Technical Paper 325 [

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1

LEVEL

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TRAINING IN UTILIZATION ~OF SURVEILLANCE

AND RECONNAISSANCE RESOURCES BY [ COMBAT ARMS OFFICERS

Robert A. Vecchiotti and Joseph L. Berrey McDonnell Douglas Corporation

and

Marshall A. Narva

Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

1’

BATTLEFIELD INFORMATION SYSTEMSTECHNICAL AREA

U. S. Army

Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

S.pt.mb.r 1978

Approv ed for public release; distr ibution unl imited.

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U. S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

A Field Operating A gency under the Jurisdiction of the

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

. 

p

1

WILLIAM L. HAUSER

JOSEPH ZEIDNER Colonel, US ATmy

Technical Director Commander

Research accomplished under contract

to the Department of the Army

McDonnell Douglas Corporation

NOTICES 

• I

DISTRIBUTION: Primary dittr ibu tion of this report has been med. by ARI. PIs.a address correspondence

concerning distribution of reports to: U. S. Army Research Institut e for the Behsviorel and Social Sciences . ATTN . PEAl- P . 5001 Eisenh owe r Avenue. Al exandr ia , Virginia 22333.

FINAL DISPOSITION: This report may be destroyed when it is no longer needed . Plesie do not return it to

ihe U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral end Social Sciences.

~~~ 

The hndinqs in th is r•port a,. not to be consuuid a. an off iciel Dp~ctment of the Army position. unless so designated by oth er authorized documents.

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Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFI CATION OF THIS PAGE (Wtiai Dse. Ent.~~d)

WI I kA ~~kI’I’ L’TIà~ IJ B Lr ~~ READ U4ST~ UCT1OW$ !

~~~ rVI% U I~U~ .UM~~fl U ~~ U U~~ i

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~ BEFORE COMPL.ETING FO~~ I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION HO 3. RECiPIENT’S CATALOG NUMBER

Technical Paper 325 ” ______________________________

4. TITLE (aid Subttii.) S. TYPE OF REPORT C PERIOD COVERED

TRAINING IN UTILIZATION OF SURVEILLANCE AND

RECONNAISSANCE RESOURCES BY COMBAT ARMS Final (May 1973-March 1974)

OFFICERS S PERFORMING ORG REPORT NUMBER

?. AUTHOR(.) 6. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSER(.)

Robert A. Vecchiotti and Joseph L. Berrèy (MDC)

and Marshall A. Narva (ARI) DMC19—73—0O61’

~ ”1

_________________________

C. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION N A ME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT . TASK . / AREA C WORK UNIT NUMBERS McDonnell Douglas Corporation v

P.O. BoX 516

St. Louis, MO 63166 2Q162106A721

II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 2. REPnRT DATE

Department of the Army September 1978

Asst Chief of Staff for Intelligence ( DAMI) 3 NUMB ER OF PAGES

Washington, D.C. 60

IS. MONITORING AGENCY NAME C ADDRESS(St &ll.,ait trcui Canfroitin5 Offic.) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (.1 *1. leperS)

U.S. Army Research Institute for the

Behavioral and Social Sciences (PERI—OS ) Unclassified

5001 Eisenhower Avenue is.. OECLASSIPICAIIONIOOWSSGRAOING

Alexandria , VA 22333 SCH EDULE 

—— IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of Shi. Ripen )

Approved for public release, distribution unlimited

I?. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (.1 A. .b.lneet aiten.d in Stock 20. IV ditV•,iøI he. R.pofl)

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IC. KEY WORDS (Ccntinw. en rv ri• .id . it nsc•i• y aid I*nItfr by block numb.r)

Human factors Personnel training Cotmtiand requirements

Applied psychology Training aids Combat Arms training

Military psychology Surveillance systems Intelligence systems

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~~~~ Training Aerial surveillance

~~~. AESYRACT (CsntIai. a, ,.,a.. •id if ..c..wey aid id.ntIty by block n. b.r)

~the purpose of this effort was to increase the effective use of aerial

surveillance and reconnaissance (AS&R) resources by combat coeenanders

- ~~~

- through analysis of current experience and training and subsequent develop-

_ ment of materials that may be used for training and field use.

