DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

BULLETIN 465

THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS 

OF THE UNITED STATES

COMPILED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF

C. W. HAYES

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1911

CONTENTS.

	Page. 

Introduction.___________________._____________________ 5

Alabama___________________.__________________ 9

Arizona______________-._______________________ 10

Arkansas_______________________ _________.__________ 17

California___________________ ____________________ 20

Colorado__________'__..________________________ 24

Connecticut________________. ___________________ 29

Florida_____.._______ __ _________:.._____!_ 34

Georgia.._______ - 30

Illinois.-.-^-______________.-______________________ 42

Indiana______ _ _^=rr».- _--^ _ 51

Iowa__________________-____________________ 53

Kansas_____________ _ - _ _-__ 59

Maine__________________.- ___ __i_ __________ 63

Maryland______ _ ._-__ _ _ _____________ 69

Michigan_____ _ ___ _ 76

Minnesota__.._____________-____--- _ _______ SO

Mississippi______..__ _--_ - __ 82

Missouri--________ _____ _- __ __ _ 86

Nebraska________ _ ,- __ 89

New Jersey_______ __ ___..- _ ..____ 90

New York____.__________-. ____________________:_ 98

North Carolina____________-__ _ __ __ ____ 101

North Dakota___-_._____J_.-___ -__ _ __ _________ 306

Ohio_____________________--__ ______________ 108

Oklahoma___________...--__- ___ _ ~- _ _ 116

Pennsylvania_______ _____________ _____ .__-__ ___ 122

Rhode Island___________________ __ _ __ 130

South Carolina__ -___ _______ _ 135

Tennessee-___ _______ ____ ___________ 138

Vermont____.._______._____. . _ ..: __ 142

Virginia.- __ _ :__- 144

Washington_______ . - 149

West Virginia.. 153

Wisconsin___ -_ - 159

Appendix- 167

Internal Improvement Commission of Illinois__ ______________ 167

Territorial engineer of New Mexico __________ ___. 169

New York State Water Supply Commissiou 171

3

THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF 

THE UNITED STATES.

Compiled under the direction of C. W. HATES.

INTRODUCTION.

Information concerning State geological surveys is difficult or 

impossible to obtain. Much of it is scattered through many publications, and many facts regarding organization and methods are not 

published. Such information is in constant demand by cooperating 

State and Federal organizations, by persons interested in the organization of new State surveys, and by the State geologists themselves. 

It is the last named to whom the information is of greatest value, 

for many common problems of administration are met by all State 

geologists, and a statement of the successful solution of a problem 

by one will help others to solve the same problem. This need of 

accurate information was urgently expressed by the geologists and 

engineers in attendance at a conference held in Washington in the 

spring of 1910, and as a result of rather full discussion a committee 

was appointed to take charge of the matter. It seemed to the committee that the end in view could be best attained by requesting the 

heads of the several surveys to prepare statements regarding their 

organizations. Accordingly the following circular letter and outline were submitted to all State geologists and to all State engineers 

and other officials having cooperative relations with the Federal 

Survey.

TRENTON, N. J., July 15, 1910.

DEAR SIR: At the conference of the officials of the United States Geological 

Survey and the State geologists and heads of other cooperating bureaus held 

in Washington May 31-June 1, a committee was appointed to collect and compile information regarding the organization and work of the various surveys 

with a view to its early publication as a handbook of geological and hydrographic surveys in the United States. As all present at the conference seemed 

to wish the plan carried out, it is hoped that those absent will also find it 

attractive and will assist in its preparation.

In order that the statements may be accurate and comprehensive, it is desired 

that they be carefully prepared for publication by some official of the respective 

surveys, and that the subsequent work of compiling and editing be reduced to a 

minimum. To this end please follow as closely as possible the following out5
6 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

line, giving in narrative form explicit information on as many of the points 

mentioned as are applicable to your survey or bureau.

In order that the bulletin may be issued with reasonable promptness, please 

prepare and forward the data without delay to Dr. C. W. Hayes, United States 

Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. 

Yours truly,

H. B. KUMMEL, New Jersey,

.0. W. HAYES, United States Geological Survey,

F. W. DE WOLF, Illinois,

W. McGoLLOH, New York,

Committee.

OUTLINE.

1. Give a brief resume (600 to 800 words) of previous geological surveys or 

of antecedent scientific bureaus in your State, of which your bureau is the 

outgrowth, giving specifically the name of each, date, scope of work and accomplishments, and causes of discontinuance.

2. Give the exact name of the present survey or bureau and date of its 

organization.

3. Give a summary of the laws governing your survey which are now 

operative.

4. If not already given under 3, outline the organization of your survey 

under the following heads:

(a) Governing board. Name, number of persons, method of appointment, 

terms of office, compensation (if any) as members of this board (not salaries 

if they serve ex offlcio).

(b) Executive officer. Title, name of individual, method of appointment, date 

of appointment of present incumbent, term of office. If an ex officio appointment or other State or educational position is held, please state; give proportion of time spent on survey work. Indicate whether compensation is per 

diem or by regular monthly or annual salary; how fixed, whether by law or 

by rule of governing board.

(c) Subordinates. Group your subordinates into three classes (1) clerical; 

(2) geologic, including chemical and technologic; (3) topographic, including

engineering and hydrographic. For each of these classes give the approximate 

number of each class employed, their method of appointment (by the managing 

board, executive head, with or without intervention of civil-service commission, 

etc.), term of service, per diem or permanent, range of pay for different classes. 

It is particularly desired to know to what extent advanced college students 

or college professors are employed on surveys.

5. Appropriations. A. Please state how your appropriations are made, 

whether continuing, annual, biennial, or for any stated period. Are any contingent upon cooperation?

B. Do unexpended balances carry to a new fiscal year or do they lapse to 

the treasury? If the latter, how soon after the close of the year?

C. Give your annual appropriation, specifying objects, if so fixed by law.

D. Estimate in percentages the average' expenditure under the following 

heads:

(a) Administrative and routine clerical; include only such part of the salary 

of the head of the survey and of others as may be charged to administrative 

work.

(&) Topographic, including field work and office work (not administrative).
INTRODUCTION. 7

(c) Economic, stratigraphic, and areal geology, including office work in 

preparation of reports.

(d) Statistical geology.

(e) Paleoutologic geology as distinct from stratigraphic.

(/) Chemical work.

(g) Underground water resources.

(h) Drainage surveys.

(i) Stream flow and reservoir surveys.

(j) Testing road materials or other highway work, not including construction.

(7c) Highway construction.

(I) Other technologic work.

(???) Other lines of work or combinations which can not be included under 

above heads, specifying nature of work.

6. Publications. A. Enumerate the various series of reports, bulletins, monographs, and maps published, giving the (a) number of volumes of each series so 

far issued, (ft) size of editions, (c) method of distribution (if sold, give average 

annual income and its disposition whether paid to State treasury, etc.).

B. Average annual cost of printing reports and accompanying maps for last 

five years or by volumes. Does this come from your Survey appropriation or 

from some other fund?

C. Do you have full control over printing your maps and reports, as to choice 

of printer, style of report, paper, illustrations, etc., contents of report? If not, 

state explicitly the nature of the limitations.

D. Do you have full control over distribution of your reports? What classes 

of persons and institutions are on your mailing list and how is it kept alive?

7. Present main lines of work, (1) by your bureau independently; (2) in cooperation (state nature and extent of cooperative work) : (a) With the United 

States Geological Survey, (6) with geological surveys of other States, (c) with 

other bureaus of the National Government, (d) with other scientific bureaus 

of your own State.

It' was hoped that by means of the above outline a fair degree of 

uniformity of treatment would be secured, and this hope has been in 

a measure realized. Necessarily some editing has been required, but 

this has been confined so far as possible to matters of form, arrangement, headings, etc. The delay in transmitting the material to press 

has been due to delay of the authors in furnishing it, although a 

number'of requests of increasing urgency were sent to several of the 

delinquents.

It was originally intended that the bulletin should include all 

State organizations which cooperated with the United States Geological Survey in geology, topography, or hydrography, but only a few of 

the State officers other than the State geologists have complied with 

the request for a statement, and it has been decided to bring these 

together in an appendix, rather than in the body of the bulletin with 

the geological surveys, with which they are not readily comparable.

Thirty-six States .recognize geologic work as a necessary and 

proper governmental function and have organizations for the carrying on of such work. The complete list of States and Territories
8 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

with names of organizations and names and titles of executive 

officers follows:

Alabama. Geological Survey of Alabama; E. A. Smith, State geologist, 

University.

Arizona. Geological Survey of Arizona; C. F. Tolman, Territorial geologist, 

Tucson..

, Arkansas. Geological Survey of Arkansas; A. H. Purdue, State geologist, 

Fayetteville.

California. California State Mining Bureau; L. B. Aubury, State mineralogist, San Francisco.

Colorado. Colorado State Geological Survey; R. D. George, State geologist, 

Boulder.

Connecticut. State Geological and Natural History Survey; William North 

Rice, superintendent, Middletown.

Delaware. Maintained Geological Survey of State of Delaware, 1837-1838.

Florida. Florida State Geological Survey; E. H. Sellards, State geologist, 

Tallahassee.

Georgia. Geological Survey of Georgia; S. W. McCallie, State geologist, 

Atlanta.

Illinois. State Geological Survey; F. W. DeWolf, director, Urbana.

Indiana. Department of Geology and Natural Resources; Edward Barrett, 

State geologist, Indianapolis. 

. Iowa. Iowa Geological Survey; Samuel Calvin, State geologist, Iowa City.

Kansas. State Geological Survey of Kansas; Erasmus Haworth, State 

geologist, Lawrence.

Kentucky. Kentucky Geological Survey; C. J. Norwood, director, Lexington.

Louisiana. Maintained Geological Survey in connection with the State 

Agricultural Experiment Station, 1891-1909.

Maine. State Survey Commission; C. Vey Holman, State geologist, Baugor.

Maryland. State Geological and Economic Survey; William Bullock Clark, 

State geologist, Baltimore.

Massachusetts. Maintained Geological Survey of Massachusetts, 1830-1841.

Michigan. Michigan Geological and Biological Survey; E. C. Alien, State 

geologist, Lansing.

Minnesota. Maintained Geological and Natural History Survey, 1872-1900.

Mississippi. Geologic, Economic, and Topographic Survey of Mississippi; 

E. N. Lowe, director of the State Geological Survey, Jackson.

Missouri. Bureau of Geology and Mines; H. A. Buehler, director and State 

geologist, Rolla.

Nebraska. Nebraska Geological Survey; Edwin H. Barbour, State geologist, 

Lincoln. '

Nevada. Maintained office of State mineralogist, 1866-1878.

New Hampshire. Maintained Geological and Mineralogical Survey, 1840- 

1844; 1868-1878.

New Jersey. Geological Survey of New Jersey; Henry B. Kiimmel, State 

.geologist, Trenton.

New York. Science Division (Geological Survey) of the Educational Department ; John M. Clarke, State geologist and paleontologist, State Museum, 

Albany.

North Carolina. North Carolina Geological and Economic- Survey; Joseph 

Hyde Pratt, State geologist, Chapel Hill.

North Dakota. North Dakota Geological Survey; Arthur Gray Leonard, 

State geologist, Grand Forks.
ALABAMA. 9

Ohio. Geological Survey of Ohio; J. A. Bownocker, State geologist, Columbus.

Oklahoma Oklahoma Geological Survey ; Charles N. Goukl, director, Norman.

Oregon. Maintained office of State geologist, 1S72-1874.

Pennsylvania. ^Topographic and Geological Survey Commission; Richard li. 

Hice, State geologist, Beaver.

Rhode Island. Natural Resources Survey of Rhode Island; Charles W. 

Brown, superintendent, Providence.

South Carolina. South Carolina Geological Survey; Earle Sloan, State 

geologist, Charleston.

South Dakota. Geological Survey of South Dakota; E. C. Perisho, State 

geologist, Vermilion.

Tennessee. Tennessee State Geological Survey; George H. Ashley, State 

geologist, Nashville.

Texas. Maintained office of State geologist at various times from 1S5S-1S92; 

University of Texas Mineral Survey, 1901-1904.

Vermont. Geological Survey of Vermont, G. H. Perkins, State geologist, 

Burlington.

Virginia. State Geological Survey of Virginia; Thomas Leonard Watson, 

director, Charlottesville. 

Washington. State Geological Survey of the State of Washington; .Henry 

Landes, State geologist, Seattle.

West Virginia. West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey; I. C. 

White, State geologist, Morgantown.

Wisconsin. Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey; E. A. Birge, 

superintendent and director, Madison.

Wyoming. Geological Survey of Wyoming; C. E. Jamison, State geologist. 

Cheyenne. . \

Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Utah have had no State 

surveys.

ALABAMA.

PREVIO.US SURVEYS.

The first step toward the systematic study of the geology of Alabama was taken in 1847 by the University of Alabama, when, on the 

appointment of Prof. Michael Tuomey to the professorship of geology of that institution, it was stipulated that each year a part of his 

time should be spent in geologic explorations in the State. In accordance with this arrangement he immediately began field studies, 

publishing in the newspapers of Tuscaloosa such extracts from his 

reports as might be of general interest. In recognition of this effort 

the State legislature, in January, 1848, appointed Prof. Tuomey State 

geologist, without salary, and requested him to make to that body a 

report of his work for publication by the State. Thus was begun the 

first geological survey of Alabama.

In 1849-Prof. Tuomey presented to the legislature his first report, 

which was published in 1850 by the State. The geologic map, however, appeared later.

Prof. Tuomey continued his explorations at the expense of the 

University of Alabama from 1848 to 1853. In 1854 the legislature
10 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

of Alabama passed an act to provide for a Geological and Agricultural Survey of the State. The sum of $2,500 was appropriated annually for the salary of the State geologist, and the further sum of 

$10,000 was appropriated to employ assistants and defray the expenses 

incidental to the office. The governor was authorized to appoint a 

State geologist, who during the period of his service should hold no 

other office in the State. The governor was also authorized to fill by 

appointment a vacancy in the office of State geologist should one occur 

before the completion of the survey. In other sections of this act the 

duties of the State geologist were defined.

Under this act Prof. Tuomey was appointed State geologist, and 

until his death in 1857 he devoted practically his whole time to the 

duties of the office. His headquarters were at the University of Alabama, where he occasionally delivered courses of lectures. ,

Prof-. Tuomey's second report was submitted to the legislature in 

1855, but was not published until after his death, although the legislature in February, 1856, ordered the printing of 3,000 copies. In 

April, 1857, immediately after the death of Prof. Tuomey, Dr. John 

W. Mallet was commissioned- by Governor Winston to supervise the 

printing of the report. This report was published in 1858, together 

with the second geologic map of the State. In these two reports, 

with accompanying maps, the geologic subdivisions of Alabama were 

defined, and the future importance of the coal and iron deposits of 

the State were foreshadowed.

After the death of Prof. Tuomey the civil war and reconstruction 

problems overshadowed all other subjects, and no geologic work was 

carried on by the State until 1873. During this period, however, a 

commissioner of industrial resources' was one of the regular officers 

of the State, and four short reports, embracing perhaps 20 or 30 pages

each, Avere issued from that office between 1869 and 1874.

In 1871 the University of Alabama, upon its reorganization, again 

took the lead in geologic investigations by authorizing the professor 

of geology in that institution, Prof. E. A. Smith, the present State 

geologist, to spend a part of his time in geologic field work

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

"Geological Survey of Alabama" is the designation employed in 

the codes since 1873, when the present Survey was organized.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

In 1873 the legislature passed an act "to revive and complete the 

Geological and Agricultural Survey of Alabama," appointed Prof. 

E. A. Smith, the present incumbent, State geologist, and appropri-
ALABAMA. 11

ated $3,000 for equipment and $500 a year for a period of 10 years 

for the expenses of the Survey, the State geologist to receive no 

salary from the State, his only compensation being that paid by the 

University for his services as a professor in that institution.

These conditions continued for the next 10 years, during which 

time the greater part of the State was visited and a number of reports 

were made, dealing mainly with the coal and iron resources and the 

agricultural features of the State. For most of this time Prof. Smith 

had, the assistance of Henry McCalley, who also gave his services 

gratuitously to the Survey.

In 1883 the legislature increased the annual appropriation to $5,000 

and in 1891 to $7,500. This made possible more effective work. Acting under it, Mr. McCalley was given general charge of investigations 

in the Warrior coal field and of the iron interests; Joseph Squire and 

A. M. Gibson were placed in charge of investigations in the Cahaba 

and Coosa coal fields, respectively; and Prof. Smith took charge of 

investigations in the metamorphic area and of studies of the Coastal 

Plain deposits.

Reports on all these regions were prepared and published in due 

course of time. Reports on the gold deposits \vere prepared by Dr. 

William B. Phillips, W. M. Brewer, and others. Dr. Phillips also 

prepared a report on iron making in Alabama, which quickly ran 

through two editions, and a proposed third edition is now in preparation. From Dr. Heinrich Ries was obtained a report on the clays 

of the State. The water resources were also investigated, and preliminary reports on the water powers and on the artesian and other 

underground waters of the State have been published. In the preparation of the water reports the United States Geological Survey 

cooperated; also in the preparation of the preliminary report on the 

Coastal Plain, the first outline of which was published as Bulletin 43 

of the United States Geological Survey, under the joint authorship 

of E. A. Smith and L. C. Johnson.

In 1896 a geologic map of the State was published, with explanatory chart embodying all the information accumulated up to that time.

From the outset the ideal of the Survey has been to take account of 

all the State's natural resources mineral, geologic, agricultural, and 

biologic. Through the liberality of T. H. Aldrich a bulletin on 

Tertiary fossils was issued in 1886, and under an arrangement with 

C. L. Herrick a partial report on the fresh-water and marine Crustacea of the State was published in 1888. Mr. Aldrich also contributed a preliminary list of the fresh-water mollusks of the State, 

which was published in the report for 1876. Material has been gradually accumulated, through, donations and the collections of the 

Survey workers, for an account of various other forms of animal life 

native to Alabama, which may be published in due course of time.
12 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

A small preliminary iist of the plants native to Alabama was published many years ago by Dr. Charles Mohr and Prof. E. A. Smith, 

and a monumental work on the plant life of Alabama was prepared 

by Dr. Mohr and published in 1901 in cooperation with the United 

States Department of Agriculture. It was the intention that Dr. 

Mohr should prepare another volume on the timbers and other plants, 

either useful or noxious, but his death interfered. This work was 

assigned to Dr. R. M. Harper, and the first installment of a report 

on the timber trees of the State is now in manuscript awaiting 

publication.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The functions of the Survey, as defined in the 1906 Code of Alabama, are as follows:

SEC. 689. State geologist. Eugene A. Smith, professor of mineralogy and 

geology in the University of Alabama, is State geologist. In the event of a 

vacancy in the office of State geologist, from any cause, the professor of geology 

in the University of Alabama shall be ex offlcio State geologist.

SEC. 690. His duties. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to devote such portions of his time as may not be required for the discharge of his 

duties as a professor in the University of Alabama to making exploration and 

examination of the mineral, agricultural, and other natural resources of the 

State, so as to determine accurately the quality and character of its soils and 

their adaptation to agricultural purposes, and especially to the occurrence and 

quality of phosphates, marls, gypsum, and other natural fertilizers; its mineral 

resources and their location, character, and capacity for development; its waterpowers >and their capacities; its forest trees and their utilities and distribution; and it shall be the duty of him and his assistants, whenever they discover any valuable deposits of iron or other ore, coal, phosphates, marls, or 

other substances of value, to notify immediately the owners of the land upon 

which such deposits occur. He shall make to the legislature quadrennially 

a report Of the progress of his explorations and examinations, together with 

analyses of soils, ores, minerals, and mineral waters, with maps, charts, and 

drawings, which report shall be printed and shall be the exclusive property of 

the State. He shall also make collections of specimens and illustrations of 

the geological and agricultural resources of the State, one of which shall be 

deposited in the cabinet of the University of Alabama, a second in the cabinet 

of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and a third in the office of the commissioner of agriculture and industries in the capitol at Montgomery.

SEC. 691. Assistants. The State geologist shall have power to appoint, 

with the approval of the governor, such assistants, including a competent 

chemist, and for such periods and with such compensation as he may deem 

necessary to the best interests of the Survey.

SEC. 692. Annual appropriation. There is appropriated, out of any funds 

in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the Geological and Agricultural 

Survey provided for in this chapter, annually, the sum of $7,500. Upon the 

requisition of the State geologist, when approved by the governor, the auditor 

shall draw his warrant on the treasurer for the amount appropriated, in such 

sums as may be needed from time to time for the purposes of the Survey 

herein provided for; and for all expenditures made under the provisions of 

this chapter, except for the payment of the salary of the State geologist, the
ALABAMA. 13

approval of the governor must be obtained, and the vouchers of the State 

geologist for all such expenditures must be filed with the auditor and a statement of his receipts and expenditures shall accompany each quadrennial rer 

port of the State geologist

SEC. 693. Salary. The State geologist shall receive out of the State treasury a salary of $100 a month as State geologist during the time he shall 

be engaged in performing his duties as professor of mineralogy and geology 

in and is paid a full professor's salary by the University of Alabama; and 

when not so employed and paid by the said university, he shall receive a 

salary of $200 a month, out of the State treasury, payable as other State 

officers' salaries are paid.

SEC. 694. Expense of Survey. The balance of the annual appropriation 

herein -provided for shall be devoted, so far as may be necessary to execute 

the purposes of this chapter, to the discharge of the expenses of the Survey, 

including the compensation of all temporary and permanent assistants; traveling expenses of the geologist and the geological corps in and out of the State; 

purchase of apparatus and material for making chemical analyses; other necessary expenditures for outfit; expenses incurred-in providing for the transportation, arrangement, and proper exhibition of the geological and other 

collections made under authority of this chapter, and the engraving of maps 

and sections to illustrate the quadrennial reports of progress.

SEC. 695. Bulletins 'of State geologist. Whenever the State geologist has 

in hand, ready for publication, material for a bulletin or any other report of 

his surveys and investigations of the mineral, agricultural, or ether natural 

resources of the State, he shall report the same to the governor, and a committee consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and State geologist shall 

then determine the number of such bulletin or report which shall be printed 

and published.

SEC. 696. Printing and binding geological 'bulletins. When the number of 

such bulletin or report to be printed or published has been so determined, the 

governor shall order the same to be printed and bound forthwith at such times 

and places, and in such manner and style as regards size, type, quality of paper, 

binding, etc., as said committee may deem best, and in similar manner he shall 

have engraved and printed all charts, maps, views, drawings, sketches, or 

details as may be deemed necessary by said committee to properly illustrate 

such bulletin or report. And for the purposes herein mentioned, when, in the 

opinion of said committee, the State printers are not prepared to "do in proper 

manner any engraving or other work required for such report or bulletin, the 

governor may make special contracts with such persons, firms, or corporations, 

within or without the State, as in the judgment of said committee will secure 

the promptest and most satisfactory work.

SEC. 697. Payment for printing and binding bulletins. The accounts for 

the printing, engraving, and binding done under the provisions of this chapter 

when approved by the governor, shall be paid by his order out of any moneys in 

the State Treasury.

ORGANIZATION.

The form of organization of the Survey is described in the foregoing code of laws.

There is no governing board, except that expenditures, aside from 

those of a routine nature, are first authorized by the governor, and 

for the reports and bulletins the governor, secretary of state, and
14 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

State geologist constitute a committee which decides as to the style 

of printing, illustrations, and binding, the size of the edition, and the 

firm or firms to which the work shall be assigned.

The executive officer of the Survey is the State geologist. Prof. 

Eugene A. Smith has held the office since his appointment by the 

legislature in 1873, when the Survey was revived. The term of office 

is not limited. The appointee must be the professor of geology in 

the State University. His duties and compensation are specified in 

the foregoing code of laws.

At present the assistants include a chief assistant, a chemist, a 

curator of the museum, a field assistant, and a stenographer. Temporary assistants for special work are employed as occasion arises. 

All employees are appointed, and their compensation is fixed by the 

State geologist with the consent of the governor. Professors and 

advanced students are occasionally employed.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriations for the Survey are made annually, the sum of 

$7,500 being each year set aside for the purpose.

There are no unexpended balances, the money being drawn from 

the State treasury before the end of the fiscal year and placed in bank 

subject to check for payment of obligations incurred but not fully 

discharged before the end of the fiscal year.

Specific information as to allotments is not available. In a general 

way it may be said that the money has been expended chiefly in the 

preparation of reports of an economic'nature, requiring, however, 

as a matter of course, more or less areal and stratigraphic work. The 

only paleontologic publication is a bulletin on Tertiary fossils, which, 

however, was contributed by T. H. Aldrich, who also bore the expense of printing. A partial report on the fresh-water and marine 

Crustacea of the State, prepared through the cooperation of C. L. 

Herrick, has also been issued, as well as a preliminary list of the 

fresh-water mollusks of the State, the latter contributed by Mr. 

Aldrich. One volume is devoted to underground waters and another 

to water powers. The former involved many chemical analyses. 

Two editions of a technologic report on iron making in Alabama have 

been exhausted and a third edition is in hand. A bulletin on road 

materials and highway work is in preparation.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Geological Survey of Alabama comprise a" 

series of annual progress reports from 1874 to 1882, inclusive; a series 

of bulletins, numbered 1 to 9, inclusive ; ' and 19 other special reports. 

These publications cover a wide range of subjects, but are chiefly
ALABAMA. 15

of an economic nature, though stratigraphic, areal, and paleontologic 

geology are represented. Many of the reports relate to special areas; 

others are of a more general character. The plant life of Alabama 

and the trees, water supplies, and water powers of the State are also 

included in the list of subjects studied. Preliminary reports on the 

fresh-Avater and marine Crustacea of the State and on the freshwater mollusks have also been published, while a technologic report 

on iron making in Alabama has run through two editions and a 

third edition is about to be issued.

The usual edition is 2,500 copies, although of some reports editions 

of 5,000 and 10,000 copies have been printed.

The governor, the secretary of state, and the State geologist constitute the committee on printing. Under the law, in case the State 

printers are not prepared to prosecute in proper manner the printing 

and engraving of a report, " the governor may make special contracts with such persons, firms, or corporations, within or without 

the State, as in the judgment of said committee will secure the 

promptest and most satisfactory work."

Publications are distributed free of charge (except one, the price 

of which is $1 plus 16 cents for postage), but applicants are required 

to pay the postage. The distribution is in charge of the State 

geologist. The mailing list includes a number of public libraries 

in Alabama and other States, all geological surveys in the United 

States and many foreign surveys, and geologists of America and 

Other countries. The mailing list is kept alive by sending out notices 

of new publications, with request to forward postage in case the 

report is desired. Special notices inquiring whether the person 

addressed desires to be retained on the list are also sent out from 

time to time.

The cost of printing and engraving is paid out of the State treasury 

and does not fall upon the Survey appropriation. The cost of printing, binding, and illustrating 17 of the reports ranged from $140 

to $8,201. The size of these reports varied from 79 to 862 pages. 

The cost of printing during the last 35 years has averaged about 

$1,000 annually. The amount received .from the sale of publications may aggregate $1,000. Part of this has been expended to meet 

Survey expenses and the remainder is in bank awaiting the decision 

of the attorney general as to its proper disposition

PRESENT LINES OF WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

Investigations of the region of igneous and metamorphic rocks 

are in progress, and a map of the Coosa coal field is in preparation. 

From the outset the Survey has given consideration to all the natural 

resources of the State mineral, geologic, agricultural, and biologic.
16 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Data regarding the plants native to the State have been accumulated 

from the beginning of the Survey. Material has also gradually been 

collected for an account of the forms of animal life native to Alabama. 

Manuscripts awaiting publication include the third edition of the 

report on iron making in Alabama, a report on the timber trees and 

other woody plants of Alabama, a report, with map, of the Cahaba 

coal field, and a bulletin on .the road materials and highways of the 

State.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. The mapping of a part of 

Fayette County, embracing the territory where gas wells have been 

brought in, is in progress in cooperation with the United States 

Geological Survey. Each Survey is to expend $1,000 on this work. 

A joint study of the deposits of the Alabama coastal plain is also 

being made. Statistics of the mineral production of Alabama are 

collected in cooperation with the Federal Survey.

Other departments of the National Government, Statistics of the 

public highways of Alabama are collected in cooperation with the 

United States Department of Agriculture. " The plant life of Alabama," by Dr. Charles Mohr, issued in 1901, was also published in 

cooperation with that department.

Other State geological surveys. While no definite plans have 

been formulated for cooperation with other State surveys, a close 

correspondence is maintained with the State geologists of South 

Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Mississippi, and from time to time 

joint trips are made with the heads of these surveys, with the view to 

coordination of work.

Other scientific bureaus of the State. There is no active cooperation with other scientific bureaus of the State. Under the law duplicates of collections made in Alabama by the Geological Survey are 

deposited with the Alabama Polytechnic Institute and the State commissioner of agriculture and industries. Surplus duplicates in the 

collections are distributed among the most important high schools of 

the State, other State institutions, and scientific societies, with the 

view to building up branch museums in different parts of the State.

ARIZONA.

The office of Territorial geologist of Arizona has been held successively by John F. Blandy, Theodore B. Comstock, W. P. Blake 

(recently deceased), and C. F. Tolman. The office has been considered an honorary one, and in recent years no funds have been 

available for the work, although in 1909 a small apportionment for 

expenses was made.
ARKANSAS. 17

The reports of the Territorial geologists have consisted of brief 

statements, published at irregular intervals, in the reports of the 

governor to the Secretary of the Interior at Washington, D. C. Dr. 

Blake's latest report appeared under the title " Minerals of Arizona, 

their occurrence and association."

The forthcoming report of the Territorial geologist will contain 

a geologic map'of Arizona, as well as a bibliography of Arizona 

geology and allied subjects. A summary of the salient features of 

the geology of Arizona's mineral deposits is also in preparation.

ARKANSAS.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS. 

OWEN SURVEY.0

The subject of a State Geological Survey of Arkansas was first brought to 

public attention by Governor Elias N. Conway in his message to the legislature 

in 1856. On his recommendation the matter was taken into consideration, 

and the first Geological Survey of the State was begun under an act passed 

January 4, 1857. This act provided for the appointment of a State geologist 

by the governor, and an appropriation of $4,800 per annum, out of which 

all expenses were to be paid. Dr. David Dale Owen, then State geologist of Kentucky, was appointed State Geologist of Arkansas, and entered 

upon his duties October 1, 1857. The results of the work done in 1857 ,and 

1858 are given in Owen's " First report of a geological reconnoissance of the 

northern counties of Arkansas," Little Rock, 1858.

* * * * * * *

The bill providing for the continuation of the Survey passed in February, 

1859; by its provisions the State geologist's salary was raised from $1,800 to 

$2,500, and an appropriation of $6,000 per annum was made for the Survey 

work. Under this act Dr. Owen was again appointed State geologist. Before 

the next legislature convened Dr. Owen died (November 13, 1860) and his 

" Second report of a geological reconnoissance " was edited by his brother, Dr. 

Richard Owen and Prof. J. P. Lesley, and was printed at Philadelphia in'. 1860.

. * * * fc * * *

The civil, war broke out shortly after the publication of Dr. Owen's second 

report, and all such work was necessarily suspended in the Southern States. 

No steps were taken to finish the geological survey of Arkansas until after 

the close of the war.

RECONSTRUCTION SURVEYS.0

In the general assembly of 1866 a bill was passed by the senate providing 

for a Geological Survey of the State, but it was rejected by the lower house.

******* 

In the legislature of 1871 a survey bill was passed (and approved March 28, 

1871) appropriating $15,000 for two years' work. Under this act Governor 

O. A. Hadley appointed W. F. Roberts, sr., of Pennsylvania, State geologist.

" Brauner, T. C., .Tour. Geology, vol..2, No. 8, 1894, pp. 826-836. 

85645° Bull. 465 13 2
18 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The records in the office of the secretary of state do not show how long Mr. 

Roberts .held office, but he was appointed June 5, 1871.

Dr. George Haddock, then of Arkadelphia, was, upon Governor Hadley's 

recommendation, appointed Mr. Roberts's assistant, and went with him 

through the western part of the State.

Mr. Roberts's report was never delivered to the governor. * * * A series 

of articles, however, was subsequently published by Mr. Roberts in the Age 

of Steel, of St. Louis, Mo. -(1887-88), and it is probable that these articles represent his views of the geology of the State and give the results of his work. 

They are largely a repetition of the results given by Dr. Owen.

In- 1873 Dr. George Haddock, who had been Mr. Roberts's assistant, published 

at Little Rock a pamphlet of 66 pages, entitled " Report of a geological reconnoissance of a part of the State of Arkansas made during the years 1871-72." 

This paper gives the only results of the work done under this appropriation. 

It is of but little or no importance and adds nothing to the work done by Dr. 

Owen.

The general assembly of 1873 passed a bill for the continuation of the survey, 

and made an appropriation of $15,000 for it.

Under this act the following State geologists were appointed: George Haddock, appointed May 15, 1873, removed from office January 14, 1874. Mr. 

Haddock * * * made no report except the one published under a former 

appropriation and mentioned above. William C. Hazeldine, appointed January 

14, 1874, and removed June 29, 1874. * * * As State geologist he made no 

report, and, so far as can be ascertained, did no field work. Arnold Syberg 

was appointed June 29, 1874, and remained in office to the end of the term. 

* * * Mr. Syberg * * * made no report, and * * * .the only work 

he did was to receive and examine specimens sent or brought in from various 

parts of the State.

failure of the surveys for years 1868 to 1875 to yield any geological 

results must be attributed to the general demoralization of the State government during the reconstruction period.

No further efforts were made to carry on a geological survey until the year 

1881, when a bill for such work was defeated in both branches of the general 

assembly.

In the assembly of 1883 the only legislation passed relating to geological work 

waS' a senate concurrent resolution "authorizing and directing the governor 

to make application to the Secretary of the Interior of the United States for 

a geological survey of the State of Arkansas." Nothing seems to have come of 

this effort to obtain help from the National Government.

BRANNEE SURVEY.

In January, 1887, Governor Simon P. Hughes, in his message to 

the general assembly, suggested an appropriation for a Geological 

Survey. An act was accordingly passed providing for the appointment of a State geologist and three assistants. Under this act Dr. 

J. C. Branner was appointed State geologist and entered upon the 

duties of the office June 24, 1887.

In the general assembly of 1889 there was much opposition to the 

continuance of the Survey, " due chiefly to the fact that the Survey 

had declared fraudulent certain so-called gold mines in the western
ARKANSAS. 19

part of the State." The bill, however, passed, and Dr. Branner was 

reappointed State geologist. The Survey was continued by the 

general assembly of 1891, with the understanding that it should be 

brought to a close by the end of March, 1893. However, the general 

assembly of 1893 appropriated $4,000 to complete the publication of 

reports. During Dr. Branner's term of office a large number of reports were issued. The annual report for 1888 comprised four volumes, that of 1889 two volumes, 1891 two volumes, 1892 five volumes, 

and two reports remain unpublished for lack of appropriations. The 

reports issued are chiefly of an economic nature, although a few are 

of a more general geologic character.

PBESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the Geological Survey of 

Arkansas; it was established in 1907.

ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The Survey is in charge of a commission, known as the geological 

commission of Arkansas, and composed of the. governor of the State, 

the president of the University of Arkansas, and the commissioner of 

mines, manufactures, and agriculture. The members of the commission receive no compensation for services rendered for the Survey, 

but are reimbursed for actually necessary expenses.

The title of the executive officer is State geologist of Arkansas. 

The professor of geology in the University of Arkansas is ex officio 

State geologist. The position is now filled by Prof. A. H. Purdue, 

who devotes about 15 per cent of his time to Survey work. The compensation, which is per diem, is fixed by the commission.

The assistants include one geologic aid, six engineering aids, and 

one clerk. The assistants are appointed by the State geologist, subject to the approval of the commission. To the present time they 

have all been professors or advanced students of the University of 

Arkansas.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are made biennially and are partly contingent on 

cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. Unexpended 

balances carry to the next fiscal year.

The amount of the appropriation varies. The act of 1907 appropriated $1,800 "for a geological survey of the slate deposits in 

Arkansas in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey." 

The act of 1909 appropriated $5,000 for the purpose of carrying on
20 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the work of the Survey. The money is expended in about the following proportions:

Per cent.

Administrative and routine clerical work_________1__ 14 

Economic, stratigraphic, and areal geology, etc__________ 16 

Investigation of stream flow, etc__________________ 44 

Other technologic work ________________________ 16

Appropriations for the next biennial period have not yet been made, 

but as this bulletin goes to press it is learned that the senate of the 

general assembly has passed a bill with but one dissenting vote appropriating $7,500 "for 1911-12.

PUBLICATIONS.

Three reports have been issued by the present Geological Survey 

of Arkansas.. One is on the slates of the State, another is on coal 

mining in the State, and the third is a preliminary report on the 

water powers.

The average annual cost of printing reports and maps for the last 

four years has been $1,300. This is paid from the State printingfund.

The State geologist has full control of the printing, except the 

choice of printer. Printing is done by contract with the State 

printing board.

The State geologist has control of the distribution of the reports, 

except that by law each member of the legislature receives 10 copies. 

The mailing list is7 composed of State educational institutions and 

other educational institutions of prominence, State geologists, State 

geological surveys, geologists, and the leading libraries of the country.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent field work. An investigation of the clay deposits of 

the State is in progress, with the view of ascertaining the extent of 

each deposit and the purposes to which it is best suited, also an investigation of coal mining in the State, for the purpose of conserving the coal deposits and improving the coal-mining industry.'

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the Federal Survey the water powers of the State are being 

studied.

CALIFORNIA.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS:

The California State legislature in 1860 enacted a law providing 

for the appointment of a State geologist and appointed Prof. J. .D. 

Whitney to the position. His duty, as set forth in the law, was 

defined as follows:

With the aid of such assistants as he may appoint, to make an accurate and 

complete geological survey of the State and to furnish in his report of the same
CALIFORNIA. 21

proper maps and diagrams thereof, with a full and scientific description of its 

rocks, fossils, soils, and minerals, and of its botanical and zoological productions, 

together with specimens of the same, which specimens shall be properly labeled 

and arranged and deposited in such place as shall be hereafter provided for 

that purpose by the legislature.

Prof. Whitney, as State geologist, appointed Prof. W. H. Brewer 

principal assisant in charge of the botanical department and William 

Ashburner assistant in geologic field work. The party assembled in 

San Francisco in November, 1860, and soon began field work. .The 

first 3rear of reconnoissance was devoted almost exclusively to the 

Coast Ranges, but subsequently other portions of the State were 

visited. Connected with the Survey originally were C. Averill and 

C. J. Hoffman, topographic assistants; Dr. J. G. Cooper, zoologist; 

W. M. Gabb, paleontologist; Prof. Brush, of the Sheffield Scientific 

School, who made an examination of ores; and Clarence King, a

volunteer assistant in the reconnoissance of the high Sierra.

Four years later the California legislature enacted a law to continue the Survey and again appointed Prof. Whitney to the position 

of State geologist. In token of appreciation of the work performed 

the salary of the State geologist was increased from $6,000 to $9.000 

per annum.

Several years later the legislature suspended the work of the Survey, but the publication of the reports of the State geologist and his 

assistants continued for a time. Among the volumes issued were 

" The Yosemite guide book," " Contributions to barometric hypsometry," " Report on the fossil plants of the auriferous gravel deposits 

of the Sierra Nevada," " The climatic changes of later geological 

times," " Detailed description of the Mount Diablo coal fields," 

" Examination of the bituminous substances occurring in southern 

California," " Report on an examination of the quicksilver mines 

of California," and " Chemical examination of Pacific coast coals."

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the California State Mining 

Bureau; it was established by an act approved April 16,1880.

Under this act the following have served as State mineralogist: 

Henry G. Hanks, 1880 to 1886; Wm. Irelan, 1886 to 1893; J. J. Crawford, 1893 to 1897; A. S. Cooper, 1897 to 1901; L. E. Aubury, 1901 to 

the present time.

SUMMARY OF LAWS AND ORGANIZATION.

The law governing the Bureau provides 

(1) For the maintenance of a principal office in San Francisco, under the supervision of the board of trustees, numbering five, all of 

whom must be residents and citizens of the State.
22 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

(2) That the trustees shall hold office four years from the date of 

their appointment and shall have control of all properties and funds 

of the Bureau.

(3) That the governor shall appoint the State mineralogist, who 

must have a practical knowledge of mining and mineralogy and who 

shall hold office for the term of four years from the date of his 

appointment.

(4) That the duties of the State mineralogist shall include the collection of statistics regarding the economically important minerals; 

the making of a collection of typical geologic and mineralogical 

specimens to constitute the museum of the State Mining Bureau; 

the assembling of a library of books, reports, and drawings bearing 

upon the mineral industries, the sciences of mineralogy and geology; 

the collection of models, drawings, and descriptions of the appliances 

used in mining and metallurgical work; and the issuance of biennial 

reports, setting forth the important results of the work, and such 

bulletins as he may deem advisable concerning the statistics and technology of the mining industries of the State.

The trustees serve without salary; the State mineralogist receives 

a salary of $250 a month.

The present State mineralogist is L. E. Aubury. The employees 

of the State Mining Bureau include a secretary and curator of the 

museum, a geologist, a librarian, a statistician and assistants, clerical 

help, and field assistants. The number of the latter varies from 

time to time. All the subordinates are appointed by the State mineralogist. They are employed by the month. The salaries range from 

$85 to $150 a month.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are made by the State legislature biennially. No 

appropriation is made contingent upon cooperation. Unexpended 

balances lapse to the State treasury about 60 days after the close 

of the fiscal year. There is no fixed appropriation; the amounts 

vary. The appropriations provide for salaries, field work, current expenses of the Bureau, and the maintenance of the museum, library, 

and geologic and statistical departments.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications issued by the California State Mining Bureau 

number 58. They include the first and third biennial reports (numbered XI and XIII, respectively); a series of 18 bulletins; the register of mines, with maps, of 17 counties; the register of oil wells, 

with map, of one county; 10 maps showing boundaries of national 

forests; and 8 other special maps, of certain districts. Aside from
CALIFORNIA. 23

the maps, the publications are wholly of an economic character and 

relate entirely to the minerals of the State.

The size of the edition varies according to the estimated demand, 

but the average is about 2,500 copies.

The method of distribution is provided for by the following law:

The board [board of trustees] is hereby empowered to fix a price upon, and to 

dispose of to the public, at such prices, any and all publications of the Bureau, 

including reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The sum derived from such 

disposition must be accounted for and used as a revolving printing and publishing fund for other reports, bulletins, maps, registers, etc. The prices fixed 

must approximate the actual cost of printing and issuing the respective reports, 

bulletins, maps, registers, etc., without reference to the cost of obtaining and 

preparing the information embraced therein.

All publications of the Bureau are issued from the press of the 

State printer at Sacramento.

The State mineralogist dictates the style, matter, paper, and contents of the publications. The Bureau distributes its own publications. Some of them are sold at a nominal price. Purely statistical 

works are distributed free at the office of the Bureau; when they are 

mailed postage is charged. The mailing list includes newspapers, 

magazines, and interested persons. The list is kept alive by exchanges; these include technical journals, the daily press, etc.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

General scope. The California State Mining Bureau is, as its 

name implies, devoted primarily to the interests of the miners and 

the producers of minerals in California. Its principal lines of work 

consist of the preparation of publications dealing with both general 

and special investigations of the mining industry. In connection 

therewith it maintains, in a permanent museum, a large collection of 

minerals and mining appliances, also a library made up of mining 

and allied publications, maps, etc. It annually collects and disseminates, in a series of bulletins, mining statistics. It endeavors to prevent discrimination against the products of the State whenever 

public moneys are to be expended for the construction of buildings 

or other purposes.

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. The Bureau, 

cooperates to a certain extent with the United States Geological 

Survey, from which statistics relating to the production of precious metals in California are received. These are made a part of 

the statistical reports issued by the State Mining Bureau, and due 

credit is given to the Federal Survey for its agency in the matter.

Other cooperative investigations. Cooperation of the Bureau with 

technical or other societies is not obligatory, but the policy of the. 

trustees is liberal in this direction, and assistance is often given.
24 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

COLORADO.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The office of State geologist of Colorado was created by act of 

the Territorial legislature in 1872, under which the governor of the 

State was authorized "to appoint, by and with the advice of the 

senate, a State geologist * * * to hold office for a period of two 

years." This seems to show an early appreciation of the needs of 

the State; but another clause of the same act reads as follows: "No 

compensation for services, nor for any expense whatever, shall be 

paid by the State to or for said State geologist."

So far as the available records show, the first State geologist was J. 

Alden Smith, who was appointed in 1874. The law provided that 

the State geologist should hold office until his successor was appointed. This may account for certain irregularities in the dates of 

appointments. In 1881 Mr. Smith was again chosen. From that 

time until the organization of the State Geological Survey, in 1907, 

the appointments were as follows: 1883, Ernest Le Neve Foster, 

Georgetown; 1885, J. Alden Smith, Denver; 1887, Fred G. Buckley, 

Leadville; 1889, 1893, Geo. E. Kedzie, Quray; 1897, 1899, Thomas 

A. Eickard, Denver; 1901, 1903, John W. Finch, Victor; 1906, B. A. 

Langridge, Boulder.

