that the provisions are authorized by the law of Chase’s home state, Delaware

and cannot be deemed unconscionable.

Judge Conti dismissed virtually identical causes of action brought against Chase in Evans v.

Chase Manhattan Bank USA, N.A., 2006 WL 213740 (N.D. Cal.,2006)(Slip Copy, January 27,

2006). Again, this Court finds Judge Conti’s analysis persuasive. The Cardmember Agreement states

that the terms of the Agreement shall be governed and interpreted in accordance with the laws of

Delaware. Section 944 of the Delaware Banking Act, 5 Del. C. § 944, states that “[i]f the agreement

governing the revolving credit plan so provides, the periodic percentage rate or rates of interest under

such plan may vary in accordance with a schedule or formula.” A permissible schedule or formula

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26 ORDER - 7

may include provision in the agreement governing the plan for a change in rates of interest applicable

to all or any part of outstanding unpaid indebtedness contingent upon the happening of any event or

circumstance specified in the plan, which event or circumstance may include the failure of the

borrower to perform in accordance with the terms of the plan. 5 Del. C. § 944. The Cardmember

Agreement complies with these requirements. See, Evans, 2006 WL 213740 at 3. Based on this

statutory authority, Judge Conti held that “[w]here, as here, Delaware law not only speaks directly to

the issue, but specifically authorizes the custom, the Court will not declare the terms unconscionable.” 

Evans, 2006 WL 213740 at 3.

This Court (and Judge Conti, in Evans) has determined that the Complaint does not allege

facts that support the allegation that the practices of Chase violate either federal or State of Delaware

law. It is also evident that the retroactive increase in interest charges do not constitute an unlawful

penalty. See, United States v. Childs, 266 U.S. 304, 307 (1924)(“A penalty is a means of

punishment; interest a means of compensation”); Citibank, N.A. v. Nyland, Ltd., 878 F.2d 620, 624-

25 (2nd Cir. 1989)(Increased in interest rate on principal in the event of a default to a “default rate” of

17.5% is not an unlawful penalty, but simply reflects the heightened risk of repayment that the

creditor bears upon entry of default).

The terms of the Cardmember Agreement are not unconscionable and do not constitute an

unlawful penalty. Plaintiffs’ second, third and fourth causes of action are subject to dismissal.

WASHINGTON’S CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT

Plaintiffs’ fifth cause of action alleges a violation of Washington’s Consumer Protection Act,

(CPA), RCW 19.86. This action fails because the CPA expressly exempts actions or transactions

which are “otherwise permitted, prohibited or regulated under laws administered by ... any other

regulatory body or officer acting under statutory authority of ... the United States.” RCW 19.86.170.

In Miller v. U.S. Bank of Washington, N.A., 72 Wn.App. 416, 865 P.2d 536 (1994), the court

held customers’s claim against bank alleging that loan collection practices were unfair or deceptive in

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26 ORDER - 8

violation of Washington's Consumer Protection Act was preempted by the National Bank Act. The

relationship between bank and customer concerning a bank's loan collection practices was specifically

regulated by U.S. Comptroller of the Currency. Comptroller was uniquely qualified to regulate and

resolve disputes arising in bank-customer relationship, and danger existed that state court decisions

could conflict with Comptroller's decisions and regulations. Given the pervasive federal regulation of

banking system and its intent to regulate unfair and deceptive practices, the customer could not

maintain a CPA claim. Id., at 421-22.

Plaintiffs’ CPA claim is subject to dismissal for the reasons set forth in Miller. Additionally,

this Court has already determined that Chase’s rate increase practices are not unconscionable. The

Cardmember Agreement provides cardmembers notification of the maximum default interest rate, that

Chase may change a cardmember's APR upon a default, that it would apply rate increases

retroactively, and that it “may consider” various factors in determining a new APR. These practices

do not constitute a violation of the CPA. See, Evans, 2006 WL 213740 at 5-6 (Chase’s interest rate

practices do not violate Delaware or California consumer protection laws).

Plaintiffs’ fifth cause of action is subject to dismissal.

BREACH OF CONTRACT

Plaintiffs’ sixth cause of action alleges a breach of contract on the basis that the

Cardmember Agreement incorporates federal law and this incorporated federal law, specifically

Regulation Z, was violated. As noted by Judge Conti, this is simply a reiteration of Plaintiffs’ first

cause of action: violation of the TILA, and is subject to dismissal for the same reasons. See, Evans,

2006 WL 213740 at 5. This Court is in agreement. Chase’s practices do not violate Regulation Z

and thus there is no breach of contract premised upon incorporation of Regulation Z into the

contract. Plaintiffs have failed to allege a cause of action for breach of the Cardmember Agreement. 

The sixth cause of action is subject to dismissal.

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26 ORDER - 9

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court finds that Plaintiffs have not alleged facts sufficient

to sustain a cause of action for violations of the TILA, state law, common law and the contractual

agreements.

ACCORDINGLY,

IT IS ORDERED:

Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ First Amended Complaint [Dkt. #20] is

GRANTED, and this case dismissed in its entirety, with prejudice 

 

DATED this 1st day of August, 2006.

AFRANKLIN D. BURGESS

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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