“Contemporary training materials were analyzed for content. C) C) (

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DO I ~~~~~~ 1473 EOS TION OF 5 NOV 551$ OSSOLETI Unclassified

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Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAOE(Pba , ~ .I. Soisee~)

20.

~Questionnaires pertaining to experience with, attitudes toward, and training

received relative to AS&R were distributed to students at pertinent schools,

and the responses were analyzed for implications for training.4 - - - - - - - - -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

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. Coasbat Arms students receive limited training in the use of AS&R resources,

and they felt they could use more information in this area. The more experience with AS&R, the more favorable has been the experience with this

resource. More emphasis should be placed on practical exercises that permit

appropriate interaction with the capabilities of AS&R.4

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The —~~sults of the analyses were used in the subsequent development of

training materials and a field aid.

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Unclassified

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OP THI S PAQI(WIiai Sal. Eni.r .d)

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Techn

~~ Paper 325 ~~~~~~~~~~~~

- TRAINING IN UTILIZATION OF~

SURVEILLANCE /

AND RECONNAISSANCEIESOURCES BY

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C L. 

~~ ~OM BAT ARMS 9FFICERS. 

~~~~ /0 Robert AjVecchlottl Joseph L~~errey~j

McLkrnnell ias uorp IIó~—~~~ .

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Army Research Instltutelór the B&iävloral IaI Sclencee

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BATTLEFIELD INFORMATION SYSTEMS TECHNICAL AREA

Submitted as complete and Approved By:

technically accurate, by:

Edgar M. Johnson A.H. Blmbaum, Acting Director

Technical Area Chief ORGANIZATIONS AND SYSTEMS

RESEARCH LABORATORY

Joseph Zeidner

TECHNICAL DIRECTOR

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U.S. ARMY RESEARCH 1NSTI TE FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

‘

5 • 5001 Eisenho~~r Avenue. Alexandria , Virginia 22333

Office. Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

Department of the Army

Army Project Number SUYVSIIIERCS •~~ t

20162108A721 DAHCI9’73’C’00 1

~~~~ unlIn~ted. 

— -—~---- - - - - .4
— -—..- . _.~~~ r,nc. -,-—.--—-- --.--- — .—--—. .—.- --• -.——-—, — -— -

AR) Research Reports and Technical Papers are intended for sponsors of

R&D tasks and other research and military agencies. Any findings ready for

implementation at the time of publication are presented in the latter part of

the Brief. Upon completion of a major phase of the task, formal recommendations for official action normally are conveyed to appropriate military

agencies by briefing or Disposition Form. 

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FOREWORD

The Battlefield Information Systems Technical Area of the Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (API) is concerned

with the human resource demands of increasingly complex battlefield systems for acquiring, transmitting , processing, disseminating , and using

- information. This increased complexity places greater demands on the

• operator using the machine system . Research in this area focuses on human

performance problems related to interactions within command and control

centers , as well as issues of system development. The research is concerned with such areas as software development , topographic products and

procedures , tactical symbology , user-oriented systems , information management, staff operations and procedures , decision support, and sensor-systems

integration and use.

An area of special concern is the efficient , effective use of surveillance and reconnaissance resources . The continued proliferation of

information-gathering equipment, coupled with rapid technological change

and the demands of modern warfare , have dramatically increased the corn—

plexity of the surveillance and reconnaissance system. To insure that

the use of this equipment is responsive to command needs requires skilled

and knowledgeable users and collection managers . The tactical conunander

must understand the capabilities and limitations of the surveillance and

reconnaissance system. The collection manager must understand user needs

and procedures for planning , coordinating , and managing this equipment .

Previous ARI research (Research Report 1181) identified significant def i—

ciencies in the ability of the G2 Air (now the Surveillance and- Recon—

naissance) Officer to plan and manage aerial surveillance and reconnaissance (AS&R) resources effectively.

This report describes the development of job aids to assist tactical

combat commanders in effectively using AS&R resources . These job aids are

being used worldwide in U.S. Army units and schools. This report was not

published at the time the job aids were distributed to users because of

the urgency of other requirements. Continued interest in and requests for

copies of the job aids have led to this delayed publication of their development. Although some changes have occurred in terminology and doctrine since the research was conducted , the functions involved remain

largely unchanged .