As will be seen by the above list, some very able men have filled 

the office of State geologist, but the failure of the State to provide 

funds for the work prevented them from accomplishing much. 

Three or four brief reports were published, but these were long since 

out of print.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the Colorado State Geological 

Survey; it was organized April 24, 1907, under a law of 1907, which 

was amended in 1909.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The law establishing the Survey, enacted in 1907, as amended in 

1909, is as follows:

: SECTION 1. There is hereby created and established a State Geological Survey, 

which shall be under the direction of an advisory board, composed of the governor of the State, who shall be ex officio chairman, the president of the University of Colorado, the president of the State School of Mines, and the president of the State Agricultural College. The advisory board shall confer with 

the State geologist in all matters pertaining to the aims and objects, and to the 

conduct of the work of the Survey. Said board shall receive no compensation, 

but the members shall be reimbursed for expenses actually incurred in the performance of their official duties.
COLORADO. 25

SEC. 2. The said Survey shall lia-ge for its objects:

(1) A study of the geological formations of the State with special reference 

to its economic mineral resources, namely, the gold, silver, lead, copper, iron, 

and other metallic ores; the clays, coals, oil, gas, building materials, artesian 

and mineral waters, and other mineral substances.

(2) An examination of the topography and physical features of the State 

with reference to their practical bearing upon the occupations of the people.

(3) Such cooperation with the State Bureau of Mines as shall be mutually 

beneficial.

(4) The preparation and publication from time to time of geologic, economic 

maps to illustrate the mineral resources of the State.

(5) The preparation and publication of special reports, with necessary illustrations and maps, which shall give both the general and detailed description 

of the geology and natural resources of the State.

(6) The preparation and publication of a comprehensive summary or digest, 

together with a complete bibliography and maps, of all the trustworthy literature and reports heretofore published on the geology and mineral resources of 

Colorado.

(7) The preparation of a series of bulletins on the geology, geography, and 

natural resources of Colorado, suitable for use in the high schools of the State.

(8) The consideration of such other scientific and economic subjects and 

questions as in the judgment of the advisory board shall be deemed of value 

to the people of the State.

SEC. 3. The field investigation, preparation of reports and maps, and all 

the executive functions of the Survey shall be under the personal supervision 

of the head professor of geology in the University of Colorado, who shall also 

be State geologist of Colorado. He shall prepare and submit to the advisory 

board, not oftener than once each fiscal year ending June 30, a regular report 

of 450 octavo pages or less on the work of the Survey as defined in section 2 

of this act. The various reports of the Survey shall be distributed, on application, to the people of the State, used in exchange, or sold to nonresidents, as in 

the belief of the advisory board may best serve the interests of the State. All 

moneys realized from the sale of said publications shall be paid into the treasury of the State as a part of the funds of this Survey.

SEC. 4. The State geologist may appoint, with the approval of the advisory 

board, such temporary assistants as may be required to carry out the provisions of this act, from the teachers of geology in the educational institutions 

of the State, or other persons fully competent to perform the particular work 

required of them.

SEC. 5. Specimens and all materials for illustration or study, collected in 

the work of the Survey, after they have served the purpose of the Survey, shall 

be placed on exhibition at the headquarters of the Survey as a permanent 

exhibit of the Survey, except that unnecessary duplicates and excess material 

shall be distributed by the State geologist to the educational institutions of the 

State, in such manner as the advisory board may direct.

SEC. 6. The State geologist, with the approval of the advisory board, is 

hereby authorized to cooperate with the Director of the United States Geological 

Survey, under the fixed rules of the latter institution, in the mapping and 

geological investigation of any area in the State of Colorado, and to direct the 

disbursement of the funds of this Survey to that end, providing that such disbursement shall never exceed one-half the expense of the particular cooperative 

work- so undertaken.

SEC. 7. The reports of the State geologist shall be published in the manner 

that the reports of other State officers are published.
2-6 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OP THE UNITED STATES.

SEC. S. The office and headquarters of the State Geological Survey shall be 

the department of geology at the University of Colorado.

'SEC. 9. The salary of the State geologist shall be $500 per annum as remuneration for the proper performance of the executive work of the Survey. 

In addition to said salary he shall also be entitled to $10 per diem for Survey 

work other than that pertaining to the executive functions of this office, except 

that the number of days so employed shall not exceed in any year the number 

of days on which he. is not acting as professor of geology at the University of 

Colorado. The assistants to the State geologist shall receive a remuneration 

not to exceed $10 per diem for such time as they are in the actual service of 

the Survey. The State geologist and his assistants shall also be reimbursed all 

necessary traveling and field expenses, providing the total of said expenses does 

not exceed for any person so employed $500 for any fiscal year.

SEC. 10. To carry out the provisions of this act the following sums be 

appropriated annually for the biennial period of 1909 and 1910, out of any 

money in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated: For the regular 

work of the State Geological Survey the sum of $10,000; and the auditor of 

the State treasury is hereby authorized to draw his warrants upon the State 

treasury in payment of the moneys hereby appropriated upon certified vouchers 

of the State geologist. The appropriation for cooperation with the United 

States Geological Survey shall be conditioned upon the United States Government spending an equal amount in the said cooperative work.

SEC. 11. The State geologist and his assistants shall take the usual oath 

of office to perform all the services required of them under this act, and to 

guard as confidential all information accumulated in the progress of their 

work; to refrain from any pecuniary speculation based upon any knowledge 

of a commercial or economic nature acquired in the pursuit of their duties, 

until said knowledge or information shall have been fully published and submitted to the people of the State; and to turn over to the Survey as State 

property, all correspondence, notes, illustrations, and data of every kind accumulated by them in connection with the work of the Survey. .

SEC. 12. All acts and part acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed.

SEC. 13. In the opinion of the general assembly of the State of Colorado 

an emergency exists, and therefore this act should take effect and be in force 

from and after its passage.

Approved, April 24, 1907.

ORGANIZATION.

The form of organization of the Survey is fully defined in the law 

quoted above. The present personnel is.as follows: Prof. R. D. George, 

University of Colorado, State geologist; Prof. H. B. Patton, Colorado 

School of Mines, Dr. James Underbill, mining engineer, Idaho 

Springs, Prof. G. M. Butler, Colorado School of Mines, Prof. R. D. 

Crawford, University of Colorado, and Prof. C. E. Smith, Colorado 

School of Mines, geologists; Prof. Junius Henderson, University of 

Colorado, paleontologist; Prof. J. B. Ekeley, University of Colorado, 

and Harmon Tremain, chemists; Prof. F. F. Grout, University of 

Minnesota, clay investigation; H. C. Woods, instructor in University 

of Colorado, and E. M. Kayden, draftsmen; P. G. Worcester, instructor in University of Colorado, topographer; R. M. Butters and 

David L. Curtis, field assistants in paleontology; G. B. Warner, R. S.
COLORADO. 27

Coffin, assistants in geology; D. A. Worcester, H. W. Thurston. field 

assistants; G. W. Voelzel, A. F. Mertes, R. G. Bowman, C. D. Heaton, 

and A. W. Lauer, assistants on clay investigation.

The average cost of field work has been $5 a day and expenses. 

Advanced students serve for field expenses only.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The Survey appropriations are made biennially, and unexpended 

balances lapse to the State treasury immediately at the end of the 

biennium. The sum of $5,000 per annum was appropriated for 1907 

and 1908 and $10,000 per annum for 1909 and 1910.

The current appropriation is expended as follows:

Per cent.

Administrative work. __ - 10

Topographic work ________!__._________________ 25

Economic, stratigraphic, and a real geology________- 50 

Paleontologic work _____________._________ 2 

Chemical work _________________________ 5 

Collection of rocks and minerals of State for high.schools of 

the State____________________________ 8

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey consist of annual reports and bulletins. There have been issued one annual report and two bulletins. 

The report contains papers on the main tungsten area of Boulder 

County, on the Montezuma mining district, on the foothills formations of north-central Colorado, and on the Hahns Peak region. 

Bulletin 1 is devoted to a preliminary report on the geology of the 

Monarch mining district, and Bulletin 2 to the Gray Back mining 

district.

The publications are distributed free. The cost or1 printing is borne 

by the State and is not known to the Survey. The printing is done 

by State printers, but the State geologist has almost complete control over it, and he has entire control over the distribution of publications.

The mailing list includes the principal colleges and public and 

school libraries of the State. Publications are also sent to interested 

persons. The mailing list is kept alive by means of card receipts.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

The work of the Survey completed and in progress may be summarized as follows:

Field work. (1) An area of 110 square miles about Hahns Peak, 

Koutt County, has been mapped on a scale of 1 mile to the inch. 

(2) The Boulder County tungsten field, 90 square miles, has been
28 . STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

mapped on a scale of 1 mile to the inch. (3) The sedimentary formations flanking the foothills have been studied and mapped from 

the Wyoming line southward for 75 miles, to connect with detailed 

work done by the United States Geological Survey farther south 

and complete the strip across the State. This work was done to determine the age of the formations preparatory to publishing the 

geologic map, and as a basis for a study of the economic deposits, 

such as clays, cement materials, and building stones. (4) The Montezuma area, in Summit County, 22 square miles, has been mapped in 

detail, both topographically and geologically.

Analyses, assays, and determinations. In connection with the field 

work of the.Survey about 50 complete chemical analyses and assays 

and more than 100 other determinations have been made. The State 

Survey will not do work which should go to private chemists and 

assayers, but only that demanded by its own reports.

Topographic map. The Hay den Survey of the Territories, completed in 1878, made a topographic map of about two-thirds of the 

State. The King Survey of the fortieth parallel mapped a narrow 

strip about two-thirds of the way across the northern boundary 

of the State. Of the area not covered by-these two surveys, over onehalf has been mapped in detail by the present United States Geological Survey. The other half has been mapped in less detail. The 

present United States Geological Survey has also mapped in greater 

detail a considerable portion of the area covered by the earlier surveys. The maps of the earlier surveys are available to only a very 

small number of people, and those of the present surveys are conr 

tained in about 60 separate sheets. The State Geological Survey has 

therefore compiled a topographic map of the State, on a scale of 8 

miles to the inch, combining, so far as the scale would permit, the 

results of these surveys and including all the geographic details 

usually found in a complete State map. This map will-be used as a 

base for the revised geologic map and for maps showing the various mineral deposits, water resources, and other economic features of 

the State. It is almost ready for the engraver, but the State Survey 

is waiting to incorporate in it the results of the latest work of the 

United States Geological Survey, which will be supplied as soon as 

proofs can be made. This map should be in every school and every 

home in the State.

Geologic map. The only geologic map covering the State is a 

small one, on a scale of 12 miles to the inch, published by the Hayden 

Survey in 1876 and 1881. This is very general and very incomplete. 

The later Hayden atlas covers only two-thirds of the State. A vast 

amount of detailed geologic work has been done in Colorado during 

the last 30 years, which has modified in many important ways the 

conclusions reached by the Hayden geologists in their hurried survey.
CONNECTICUT. 29

The results of the later work are published in perhaps 40 separate 

maps, many of which are not easily available. The State Geological 

Survey is therefore compiling a map, on the same scale as the topographic map, which shall bring together, so far as the scale will permit, the results of all geologic work done in the State up to the 

present time. The drafting is probably three-fourths done, and the 

explanatory sketch of the geology, to accompany the map, is well 

advanced.

Special maps. A map showing the metalliferous deposits of the 

State is approaching completion; another showing the location of the 

coal fields is ready for the draftsman.

Bibliography of the geologic literature of Colorado. This work 

is well advanced and already contains over 5,000 classified entries, 

together with reference letters indicating the important libraries of 

the State in which the book, article, or report may be found.

Other reports commenced. Other reports in course of preparation 

include one on the distribution, qualities, and value of the clays of the 

State (Prof. G. M. Butler, School of Mines) ; one on the building 

stones and marbles'of Colorado (R. D. George and A. P. Poorman); 

one on cement materials, limestone, and gypsum (direction of R. D. 

George); and one on the descriptive geology of the State, which will 

be published in two bulletins, one relating to the general geology and 

the other to the economic geology (R. D. George and Prof. Crawford).

Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. The Federal Survey offers to cooperate with the State Survey in topographic 

mapping on the following terms: The State to pay one-half and the 

Federal Government to pay one-half; the choice of the areas to be 

mapped to be left to the State. These terms are very liberal, and 

there is no State in the Union to which a complete and detailed topographic map would be of greater service than to Colorado. It is a 

prime necessity in the development of the water resources of the 

State, both for power and irrigation, and it is needed in railway construction, in the development of the mineral resources, and in many 

other ways.

CONNECTICUT.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The first geologic survey of Connecticut was started as the result 

of a recommendation by Governor Edwards in his annual message 

to the legislature in 1835. The legislature acted upon this recommendation by passing a resolution " that the governor be, and is 

hereby, authorized to appoint a committee of suitable persons to 

make a geological survey of the State of Connecticut." After considerable persuasion, James Gates Percival and Charles Upham Shep-
30 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ard were induced to serve as the committee called for by this resolution. It was agreed that Percival should undertake the study of the 

general geology of the State and Shepard the study of the mineralogy 

and economic geology. Shepard's report was dated May 15, 1837, 

.and by order of the legislature 2,000 copies of it were printed. The 

task which Percival had undertaken was more extended and difficult. 

In the spring of 1838 he presented a manuscript report but considered the work so incomplete that he was unwilling to have the 

report printed. Year after year- he labored, on a very small appropriation, while the State authorities became more and more impatient 

for the publication of some definite results. Finally, in 1842, an 

edition of 1,000 copies of his " Eeport on the geology of the State of 

Connecticut" was printed. This report is merely a description of 

the local distribution of several geologic formations, designated in 

the text and on the map by an elaborate notation of Eoman letters, 

Greek letters, and punctuation marks. But students of Connecticut 

geology, in the three score and more years which have elapsed since 

the publication of Percival's book, have regarded it with admiration 

for the conscientious thoroughness .with which the study of the areal 

geology of the State was accomplished.

The only other work at all in the nature of a geologic survey, 

which was done under the auspices of the State of .Connecticut before 

the -organization of the present Survey, was the topographic survey 

for which provision was made by act of the legislature in 1889'. 

According to this act a commission was appointed by the governor 

" to confer with the Director or representative of the United States 

Geological Survey, and to accept its cooperation " in the preparation 

of a topographic map of the State. The State appropriated a sum 

not "exceeding $25,000, on condition that an equal amount should be 

expended by the United States Geological Survey. The amount 

actually expended was a few hundred dollars less than the maximum 

specified in the resolution. The commissioners appointed to represent the State were William H. Brewer, James H. Chapin, and 

John W. Bacon. The work was begun in July, 1889, and was 

completed in 1893.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is designated the State Geological and 

Natural History-Survey; it was organized under an act approved 

June 3,1903.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The law under which the Survey operates provides for a commission, composed of the governor of the State and the presidents of 

Yale University, Wesleyan University, Trinity College, and the
CONNECTICUT. ^ 31

. Connecticut Agricultural College. The commissioners serve without 

compensation, but are entitled to reimbursement for actual expenses 

incurred. They have power to appoint a superintendent and such 

other employees as they may deem necessary and to fix the rate of 

compensation to be paid them. All appointees are subject to removal 

at the pleasure of the commissioners.

The Survey is directed to study the geologic formations and the 

animal and' plant life of the State, also to give special attention to 

economic products and to render such service as it can to the educational institutions of the State. Material collected by the Survey 

may, at the discretion of the commissioners, be distributed to educational institutions of the State or be retained for exhibition purposes.

The law provides that biennially a report of the progress and 

condition of the Survey shall be submitted to the legislature, and 

also that special reports on subjects investigated, accompanied by 

proper illustrations and maps, may from time to time be published.

ORGANIZATION.

Soon after the passage of the act just described, William North 

Eice was appointed superintendent of the Survey, and he has continued to hold office until the present time. The tenure of office of 

the superintendent is at the discretion of the commissioners. His 

salary, which is fixed by the commissioners, is $200 a year, with an 

annual allowance of $150 for traveling. and other expenses. The 

salary is paid in quarterly installments. Bills for expenses are 

presented to the State comptroller. In view of the small salary 

the superintendent is not expected to give a large part of his time to 

the work of the Survey. The present superintendent is professor of 

geology in Wesleyan University and receives the full salary of a 

professor in that institution. His time is therefore devoted chiefly 

to college work.

Since the organization of the Survey no other salaried officers 

have been appointed. Scientific men have, from time to time, been 

engaged for special investigations, with the understanding that on 

the completion of the investigation a report would be submitted 

which, if accepted by the superintendent, would be published as a 

bulletin of the Survey. Most of the contracts made with scientific 

men have specified the payment of a certain sum on the completion 

of the work and the acceptance of the manuscript by the superintendent.. An allowance for expenses, to be drawn upon as occasion 

required, has also been made to them. This allowance covers traveling expenses, clerical assistance, and the employment of students or 

others for the working out of details required by the scientific 

investigator.
32 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

In cases where it was impossible to make a definite estimate regarding the amount of work involved in an investigation, the contract 

with the scientific man has provided for the payment of a certain 

sum per diem for time employed in field or laboratory work. In 

these cases, however, a maximum sum for the investigation has been 

specified. Other contracts have provided for a per diem compensation for field work, and in addition the payment of a specified sum 

upon the completion of the manuscript and its acceptance by the 

superintendent.

All contracts with scientific men are subject to the approval of the 

commissioners. These men, like the superintendent, have performed 

their work for a nominal compensation a few of them for no compensation and have therefore devoted to it only the time they coulfl 

spare from other professional duties. Most of them have been professors or instructors in colleges; some have been graduate students. 

The investigation assigned to a man has usually been one which he 

had already undertaken because of its congeniality.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are made by the legislature at each biennial session. 

The Survey has not yet been granted continuing appropriations. 

Each appropriation is good for two years and unexpended balances' 

lapse into the State treasury. It is, however, the rule of the comptroller's office that for a period of six months after the expiration of 

the biennial term an appropriation may be drawn upon to satisfy 

contracts made before the expiration of the biennial period.

The appropriation is $3,000 for each biennial term. This amount 

is to cover all salaries and expenses of the Survey except the cost of 

printing and engraving. The appropriation is expended under the 

direction of the commissioners. As the Survey is designed to cover 

the geology, zoology, and botany of the State the endeavor has been 

to divide the appropriation about equally between geology and biology. It has been disbursed in about the following proportions:

Per cent.

Administration.__________:__________________ 22 

Geology, including economic geology : 36 

Paleontology________ ___ _ _ - 5 

Botany and zoology.. __ 37

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the State Geological and Natural History 

Survey of Connecticut number 17. Of these four are biennial reports, five relate to geology, and the remainder to biology. The geologic publications comprise a report on the clays and clay industries 

of the State, a manual of the geology of Connecticut, a preliminary
CONNECTICUT. ''33

geologic map of the State, a bibliography of Connecticut geology, and 

a report on the littiology of the State.

The law provides for the publication of a biennial report of the 

progress of the Survey and for the publication of special reports from 

time to time. The size of the editions has varied from 3,000 to 4,000 

copies, according to the estimated demand. The bulletins-are distributed by the State librarian in accordance with regulations adopted 

by the commissioners. The mailing list includes the United States 

Geological Survey, State geological surveys, colleges, scientific schools 

and societies, academies and high schools within the State, scientific 

journals, the newspapers of the State, and to a limited extent the 

newspapers of adjacent States; also botanists, zoologists, and geologists. On application, teachers, advanced students, and citizens of 

the State are, whenever possible, supplied with bulletins on subjects 

in which they are specially interested. Although the commissioners 

have adopted a very liberal policy in the distribution of Survey publications, a price is fixed on each bulletin and they are sold to persons 

Avho have no special claim to receive them gratuitously. The income 

from sales is, however, insignificant. It goes into the State treasury.

The total cost of printing from the organization of the Survey in 

1903 to April 1, 1910, Avas $12,582. Under the law establishing the 

Survey it was the intention that the cost of its publications should 

come out of the general appropriation for the printing of public 

documents. This intention, however, has been frustrated by an unfortunate oversight. A general law of the State limits the number of 

copies of. any public document to 1,575 (with.the exception of certain 

specified classes of documents) and provides for the distribution of 

a large part of the edition to State, county, and town officers. If 

the Survey bulletins were limited to the number prescribed by this 

general law, and if they were distributed in the manner indicated, the 

result would be that they would not reach the institutions and people 

who could use them. Special legislation was therefore necessary to 

authorize the printing of larger editions of Survey bulletins, and this 

was accompanied by the specification of a limit for the expenditure. 

The legislatures of 1907 and 1909 limited the biennial appropriations 

for Survey printing to $5,000.

The printing is done under the supervision of the State comptroller. 

The paper, size of page, and general typographic style are the same, 

as in other public documents. Special contracts for maps and illustrations are made with the approval of the comptroller. The printing of each bulletin must be formally sanctioned by the board of 

control, which is composed of the governor, State treasurer, comptroller, and attorney general.

85645° Bull. 465 11 3
34 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUKVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

- PRESENT LINES OF AVORK.

Geology. At present the geologic investigations relate chiefly to 

Quaternary geology, the following bulletins being in course of preparation : One on the Quaternary geology of the Naugatuck Valley, 

by Prof. H. E. Gregory; one on the glacial geology of the New Haven 

region, by Dr. Freeman Ward; and one on the terraces of the Thames, 

by Dr. F. P. Gulliver. There is also in contemplation a general paper 

on the Quaternary of Connecticut, to be illustrated by a map. A 

bulletin on the peat deposits of Connecticut, by Prof. C. A. Davis, 

 will soon be published. This bulletin will treat of the purety scientific as well as the economic aspects of the subject.

Paleontology. Two paleontologic papers are under way, one on 

Triassic fishes, bty Dr. C. R. Eastman, and the other on the footprints 

of the Triassic sandstones, by Prof. R. S. Lull.

Biology. Bulletins on certain groups of insects are in course of 

preparation, also on echinoderms and Crustacea of the Connecticut 

coast and on the birds of the State.

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. There has 

been no cooperation between the United States Geological Survey 

and the present State Survey, except in connection with the peat 

investigation, the only cooperation with the Federal organization on 

any extensive scale having been in connection with the topographic 

survey of the State, which was completed before the organization of 

the present Survey. Negotiations are in progress looking toward 

cooperation in an investigation of the water resources of the State.

FLOKIDA.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

Before the organization of the present Geological Survey of Florida only a very small amount of geologic investigation had been conducted by the State. In 1853 the general assembly of Florida passed 

an act establishing the office of State engineer and geologist. The 

geologic part of the work, however, seems not to have been provided 

for. The first report -of the State engineer arid geologist comprises 

pages 19 to 36 of " Documents accompanying the message of the 

governor of Florida," submitted November 28, 1854. That part of 

the report relating to geology occurs on page 20 of the appendix and 

reads as follows:

On the subject of the geology of the State, I have made no report, from the 

fact that the general assembly failed to specify any appropriations to defray 

any expenses incurred in reference to the matter. Consequently nothing has 

been done by me, except to obtain specimens of soils and minerals from the 

various localities (where marked changes were perceptible), visited by me in 

the performance of the duties of engineer.
FLORIDA. 35

The office of State engineer and geologist was abolished by an act 

of the legislative assembly of 1855.

In 1886 Governor Perry appointed Dr. J. Kost State geologist of 

Florida. This appointment seems to have been made with the expectation that a continuance of the geological survey would be provided for by the legislative assembly of the following year. This expectation, however, was not realized. During his temporary service 

as State geologist Dr. Kost traveled somewhat extensively in the 

State, and early in 1887 published a preliminary report entitled 

" First report of the geological survey of Florida." This report contains observations on the geology, physical geography, soils, and 

timber of the State, with remarks on the phosphates, lime, marls, 

clays, iron, coal, building stone, and mineral waters.

PRESENT SURVEY,

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the Florida State Geological 

Survey; it was organized in June, 1907.

SUMMARY OF LAWS AND ORGANIZATION.

The law under which the Survey is established provides for the 

appointment by the governor of a State geologist, and for the appointment by the State geologist, subject to the approval of the governor, of such assistants as may be necessary to conduct the survey 

successfully and with reasonable dispatch, the assistants to be entirely under the control of the State geologist.

The State geologist is required to.annually make to the governor a 

report of the progress of his surveys and explorations. In case of 

the discovery of mineral deposits or other substance of value the 

State geologist is'required to notify the owner of the land upon which 

such deposits occur before disclosing the fact to any other person or 

persons.

Provision is made for the collection of specimens illustrating the 

geologic and mineral features of the State. One suite of the specimens is to be deposited in the office of the State geologist, and duplicate suites are to be sent to the State colleges.

The title of the executive officer is State geologist. The present 

incumbent, E. H. Sellards, was appointed June 19, 1907. The term 

of office of the State geologist is not specifically mentioned in the law 

establishing the Survey, but his salary is fixed at $2,500 per annum. 

All other expenses are paid by the comptroller, upon the requisition 

of the State geologist, approved by the governor. The assistants at 

present include one clerk and two assistant geologists. The chemical 

analyses required by the Survey are made by the State chemist.
36 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUBVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriations. are continuing and are not contingent upon 

cooperation. Unexpended balances carry to the next fiscal year. 

The annual appropriation is $7,500. The objects of expenditure, 

within the general purposes of the Survey, are not fixed by law. 

The expenditures are distributed approximately as follows:

Per cent.

Administrative work ______________________ 13* 

Economic geology ________________________ 46$ 

Road materials ___________________________ 6$ 

Underground waters ______________________ 36$

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications include annual reports, bulletins, and circulars. 

Two annual reports, one bulletin, and two circulars have been issued. 

The edition is 2,500 to 5,000 copies. All reports are distributed free.

The average'annual cost of printing and engraving is $1,500. This 

is paid from the regular Survey appropriation.

At present, within the limit of the funds, available, there are no 

limitations in choice of printer or style of report. The reports are 

distributed by the Survey. The mailing list includes standard 

libraries and all persons or firms requesting reports.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. The phosphate deposits of the State 

constitute the principal investigation at present.

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the Federal Survey investigations are being made of the 

peat deposits and the water supplies of the State.

Cooperation with other scientific bureaus. In cooperation with the 

department of civil engineering of the Florida State University the 

road materials of the State are being studied.

GEORGIA.

i

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The first effective effort toward the establishment of a Geological 

Survey of Georgia had its beginning in Governor Schley's message 

to the general assembly in 1836. The governor, in discussing the 

internal improvement of the State, wrote as follows:

Intimately connected with this subject is that of the geological structure of 

the State and of. its mineral resources. A proper knowledge of these is. necessary to a prudent and profitable location of canals and railroads and should 

have its influence in directing their course. Thus far, Georgia has scarcely
GEORGIA. 37

looked beneath her surface, and her great staple commodity has been the only 

article of transportation within the contemplation of those who have projected schemes of internal improvement, whilst the advantage to be derived 

from geological investigation has been entirely overlooked. In such a survey 

the whole State is interested, not merely in the increased variety of its products, 

but in the promotion of the most efficient culture by disclosing the character and 

capacity of the soil. Her territory, particularly that part comprehended within 

the Cherokee circuit, is believed to abound in mines of gold, marble, iron, limestone, salt, and other valuable minerals. These concealed treasures,, which 

should be made tributary to her knowledge and wealth, are worthy of your 

enlightened consideration, and the provision necessary to a full and scientific 

examination of them ought not to be longer delayed. I suggest, therefore, 

the propriety of employing a competent geologist to make a thorough survey 

of the State, with a view to the ascertainment of its mineral and agricultural 

resources and the proper location of works of internal improvement.

Governor Schley supplemented the foregoing recommendation by 

the following note:

Since the above was written, I have received from Mr. John R. Getting a 

letter dated >at Augusta on the 15th ultimo, accompanied by a report of a 

geological and agricultural examination made by him, during the past summer, 

of the counties of Burke and Richmond. This survey was executed at the 

expense of individuals of these counties and is highly creditable to their public 

spirit and, as far as I can judge, equally so to the skill and capacity of Mr. 

Cotting as a scientific and practical geologist. I avail myself with pleasure of 

the opportunity thus afforded me of sending to the house of representatives 

this letter and report, with the hope that they may add force to the recommendation I have submitted.

Acting upon the recommendation of the governor, a committee 

was appointed by the legislature to consider the propriety of establishing a Geological Survey. This committee made the following 

report to the general assembly on November 26, 1836:

Resolved, That his excellency the governor be, and he is hereby, authorized 

to employ as soon as practicable one or more suitable and qualified persons to 

undertake the work of a careful and scientific survey of all the counties in this 

State, under his instructions and advice.

Be it further resolved, That the sum of $10,000 be. appropriated for that purpose, subject to the warrant of the executive out of any moneys in the treasury, 

not otherwise appropriated, and the same be inserted in the appropriation act 

of this session of the general assembly.

The report above referred to by Governor Schley, on tlie counties 

of Burke and Richmond, paid for by the citizens of those counties., 

was a small volume of 189 pages, bearing the date of 1836. This 

report was devoted chiefly to the economic geology of the crystalline 

and Tertiary formations of Burke and Richmond Counties-and 

formed a part of the annual report of Prof. John R. Cotting, State 

geologist, for the year 1837.

Under the resolution above referred to, Gov. Schley appointed 

John R. Cotting State geologist. His first annual report to the general assembly was made in 1837. It covered, more or less completely,
38 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the counties of Chathanij Columbia, Effingham, Screven, Burke, 

Richmond, Lincoln, Elbert, Franklin, Habersham, and parts of 

Wilkes and Oglethorpe. The special committee, to which this report 

was referred, reviewed it in considerable detail, pointing out the important discoveries made in the location of valuable marl and graphite 

deposits, and also referring to important work done in establishing 

the variations of the magnetic needle at 20 different points in the 

counties in which work had been carried on. In addition to those 

investigations, the report stated that considerable time had been 

devoted to the study of the flora of the counties surveyed, about 

1,200 specimens of plants having been collected. The committee 

recommended that the report of the State geologist be published and 

that copies of the tables of magnetic 'variation be sent to the clerks 

of the inferior courts of the several counties surveyed, where they 

were to be preserved for the benefit of county survej^ors and others 

interested. For some reason, not given in the house journal, this 

recommendation was not favorably acted upon by the general assembly, and as a consequence the State geologist's report for 1837 was 

never published.

As the house journal for the year 1838 has apparently been lost, 

nothing is known of the action of the general assembly in regard to 

the Geological Survey until 1839, when a resolution was introduced 

in the house asking that the Geological Survey be abolished, on the 

ground that it had spent all of the $10,000 appropriated to carry on 

the work without any benefit whatever to the citizens of the State. 

This resolution was adopted by the general assembly in 1840, and the 

Survey was accordingly discontinued.

Efforts to reestablish the Survey were unsuccessful until 1874, when 

an act was passed by the general assembly appropriating $10,000 

annually for a term of five years for the purpose of making a " geological, mineralogical, and physical survey" of the State. This act 

was similar to the act under which the present Survey operates. It 

was approved February 27, 1874, and in August Dr. George Little 

was appointed State geologist by the governor. During Dr. Little's 

term of office he made two annual reports of progress, one of 36 

pages, covering the period from September 1 to December 31, 1874, 

and the other of 16 pages, bearing date 1876.. In addition to these 

two reports of progress, Dr. Little in 1876 published (in the " Handbook of Georgia," issued by the State Agricultural Department) a 

paper of 126 pages treating of the geology, mineralogy, climate, 

water powers, soils, etc., of the State. These publications, together 

with a 16-page catalogue of ores, rocks,, and woods selected for.the 

Paris Exposition, are apparently the only ones issued by the Survey.

Between the date of the abolishment of this Survey in 1879 and its 

revival in 1889, a limited amount of geologic work was done by the
GEORGIA. 39

State Department of Agriculture, the results of which were published 

in the volume " Commonwealth of Georgia," bearing the date 1885.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present Survey is entitled the Geological Survey of Georgia; 

it was organized in 1889.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

The present Survey began its work in July, 1890, with Dr. J. W. 

Spencer as State geologist. The law under which the Survey began 

operations was practically the same as that now in force. Dr. 

Spencer remained in office until 1893. During his incumbency two 

reports were published, one termed an administrative report, bearing 

date July 1, 1891, and the other entitled " The Paleozoic group 

Geology of ten counties of northwest Georgia and resources." The 

former report, devoted largely to the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations of the coastal plain, contained 144 pages; the latter contained 

406 pages and a geologic map of northwestern Georgia.

Prof. W. S. Yeates was appointed State geologist in July, .1893, 

and continued in office until his death, which occurred February 18, 

1908, when S. W. McCallie, the present incumbent, was appointed.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The law under which the Survey operates is as follows:

State geologist. The governor shall appoint, with the consent of the advisory 

board, a competent person as State geologist, who shall have a thorough scientific and practical knowledge of the science of geology and mineralogy and who 

is not connected with any school or college as an instructor. The State geologist shall enter upon the duties of his office on the 1st of July, 1899, and shall 

hold until removed by the appointing power for inefficiency, incompetency, or 

misconduct, or until the office is abolished by the general assembly. The office 

of the State geologist shall be at the seat of government.

Advisory ~board. There shall be an advisory board, consisting of the governor of the State (who shall be president of the board), the commissioner of 

agriculture, the State school commissioner, the State treasurer, the comptroller 

general, the secretary of state, and the attorney general. Four members present at any meeting shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of any 

business.

Duty of geologist. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to give his 

attention to the administration of the affairs of the Survey; to visit all parts 

of the State, so as to make himself familiar with the needs of each section; 

to supervise the work of his assistants, including all reports submitted by them 

for publication; to undertake such field work as his time will permit; and to 

perform such other duties as properly pertain to his office.
40 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Assistant State geologists. Two competent assistant State geologists shall be 

chosen by the State geologist, who may remove them at any time for .incompetency, inefficiency, or misconduct. As soon as a general outline of a geological 

survey of the entire State shall have been made, the State geologist shall divide 

up the work between himself and his assistants in such way as shall be to the 

State's best interest, and under his direction and control the corps shall proceed to make a careful and complete geological, mineralogical, and physical 

survey of the State; to enter upon record, to be kept for that purpose in his 

office, an accurate statement of the extent of all water powers, roads, springs, 

and watercourses, and the climate, topography, and general physical character 

of the country, and locate the belts of ores, useful minerals, and building materials; to report characteristics and composition of soils and the deposits of 

marls and phosphates; to collect, analyze, and classify specimens of minerals, 

rocks, ores, fossils, and soils and enter the same on record; to cause to be 

preserved in a museum specimens illustrating the geology, mineralogy, soils, 

and whatever else may be discovered in the mineral or geological resources of 

Georgia having scientific or economic value; and he shall make a report of the 

survey of every county of this State, accompanied with all necessary maps and 

illustrations.

Survey of watercourses, lakes, etc. It shall also be the duty of said State 

geologist to make a survey of the watercourses, ponds, lakes, and swamp region 

of Georgia, and submit, in the report provided for, a topographical map 

showing the location, extent, means, and plans of drainage, atid also an estimate of the cost of said drainage of the ponds, lakes, and swamps of Georgia. 

The said State geologist shall also make an estimate of the value and extent of 

the lands to be reclaimed by said drainage.

Employment of topographers and drivers. The State geologist is hereby 

authorized to employ two competent topographers and four assistant topographers and two drivers, as may be necessary to carry out the purpose of this 

chapter.

State geologist to supervise. The State geologist shall have supervision of 

the entire work of the Survey, and shall be responsible for the accuracy of the 

same. It shall be the duty of the State geologist to make report to the advisory board once every three months to wit, on the second Wednesdays in 

March, June, September, and December of each year.

No special surveys. No individual, firm, or corporation shall have the 

right to call upon or require the State geologist to enter upon any special 

survey for his or their special benefit; but the Survey is to proceed upon a 

settled plan for the benefit of the public and investors and developers in 

general.

Supervision of expenses l>y board. The advisory board shall have the supervision of the money expenditures in the prosecution of the work contemplated. 

The State geologist shall make to the advisory board monthly statements under 

oath of all incidental expenses necessarily incurred by himself and his assistants, accompanied by 'proper vouchers, in the discharge of their labors. The 

board shall audit such accounts, item by item, and approve or reject the same, 

as in their judgment may be right. When an account is allowed the governor 

shall draw his warrant for the amount thereof. The governor, with the advice 

and consent of the board, may at any time suspend the field operations.

His salary. The salary of the State geologist shall be $2,500 per annum, and 

each assistant shall receive such salary per annum as shall be determined by 

the advisory board of the Geological Survey on the recommendation of the State 

geologist: Provided, That each assistant shall not receive more than $1,500 

per annum. ,
GEOEGIA. 41

Specialist. The State geologist, with the consent of the board of advisement, 

may employ a specialist or specialists at any time.

When results of surveys may 'be published. Neither the State geologist nor 

his assistants shall disclose to any person, except to the owner of the laud, the 

result of a survey until the same is made public by publication of the report by 

the advisory board.

Maps of surveys State property. The State geologist and his assistants shall 

deposit in the office of the governor all maps, surveys, notes, or memorandum of 

surveys when the surveys are completed, which are hereby declared to be the 

property of the State.

ORGANIZATION.

Details regarding the organization of the Survey are given under 

" Summary of laws." The executive officer is the State geologist. 

The present incumbent is Prof. S. W. McCallie.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are made biennially and are not contingent upon 

cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. Unexpended 

balances lapse into the State treasury in the July folloAving the year 

for which the appropriation is made. The amount of the appropriation is $10,000 per annum for the maintenance of the Survey and 

$2,500 per annum for printing. The manner in which the appropriations are to be expended is covered in a general way by the law organizing the Survey. Heretofore the energy of the Survey .has been 

devoted largely to economic problems, though considerable work has 

been accomplished on the stratigraphic and areal geology of the 

State, as well as on the water resources and highway improvements.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the present Survey comprise the 1891 administrative report of Dr. Spencer and his " Paleozoic group," also a series 

of bulletins, numbered from 1 to 24, inclusive. The bulletins pertain 

chiefly to the economic geology of the State, but two are devoted to 

the water powers of Georgia, two to the underground waters of the 

State, and two to roads and road-building materials.

The State geologist has control of the printing of reports, maps, 

etc. The size of the edition is 3,000 copies, 1,500 of which are bound 

in cloth and 1,500 with paper cover. The reports are sent to any 

applicant on receipt of postage. In addition, copies are mailed to all 

the leading papers and colleges of the State, to all State geological 

surveys, to many libraries in this country, and to some foreign 

libraries.
42 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ILLINOIS. 

PREVIOUS SURVEY.

The first Geological Survey of Illinois was created by the general 

assembly in 1851. It was placed in charge of a geologist appointed 

by the governor, auditor, and treasurer. The duties of the geologist 

were, briefly, "to ascertain the order, successive arrangement, relative position, dip, and comparative magnitude of the several strata 

or geological formations in the State, and to search for and examine 

all the beds arid deposits of ores, coal, clays, marls, rocks, and such 

other mineral substances as may present themselves; to obtain chemical analyses of the same, and to determine by barometrical observations the relative elevation of the different portions of the State." 

He was also required to transmit an annual report, accompanied 

by necessary illustrations, for printing and distributing in such 

manner as the governor might indicate. Provision was also made 

for the collection of a cabinet of specimens found within the State, 

from which duplicates were to be distributed to the larger institutions of learning. The act provided a continuing annual appropriation of $3.000. This, however, was increased by the next legislature to $5,000 for general expenses and $500 per annum for topographic maps of the counties.

Dr. J. C. Norwood was in charge of the Survey for the first six 

years after its organization. He began work with an examination 

of the bluffs of Ohio River in southern Illinois. In six years about 

$27,000 had been expended, but no report had been submitted. An 

investigating committee found that the money had been wisely spent 

and recommended an additional appropriation for the completion of 

the work Norwood's only publication, bearing the date of 1857, 

was a small octavo pamphlet of less than 100 pages devoted to the 

discussion of Illinois coals. It was accompanied by a one-page colored 

map of the State.

In 1858 Norwood turned over to his successor, Dr. A. H. Worthen, 

the field notes of several assistants and a report on the lead mines in 

Hardin County. The first report submitted by Worthen was devoted 

to two geologic sections, one across the Silurian and Devonian formations of southern Illinois, and the other following Mississippi River 

from end to end of the State. This report and the others submitted 

previous to 1865 were never published, owing to the opposition of 

certain members of the legislature. Indeed, an attempt was made 

to repeal the law under which the Survey was organized, and only 

the interference of the executive veto saved the organization.

Worthen reorganized the Survey and obtained the services of a 

number of specialists. J. D. Whitney was authorized to investigate 

the lead and zinc region of northwestern Illinois, and Prof. Leo
ILLINOIS. ' ' 43

Lesquereux was engaged to investigate the " Coal Measures " and the 

Carboniferous plants. The assistance of F. B. Meek in the investigation of invertebrate fossils, and of Dr. J. S. Newberry in the department of vertebrate paleontology was also secured. The chemistry of the Survey was placed in the hands of a specialist, and the 

following other scientists shared the work of the first Survey: Engelinann, Prout, Bannister, Freeman, Scudder, Bradley, Green, Shaw, 

Broadhead, Cox, St. John, Miller, Wachsmuth, Barris, Springer, 

Ulrich, and Cope.

The Survey continued to receive appropriations for active Avork 

until 1872, when the old Illinois constitution was abolished and the 

continuing appropriation for Survey work ceased. At that time 

several volumes of reports had appeared and- others were in course 

of preparation. For the purpose of completing the reports in hand 

small appropriations were made until 18T5, when all provision for the 

Survey terminated. At that time six volumes of reports had been 

issued and two other volumes were partly completed.

In 1877 the State Museum of Natural History was created and 

placed in control of the geologic collections. The former State 

geologist, A. H. Worthen, was appointed the first curator of the 

museum, but he was not provided with funds for field work or for 

publications. It was not until 1881 that the curator was directed to 

issue Volume VII of the reports of the former Geological Survey, 

and the publication of the last volume was not authorized until 1885.

The reports of- the first Geological Survey are of a high scientific 

character and are monuments to the ability of Dr. Worthen and his 

associates. In addition to reports on 102 counties of the State, the 

following subjects were treated with greater or less thoroughness: 

Physical features of Illinois; general geologic principles; surface and 

stratigraphic geology of the State; paleontology of Illinois rock 

formations; the " Coal Measures," " sub-Carboniferous " limestone, and 

the Devonian and Silurjan systems; geology of the lead region; coal 

fields of. Illinois; and the origin and formation of the prairies.

So far -as can be learned the eight royal octavo volumes were published in-seditions of 3,000 each and were distributed gratuitously 

under the direction of the governor. They averaged about 550 pages 

each. About 285 full-page lithographic plates, besides numerous 

woodcuts, were published. Altogether about $110,000 was appropriated for the maintenance of the first Survey, including illustration 

of reports. Apparently the cost of printing and binding came from 

another fund.

The broad scope of the work of the first Survey has been indicated. 

Its notable accomplishments were recognized by scientists of the 

whole world. The pioneer work which it performed in American 

paleontology is of the highest order and constitutes one of the stand-
44 ' STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ards on which paleontologists of the present day work. The reasons 

which led to the discontinuance of the Survey are not difficult to find. 

During the early years Illinois was almost exclusively an agricultural 

State. Eock formations were largely hidden from view by thick 

deposits of drift and consequently did not seem to the layman of 

sufficient importance to warrant expensive study. Coal for fuel, 

brick and stone for building, and other minerals were not in general 

use during the days when timber was plentiful. It may well be 

imagined, therefore, that the expenditure of large sums on investigations of that nature and on the description and illustration of fossils 

was unappreciated by the early citizens. When, therefore, in 1875 

the county reports for the entire State were completed, further work 

of the Survey was checked b}r the failure of appropriations.

After the discontinuance of the first Geological Survey there was 

a period of 30 years of inactivity in geologic investigations in Illinois, the work of that nature performed by the State Museum not 

being sufficient to justify special mention.

PRESENT SURVEY. ' - 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the State Geological Survey; 

it was organized under act of July 1,1905.

The first director was Dr. H. Foster Bain, who served until his

resignation in 1909.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The Survey, which is established at the University of Illinois, 

operates under the. direction of the State geological commission. 

This commission is composed of the governor, who is the chairman; 

the president of the University of Illinois; and one other competent 

person appointed by the governor for a term of four years and 

until his successor is appointed and qualified. The commissioners 

serve without compensation, but are reimbursed for actual expenses 

incurred in the performance of official duties. They have general 

charge of the Survey, and appoint the director, who, with the approval of the commission, appoints necessary assistants and employees. The salary of the director and of the assistants and 

employees is determined by the commission.

The objects of the Survey are as follows:

(1) A study of the geologic formations of the State with special 

reference to its products coals, ores, clays, building stones, cements, 

materials for use in the construction of roads, gas, mineral and 

artesian water, and other-mineral resources.
ILLINOIS. 45

(.2) The preparation of geologic and other necessary maps to 

illustrate the resources of the State.

(3) The preparation of reports, with necessary illustrations and 

maps which shall include both a general and detailed description of 

the geologic and mineral resources of the State.

(4) The consideration of such other scientific and economic questions as in the judgment of the commissioners shall be deemed of 

value to the people.

The director presents to the governor ah annual report showing 

progress and condition of the bureau and such other information as 

the commission requires. The reports of the Survey are printed and 

distributed gratuitously as well as sold. All money received from 

sale of reports is paid into the State treasury.

The printing of reports and of stationery forms a part of the 

State printing contract, and is under the direction of the board of 

commissioners of State contracts. The amount thus expended in 

any one year is limited to $5,000. More recently an appropriation 

of $2,500 per annum has been made to the State geological commission for preparing and engraving illustrations and maps and for 

printing and binding reports.

Collections of materials Avhieh have served the purpose of the 

Survey may be distributed to the educational institutions of the 

State, or be placed in the State Museum of Natural History at 

Springfield or in the museums at the University of Illinois, as indicated by the commissioners.

The sum of $25,000 per annum is appropriated biennially to provide for the work of the Survey. Vouchers, when approved by the 

governor, are presented to the auditor of public accounts. For the 

present bienniurn the additional sum of $7,500 has been appropriated 

for the survey of overflowed lands in Illinois.

The commission is authorized to cooperate with the United States 

Geological Survey in the preparation of a topographic map of the 

State, and to expend in the prosecution of that work a sum equal to 

that expended by the Federal Survey, but this amount shall not 

exceed $10,000 in any one year.

It is lawful for persons employed in the work of the Survey to 

enter and cross all lands within the State, provided in so doing no 

damage is done to private property.

. ORGANIZATION.

The form of organization of the Survey is outlined in the preceding summary of laws. At present the personnelis as follows:

The governing board is the State geological commission, whose 

chairman is Gov. Charles S. Deneen; the vice chairman is Prof.
46 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

T. C. Chamberlin, of the University of Chicago; and the secretary 

is President E. J. James, of the University of Illinois.

The executive officer is known as director. The present incumbent, 

appointed acting director April 1, 1909, and director January 12, 

1911, is Frank W. DeWolf. The director is appointed by the commission and holds office at the pleasure of that body. He is required 

to devote his time exclusively to the official duties of the Survey.

Subordinates include clerical, geologic, chemical, technologic, topographic, engineering, and hydrographic assistants. They may be 

appointed for any term and at any designated rate of compensation. 

Appointments may be made by the commission or by the director, 

subject to approval by the commission. The clerical force includes 

a chief clerk and a stenographic assistant. In addition, students are 

from time to time employed for routine work. Salaries of male 

clerks have ranged from $60 to $125 a month and of female clerks 

from $30 to $50 a month.

In the organization of the scientific work there are three consulting geologists, two consulting chemists, and one consulting ceramist. 

The other scientific employees rank as geologists, assistant geologists, 

and field assistants. The range of pay, in addition to allowance for 

actual expenses, is as follows: Consulting geologists, $8 per diem; 

consulting chemists and ceramist, a per diem amount corresponding to 

the salary of university professors; geologists, $150 to $200 a month; 

assistant geologists, $100 to $135 a month; field assistants, up to $100 

a month.

The three consulting geologists represent the geologic departments 

of the three largest universities of the State,'and are men of extended 

experience on official surveys. Each of these advisers shares responsibility for the direction of a particular investigation. At present one 

is adviser in clay investigations, another in studies of lead and zinc, 

and the third in the preparation of educational bulletins. The 

service of the consulting geologists is discontinuous, both in the field 

 and in offic^.

Other geologists of the organization are selected for work in which 

they are thoroughly experienced and responsible. At present they 

include three professors, who devote from two to four months of each 

year to field work and prepare their reports during the succeeding 

university year as time can be separated from their college duties. 

Two of these geologists give special, attention to paleontologic stratigraphy, and the third to the study of well records and detailed 

areal and economic investigations.

The assistant geologists include men with several years' experience, 

who are thoroughly competent to pursue individual work. As a rule 

two such assistants are employed for" full time and from two to 

four others devote the summer months only to the work of the Survey.
ILLINOIS. 47

Field assistants may have had little or no practical experience but 

are required to have had a thorough collegiate instruction in geology. 

They are usually postgraduate students or instructors in the State 

universities. Occasionally inexperienced men work without salary 

but are reimbursed for expenses. From three to six field assistants 

are employed each year.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are made biennially, and for the most part in two 

annual installments. None are contingent on cooperation.

The fiscal year of the State begins October 1. Appropriations become available July 1, .and unexpended balances lapse before October of the following year. Under construction of the auditor, June 

bills can be paid from the appropriations which become available 

July 1. '

The sum of $25,000 per annum is appropriated biennially, to provide for official expenses incurred by the commissioners and for the 

payment of salaries (or other compensations) and expenses of the 

director and other employees. The method of disbursement is by 

means of vouchers approved by the governor and presented to the 

auditor of public accounts. In addition to the above regular appropriation there has been appropriated for the present biennium the 

sum of $7,500 for the survey of overflowed lands in Illinois and 

$2,500 per annum for preparing and engraving illustrations and maps 

and printing and binding reports of the Survey.

The average annual expenditures may be classified under the following heads; the percentages are for the current year, but are fairly 

representative.

Per cent. 

Administrative, and routine clerical work, including postage

on bulletins______________________________ 22

Topographic work__________________________ 32

Economic, stratigraphic, and areal geology____ (___ 21. 5

Statistics _______________:_______________ . 9

Chemical work_____________________________ 1.9

Underground water resources__________________ 1. 6

Drainage surveys_____________-_ ______ 32

Tests 'of clay_______ _ _ _ . 9

Library _ ______ .. _ . 9

Drafting and engraving____________ ___ ___ 3. 8

Educational bulletins_________________________ 2. 5

100.0 

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the present State Geological Survey comprise 

bulletins 1 to 16, inclusive, and circulars 1 to 5. inclusive. The 

bulletins include the annual administrative reports, a geologic map
48 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

of the State, economic reports, special physiographic studies, and 

reports on the mineral content of the waters of the State and on the 

water resources of certain districts. The circulars are of a statistical nature and relate to the annual mineral production of the State.

The size of the editions of Survey publications varies from 3,000 

to 4,000 copies, according to the character of the report and its 

probable demand.

A portion of each edition is set aside for gratuitous distribution. 

To meet the wants of libraries and persons not reached in this first 

distribution, 500 copies of each edition are reserved for sale at cost, 

including postage. All money received from the sale of reports is 

paid into the State treasury. ,The amount is small, varying from 

$70 to $100 per annum.

The average annual cost of printing reports and accompanying 

maps for the last five years is about $5,000. Of this, $1,200 has 

come from Survey funds, and the remainder from the State printing 

fund. The cost of cuts for illustrations and of the actual printing 

of colored maps is paid from Survey funds.

The printing of reports and of stationery forms a part of the 

State printing contract and is under the direction of the board of 

commissioners of State contracts. The amount is limited to $5,000 

annually. The general size of the volume, character of paper, size 

of type, and number of lines to the page are prescribed by law, and 

are under the supervision of the board of commissioners of State 

contracts. Eecently, however, an appropriation of $2,500 per annum has been made to the State geological commission for preparing and engraving illustrations and maps and printing and 

binding reports, but this is not sufficient to cover the entire cost of 

the work. Cuts for half-tone and zinc illustrations are furnished by 

the Survey; they are printed by the State printer. Contracts for 

lithographed or colored maps are made by the Survey directly with 

commercial firms, the cost being paid out of Survey funds.

The State geological commission has full control over the distribution of its reports. The mailing list, which includes approximately 5,000 names, is recorded on vertical cards, arranged alphabetically, the subject of special interest to each person being indicated. Thus the cards of those interested in coal can readily be 

distinguished from those interested in oil or clay. The list is 

further divided into two main classes, the larger of which includes 

the names of persons to whom an invitation is sent to remit postage if they desire a particular report. The smaller list includes 

State officers and legislators, professional exchanges, and the more 

influential men in the mineral industries, as well as important libraries throughout the country. These receive the reports, post free, 

as they are issued. As a whole the mailing list includes members
ILLINOIS. 49

of scientific, engineering, and industrial societies and clubs, operators in the mineral industries, teachers of science, and other persons 

who from time to time send requests for information.

In order to assist in keeping the mailing list alive notices of new 

publications are sent out, by " first class " mail, and are therefore 

forwarded to the addressee if he has changed his residence or returned to the Survey office if undelivered. From time to time, 

about once in two years, the mailing list is revised by removing from 

it the names of those who have not returned postage for any of the 

bulletins issued during that period.

A list of newspapers is kept and press announcements are distributed from time to time.

PRESENT LINES OF AVORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

The Survey is at present engaged in three main lines of work, as 

follows:

(1) Surveys and reports of an areal and economic character. These 

apply either to the whole State for a particular mineral or to a 

particular area for all minerals.

(2) Systematic reports on the geologic formations. These will 

probabl}7 be published in large volumes, comparable to those of the 

first Geological Survey of the State. Those on which the Survey 

is now engaged relate to the Mississippian series of the Carboniferous system and the Devonian system.

(3) Educational bulletins. Reports are rapidly being prepared on 

areas which include important educational centers. They deal chiefly 

with physiographic and general geology, and some of them include 

historical contributions. They are amply illustrated and are designed 

to popularize geology and the work of the Survey with teachers, 

students, and citizens generally.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological /Survey. Cooperation with the Federal 

Survey includes topographic and geologic surveys and the collection 

of statistics.

Formal cooperation for topographic surveys is in effect, the annual 

expenditure by each Survey being $10,000. Less formal cooperation 

applies to the preparation of drainage maps of overflowed lands. 

Formerly the drainage maps were prepared entirely at the expense 

of the State, but for the present biennial period the Federal Survey 

contributes $2,500 and the State $7,500. The maps are on a scale 

of 1:24,000 and have a contour interval of 5 feet. Approximately

85645° Bull. 465 11 4
50 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

500 square miles had been mapped before the beginning of the present 

fiscal year.

Cooperation is also maintained with the Federal Survey for detailed areal, stratigraphic, and economic geologic surveys. This 

work has been in progress for about four and a half years, and 

previous to the last field season 11 quadrangles had been mapped. 

The survey is accomplished by separate State and Federal parties, 

who work independently, each Survey employing its own methods. 

All work, however, is subject to inspection by both Surveys, and the 

data collected are available to both Surveys. Folios will be published 

by the Federal Survey and bulletins and miscellaneous reports by both 

Surveys. Heretofore each Survey has contributed $2,000 per annum, 

but for the present fiscal year each Survey is contributing $2,500.

Besides quadrangle mapping, the two surveys one season joined in 

a regional study of the Illinois coal fields. For parts of several seasons the Federal Survey detailed David AVhite to conduct reconnoissance correlation studies in the State. Cooperation in a small 

way is also maintained for the collection and study of deep-well 

records. In this work a State employee acts as Special agent for the 

Federal Survey, each bureau contributing $300 annually to the 

expense.

The collection of statistics of the production of Illinois minerals 

is carried on in cooperation with the statistical division of the United 

States Geological Survey.

United States Bureau of Mines. Informal cooperation with the 

United States Bureau of Mines in the maintenance of a mine rescue 

station at Urbana, 111., has succeeded similar cooperation with the 

United States Geological Survey, of whose technologic branch the 

Bureau of Mines is the outgrowth. Under this arrangement two 

Federal employees have been provided, a demonstrating station has 

been maintained by the University of Illinois, and office accommodations and clerical assistance have been furnished by the State 

Geological Survey. The latter has also contributed a smlill part of 

the salary of the station assistant.

United States Department of Agriculture. Cooperation with the 

drainage section of the United States Department of Agriculture was 

formerly carried on and doubtless will be revived. Under this 

cooperative arrangement the'Federal engineers made reconndissance 

maps and drainage plans for the reclamation of overflowed lands 

along typical rivers, and the State, in cooperation with the United 

States Geological Survey, surveyed certain other river bottoms, as 

mentioned in a previous paragraph.

Other State scientific bureaus. There is considerable cooperation 

between the State Geological Survey and several departments of the 

University of Illinois. From time to time members of the laboratory
INDIANA. 51

force of the university are employed directly by the Survey. Again, 

an allotment is made to the cooperating department of the university 

which furnishes the help required for a specific investigation. To the 

present time work of this nature has been devoted chiefly to chemical 

research on coal and to practical tests of the clays of the State.

At present the State Geological Survey and the Internal Improvement Commission have a cooperative arrangement for drainage 

investigations in Illinois. The Survey provides large-scale drainage maps, previously described, and the Internal Improvement Commission makes the necessary engineering studies on which to base 

plans for the reclamation of flooded lands. The commission also 

bears the expense of maintaining numerous gaging stations along the 

rivers which are under investigation.

In the past there has been cooperation between the State Geological Survey and the State Water Survey in the collection and 

analysis of representative ground waters of the State, the results of 

which were incorporated in a volume on the composition of Illinois 

waters. In this study the engineering experiment station of the University of Illinois and the United States Geological Survey also 

participated.

There has also been cooperation with the State highway engineer 

in the study of road materials and the selection of sites for State 

quarries. Doubtless work of this nature will be resumed from time 

to time, as appropriations permit. Cooperation with the new department of mining at the University of Illinois, in a study of coal 

mining in Illinois, is in contemplation.

INDIANA.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.*

The Department of Geology and Natural Resources of Indiana was evolved 

from perhaps three antecedent State bureaus. The first of these was the 

State Board of Agriculture, which had to do almost entirely with the sdience 

and art of agriculture as carried on in the State. The work at this time, more 

than 60 years ago, was done by reports on agricultural conditions from individual counties and by addresses by prominent educators or those well versed 

in the science of agriculture. Later the Board of Agriculture was enlarged 

by the addition of a Bureau of Statistics. Hence, in addition to agricultural 

research, statistics on agriculture, manufacturing, schools, and business were 

compiled and included in the annual report of the Bureau of Agriculture and 

Statistics. Still later, partial geologic surveys had been made that attracted 

the attention of the officials of the State, and the Department of Geological Survey was added to the Bureau of Agriculture and Statistics. As population increased and work of these various branches increased, the necessity of a separate department of geology and natural resources became imperative, and in 

accordance with this demand the general assembly of 1881 enacted a law 

establishing the Department of Geology and Natural History for the State of

0 Letter from E<hvar<3 JJarrett, State geologist,
52 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Indiana. The purpose of this bureau was to continue -the geologic and scientific survey of the State, to discover and develop the State's natural resources, 

and to disseminate such information among the people. Under the law of 1881 

the governor appointed a competent and suitable person to be State'geologist, 

with the power to call to his assistance such help as he deemed necessary, but 

he was limited in the expenditure of money for this help to the amount authorized by the general assembly. The geologist's term of office was four years, 

and he might be removed by the governor for cause. His compensation was 

$1,800 per. year. The geological department was established in the State house 

in Indianapolis, and the care of the State museum was a part of the geologist's 

duty. He was required to make an annual report to the governor concerning 

his labors and discoveries, and all scientific information was to be compiled in 

the form of an annual report, of which 5,0,00 copies were to be issued. An 

appropriation of $5,000 annually was made, from which the salary of the geologist and 'his assistants and all expenses of the Department were to be paid, and 

any unexpended balance should be returned to the State treasury. The work 

of the Board of Agriculture was carried on as a separate branch of the State 

administration, .and a Bureau of Statistics was established as a separate branch 

also, with enlarged powers and duties.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is known as the Department of Geology 

and Natural Kesources; it was organized in 1881. A later law, 

enacted in 1907, changed the State geologist's salary to $3,000.

ORGANIZATION.

\

The governing board and the executive officer are the State 

geologist, who is elected by the people for a term of four years, at a 

salary of $3,000 a year and traveling expenses. His entire time is 

devoted to the duties of the Department of Geology and Natural

Eesources. The present incumbent is Edward Barrett, who was 

elected November 8,1910, and entered upon his term of office January 

1, 1911.

The subordinates include one stenographer, one custodian, two 

chemists, two hydrographic engineers, and six field assistants on the 

soil survey. The stenographer and custodian are employed by the 

year; the term of service of field assistants is indefinite. All are 

appointed by the State geologist. The salaries range from $60 to 

$100 a month.

In hydrographic and spil surveys college professors and students 

are employed.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are made by the State legislature biennially. Unexpended balances are returned to .the State treasury .immediately 

after the close of the fiscal year, September 30. The annual appro-
IOWA. 53

priation for office expenses and pay of field assistants is $3,800, dis-. 

bursed as follows:

Per cent.

Administrative work ________'________________ 30 

Field assistants________ _____________________ 60 

Office supplies _____________________ 10

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications consist of a series of annual reports which vary 

in size from 500 to 1,000 pages. The size of the editions is 5,000 

copies. The reports are sent out by mail and express, free of cost 

to the recipient.

The annual cost of printing reports is from $3,000 to $4,000, which 

comes from the general fund. The State geologist.has full control 

of the printing of maps, reports, and illustrations and of the distribution of reports. Reports are sent to colleges, libraries, schools, and . 

educators, to county auditors for distribution, and incidentally to 

persons who make application for copies.

, PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

The Department is at present engaged in a hydrographic survey 

of rivers and a soil survey of the State by counties. Cooperation ' 

with other organizations is not maintained.

IOWA.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The first geologic work in Iowa was that of Dr. David Dale Owen, 

who in the autumn of 1839 surveyed parts of Iowa, Wisconsin, and 

.Illinois, under the direction of the United States Land Office, in 

accordance Avith congressional instructions. It was intended primarily to determine the value of the mineral (lead-bearing) lands 

centering about Dubuque, Platteville, and Galena. However, the 

actual accomplishment was considerably broader than this, as Owen 

attacked problems relating to the stratigraphy and paleontology of 

the district as well as those of a purely economic nature. For 

skillful organization and rapidity and thoroughness of execution 

this survey has probably never been excelled, when all the limitations 

are considered.

In 1847 the United States Treasury Department sent Dr. Owen 

into the Mississippi Valley, to make a reconnoissance of the Chippewa land district, lying chiefly in Wisconsin but including also that 

part of northeastern Iowa lying north of the area already surveyed 

by Owen, as well as a portion of southeastern Minnesota. Dr. Owen's
54 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUBVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

time, was again limited, only the summer and autumn of 1847 being 

devoted to field work. Like his "previous survey, this survey also 

shoAvs his marvelous ability for accomplishing a great amount of 

work in a brief space of time.

He devoted considerable attention to the lead deposits and their 

associated rocks and also made extended studies of the geologic 

formations of the territory.

The results of these two surveys were published, as congressional 

documents, in single octavo volumes, each accompanied by a map 

and by colored sections and plates.

On the completion of these preliminary surveys Owen was instructed to make a survey of the Northwest Territory. This time 

his work covered the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, and parts of Minnesota and included some studies of vertebrate fossils from the badlands of Nebraska. The manuscript of his final report was submitted in 1851 and published in 1852. It consisted of a large quarto 

volume, with 15 plates of fossils, 19 geologic sections, and a geologic 

map. As with his previous investigations his commission terminated 

with the submission of his report.

The illustrations for all of Owen's reports, were largely reproduced 

from his own drawings, and for accuracy of detail and beauty of execution these have rarely been equaled.

The next- geologic Avork in loAva Avas initiated by the State itself, 

Avhen in 1855 it authorized the organization of a State Geological 

Survey. James Hall Avas appointed State geologist. He carried on 

the work from 1855 to 1858 and published a report in one volume 

bound in tAvo parts. The first part dealt with the physiography and 

geology of the eastern part of the State, and the second part treated 

the paleontology of the same district, Previous to the completion 

of this report Hall published, at the end of the year 1856, a small 

report of progress. In this survey Hall was assisted by J. D. Whitney, A. H. Worthen, B. F. Meek, and R. P. Whitfield, men who later 

became widely known for their contributions to geologic knowledge. 

The organization Avas discontinued by legislative enactment in 1859.

In 1866 the legislature passed "An act providing for the completion 

of the geological survey of the State of Io\va/' and appointed Charles 

A. White State geologist for a term of two years. Dr. White spent 

the years of 1866 and 1867 mainly in an examination of the southern 

and southwestern parts of loAA'a and in a study of the coal fields of 

the State. At the close of 1867 the first and second annual reports 

were submitted, together Avith a number of popular letters which 

had been written for the newspapers. The next general assembly, 

in 1868, required the survey to be completed by January 1, 1870. 

Under this act a survey of the northwestern part of the State was 

made, and a report was prepared and presented to the general as-
IOWA. 55

serably in 1870. This report dealt with the physical geography, surface geology, and general geology of the region, the method of treatment being a detailed discussion by counties; also with the mineralogy, lithology, and chemistry of the economic products of the 

State. The report was ordered printed in two royal octavo volumes. 

As no provision was made for the continuance of the work the survey ceased to exist. Dr. White's assistants were T. S. Parvin, O. H. 

St. John, arid Rush Emery.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the Iowa Geological Survey; 

it was organized in 1892.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The Survey is under the direction of the geological board, consisting of the governor, the State auditor, and the presidents of the 

State University, the Agricultural College, and the Iowa Academy 

of Sciences. The board appoints the State geologist and his assistants. The State geologist is directed to make a complete survey of 

the natural resources of the State' in all their economic and scientific 

aspects. He is to prepare detailed maps and reports of counties and 

districts as fast as their survey is completed, and the results of any 

special investigations may be published whenever the information 

obtained warrants it. He is to cooperate with the United States 

Geological Survey and with adjoining State surveys in the making of 

topographic maps and in the study of the geologic problems of the 

State. He is to present to the board before the 1st of January of each 

year a report of the work of the preceding year, together with such 

minor reports and papers as may be considered desirable for publication.

The annual reports, together with such other special reports as 

may be ordered printed, are published by the State, but the distribution of the entire edition is left to the State geologist.

The expenses of the board and of the members of the Survey staff 

are paid from the Survey appropriation, which is $8,000 annually. 

Postage, stationery, and office expenses are paid by the State out of 

funds set apart for that purpose, as are also the cost of printing, 

binding, and distributing the reports of the Survey.

ORGANIZATION.

The Survey is under the control of the geological board. The five 

members of this board serve ex officio, and their terms of office are 

dependent on the length of term of the positions by virtue of which
56 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

they become members of the board. They receive no compensation 

for their services but are reimbursed for actual expenses incurred in 

attending the meetings of the board.

The title of the executive officer is State geologist. He is appointed 

by the geological board and holds office at its pleasure. The present 

incumbent is Samuel Calvin. He was appointed at the time of the 

organization of the Survey, in 1892, and served until July 1, 1904. 

He was reapp'ointed in April, 1906, and has held the position until 

the present time. Dr. Calvin is at the head of the department of 

geology at the State University of Iowa. He devotes one-third of 

his time to Survey work. The compensation of the State geologist 

is fixe'd by the geological board and is at present $900 per annum.

The Survey employs two clerical assistants, both chosen by the 

State geologist. One is stationed in the office at Des Moines and is 

secretary to the geological board; the other is a temporary assistant 

and is chosen from the student body of the State University. Both 

serve at the pleasure of the State geologist. The salary of the 

secretary to the board is $1,100 per annum. This is paid by the 

State, from the clerk fund, and does not come out of the Survey's 

appropriation. The temporary clerk receives $10 a month.

The geologic assistants include an assistant State geologist and 

from 8 to 10 special assistants. The latter are college instructors 

or advanced college students. The assistants are appointed by the 

geological board,, on the recommendation of the State geologist, and 

serve at the discretion of the board. For surveying a county and 

preparing a report an assistant receives $150; for work of other 

classes a monthly salary is paid, ranging from $60 to $100. The 

assistant State geologist is located at Des Moines. His salary is 

fixed by the geological board at $1,500 per annum,

APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriations of the Survey are continuing. They hold over 

from year to year without specific legislative action. They are not 

contingent on cooperation with the United States Geological Survey 

or other State surveys, although the amount of the appropriation 

was increased in order to permit such cooperation.

Unexpended balances revert to the State treasury at the close of 

the fiscal year.

The annual appropriation is $8,000. The objects, so far as specified by law, are a survey of the natural resources of the State, in 

all their economic and scientific aspects, also cooperation with the 

Federal and other State surveys in the making of topographic maps 

and the study of geologic problems common to the. States. The 

amount which may be spent in cooperative work is not fixed by law, 

but by the rule of the geological board the annual expenditures for
IOWA. 57

topographic work in cooperation with the United States Geological 

Survey has been fixed at $1,750 per annum.

During the fiscal year 1909 to 1910 the Survey expenses were 

divided about as follows:

Per cent. 

Administrative work_________________:_____ 21.45 

Topographic work________^__________________ 21. 85 

Geologic work________________=_____________ 42.60 

Statistical work._________________________ 1. 25 

Chemical work______ L ____________ ________ 2. 70 

Underground waters________..______:_______ 5.00 

Stream flow, etc i- __________-_____________ 4.20 

Testing road material, etc___ _______ .__^__ _ 1.00

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey comprise annual reports, supplementary reports, bulletins, and maps. Of the annual reports 17 

have been issued and the eighteenth is in press. The edition is limited by statute to 3,000 copies, 2,200 of which are bound in cloth, 300 

in paper, and the remaining 500 are broken into the separate papers. 

Three supplementary reports have been issued, also in editions of 

3,000 copies. Three bulletins have been published, but there is no 

limit set by law to the size of the edition. Of Bulletin 1, 3,000 copies 

were printed; of Bulletin 2, 5,000 copies; and of Bulletin 3, 1,000 

copies. In addition to the maps which are bound in the reports, one 

large Avail map of Iowa, scale 8 miles to the inch, has been published, 

the edition being 5,000 copies.

The publications are usually distributed free to citizens of the 

State. When copies are sold the actual cost of publication is charged. 

Transportation charges are usually asked of persons outside the State. 

The income from these sources, however, is not large. In 1909 it 

amounted to $29; in 1910 to about $65. All funds received are turned 

into the State treasuryThe cost of publication of the last five annual reports, .including 

printing, binding, maps, and engravings, has varied from $1,492.to 

$4,062, the average being $2,927. The cost is paid by the State, out 

of funds set aside for that purpose.

The reports of the Survey, as well as of all other departments of 

the State, are printed by the State printer and bound by the State 

binder. The style of the report was determined by the Survey at 

the time of its organization and has been kept uniform ever since. 

There is no restriction as to the number of pages in the reports. 

Paper is chosen by the executive council of "the State. The Survey 

is given a better quality of paper than most of the State departments, in order that the halftone illustrations may be printed in the 

body of the text.
58 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OP THE UNITED STATES.

The illustrations are selected by the Survey, but are subject to the 

approval of the executive council. The zinc plates and halftones 

used are made by a firm which has a contract with the State for all 

such work. All illustrations, except lithographed work, whether in the 

body of the text or separate, are printed by the State printer. There 

is no restriction upon the contents of the reports, except that they 

must be approved by the governor.

Lithographed maps are made under contract. Specifications are 

drawn by the Survey and the contract is awarded by the executive 

council.

The law gives the State geologist full control over the distribution 

of the reports. There is a rule of the geological board, however, that 

when the number of copies of a report has been reduced to 300 a price 

shall be charged for all future copies sent out. The executive council 

also holds in reserve 100 copies of each report and this number can 

not be drawn upon except by permission of the council. .

The mailing list comprises geologists and persons interested in 

geology, both in Iowa and in other States, as well as in many foreign 

countries; most of the State geological surveys and many other leading scientific organizations of the United States and foreign countries ; the public schools and public libraries of Iowa; numerous public libraries outside the State; and the schools and other institutions 

controlled directly by the State, as well as those under private or 

denominational management. In addition copies are sent to the 

various officers and departments of the State government. The list 

is kept alive by the requests of interested persons and organizations 

to be included, by supervision of the State geologist, and by requests 

from this Survey for exchanges.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. The Survey is carrying on several 

lines of work, which may be specified as follows: (a) Study of the 

areal geology of the State by counties. The State geologist is also 

preparing a report covering the areal geology of the State as a whole, 

and the assistant State geologist is preparing a similar report 6n the 

physiography of the State, (b) Investigation of the economic geology of the State by subjects. At present work is being prosecuted 

. on road materials, concrete materials, and water powers of the State. 

(<?) Investigation of underground water resources and collection.of 

well data, (d) Study of special problems, including, at present, the 

loess deposits of Iowa a,nd neighboring States and the distribution 

of the drift sheets of the State.

Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. The State 

Survey is cooperating with the Federal Survey in topographic map-
KANSAS. 59

ping and in the collection of mineral statistics. In the topographic 

mapping the State and Federal surveys allot equal sums for the 

Avork. The Federal Survey pays the salaries of permanent field 

employees, and the State Survey pays all field expenses and salaries 

of temporary employees. Thus far three quadrangles have been 

mapped and work on a fourth will be begun during the present 

season. All mapping is on the scale of 1:62,500. In the collection, 

of mineral statistics, blanks are sent to producers by the Federal Survey and the State Survey looks after delinquents. Duplicate copies 

of the individual reports are sent to the State Survey, and the data 

are compiled and the results published as a part of its annual report.

KANSAS.

PREVIOUS STJEVEYS.

FIRST GEOLOGICAL, SURVEY.

The first State Geological Survey of Kansas was authorized by 

an act of the State legislature in 1864. Section 1 of the act provided that the governor, with the consent of the senate, should appoint a State geologist, whose term of office should begin on March 

1, 1864, and end March 1, 1865. Section 2 provided that the State 

geologist should equip a proper laboratory, should procure necessary 

assistants, and should proceed to classify the rocks and soils of each 

county in the State; that he should visit and-analyze the salt springs 

already discovered, and use due diligence in discovering others; and 

that he should investigate the coal formations and other mineral 

deposits of the State by the various appliances known to the science 

of geology and mineralogy. It further provided that he should 

immediately report any discoveries of valuable deposits or other 

^materials of importance to the State, and that he should prepare 

and deposit with the State librarian a cabinet of correctly labeled 

geologic specimens illustrating the geology of the State. Section 3 

provided that during the month of November, 1864, the State geologist should deliver to the governor his annual report, which should 

contain a complete exposition of the work accomplished. Section 4 

provided that the State auditor should draw State warrants for the 

expenses of the Survey in such sums as in his opinion were necessary, not, however, to exceed $3,500 during the year. Section 5 provided that the State geologist should execute a bond to the State in 

the sum of $5,000, guaranteeing the faithful and proper performance 

of the duties of the office, and that he should take the ordinary oath 

of office. Section 6 provided that the governor should have power to 

remove the State geologist for incapacity or neglect of duty and to
60 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

fill any and all vacancies that might occur by death or otherwise. 

Section 7 provided that this act should be in force from and after its 

proper publication in the State paper. The act was approved by 

Governor Thomas Carney on February 10,1864.

Under the foregoing act the governor appointed Prof. B. F. Mudge 

State geologist, Maj. Frederick Hawn assistant geologist, Prof. 

G. C. Swallow paleontologist, Tiffin Sink chemist and.meteorologist, 

and C. A. Logan botanist. .

The first annual report of the Survey appeared in 1866 and consisted of a pamphlet of 56 pages.

SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

In 1865 the legislature passed a new act regarding the State Survey. Section 1 provided that the governor, with the consent of the 

senate, should appoint the State geologist, whose term of service 

should begin on the 1st day of March, 1865. ' No time limit was 

added to this appointment. Section 2 provided that $7.500 should 

be appropriated for the prosecution of the work during that year. 

Section 3 provided for the manner of payment by the State auditor, 

and section 4 provided that the act should take effect and be in force, 

from the date of proper publication. This act was approved by 

Governor S. J. Crawford on February 11: 1865. Under it the 

governor appointed Prof. G. C. Swallow State geologist, and all 

the assistants who served during the preceding year were continued. 

Prof. Mudge, however, was not reappointed to any position on the 

Survey. .

The State geologist of this Survey submitted a report consisting of 

162 pages, which was issued in pamphlet form in 1866,

The Succeeding legislature failed to make any appropriation for 

the bureau, so that the second Geological Survey continued during 

one year only.

At different times between 1866 and 1893 various citizens tried to 

revive the State Geological Survey, but each time without success. 

During that interval a bill was introduced for this purpose at almost 

every session of the legislature, showing that a very considerable 

interest in the matter was kept alive throughout the State

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present Survey is known as the State Geological Survey of 

Kansas; it was organized -in 1895, under the law of 1889, which was 

amended in 1907.
KANSAS. 61 

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The State legislature which met in 1889 in a meas.ure remodeled 

the laws governing the State University, and specified that one of the 

functions of the university was to organize and conduct a State Geological Survey. Preliminary work on the Survey was begun in 1893 

by Profs. Erasmus Haworth and S. W. Williston and their advanced 

students. By 1895 sufficient progress had been made to warrant the 

regents in formally organizing a State Geological Survey, which they 

did in accordance with the law of 1889 already mentioned.

The work of the Survey was for a number of years continued 

under the name, University Geological Survey of Kansas. At every 

session of the legislature a direct-appropriation was made for it by a 

bill independent of the general university appropriation bill.

, To meet the objection of certain members of the legislature that

the Survey was not established on a substantial legislative act, the 

legislature of 1907 passed a special act (chapter 395) providing for 

the permanent continuance of the Survey, for the officers of the 

same, and for the printing of its reports. Section 2 of this bill provides that the chancellor of the University of Kansas shall be ex 

officio director of the Survey and that the immediate work of the 

Survey shall be directed by the State geologist, who shall be appointed by the chancellor of the university and shall be a member of 

the department of geology of that institution. It also provides that 

he shall prepare and submit to the chancellor for publication all 

reports of the Survey. Section 3 provides that the State geologist 

shall prepare for publication and submit to the chancellor from time 

to time such reports on the geology of the State as he and the chancellor may consider advisable. Section 4 provides that the State 

printing board shall have printed 5,000 copies of each of the reports 

provided for in section 3 and makes further provision for the distribution of the reports. This act was approved March 9, 1907, and 

was officially published and became a law March 14, 1907.

ORGANIZATION..

The form of organization is outlined under the foregoing " Summary of laws." The compensation of officers and other employees is 

not mentioned in the law, all matters of that nature being left to the 

board of regents.

The chancellor of the University of Kansas is ex officio director of 

the Survey. The present chancellor is Frank Strong. Erasmus 

Haworth, at the head of the geological department of the university, 

is State geologist. He devotes about half of his time to the work of 

the Survey and the remainder to his university duties.
62 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUBVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The clerical work of the Survey is performed by the regular 

clerical force of the university, except the stenographic assistance, 

which is rendered by a special stenographer.

The number of geologic assistants varies from four to twelve. 

They usually are advanced students of the university; most of them 

work without other compensation than their field expenses and the 

credits which are given them toward degrees in the university. The 

chemical work is done in part by the chemical department of the 

university and in part by a special chemist employed for special 

purposes.

The Survey has done no topographic work. During the summers 

of 1895 and 1896 the entire force of the Survey was employed in 

investigating ground-water conditions in the western part of the 

State. Since then it has given little attention to the water resources.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations for the Survey were made by special acts of the 

legislature until after the passage of the act of 1907. Since the passage of that act the appropriations have been included in the general 

university budget. They are biennial in duration, as the State constitution prohibits. the legislature from making" continuous appropriations. Unexpended balances lapse into the State treasury July 1 

of each year.

The a>nnual appropriations for actual expenses in the field and 

laboratory and for the services of a stenographer have varied from 

$1,500 to $3,000 annually. All other clerical work, all printing, all 

office accommodations, power, light, heat, stationery, library facilities, etc., are provided by the university.

The annual appropriation is not divided into several parts. It is 

the practice of the Survey to undertake a definite piece of work and 

devote practically all appropriations to it until it is completed.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey comprise nine volumes, averaging 

about 500 pages each. Five of these are devoted to economic geology. 

Of the other four, one relates to the general stratigraphy of eastern 

Kansas, one to the general geology of western Kansas, and two to the 

Cretaceous and Carboniferous paleontology of the State.

The size of the edition is usually 5,000 copies. The volumes are 

bound in cloth.

From 1897 to 1903, inclusive, the Survey also issued a series of 

pamphlets on the mineral resources of Kansas. » 

The average annual cost of printing probably approximates $2,500 

a year. ,
MAINE. . .63

All printing must be done under the direction of the State printer, 

who may, if he desires, order any part of it done at other printing 

offices.

By laAv 750 copies of each report are delivered to the State legislators, 60 copies are delivered ±o the State Historical Society, and 

other copies are used in a world-wide exchange of publications. The 

citizens of the State are supplied with reports as long as they last, 

on the payment of postage.

The only mailing list that is kept is the exchange list.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent surveys. The Survey is at present directing its 

energies to a study of the clays of the State. The investigation preceding this was on coal-mine explosions, the report of which is nearly 

ready for the printer.

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. Cooperation 

with the Federal Survey is carried on in the collection of statistics of 

mineral production.

Other cooperative work. Recently cooperation to a small extent 

has been had with two outside organizations in a study of Permian 

paleontology.

MAINE.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

By act of the State legislature dated March 28, 1836, a geologic 

survey of the State of Maine was authorized. Charles T. Jackson 

was appointed State geologist. The investigation was continued 

during the following three years. The published results, considering 

the difficulties of transportation at that time and the nonexistence of 

accurate maps, are interesting. They include three annual reports, 

entitled "Geology of the State of Maine," and dated'1837, 1.838, and 

1839; a report entitled "Report of an exploration and survey of the 

territory on the Aroostook River; " and a report entitled " Second 

annual report of the geology of the public land's belonging to the two 

States of Maine and Massachusetts."

In 1861 and 1862 a detailed survey and report of the natural history and geology of the State was made by C. H. Hitchcock, geologist, and Ezekiel Holmes, naturalist. Reports on the zoolog}' and 

botany of the State were included, but the most interesting and detailed reports treated of the geologic resources.

In 1867 a hydrographic survey of the State was authorized by the 

legislature, the work being intrusted to Walter Wells. His report on 

the water resources "of the State and the location of water-power 

sites is considered an authority even to the present day. A large por-
64 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

v.

tion of the report consists of the description, by, towns, of developed 

water pOAvers and undeveloped power possibilities. The .fact .that 

there are more than 1,500 lakes in Maine, or 1 lake to each 20 square 

miles of territory,'.will give an idea of the magnitude of hydrographic 

surveys in the State.

PBESENT SURVEYS. 

TITLES AND DATES OF ORGANIZATION.

At the present time there are two organizations in the State working along geologic and hydrographic lines. They are known as the 

Maine State Survey Commission and the Maine State Water Storage 

Commission. The first organization was authorized by act of the 

State legislature dated March 16,1899. Its powers were subsequently 

amended and enlarged by an act approved March 23,1905. The creation of the State Water Storage Commission was authorized by act, 

of the legislature dated April 2, 1909.

SUMMARY- OF LAWS.

The following are the laws creating the two commissions described above:

An act to authorize a topographic survey of the State in cooperation with the 

United States Geological Survey.

[Laws of Maine, 1899, chap. 99.]

SECTION 1. That the governor be, and is hereby, authorized to appoint a 

commission, to consist of three citizens of this State, qualified by education and 

experience for such service, to confer with the Director or the representative 

of the United States Geological Survey and to accept its cooperation with this

State in the preparation aud completion of a contour topographic survey and 

map of this'State, which is hereby authorized to be made. Said commission 

shall serve without pay, bnt all its necessary expenses shall be approved by the 

governor and paid out of the .State treasury. Said commission shall have 

power to arrange with the Director or representative of the United States 

Geological 'Survey'concerning this survey and map, its scale, method of execution, form, aud all details of the work, in behalf of this State, and may accept 

or reject the work executed by the United States Geological Survey. And it is 

hereby provided that said map shall accurately show the outlines of all townships, counties, and extensive wooded areas in this State, as existing on the 

ground at the time of-the execution of these surveys; the location of all roads, 

railroads, streams,, canals, lakes, and rivers, and the location and height of all 

dams; and shall show by contour lines the elevation and depression of the surface of the country.

SEC. 2. Said commission may expend for the prosecution of this survey a 

sum equal to that to be expended upon the same work by the United States 

Geological Survey, not to exceed at the rate of $2,500 annually, for the years 

1899 and 1900, and the governor is hereby authorized to draw his orders on the 

State treasury for such portions thereof as may be required from time to time,
MAINE. ' 05

from moneys not otherwise appropriated, upon receipt of vouchers signed by 

not less than two members of the commission.

SEC. 3. For the purpose of making the surveys hereinbefore provided for, 

it shall be lawful for the persons employed in making the same to enter upon 

all lands within the boundaries of this State; but this act shall not be construed 

as authorizing any unnecessary interference with private rights.

Approved March 16/1899.

An act to amend an act authorizing a topographic survey of the State. 

[Laws of Maine, 1905, chap. 144.]

SECTION 1. The commission directed with the execution of this work shall 

hereafter be known as the State Survey Commission, the chairman of which 

shall be the State geologist, and shall include in its work- the topographic, 

hydrographic, arid geological surveys of the State as provided by acts and resolves of preceding legislatures. %

SEC. 2. Said commission is authorized to distribute without charge, for the use 

Of public libraries, and.'for other educational purposes, such maps and reports 

relating to the work of the commission as may become available.

SEC. 3. Said commission shall make report, biennially, to the governor and 

council, showing work accomplished, together with a detailed account of expenditures, and shall be authorized to print and distribute, from time to time, 

such report and bulletins as may in the judgment of said commissioners be 

immediately useful and profitable to the people of the State, the expense thereof 

to be chargeable to, and paid out of, the appropriation herein made.

SEC. 4. Said commission shall be reimbursed for all necessary expenses as 

approved' by the governor and council, and, in addition, the chairman shall be 

paid an annual salary of $600 and the remaining members of the commission 

each $300 annually.

SEC. 5. It is further provided that there shall be and hereby is appropriated 

for the work of said commission, including all expenses, the sum of $10,000 for 

the year 1905 and a like sum for the year 1906.

SEC. 6. All acts .and parts of acts inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed.

Approved March 23, 1905.

An act to create a State Water Storage Commission.

[Laws of Maine, 1909, chap. 212.]

SECTION 1. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, is authorized to appoint three citizens of the State, who, together with the governor 

and the State land agent, shall constitute a commission to be known as the 

State Water Storage Commission, of which the governor shall be chairman. 

As members of said commission they shall receive no salaries but- shall be paid 

their actual and necessary expenses incurred- in the performance of their 

duties and may employ a competent engineer. The office of the Commission 

shall be at the State house in the city of Augusta. The commission may appoint a secretary who shall be paid a salary not to exceed $600 per annum, 

who shall work in conjunction with the land agent.

SEC. 2. The commission shall proceed at once to collect information relating to the water powers of the State, the flow of rivers and their drainage 

nrea, the location, nature and size of the lakes and ponds in the State and their 

respective value and capacity as storage reservoirs, with a view to conserving 

and increasing the capacity of the water powers of the State. . , '

85645° Bull. 465 11 5
66 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

SEC. 3. The commission shall, so far as possible, work in conjunction with 

the State Survey Commission, and with such State Survey Commission join 

with the United States Geological Survey in making a topographic survey of 

the State in so far as it relates to the collection of data bearing on the water 

powers and water-storage reservoirs of the State. The State Survey Commission shall place at the disposal of the State Water Storage Commission all 

information, and copies of reports, maps, and plans collected by them and bearing on the hydrography of the State.

SEC. 4. Every person, firm, or corporation, before commencing the erection 

of a dam for the purpose of developing any water power in this State, or 

the creation or improvement of a water-storage basin or reservoir for the purpose of controlling the waters of any of the lakes or rivers of the State, shall 

file with said commission for its information and use copies of plans for the 

construction of any such dam or storage basin or reservoir and a statement 

giving the location, height, and nature of the proposed dam and appurtenant 

structures and the estimated power to be developed thereby, and in case a dam 

is to be constructed solely for the purpose of water storage and not for the 

development of a water power at its site, plans and statements shall be filed 

with the commission showing the. extent of the land to be flowed, the estimated 

number of cubic feet of water that may be stored, and the estimated effect upon 

the flow of the stream or streams to be affected thereby. Every person, firm, 

or corporation shall, as soon as practical after this act takes effect, file similar 

plans, reports, and estimates in relation to any dam or storage basin or reservoir then in process of construction by them.

SEC. 5. The commission shall present to the legislature on or before the 15th 

day of January, in the year of our Lord 1911, a report showing the progress 

made in its investigations to such an extent before January 1, in the year of 

our Lord 1911, as will enable it to present in its report a comprehensive and 

practical plan for the improvement and creation of such water-storage basins 

and reservoirs as will tend to develop and conserve the water powers of the 

State. The commission shall also report so far as its investigation will permit 

on the present development of the water powers in the State with reference to 

the general plan proposed, so that the legislature may have before it a comprehensive summary of the possibilities that lie in the development of the 

water powers in the State as a natural resource and the necessary steps that

should be taken by the State to further conserve and increase them.

SEC. 6. So far as any proposed plan devised by the commission for the 

improvement and increase of water-.storage basins or reservoirs shall include 

the construction of a dam or dams upon or at the headwaters of any river or 

watercourse, the commission shall ascertain and report as nearly as may be the. 

water-storage capacity in cubic feet of the reservoir to be created, the recorded 

rainfall on the watershed above such proposed dam, and the maximum, minimum, and average flow of water per second in cubic feet during each month in 

the year in said river or watercourse. They shall as nearly as practicable estimate the increased power that would be developed by such' proposed dam in 

the rivers or streams to be affected thereby.-

* * * * * * $

SEC. 8. The commission shall ascertain what townships or. parts of townships of land can be purchased by the State and the cost thereof, with air 

the necessary data for a correct understanding of their value as a forest reserve 

or for conserving the water powers of the State, or for reforestation, and shall 

further investigate the question of denuded, burnt over, or barren lands in the' 

State, their extent'and value, with a view to their purchase by the State for' 

reforestation.
MAINE. 67

SEC. 9. The sum of $5,000 for the year 1909 and $5,000 for the year 1910, 

or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any 

fund in the treasury of the State, not otherwise appropriated, to carry out the 

provisions of this act.

Approved, April 2, 1909.

ORGANIZATION.

The State Survey Commission is composed of three members, 

appointed by the governor, with no fixed term of office. The compensation of these commissioners is noted in the abstract of laws 

given above. The chairman of the commission, who is by law also 

State geologist, is C. Vey Holman.

The State Water Storage Commission is composed of five members, including the governor, the State, land agent, and three citizens 

of the State appointed by the governor. As members of this commission they receive no salaries but are paid the actual and necessary expenses incurred in the performance of their duties.

By an agreement dated December 1, 1909, between the Director 

of the United States Geological Survey, the chairman of the State 

Survey Commission, and the chairman of the State Water Storage 

Commission, the work of the three surveys in the State is. brought 

under one direction. This agreement provides for a cooperative 

survey of the natural resources of Maine, including the continuation of topographic mapping; a determination of the amount and 

availability of water resources, their present development, and the 

best methods of their future utilization, and the determination of 

geologic resources.

Under this agreement the executive officer is to be a duly appointed 

employee of the United States Geological Survey, with the title of 

district engineer. The present incumbent is Cyrus C. Babb, who 

was appointed by the Director of the United States Geological 

Survey December 8, 1909, the appointment being approved by the 

governor, Hon. Bert M. Fernald. Under the law the district engineer is required to establish his headquarters at the State capitol in 

Augusta, Me. His salary, which is annual, is determined by his 

appointment on the United States Geological Survey. through the 

United States Civil Service Commission, and under the terms of 

the agreement above described it may be paid from any of the allotments of the three organizations which are parties thereto.

Assistants are either appointed by the.executive officer or detailed 

from the United States Geological Survey and are classed as clerical, 

geologic, engineering, and topographic. One clerk only is employed, 

the appointment being made by the district engineer, and the compensation being from $40 to $50 a month. The geologic assistants are 

detailed by the Director of the United States Geological Survey as
68 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

required, the compensation being as determined by civil-service appointment. Those engaged in hydrographic surveys include the 

following: One assistant engineer, detailed from the United States 

Geological Survey on recommendation of the district engineer, compensation $1,600 to $1,800 per annum; two field assistants, appointed 

by the district engineer, compensation $60 to $75 a month; two 

junior topographers, detailed by the Director of the United States 

Geological Survey, salaries about $90 a month; one field assistant, 

either the professor of civil engineering in the State University or 

one of the assistant professors, compensation $75 to $150 a month; 

and the necessary field laborers. The topographers and assistant 

topographers engaged in the topographic surveys are detailed from 

the topographic branch of the United States Geological Survey, and 

their compensation is from $75 to $200 a month,

APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriations of the State organizations are made biennially, 

and in general unexpended balances lapse to the State treasury. 

Under a recent State law appropriations are not available until 90 

days after approval of the act by the governor. The old appropriations, however, are in force until the new ones are* available. 

Although the fiscal year ends December 31, the old appropriations 

usually do not lapse until about July 1. The appropriation of the 

State Survey Commission is contingent on cooperation with the 

United States Geological Survey; the appropriation of the State 

Water Storage Commission is not so restricted.

The annual appropriation for the Survey Commission is $10,000 

and of the Water Storage Commission $5,000. Under the terms of 

the cooperative agreement of December 1, 1909, the amount available 

for the current fiscal year, for topographic, geologic, and hydrographic investigations in the State is $23,000.

The expenditures, in percentages, are about as follows:

Per cent. 

Administration ____ ____ _ - _________ _______ 10

Topographic surveying_____________ __i_ 37

Geology _^___ . _ _ 8 

Gaging streams and surveying river profiles and lake storage 

basins___ __________ __ _____ 33

Investigations of water powers, developed and undeveloped_ 12

PUBLICATIONS.

The reports of the State Survey Commission are pamphlets of 8 to 

12 pages .each, giving in condensed form the results of the work during each biennial period. Five such biennial reports have been 

issued.
MARYLAND. 69

The State Water Storage Commission has not yet made a report. 

One of the purposes of its creation was to assemble all available data 

bearing on the water powers and water resources of the State in the 

files of the different bureaus of the National Government as well 

as in the State files, and present them in a comprehensive report for 

the use of the citizens of the State.

The results of the cooperative work of the State Survey Commission arid the United States Geological Survey have been published 

from time to time in the reports of the National Survey. Up to the 

present time the State organization has expended its money on field 

work.

PRESENT LINES OF AVORK.

The two State commissions are working in cooperation with the 

United States Geological Survey, as already described. The special 

lines of investigation are geologic surveys, topographic surveys, and 

investigations of water resources. The investigations of water resources, which are designed to conserve and increase the water powers 

of the State, include the collection of information relating to developed and undeveloped water powers, the flow of rivers and their 

drainage areas, and the location, nature, and size of the lakes and 

ponds and their value and capacity as storage reservoirs.

MARYLAND.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The first Geological Survey of Maryland dates from 1833, when, on 

March 6 and March 16, resolutions were passed by the general assembly of the State providing for the organization of official scientific 

work. Under the first resolution the governor and council were 

authorized to appoint a competent engineer to prepare "a plan and 

drawing for a complete map of Maryland," and also to make such 

" further examinations and surve}^s as may be requisite, for the purpose of exhibiting the prominent geographic and topographic features 

of the country; and also to collect such statistical information'as will 

be .useful and is generally exhibited on modern improved maps." 

Under the second resolution the governor and council were authorized 

to appoint a geologist "to act in conjunction with said engineer" and 

to "make the necessary geological researches and report to the governor and council before the next session of the general assembly, 

upon the expediency and the probable cost of a geological survey of 

the State." In accordance with these resolutions J. H. Alexander 

was appointed engineer and J. T. Ducatel geologist. The result of 

this preliminary survey formed the basis of a joint report to the general assembly, and on February 25, 1834, an act was passed "for
70 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OP THE UNITED STATES.

making a new and complete map and geological survey of this State," 

and Messrs. Alexander and Ducatel were again appointed engineer 

and geologist, respectively.

Maryland was thus the third State to establish an official Geological 

Survey, being preceded by only Massachusetts and Tennessee, 

although some beginnings had already been made by South Carolina 

and North Carolina. To Maryland, however, belongs the credit of 

being the first to undertake a topographic survey. It was stated at 

the time that one of the chief objects of establishing the Survey was 

to secure the cooperation of the Superintendent of the United States 

Coast and Geodetic Survey. Such a plan was perfected and subsequently carried out, evidently marking the beginning of the Federal 

and State cooperation in such matters which to-day prevails. Official 

reports and maps were issued by the Survey annually until 1842, 

when in February.of that year the general assembly .abolished the 

offices of engineer and geologist. A topographic map of the State 

had been made, on the scale of 1: 200,000, with 50-foot contour lines to 

the east and 100-foot contour lines to the west of Monocacy River. 

This map, however, was never published, but a manuscript copy still 

exists. Special maps of certain portions of the State were also prepared, the most detailed being a topographic map of Dorchester, 

Somerset, and Worcester counties on the. scale of 1:211,200, with 

4-foot contour lines. The geologic publications of this first Survey 

consisted chiefly of county geologic reports, which embraced accounts of the physical geography, stratigraphy, mineral resources, 

and agricultural conditions. The reports were brief, but added much 

to the existing knowledge of the geology of the State.

No further official geologic work was attempted in Maryland until 

the general assembly, in March, 1848, authorized the governor to 

appoint a State agricultural chemist. Although the act authorized 

an examination of the mineral deposits, no attempt was made to carry 

out this provision of the act until the appointment of Philip T. Tyson 

in 1858. Mr. Tyson, who was much interested in geologic problems, 

published in his first report, which appeared in 1860, a geologic map 

of the State, on the scale of 12 miles to the inch, which was by far the 

most complete representation of Maryland's geology that had been 

attempted up to that time. In this report he dwelt upon the importance of a knowledge of the geologic formations of the State as a 

basis for the determination of the character of the soils as well as 

for all industrial operations. To the limestones and marls he gave 

special attention. In his second and last report, issued in 1862, just 

prior to the repeal of the act establishing the office of State agricultural chemist, he devoted much more attention to the mineral resources 

of the State than in his earlier report.
MARYLAND. 71

No further attempt at a systematic investigation of the geology of 

the State was made until the organization of the.geologic department of Johns Hopkins University, in 1883, when Dr. George H. 

Williams began his connection with that institution as instructor in 

mineralogy. Dr. Williams devoted his attention particularly to a 

study of the crystalline rocks of the central portion of the State. 

In 1887 Dr. William Bullock Clark was added to the faculty of the 

university, as instructor in stratigraphic geology and paleontology, 

and he at once extended the geologic work to a study of the sedimentary formations of the eastern and southern portions of the 

State. The cooperation of the United States Geological Survey was 

secured, and Messrs. Williams and Clark were given appointments 

on the staff of the Federal Survey. Upon the death of Dr. Williams, 

in 1894, Dr. Edward B. Mathews was appointed to his position. 

Areal geology and special paleontologic and petrographic studies 

were continuously pursued until 1896, when the present State Geological Survey was organized, with Dr. Clark as State geologist and 

Dr. Mathews as assistant State geologist.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is designated the State Geological and 

Economic Survey; it was organized March 19, 1896.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

An act to establish a State Geological and Economic Survey, and to make provision for the preparation and publication of reports and maps to illustrate 

the natural resources of the State, together with the necessary investigations 

preparatory thereto.0

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the general assembly of Maryland, That there 

is hereby established a State Geological and Economic Survey which shall be 

under the direction of a commission composed of the governor, the comptroller, 

the president of .the Johns Hopkins University, and the president of the Maryland Agricultural College, who shall serve without compensation, but shall be 

reimbursed for. actual expenses incurred in the performance of their official 

duties; and the said commissioners shall have general charge of the Survey 

and shall appoint as superintendent of the same a geologist of established reputation, and upon his nomination such assistants and employees as they may 

deem necessary; and they shall also determine the compensation of all persons 

employed by the Survey, and may remove them at pleasure.

SEC. 2. And be it enacted, That the Survey shall have for its objects: 

1. An examination of the geological formations of the State, with special 

reference to their economic products, viz, building stones, clays, ores, and other 

mineral substances.

0 Laws of Maryland, 1896, chapter 51.
72 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

2. An examination and classification of the soils and a study of. their adaptability to particular crops.

3. An examination of the physical features of the State with reference to 

their practical bearing upon the occupations of the people.

4. The preparation of special geological and economic maps to illustrate the 

resources of the State.

5. The pi'eparation of special reports, with necessary illustrations and maps, 

which shall embrace both a general and detailed description of the geology 

and natural resources of the State.

6. The consideration of such other scientific and economic questions as in 

the judgment of the commissioners shall be deemed of value to the people of 

the State. .

SEC. 3. And be it enacted, That the commissioners shall cause to be prepared 

a report to the legislature before each meeting of the same, showing the progress and condition of the Survey, together with such other information as they 

may deem necessary and useful or as the legislature may require.

SEC. 4. And be it enacted, That the regular and special reports of the Survey, with proper illustrations and maps, shall be printed as the commissioners 

.may .direct, and that the reports shall be distributed or sold by the said commissioners as the interests of the State and of science demand, and all moneys obtained by the sale of the reports shall be paid into the State treasury.

SEC. 5. And be it enacted, That all material collected, after having served 

the purposes of the Survey, shall be distributed by the commissioners to the 

educational institutions in such manner as to be of the greatest advantage to 

the educational interests of the State; or, if deemed advisable, the whole or a 

part of such material shall be put on permanent exhibition.

SEC. 6. And be it enacted, That the sum of $10,000 annually, or so much 

thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any funds of the 

treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act.

SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect from the 

date of its passage.

The foregoing bill was introduced in the house January 9, 1896,

'was passed by that body February 18, by the senate March 11, and

received the signature of the governor March 19.

Two years after the organization of the Survey additional legislation was obtained for the furtherance of topographic surveying and 

, the publication of reports by the enactment of the following:

An act to provide for the making of topographic maps and for the publication of reports of the State Geological and Economic Survey, and to make an 

appropriation therefor.

[Laws of Maryland, 1S98, chapter 129.] '

SECTION!. Be it enacted by the general assembly of Maryland, That the 

commission established by the act of the general assembly of Maryland at the 

session of 1S96, chapter 51, be, and the same is hereby, authorized to make 

provision for the completion of the topographic survey of Maryland in such 

manner as in the opinion of the commission will be of the greatest benefit to 

the agricultural, industrial, geological, and military requirements of the State 

of Maryland.
MARYLAND. 73

SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the said commission be, and the 

. same is hereby, authorized to publish special reports dealing with the various 

mineral products and with the natural resources of each county of the State 

of Maryland.

SEC. 3. And for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act be it 

further enacted, That the sum of $5,000 annually, in addition to the amount 

appropriated by the act of the general assembly of Maryland at the session of 

1896, chapter 51, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be, and the same is 

hereby, appropriated out of any funds in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, and the said amount be drawn from the treasury by the said commission in the same manner as the other funds of the Survey.

SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect from the 

date of its passage.

The foregoing bill was introduced in the senate February 2, was 

passed by that body February 16, by the house March 17, and 

received the signature of the governor April 2.

For twelve years, from 1898 to 1910, the State Geological Survey 

maintained a highway division, but in 1910 the general assembly 

consolidated that division with a new.ly organized State Roads Commission. Under the act of 1898 an investigation of the roads and 

road-building materials of the State was undertaken, a testing laboratory was built, and advice was given by, the engineers of the 

Survey to State, county, and municipal authorities. Under this 

act $10.000 was appropriated annually. In 1904, however, further .legislation made available $400,000 annually from State and 

county funds for the construction of roads under the State Geological Survey, and in 1906 and 1908 special appropriations were made 

to the Survey for the construction of a road between Baltimore and 

Washington. Altogether about $2,000,000 was expended under the 

auspices of the Survey on road work, and the foundation was laid 

for the establishment of the present State Roads Commission, which 

has the expenditure of about $2,000,000 annually. Under the terms of 

the act establishing the Roads Commission, three out of its six members are appointed from the State Geological Survey, one of the three 

being State geologist. The influence of the Survey is thus being 

perpetuated, although the highway work is no longer carried on 

under its direct supervision.

ORGANIZATION.

The governing board is composed of the governor of the State, 

Austin L. Crothers; the State comptroller, William B. Claggett; the 

president of Johns Hopkins University, Ira Remsen; and the president of the.Maryland Agricultural College, R. W. Silvester. These 

are all ex officio appointments. The members of the board receive 

no compensation beyond their expenses.

The executive officer is the State geologist. The present incumbent 

is Prof. William Bullock Clark, who has held the office since March
74 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

25, 1896. The State geologist is appointed by the governing board. 

His term of office is indeterminate. His compensation, which is on 

a per diem basis, is fixed by the board. Dr. Edward B. Mat-hews is 

assistant State geologist.

With the exception of a secretary, shipping clerk, and office boy, 

all the employees may be classed as geologic, as the topographic, 

hydrographic, magnetic, agricultural soil, meteorologic, and forestry 

work of the Survey is carried on in cooperation with other State organizations or with Federal bureaus, and those engaged in the work 

are for the most part employees of those bureaus.

The geologic assistants consist. almost exclusively of instructors 

and graduate students in geology at Johns Hopkins University. The 

compensation is entirely on the per diem basis and varies with the 

ability of the workers to furnish results of value to the Survey* The 

number employed varies with the season of the year, but from 12 

to 15 are annually on the rolls for longer or shorter periods. No 

civil-service examinations are required, and the appointments are 

left to the State geologist, subject to the approval of the board.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriations are continuing and are not contingent on cooperation. All unexpended balances are carried to the next fiscal 

year and do not lapse to the State treasury. The annual- appropriation is $15,000. Fully 90 per cent is devoted to geologic aiid topographic surveys, paleontologic studies, and publication. The remainder is devoted to special investigations. The topographic survey of the State is now nearly completed, and although conducted 

on behalf of the State, under the direction of the State geologist, the 

expense has been shared by the highway division of the State Geological Survey, the State Weather Service, and the State Forestry 

Bureau, of all of which the State geologist has also been the executive officer.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the present State Survey comprise volumes 1 

to 9 of general reports, 3 volumes of systematic geology and paleontology (Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene-Pleistocene), 6- volumes of 

county reports (Allegany, Garrett, Cecil, St. Marys. Calvert, and 

Prince Georges counties), a guide to the State mineral exhibit, 3 

State maps (on scales of 8, 5, and 3 miles to the inch), 18 county 

maps (scale 1 mile to the inch), and a map of Baltimore and vicinity. 

The size of the edition has varied from 1,500 for the county reports 

and the volumes of systematic geology and paleontology to 2,500 for 

the general reports and 5,000 for the guide to the mineral exhibit. 

The maps are usually published in editions of 5,000 each.
MARYLAND. 75

The cost of printing reports and maps is defrayed from the Survey, 

appropriation and varies widely from year to year. The Survey 

has full control of all matters connected with the printing of maps 

and reports. No limitations of any kind exist. The Survey also 

has full control over the distribution of reports and maps, which 

are sent to all leading libraries, scientific societies, and many prominent geologists both at home and abroad. An extensive exchange 

has been established.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

The Survey is engaged independently in a study of the geology 

Of the State, including primarily stratigraphy, paleontology, and 

. mineral resources. The geologic formations are being mapped as fast 

as the topographic base maps are completed. These are on a scale of 

1 mile to the inch. Special monographs dealing with the systematic 

geology and paleontology of the State are likewise being prepared. 

In addition to the volumes on the Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene, and 

Pleistocene already issued, manuscripts are nearly completed for the 

Devonian, Upper Cretaceous, and Lower Cretaceous. Special economic studies of the building stones, coals, clays, and limestones 

have already been published and a manuscript on iron ores is now 

in press.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Surrey. The State Geological Survey 

cooperates with the United States Geological Survey in its topographic work, in certain areal geologic surveys in the central portion of the State, and in the collection of mineral statistics. Special 

cooperation has also been undertaken in connection with some of the 

paleontologic studies. Preliminary arrangements have also been 

made for a study of the swamps adjoining Chesapeake Bay.

Other departments of the National Government. For many years 

cooperation has been maintained with the United States Bureau of 

Soils and the United States .Coast and Geodetic Survey. The cooperation with the Soils Bureau has been in the preparation of 

agricultural soil maps of. the several counties, with accompanying 

descriptive texts, which have been incorporated in the county reports. 

The cooperation with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 

has been in the establishment of North-South lines at the county 

seats and in the preparation of reports on the terrestrial magnetism 

of the State, which have been published in the general reports and 

the county reports. This work is now being done under the auspices 

of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Cooperation was main-
76 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY.S OF THE UNITED STATES.

tained for several years with the United States Forest Service, but 

this work is now carried on through the medium of the State board 

of forestry.

Other State geological surveys. No 'direct cooperation has been 

undertaken with other State geological surveys, although close affili^ 

atiQji has been maintained with the surveys of Virginia and North 

Carolina, especially in the study of the deposits of the Coastal Plain.

Other State scientific bureaus. Cooperation is maintained with 

the State Weather Service in the preparation of reports on the 

climate of the State, which have been issued in the county reports, 

and with the State Board of Forestry in the preparation of maps 

and reports on the forests of the various counties.

MICHIGAN.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The first State Geological Survey of Michigan was organized in 

1837, the act establishing it carrying an appropriation of $3,000 for 

the first year: During the three succeeding years annual appropriations of $6,000, $8,000, and $12,000, respectively, were made to carry 

on the work. Douglass Houghton was State geologist during the 

life of the first Survey. The results of the work are contained in five 

annual reports, the last bearing the date of 1842, all of which were 

published in' the State senate and house documents. At the end of 

the fourth year no further provision for the Survey was made and 

the work ceased.

Geologic work in Michigan was resumed in 1859, when the second 

Geological Survey was organized, under the direction of Pro if. Alexander Winchell, but this was quickly interrupted by the outbreak

of the civil war. The only publication was a first biennial report of 

progress, which was issued in 1861.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the Michigan Geological and 

Biological Survey; it was organized under the law of 1869,'which 

was slightly modified in 1905. ' '

HISTORICAL SKETCH. .- .,'

i ' " ' '

By act of the State legislature of 1869, which continues in force 

to the present time, the board of geological survey, consisting of 

the governor, the superintendent of public instruction, and the1 president of the board of education, was constituted. This board was 

authorized to " supervise the continuance and completion of the
MICHIGAN. . 77

geological survey of the State, and for that purpose they may, from 

time to time, appoint such person or persons to assist in makingsaid survey as may be deemed necessary." 

The first executive officer under this act was Alexander Winchell, 

who on April 24, 1869, was appointed " director of the Geological 

Survey of Michigan." The following year the director was authorized to employ Prof. Raphael Pumpelly " to take charge and conduct 

a survey of the copper regions."

In 1871 Prof. Winchell resigned and Carl Rominger was appointed 

to make a survey of the Lower Peninsula and of the eastern part of 

the Upper Peninsula during the years 1871 and 1872, and Maj. T. B. 

Brooks was engaged to continue a survey of the iron regions during 

the.same period.

In 1872 a contract was awarded for the publication of 200 copies of 

volume 1 of the State Survey reports. This was the first of the Series 

generally known as the " large green volumes," the publication of 

which was .discontinued with volume 9, issued in 1902.

During the year 1873 Dr. Rominger, with two field parties, investigated the coal beds of the State. During the following year Rominger's investigations were confined more especially to timber, soil, 

water supply, elevations, etc., with a view to making popular reports, 

on these subjects.

In 1885 Charles E. Wright was appointed State geologist for one 

year, beginning March 1. Subsequently he was reappointed and 

held the position until the spring of 1888, when he was succeeded by 

M. E. Wadsworth, who held the office until July 1, 1893. Mr. Wadsworth was followed by Dr. L. L. Hubbard, who served as State 

geologist until his resignation in 1899, when Dr. Alfred C. Lane, who 

had been assistant State geologist during Hubbard's entire term of 

office, was appointed to fill the position. Dr. Lane continued as State 

geologist until September 1, 1909, when he resigned, and R. C. 

Alien, the present incumbent, was appointed to the office.

SUMMARY OP LAWS.

The purpose for which the Survey was established, as stated in the 

act creating it, is as follows:

It shall be the duty of said board to make, or cause to be made, a thorough' 

geological aucl ruineralogical survey of the State, embracing a determination 

of the succession and arrangement, thickness, and position of all strata and 

rocks, their mineral character and contents, and their economical uses; an 

investigation of soils and subsoils, and the determination of their character 

and agricultural adaptation; the investigation of all deposits of brines, coal, 

marl, clay, gypsum, lime, petroleum, and metals and metallic ores, building 

stone, marble, gritstone, materials for mortar and cement, mineral paint, anc1, 

all other productions of the geological world within the limits of the State, 

capable of being converted to the uses of man.
78 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

It shall be the duty of said board to furnish an annual report of the progress 

of the survey, and as often as possible a condensed statement of important and 

interesting facts for general circulation.

To carry into effect the provisions of the act above quoted the 

sum of $8,000 was appropriated annually until the completion of 

the survey, no part of the appropriation to be used for the printing 

of reports.

In 1905 the legislature extended the functions of the board of 

geological survey by directing it to make, under the general direction 

of the State geologist appointed by the board, " a thorough biological 

survey of the State, embracing a determination of the range and 

distribution of the various plants and animals inhabiting the State 

and the relation to their environment and the welfare of man." 

This act carried an annual appropriation of $1,000 for two years, 

for the purpose of making the biologic survey, and this appropriation was renewed by the sessions of 1907 and 1909. The act provides 

that no part of the appropriation shall be used for the printing of 

reports.

ORGANIZATION.

By the act of 1869 the governing board is called board of geological survey and is composed of the governor, the superintendent 

of public instruction, and the president of the board of education, 

who serve ex officio. At present the personnel of the board is as 

follows: President, Hon. Chase S. Osborn, governor of the State; 

vice president, Hon. D. M. Ferry, president of State Board of Education; secretary, Hon. L. L. Wright, superintendent of public instruction. The members of the board do not receive compensation 

for their services.

The board is empowered to engage such persons as it may deem 

wise, without civil-service intervention, and to fix the compensation 

of employees. The term of office of the director (State geologist) is 

indefinite. He receives an annual salary.

The present staff of the Survey consists of the director, an assistant 

geologist, a chief field naturalist (in charge of biologic survey), and a 

secretary. R. C. Alien is the director. College professors and advanced students are given temporary positions in the field during the 

field season, and occasionally the students are employed in drafting 

and other office work.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Under the law of 1869 the sum of $8,000 is appropriated annually 

until the completion of the work of the Survey. In addition, the 

legislatures of 1905, 1907, and 1909 appropriated $1,000 annually for 

the biologic work of the Survey, and during the last decade various 

amounts, averaging about $2,000 annually, have been appropriated
MICHIGAN. 79

for cooperation with the United States Geological Survey in the 

preparation of topographic maps.

Unexpended balances lapse to the State treasury at the end of the 

fiscal year (June 30), but bills contracted before that date will be 

paid from unexpended balances up to December 15.

About 50 per cent of the general appropriation (.$8,000) is expended for administrative work. The remainder is used for geologic field work, traveling expenses, office incidentals, etc.

The appropriation for cooperative topographic work is expended 

mainly in field work.

Of the $1,000 apropriated annually for the biologic survey, the 

chief field naturalist receives an annual salary of $400; the remainder 

is expended in field work, including salaries of assistants.

PUBLICATIONS.

Since the organization of the present Survey in 1869 a large number of publications have been issued. These include two brief progress reports (published in 1869 and 1871) ; a series of detailed reports 

on the general and economic geology of the State, comprising 

volumes 1 to 9, inclusive, published between 1873 and 1902; a series 

of annual reports, comprising 12 volumes; two annual reports devoted 

to the work of the biologic survey; and publications 1, 2, and 3 of a 

new series. These publications include reports, of both a general and 

a detailed nature, on the areal, stratigraphic, economic, and paleontologic geology of different sections of the State, or of the State 

as a whole.

The board of geological survey has full control over the distribution of reports. Publications are sent to educational institutions in 

the State without charge, and to individuals, for purposes of instruction, on receipt of transportation charges. To nonresidents a regular 

charge is made. All moneys received from the sale of reports are 

paid into the State treasury.

The printing of all reports is executed by the State printer, who 

holds a two-year contract for all State work. The cost of printing 

is paid from a general fund and does not come out of the Survey 

appropriation.

PKESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. At present the Survey is primarily engaged in an investigation of the salt industry of the State, and in 

geologic surveys of the Huronian areas in the Northern Peninsula and 

of the copper district. The biologic work of the present season will 

consist of a botanical survey of the peach belt of western Michigan.

Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. The topographic survey of the State is conducted in cooperation with the 

Federal Survey, with a joint appropriation of $4,000,
80 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

MINNESOTA. 

HISTOEICAL SUMMARY.

The Minnesota State legislature of 1872 passed an act creating the 

Geological and Natural History Survey, and for 33 years the work 

of this organization was prosecuted with varying vigor and support. 

This law, which was drawn by President William Watts Folwell, of 

the University of Minnesota, was very comprehensive in its scope. It 

provided for explorations in geology, geography, archeology, zoology, botany, and topography, the preparation of a map of the State, 

and the establishment of a geologic and natural'history museum. In 

fact, it provided for one of the most comprehensive surveys that was 

ever organized in this or any other country, but since the establishment of this Survey many other surveys of equally wide scope have 

been established. The law creating this survey read as follows:

SECTION 1. It shall be the duty of the board of regents of the University of 

Minnesota to cause to be begun as soon as may be practicable, and to carry on, 

a thorough geological and natural history survey of the State.

SEC. 2. The geological survey shall be carried on with a view to a complete . 

account of the mineral kingdom, as represented in the State, including the 

number, order, dip, and magnitude of the several geological strata; their richness in ores, coals, peats, clays, salines and mineral waters, marls, cements, 

building stones, and other useful materials; the value of said substances for 

economical purposes, and their accessibility; also an accurate chemical analysis 

of the various rocks, soils, ores, clays, peats, marls, and other mineral substances, of which complete and exact record shall be made.

SEC. 3. The natural-history survey shall include, first, an examination of the 

vegetable productions of the State, embracing all trees, shrubs, herbs, and 

grasses, native or naturalized in the State; second, a complete and scientific' 

account of the animal kingdom, as properly represented in the State, including 

all mammals, fishes, reptiles, birds, and insects.

SEC. 4. The said surveys and examinations shall be made in the manner and 

order following: First, the geological survey proper, together with the necessary and implied mineralogical investigations, all of which shall be undertaken as soon as may be practicable and be carried forward with such expedition as may be consistent with economy and thoroughness; second, the botanical 

examinations; third, the zoological investigations: Provided, however, That 

whenever the said board of regents may find it most economical to prosecute 

different portions of the surveys in conjunction, or that the public interest demands it, they may, in their discretion, depart from the above-prescribed order. 

And in the employment of assistants in the said surveys, the board of regents 

shall at all times give the preference to the students and graduates of the University of Minnesota, provided the same be well qualified for the duties. '

SEC. 5. The said board of regents shall also cause to be collected and tabulated such meteorological statistics as may be needed to account for the varieties 

of climate in the various parts of the State; also to cause to be ascertained 

Thy] barometrical observations or other appropriate means the relative elevations and depressions of the different parts of the State; and also, on or before 

the completion of the said surveys, to cause to be compiled from such actual 

surveys and measurements as may be necessary, an accurate map of the State,
MINNESOTA. 81

which map, when approved by the governor, shall be the official map of the 

State.

SEC. 6. It shall be the duty of said board of regents to cause proper specimens, skillfully prepared, secured, and labeled, of all rocks, soils, ores, coals, 

fossils, cements, building stones, plants, woods, skins, and skeletons of animals, birds, insects, and fishes, and other mineral, vegetable, and animal substances and organisms discovered or examined in the course of said surveys to 

be preserved for public inspection free of cost in the University of Minnesota, 

in rooms convenient of access and properly warmed, lighted, ventilated, and 

furnished and in charge of a proper scientific curator; and they shall also, 

whenever the same may be practicable, cause duplicates in reasonable numbers 

and quantities of the above-named specimens to be collected and preserved 

for the purpose of exchanges with other State universities and scientific 

institutions, of which latter the Smithsonian Institution at Washington shall 

have the preference.

SEC. 7. The said board of regents shall cause a geological map of the State 

to be made as soon as may be practicable, upon which, by colors and other 

appropriate means and devices, the various geological formations shall be 

represented.

SEC. 8. It shall be the duty of the said board of regents, through their president, to make, on or before the second Tuesday in December in each and every 

year, a report showing the progress of the said surveys, accompanied by such 

maps, drawings, and specifications -as may be necessary and proper to exemplify the same to the governor, who shall lay the same before the legislature; 

and the said board of regents, upon the completion of any separate portion of 

the said surveys, shall cause to be prepared a memoir or final report, which 

shall embody in a.convenient manner all useful and important information 

accumulated in the course of the investigation of the particular department 

or portion; which report or memoir shall likewise be communicated through 

the governor to the legislature.

SEC. 9. To carry out the provisions of. this act the sum of $1,000 per annum 

is hereby appropriated, to be drawn and expended by the [said] board of 

regents of the University of Minnesota.

SEC. 10. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its approval.

After the passage of this act and its approval by Governor Austin 

in 1872, Newton H. Winchell was appointed State geologist. For 

28 years, or until the year 1900, the survey was prosecuted vigorously 

under his direction, and it proved to be one of the most successful 

investigations ever undertaken in the State. The publications comprised 24 volumes of annual reports, giving from year to year a statement of the work carried on in the prosecution of the survey; 10 

bulletins, published at different times, giving special results of explorations; and a final report, consisting of five volumes of text and 

one volume of maps, giving a summary of the information gained for 

the benefit of the Commonwealth.

In 1873 the legislature enacted a supplementary law, under which

certain State lands, known -as State salt lands, were assigned to the

board of regents, the money derived from the sale of the lands to be

disbursed by the board of regents in accordance with the law authorS5645 0 Bull. 465 11 6
82 -STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

izing the Geological and Natural History Survey of the State. This 

law also increased the annual appropriation for the maintenance of 

the Survey from $1,000 to $2,000 annually. .

In 1900 the geologic work under the Geological and Natural 

History Survey was formally discontinued, but the botanical and 

zoologic work was continued for a number of years, under varying 

appropriations. Occasional geologic explorations were also authorized. These were placed under the direction of Prof. C. W. Hall, 

who up to the present time has continued to look after the collections of the Survey and to attend to the geologic correspondence.

In 1905, by the codification of the laws of the State, the act creating the Geological and Natural History Survey was abolished, 

thereby blotting out the legislation under which scientific explorations had been conducted for 33 years. The funds which had 

accumulated from the sale of salt spring lands were, however, left in 

the hands of the board of regents, to be used by them in scientific 

explorations. Although, the amount of these funds is not large, it 

has been most helpful in aiding scientific work along the original 

lines of the survey, particularly zoologic and botanic research.

During the many years of prosecution of field work by the Survey 

a vast amount of 'geologic material was gathered for the laboratory 

investigations incident to the preparation of reports. Under the law 

this material was to belong to the scientific museum, which the board 

of regents was authorized to build up. Owing to a lack of funds and 

the growth of the university it has not been possible to put this 

material in the shape of a useful, practical museum, but it is stored 

for use as soon as the resources of the regents shall permit them to 

give the space required for its display.

MISSISSIPPI.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

An act of the legislature of Mississippi entitled "An act to further 

endow the University of Mississippi," approved March 5, 1850, was 

the first authorization of a geologic survey of the State. Under this 

law the trustees of the university elected Dr. John Millington, at. 

that time professor of natural sciences at that institution, as the first 

State geologist and B. L. C. Wailes as assistant State geologist.

This first survey was not only a geologic and agricultural survey, 

but contemplated a complete biologic. survey of the .State as well. 

Dr. Millington was too old to do active field work,.and the prosecution of .the,survey fell principally upon Prof. Wailes. Much work 

of a reconnoissance character was done by Prof. Wailes in an effort 

to unfold the geologic structure of the State, large collections of 

specimens were made, and a State museum was established. The
MISSISSIPPI. 83

fossils collected were chiefly from the Jackson and Vicksburg formations and were determined by T. A. Conrad. When the report was 

ready for publication in 1854 it embodied so largely the results.of 

Prof. Wailes's work that Dr. Millington thought that to publish it 

under his own name would be an injustice to his coworker. His 

recommendation that it be published in Wailes's name was adopted, 

and the publication is known as " Wailes's report on agriculture and 

geology of Mississippi." 

In 1854 Lewis Harper succeeded Wailes as State geologist and 

Eugene W. Hilgard was appointed assistant State geologist. During 

the next three years the work of the Survey was carried on by these 

meri, chief attention being given to the economic aspects of the investigations. The results are embodied in a report on the agriculture 

and geology of Mississippi published in 1857.

In 1857 Hilgard succeeded Harper as State geologist. He was preeminently well qualified for the work. Educated in Germany, he 

had thorough and special training in chemistry and agricultural 

science, besides being an accomplished geologist. He studied the 

geologic structure of the State and the economic products and soils 

thoroughly and accurately. He made large and valuable collections 

of specimens, which are now in the cabinets of the State University.

As a result of his studies, Hilgard in 1860 published a most creditable report on the geology and agriculture of Mississippi. The civil 

war broke out before the reports were received from the St. Louis 

publisher, and not until after the close of the war were they put 

into circulation. ' ; ' ,

: During the civil war appropriations for the Survey stopped, except 

the $1,200 salary of the State geologist, which, though small,'was 

continued in appreciation of the valuable services which Dr. Hilgard 

had given the State.

After the close of the war, owing to the general financial depression^ no further appropriations for-the geologic survey were made, 

though Hilgard continued to serve as State geologist until 1869, 

being assisted by'Eugene A. Smith and It'. H. Loughridge. la 1869 

Hilgard resigned his work in Mississippi and went to Michigan. He 

was succeeded as State geologist by Dr. George Little, of Alabama, 

who was assisted by E. A. Smith. Though valuable field notes were 

collected by Drs. Little and Smith, no reports were published by 

them. The Survey lacked financial support and died a natural death..

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the Geologic, Economic, and

'Topographic Survey of Mississippi'; it was created toy act of legis1

Jature of March, 1906. A. F. Crider was director from 19Q6 to 19Q9,
84 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The objects of the Survey as embodied in the act are as follows: 

To examine the economic natural resources of the State; to prepare 

a topographic map of the State; to examine and classify the soils 

of the State; to investigate the water.resources of the State; to examine and report on road-making materials of the State; to examine 

the physical features of the State in their relations to the occupations 

of the people; to prepare such other special geologic reports as 

may be necessary; and to consider any other kindred scientific and 

economic questions.

In May and November of each year the geological commission 

meets and receives the report of the Director of the Survey. The 

commission in turn is required to report to the legislature at each 

regular and special session the progress of the work of the Survey.

The geological commission has general supervision of the work of 

the Survey in administrative matters; but the technical details of 

the work, the assignment of work to assistants, and the supervision 

of that work are left to the director of the Survey.

Persons engaged in the work of the Survey are privileged to enter 

upon and investigate any lands within the State and are protected 

by law in the performance of their official duties.

ORGANIZATION.

The governing board is the geological commission, consisting of 

five members the governor of the State, the State superintendent of 

education, the director of archives and history, the chancellor of 

the State University, and the president of the State Agricultural 

and Mechanical College. These officers are ex officio members of the 

commission and serve during the tenure of their respective offices. 

With the exception of the secretary of the commission, who receives 

$25 a month, the members receive no compensation for their services.

The executive officer is designated director of the State Geological 

Survey'. The present incumbent is E. N. Lowe, who was appointed 

by the commission June 4, 1909. The director can not hold any 

other office and is required to give his whole time to the work of' 

the Survey. His term of office is not limited. He is paid an annual 

salary, which is fixed by the commission.

The following subordinates are employed: One clerk and four 

geologic and other assistants. One university professor and two 

advanced students have been employed by the Survey during the 

present year.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are biennial and are not contingent upon cooperation. Unexpended balances revert to the State treasury immediately 

on the expiration of the year. The. annual appropriation is $8,000,
MISSISSIPPI. 85

of which $2,000 is for salary of director and $6,000 for salaries of 

assistants and expenses. The expenditures are made in about the 

following proportions:

; Per cent.

Administrative and routine clerical work_ _ _ __ 15 

Economic, stratigraphic, and areal geology and underground

water resources. _ __ _.. 28 

Chemistry .. - 2 

Soil survey _ - - 55

Clerical assistance in the office is limited to the summer season, 

when the director is much of the time in the field. The soil survey 

is continued throughout the year, but all other field work is largely 

cut down during the winter.

PUBLICATIONS.

All publications of the Survey are in the form of bulletins. Eight 

of these have thus far been published, in editions of 2,000 copies each.

For the first three years the cost of printing averaged $1,665 a year 

and was paid out of the State printing fund. In March, 1910, a 

geologic printing fund of $1,000 a year was provided.

The Survey has absolute freedom as regards printing, except choice 

of printer. The State printer does the printing for the Survey under 

a general contract with the State.

The Survey, has entire control of the distribution of reports. They 

are sent free, aside from postage, to intelligent citizens all over the 

State, to the related departments of the State government, to the 

higher educational institutions in the State, to the United States 

Geological Survey and related departments at Washington,, to all 

State surveys which desire to exchange, to all geologists expressing a 

desire for them, to the higher educational institutions of the country, 

to public libraries, and to foreign geological surveys desiring to 

exchange.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. /The Survey is at present engaged 

primarily in an investigation of structural materials in the State and 

in a study of the soils with special reference to erosion and 1 the 

methods of preventing it.

.Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. Cooperation 

is maintained with the Federal Survey in the study of the Coastal 

Plain deposits of Mississippi and the water resources of the State.

Cooperation with United States Bureau of. Soils. In cooperation 

with the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture, a classification of the soils of the State is in progress, the
86 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

basis of cooperation being that each bureau shall furnish the same 

number of men, and each field party shall consist of one man from 

the Federal Bureau and one man from the State Survey.

MISSOURI.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS. 

FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

The act creating the first Geological Survey of Missouri was approved by the governor February 24, 1853. .Under this act .the governor was authorized to. appoint a State geologist, who, with assistants, was to make^a thorough geologic and mineralqgical survey of 

the State. Prof. G. C. Swallow, of Maine, was appointed to the 

position, and organized the department the same year. Under his 

direction the Survey continued active operations until 1861, when 

it was discontinued because of the civil war.

 -The publications of the- first Survey consisted of the " First and 

second-annual reports," published in 1855 as one volume divided into 

two-parts, part 1 containirrg. 207 pages and part 2 containing 240 

pages; the third, fourth, and fifth progress reports, consisting of 

small brochures; and a special report of 93 pages, published in 1859. 

entitled "Geological report of the country along-the line of the 

Southwest Pacific Railroad, State of Missouri."-

. SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. . i .......

The second Geological Survey was created in May, 1870,' by the 

passage and approval of an act which established a " Mining, Metallurgical, and Geological- Bureau," with headquarters at St. Louis. 

By this act the governor was authorized to appoint a governing 

board, consisting of one member from each congressional district. 

This board appointed Albert D. Hager to the position of State 

geologist. Mr. Hager resigned-in August,-1871, when Dr. J. G. 

Norwood was placed in temporary charge. On November 25, of 

that year, Raphael Pumpelly was appointed State geologist. He 

served until May, 1872, when, on his resignation, Prof. G. C. 

Broadhead was appointed to the office. Prof; Broadhead resigned 

in 1874, when the instruments and records of the Survey ; were 

moved to Rolla, Mo., and placed in charge of Prof. Charles Williams, 

who was made acting director. The second. Survey was abolished 

in 1876.

.-.. The publications of the second Survey consisted of a volume of 

county reports (324 pages) covering work done between 1855 and 

1871;. Hager's annual report (23 pages), published in 1871; Pumpelly's report (655 pages and atlas), published in 1872; Broadhead's 

report (734 pages), published in 1874; and Williams's report (177 

pages), published in 1876.
MlSSOtlM. ' 87 

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the Bureau of Geology and 

Mines; it was organized under an act approved May 13, 1889.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

By the provisions of the act of May 13, 1889, the organization and 

direction of the work of the Bureau are under the supervision of the 

board of managers, consisting of the governor, who is ex officio 

president of the board, and four members appointed by the governor from the State at large. On August 29, 1889, Arthur Winslow 

was appointed director and State geologist, and he .served until 

1894. On his resignation Prof. C. R. Keyes was appointed to the 

position, and he served until 1897. On his resignation Dr. John 

Gallaher, of Warrensburg, was appointed, and he served until his 

death, which occurred July 21, 1900, when his son, Leo Gallaher, 

was made acting State geologist. In September,. 1901, Dr. E. R. 

Buckley was appointed director and State geologist. He resigned 

in May, 1908, at which time he was succeeded by H. A. Buehler, the 

present incumbent.

SUMMARY OF LAWS AND ORGANIZATION.

As stated above, the work of the Bureau is under the supervision 

of the board of managers, the members of which are appointed 

for a term of four years and receive no compensation other than 

traveling expenses. ' -..- 

The executive officer under whose supervision the work of the 

Survey is performed is called director and State geologist. He is 

appointed by the board and serves until his successor is chosen. The 

appointment and removal of assistants are optional with the director 

and are without civil-service restrictions. The salary of the director 

is fixed by law at " not to exceed $3,000,"'and the salary of the assistant State geologist at " not to exceed $1,800." The salaries of the 

remaining employees are regulated by the board of managers.

The director and from three to five assistants devote their entire 

time to the work of the Bureau. Usually several temporary assistants 

are employed during the field season. At present only a small proportion of the work is performed by college professors or advanced 

students. A chemist and a draftsman are employed continuously, 

and a stenographic clerk has charge of the office work. Additional 

office assistants are employed from time to time as required.
88 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The Bureau receives a biennial appropriation, which is not conditional upon cooperation. If the entire appropriation is not expended 

during the biennial period the sum remaining reverts at once to the 

State treasury. The appropriation during the present biennium is 

$12,500 annually for geology and $5,000 annually for topography.

The appropriation is expended approximately as follows:

Per cent. 

Administration.__________ ___________ ____ 15

Topographic surveys_________________________ 30

Economic and stratigraphic geology_______________ 35 

Statistics________________________.._____ 2

Chemistry _______________________________ 5

Miscellaneous __________± ________________ 3 

Publications_____________: ______________ 10-20

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the present Geological Survey of Missouri 

comprise a first series of geologic reports numbering 13 volumes, a 

second series of geologic reports numbering 9 volumes, and a series 

of biennial progress reports submitted by the director to the board 

of managers and by. the board transmitted to the legislature. The 

geologic reports are chiefly of an economic nature, but include several 

county reports, two volumes on the paleontology of Missouri, two volumes on the areal geology, and one volume on the surface features 

of the State. The edition of the geologic reports is usually 3,000 

copies. The cost of printing is paid out of the Survey 'appropriation.

All manuscripts are submitted to a publication committee, consisting of two members of the board of managers. After receiving their 

approval the reports are published under the direct supervision of the 

State geologist. The printing is done by the State printer.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

During the present biennial period the Bureau has the following 

investigations under way:

Independent investigations. A study of the iron ores of the State, 

geologic mapping in Jackson County, a study of the Aurora lead and 

zinc area, reconnoissance work along the southern boundary of the 

State, and geologic mapping in Phelps County.

Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. The

 Bureau is cooperating with the Federal Survey in a study of the

*' Coal Measures," in statistical work covering mineral production, 

in the collection of deep-well records, and in topographic mapping.
STATE GEOLOGICAL SUBVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. 89

NEBRASKA. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

The first attempt to establish a Geological Survey in Nebraska was 

made in 1891, when the present State geologist, Edwin H. Barbour, 

who had recently become a resident of the State, was appointed State 

geologist by Gov. Thayer. The appointment was purely an honorary one, there being no funds available for the payment of either 

salary or expenses. The newly appointed State geologist therefore 

defrayed his OAVH expenses the first year. In 1892 the Hon. Charles 

H. Morrill proffered an annual allowance of $1,000 for the maintenance of geologic work in the State.

In 1893 the State legislature enacted that the head professor of 

geology in the University of Nebraska should be the State geologist, 

without stipend.

In 1899 the board of regents of the University o.f Nebraska, in 

recognition of the importance of a Geological Survey, provided that 

$500 should be devoted to the work during 1899 and $250 annually 

during 1900, 1901, and 1902.

In 1901 the legislature made the first appropriation for the Survey, 

the sum of $1,200 being allotted for the biennium of 1901 and 1902. 

Since that time the legislature has, at the request of the State geologist, made the following additional appropriations to carry on the 

work of the Survey: 1903-4, $2,000; 1905-6, $2,000; 1907-8, $2,500; 

1909-10, $2,500. For the biennium of 1911 and 1912 the sum of 

$10,000 has been requested. Unexpended balances lapse to the 

State treasury on August 1 following the close of a biennium, which 

is March 31.

The Nebraska Geological Survey has no governing board. The 

executive officer is the State geologist, who has direct supervision over 

the Survey, employing such help as he can within the scope of the appropriations.

As Nebraska is a distinctly agricultural State, with no mines and 

few mineral resources, it has enacted no mining and geologic laws.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey consist of four volumes and comprise one report on the general geology of the State, one county report, five economic reports, eleven paleontologic papers, and two 

papers on prehistoric man in Nebraska. Several manuscripts are 

awaiting publication. The editions of the reports are limited to 

1,000 copies.

Bids for printing are advertised for by the State printing board" 

and the contract is let to the loAvest bidder, but the director of the 

Survey specifies kind of paper, type, binding, etc.
90 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Two hundred copies of each report are filed with the State librarian for exchange and distribution; the others are distributed by the 

Survey to institutions gratuitously and to individuals on the payment 

of postage.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. JDuring the past season men and 

.teams were employed and the first attempt at detailed geologic work 

Avas made. The stratigraphy of five counties was worked out with 

considerable minuteness. This work is to be vigorously continued 

during the season of 1911. A separate report will be-devoted to each 

county.

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. The topographic work which the .United States Geological Survey has done 

in this State has covered only about a third of the area, and it is the 

purpose of the State geologist during the next biennium to benefit 

as far as means will allow by cooperation with the Federal Survey.

NEW JERSEY. 

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

ROGERS SURVEY, 1835-1840.

The first geologic survey of New Jersey, commonly known as the 

Rogers survey, was authorized by act of the legislature dated February 26, 1835. Henry D. Rogers, professor of geology in the University of Pennsylvania, was appointed to make the survey. Reports 

of progress were presented in 1836, 1837, and 1838, and a final report 

was published in 1840, the latter an octavo volume of 301 pages, with 

a geologic map of the State on a scale of 6 miles to the inch and two 

cross sections. The more important geologic "periods were recognized and their formations mapped and described, emphasis being 

given to the economic products. The total amount appropriated was 

$5,000, and the work of the survey terminated with the submission of 

the final report.

KITCHELL SURVEY, 1854-1856.

In January, 1854, Gov. R. M. Price recommended that a thorough 

geologic survey of the State be authorized. This was done in March 

of the same year, and Dr. William Kitchell was appointed superintendent and State geologist, Dr. George H. Cook assistant geologist. 

Dr. Henry Wurtz chemist and mineralogist, and Gen. E. L. Viele 

topographic engineer. The law provided for a thorough geologic 

survey by townships, with county reports. Work was carried on in 

1854,1855, and 1856, and annual reports for those years, also a report
NEW JERSEY. 91

on the geology of Cape May County, were published. Good progress 

had been made, particularly in determining the distribution and 

character of the iron ores, green-sand marl, and clay deposits, and 

more or .less topographic work had been completed in 8 of the 21 

counties...of the.State, when the work .was suspended. A total of 

$49,000 was appropriated during these three years, but owing to the 

poor condition of the State's finances only a p'ortion of this was ever 

available, and the survey died of financial starvation, leaving much 

work in an unfinished condition. . .

In 1860 the State Agricultural Society secured the passage of an 

act.by. which Dr.. Kitchell was allowed .free use of. all material and 

data collected by his .survey, for the .purpose of publishing a final 

report .and. map at his oAvn financial risk. Owing to Dr. Kitchell's 

.death in 1861 nothing resulted from, this legislation. 

. In 1863 the same society, secured' the passage of .a law authorizing 

its officers to .receive all the survey..material and data, which were 

to be transferred, to Dr. George H. Cook or some other suitable person, with,a .view.of. completing:the..survey,as contemplated in the

.agreement with.Dr. Kitchell.-- .Under.this authorization some work 

was done.in 186.3, with results so satisfactory that'in 1864 Dr. Cook

. persuaded the legislature to establish a: new Survey, which has since

: been continuously maintained. . .

. PRESENT SURVEY.

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF-ORGANIZATION.

The title of the present organization is Geological Survey of New 

Jersey ;;it was established by act of the legislature in March, 1864.

I-IISTOBICAL SKETCH. '

In the law establishing the Geological Survey of New Jersey Dr. 

George H. Cook was named as State geologist. Dr. Cook continued 

in that office until his death in 1889. -In 1890 Dr. John C. Smock, 

who since 1864 had been almost continually associated;with Dr. Cook 

in the work of the Survey, was made State geologist. He resigned 

in 1901, and was succeeded by Dr. Henry B. Ku'mmel, who had been 

connected with the Survey since 1892. At first it was contemplated 

: that the work of the Survey would be completed in four years, and 

it was so specified in the act of 1864. This clause, however, was soon 

repealed, and by successive acts, passed at five-year intervals, financial 

support was provided for the Survey until 1895. Since that time an. 

appropriation for the Survey has each year been made in the regular 

appropriation bill, " . .
92 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUBVEYS OP THE UNITED STATES.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The original act has been so extended and modified from time to 

time by amendment and supplement that the legal provisions under 

which the Survey is conducted can be-better understood from a summary than from the quotation of statutes. The law regognizes " the 

duty of the State to develop and render available to the fullest extent 

the facts relative to its great natiiral resources, as also of its agricultural, mining, mechanical, and other industrial interests," and it 

places upon the Survey the carrying out of this duty. **"

There is a board of managers, composed originally of two from 

each congressional district, but now of one from each congressional 

district (of which there are 10) and not more than 10 from the 

State at large. The board was formerly self-perpetuating, but its 

members are now appointed by the governor, who is ex officio president of the board, and are confirmed by the senate, for terms of five 

years each, not more than four being appointed each year. The 

board has power (1) to appoint the State geologist and to fix his 

salary, (2) to fix the salaries of his permanent assistants, (3) to 

approve for publication all reports submitted and direct the distribution, by sale or otherwise, of reports, maps, and suites of specimens, 

and (4) "on the application of at least five owners of separate lots of 

land included in any tract of land in this State which is subject to 

overflow from freshets, or which is usually in a low, marshy, boggy, 

or wet condition," to examine such tracts, and, if deemed for the 

public interest, to survey and make a plan for their drainage, which 

plan is to be submitted to the supreme court, with a request for the 

appointment of commissioners to carry out and execute the works 

of drainage and to assess, collect, and pay the expenses incurred. In 

practice the board of managers is chiefly an advisory body, the general direction and the details of management of the Survey being 

left to the State geologist.

The State geologist has by law authority (1) to appoint assistants (subject to the provisions of a later-enacted civil-service law); 

(2) to fix salaries of temporary assistants, to purchase necessary iiir 

struments, supplies, and materials, and to direct all incidental expenditures; (3) to enter, with his assistants, without molestation, upon 

all lands in the State to further the objects of the Survey; and (4) 

to prepare or cause to be prepared both administrative reports and 

scientific reports and maps on subjects pertinent to the work of 

the Survey. By custom he has authority in all matters relating to 

the Survey not specifically reserved by law to the board of managers. 

From time to time the legislature has directed the State geologist to 

make special surveys of various kinds, such as of forestry conditions 

in the State and routes for inland waterways.
NEW JERSEY. 93 

ORGANIZATION.

The governing body is the board of managers, made up as stated 

under " Summary of laws." Apart from their power to appoint the 

State geologist, fix salaries, and, through a committee, audit all 

expenditures, their duties are chiefly advisory. Regular meetings 

are held twice a year; special meetings when required. Members of 

the board receive no compensation but are reimbursed for expenses 

incurred in attending meetings.

The State geologist is appointed by the board of managers, subject 

to the approval of the governor, and holds office at the pleasure of 

the board. He is by law ex officio executive officer of the forest 

commission of New Jersey and gives considerable attention to the 

direction of that work but receives no extra compensation therefor. 

He is not at liberty to undertake outside professional work or to hold 

other positions. The present State geologist, Henry B. Kiimmel, 

was appointed January 1, 1902, and is the third to hold that office 

since the establishment of the Survey in 1864. His compensation is 

an annual salary, fixed by the board of managers and paid in monthly 

installments. . The headquarters of the Survey are in the capitol building at 

Trenton, N. J.

There are two clerical assistants, who are appointed by the State 

geologist from eligible lists furnished by the State civil service 

commission. They are employed continuously and are subject to 

removal by the State geologist at any time and for any cause except 

politics or religion. Their compensation ranges from $40 to $75 a 

month.

One geologic assistant and one chemist are continuously employed, 

and temporary geologic assistants are engaged from time to time on 

a per diem basis. The temporary assistants are chiefly instructors 

and professors in geology in colleges and universities. The monthly 

compensation of these assistants ranges from $75 to $150, and the 

per diem rates from $3 to $10.

Under a cooperative agreement with the "Bureau of Soils of the 

United States Department of Agriculture and the New Jersey State 

Agricultural Experiment Station, the Survey for two months pays 

the salary and the field expenses of two field assistants in an agricultural survey. The salary of these field assistants, who are students 

of the State Agricultural School, is $25 a month.

Under a cooperative agreement with the State road commissioner, 

two assistants in the chemical laboratory, engaged partly in survey 

work and partly in work for the State road commissioner, are carried 

on the commissioner's pay roll at the rate of $50 and $60 a month.
94 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Under civil-service rulings some scientific positions are in the competitive class and others are exempted..

The topographic and engineering wtirk of the .Survey is in charge 

of a consulting engineer of high standing, who has an office in New 

York City. His employees are detailed to the work.as the exigencies of .the.case demand and are not subject to civil-service regulations. All men in this group are paid on a per diem basis, for time 

actually employed, at rates ranging from $4 to $10 a day.

APPROPRIATIONS. .

Appropriations for the Survey are made annually in the general 

appropriation bill. They are not contingent--on-cooperation with 

any other organization. Unexpended balances'in the hands of the 

State treasurer at the close of the fiscal* year (October 31)' immediately lapse to the. State treasury, althefuglv there 'may be outstanding bills awaiting payment. Under certain restrictions, however, 

uncompleted contracts may be filed against a b.a la-rice j and so'carry 

it over into the next fiscal year. ' : .- : : , 

The present annual appropriation is $16,500. With the-exception 

of the salary of the State'geologist, the payment of-which is specified 

in the bill, the expenditure of the appropriation is left ; to-the State' 

geologist. Special funds have sometimes been provided for specific 

investigations ordered by the legislature. ' : - . ' .-

The expenditures for 1909 may be classed as follows:' > . : -

... ; . - - ,..:.. . % .-'Per cent.

Administrative.and routine clerical work___.___ ...-.-__ 28

Topographic work (field work, office work, and publication)_ 9

Economic, stratigraphic, and areal geology____________ 36 ' : 

Statistical geology^-______-_A_^__U:-'--'----^-------- 4 

Paleontologic geology________^___,_j_____,j._;______. 1 > .._

Chemical work_ ___^_________ T __________._ .1.1

Underground water resources______:_'___.________ .3

Stream flow and reservoir sites___l_'_________! ____ 3

Testing road materials, etc_^__l^'_____:____'.1__1____ 3

 ' PUBLICATIONS. .

From 1864 to 1909, inclusive,, the Survey has issued, an annual 

report for each year except 1868. These include administrative reports and scientific papers. .'In 1868, at the, completion of the first 

four-year period of the Survey, a final report, entitled " Geology 

of New Jersey,", by G. H..Cook,.was published. This series of annual 

reports, with accompanying scientific papers, is'to be replaced by a 

series of bulletins, numbered consecutively and each dealing with a 

distinct subject. The annual administrative report of the State 

geologist, dealing with the business of the Survey, will hereafter be 

issued as one of this series of bulletins,
NEW JERSEY. 95

In 1888 a series of monographs, or so-called final reports, was 

commenced. These are published at irregular intervals. Volumes 

1, 2 (pts. 1 and 2), 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 of this series have already 

appeared.

In 1886 a series of reports on paleontology was commenced. 

Volumes 1 and 2 were published in cooperation with the United 

States Geological Survey, and appeared also as monographs. Volume 

3 was issued in 1903 and volume 4 in 1907.

Two series of topographic maps are published and kept in stock. 

One series is on a scale of 1 mile to the inch and covers the entire 

State. This series was surveyed originally from 1880 to 1887, in 

cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, but by a 

topographic corps organized by the State Survey. The entire cost 

of this work, exclusive of the primary triangulation .by the United 

States Coast and Geodetic Survey, but including tertiary triangulation over about 2,000 square miles, was $54,744.58, or $6.93 per square 

mile. Work done by earlier organizations reduced the cost about 50 

cents per square mile, and if the Survey had been compelled to furnish its own triangulation the cost would have been about $10 per 

square mile. About half of the expense of this work was met by the 

Urited States Geological Survey. These maps have been revised 

from time to time and the culture brought down to date. Twenty 

sheets make up this set. The second series of topographic maps is 

on a scale of 2,000 feet to the inch and covers the metropolitan district. The topography is taken from the earlier maps, revised where 

necessary, and additional data relating to culture added. Twentyfour sheets of this series have been published and are kept in stock.

Geologic folios, data for which are furnished in part by the members of the State Survey, are published in cooperation with the 

United States Geological Survey, a special edition of 1,000 copies' 

being prepared as the " Geologic Atlas of New Jersey."

Of the annual reports, 4,500 copies are published and about 

3,700 distributed immediately. Editions of the final reports vary 

from 2,000 to 5,000 and of the paleontologic reports from 1,000- to 

1,500. Maps are printed in editions of 1,000. The reports are 

distributed without charge, excepting the last 200 copies of each 

edition, which are sold at cost. For the larger reports recipients are 

required to pay postage or express charges. Maps are sold at 25 cents 

a sheet, and geologic folios at the same price as fixed by the United 

States Geological Survey. The average annual income from the 

sale of publications is from $1,100 to $1,200, which is paid monthly 

to the State treasurer and can not be redrawn for the use of the 

Survey.

The average annual cost of printing the Survey reports and accompanying maps from 1902 to 1909, inclusive, the period of the present
96 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE .UNITED STATES.

administration, has been $3,200, or $2,131 for each report. The cost 

of the annual reports has ranged from $554 to $2,204, and for 

volumes of the final report and paleontologic series from-$912 to 

$7,000. The average cost of reports from 1891 to 1900 was $5,484. 

The cost of printing reports and maps which accompany them is 

paid from the appropriation for public printing. The cost of engraving and printing the topographic atlas sheets and the cost of the 

geologic folios is paid from the appropriation for the support 'of the 

Survey. . . All matters relating to the printing of maps paid for from Survey 

funds are solely in the hands of the State geologist. Contracts for 

printing reports are awarded by the State printing board (composed 

of the governor, State comptroller, and State treasurer) after competitive bidding. The quality of paper and size of type are fixed by 

them, according to certain legal requirements. The subject matter 

of the reports, the style, the number of illustrations, etc., have for 

two or three years been subject to the censorship of the editor of 

public documents. This censorship is by no means formal, and some 

departmental reports are vigorously pruned. Reports of the Survey, however, have heretofore been passed without change. Special 

reports ^not annual reports) must be ordered printed by the State 

printing board.

About 100 copies of each report are retained by the superintendent 

of public documents for use of the legislature. The remainder of the 

edition is delivered to the Survey for distribution. Reports are sent 

to working geologists, to other geological surveys in this country and 

abroad, to public libraries in New Jersey, to many colleges, universities, and libraries in other States, and to citizens of New Jersey and 

other States who request them. The mailing list is kept alive chiefly 

by the elimination of those who for two or three years in succession 

neglect to return the acknowledgment card inclosed in each report, 

and by the addition of those requesting that reports be sent to them 

regularly.

PRESENT LINES OF AVORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

The present main lines of work of the Survey, independent of 

other departments or bureaus, are as follows:

1. Revision and publication of new editions of topographic maps

.as rapidly as old editions are exhausted. On an average two or

three new atlas sheets are published annually. On some sheets

the changes in the culture have been so extensive as to necessitate

the engraving of new copper plates to replace the lithograph stones.

2. The compilation and publication of a new State geologic map 

in two sheets on a scale of 1: 250,000.
NEW JERSEY. 97

3. The publication of a report on iron ores and iron mining and 

the preparation of a report upon the surface formations of the 

Coastal Plain, the field work of which has already been completed.

4. Paleobotanic investigations of the flora of the Coastal Plain 

deposits.

5. The testing of coal purchased by State institutions to determine 

its heat-producing values.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. Cooperation with the Federal 

Survey is being carried on along several lines:

1. Geologic folios, to which wdrkers of both surveys have contributed, are engraved and printed by the United States Geological 

Survey. At the time'of printing a certain number are struck off 

for the State Survey. These are bound in a special cover and sold 

to the State Survey at cost of presswork and paper. Four of these 

joint folios have already been published and others are in preparation.

2. In 1909 the State Survey cooperated with the United States 

Geological Survey in the collection of statistics of mineral production in the State. This plan of cooperation was not carried out 

during 1910, owing to the taking of the national census, but it is 

expected, that it will be resumed in 1911.

3. The State geologist has been appointed a special a-gent of the 

United States Geological Survey for the collection of well data and 

as such finds the work of obtaining well records and samples greatly 

facilitated. The records are filed with the State Survey and are open 

to inspection at any time by members of the National Survey.

Other State surveys. No cooperative work is carried on at the 

present time with geological surveys of other States.

United States Bureau of Soils. In 1909 the Bureau of Soils of 

the United States Department of Agriculture, the State Agricultural 

Experiment Station of New Jersey, and the Geological Survey of 

New Jersey entered into a cooperative agreement relating to an 

agricultural and soil survey of the State. Most of the work in connection with the chemical analyses of the soils is clone by the State 

Survey, which also contributes to the expenses of the field parties in 

both the soil survey and the agricultural canvass, the other two 

bureaus bearing the remainder of the field expenses and making the 

necessary physical determinations.

State road commissioner. Xhe State Survey is cooperating with 

the State road commissioner in the construction of improved State 

roads, of which New Jersey now has 1,527 miles. The Survey from 

time to time furnishes the commissioner with information regarding

85645° Bull. 465 11; 7
98 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the occurrence of materials suitable for roads and passes on the 

suitability of materials submitted by road contractors. A more 

important line of work during the last two years has been in connection with the use of asphaltum binder and heavy residual oils in 

the construction of macadam roads. A large part.of the time of the 

chemist of the Survey has been devoted to investigations to determine 

the best type of oil to be used and to framing specifications. During 

the road-building season, before the oil is used, samples from each 

carload supplied are required to be tested in the laboratory of the 

Survey, to determine whether or not the oil conforms to the specifications. The expense of this work is defrayed in part by the State 

road commissioner.

NEW YORK.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The Geological Survey of New York is the outgrowth of the 

scientific activity of Amos Eaton, first senior professor of the 

Rensselaer School, at Troy, supported by the substantial patronage 

of Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer and the encouragement of Gov. 

Dewitt Clinton. At the request of the latter, Eaton delivered 

lectures on geolog}' and allied sciences before the legislature of 

the State, and under the patronage of Van Rensselaer he executed 

geologic surveys of Rensselaer County and the district adjoining 

the Erie Canal. After several recommendations by Gov. Clinton, 

and in response to later petitions from organized societies in Albany 

and New York, the secretary of state, John A. Dix, was in 1835- 

authorized to present to the legislature a plan for a general 

natural-history survey of the State, in which scheme a geologic 

survey was to hold a leading place. This report, rendered in 1836, 

formed the fundamental plan on which the Geological Survey of 

New York was based. In accordance therewith the State was 

divided into four districts, with a district geologist and one assistant 

in charge of each, and it was believed that four years would be 

sufficient for the accomplishment of the work. Annual reports were 

to be rendered by each chief geologist, and final reports were to be 

submitted at the close of the work.

The district geologists appointed under the provisions of this 

act were Lieut. W.'W. Mather, Prof. Ebenezer Emmons, Lardner 

Vannxem, and Timothy A. Conrad. In 1837 a partial rearrangement 

of these appointments was made, by which James Hall, assistant 

during the first year to Prof. Emmons, took the place of Mr. Conrad, the latter being appointed paleontologist to the Survey. Concomitant with this change was a redivision of the western or third 

and fourth districts by a north-south line instead of an east-west 

line. It was not till 1842 and 1843 that the final reports were sub-
NEW YORK. 99

mitted, and with their submission the organization terminated its 

active existence as such, though the title of the Survey, has never been 

abrogated. The publications of this early Survey comprised 16 

annual reports and four final reports.

The work of the organization was continued by the designation of 

Prof. Emmons to take charge of the reports on agriculture (in which 

this distinguished geologist found opportunity to expound in full 

his Tacoriic system of rocks), and by the appointment of James Hall 

to continue the work on the paleontology of the New York formations. The title of State geologist and paleontologist was thus kept 

alive by the activities of Prof. Hall, and in 1892 both were reaffirmed 

by a new commission issued to Prof. Hall by Gov. Flower. The 13 

quarto volumes devoted to the paleontology of New York, which 

were published between the years 1842 and 1894, constitute a monument to the labors of James Hall and his assistants and form one of 

the standards of North American paleontology.

In 1898, on the death of Prof. Hall, the regents of the University 

of New York, who had statutory control of the offices, appointed 

F. J. H. Merrill as State geologist and John M. Clarke as State 

paleontologist.

In 1904, on the consolidation of the University of the State of 

New York and the Department of Public Instruction into the Education Department, John M. Clarke was appointed State geologist and 

paleontologist, and he still holds these titles, in connection with the 

directorship of the Science Division of the Education Department 

and the State Museum.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is known as the Science Division (Geological Survey) of the Education Department; it was organized in 

1904.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

Under the codified education law (1910), the commissioner of education and the regents of the University .of New York appoint the 

State geologist and paleontologist. No other statute bears on this 

office. The work of the official and of the division is a matter of 

agreement between the appointee and the commissioner.

ORGANIZATION.

The governing authority is vested in the commissioner of education 

and the regents of the University of the State of New York. The 

commissioner is appointed for life by vote of the regents. The
100 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

regents are elected to office, for specific periods, on joint ballot of 

the State senate and assembly.

The executive officer is the State geologist and paleontologist, who 

is appointed by the commissioner of education and the regents of 

the University of New York. His term of office is during efficiency 

and good behavior. The State geologist is also director of the 

Science Division of the Education Department. The present incumbent is John M. Clarke. The State geologist and paleontologist receives an annual salary, fixed annually by law, on recommendation 

of the commissioner of education.

The permanent force of the Survey consists of six clerical assistants and seven geologic assistants. In addition, from five to 

twelve temporary geologic assistants are employed as required by the 

work of the Survey. The temporary assistants are college professors 

and, occasionally, advanced students. All appointments are made 

on recommendation of the State geologist, with the approval of the 

commissioner of education. All permanent positions are subject to 

competitive civil-service examination. Temporary appointments are 

subject to exemption by the State civil-service commission.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are annual. None are contingent on cooperation. 

Unexpended balances are carried over, except in case of salaries, 

which lapse at the close of the fiscal year.

The salaries of the permanent staff amount to $21,260. Expenses, 

including cost of temporary assistants, are estimated at $7,000. The 

appropriation for maintenance covers the entire Science Division.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey consist of a.series of bulletins and 

a series of memoirs. Annual reports are issued as bulletins. All are 

included in the annual reports of the State Museum and are also published separately. The editions vary from 3,000 to 5,000.

The publications are distributed gratuitously to registered libraries 

and scientific correspondents; the remainder are sold. The income 

from the sale of publications is deposited daily with the State 

treasurer.

The average annual cost of printing is $25,000. This is paid from 

the State printing fund. The printing is done by the State printer, 

under general contract with the State. The sizes of the reports are 

standard quarto for memoirs and octavo for bulletins. The paper, 

illustrations, and contents are left to the State geologist and paleontologist, subject to approval of the commissioner of education.
NORTH CABOLTNA. 101

Aside from the stipulation that copies of all publications shall be 

sent to registered libraries, the distribution is left to the State 

geologist.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

The present lines of work of the Survey comprise economic and 

tectonic geology, stratigraphy, areal mapping, surficial geology and 

mapping, mineralogy, and paleontology.

No cooperation is maintained.

NORTH CAROLINA.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

In 1823 an act of the general assembly of the State of North Carolina authorized the board of agriculture to pay the expenses of 

" geological excursions " for a period of years. The work was begun 

by Prof. Denison Olmsted, of the State University, and during his 

incumbency nine reports were published.

Upon Prof. Olmsted's removal to Yale in 1825 the Survey was 

continued by Dr. Elisha Mitchell, also of the State University, under 

whose direction nine reports were published.

In 1852 Dr. Ebenezer Emmons was appointed State geologist, and 

during his service 23 reports on the geology and natural history of 

the State were published.

On the death of Dr. Emmons, in 1866, Dr. W. C. Kerr was appointed State geologist, and carried on the work until his death in 

1885. During Dr. Kerr's administration 21 reports and scientific 

papers were published.

After the death of Prof. Kerr the Geological Survey was allowed 

to lapse until 1891, when the North Carolina Geological Survey was 

established, and Prof. Joseph A. Holmes, of the State University, 

was appointed State geologist. The object of this Survey, as expressed in the act of the general assembly authorizing it, was " the 

thorough examination of the nature and extent of the mineral and 

timber resources of the State." The Survey continued its work for 

14 years and during this time issued 12 bulletins, 8 economic papers, 

biennial reports Nos. 1 to 7, covering the period 1891 to 1904, and a 

series of good roads circulars numbered from 1 to 37.

The act creating the North Carolina Geological Survey was repealed by the legislature in 1905 and a new act was passed establishing the present Survey.
102 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OP THE UNITED STATES.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OY ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is known as the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey; it was established by 'the General Assembly of North Carolina in February, 1905.

During 1905 and until October, 1906, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State 

mineralogist, was acting State geologist, in the absence of Prof. 

Holmes, who was in St. Louis as chief of the department of mines 

and metallurgy of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. - On October 

29,1906, Dr. Pratt was formally appointed State geologist.

SUMMARY OF LAAVS.

The act establishing the North Carolina Geological and Economic 

Survey provides that the State geologist shall be appointed by the 

governor to conduct the work of the Survey under the supervision of 

a board of managers, known as the geological board. The board is to 

consist of the governor, as chairman, and four citizens of the State, 

who are appointed by the governor, with the approval of the senate, 

two for a period of two years and two for a period of four years, 

beginning March 1, 1905. The objects of the Survey, as defined in 

this act, are as follows:

1. An examination of the mineral, forest, fishery, and other material resources 

of the State.

2. An examination of the geological formations of the State with reference to 

their economic products.

3. An examination of the road-building materials and the best methods of 

utilizing the same.

4. An examination and classification of the soils and forests and other physical features of the State with special reference to their bearing upon the occu-" 

pation of the people.

5. An examination of the streams and water powers of the State with special 

reference to the development for manufacturing enterprises and the preservation of the sources of these streams through the protection of the forests.

6. The consideration of such other scientific and economic problems as in the 

judgment of the geological board shall be deemed of value to the people of the 

State.

7. The preparation of such reports, illustrations, and maps as may be deemed 

necessary in placing the results of these investigations before the public.

8. And the State geologist, with the approval of the geological board, is hereby 

authorized to arrange for and accept such aid and cooperation from the several 

United States Government bureaus and other sources as may assist in completing 

the topographic surveys of the State and in carrying out other provisions of 

this act.

9. An examination of the water supplies of the State with special reference 

to the sinking of deep or artesian wells,
CAROLINA. 103 

ORGANIZATION.

. 'Governing board Ths governing body is the geological board, 

appointed as stated above. The members of the board are reimbursed 

the amount of their actual traveling expenses, and "members not 

otherwise receiving a salary from the State may, in addition, be paid 

a per diem of $4 for not exceeding eight days during any one year."

Executive officer. The executive officer is the State geologist. The 

present incumbent is Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, who was appointed by 

the governor October' 29, 1906, for a term ending January 1, 1909, or 

until his successor is appointed. Dr. Pratt is. also professor of economic geology in the University of North Carolina, but spends practically all of his time on Survey work. He receives an annual salary, 

the amount of which is fixed by the geological board, and which is 

paid in monthly installments.

Subordinates are chosen by the "State geologist, with the approval 

of the geological board.

Clerical force. The office assistants include a secretary, a stenographer, and two clerical assistants, one of whom also serves as janitor.

(3-eologic division. There is no regular geologic assistant at present, but geologists are employed temporarily for specific work. Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey exists, and the 

geologists employed by the State Survey have included Federal geologists as well as professors from the University of North Carolina and 

from other colleges and a few advanced college students.

Topographic division. Under cooperative agreements the North 

Carolina Geological and Economic Survey has employed United 

States Geological Survey men for all topographic work done in 

North Carolina. The salaries of these men are fixed by the Federal 

Survey. The State Survey's allotment for this work has been from 

$1,000 to $2,500 a year. A part of this fund is furnished by the 

counties in which special mapping is being done.

Highway division. The Survey regularly employs a highway 

engineer at a fixed salary, and from time to time other engineers are 

employed for limited periods. W. L. Spoon is in charge of this 

work. During the summer months of 1910 from 10 to 12 college 

students were employed on surveying parties in the location and construction of roads. Much of this work is done under cooperation 

with counties and individuals.

Forestry division. The work of the forestry division of the Survey 

is under the direction of the forester, J. S. Holmes. He is assisted, 

however, by men from the United States Forest Service, who are 

placed in the State on a cooperative basis.

Drainage division. Through the efforts of the North Carolina 

Geological and Economic Survey a bill has been passed looking to
104 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

the drainage of swamp and overflowed lands in the State. These 

lands have been divided into districts, and all persons owning lands 

in these districts bear their part of the expense of the drainage work 

in proportion to the benefits derived. The Survey has charge of the 

drainage of certain of the State lands belonging to the State board 

of education, to the extent of approving the accounts of the drainage 

engineers engaged in the work.

Natural history division. Through the efforts of the Survey the 

legislature of 1907 passed a bill establishing the North Carolina Fish 

Commission. This commission is under the direction of the Geological Survey, its accounts being subject to approval by the State, 

geologist. The influence of the commission is limited, however, 

owing to the fact that under the law certain areas are not under its 

jurisdiction, and efforts are being made to procure remedial legislation. The object of the commission is the preservation and scientific 

study of the principal fishes of economic value and the encouragement of the cultivation of the oyster and the diamond-back terrapin.

The North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, in cooperation with the State Audubon Society, has in preparation a report 

giving a list and description of the birds found in North Carolina.

It is the purpose of the Survey to issue as complete a report as 

possible on the flora of the State.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are annual and are not contingent on cooperation. 

Balances are carried from one fiscal year to another. The amount of 

the appropriation is $15,000 annually, $5,000 of which is to be devoted 

to road work and the remainder expended for such purposes as shall 

be approved by the geological board. The expenditures for the fiscal 

year 1908-9 were in about the following proportions:

* Per cent. 

Administration ___________________________ 3B

Topography___________________________ _ 10 

Economic, stratigraphic, areal, chemical, and statistical geology_ 10 

Paleontology and underground water resources________ 6

Drainage supervision (cost of construction is paid by owners

of lands to be drained)_______________________ 2 

Stream flow and reservoir surveys______________ _ 2

Highway engineer____'._________________________ 19

Forestry_________________ ___-_______ 15

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the North Carolina Geological and Economic 

Survey'consist of a series of bulletins, of which 10 have been issued"; 

a series of economic papers, of which 11 have been issued; three
NORTH CAROLINA. . 105

special volumes; two biennial reports; a series of press bulletins, numbered from 1 to 39; and a series of good-roads circulars, numbered 

from 38 to 57. These treat of a wide range of subjects, including 

geology, forestry, biology, water powers, mining, etc., but are chierly 

of an economic nature.

The edition of all except the press bulletins and the good-roads 

circulars is 3,000 copies.

The publications are distributed free of cost, except postage.

The cost of printing reports and maps is paid out of the State 

treasury. The cost of preparing maps is paid out of the Survey 

fund, the expense of preparing the county maps being shared by the 

counties.

The reports are printed by the State printers. The Survey has 

choice as to style of reports, kind of paper, illustrations, etc.

The Survey has entire control over the distribution of the reports. 

The exchange list consists of all reciprocating geological surveys, all 

Government departments desiring the reports and furnishing franks 

for mailing, and institutions and persons who furnish their publications as exchanges. This list is kept alive by correspondence, by use 

of the monthly list of the Library of Congress, and by a mail-card 

list, the persons arid institutions on which are notified of each new 

publication and of the amount of postage it requires.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

Most of the work now being prosecuted by the North Carolina 

"Geological and Economic Survey is broadened and made more effective by cooperation with some Federal department, county, or individual. The principal independent report at present in preparation is a volume on the mineral resources of North Carolina.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. Several investigations are in 

progress in cooperation with the Federal Survey. Reports on the 

geology and water resources of the coastal plain of North Carolina 

have been prepared and are going through the press. Under this 

agreement the North Carolina Survey paid the salary and expenses 

of three of the investigators, also a stipulated sum to Dr. William 

Bullock Clark, of Johns Hopkins University, who has had general 

supervision of the work.

A cooperative investigation of the mica deposits of the State is 

also in progress.

Statistics of the production of minerals in North Carolina are 

collected in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey.
106 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUBVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

In topographic and traverse mapping the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey has undertaken to complete maps of certain counties in the State. The county pays half of the cost of the 

field work, the State Survey the other half, and the United States 

Geological Survey prepares the map for the engraver. . Other departments of the National Government. In the highway 

work the State Survey has the cooperation of the United States 

Office of Public Roads, which furnishes lecturers on the subject and 

frequently an engineer to construct sample roads in different townships and counties. No special appropriation for this work is made 

from either bureau. The State Survey has.also cooperated with the 

North Carolina Good Roads Association and the Southern Appalachian Good Roads Association in issuing good roads literature and 

press bulletins, which have, had a decided educational value.

The forestry division of the State Survey has had the active cooperation of the United States Forest Service. The State Survey 

pays the salary and expenses of a State forester, and the United 

States Forest Service pays the salary and expenses of a Federal 

.forester.

The Fish Commission of North Carolina is under the supervision 

of the State Geological Survey, and this commission has been assisted by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and the 

United States Bureau of Fisheries in the work of laying off the restricted territory for fishing.

Other scientific bureaus of the State. In the drainage work the 

State Geological Survey has cooperated to a certain extent with the 

State Board of Education in the drainage of certain State lands.

NORTH DAKOTA.

PRESENT SURVEY.

The present organization is the first Geological Surve}'' of North 

Dakota.

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is known as the North Dakota Geological 

Survey. It was established by act of the legislature in 1895.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The following is a summary of the laws governing the Survey: 

The board of trustees of the State University is authorized to 

carry on a geologic survey of the State. The objects of the Survey 

are to investigate the geologic formations, together with their ores, 

coals, clays, mineral waters, marls, cements, building stones, and other 

useful materials; to collect and tabulate such meteorologic statistics
NOETH DAKOTA. 107

as may be needed to determine the climate of various parts of the 

State; to ascertain, by barometrical observations or otherwise, the 

elevations of different parts of the State; and to prepare a geologic 

map of North Dakota, upon which the geologic formations shall be 

represented by means of colors and patterns.

The Survey is authorized to collect specimens of all rocks, soils, 

ores, coals, fossils, cements, building stones, etc., and to preserve 

them for public inspection in the University of North Dakota. So 

far as practicable, duplicate specimens shall be collected for purposes 

of exchange with other universities and scientific institutions, of 

which the Smithsonian.Institution shall have the preference.

On the completion of any piece of work the Survey is to prepare 

a report embodying all useful and important information accumulated 

in the course of the investigation.

The professor of geology in the State University is designated ex 

officio State geologist.

ORGANIZATION. '

The governing board of the North Dakota Geological Survey is the 

board of trustees of the State University, which is. composed of five 

members, appointed by the governor for a term of-four years. The 

members serve without compensation, but are reimbursed for traveling expenses incurred while attending the meetings of the board.

The present State geologist is Prof. Arthur Gray Leonard, who was 

appointed to the professorship of geology in the State University 

in July, 1903. The appointment is without fixed time limit. Approximately half the time of the State geologist is given to the work 

of the Survey. He receives an annual salary as professor in the 

university, and in addition is paid a per diem rate while engaged in 

field work for the Survey. The salary is fixed by the governing 

board. The assistant professor of geology in the State University 

is assistant geologist on the Survey, being appointed by the board for 

an indefinite term. During the field season several advanced students 

are employed by the State geologist in the work of the Survey, their 

salaries ranging from $40 to $60 a month.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriation for the Survey is a continuing one and is not 

contingent on cooperation. Unexpended balances are carried over 

to the next fiscal year. The annual appropriation is $1,000. Approximately 90 per cent of this is devoted to economic, stratigraphic, 

and areal geology and about 10 per cent to administrative and 

clerical work.
108 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey consist of biennial reports, five of 

which have been issued. The size of the edition is 3,000. The reports 

are distributed free, except postage.

The average cost of the reports'is about $1,000 a year. The cost 

of the printing does not come from the Survey appropriation but 

from other State funds. The Survey has no choice as to the printer, 

the statutes providing that the State printer shall do the Avork. The 

selection of the paper rests largely with the printer, but otherwise the 

Surve}7 has full control over the printing, including the contents of 

the reports, where and by whom the maps and illustrations shall be 

made, and the style of the reports.

The Survey has full control over the distribution of its reports. 

The mailing list includes the public and school libraries of North 

Dakota, the State officers and members of the legislature, many of 

the State newspapers, and persons who have asked to be placed on 

the list. It also includes many "public libraries throughout the 

United States, the libraries of many colleges and universities, scientific and other learned societies-at home and abroad, libraries of other 

geological surveys, and a large number of geologists and others interested in the reports. As the reports are issued notices of their publication are sent out, and all who respond by sending the necessary 

postage receive copies.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. The main lines of work which are 

being carried on by the Survey at the present time are as follows:

(1) A study of the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary formations of 

western North Dakota, including the mapping of these formations;

(2) the continued investigation of the lignite deposits of the State;

(3) the study of the Devils Lake area, with particular reference to 

its physiographic features; and (4) the detailed study of the geology 

and economic resources of other selected areas.

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the United States Geological Survey data regarding the 

underground waters of North Dakota are being collected as rapidly 

as possible.

OHIO.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS. 

FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

On December 8, 1835, Gov. Kobert Lucas, in his annual message 

to the general assembly of Ohio, recommended the establishment 

of a Geological Survey. This was the first official indorsement of
OHIO. 109,

such an enterprise in Ohio. The assembly responded with a joint 

resolution appointing a committee of four, headed by Dr. S. P. 

Hildreth, one-of the best-informed men in Ohio on the geology and 

natural resources of the State, who were to report to the next assembly the best method of securing the desired end.

The committee submitted a carefully prepared report, and in 

March, 1837, an act was passed providing for " a complete and 

detailed geological survey of the State." The work planned Avas 

comprehensive, including not only matters strictly geologic, but also 

analyses of soils, ores, marls, and waters. The preparation of a 

geologic map of the State was specifically mentioned, as was a collection of the rocks, ores, and fossils. It was proposed to send sets 

of these to the principal educational institutions of the State, thus 

bringing the Survey closely into touch with the scholars of Ohio.

The committee thought that the work of such a Survey might be 

completed in four years, with an annual appropriation of $12,000. 

This part of the report appears humorous, in view of the area of the 

State, the large amount of work done by 'the second and subsequent 

surveys, and the fact that " a complete and detailed survey " is still 

in the distant future. Doubtless, however, present ideas of a " detailed survey " are quite different from those of 1837.

The law empowered the governor to employ a " competent and 

skilled geologist." Even in those days appointments were apparently sometimes made on a basis other than merit, and the legislature 

concluded to take no chances in regard to the new scientific bureau. 

The law made provision for geologic assistants, not to exceed four 

in number, and for a topographical engineer, who should, among 

other things, " ascertain by accurate barometrical observations the 

height of the principal mountains of the State."

The governor appointed W. W. Mather, of New York, principal 

geologist, and S. P. Hildreth, John Locke, J. P. Kirtland, and C. 

Briggs, jr., assistants. Charles Whittlesley was chosen topographic 

engineer. The selections were of the best, and the Survey started 

with the good will and rather high expectations of the people.

Field work began in 1837, and in December the first annual report 

was filed Avith the governor. This was published in 1838, under the 

title " First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of the State of 

Ohio," by W. W. Mather, principal geologist, and the several assistants. This modest volume of 134 pages discussed various subjects, 

such as coals, iron ores, and salt.

Field Avork Avas continued during the summer of 1838, and a report on this Avork was filed with the governor the following December. It contained a description of the general geology of the State 

and a discussion of special topics, such as dip, topography, and coal. 

The publication of this second annual report marked the close of the
,110 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

first Survey. The causes for its abrupt termination are not well 

known, but perhaps the financial crisis was the leading factor. According to Dr. Orton the principal facts established by this Survey 

were as follows: (1) The oldest rocks of the State are the so-called 

blue limestone formation of southwestern Ohio; (2) the newest 

bedded rocks are the "Coal Measures" of southeastern Ohio; and. 

(3) a very gentle southeasterly or southerly dip prevails throughout 

Ohio, a. proper understanding of which renders its stratigraphy 

intelligible.

SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Efforts to renew the Survey were, made in succeeding years, but 

without success until 1869. At that time Gov. Hayes took the 

lead and the Geological Survey of Ohio was reestablished without 

difficulty. The work was to be completed in three years. The governor appointed J. S. Newberry chief geologist; E. B. Andrews, Edward Orton, and J. H. Klippart assistant geologists; and T. G. 

Wormley chemist. Klippart was interested in agriculture and was 

expected to give his attention to that important field. Local and 

special assistants were* from time to time appointed, some of whom 

were or have since become leaders in their respective fields. The list 

includes G. K.'Gilbert, E. D. Irving, J. J. Stevenson, N. H. Winchell, 

F, B. Meek, E. D. Cope, James Hall, 0. C. Marsh, R. P. Whitfield, 

and D. S. Jordan.

Newberry outlined a comprehensive plan for the Survey, including 

a thorough discussion of the stratigraphy and paleontology of the 

entire State. The.economic side was to be considered in one volume, 

and agriculture, botany, and zoology were to be treated in another 

.volume. At.the close of the three .years a large part of this work 

remained to be done.

Reports of progress for 1869, 187Q, and 1871 were published. 

That for 1869 contained a geologic map of Ohio, being the first offir 

cial publication of the kind to be issued by the State. A.series of. 

detailed reports followed. Of these, volume 1 was published in 1873, 

volume 2 in 1874, and volume 3 in 1878. These reports are devoted 

principally to a review of the geology of the State, by counties, but 

part 2 of volume 1 and part 2 of volume 2 relate to paleontology and 

contain numerous fine lithographic plates of which students of paleontology are justly proud. The expense of these plates, however, 

was large, those of volume 1 alone costing $34,000. Volume 4 was 

published in 1882. Instead of treating of agriculture, botany, and 

zoology, as was expected, it is devoted entirely to vertebrate zoology.

These volumes were issued in editions of 20,000, and the expense 

to the State was heavy. . In 1879 a geologic .map of the State on a
OHIO. Ill

scale of 4 miles to the inch was issued. This is the basis of the maps 

of 1888 and 1909.

Early in the history of the Survey criticism arose. The people 

expected that the publications would treat prominently of the 

economic resources of the State, and had little interest in the elaborate 

plates given to fossil plants and animals. In April, 1872, the law was 

changed and provision was made for a geological board, consisting 

of the governor, school commissioner, and treasurer, who should 

have general supervision of the survey. Unfortunately the chief 

geologist lived in New York and was absent from Ohio during a 

large part of the year, especially in winter, when the general assembly was in session. A financial crisis increased the difficulty. 

Appropriations were made with growing opposition and were finally 

discontinued.

The live interest in the economic resources of the State, however, 

is shown by an appropriation passed April 17, 1882, to cover the cost 

of preparing the long-delayed economic volume. But this act also 

stipulated that " upon the publication of said volume 5- the Geological Survey of Ohio is hereby declared to be completed." The 

work was to be in charge of a geologist appointed by the governor, 

who at once (April 17) appointed Edward Orton. In 1884 volume 

5 appeared. It is devoted almost wholly to coal, and is the most 

sought publication of the Survey.

Notwithstanding its action in 1882, limiting the life of the Survey, the general assembly .on May 1,1885, made provision " to extend 

and complete the account of the economic geology of the State that 

was begun in volume 5." In 1886 Dr. Orton published a preliminary 

report (76 pages) on petroleum and natural gas, and in 1888 the. 

detailed report (vol. 6) on those products appeared. This volume 

has proved almost as popular as volume 5. It seems safe to state 

that these two volumes have done as much to render the Survey 

popular with the people of Ohio as all other publications of the 

organization combined. 

Though large editions of the' early reports (vols. 1 to 6) were 

issued, they were distributed almost wholly pro rata among members 

of the general assembly. As a result the members found themselves 

in possession of hundreds of volumes for which there was no demand, 

and many of these were destroyed. No thought was taken of the 

future, and in a few years persons desiring volumes were compelled 

to search the shelves of secondhand-book stores.

THIRD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

In 1889, on the recommendation of Dr. Orton, the legislature provided for the third organization of the Geological Survey of Ohio. 

A small yearly appropriation was made, enabling the State geologist,
112 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Dr. Orto'n, to keep'in touch with work in progress and to present 

the results in annual reports. The scope of the Survey was made 

very broad, and while permission was given to collect and describe 

the fossils of the geologic formations, the laAv forbade any expenditure for this purpose that .was not expressly provided for by the 

legislature. Probably this was attributable to the heavy expenditures 

made for part 2 of volumes 1 and 2. The first annual report of this 

Survey appeared in 1890. In the fall of 1891 Dr. Orton's health 

failed, incapacitating him from active field work, but publications on 

the results accomplished by the Survey were continued under his 

direction, part 1 of volume 7 appearing in 1893 and the complete 

volume (parts 1 and 2) in 1894.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is known as the Geological Survey of 

Ohio;. it was organized under the laws of 1889 and 1902.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

In the autumn of 1899 Edward Orton, jr., was appointed to the 

vacancy created by the death of his father, and in 1902 he completed 

the fourth organization of the Geological Survey of Ohio. The laws 

of the third organization were not repealed, but important additions 

were made, relating to the publication and distribution of the reports. 

Provision was made for issuing a series of bulletins, which were 

later to be assembled and bound into volumes, thus maintaining the 

series started by Newberry and continued by Orton. This was regarded as a more expeditious and economical method of making 

public the results accomplished. Without difficulty Prof. Orton 

secured an appropriation, and in the summer of 1900 field work was 

once more begun. Prof. Orton gave the work of the Survey a more 

practical trend than it had previously had, as is well shown by the 

titles of the bulletins for example, " Uses of Portland cement," 

" Manufacture of Portland cement," and " Sand-lime brick." Finding that he could not devote to the Survey the time that he deemed 

necessary, Prof. Orton retired in 1906, and J. A. Bownocker, the 

present incumbent, was appointed to succeed him.

Since Mr. Bownocker's appointment only one addition has.been 

made to the laws relating to. the Survey, and that empowers the State 

geologist to purchase and keep on sale publications of the Survey 

now out of print. In 1910 a general code of the laws of Ohio was 

adopted, and the laws governing the Survey were all assembled.
OHIO. 113 

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

1. The governor may appoint a State geologist, who shall serve 

for a term of three years, unless removed for cause. He may employ 

such assistants as he deems necessary.

2. The State geologist shall receive for his services $200 for each 

month for the time employed in the discharge of his official duties. 

Each assistant shall receive such compensation as the State geologist 

may allow. The necessary traveling and incidental expenses of the 

geologist and assistants shall be paid each month from the State 

treasury on presentation of an itemized voucher approved by the 

governor.

3. The State geologist shall investigate the geologic structure and 

resources of the State. He shall determine as nearly as possible the 

number and extent of geologic formations, and from time to time 

represent them on maps and diagrams. He shall study the occurrence arid distribution of useful minerals and products of such formations, determine their chemical composition and structure, investigate the soils and water supply of the State, and .give attention to 

the discoveries of coal, building stone, natural cement, petroleum, 

gas, and other natural .substances of use and value. He may also 

collect and describe the fossils of geologic formations of the State, 

but no expenditure shall be incurred therein unless authorized by 

the general assembly.

4. When a bulletin has been completed, the commissioners of public printing shall determine the number of copies to be printed and 

the grade of paper and kind of binding to be used and shall provide 

for a proper publication. Each issue of a bulletin shall consist of 

not less than 3,000 copies. One thousand copies shall be distributed 

pro rata among members of the general assembly, and each member 

may draw 50 additional copies. One thousand copies shall be distributed by the State geologist in exchange with othei* surveys and 

among persons whose services have been employed in the collection 

and preparation of matter used therein. Not more than 400 copies 

of a bulletin may be distributed in this manner during the first year 

after its publication, and not more than 50 copies in any subsequent 

year. One thousand copies shall be reserved for binding. When 

a sufficient number of other bulletins have accumulated to make collectively a volume of not less than 800 pages, they shall be bound 

in such a way as to correspond with the preceding volumes of the 

Survey.

5. The State geologist shall distribute the bound volumes of the 

Survey as follows: (1) To the State library, 100 copies; (2) to 

each member of the general assembly, 1 copy and, on application,

85645° Bull. 465 11 8
114 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

not to exceed 2 additional copies; (3) to each public library of the 

State, 1 copy; (4) the remaining copies may be distributed in exchange with other .geological surveys and societies of the UnitedStates and foreign countries.

6. The expenses of printing, illustration, stereotyping, and binding of the bulletins and volumes shall be paid from the appropriation for State printing.

7. The State geologist may purchase, repair, and sell, at such prices 

as to cover the expenses, publications of the Survey now out of print.

8. The State geologist shall make an annual report to the governor on the work for the preceding year. The report shall state the 

number of bulletins and geologic reports distributed, the number of 

each issue sold, the money received and expended, and the number of 

bulletins and bound volumes on hand.

ORGANIZATION.

The executive officer of the Survey 'is the State geologist. The 

present incumbent, J. A. Bownocker, was appointed in December. 

1906, to fill the unexpired term of Edward Orton, jr., resigned. He 

was reappointed April 22, 1907, and again in 1910. His present term 

expires in 1913. The State geologist holds a professorship in the 

Ohio State University and gives' only about one-third of his time to 

the Survey during the academic year, and full time during the summer vacation of three months. During the vacation period he 

receives a salary of $200 a month and traveling expenses, as provided 

by statute; during the remaining nine months his compensation is $50 

a month, the amount appropriated by the general assembly.

The clerical force consists of one stenographic clerk.

The scientific assistants are appointed by the State geologist and 

include geologists, chemists, and engineers. At present the scientific staff is chosen almost entirely from professors in higher institutions of learning and advanced students who have selected geology 

for their life work. The field work is performed largely during 

the summer vacation. During 1910 ten geologists, two chemists, and 

two engineers were employed. The compensation of assistants ranges 

from $50 to $100 a month and expenses. It is expected that the 

maximum figure will be substantially increased for 1911.

The topographic work is not under the direction of the State 

geologist.

APPROPRIATIONS.

During the last few years appropriations have been made annually, 

but it is understood that hereafter they will be biennial. Unexpended 

balances lapse on February 15 following the time the appropriations
OHIO. 115

become available. Thus far such balances have been reappropriated 

to the Survey. The appropriation for the year 1910 was as follows: 

For geologic work, $6,895; for illustrating specimens, $150; total, 

$7,045. To this should be added unexpended balances and the receipts from the sale of bulletins, the latter aggregating from $200 

to $400. The expenditures were divided approximately as follows:

Per cent:.

Administration ______,__r___________________ 22 

Economic, stratigraphic, a.real, and physiographic geology__ 86 

Applied geology_______J._______________________ 84

Paleontologic geology _________________________ 8

Chemistry _________:_____________________ 5

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the present Survey date from 1903 and consist of a series of bulletins, which are from time to time, assembled 

and bound into volumes, thus maintaining the series of volumes 

started by Newberry. To the present time 11 bulletins have been 

issued. Bulletins 1 to 3 compose volume 8, Bulletins 4 to 8 compose 

volume 9, and Bulletins 9 to 11 compose volume 10. These publications are almost wholly of an economic nature.

The editions of bulletins are determined by the commissioners of 

public printing, but according to law shall consist of not less than 

3,000 copies. They are distributed as stated on pages 113-114.

The cost of publishing is "paid from the appropriation for State 

printing, and the Survey lacks data as to the actual figures. State 

printing is clone under a contract, and the Survey has nothing to say 

as to who shall do the work. The engraver is generally designated 

by the supervisor of public printirig, after competitive bidding. The 

quality of paper and the kind of binding are determined by the 

commissioners of public printing. The contents of the bulletins are 

left entirely to the State geologist.

The State geologist is authorized to purchase, repair, and sell 

publications of the Survey now out.of print at prices which will 

cover the cost. Receipts from the sales go into the State treasury 

to the credit of the Survey. For the.last three years these receipts 

were as follows: 1907, $185.72; 1908, $202.94; 1909, $448.15.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. The Survey is at present engaged in 

the following investigations:

Economic geology:

The Bremen oil field. 

Peat deposits of Ohio. 

Building stones of Ohio.
116 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Stratigraphic geology:

The Mississippian of northeastern Ohio.

The Mississippian of southern Ohio. 

Areal geology:

The geology .of the Columbus area. (For colleges aiiil general 

readers.)

The geology of the Cleveland area. (For high schools.)

The geology Qf the Delaware area. 

Physiographic geology:

The beaches of glacial Lake Erie.

The physiography of Ohio. 

Applied geology:

Paving bricks.

Pottery.

Sands of"Ohio.

In addition to the foregoing, certain stratigraphic lines are being 

redrawn on topographic maps for use in future editions of the 

geologic map of Ohio.,

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. At present 

the only cooperation with the Federal Survey is in the investigations 

of peat and of petroleum in southeastern Ohio. The samples are 

collected by the State Survey and the analyses are made by the

Federal Survey.

OKLAHOMA.

PREVIOUS SURVEY.

In 1898 the Legislature of the Territory of Oklahoma established 

the Geological and Natural History Survey and appropriated for its 

maintenance $200 a year. This amount was afterwards .increased to 

$300. Under the law the professor of biology at the State University of Oklahoma was ex officio Territorial geologist, the subject of 

geology, at that time, not being taught at the State University. 

Prof. A. H. Van Vleet, head of the department of biology, therefore 

became Territorial geologist in 1898 and served in that capacity until 

statehood was granted in 1907.

Considering the small amount of money available, the results of 

Prof. Van Vleet's survey were extremely satisfactory. Assisted by 

Charles N. Gould, geologist, and Paul J. White, botanist, work in 

the northern and western parts of Oklahoma was carried on each 

summer from 1901 to 1906. As a result, two volumes were issued. 

The manuscript of the first biennial report was burned in a fire which 

destroyed Science Hall of the State University in 1903. The second 

biennial report was issued the same year and the third biennial report was issued two years later.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is the Oklahoma Geological Survey; it 

was organized July 25, 1908.
OKLAHOMA. 117 

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The authority for the establishment of the Oklahoma Geological 

Survey is contained in section 37 of article 5 of the constitution of 

Oklahoma, which reads as follows: " The legislature shall provide for 

the establishment of a State Geological and Economic Survey." The 

Survey was established by the first Legislature of Oklahoma under 

the following law:

SECTION 1. There is hereby created a bureau to be known as the Oklahoma 

Geological Survey, which shall be under the direction of a commission to be 

known as the State geological commission, composed of the governor, the 

president of the State University, and the State superintendent of public instruction.

SEC. 2. The said commission shall serve without compensation but shall 

be reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses incurred in the performance 

of their official duties. Said commission shall have, general charge of the

bureau and shall appoint as director of the Survey a geologist of established 

reputation, who may, with the approval of the commission, appoint such assistants and employees as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this 

act. The director,-assistants, and employees shall receive such salaries or 

compensation as may be determined by this commission. 

- SEC. 3. The said bureau shall have for its object and duties the following:

First, a study of the geological formations of the State, with special reference 

to its mineral deposits, including oil, coal, gas, asphalt, gypsum, salt, cement, 

stone, clay, lead, zinc, iron, sand, road-building material, water resources, and 

all other mineral resources.

Second, the preparation and publication of bulletins and reports accompanied 

with the necessary illustrations and maps, including both general and detailed 

descriptions of the geological structure and mineral resources of the State.

Third, the consideration of such other scientific and economic questions as 

In the judgment of the commission shall be deemed of value to the people.

SEC. 4. The director shall present to the governor a biennial report, ready 

for printing, showing the progress and conditions of said bureau, together 

with such other information as the commission may deem necessary: Provided, 

That the commission shall have authority to print and to distribute said report.

SEC. 5. All materials collected, having served the purpose of the bureau, 

shall be deposited in the State Museum: Provided, That duplicates may be distributed to the various educational institutions of the State under such regulations as the commission shall formulate.

SEC. 6. In order to carry out the provisions of this act, it shall be lawful 

for all persons employed by the bureau to enter and cross all lands within 

the State: Provided, That in so doing, no damage is done to private property.

SEC. 7. Until suitable laboratories, libraries, and testing apparatus are 

provided by the State for prosecuting the work of the Survey, said Survey 

shall be located at the State University. The commission shall enter into arrangements with the board of regents of the State University for the use, by 

members of the staff of the Survey, of such rooms, laboratories, libraries, and 

apparatus as may be necessary for the carrying on of such work.

SEC. 8. The sum of $15.000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is 

hereby appropriated out of the funds in the State treasury, not otherwise appropriated, to provide for the payment of actual expenses of the commission.
118 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

and for other expenses authorized by them, and for the salaries or other compensation of the director, assistants, or other employees.

SEC. 9. For the preservation of the public .peace, health, and safety, an 

emergency is hereby declared to exist by reason whereof this act shall take 

effect and be in force from and after its passage and approval.

ORGANIZATION.

Under the law the governing board of the Survey is the State 

geological commission, .which is composed of the governor, who is 

president of the commission; the State superintendent of public instruction, who is secretary of the commission; and the president of 

the State University^ who is the executive officer of the commission.

The following paragraphs set forth the duties of the officers:

The executive officer is empowered to certify to the State auditor the amount 

of money required to pay the salaries of the director and other expenses as may 

be authorized by the commission. '

The executive officer is empowered to arrange with the board of regents of 

the State University for such rooms, laboratories, libraries, and testing apparatus as may be necessary for the'work of the Survey, as provided in section 7 

of the act establishing the Survey.

The president of the commission is to make known to the Director of the 

United States Geological Survey, in Washington, and to heads of the geological 

surveys in the neighboring States the organization of the Oklahoma Geological 

Survey, and to ask their official aid and cooperation.

The director of the Survey is authorized in the name of the commission to 

solicit the friendly aid and cooperation of all the citizens of Oklahoma, and particularly all teachers and other professional men of the State.

In conformity with article 3 of section 3 of the act establishing the commission, the executive officer is authorized on the advice of the director to appropriate such funds of the Survey as he may think wise to the investigation of 

zoological and botanical problems of the State.

The executive officer is authorized to apportion the funds of the Survey, to 

approve the appointment of assistants and other employees, and to see that the 

instructions of the commission are faithfully carried out.

The members of the commission, being State officials, do not draw 

additional salaries.

The active work of the Survey is in charge of the director, who is 

appointed by the commission. The present incumbent is Charles N. 

Gould, who Avas appointed July 25, 1908. The term of office is indefinite. The compensation, which is fixed by the commission, is an 

annual salary of $2,500.

The clerical force consists of one clerk and two stenographers, appointed by the director and the appointments approved by the executive officer. The salaries range from $30 to $50 a month.. Up to the 

present time students in the State University have been employed in 

this capacity. In general, student help has been found very satisfactory.
OKLAHOMA. 119

The geologic assistants consist of an assistant director at a salary 

of $1,500 a year, a chemist at a salary of $1,200 a year, a draftsman 

at $900 a year, and assistant geologists, usually professors in the 

State University of Oklahoma, or other schools of equal rank, Avho 

serve at salaries varying from $75 to $125 a month. Field assistants, 

chiefly students at the university or members of the faculty in the 

State normal schools, receive salaries ranging from $20 to $30 a 

month in addition to their expenses while in the field. All assistants 

are appointed by the director subject to approval by the executive 

officer.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The. appropriations for the Survey are made biennially by the 

legislature. Estimates for the work of the Survey for two years 

are prepared by the director and submitted by the executive officer 

to the state auditor, who lays the matter before the chairman of the 

appropriation committee. Appropriations thus far have not been 

contingent on cooperation, but it is hoped that such appropriation 

may be made at the coming session of the legislature.

Unexpended balances lapse into the State treasury at the end of 

the fiscal year. The annual appropriations for the Survey for the 

year ending June 30, 1910, were as follows:

Salaries ________________________________ $7, 780 

Office and incidental expenses_________^______ 2,590 

Traveling expenses ________________________ SOO 

Printing _______________________________ 2, 075

13, 245

The annual appropriations for the biennium ending June 30, 1913, 

are as follows:

Salaries______________________________ $7,480 

Office expenses __________________________ 3,000 

Field expenses ____________________________ 3,000 

Cooperation ________. ___________________ 3,000 

Printing _______'________________________ 2, 400

IS, 880

The energies of the Survey have been expended largely in the 

preparation of bulletins on economic resources. Particular attention has been paid to oil, gas, asphalt, coal, clays, road material, 

Portland cement, lead, zinc, gypsum, and salt. Bulletins on these 

subjects have either been submitted for publication or are in course 

of preparation. In addition to the economic reports, a small amount 

of stratigraphic work has been carried on. The chemical laboratories 

are being fitted for the analysis of water and of mineral, specimens. 

Considerable time is given to the investigation of road materials,
120 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

but none to highway work. No topographic work nor investigations 

of the underground water resources have been undertaken.

Two lines of work which bid fair to become extremely popular in 

Oklahoma have been undertaken by the Survey. The first is the 

preparation of an exhibit of the mineral resources of the State for 

the Oklahoma State fair, and the second is the collection of mineral 

specimens for the high schools, normal schools, and small colleges 

in the State. The Survey has assembled well-classified and comprehensive collections of 75 specimens of the rocks, fossils, and minerals 

of Oklahoma, and these are loaned to the schools. About 50 sets 

have already been sent out and applications are on file for a number 

of others.

The Survey is constantly in receipt of requests asking for a member of the staff to examine certain localities with a view to ascertaining the probabilities of minerals being found there. It has been 

found impossible to comply with all requests which have come to 

the office, and the petition plan has been adopted. The following 

blank is sent out to each applicant:

 Oklahoma, ________ 

To the Director of the Oklahoma Geological Survey:

We, the undersigned freeholders of the county of ______, State of Oklahoma, do hereby petition that a competent geologist be sent to this county to 

examine and report upon the following-described lands, to wit: ______________

We have reason to believe the following minerals may be found upon these 

lands: ______________________,_______________________

When a petition is signed by 50 taxpayers of a community and

is certified by the county clerk a member of the Survey visits the 

locality, makes an examination, and submits a report thereon.

PUBLICATIONS.

Up to the present time the Survey has published only one bulletin, 

entitled " Preliminary report on the mineral resources of Oklahoma," 

but the following additional bulletins are either in press or ready 

for submission to the printer: " Preliminary report on asphalt," 

" Mineral resources of the Arbuckle Mountains," and " Preliminary 

report on coal."

The edition of the Survey publications is 3,000 copies. The size 

of the page is 6 by 9 inches.

The bulletins are distributed free of charge', except that in some 

cases extra postage is requested. The Survey having been organized 

for only two years, it is impossible to give the average cost of printing
OKLAHOMA. 121

reports and maps. The appropriation for printing for the present 

biennium is $4,175.

The contract for printing must be let by the State board of public 

affairs. The specifications, as to the style of report, illustrations, contents, etc., are prepared by the Survey. Bids are requested arid the 

contract is awarded to the lowest bidder. If the appropriation is 

not sufficient to cover the cost of publication according to the specifications it is necessary to reduce either the number of illustrations or 

the number of copies to be issued.

The Survey has full control over the distribution of reports. Its 

policy is to distribute them, first, to other State surveys and to scientific organizations throughout the world; second, to manufacturers 

and business men particularly interested in the subject matter of the 

report; and third, to newspapers and prominent citizens of the State. 

In this connection it may be said that the issue of 3,000 copies of 

Bulletin 1 is practically exhausted.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

The Oklahoma Geological Survey is devoting its energies chiefly 

to investigations of the mineral resources of the State. During the 

last two years the oil and gas fields, clays, building stones, and 

structural materials have been studied. At present the coal, gypsum, 

glass sand, salt, lead, and zinc resources are receiving attention.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. At present the Oklahoma Survey is cooperating with the Federal Survey in the preparation of a 

geologic folio covering the Nowata and Pawhuska quadrangles. The 

Pawhuska quadrangle was surveyed by the Federal organization in 

1909; the Nowata quadrangle was surveyed in 1910, under the direct 

supervision of Prof. D. W. Ohern, of the department of geology at 

the Oklahoma State University.

United States Office of Public Roads. The Oklahoma Survey has 

cooperated with the United States Office of Public Roads at Washington in collecting and testing samples of road-building materials. An 

engineer detailed by the Roads Office spent several weeks in company 

with the chemist of the Oklahoma Survey investigating the roadbuilding materials of the State. The tests of these materials have 

been made in the laboratories at Washington and the reports have 

been properly distributed.

Other State geological surveys: Up to the present time the only 

cooperation with the geological surveys of other States has been 

with the Kansas Geological Survey. Prof. J. W. Beede, who has
STATE GEOLOGICAL SUBVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

worked on the Permian problem in that State for a number of years,- 

has spent some time in Oklahoma studying- the rocks of this interesting series. It is hoped that during the coming year cooperation may 

be carried on with the Missouri and. Arkansas surveys.

Other scientific bureaus of the State. Cooperation with the Oklahoma State Board of Agriculture and the park boards and watersupply commissions of the cities of Oklahoma has been arranged for 

and in several instances carried out. The people of Oklahoma are 

learning to look more and more to the Survey for accurate data 

regarding the State's natural resources.

PENNSYLVANIA.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS. 

FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Through the instrumentality of the Geological Society of Pennsylvania an act providing for a Geological Survey of the State was reported to the legislature in 1832, but failed to pass. It was resubmitted annually for several years, and each year received the same 

treatment until, under the urgent demands of the people, the legislature passed it May 29, 1836. The act authorized an annual appropriation of $6,400 for five years. Prof. Henry Darwin Rogers, 

formerly State geologist of New Jersey, was appointed State geologist. During the first year the general geologic features of the State 

were determined and the Paleozoic section was divided into 12 

formations, numbered from I to XII. This numerical nomenclature 

was used in the Pennsylvania publications for many years. No. I 

was the limestone at Harrisburg and No. XII the coal measures. In 

this first year also an understanding-was obtained of the anticlinal 

and synclinal folds which are so conspicuous a feature of the geology 

of the State.

In the second year of the Survey detailed work was begun in the 

anthracite region, and in the third year nine assistants were scattered 

over the State, each man assigned to a district. This third season's 

work resulted in the discovery that the coal measures of western 

Pennsylvania are divided into two series, and that the bituminous 

coal field is characterized by folds and basins, but with a simpler 

structure than those in the central part of the State.

The Survey continued its work until 1841, but as the people could 

not see that they were getting what they wanted out of it, the legislature failed to make an appropriation in 1842. For three years, 

however, Mr. Rogers continued to prepare reports without remuneration from the State. In 1848 he- submitted a final report, but it Avas 

not until 1851 that publication of the report was authorized. The
( PENNSYLVANIA. 123

work being then 10 years old the legislature made an appropriation to cover the cost of the field work necessary to bring the report 

up to date and to defray the expense of its publication. From 1851 

to 1854 field work was carried on each season, but it was not until 

1858 that the final report of the Survey appeared. It consists of two 

quarto volumes, containing 1,631 pages, with numerous illustrations. 

The publications of the first Geological Survey consisted of six 

imnual reports, dated from 1836 to 1842, and the aforementioned 

final report.

SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

A bill authorizing the inauguration of a new State Survey and the 

appointment of a board of .commissioners passed the legislature May 

14, 1874. The board selected the professor of geology in the University of Pennsylvania, J. P. Lesley, for State geologist. As a reconnoissance geologic survey of the entire State had already been 

made and the general geology was known with a fair degree of accuracy, the problems, to be undertaken under Lesley's direction were 

well understood and plans were wisely formulated. The new Survey 

was to study the details of special geologic problems or special areas 

rather than the broad geologic features of the entire State. The principal work of the organization was the solution of economic problems, 

particularly of structural details and of the extent of the coal and 

petroleum formations. The plans adopted provided for (1) the 

occupation of five specially important and hitherto little-studied districts of the State requiring immediate attention; (2) the postponement of work in the best-known anthracite and bituminous coal 

regions; (3.) the postponement of extensive systematic study of 

fossils; (4) the establishment of a special laboratory at Harrisburg 

for the analysis of irons, steels, iron ores, and other blast-furnace 

stock; (5) the preparation of a special report on petroleum; (6) the 

preparation of a special report on the mineralogy of the State; (7) 

the publication of the results of the summer's work during the following winter; and (8) the exhibition of type specimens of the 

Survey collections in the rooms of the board at Harrisburg.

During the 13 years that the Second Survey existed annual appropriations were made which amounted to $545,000. Among those who 

were regularly employed, or undertook special investigations in association with Prof. Lesley, were C. A. Ashburner, C. E. Beecher, J. C. 

Branner. J. F. Carll. H. M. Chance, E. W. Claypole, E. V. dTnvilliers, L, G. Eakins, Persifor Frazer, F. A. Genth, C. E. Hall, T. 

Sterry Hunt, A. E. Lehman, Leo Lesquereux, A. S. McCreath, F.. 

Prime, jr., J. J. Stevenson, I. C. White, Arthur Winslow, and G. F. 

Wright.
124 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Work was prosecuted over the whole State, particular attention 

being given to the oil region, the bituminous coal fields, and the anthracite fields. The anthracite fields Avere the subject of most exhaustive studies, detailed topographic maps being made on which the 

geology was laid down with the greatest care. Of this work David 

White says: "The atlas of the southern anthracite field in Pennsylvania represents the most minutely detailed and most excellent economic work of sedimentary deposits that has yet been accomplished 

over an extensive area in this country."

The reports of Lesley and his associates were published as rapidly 

as they could be prepared, and proved of such value to the public 

that the Survey maintained popular favor and continued to receive 

appropriations until 1887. The results of the 13 years of the Second 

Survey are contained in 77 octavo volumes of text, with 35 atlases, 

and a " grand atlas." These were followed, in 1893 and 1895, by the 

three octavo volumes constituting the final report, with the publication of which the Second Geological Survey came to an end. The 

black cloth-bound volumes of this Survey are a familiar sight in 

geologic libraries, but the State no longer has any of these reports 

for distribution. They can be obtained only from dealers in secondhand books. These volumes are designated by letters and figures. 

The letters seem to denote the sequence of inception of work in different areas, or different problems, and the figures or repeated letters 

indicate the order of subsequent reports on the same area. All volumes bearing the same letter relate to a particular area. For instance, all volumes lettered " G " deal with the northeastern part of 

the State, and those lettered "K" discuss the southwestern part. 

The sequence " G," " G2," " G3," to " G7 " shows the chronologic 

order of completion of the reports. The " G" report was begun

after the " F " report, but the " G7 " report was completed before 

the " FF " or " F2 " report. Atlases are indicated by parentheses 

surrounding the letter; thus " G3 " designates the text of a report on 

Lancaster County and "(G3)" the atlas to accompany it. For ready 

reference to the reports it is necessary to consult an index map, 

usually found in the front of each volume, showing the letters designating reports on different parts of the State.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present Survey is entitled the Topographic and Geological 

Survey. It was organized under laws of 1899 and 1909.

SUMMARY OF LAWS AND ORGANIZATION.

The present survey was established in 1899, by an act of the^legislature entitled "An act to authorize the topographic and geological
PENNSYLVANIA. 125

survey of the State in cooperation with the United States Geological 

Survey," which reads as follows:

SECTION 1. Be it enacted, etc., That the governor be, and lie is hereby, authorized to appoint a commission, to consist of three citizens of this State, to 

confer with the Director or representative of the United States Geological Survey 

and to accept its cooperation with this State in the preparation and completion 

of a contour topographic and geological survey and map of this State, which is 

hereby authorized to be made. Said commission shall serve without pay, but 

all its necessary expenses shall, on approval by the governor, be paid out of the 

State treasury. Said commission shall have power to arrange with the Director or representative of the United States Geological Survey concerning this 

survey and map, its scale, method of execution, form, and all details of the work, 

in behalf of this State, and may accept or reject the work executed by the 

United States Geological Survey. And it is hereby provided that said map shall 

accurately show the outlines of all townships, counties, and extensive wooded 

areas in this State, as existing on the ground at the time of the execution of 

these surveys; the location of all roads, railroads, streams, canals, lakes, and

rivers; and shall show by contour lines the elevation and depression of the surface of the country, also location of coal, oil, natural gas, and clay-bearing 

formations.

SEC. 2. For the prosecution of this survey, the sum of $20,000 is hereby' 

appropriated for the year 1899 and $20,000 for the year 1900; and the auditor 

general is hereby authorized to draw his orders on the State treasury for such 

portions of these amounts as may be required, from time to time, from money 

in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, upon vouchers signed by two members of the commission; but it is hereby provided that these expenditures shall 

not be in excess of the amounts expended upon the same work by the United 

States Geological Survey from its own funds. The commission shall report to 

the governor each year. For the purpose of making the surveys hereinbefore 

provided for, it shall be lawful for the persons employed in making the same to 

enter upon all lands within the boundaries of this State, but this act shall not 

be construed as authorizing any unnecessary interference with private rights.

SKC. 8. This act shall be in effect immediately upon its passage.

Approved April 28, 1899.

The principal object contemplated by the act was the preparation of 

a topographic map of the State. The governor appointed as the 

commission G. W. McNees, Simon Harrold, and Fred D. Barker, 

whe entered into the following agreement with the Director of the 

United States Geological Survey:

Agreement between the Topographical and Geological Survey Commission of the 

State of Pennsylvania and the Director of the United States Geological Survey, for the cooperative topographic and geologic survey of the State.

1. The preparation of the maps shall be under the supervision of the Director 

of the United States Geological Survey, who shall determine the methods of 

survey and map construction, in accordance with the act of assembly of the 

State of Pennsylvania, entitled "An act to authorize the topographic and geologic survey of the State in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey," approved April 28, 1899.

2. The order in which in point of priority different parts of the State shall 

be surveyed shall be agreed upon in detail between said commission and said 

Director.
126 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

3. Tlie work shall be based upon the triangulation of the United States 

Coast and Geodetic Survey, and, wherever this triangulation is deficient, it 

shall be supplemented by said cooperative survey.

4. The survey shall be executed in a manner sufficiently elaborate to prepare 

a topographic map upon the scale of 1: 62,500 exhibiting the hydrography, 

hypsography, and public culture; said survey and map shall accurately show all 

township and county boundary lines (as established by the State laws at the 

time of their completion) and extensive wooded areas in this State as existing on the ground at the time of the execution of these surveys; the location 

of all roads, railroads, streams, canals, lakes, and rivers, and shall show by 

contour lines the elevation and depression of the surface of the country, also 

on geologic maps, the location of the coal, oil, natural gas, clay-bearing, 

and other geological formations. The said topographic maps shall be similar 

to the sheets already completed in this State, and the form of the final publications of the geological maps shall be the same as the Geological Atlas of the 

United States Geological Survey.

The preliminary field maps shall be on such a scale as said Director shall 

select to secure accuracy in the construction of the final map.

5. It is understood and agreed upon that the geological work shall follow 

the topographic survey as closely as consistent with economy and in accordance 

with modern scientific methods. The time of beginning this work to be agreed 

upon between the State Survey Commission of Pennsylvania and the United 

States Geological Survey.

6. The hypsography shall be shown by contour lines with vertical intervals of 

20 feet, and the heights of important points shall be -determined and marked 

upon fixed and permanent bench marks in important and prominent places 

throughout the counties; also, correct meridian points shall be located at each 

county seat and records furnished to the said commission.

7. For convenience, the United States Geological Survey shall, during the 

progress of the field work, pay the salaries of the persons employed therein, 

while the traveling, subsistence, and field expenses shall be paid for the same 

time by the State. For office work on the map the salaries shall be divided 

between the two agreeing parties in such a way as to equalize all expenses, 

provided that the total cost to the State of Pennsylvania of the field and office 

work and expense of said commission for the year 1899 and 1900 shall not be 

more than $40,000, and provided that the United States Geological Survey shall 

expend an equal amount.

8. During the progress of the work free access to the field sheets and records 

of the topographers and draftsmen shall be afforded the State commissioners 

for examination and criticism; and should they deem that the work is not 

being executed in accordance with this agreement, then the said commissioners 

may, on formal notice, terminate this agreement.

9. The resulting maps shall fully recognize the cooperation of the State of 

Pennsylvania.

10. As the work is completed, the State commissioners shall be furnished by 

the United States Geological Survey with photographic copies of the manuscript sheets; and, when the engraving, which is to -be done at- the cost of the 

United States Geological Survey, is completed, and at all times thereafter, 

when desired, the said commission shall be furnished by the said Survey with 

transfers at cost of printing from the copper plates of the photographic sheets 

for use in printing editions of said maps.

WASHINGTON, D. C., July 12, 3.899.
PENNSYLVANIA. 127

Under the conditions of the foregoing act and agreement work 

progressed until half of the State has been mapped topographically 

and 37 quadrangles have been surveyed geologically, either by the 

Federal Survey alone or in cooperation with the State. Folios and 

bulletins descriptive of the geology of several of these quadrangles 

have been published by the United States Geological Survey.

In 1909 the legislature passed the following act:

An act authorizing the Topographic and Geological Survey Commission of Pennsylvania to establish and .maintain a Topographic and Geological Survey of 

the State, fixing salaries, providing for the printing and binding of the results 

of said Survey, the furnishing of supplies and stationery, and making an

 appropriation therefor.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the senate and house of representatives of the 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in general assembly met, and it is hereby 

enacted by the authority of the same, that the Topographic and Geological 

Survey Commission of Pennsylvania is hereby authorized to establish and

maintain a Topographic and Geological Survey of the State. 

SEC. 2. The object of such Survey shall be as follows: The preparation

 and completion of a topographic map or maps of the State, also the study of 

its geological formation, with special reference to the economic development of 

its resources, such as coal, ores, oil, gas, stones, cement material, and all other 

minerals.

With these ends in view, the said Commission may and is hereby authorized 

to arrange with the United States Geological Survey-or such other national 

organization as may be authorized to do such work for its cooperation, provided that the amount of money to be expended in such cooperative work on 

behalf of the State shall not exceed the amount so expended by such national 

organization.

The preparation of reports, with the necessary geological and other maps to 

properly illustrate the same, which shall be of such detail character and style 

of publication as the said Commission may deem best suited to properly describe 

the resources of the State.

. SEC. 3. The reports of the said Survey shall be printed by the department 

of printing and binding in such form and style as may be designated by the 

Topographic and Geological Survey Commission.

SEC. 4. The said Commission shall serve without pay except the chairman 

of the same, who shall receive a salary of not more than $1,500 per annum, and 

the necessary expenses of said Commission shall be paid out of the State treasury after the same have been submitted in itemized form to the auditor general 

and approved by him. .

SEC. 5. The said Commission shall appoint a State geologist, who shall be 

in immediate charge of the work of said survey, subject to the regulations and 

orders of said Commission.

The said geologist shall receive a salary not to exceed $3,000 per annum. He 

may also appoint such assistants as in the judgment of such Commission may 

be proper and necessary. '

SEC. 6. In addition to the reports hereinbefore authorized, the said Commission shall make a biennial report to the governor and the legislature showing the progress and condition of the work, together with such other information and recommendations as the said Commission may deem necessary and 

useful.
128 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

SEC. 7. All specimens and materials collected shall, after serving the purposes of the Survey, be deposited in the State Museum and there preserved in 

such form as to be available for study in the further work of the Survey, or by 

individual students, but must not be removed from said Museum except for 

study and use by the State geologist or those working under his direction.

SEC. 8. All supplies and stationery, blank books, forms, or other printed 

matter necessary for the use of said Survey shall be furnished by the department of printing and binding or the department of public grounds and buildings 

upon requisition. of said Commission.

SEC. 9. It shall be lawful for any and all persons employed in carrying on 

the work of the said Survey to enter upon and cross all lands within the State, 

provided that in so doing no damage shall be done to private property.

SEC. 10. The sum of $35,000 annually [afterward changed to $10,000 annually, or a total of $20,000] for the term of two years is hereby appropriated 

for the use of said Commission in carrying on the work authorized by this act.

SEC. 11. This act shall be in effect on the 1st day of Jime, 1909.

SEC. 12. All laws or parts of laws inconsistent with this act are hereby 

repealed. 

This act of 1909 authorizes the State Topographic and Geological 

Survey Commission to do topographic and geologic work independently of the United States Geological Survey. On its passage the^ 

Commission appointed Richard R. Hice, of Beaver, as State geologist, 

and he still retains the position. Cooperation with the Federal Survey in topographic work has been continued, but geologic work is 

now being done independently.

The personnel of the Topographic and Geological Survey Commission in 1910 was as follows: G. W. McNees, of Kittanning (chairman) ; A. S. McCreath, of Harrisburg;' and E. V. d'lnvilliers, of 

Philadelphia.

During the first year of the organization under the new act (1909- 

JO) permanent assistants were not appointed, the Avork being done 

on a per diem basis. So far as possible, college professors and advanced students who are residents of the State are employed in the 

work. Appointments are made by the State geologist. There is 

no civil-service" commission to provide an eligible list or impose restrictions. In 1909 and 1910 the State geologist employed five 

geologists and two clerical assistants.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are biennial and unexpended balances do not carry 

over. The total appropriation for the biennium 1909-1911 was 

$20,000, or $10,000 annually, about half the usual appropriation, and 

as it was to cover all topographic and geologic work the progress 

of the Survey has been greatly retarded. More than half of the 

sum was expended in cooperative topographic work.
PENNSYLVANIA. 129

The appropriation which is asked for by the Commission for the 

next biennium will be divided as f olloAvs:

Per cent.

Administration and routine work______________!___ 15 

Topography (in cooperation with United States GeologicalSurvey)___ _ _ __________ __ __ _ 40

Economic, stratigraphic, and a real geology____________ 35 

Water resources, stream flow, etc _ _ _ _____ 10

It is not at present intended to do any work on statistical geology, 

on paleontology as distinct from stratigraphy, or on the drainage of 

flooded districts. Chemical work will be included under geology. 

Highway work, testing road materials, and other technologic investigations are not contemplated for the coming year.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Commission proposes to publish three kinds of reports (1) 

a series of biennial reports to the legislature giving a statement of the 

work accomplished and probably accompanied by short scientific 

papers (three of these biennial reports have been issued); (2) 

detailed reports on special subjects; and (3) short bulletins on special 

subjects. No reports of the second and third classes have been published.

Practically all geologic work done since the establishment of the 

Commission in 1899 has been in cooperation with the United States 

Geological Survey, and the reports have been published by that 

bureau.

The printing of State Survey publications must be done by the 

department of printing and binding, and while they conform in a 

general way to other State publications, the form and style are left 

to the Commission. The cost of printing reports does not come from 

the Survey appropriation and the department of printing arid binding furnishes all supplies, such as stationery, blank books, forms, 

and other printed matter, on requisition of the Commission.

Eeports are sent as exchanges to other surveys and organizations 

and are distributed to educational institutions and libraries within 

the State, and to citizens to whom they are of interest. Distribution 

is free, except postage in some cases.

Seven more or less detailed reports are in process of publication, 

in addition to two oil and gas reports resulting from cooperative 

work. These include papers on talc and serpentine in Pennsylvania, 

preliminary investigation of the cement resources and industry of 

Pennsylvania, graphite in southeastern Pennsylvania, paint ores of 

the State, and relation of the fresh-water fauna to geologic development, and a bibliography of Pennsylvania geology.

85645° Bull. 465 11 9
130 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUBVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Topographic work is being done in cooperation with the United 

States Geological Survey, and also geologic work on a number of 

quadrangles. There is at present no other cooperation with National 

or State bureaus. The geologic work being done by the Survey 

independently is chiefly of an economic nature.

RHODE ISLAND.

HISTORICAL SUMMARY.

In the later part of the thirties the increasing desire of the people 

to know more about the natural resources of the States culminated 

in Rhode Island in the formation of a State Survey which, in common 

Avith the times, was both geologic and agricultural in its purpose. 

The organization of this Survey was largely due to the efforts of the 

Rhode Island Society for the Promotion of Domestic Industry, which 

in December, 1838, appointed four.men to confer with the committee 

appointed by the general assembly and appropriated $500 of the 

society's funds, provided the State should appropriate the balance 

necessary to conduct a survey of the State. Accordingly, at the session of the general assembly in 1839 a resolution.appropriating $2,000 

was passed, this sum to be expended under the direction of a committee of six from the general assembly and four from the Rhode 

Island Society for the Promotion of Domestic Industry. The members of this committee were to serve without compensation.

Dr. Charles T.. Jackson, geologist of the State of Maine and member of many scientific societies both here and abroad, was asked to 

make the survey, and the contract with him was signed in April, 1839. 

His report, a volume of 312 pages, accompanied by map and geologic 

section sheet, was submitted to the committee May 25, 1840, and was 

published the same year. Criticism on the basis of our present geologic knowledge should not be made of the work done at that time. 

This report .delimited the areas of the sedimentary and crystalline 

areas of the State, except where there had been considerable regional 

metamorphism, which was an unknown field to the geologists of that 

period.

In 1868 Prof. Thomas H. Ridgeway presented to the house of representatives a memorial upon the economic value of the so-called 

" Cranston " coal beds, recommending the construction of iron blast 

furnaces and the utilization of the natural resources of the State.

In January, 1875, a resolution was passed authorizing the governor 

to appoint a commission of five, three from the general assembly and 

two from the Providence Franklin Society, to prepare a plan for a 

thorough geologic and scientific survey of the State, to make esti-
RHODE ISLAND. 131

mates, and, if possible, to report to the next general assembly. The 

expenses of this committee were to be paid from an appropriation of 

$500. This committee recommended to the general assembly the following plan:

1. The formation of a permanent board to have charge of the survey.

2. The appropriation of $5,000 annually for four years to complete the topographic plane tables of the State.

3. The publication of a map on the scale of 1:40,000.

4. A geologic survey of the State to be made under the direction of an able 

geologist appointed by the board, according to plans to be decided upon by it 

hereafter.

5. A further survey of the natural history of the State to be recommended 

to the general assembly after the completion of the geologic survey.

6. The submission to the general assembly of an annual report.

There is no record of any action taken on the report of this commission. Apparently those interested in the geologic survey of 

Rhode Island were so discouraged by the failure of this last attempt 

that there is no record of anything further being done for about 20 

years.

Topographic surveys of the State and coast surveys of Narragansett Bay were published from the time of the settlement, through the 

Revolution, and up to 1892. Dr. Jackson, however, was obliged to 

rely on a coast-survey chart of Narrangansett Bay, published by the 

Hydrographic Branch of the Navy, 1832; the Stevens map of the 

State, published in 1831; and Nelson's survey of Cumberland, published by Aaron White. The need for a topographic map of the 

State was apparent. Many disputes were centered about the question 

as to the highest point in Rhode Island, Mount Hope, with an altitude of 200 feet, having the largest number of supporters, though 

hills in the western uplands are now known to be much higher. The 

matter was brought to the attention of the general assembly at its 

session in 1888 by a bill which provided for the appointment by the 

governor of three commissioners, " citizens of the State qualified by 

education and experience for such a survey," to serve without compensation, but to be provided with funds for their necessary expenses. 

This commission had the power of conferring with the United States 

Geological Survey regarding the completion of a contour topographic map, and a sum not to exceed $5,000 was appropriated in 

addition to the necessary expenses. The additional sum of $3,500 

was appropriated in April, 1889, and $1,000 in April, 1891, for the 

preparation and publication of a wall map and atlas. Of each appropriation more than $100 was returned to the State treasury as an 

unexpended balance. .

In May, 1895, the general assembly appointed a committee of four 

to provide for a geologic survey of the portions of the State contain-
132 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

ing rocks adapted to road making, and the sum of $1,000 was appropriated for that purpose. Frederick P. Gorham. then a graduate 

student at Brown University, was selected to do this work, and he 

prepared a sketch geologic map of the State and three sets of specimens illustrating the different rock types in Rhode Island. No 

report of this work, however, was ordered printed by the legislature.

In 1904 a bill was introduced into the general assembly providing 

for a geologic survey, $3,000 to be appropriated for the purpose, but 

the bill was not reported back to the house from the-committee to 

which it Avas referred.

In 1908 a bill providing for a geologic survey of Rhode Island was 

prepared by former Lieut. Gov. F. H. Jackson. A hearing was given 

on this bill, but it did not pass the general assembly.

The following year a law was enacted making provision for the 

present Natural Resources Survey of Rhode Island and. appropriating $2,500 annually for three years for its use. The work was 

placed under the general charge of the commissioner of industrial 

statistics, where it remained until August, 1910, when it was placed 

under the direction of the newly created Conservation Commission.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF OEGAN1ZATION.

The present organization is the Natural Resources Survey of Rhode 

Island,- it was organized under laws of May.10, 1909, and August, 

1910.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

Chapter 438 of the public laws of the State of Rhode Island, 1909,

passed May 7, 1909, and signed three days later, is as follows:

SECTION 1. A survey of the natural resources of the State shall be made. 

This survey shall be placed under the general charge of the bureau of industrial statistics, in cooperation with the Rhode Island State College and the 

Government of the United States of America.

SBC. 2. The bureau shall appoint a competent agent to take charge of the 

survey, at such compensation as the commissioner of the bureau may determine. The agent so appointed may employ suitable assistants as they may 

be needed for the proper prosecution of the work of the survey, with the 

advice and consent of the commissioner of the bureau.

SEC. 3. The survey shall be made'so as to embrace the following matters, viz:

1. An examination of the geological formation of the State, with special 

reference to its economic resources, viz, road material, building stones, clays, 

coals, and other mineral substances.

2. A detailed examination and classification of the soils, and a study of 

their adaptability to particular crops, together with an examination of the 

waste lauds of the State, and the bearing it may have upon water powers, 

potable waters, and the relation of deforested areas to such water supplies.
RHODE ISLAND. 133

3. An examination of the physical features of the State, with reference to 

their practical bearing upon the occupation of the people.

4. The preparation of special geological and economical maps to illustrate 

the resources of the State.

5. The preparation of special reports, with necessary illustrations and 

maps, which shall embrace both a general and detailed description of the 

geological and natural resources of the State.

6. A report upon the fishery industry of Narragansett Bay and its tributary 

waters.

7. The consideration of such other scientific and economic questions as in 

the judgment of the commissioner and the Rhode Island State College shall 

be deemed of value to the people of the State.

SEC. 4. An annual report of progress to be made to the general assembly, or 

upon their request.

SEC. 5. Reports and maps to be printed by direction of the commissioner upon 

recommendation of agent and the Rhode Island State College; to be distributed 

or sold by said commissioner; moneys to be returned to State treasury.

SEC. 6. Distribution of material collected; to be finally distributed by the commissioner and the Rhode Island State College to the educational institutions 

of the State, or placed upon permanent exhibition.

SEC. 7. An annual appropriation of $2,500 for a period of three years to be 

paid by the State upon itemized vouchers approved by the governor.

SEC. S. This act shall take effect upon its passage.

The following bill (chapter 644, public laws of Rhode Island) 

became a law during the August session, 1910, and the general charge 

of the Survey passed from the commissioner of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics to the State Conservation Commission, but practically 

without change in the administration of the Survey.

SECTION 1. There shall be a State Conservation Commission of fiye members, 

consisting of the Commissioner of Industrial Statistics, the director of the 

Rhode Island Agricultural Station, the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, the commissioner of forestry, and the secretary of. the Metropolitan 

Park Commission of the Providence Plantations, ex officio, and their respective 

successors.

SEC. 2. Said Commission shall have general supervision and oversight of the 

matters pertaining to the conservation of the natural resources of the State, 

including the Natural Resources Survey established and authorized by chapter 

438 of the public laws, passed at the January session, A. D. 1909, and shall act 

in an advisory capacity to the undertakings of this nature now in progress or 

which may hereafter be projected, provided same are not inconsistent with the 

law. It shall have authority to cooperate with similar commissions of other 

States and with the departments of the United States Government with which it 

may have occasion to enter into negotiations whenever it shall deem it advisable.

Section 3 provided for the organization of the Commission. In section 4 the main purpose of this Commission is stated. . It is to make a 

census and list of the so-called " abandoned farms." The further 

powers of the Commission were rather comprehensive and include 

many lines of work already given to the State Survey. In section 5
134 STATE GEOLOGICAL 6UBVEYS OF iHE tlNlfED

the sum of $3,000 was appropriated. Section 6 provided that the 

Commission was to report on abandoned farms in January, 1911. 

Section 7 states that the Commission shall serve without, compensation, except expenses.

SEC. 8. This act shall take effect upon its passage, and all other acts or parts 

of acts inconsistent therewith are hereby repealed. Nothing in this act shall 

be considered, however, as repealing or otherwise affecting any of the provisions 

of chapter 438 of the public laws of 1909 (creating the Natural Resources Survey) except as provided in section 2.

ORGANIZATION.

The governing board is the State Conservation Commission, information regarding which is given under " Summary of laws."

The executive officer is called superintendent. Prof. Charles W. 

Brown, head of the department of geology at Brown University, is 

the present incumbent. He was appointed by the commissioner of 

industrial statistics, who formerly had charge of the Survey, in 

June, 1909. His compensation is at a per diem rate and is fixed by 

the Commission. He devotes the summer months to field work for 

the Survey and a month or more of the college year to office work for 

the Survey.

Occasi9nal clerical and stenographic assistance is employed by the 

superintendent, with the advice and consent "of the Commission. 

There are no civil-service regulations, the only requirement being 

general fitness for the work. The compensation varies from $1 to 

$3.50 a day. The total amount of this sort of assistance would probably equal that of one person for half a year.

The geologic assistants are instructors or advanced college students 

at Brown University, who are employed for varying periods. Their 

compensation ranges from $1 a day to $75 a month and field expenses.

The only topographic work done by the Survey is the drafting of 

enlargements of existing topographic maps. No engineering work 

has been undertaken. Work on the water resources is done in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey.

: APPROPRIATIONS.

The law of 1909 appropriated the sum of $2,500 annually for the 

period of three years, to be used for the purposes specified in the 

law. The average expenditures are about as follows:

Per cent.

Administration and routine clerical work _ __ 30 

Enlarging topographic maps, publication, etc 20 

General geology ____ ; . 44 

River measurements (1909) 6
SOUTH CAROLINA. 135 

PUBLICATIONS.

The only publication thus far has been Bulletin 1, a preliminary 

report giving in outline some of the data gathered, especially with 

reference to the water resources and coal. One thousand copies of 

this report were issued for free distribution.

The cost of the printing does not come from the Survey appropriation. The printing and distribution of publications is left to the 

superintendent and the commission.

The mailing list includes the State libraries, State surveys, departments of geology in prominent educational institutions, and interested persons.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

The present lines of work include a detailed classification of the 

occupied and unoccupied lands of Khode Island, especially in the 

" abandoned areas;" the preparation of a detailed geologic map of 

the State; the publication of a series of educational bulletins on the 

geography, geology, and water resources of Rhode Island; and a 

comprehensive and detailed study of the soils of the State.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

To South Carolina belongs the credit of having been among the 

first States to organize a State Geological Survey. Since the first 

Survey, which was authorized by the legislature in 1824, the statutes 

of the State have authorized four subsequent surveys. The first four 

surveys were created for specific periods and terminated at their 

expiration.

FIRST GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

-The first Survey was known as the Geological and Mineralogical 

Survey of South Carolina. The work was in charge of Lardner 

Vanuxem, who served as State geologist of New York and South 

Carolina. The report of this Survey was published in the newspapers of the State in 1826, and in part in Mills's " Statistics of 

South Carolina" and in Tuomey's " Report on the geology of 

South Carolina." This report contained a list of minerals from the 

Abbeville, Pendleton, Greenville, Spartanburg, and .York districts. 

It was the first geologic report issued under the patronage of any 

State in the Union. In 1828 Dr. S. G. Morton and Mr. Vanuxem 

pointed out the existence of " Secondary " (Mesozoic) and Tertiary 

formations in the State.
136 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Under the second Survey Edmund Buffin was State geologist. His 

report, entitled " Keport of the commencement and progress of the 

agricultural survey of South Carolina," was published in 1843. It 

relates chiefly to the subject of marls as soil stimulants, but also includes a list of invertebrate fossils of the State, and contains numerous analyses of the marls.

THIRD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

Under the third Survey Michael Tuomey was State geologist, 

His first report, entitled " Report of the geological and agricultural 

survey of the State of South Carolina," a pamphlet of iv-j-63 pages, 

was published in 1844. This was followed, in 1846, by a report to 

the city council of Charleston, S. C., on artesian wells, and, in 1848, 

by a report on the geology of South Carolina. The latter report was 

a volume of 299 pages, with numerous illustrations and a geologic 

map.of the State.

FOURTH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

During the fourth Survey (1856-1860) Oscar M. Lieber was State 

geologist. The publications issued by this Survey consisted of four 

annual reports to the general assembly, published in the years 1856, 

1858, 1859, and 1860. These reports varied in size from 144 to 238 

pages and contained several illustrations. Two editions of the first 

report were issued.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is the South Carolina Geological Survey; 

it was established under an act approved February 21, 1901.

ORGANIZATION.

There is no governing board. The executive officer is the State 

geologist. The present incumbent is Earle Sloan, who was appointed 

April 30, 1901. His present term expires April 30, 1911. The compensation of the State geologist is an annual salary, the amount of 

which is fixed by statute.

The only office assistant is a stenographer. The field assistants 

consist of a. captain of field camp and laborers. Chemical work is 

done in the State laboratory, located at Clemson College, and for this 

work a liberal appropriation is made by the legislature.
SOUTH CAROLINA. 137 

APPROPRIATIONS.

The South Carolina Geological Survey receives an annual appropriation of $3,400. There is no law regulating unexpended balances; 

in fact, the appropriation is usually exceeded.

As construed by the State geologist, expenditures under the law 

may be directed to economic, stratigraphic, areal, statistical, and 

paleontologic geology. The expense of chemical work is provided 

for under the appropriation for the State laboratory and does not 

come out of the Survey appropriation. A bureau of information is 

maintained, relating to geology, technology, and many other subjects.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey comprise (1) a series of annual 

administrative reports (3 to 5 pages), summcarizing the scope and 

general results of investigations, and (2) a series of bulletins in which 

detailed results of special studies are given. Of the bulletins four 

have been issued or are in press, one on the clays of the State, one on 

,the geology and -mineral resources, one on the marls and other coastal 

plain formations, and one on the underground waters.

All official,publications are printed by the State printer. Copies 

for officers of the State and members of the legislature are published 

in accordance with a general statutory provision. Copies of the 

geologic reports in excess of this number are paid for from the appropriation for the Geological Survey or from the private resources 

of the State geologist. The size of page, kind of paper, illustrations, 

and contents of report are left to the State geologist.

The reports are distributed by the State geologist. They are sent 

to scientific bodies, educational institutions, men of science, and, on 

application, to persons manifesting active interest in the industrial 

development of the mineral resources of the State.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. At present the energies of the Survey are directed chiefly to investigations of the phosphate deposits 

and peat deposits of the State.

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the Federal Survey an areal and economic survey of the 

Kings Mountain and Gaffney quadrangles is being made, the results 

of which will be combined into one geologic folio. The field work 

for this folio will be completed during the field season of 1911. 

These two quadrangles form the key to the geology of a large part 

of the Piedmont region.

Cooperation with the Federal Survey has also been maintained in 

the preparation of reports on the geology and underground water
138 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

resources of the coastal plain of South Carolina, which are now in 

an advanced stage. These will be published as bulletins of the State 

Survey.

TENNESSEE.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

State geologic work in Tennessee began in December, 1831. An 

address delivered before the State legislature on October 19, 1831, 

by Dr. Gerard Trodst, resulted in the passage of a law authorizing 

the survey, and on December 21, 1831, Dr. Troost was appointed 

geologist, mineralogist, and assayist of the State. He held this 

position until it was abolished by the legislature February 4, 1850. 

Dr. Troost was also professor of geology and mineralogy in the 

 University of Nashville, from which he received a salary of $1,000 

a year. He received from the State $250 for the first two years and 

$500 annually for succeeding years. Out of his salary he paid traveling and other field expenses. During his term of office Dr. Troost 

prepared 10 reports. The first two reports do not appear to have 

been published, and of the last only 75 copies were issued, none of 

which appear to be extant. -

In February, 1854, the legislature again created the office of 

. geologist and mineralogist of the State, and Prof. J. M. Safford was 

elected to the position. The survey was continued until 1860, when 

active work was stopped by the civil war. Prof. Safford, however, 

continued as State geologist by courtesy to the time of his death, a 

few years ago. In March, 1868, the legislature authorized the preparation of a report and ordered it printed. This report embodied 

the results of Prof. Safford's work, both as the official State geologist 

and as a private citizen. During his term of office he published a 

preliminary geologic report of the State of Tennessee, consisting 

of 164 pages, and the report authorized in 1868, which was more 

detailed, consisting of 550 pages.

In 1874 J. B. Killebrew, as secretary to the State Board of Agriculture, prepared a report of 1,19B pages on the resources of Tennessee. This volume includes a general review of the geology and 

agriculture of the State and of the agricultural and mineral resources, 

also a detailed review by counties.

Upon the appointment of Prof. L.'C. Glenn to the chair of geology 

in Vanderbilt University, in 1900, he at once began an agitation 

for a State Geological Survey. His efforts in that direction were 

supplemented by Prof. C. H. Gordon, on his appointment, in 1906, 

as professor of geology at the University of Tennessee. The result 

of the efforts of these geologists, supplemented by a demand from 

practical mining men and .others, was the authorization of the present 

State Geological Survey by the legislature in 1909.
TENNESSEE.

PRESENT SURVEY.

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is the Tennessee State Geological Survey; 

it was established under act of April 30, 1909, which was approved 

May-1, 1909, but the appropriation did not become available until 

May 1, 1910, when the Survey began its official existence.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The State Geological Survey is under the direction of a commission 

known as the State geological commission, composed of the governor 

(ex officio chairman), the State commissioner of agriculture, the 

State mine inspector, the president.of the University of Tennessee, 

the chancellor of Vanderbilt University, and the vice chancellor of 

the University of the South. This commission has general charge 

of the Survey and the appointment of a State geologist and, on his 

recommendation, of associate geologists, assistants, and other employees. The State geologist is directed to organize and direct the 

work; to determine the character, order, and time of publication of 

the reports; to direct the preparation, printing, and distribution of 

the reports; to arrange for cooperative work with Federal and State 

bureaus; to appoint associates, assistants, and employees; to have 

charge of the necessary field work, office supplies, and equipment; 

and to supervise the acquisition, care, and disposition of collections, 

etc. He is also to prepare a report to the general assembly for each 

meeting.

The State Geological Survey has for its objects and duties the study, 

mapping, and preparation of reports on the mineral resources, roadmaking materials^ structural materials, sands, soils, forests, mineral 

and artesian waters, drainage of swamps, flow of streams, water 

powers, and other natural resources. The law provides for the distribution and sale of reports and for the care and final disposition of 

collections, reports, etc. It authorizes cooperation with other scientific bureaus, makes it lawful to enter and cross lands within the 

State, and provides an annual appropriation of $15,000 for the years 

1910 arid 1911 for carrying out the provisions of the act.

ORGANIZATION.

The governing board is the State geological commission, which 

has already been described under " Summary of laws." The terms 

of office of. the members of the commission depend on their official 

terms of office or upon the continuance of the Survey. They receive 

no compensation except necessary expenses in connection with attending the meetings of the commission.
140 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The title of the executive officer is State geologist, though in other 

places in the bill he is referred to as the director. The present incumbent is George H. Ashley, who was appointed by the commission 

March 16, 1910, to serve for two years. The compensation is an 

annual salary, fixed by the State geological commission.

The clerical force consists of one clerk.

In addition to the State geologist the commission at the same time 

appointed two associate geologists, Prof. C. H. Gordon, professor 

of geology at the University of Tennessee, and Prof. L. C. Glenn, of 

Vanderbilt University. The scientific staff of the Survey also includes two temporary assistant geologists, one of whom is a senior at 

the University of Tennessee and serves only during the summer vacation. The associate geologists devote to the Survey only such portion 

of their time as they can spare from their college duties. Their compensation is on a per diem basis.

The associate geologists were not required to submit to an examination; the assistants were also appointed without examination. All 

appointments are made by the State geological commission on the 

recommendation of the State geologist.

Cooperation with Federal bureaus is maintained, and it is the 

purpose of the Survey to devote a large part of the appropriation 

to cooperative work instead of building up a large independent State 

Survey.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The appropriations are made at the biennial sessions of the legislature, presumably for the two succeeding years, though the present, 

or first, appropriation was not available until a year after the bill 

was signed by the governor.

Unexpended balances carry over from the first to the second year 

but lapse at the end of the second fiscal year of the biennimn.

The annual appropriation is $15,000, for the general objects outlined in the law. This is disbursed in approximately the following 

proportions:

Per cent.

Administrative and routine clerical work.;_______^____ 18

Economic, stratigraphies and areal geology____________ 38

Chemical work ____________________________ 1

Topographic maps and drainage surveys______"______ 20

Stream flow and reservoir surveys_____________;___ 3

Soil survey_______________________________ 4

Printing:__________________________________ 16

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey will all be in the form of bulletins. 

Where a bulletin is composed of several distinct papers, either on the 

same subject or on related subjects, part of the edition will appear as
TENNESSEE. 141

separates, which will be issued as fast as they can be prepared and 

printed.

Two bulletins and five papers from other bulletins have already 

been issued.

The size of the edition is 3,000 copies.

Bulletins are to be distributed free to official surveys, public 

libraries, etc., and on request to interested persons. Five hundred 

copies of each publication are to be reserved for sale, at the cost 

of printing. The money derived from sales is to be paid back into 

the State treasury. Another 500 copies of each publication will be 

bound in the form of a library edition. In the case of the bulletins 

which are composed of more than one paper, 500 copies of each sepa- 

.rate Avill be reserved until all the separates belonging to that bulletin 

have been issued, when they will be bound together into a single 

volume.

The cost of publications now in press is $2.65 to $3.50 a page. The 

expenses of publication are charged to the Survey's appropriation.

The State geologist has full control over the printing, choice of 

printer, style of report, etc., and also has charge of the distribution 

of reports.

The mailing list includes State officials, the United States Geological Survey, State surveys, and other bureaus operating along the lines 

of the Survey's work, the libraries of State universities and to a 

limited extent those of foreign surveys and national universities, all 

the regularly constituted libraries of the State, the members of the 

State legislature and other State officials, independent geologists 

who may be interested in the subject of the report, and any person 

who may have made specific request for reports on that subject. A 

printed card of acknowledgment is inclosed with each report sent 

out, and the responses will have some influence in determining the distribution of future reports.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

The Survey is at present engaged in a general study of the conditions and needs of the State, in a preliminary study of the coal field 

and the phosphate field of the State, in the preparation of a map of 

the economic geology of the State, in the preparation of a bibliography of literature relating to the State's resources, and in the formation of a permanent exhibit of the resources and minerals of the 

State. Preliminary bulletins treating of these subjects will be issued 

as rapidly as possible.
142 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the United 

States Geological Survey a detailed areal and economic survey of the 

Pikeville special quadrangle is being made. A preliminary report on 

the coal resources of this quadrangle will be published as a bulletin 

of the State Survey, and as soon as the adjoining quadrangle can be 

surveyed a geologic folio of the two quadrangles will be published by 

the Federal Survey.

A general study of the oil and gas development of the State has 

also been made in cooperation with the Federal Survey, the results 

being published as Bulletin 2 E of the State Survey.

Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey in topographic work is also maintained. The preliminary control of six 15- 

minute quadrangles in western Tennessee has been completed and the 

maps are in course of preparation. In cooperation with certain 

drainage districts, large-scale detailed topographic maps of some 

valleys of western Tennessee are also being prepared by the Federal 

Survey.

United States Department of Agriculture. Cooperation is maintained with several bureaus of the United States Department of 

Agriculture. With the Drainage Investigations Division of that 

department a, study of the drainage problems of western Tennessee is 

being made; with the Bureau of Soils a detailed soil survey of the 

Franklin 15-minute quadrangle is in progress; and with the Office of 

Public Eoads information regarding the roads of the State is being 

collected.

Other scientific bureaus of the State. Cooperative arrangements 

have been made with the State chemist of Tennessee and with the 

State Agricultural Experiment Station.

VERMONT.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The first Geological Survey of Vermont was established in 1845 

and was continued for three years. Prof. C. B. Adams was geologist 

in charge. Three annual reports and a supplementary pamphlet were 

printed and distributed. Much of the work was pioneer and of a 

general nature. None of the reports were extensive, but Prof. Adams 

hoped to issue a larger and more valuable final report. There was, 

however, never any appropriation for this.

The second Survey was begun in 1857 and continued until 1861. 

Dr. Edward Hitchcock was in charge of this Survey, and was assisted 

by his two sons, Edward Hitchcock, jr., and Charles H. Hitchcock, 

and by Albert D. Hager. The publications of this Survey consisted
VEEMONT. 143

of several reports of progress and pamphlets and a detailed report 

of considerable value, comprising two quarto volumes, well illustrated, which were published in 1861.

For several years after the publication of this report Mr. Hager, 

who appears to have had most to do with its preparation, held the 

office of State geologist, but there does not appear to have been any 

appropriation except $500 for the care of the State cabinet, which was 

also to cover expenditures for'specimens, etc., needed for the cabinet.

In 1896 the legislature appropriated $1,500 annually for tAvo years.

Rev. G. W. Perry was then State geologist. He made no report, 

and resigned on account of ill health in 1898, when the present State 

geologist, Prof. G. H. Perkins, was appointed. The present Survey 

really dates from that time, 1898. Between 1861 and 1898 no active 

geologic work was done in the State.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is the Geological Survey of Vermont; it 

was organized in 1898.

SUMMARY OF LAWS AND ORGANIZATION.

The governor biennially appoints a State geologist, the appointment being confirmed by the. State senate. The appointee must have 

competent knowledge of geology. He is to give, on request, advice 

as to mines, quarries, etc., in the State; to publish biennially a report 

of the mineral industries and resources of the State; and to furnish 

the governor, on demand, information regarding the geology of the 

State. He is also the curator of the State cabinet.

There is no governing board. The State geologist is untrammeled 

in this respect. He has no permanent assistants, but may, within the 

limit of his appropriation, employ temporary assistants. He is'paid 

a per diem rate and expenses. He is expected to attend the sessions 

of the legislature, and while in attendance receives the same pay as a 

member of the State assembly. He holds office until his successor is 

appointed and confirmed, but is by custom appointed biennially. The 

present incumbent is Prof. G. H. Perkins, Avho is also professor of 

geology in the State University. He has held the office since 1898.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The amount of the appropriation is $1,500 annually. It is a continuing appropriation, or until changed by direct legislative action. 

In addition there is an annual appropriation of $500 for the care and 

increase of the collections of the State cabinet, of which the "State
144 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

geologist is the curator. All appropriations are expended as the 

State geologist determines, but are subject to the approval of the 

State auditor. They are devoted to economic, stratigraphic, and 

paleontologic work.

PUBLICATIONS.

Under the law the State geologist is required to publish a report 

biennially. .There are no limitations as to the nature or size of the 

report. The reports usually consist of about 350 pages. The whole 

cost of publication is paid by the State. The size of the edition is 

1,500 copies.

Each State officer and member of the legislature is entitled to a 

copy of each report, and 100 copies are sent to the State library. The 

rest of the edition is distributed by the State geologist. Very few 

copies are sold, chiefly to dealers who ask for it, when a nominal price 

($1 to $1.50) is charged. All moneys received from the sale of 

reports are returned to the State treasury.

The average annual cost of publications during the last ten years, 

including illustrations, binding, and printing, has been about $1,000.

There is a printing commissioner, who places the printing, determines the quality of paper, etc., but the style of the report, the contents, illustrations, size, and most of the details are left to the State 

geologist.

The mailing list is determined wholly by the State geologist and 

is made up of libraries in the State and outside of it, of geological 

surveys of other States, and of any persons or firms interested in the 

subjects treated in the reports.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

The Geological Survey of Vermont has always worked independently of any other survey, because the State legislature has refused 

to make .appropriation for cooperative work. Individually the State 

geologist has been connected with the United States Geological Survey. The energies of the Survey are directed to economic, stratigraphic, and paleontologic investigations.

VIRGINIA.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The first Geological Survey of Virginia was authorized by an act 

of the general assembly in 1835 and continue'd through 1841, with 

Prof. William Barton Kogers, of the University of Virginia, as 

director. The publications of this Survey were issued as annual 

reports, entitled " Keport of the progress of the Geological Survey 

of Virginia for the year 1835," etc. Large editions of these reports 

Avere printed, but were exhausted many years ago, and they have
VIRGINIA. 145

now become extremely rare. Because of frequent requests for these 

reports, by geologists and others, Mrs. Emma Rogers, widow of 

Prof. Rogers, assisted by Maj. Jed. Hotchkiss, of Staunton, Va., and 

Prof. Rogers's brother, Dr. R. E. Rogers, in 1884 reprinted a limited number of copies of a quarto volume, entitled "A reprint of 

annual reports and other papers on the geology of the Virginias." 

The volume contains xv-f-832 pages, and is accompanied by a colored 

geologic map on the scale of 24 miles to the inch and more than 90 

geologic sections.

Beginning in January, 1880, and continuing through 1885, a 

weekly journal was published at Staunton, Va., by Maj. Jed. Hotchkiss as editor, entitled "The Virginias: A mining, industrial, and 

scientific journal devoted to the development of Virginia and West 

Virginia." Six complete quarto volumes of about 200 pages each 

were published. These contain many valuable briefs and abstracts 

on mineral localities, mines, and mining statistics, and articles on the 

geology of Virginia and West Virginia.

Beginning in the summer of 1904 and continuing for a period of 

about two years (1906), a geologic survey of the mineral resources 

of Virginia, not authorized by the general assembly, was conducted 

jointly by the State Board of Agriculture and Immigration and the 

board of visitors of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, with Prof. 

Thomas L. Watson as geologist in charge. As the result of this 

work the following three reports were published and distributed, 

one of which (Bulletin III) was prepared in cooperation with the 

United States Geological Survey:

Bulletin I. Lead and zinc deposits of Virginia, by Thomas L. Watson, 1905.

Bulletin II. The clay deposits of the Virginia coastal plain, by Heinrich Ries, 

with a chapter on the geology of the Virginia coastal plain, by W. B. Clark and 

B. LeR. Miller, 1906.

Bulletin III. Hydrography of Virginia, by N. C. Grover and R. H. Bolster, 

1906.

In 1907 a large illustrated volume entitled " Mineral resources of 

Virginia " was prepared by Prof. Watson and published by the Virginia Jamestown Commission.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is the State Geological Survey of Virginia; it was organized in September, 1908, under an act approved 

February 25, 1908.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The first meeting of the State geological commission was held in 

the governor's office at Richmond on September 12, 1908, when the 

commission appointed the director and assistants and approved plans 

85645° Bull. 465 11 10
146 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

for beginning the work. The organization of the Survey dates from 

this meeting, and systematic work was begun immediately thereafter. 

The objects of the State Geological Survey are briefly set forth in 

the following act:

Chapter 75. An act to establish a State Geological Survey and to make provision for the preparation and publication of reports and maps to illustrate the 

natural resources of the State, together with the necessary investigation 

preparatory thereto.

1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, That there be, and is 

hereby, created and established at the University of Virginia a bureau, to be 

known as a State Geological Survey, which shall be under the direction of a 

commission, to be known as a State Geological commission, composed of the 

governor (who shall be ex officio chairman of said commission), the president 

of the University of Virginia, the president of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, the superintendent of the Virginia Military Institute, and one citizen from 

the State at large, who shall be appointed by the governor for a period of four 

years from June 1, 1908. The geological commission shall meet twice each 

year, once in January and once in June, in the city of Richmond, on the call of 

the governor, except that the commission may change the time and place of 

meeting as circumstances may require, and said commission may appoint a 

clerk to keep a record of its proceedings.

The said commissioners shall serve without compensation, but shall be reimbursed for actual expenses incurred in the performance of their official duties; 

and the said, commissioners shall have general charge of the Survey, and shall 

appoint as director a geologist of established reputation, who may, with the 

approval of the commission, appoint such assistants and employees as may be 

necessary to enable him to carry out successfully and speedily the work of the 

Survey. The director appointed under the provision of this act, and the assistants and employees appointed by him, shall receive such compensation as may 

be determined by the commission.

2. The Survey shall have for its objects and duties the following:

(1) An examination of the geological formations of the State, with special 

reference to their economic products, namely, building stones, coals, ores, clays,

soils, cement, materials suitable for use in the construction of roads, mineral 

and artesian waters, and other mineral substances.

(2) An examination of the road-building materials and .the best methods of 

utilizing the same.

(3) An examination and classification of the soils and study of their adaptability to particular crops.

(4) An examination of the streams and water powers of the State, with 

special reference to their development for manufacturing enterprises.

(5) An examination of the water supplies of the State, with special reference 

to the sinking of deep or artesian wells.

(6) An examination of the physical features of the State, with reference to 

their practical bearing upon the occupation of the people.

(7) The preparation of special geological aiid economic maps to illustrate the 

resources of the State. «

(8) The preparation of special reports, with necessary illustrations and maps, 

which shall embrace both a general and detailed description of the geology and 

natural resources of the State.
VIRGINIA. 147

(9) The consideration of such other scientific and economic questions as in the 

judgment of the State geological commission shall be deemed of value to the 

people of the State.

(10) The said commission is hereby authorized to arrange with the Director 

or the representatives of the United States Geological Survey in regard to cooperation between the said United States Geological Survey and the said State 

geological commission in topographic, geologic, and hydrographic work in such 

instances as may be deemed necessary and of advantage to the State, provided 

that in all cooperative work a sum of money shall be expended by the said 

United States Geological Survey equivalent to that expended by the said State 

Geological Survey, and that the said commission may accept or reject the work 

of the said United States Geological Survey.

3. The commission shall cause to be prepared a report to the legislature before each meeting of the same, showing the progress and condition of the Survey, together with such other information as it may deem necessary and useful or as the legislature may require.

4. The regular and special reports of the Survey, with,proper illustrations

and maps, shall be printed as the commission may direct, and the reports 

shall be distributed by the said commission as the interests of the State and of 

science may demand.

5. All materials collected, after having served the purposes of the Survey, 

shall be distributed by the director to the educational institutions of the State 

in such manner as the commission may determine to be of the greatest advantage to the educational interests of the State.

6. The sum of $10,000 annually, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is 

hereby appropriated, out of any funds of the treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, to be paid 

out by the treasurer upon the warrant of the auditor of public accounts, which 

shall be drawn upon the certificate of the chairman of said commission.

Approved, February 25, 1908.

ORGANIZATION.

The governing body is the State geological commission, which is 

composed of five members, as stated in the law. The members of the 

commission serve without compensation, but are reimbursed', out of 

the appropriation for the Survey, for actual expenses incurred in 

the performance of their official duties.

The executive officer is called director. The present incumbent is 

Prof. Thomas Leonard Watson, who was appointed by the State 

geological, commission in September, 1908, for an indefinite period. 

The director of the Survey is also the professor of geology in the 

University of Virginia. His time is divided equally between the 

Survey and the schools of geology in the University. He receives an 

annual salary, which is fixed by the State geological commission and 

paid in twelve equal installments.

Assistants include two assistant geologists, one chemist, and one 

stenographer. These are appointed by the director, with the approval of the State geological commission, and are paid monthly 

salaries, In addition to the permanent staff of the Survey, four
148 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OP THE UNITED STATES.

college professors are employed on a per diem basis, and since the 

organization of the Survey several advanced college students have 

been employed during each summer season.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are biennial. No part of the appropriation is 

contingent on cooperation. Unexpended balances lapse to the State 

treasury immediately on the close of the year.

The amount of the appropriation is $10,000 annually, of which 

$1,750 is spent in topographic surveys in cooperation with the United 

States Geological Survey.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey consist of a series of bulletins, a 

series of biennial administrative reports, and maps. Of the bulletins 

five have been issued or are in press.- One of these'treats of the 

mineral production of the State for 1908, one of the cement resources 

of Virginia, one of the titanium and apatite deposits, one of the 

physiography and geology of the coastal plain of the State, and one 

of the underground water resources of the coastal plain of the State. 

Two maps have been issued, one -showing the location of mines and 

quarries, and the other a geologic map of the State on the scale"of 

about 8 miles to the inch.

The size of editions varies from 1,500 to 2,500, according to the 

subject and the probable demand.

Publications are mailed to libraries and to interested persons on 

receipt of postage.

The cost of printing is paid from the Survey appropriation, and

the director has full charge of all matters pertaining to the printing. 

The director also has full control of the distribution of reports.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. The independent investigations of the 

Survey at present include the systematic study and mapping of the 

copper, gold, and iron deposits and of the building stones, roadbuilding materials, and cement resources of the piedmont and coastal 

plain provinces of the State, and a report on the areal geology of 

middle western Virginia.

Cooperation with United /States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the Federal Survey a study has been made of the geology 

and underground waters of the Virginia coastal plain, the reports of 

which have been completed and are in press. Also in cooperation 

with the Federal Survey, four 15-minute quadrangles in the Virgilina copper district were covered by traverse, and a map, on the
WASHINGTON. 149

scale of 1:24,000, has been prepared of the central part of the area 

included in these quadrangles.

Cooperation with other State surveys. In cooperation with the 

North Carolina Geological Survey a joint study on the Virgilina 

copper district has been made and a report is now in course of preparation.

WASHINGTON.

PREVIOUS SURVEY.

At the first (1890) session of the legislature of the State of Washington two laws were passed providing for a State Geological Survey. One of these acts provided for the creation of the Mining 

Bureau and defined its powers and duties. The other act created the 

office of State geologist and prescribed the duties and compensation of that official. The Mining Bureau was composed, ex officip, 

of the governor, lieutenant governor, and State treasurer. These 

men, after organization, were to appoint the State geologist, with the 

advice and consent of the senate. The term of office of the State 

geologist was to be the same as that of the officers of the Mining 

Bureau, unless he was sooner removed for cause.

Among the duties of the State geologist were the collection of 

reliable statistical information concerning the production of minerals of economic value; the making of assays and analyses, for which 

a stated rate was to be charged; the inspection, at least once a year, 

of each mining county in the State; and the examination of as many 

of the mines and mining districts as was practicable. The salary 

of the State geologist was fixed at $1,200 a year, and, in addition, he 

was to be paid the amount of his actual traveling expenses while in 

the performance of his duties.

At its session in 1891 the legislature appropriated $50,000 for a 

geologic and mineralogical survey of the State, with maps and reports. In addition, an appropriation was made for the salary of 

the State geologist and for his traveling expenses. Soon after the 

adjournment of the legislature the supreme court set aside the appropriation of $50,000. so that none of it was spent.

The State geologist from 1890 to 1893 was George A. Bethune. 

He issued two annual reports, which were in the main descriptive 

of the mining districts, the building stones, clays, coal, and other 

phases of the economic geology of the State

The legislature at its session in 1893 made no provision for geologic work of any kind, and the office of State geologist became 

vacant and was not again filled until 1901, when a new law was enacted and all the older laws relating to this subject were repealed.
150 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled State Geological Survey of the 

State of Washington; it was organized June 5, 1901.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The law establishing the Survey is as follows:

SECTION 1. There is hereby established a State Geological Survey of the State 

of Washington, which shall be under the direction of the board of geological 

survey of the State of Washington, which is hereby established, composed of 

the governor, the lieutenant governor, the State treasurer, the president of the 

University of Washington, and the president of the Washington Agricultural 

College and School of Science, who shall serve without compensation, but shall 

be reimbursed for actual expenses incurred in the performance of their official 

duties, and the said board shall have general charge of the survey, and shall 

appoint as superintendent of the Survey a geologist of established reputation, 

to be known as the State geologist, and upon his nomination such assistants 

and employees as the said board may deem necessary, and the said board shall 

also determine the compensation of all persons employed by the Survey, and 

may remove them at will.

SEC. 2. The said Survey shall have for its object:

1. An examination of the economic products of the .State, viz, the gold, silver, 

copper, lead, and iron ores, as well as building stones, clays, coal, and all mineral substances of value.

2. An examination and classification of the soils and the study of their adaptability to particular crops.

3. The investigation and report upon water supplies, artesian wells, the 

water power of the State, gaging the streams, etc., with reference to their application for irrigation and other purposes.

4. An examination and report upon the occurrence of different road-building 

material.

5. An examination of the physical features of the State with reference to 

their practical bearing upon the occupations of the people.

6. The preparation of special geological and economic maps to illustrate the 

resources of the State.

7. The preparation of special reports with necessary illustrations and maps, 

which shall embrace both the general and detailed description of the geology 

and natural resources of the State.

8. The consideration of such other kindred scientific and economic questions 

as in the judgment of the board shall be deemed of value to the people of the 

State. \

SEC. 3, The board shall cause to be prepared a report to the legislature before 

each regular meeting of the same, showing the progress and condition of the 

Survey, together with such other information as they may deem necessary and 

useful or as the legislature may require.

SEC. 4. The regular and special -reports of the Survey, with proper illustrations and maps, shall be printed as the board may direct, and the reports shall 

be distributed or sold by the said board as the interests of the State and of 

science demand; and all money obtained by the sale of the reports shall be 

paid into the State treasury.
WASHINGTON. 151

SEC. 5. All materials collected, after having served the purpose of the Survey, shall be distributed by the board to the University of Washington, the 

Washington Agricultural College and School of Science, the normal schools, 

and the leading high schools of the State in such a manner as to be of the 

greatest advantage to the educational interests of the State.

SEC. 6. The board of geological survey shall meet for organization within 

30 days after the passage of this act. The regular meetings of the board shall 

be held on the first Wednesday in April and the first Wednesday in November 

of each year.

SEC. 7. The sum of $5,000 annually, or so much' thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any funds in the treasury not otherwise 

appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act.

SEC. 8. "An act to create a mining bureau and to define its powers and duties, 

and declaring an emergency," >approved February 25, 1890; also "An act 

to create the office of a State geologist, prescribing his duties and compensation, 

and making an appropriation for the same, and declaring an emergency," 

approved February 28,1890, are hereby repealed.

ORGANIZATION.

The governing board is described in section 1 of the foregoing law.

The executive officer of the Survey is known as the State geologist. 

He is appointed by the board of geological surveyv His tenure of 

office is at the pleasure of the board. The present State geologist is 

Henry Landes, who was appointed June 5, 1901. The compensation 

of the State geologist has been fixed by the board at $5 a day, the 

number of days per annum not to exceed 100. This arrangement was 

made because the State geologist is also professor of geology in the 

University of Washington, from which he receives an annual salary. 

His service as State geologist is supposed to cover only/ the vacation 

months of the university.

The subordinates on the Survey are appointed by the board of 

geological survey, on recommendation of the State geologist. In 

practice this amounts to the board accepting the recommendations 

for the positions of chiefs of parties, leading the State geologist free 

in his appointments to the minor positions. The clerical work is 

performed by a stenographer, who is paid by the hour and is employed for one-fourth to one-half of the time. The geologists and 

other assistants are mainly from the educational institutions of the 

State where there are departments of geology employing one or more 

men. Most of the minor positions are filled by advanced students 

from the departments of geology at the State institutions. The 

chiefs of parties and principal subordinates in the topographic and 

water resources work are employees of the United States Geological 

Survey. In cooperative work the minor employees are usually from 

the educational institutions of the State.
152 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations. for the support of the Survey are made by the 

legislature at its biennial session. The appropriation made at the 

last session of the legislature, in 1909, was in part contingent on 

cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. Unexpended 

balances lapse to the State treasury at the end of the biennium.

The biennial appropriation made at the session of the legislature 

in 1909 provided $55,000 for the work of the Survey. Of this sum 

$30,000 was for cooperation with the United States Geological Survey 

in topographic and water resources surveys, conditioned upon an 

equal sum being spent in the State by the Federal Survey; $20,000 

was for geologic work, the details of which were not specifically set 

forth in the bill; and the remaining $5,000 was for the purpose of 

making a report upon the road-building materials of the State. The 

money has been expended in about the following proportions:

Per cent. 

Administrative and routine clerical work_____________.._ 4

Topographic surveys____________________ 35

Economic geology ___ 27 

Stream flow, etc. _______ 17$

Road materials _ 9 

Soil surveys 7i

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey consist of a series of bulletins, each 

one of which is devoted to a particular subject. The size of the edition varies from 1,200 to 2,500. A certain number of each edition are 

given away as exchanges and to public libraries, but the larger portion are sold at the actual cost of printing. Money received from 

the sale of reports must be paid to the State treasurer.

The appropriation for printing comes out of the Survey fund.

The board of geological survey, and through it the State geologist, 

has entire control of the printing of maps and reports so far as 

style of report, paper, illustrations, contents, etc., are concerned. 

The law provides, however, that the work must be done by the State 

printer, whose charges are regulated.

The State law provides that the State librarian shall be the custodian of all State reports. In the matter of Survey publications 

the State librarian may either distribute the reports from lists furnished by the State geologist or turn the reports over to the State 

geologist for distribution.
WEST VIRGINIA. 153 

PRESENT LINES OP WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

Field work is now in progress on the cement materials of the 

State, and within a few months a report of the results will be published. Reports on several of the metalliferous mining districts and 

on the road-building materials of the State are also in course of 

preparation.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. As provided by the legislature 

at its last session, $30,000 of the Survey's appropriation is dependent 

on cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. At present $15,000 is spent annually by each organization, the money beingdivided on the basis of two-thirds for topography and one-third for 

water resources.

A detailed investigation and report on the coal fields of the State 

is being made in cooperation with the United States Geological 

Survey, the cost of collecting samples being borne by the United 

States Survey and the expense of the chemical analyses being borne 

by the State Survey. Under this agreement about 225 samples have 

been taken from coal beds in the working mines of the State and 

analyses made of the chemical properties of the coal.

United States Department of Agriculture. Cooperation is carried 

on. with the Bureau of Soils of the United States Department of 

Agriculture, in an economic soil survey of the logged-off lands of 

the western part of the State. The Federal Bureau supplies about 

half of the field force and does all of the office work and the printing. 

The amount of money expended by the State on this soil survey is 

about $2,000 a year.

WEST VIRGINIA.

PRESENT SURVEY.

The present State Geological and Economic Survey is the first one 

established in the State of West Virginia. Aside from the preparation, by Fontaine and Maury, of a " Centennial" volume on West 

Virginia's resources, in 1876, no official publication concerning the 

geology of the State had been issued since the annual reports (1835 

to 1841) of the late Dr. Wm. B. Rogers, then State geologist, to 

the legislature of Virginia (which then included West Virginia), 

showing the progress made by the first Geological Survey of Virginia.

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is the West Virginia Geological and 

Economic Survey; it was organized under law of February 26, 1897, 

amended in 19030
154 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

HISTORICAL SKETCH.

The commission authorized by the act of February 26, 1897, met 

in December, 1897, and after its organization elected Dr. I. C., White 

as superintendent of the Survey, with the title of State geologist. 

Dr. White, from choice, has served the State without salary since 

1901. James H. Stewart, director of the West Virginia Agricultural 

Experiment Station, was elected executive officer, and he has ever 

since continued to serve in that capacity, without compensation.

With the meager fund at his disposal ($3,000 annually) the State 

geologist had true meridians properly established and marked in 

every county of the State, as required by the act, and he also had 

prepared and published a State map, for the first time showing, 

by separate colors, the distribution of the several coal series as well 

as the developed oil and gas pools. In addition, volume 1 (on 

petroleum and natural gas) of the general series of State reports 

was prepared and published by the Survey, along with Bulletin 1 

(entitled " Bibliography and cartography "). The cost of preparing 

and publishing the map, volume, and bulletin, having to be paid out 

of the Survey appropriations, consumed the remaining funds, and 

as the legislature failed to make any appropriations at its next 

biennial session, in 1899, geologic work was suspended during 1899 

and 1900.

At the next session of the legislature, however, in 1901, biennial 

appropriations were resumed, and they have been made regularly 

ever since. A new department of work was inaugurated in 1901 

the making of a new topographic map of the State, on a scale of 

1:62,500, in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. 

The State appropriations for this work have been approximately 

$15,000 a year. The appropriations for purely geologic and economic 

work have grown from year to year with the needs of the Survey, 

as will be seen from the table given under "Appropriations."

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The present Survey of West Virginia had its origin in an act of 

the legislature passed February 26,1897, which reads as follows:

An act to establish a State Geological and Economic Survey and to make provision for the preparation and publication of reports and maps to illustrate 

the natural resources of the State, together with the necessary investigations 

preparatory thereto.

[Passed February 26, 1897. In effect from passage. Approved February 26, 1897.]

Be it enacted by the Legislature of West Virginia:

1. That there is hereby established a State Geological and Economic Survey, 

which shall be under the direction of a commission composed of the governor, 

the treasurer, the president of the West Virginia University, the president of 

the State Board of Agriculture, and the director of the West Virginia Agricul-
WEST VIRGINIA. 155

tural Experiment Station, who shall serve without compensation but shall be 

reimbursed for actual expenses incurred in the performance of their official 

duties; and the said commissioners shall have general charge of the Survey, 

and shall appoint as superintendent of the same a geologist of established reputation, and such assistants and employees as they may deem necessary; arid 

they shall also determine the compensation of all persons employed by the Survey, and may remove them at pleasure.

2. That the Survey shall have for its objects:

First, an examination of the geological formations of the State with especial 

reference to their economic products, namely, building stones and other constructive minerals and resources; clays, ores, and other mineral substances and 

fuels, the prevention of their waste, and the utilization of by-products.

Second, an examination and classification of the soils and a study of their 

adaptability to particular crops.

Third, an examination of the .forests and timber lauds of the State with reference to the economic utilization of the same and the prevention of their waste.

Fourth, an examination of tile physical features of the State with reference 

to their practical bearing upon the occupations of the people, the industrial 

development, and the material prosperity of the several sections of the State, 

having due regard to their varying resources, conditions, and needs.

Fifth, the preparation of special geological and economic maps to illustrate 

the resources of the State.

Sixth, the preparation of special reports, with necessary illustrations and 

maps, which shall embrace both a general and detailed description of the 

geology and natural resources of the State.

Seventh, the consideration of such other scientific and economic questions as 

in the judgment of the commissioners shall be deemed of value to the people 

of the State, and the immediate establishing and the proper marking of the 

true meridian points in the several county seats of the State. 

 3. That the commissioners shall cause to be prepared a report to the legislature before each meeting'of the same, showing the progress and condition of 

the Survey, together with such other information as they may deem necessary 

and useful or as the legislature may require.

4. That the regular and special reports of the Survey, with proper illustrations and maps, shall be printed as the commissioners may direct, and that 

the reports shall be distributed or sold by the said commissioners as the interests of the State, the diffusion of practical information relating to the development of the State, and the advancement of science may demand; and all moneys 

obtained by the sale of the reports shall be paid into the State treasury.

5. That all materials collected, after having served the purpose of the Survey, 

shall be distributed by the commissioners to the educational institutions in such 

manner as to be of the greatest advantage to the educational interests of the 

State; or if deemed advisable the whole or part of such material shall be put 

on permanent exhibition.

6. That the sum of $3,000 annually, for the years 1897 and 1898, or so much 

thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any funds of the 

treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act.

Sections 4 and 6 of. this act, relating to the disposal of the fund 

received from the sales of publications, etc., were amended in 1903 

so as to read as follows:

SEC. 4. That the regular and special reports of the Survey, with proper illustrations and maps, shall be printed as the commission may direct, and the
156 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

reports shall be distributed or sold by the said commission as the interest of 

the State, the diffusion of practical information relating to the development of 

the State, and the advancement of science may demand; -and all moneys obtained by the sales of the reports may be used to defray the cost of publication 

and their distribution to the people, and any balance remaining shal^ be paid 

into the treasury.

SEC. 6. That the engineers, surveyors, and other persons employed by and 

acting for said Survey, and all such persons employed by and acting for the 

United States Geological Survey, or other department of the United States 

Government, having for their object the obtaiuinent and diffusion of practical 

information relating to the resources and development of the State, and the 

advancement of science, and for the purpose of carrying out the objects, of said 

State Geological and Economic Survey, shall have the right to enter upon all 

lands, either public or private, and enter all mines, for the purpose of exploring, 

surveying, or doing any other matter or thing which may be necessary to effect 

the said objects, and examine any property, products, or developments relating 

to the objects of said Survey, within the State, without molestation or arrest 

and without being liable to the owners thereof, except for actual damages done 

to the property.

ORGANIZATION.

The form of organization of the Survey is described under " Summary of laws."

The governing body is the commission, composed of the governor, 

the State treasurer, the president of the West Virginia University, 

the president of the State Board of Agriculture, and the director of 

the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.

The State geologist and the executive officer of the Survey are 

appointed by the commission. The present State geologist is Dr. I. C. 

White, who has served since the organization of the Survey in 1897; 

since 1901 he has served without compensation. The present executive officer is James H. Stewart, who is also director of the West 

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station; he serves without compensation from the Survey. The other active employees of the Survey and their annual salaries are as follows:

Chief clerk_____1______________________ $1, 500

Stenographer and assistant clerk____-1___________ 1, 200

Forester (temporary)____________.____:_____ 1,800

Assistant geologist______._________________ 2,400

Assistant geologist_________.__:___________._ 2, 000

Chief chemist (duties largely supervisory)_._____._ 600

Assistant chemist_________________________ 1, 500

Employees are appointed and their rates of compensation are fixed 

by the commission, on recommendation of the State geologist. The 

latter has authority to suspend any of the minor employees for 

cause.

No college professors are employed, but the chief chemist and his 

assistant also serve the State Agricultural Experiment Station in
WEST VIRGINIA. 157

the same capacity, and the Survey analyses are made in the Experiment Station laboratory, the Survey paying only the cost of chemicals, etc., consumed in its work.

The office of the Survey is in the library of the State University 

at Morgantown, the university having generously offered accommodations free of charge at the beginning of the Survey's existence. As 

the chemical laboratory of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, where all the chemical work of the Survey is done, is 

under the control of the university regents, the State is not only 

saved the expense of providing office accommodations for the Survey, 

but also the cost of duplicating the facilities for chemical work.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are made biennially, and unexpended balances do 

not lapse into the State treasury if unused at end of fiscal year 

(September 30).

The cost of administration from the beginning of the Survey to 

July, 1910, has been $7,222.36.

A summary of the appropriations is given below.

Legislative appropriations made to the West Virginia Geological Survey from 

J897 to and including 19:1.0.

Year.

1897. ........................................

1898.........................................

1899

1900.........................................

1901......................... ................

1902. ........................................

IQfiQ

1904 .........................................

1905. ........................................

1906.........................................

1907. .........................................

1908............. ............................

1909

1910. ........................................

1911 .........................................

1912 .........................................

General 

purposes.

$3, 000

3,000

6,000

Cooperative topographic 

surveys.

810, 000

20,000

15, 000

15, 000

15,000

15, 000

15, 000

15,000

12, 000

12, 000

12, 000

12,000

168, QUO

Salaries 

for the 

geologic 

staff.

Cr f|(\n

5,000

5,000

5,000

10, 400

10, 400

10,400

10,400

(11,600

Preparation and 

publication 

of reports.

85, 666

^ finn

2 (\f\r\

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

30,000

5,000

5,000

60, 000

Field and 

Other 

expenditures.

CO f)f\l\

2,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

2 QOO

2,500

2 500

2, 500

2,500

22, 000

The total appropriations from 1897 to and including 1912 have 

amounted to $317,600.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey began in 1899 and include (1) a 

series of volumes devoted to the economic geology of the State, (2) a 

series of detailed county reports, (3) a series of bulletins on special 

subjects, and (4) a series of geologic and economic maps. Of the
158 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OP THE UNITED STATES.

economic volumes seven have been issued, two devoted to petroleum 

and natural gas, two to coal, one to iron ores, building stones, and 

other minerals, one to clays, limestones, and cements, and one to 

forestry and wood industries. Of the county reports three have been 

issued,- covering Ohio, Brooke, Hancock, Marshall, Wetzel, Tyler, 

Pleasants, Wood, and Eitchie counties. Of the bulletins two have 

been issued, one being a bibliography of all known publications 

(books and maps) on the State, and the other being devoted to levels 

and coal analyses. Of the maps, four editions of an economic map 

showing the coal, oil, gas, and limestone areas of the State have been 

issued, a total of 17,000 copies, and one edition (5,000 copies) of a 

map showing railroads and county products.

The editions of the economic volumes have varied from 2,000 to 

7,000 copies; Of the county reports the editions have been 2,500 

copies. Of Bulletin 1 the edition was 1,500 copies, and of Bulletin 2 

3,500 copies.

The cost of all printing and engraving is paid out of Survey 

appropriations, and all matters pertaining to the printing are under 

the control of the commission and the State geologist. The cost of 

printing has varied as follows: Economic volumes, from $676 to 

$3,778; detailed county reports, from $2,412 to $3,369; economic 

maps, from $300 to $778; Bulletin 1, $149; Bulletin 2, $1,534.

The distribution of publications is under the control of the State 

geologist. Copies are sent to all State officials, and exchanges'are 

made with all State and National surveys and with some distinguished geologists. Those who have given the Survey conspicuous 

aid are furnished with complimentary copies of all publications 

desired. To all others the publications are sold at moderate prices. 

Libraries and teachers are given a discount of 40 per cent from the 

regular price list, and a large discount is also made to persons who 

purchase all or several of the Survey publications.

The demand for the publications is constant, and from October 1, 

1901, to March 25, 1911, the receipts from their sales, which revert to 

the Survey, amounted to $10,209.64.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

Of the series of general reports on the economic resources of the 

State, six volumes have already been published, as described unde,r 

" Publications." A volume on the forests and plant life of the State 

is nearly completed, and other volumes of a general nature are 

planned.

Of the series of county reports, three have been issued and two others are in preparation. For these reports two or three counties are
WISCONSIN. 159

grouped together, and the quadrangle base maps are compiled into a 

single map of the entire area, which is published in three forms one 

showing the topography, one showing the geology, and one showing 

the soils. The soil maps are prepared in cooperation with the United 

States Bureau of Soils.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the Federal Survey, topographic mapping of the State, on a scale of 1:62,500, 

with 20-foot and 50-foot contours, is being prosecuted each season.

United States Bureau of Soils. In cooperation with the Bureau 

of Soils of the United States Department of Agriculture a soil survey 

of each county is being made, the resulting soil maps being published 

in connection with the series of county reports. Up to the present 

time soil maps of nine counties have been published and eight other 

soil maps are in course of preparation.

WISCONSIN.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS.

The earliest geologic surveys in Wisconsin were made under the 

authority of the United States Government by D. D. Owen. In 1839 

and 1840 he surveyed the Mineral Point district, and in 1847 the 

northwestern part of Wisconsin and the adjacent portions of Minnesota and Iowa.

In 1853 Edward Daniels was appointed State geologist of Wisconsin, but in 1854 he was succeeded by James G. Percival, who held 

office until his death, May 2, 1856. Each of these men made a brief 

report, chiefly on the southwestern portion of the State.

A general geologic survey of the State was not commenced until 

1873, when a survey was ordered by the legislature and I. A. Lapham 

was appointed State geologist. He continued in that position for two 

years, when he was succeeded by O. W. Wight, who held the position 

one year. Lapham died in 1876. In February of that year Dr. T. C. 

Chamberlin was placed-in charge of the survey, and he carried it 

thrpugh to completion. No publications were issued until after 

Chamberlin's appointment. Among the members of his staff were 

R. D. Irving, Moses Strong, E. T. Sweet, T. B. Brooks, and I. C. 

Wooster. The paleontology was in charge of R. P. Whitfield and the 

natural history in charge of F. H. King. The field work of the 

survey was completed in 1879. The report appeared in four octavo 

volumes, containing about 3,035 pages, with an atlas containing 45 

maps. The last volume was published in 1883.

Under the direction of Dr. Chamberlin the geologic survey of the 

State was made as thorough and complete as possible under the con-
160 STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF THE-UNITED STATES.

ditions then existing. It was necessarily much less detailed in the 

northern part of the State, then largely forest, than in the southern 

part, but even in the unsettled regions the general problems of the 

geology were worked out with great accuracy. Few State surveys 

have more clearly conceived the nature and scope of the general problems of a survey, and still fewer have executed their plans more completely and satisfactorily.

After the publication of this report the organization ceased to 

exist, and no geologic work was done by-the State until 1897. One 

reason for this is to be found in the exceptional completeness of the 

Chamberlin survey. If the work ha4 been continued it would necessarily have been along new lines, such as the investigation of special geologic problems and subjects of economic importance. It 

may also be noted that most of the geologists of the State were at 

that time becoming engaged in work for the United States Geological 

Survey, then in process of rapid development. This fact was not 

without influence in turning them away from local problems to those 

of a broader nature.and concerning larger areas than the State.

The present Survey, therefore, is not a continuance or a direct 

outgrowth of any preceding organization. It was established partly 

to complete the general survey of the northern part of the State, 

partly to investigate special geologic questions of economic or scientific importance, and partly to extend the survey along new lines of 

study which have been opened in later years.

PRESENT SURVEY. 

LEGAL DESIGNATION AND DATE OF ORGANIZATION.

The present organization is entitled the Wisconsin Geological and 

Natural History Survey; it was organized in 1897.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The law creating the present Survey was passed in the spring of 

1897. It provided for (1) the completion of a geologic survey of 

the State with special reference to economic features; (2) a study of 

the soils of the State; (3) a study of the plants, especially of the 

forests, with reference to cultivation and 'preservation; (4) a study 

of the animal life of the State, especially the fish; (5) a study of the 

physical geography and natural history of the State and the publication of results in such form as to serve as manuals for the public 

schools; and (6) the completion of a topographic map of the State.

ORGANIZATION.

Governing board. The governing board of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey is an ex officio body, composed 

of the governor of the State, the president of the State University,
WISCONSIN. 161

the State superintendent of public instruction, the president of the 

State Fish Commission, and the president of the Wisconsin Academy 

of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. The State superintendent of public 

instruction is elected to his office by the people; the president of the 

State Fish Commission is elected by the members of the commission, 

who, in turn, are appointed by the governor. The term of office of 

the members of the board is dependent on their occupancy of the 

positions, by virtue of which they become members of the board. 

They receive no compensation except their actual traveling expenses 

while attending meetings, which are ordinarily held from two to 

four times a year.

Executive officer. The executive officer is called superintendent 

and director. The present incumbent is Dr. E. A. Birge, who was 

appointed by the board in 1897 for an indefinite term. The director 

is dean of the college of letters and science of the University of Wisconsin, and devotes approximately 20 per cent of the year to the 

work of the Survey. His salary is $500 a year; it is fixed by the 

governing board.

Clerical force. The clerical force consists of one clerk, who is 

employed for only a part of the time.

Geologic division. The geologic division consists of the State 

geologist, W. O. Hotchkiss, and two other geologists on the permanent staff, all of whom give their full time to the Survey and are 

not connected with the university in any way. In addition to these 

permanent employees, the summer field parties are usually made up 

from advanced students in the University of Wisconsin, who are 

placed in charge of one of the permanent employees. Members of 

the geology department of the university staff are frequently employed for working out particular problems, and at the present time 

four members of the department have such work for the Survey 

under way or in contemplation.

Water-power .division. The water-power division has done comparatively little work for two years. Prof. Leonard S. Smith, of 

the college of engineering of the University of Wisconsin, is in 

charge of this work.

Highway division. The highway division consists of the State 

geologist, who is chief of the division, two highway engineers, two 

bridge engineers, and one clerk. All these men give their full time 

to the Survey.

Natural-history division. The natural-history, division is in immediate charge of the director, who gives a large part of his summer 

vacations to the work of this division. The Survey employs one 

man who gives a small amount of his time to the university, and a 

85645° Bull. 465 11 11
162 STATE-GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

member of the biology department of the university gives a portion 

of his time to the work of| the Survey. Advanced students in chemistry and biology in the university are employed for summer field 

work.

Soil division. The division of soils is in immediate charge of 

Prof. A. K. Whitson, of the college of agriculture of the University 

of Wisconsin. Most of the work is done in cooperation with the 

United States Department of Agriculture and the University of 

Wisconsin. One chemist and one assistant give full time to this 

division and numerous other persons give part of their time, chiefly 

as field assistants and chemists.

Method of appointment and compensation of assistants. ^The 

scientific assistants employed in the divisions of the Survey are 

nominated by the chiefs of the divisions, subject to approval by the 

director, and appointed by the board. The clerks are subject to the 

civil-service law of the State.

There is no specified term of service in any department of the 

Survey. The special work of the divisions is usually paid for at a 

per diem rate or at a contract rate for the piece of work specified. 

Permanent employees of the geologic division are paid from $75 to 

$250 a month. Temporary assistants employed during the summer 

field season comprise both students, who are taken out for the payment of their expenses only, and experienced men, who are paid $100 

a month.

In the highway division assistant engineers receive from $50 to 

$200 a month. In the natural-history division the assistants are 

paid from $30 to $125 a month, and in the division of soils from $30 

to $100 a month. . ' . APPROPRIATIONS.

An appropriation of $5,000 annually for two years was made by the 

act of 1897 creating the Survey. In 1899 the appropriation was 

increased to $10,000 annually for the succeeding two years. In 1901 

the appropriation was reduced to $5,000 annually and was made a 

continuing appropriation. In 1903 the annual appropriation was increased to $10,000, and it has remained at that figure ever since.

In 1905 a special appropriation of $2,500 was granted for the purpose of making a survey of the water powers of the State. In 1907 

an additional special appropriation of $10,000 annually for two years 

was made for the purpose of carrying on investigations with regard 

to road building in the State, extending the survey of the lead and 

zinc district of Wisconsin, and continuing the water-power survey. 

In 1909 the special appropriation of $10,000 was continued for two 

more years, and a second special appropriation of $10,000 annually
WISCONSIN. '163

for two years was made for the prosecution of the soil survey of the 

State.

Unexpended balances carry to the new year.

The present distribution of the appropriations is about as follows:

v Per cent

Administration _ _ _____________-___± ____ 2

Geology (average four years)___________________ 22

Natural history (average four years)______________ 8

Roads (average three years) _____________________ 26

Soils (one year)_________________________ 28

Publications (average five years)________________ 14

The Survey has done no topographic work except in connection 

with the geology of parts of the lead and zinc district, where careful 

surveys of about 272 square miles Avere made with 10-foot contours.

The cost of administration is hardly more than nominal. The 

director of the Survey is also a member of the State University. He 

spends his vacations in work for the natural-history division of the 

Survey, and during the year carries on the executive work of the 

Survey along with that of the university, with the assistance of one 

clerk for a part of the time. The director receives practically no 

compensation for the executive work, and the expenses of administration, therefore, can not be regarded as normal for a Survey having 

this income. Offices and laboratories for all departments are furnished by the University of Wisconsin. Thus almost the entire income of the Survey is devoted to scientific and economic work.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications of the Survey are issued as biennial administrative reports, bulletins, and maps. The Bulletins are divided into an 

economic series, of which 13 have been issued; an educational series, 

 of which 2 have been issued; a scientific series, of which 6 have been 

issued; and road pamphlets, of which 5 have been issued. The maps 

include 10 hydrographic maps of lakes and lake districts, and a 

general geologic and road map of the State, which is in press.

The editions vary from 1,200 to 3,000 for the scientific and educational series, 2,500 to 5,000 for the economic series, and 40,000 for 

the road pamphlets. Publications are distributed for the approximate cost of mailing, until the edition becomes nearly exhausted, 

when a price is put on the volumes. The average annual income 

from this source is small. It goes into the State treasury.

The average annual cost of printing reports and accompanying 

maps for the last five years has been approximately $5,000. This is 

paid out of the State printing fund.
164 STATE GEOLOGICAL SUEVEYS OF THE UNITED STATES.

The printing of reports must be done, according to law. by the 

State printer, but the choice of paper, the style of report, binding, 

etc., are left to the Survey. The engraving of maps and illustrations 

is let to engravers acceptable to the Survey. There is no statutory 

limitation as to the contents or number of any report.

According to law, a certain number of copies of each report must 

be sent to each member of the. legislature, to several State officers, 

and to the library of the State Historical Society. Otherwise the 

distribution of reports is entirely in the hands of the Survey. Its 

mailing list, which includes numerous universities and scientific 

societies throughout the world, is kept alive by revision at irregular 

periods, as the need arises. Exchanges are carried on in cooperation 

with the University of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Academy of 

Sciences, Arts, and Letters.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

The present main lines of work carried on independently by the 

Survey consist of (1) an areal survey of the northwestern portion 

of the State; (2) a geologic survey of the iron district in Florence 

County; (3) a survey of the peat resources of the State; (4) a new 

geologic and road map of the State, on the scale of 6 miles to the 

inch; (5) a survey of the Lake Superior shore, to determine the 

origin and proper correlation of the Lake Superior sandstone; (6) 

the work of the highway division, which consists in furnishing technical advice and assistance to town and county officers having charge 

of road and bridge building; (7) the compilation of a report on the

general geology of the State as an educational bulletin for use in

schools; (8) the preparation of an educational bulletin on the relation of the physiography and the industries of the State; and (9) - 

the continuance of the survey of the lead and zinc district of southwestern Wisconsin.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. Informal cooperation with the 

United States Geological Survey has been maintained in the survey 

of the lead and zinc district. The survey of the water powers of the 

State has also been carried on in conjunction with the United States 

Geological Survey, each organization paying half of the field 

expenses.

United States Bureau of Fisheries. The United States Bureau of 

Fisheries and the State Fish Commission have cooperated to a small 

extent in a survey of the lakes of Wisconsin, chiefly carried on t»y the
WISCONSIN. 165

State Survey, and in collecting materials for a report on the fishes of 

the State.

United States Bureau of Soils. The soil survey begun in 1909 is 

carried on in conjunction with the Bureau of Soils of the United 

States Department of Agriculture and the college of agriculture 

of the University of Wisconsin. The United States Bureau of 

Soils places as many men in the field as the State Survey, shares 

the expense of field parties, and contributes much office and laboratory work. The college of agriculture of the University of Wisconsin provides supervision for the survey and quarters for the 

laboratory work.

APPENDIX.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT COMMISSION OF ILLINOIS. 

 ' ORIGIN.

The Internal Improvement Commission of Illinois, as it is officially designated, was created by act of the forty-fourth general 

assembly of Illinois, approved May 16, 1905, and in force July 1.

1905. with a tenure of two years. This act was the outgrowth of a 

popular movement favoring the construction of a deep .waterway 

from Lake Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico, and the development of 

the collateral utilities of such canalization of the Illinois River 

within the .State. There was no antecedent bureau of the State 

exercising exactly the functions contemplated in this_ act, though the 

topographic work of the State Geological Survey embraced some of 

them in a measure. The .Commission was organized February 20,

1906. The original act provided for an existence of only two years, 

but the forty-fifth general assembly, under an act approved. December 24, 1907, extended the life of the Commission four years.

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The scope of the work of the Commission is outlined as follows in 

the act of May 16, 1905:

The duties of this Commission shall be to investigate the various problems 

associated with a projected deep waterway from Lake Michigan to the Gulf 

of Mexico, and the reclamation of lands subject to overflow or inundation, the 

construction of practical and substantial levees, the ascertaining of the acreage 

of lands now subject to inundations from rivers, the increase from benefits to 

be derived from this proposed deep waterway and reclamation of lands subject 

to overflow or inundation, aud such other statistics and data.

The following act was approved May 17, 1907:

An act making an appropriation to the Internal Improvement Commission of 

Illinois, for the purpose of repairing and strengthening the levee at Shawneetown, 111.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in 

the general assembly, That there is hereby appropriated to the Internal Improvement Commission of Illinois, the sum of $17,000, for use in repairing and 

strengthening the levee at Shawneetown, 111., so as to protect said city from 

floods and overflows of the Ohio and Wabash rivers.

167
168 APPENDIX.

SEC. 2. The auditor of public accounts is hereby authorized and directed 

to draw his warrant from time to time upon the State treasurer for the moneys 

herein appropriated upon proper vouchers, certified by the said Commission and 

approved by the governor.

ORGANIZATION.

The governing body is the board of commissioners, composed of 

three members (Isham Kandolph, H. W. Johnson, and T. K. Condit), 

appointed by the governor. The term of office is indefinite. The 

members receive no compensation for their services, but are reimbursed for traveling expenses.

The executive officer is the secretary, who is appointed by the commissioners. The present incumbent is Robert Isham Randolph, who 

was appointed January 1, 1908. The term of office of the secretary is 

indefinite. He devotes his entire time to the work of the Commis-. 

sion, and is paid an annual salary of $3,600. The amount of the 

salary is fixed by the commissioners.

The assistants employed and their compensations are as follows: 

Stenographer, $50 a month; office boy, $5 a week; one junior engineer, 

$100 a month; one field assistant, $75 a month; 23 gage readers, $3 a 

month; one draftsman, $125 a month.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations are made biennially. None are contingent upon 

cooperation, but a large proportion of the funds are applied in cooperation. The amount of the appropriation varies; for the current 

biennium it is $30,000, no particular objects being specified.

Unexpended balances lapse to the treasury three months after the 

close of the fiscal year.

Disbursements are about as follows:

Administration _________________________ $4,000 

Drainage surveys --____ __' _ _ 5, 000 

Measurements of stream flow_________________ 5,000 

Waterway promotion work-i_-_________________ 1,000

PUBLICATIONS.

Two reports of the Commission have been issued, one in February, 

1907, entitled " The Lakes and Gulf waterway," and one in March, 

1909, entitled "The Illinois waterway report, with plans and estimates of costs for a waterway from Lockport, 111., to Utica, 111., by 

way of the Des Plaines and Illinois rivers." The edition of each 

was 5,000 copies. The reports are submitted to the governor, who. has 

them printed. The cost of printing is paid from the governor's appropriation, and the .Commission has no control over the printing.
TERRITORIAL ENGINEER OF NEW MEXICO. " 169

The reports are distributed free. The mailing list is made up of 

engineering societies, boards of trade, and civic organizations.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK. 

INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS.

Independently of the Federal Government, and as a part of the 

so-called internal improvement plan, the Commission is developing 

the navigable waterways of the State.

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the United 

States Geological Survey, 23 gaging stations are maintained for 

measuring the flow of streams.

Illinois State Geological Survey. In cooperation with the State 

Geological Survey, engineering studies are being made of the navi-. 

gability of Kaskaskia and Big Muddy rivers and drainage of bordering lands. The topographic maps required are prepared by the 

State Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey.

United /States Department of Agriculture. In cooperation with 

the United States Department of Agriculture, engineering studies 

are being made looking to the drainage of swamp and overflowed 

lands along Little Wabash and Skillet Fork rivers.

TERRITORIAL ENGINEER OF NEW MEXICO.

The office of Territorial engineer of the Territory of New Mexico 

Avas created by the legislature of 1907. The laws governing the 

office provide for the general supervision of the waters of the Territory and all matters pertaining to irrigation, the making of hy$rographic and topographic surveys of stream systems with reference 

to the adjudication of water rights, the appropriation of water rights 

for beneficial uses, and the supervision of the construction of all 

county bridges costing more than $1,000.

ORGANIZATION.

There is no governing board. The executive officer is the Territorial engineer, who is appointed by the governor for a term of 

four years, at a salary of $2,400 a year. He is also permitted to 

receive not more than $2,000 a year for his services as consulting 

engineer on irrigation projects. The present incumbent is Vernon 

L. Sullivan, who was appointed in April, 1909.

The Territorial engineer is also a member of the good roads commission, and supervises the work of that commission, and is a mem-
170 ' ' APPENDIX.

ber of the Carey Act land board, and serves as engineer in the construction of the projects of that board. The good roads commission 

and the Carey Act land board are composed of the governor as 

chairman, the land commissioner as secretary, and the Territorial 

engineer as engineer. The members of these organizations receive 

no compensation for their services.

The assistants to the Territorial engineer include five assistant 

engineers and two clerks. The engineers are college men and do not 

come under the civil-service rules.

APPROPRIATIONS.

The annual appropriation for the office of the Territorial engineer is $8,000; for hydrographic work, $3,000; for good-roads construction, $50,000. Balances carry to the new fiscal year.

The annual appropriation for the office of the Territorial engineer 

includes maintenance and salaries of officers not chargeable to specific appropriations. The appropriation of $3,500 is for maintenance of gaging stations and payment of salaries of men connected 

with stream gaging. For the topographic and hydrographic surveys 

connected with the adjudication of water rights a fee is charged by 

the Territorial engineer. This is placed in a special fund, which 

thus becomes cumulative.

PUBLICATIONS.

The publications comprise, the, biennial report for 1907-8 and a 

bulletin on the economical use of water for irrigation. The results of 

the cooperative work with the United States Geological Survey are 

published by the Federal bureau in its series of water-supply papers. 

The biennial report for 1909-10 and a report on road construction 

will soon be issued by the Territorial engineer. The size of edition 

depends on the nature of the report. The publications are sent generally to those who apply for them.

The cost of printing the biennial reports is $300 annually, which 

is paid from the general appropriation of the Territorial engineer. 

The cost of printing specific reports is $200; this is paid from the 

specific fund.

The Territorial engineer has full control over the printing of 

reports and maps, being limited only in appropriations. He also has 

full control over the distribution of reports. .

COOPERATIVE INVESTIGATIONS.

United States Geological Survey. In cooperation with the United 

States Geological Survey 41 gaging stations are maintained on 

streams in the Territory. The results are published by the Federal 

Survey.
NEW YORK STATE WATER SUPPLY COMMISSION. 171

Good roads commission. The Territorial engineer is also engineer 

and supervisor of the work of the good roads commission. It is 

customary for the counties through which a road is to be built to 

pay half of the cost of construction. Corporations, towns, and interested persons also contribute to the cost of road building. In this 

work convict labor is employed as much as possible.

NEW YORK STATE WATER SUPPLY COMMISSION. 

PREVIOUS COMMISSIONS.

The New York State Water Supply Commission, in its work relating to the control and supervision of the water resources of the State, 

was preceded by the Water Storage Commission of 1902 and the 

Kiver Improvement Commission of 1904, while some of the work now

intrusted to it was previously under the supervision of the State 

engineer and surveyor and the State geologist.

New York State Water Storage Commission. After a series of 

disastrous floods which occurred in the State during the years 1900 

and 1901, in response to popular demand, the legislature of 1902 created the New York State Water Storage Commission, and charged it 

with the duty of investigating the floods and making recommendations regarding the possibility of eliminating the danger from floods 

by the construction of storage reservoirs. The Commission consisted 

of nine members, who served without compensation except actual expenses. Four of the number were ex officio members, the attorney 

general, the State engineer and survej^or, the superintendent of public works, and the forest, fish, and game commissioner. The other 

members were appointed by the governor and were citizens representing different sections of the State; three of them were civil engineers. 

This Commission spent a year in investigating the causes and damages 

of the floods, and in January, 1903, submitted a report, in two volumes, to the legislature. With the presentation of this report the 

duties of the Water Storage Commission were fulfilled and it was 

discharged.

River Improvement Commission. The River Improvement Commission was created by chapter 734 of the laws of 1904, which became 

a law on May 14 of that year. This Commission was created " for 

the regulation of the flow of watercourses in this State in aid of the 

public health and safety." It was composed of five members, four 

ex officio " and one commissioner who shall be a civil engineer." The 

ex officio members were the attorney general, the State engineer and 

surveyor, the superintendent of public works, and the forest, fish, and 

game commissioner. The fifth member, the civil engineer commissioner, was appointed by the governor. All the members served without compensation, except the civil engineer commissioner, who re-
172 APPENDIX.

ceived a per diem compensation, fixed by his colleagues, for the actual 

time devoted to the work of the commission. All the commissioners received their necessary expenses in connection with the work. 

To this Commission was given the power 

to regulate watercourses, by deepening, widening, and straightening, or by the 

construction of. dams, dikes, or storage reservoirs, but only upon petition praying for the improvement being duly made to it by the parties to be benefited. 

Any county, city, town, or village located upon any river or watercourse, or any 

person or persons having riparian rights thereon, may petition the Commission 

for the improvement of such river or watercourse, and the Commission is 

charged with the responsibility of determining whether the relief asked for is 

practicable and is of sufficient importance to the public health and safety to 

warrant the State in undertaking the work. The entire cost of such improvements must be borne by the counties, towns, cities, villages, and individuals 

benefited by the regulation of the flow of the stream, unless the Commission 

shall have determined and reported to the legislature that a portion of the expense is a just and proper charge upon the State. The proportion of the cost 

which each shall bear, including the State, is determined by the Commission 

and reported to the legislature, and no such improvement shall be undertaken 

until after such report has been submitted and the legislature shall have 

authorized the improvement to be made.

All of the work to be done by the Eiver Improvement Commission 

was predicated upon the theory of the protection of the public health 

and safety. Several applications were made under this law, and the 

proposed improvements were being investigated, when in 1906 the 

duties and powers of the River Improvement Commission were transferred by law to the State Water Supply Commission.

PRESENT COMMISSION. 

SUMMARY OF LAWS.

The New York State Water Supply Commission was created by 

chapter 723 of the laws of 1905, and was duly organized when the 

act became a law on June 3 of that year. The Commission is composed of five citizen members, who are appointed by the governor. 

The principal duty of the Commission as defined in the original act 

was the supervision over public water supplies. The law provides 

that no municipal corporation or other civil division of the State, 

no private water company, and no individual shall have ,the right to 

construct a public water-supply system or seek a new source of water 

supply which involves the acquisition of land until maps, plans, and 

profiles of the proposed work have been submitted to and approved by 

the State Water Supply.Commission. The Commission was further 

charged with the duty of investigating all of the then existing watersupply systems in the State and reporting on the sources and purity 

of their supply, the present and future \needs of the community, and 

the general features of operation of the systems. It was also charged
NEW YORK STATE WATEE SUPPLY COMMISSION. 173

with the investigation of the disposal of sewage by municipalities, 

especially with reference to the possible contamination of present and 

future public water supplies. ,

Since the organization of the commission its duties have been enlarged by several amendments to the original act and by new enactments, until at the present time it has supervision over public 

water supplies for domestic uses, river improvement for the prevention of flood.damage and the protection of the public health and 

safety, and the investigation of the water resources of the State, involving the building of storage reservoirs for the improvement of 

existing water-power developments and for the creation of new 

power developments under State ownership and control. The authority for the work last named was conferred by chapter 569 of the 

laws of 1907, known as the Fuller bill, wherein the State Water Supply Commission was directed " to devise plans for the progressive development of water powers of the State under State control and for 

the public use and benefit."

The laws under which the Commission is now conducting its operations are article 2, chapter 54, consolidated laws of 1909; chapter 

569 of the laws of 1907; and chapters 284 and 464 of the laws of 

1909. Article 2 of chapter 54 of the consolidated laws of 1909 is a 

consolidation of the various laws and amendments theretofore passed 

creating and governing the River Improvement Commission and the 

State Water Supply Commission.

ORGANIZATION.

The State Water Supply Commission consists of five members, appointed by the governor for a term of five years, except that the 

original commissioners were appointed, one for five years, one for 

four years, one for three years, one for two years, and one for one 

year. Their compensation is fixed by law at $5,000 per annum.

The executive officer is the president, Henry H. Persons, the fiveyear member of the original board, who devotes the greater portion of 

his time to Commission matters. The other officers of the Commission are a secretary and a consulting engineer, both of whom are appointed by the Commission, independently of the civil-service commission.

The secretary has charge of the routine administrative work of the 

office. He employs two stenographers, one clerk, and one office boy. 

The consulting engineer is the executive head of the engineering 

bureau, and his clerical force consists of two stenographers and one 

office assistant. The clerical force is appointed by the Commission 

from selections made from certified civil-service lists; the salaries of 

the clerical force are fixed by law.
174 APPENDIX.

The engineering assistants are appointed by the consulting engineer, from certified civil-service lists, all appointments being subject to approval by the Commission. The engineering field and 

office corps varies in size from time to time in accordance with the 

needs of the work. At present it consists of about 40 men, who 

receive the following rates of compensation: One division engineer, 

$275 a month; 2 assistant engineers, $200 a month; 4 assistant engineers, $5 to $6 a day; 4 levelers, $4.50 to $5 a day; 4 rodmen, $3.50 to 

$4 a day; 8 chainmen, $2.50. to $3 a day; 8 axmen, $2 a day; 2 tracers, 

$50 to $75 a month; laborers, guides, and camp cooks, as required, $2 

to $2.50 a day.

In 1907 the engineering corps numbered about 50 men, in 1908 

about 125 men, and in 1909 about 75 men. The principal work which 

has engaged the attention of the engineering corps has been the investigation of water storage and possible water-power sites on the 

principal rivers of the State, and surveys in connection with projects 

for river improvement. . . During the summer months college students are frequently employed in the minor field positions, as many of them are enrolled on 

the civil-service lists, but college professors are not regularly employed. On several occasions, however, during the last three years, 

matters relating to the geologic classification of drill-boring samples and the stability of foundations for certain proposed storagereservoir dams have been submitted to professors eminent in their 

lines, who have furnished reports on the special subjects submitted 

to them.

The salaries of the commissioners, the secretary, and the consulting engineer are paid monthly; all other salaries are paid semimonthly, as required by a recent act of the legislature.

APPROPRIATIONS.

Appropriations for conducting the work of the Commission are 

made annually. The salaries and expenses of the Commission, Secretary, consulting engineer, and the clerical force are provided for in 

the annual " appropriation bill," and are fixed by law. For the 

prosecution of investigations of water power and river improvement 

appropriations are made annually in the " supply bill." These appropriations are based on detailed estimates of the probable needs 

of the Commission, which are submitted to the legislature on or 

before January 1 of. each year. The Commission is free to subdivide 

and allot the several appropriations in the supply bill as it may deem 

wise, provided the money is expended within the scope of the object 

specified in the supply bill. Unexpended balances, if any, carry overthe first year, but are not available after the second year unless reappropriated by the legislature. The fiscal year of the State begins
NEW YORK STATE WATER SUPPLY COMMISSION. 175

October 1. Moneys appropriated in the appropriation bill are available on the 1st day of October next succeeding the passage of the 

bill, and are for the use of the Commission during the year succeeding. Appropriations made in the supply bill are available for use 

as soon as the bill becomes a law, and deficiencies of the previous 

year, if any exist, may be paid out of these moneys.

The appropriation for the year 1910-11 in the appropriation bill 

is $41,680, made up as follows:

Salaries of commissioners___________________ $25, 000 

Salaries of secretary and consulting engineer___ .- _____ 7,000 

Salaries of clerical force_____________________ 3,180 

Traveling expenses of Commission______________ 2, 500 

Traveling expenses of secretary and consulting engineer_ 500 

Miscellaneous office expenses _________________ 3, 500

The appropriations in the supply bill for 1910-11 amount to 

$70,000, as follows:

For water supply and river improvement investigations 

and operations_________________________ $20,000

For continuing water storage and water power investigations _____________________.__________ 50,000

Of the $20,000 appropriation the Commission has allotted $10,000 

to the completion of surveys and studies in connection with projectsfor river improvement now in hand, and the remainder is held in. 

reserve to meet the expenses of any applications for river improvement which may be presented during the current year and also for 

the study of drainage, underground waters, etc.

The $50,000 appropriation has been subdivided and allotted by the 

Commission as follows:

Stream gaging, rain gaging, and evaporation studies, in 

cooperation with, the United States Geological Survey $10, 000

Maintenance of the Albany headquarter^ office of the 

engineering bureau ______________________ 10,000

Power surveys and investigations on Hudson River____ 10, 000

Power surveys and investigations on Black, Oswego, and

other rivers and on Finger Lakes____________ 15, 000

Surveys and the collection of data in connection with irrigation and small water-power developments for farm 

uses and benefits________________________ 2,000

Reserved for contingencies_________'. ______.______ 3, 000

Between July 1, 1907, and July 1, 1910, the Commission expended 

$7.950 for stream gaging in cooperation with the United States 

Geological Survey, most of the sum being expended in the Adirondack Mountain region and on Genesee, Raquette, and Hudson Rivers. 

During the same period $1,055 was expended for rainfall and evaporation observations in cooperation with the United States Weather 

Bureau.
176 APPENDIX.

PUBLICATIONS.

The New York State Water Supply Commission has issued five 

annual reports, one progress report, and one bulletin. The annual 

reports set forth the work accomplished by the Commission, and have 

varied in size from 200 to 800 pages, with accompanying illustrations 

from photographs, maps, plans, and charts. The progress report was 

issued in 1908 and pertained to the water-power investigations. The 

bulletin was issued in 1909 for free distribution at the State fair, 

and consisted of a concise account of the scope and accomplishments 

of the Commission since its organization.

Of the regular reports, 2,500 copies are issued and distributed each, 

year. The cost of distribution is borne by the Commission, but the 

printing is done by the State printer, under the direction of the 

State printing board, and the cost is charged to the State printing 

account and does not come out of the appropriations for the Commission. If extra copies of the report over and above the number 

specified by law (2,500) are desired, the Commission must bear the 

expense of printing the additional copies. The Commission has control over the style of its reports, the paper used, the number and kind 

of illustrations, and the contents.

About 500 copies of every report go to the members of the legislature and the State officers for their use and distribution. The 

remainder are distributed by the Commission. Copies are promptly 

sent to public libraries, colleges, universities, and engineering societies 

throughout the State, without awaiting their requests, also to persons 

who have requested that they be supplied with a copy of each report 

issued. Thereafter reports are sent to anyone making application 

for them. A receipt card is inclosed with each report sent out, and 

the receiver is asked to sign and return it.

PRESENT LINES OF WORK.

Independent investigations. The main lines of work in which the 

Commission is engaged have been outlined under " Summary of 

laws."

Cooperation with United States Geological Survey and United 

States Weather Bureau. In connection with the investigations of 

the Commission reliable information regarding stream flow, rainfall, 

and evaporation is of the utmost importance, and to obtain this 

information the Commission in 1907 entered into cooperative agreements with the United States Geological Survey and the United 

States Weather Bureau.

Under the cooperative agreement with the United States Geological Survey stream gaging has been conducted according to the standard methods of the Survey, under the supervision of one of its
NEW YOEK STATE WATER SUPPLY COMMISSION. 177

district engineers, whose headquarters have been at Albany since 

1909. Heretofore 12 gaging stations have been maintained, but a 

number of new ones will be established during the ensuing year.

In cooperation with the United States Weather Bureau eight rainfall observation stations have been maintained since 1907. These 

stations are equipped with standard United States Weather Bureau 

rain gages, maximum and minimum thermometers, and thermometer 

shelters. The work is under the supervision of the section director, 

whose headquarters are at Ithaca, N. Y. All the stations are in the 

Adirondack Mountains, at points from which no previous records 

were available. In addition to the maintenance of the foregoing 

stations comparative tests of four types of rain gages have been conducted through the summer seasons at the Weather Bureau stations 

in Ithaca. The gages employed in these tests are the De Witt conical, 

the Fuertes, the Smithsonian, and the United States Weather Bureau 

standard, two gages of each type being used. These comparative 

tests are made for the purpose of determining, if possible, the accuracy of older types of gages as compared with present-day standards, 

with a view to coordinating old records with those taken to-day 

under more scientific methods.

All of the existing rainfall stations will be maintained during the 

coming year, and 14 new stations will be established and equipped 

with standard gages, thermometers, etc. The new stations will be 

established in the basins of upper Hudson, Eaquette, Oswegatchie, 

and Oswego Rivers.

Arrangements have recently been consummated whereby the rainfall and evaporation investigations, in addition to the stream gaging, 

will be carried on in cooperation with the United States Geological 

Survey, through its local district engineer.

Other cooperative work. No interstate cooperative work is maintained by the New York State Water Supply Commission. In 1909, 

however, upon its own initiative the commission met in conference 

with similar commissions from the States of Pennsylvania and New 

Jersey, with a view to cooperating in the investigation of interstate 

and boundary line streams, but no definite system of cooperation has 

been undertaken.

There is no systematic cooperation with other scientific bureaus of 

the State, but wherever the duties of the State Water Supply Commission unite with or overlap the duties or jurisdiction of the department of the forest, fish and game commissioner, the department 

of State engineer and surveyor, the State department of health, or 

the public-service commission, there is a cordial interchange of data 

and assistance.

0

85645° Bull. 465 11 32