Research in the area of sensor systems integration and use is conducted as an in—house effort, augmented by contracts with organizations

selected for their specialized capabilities and unique facilities. The

present research was conducted in conjunction with personnel from the

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McDonnell Douglas Corporation (contract DAHC-19-73—C-006l) under the

direction of Dr. Abraham H. Birnbaum . Research in this area is responsive to general requirements of Army Project 2Q1621O6A721 and to

special requirements of the U.S. Army Assistant Chief of Staff for

Intelligence.

Tec ical Director

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TRAINING IN UTILIZAT ION OF SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE

RESOURCES BY COMBAT ARMS OFFICERS

BRIEF

Requirement:

To increase the effective use of aerial surveillance and reconnaissance (AS&R) resources by combat commanders through development of mate—

rials for training and field use.

Procedure :

Contemporary training materials were obtained and analyzed for content. Questionnaires pertaining to experience with , attitudes toward ,

and training received relative to AS&R were distributed to students at

pertinent schools , and the responses were analyzed for implications for

training. The results were used in the later development of a combat

commanders guide and a field aid to AS&R use .

Findings:

Combat Arms students receive limited training in the use of AS&R

resources .

More emphasis is needed on use at the battalion and brigade echelons

and interaction with division and corps assets.

The more experience men have with AS&R, the more favorable has be~~ their experience.

Combat Arms students generally felt they could use more information

concerning the effective use of AS&R.

More emphasis should be placed on practical exercises in the training

context that permit appropriate interaction with the capabilities of the

AS&R system .

I.- - - - - -- - - - — --- - - -

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— ---- -.-- --~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ., ... - -.- - ---~~~-- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Utilization of Findings :

The Combat Commanders Guide to Aerial Surveillance and Reconnaissance Resources is used worldwide in U.S. Army schools and units for

training in AS&R use . This material has also been divided into a Commanders Field Aid to Aerial Surveillance and Reconnaissance Utilization

for each of the Combat Arms, in formats that enable officers to use the

aids as a ready reference in formulating information requests.

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~- - . .— - .r~~~~s. ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ - — SPt. .C. S. . ~~~~~~~~~~ - .

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TRAINING IN UTIT ZATION OF SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE RESOURCES

BY COMBAT ARMS OFFICERS

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION 1

OBJECTIVES 2

ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION 3

Curriculum Content Analysis 3

Questionnaire Development 3

Questionnaire Results 6

DEVELOPMENT OF TRAINING MATERIALS 26

DEVELOPMENT OF JOB AIDS 30

APPENDIX A. EXERCISES PRESENTED IN ThE QUESTIONNA IRE 33

B. SUPPLEMENTARY FINDINGS 39

C. SELECTED COMMENTS FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRES 47

D. COMMANDER AS&R INFORMATION MATRICES 49

DISTRIBUTION 59

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Percentage of questionnaire returns by school 5

2. Percentage of prior occupancy of command and

staff positions 7

3. Incidence of prior use of AS&R 8

4. Incidence of specific use of AS&R 9

5. Incidence of experiences with AS&R 10

6. Responses to question on adequacy of the AS&R

system to satisfy needs 12

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LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table 7. Responses to question on adequacy of personnel

and equipment available to AS&R system 14

8. Responses to questions on the role of the

G2 Air officer 16

9. Distribution of correct responses as a

function of formal school training 19

10. Responses to question on the value of onthe-job training and experience versus

formal schooling 21

11. Responses to question on increasing combat

effectiveness through increased understanding

of the AS&R system 22

12. Responses to question on sufficiency of

knowledge to use the aerial surveillance

and reconnaissance system 23

13. Responses to question on dependence on G2

Air officer for details on AS&R capability 24

14. Responses to question on how much detail

should be given for operation of AS&R

systems 25

15. Responses to question on the need for more

formal school training in use of AS&R

systems 27

16. Selection of AS&R subject matter areas and

degree of importance 28

B-l. Incidence of experiences with aerial surveillance & reconnaissance 39

B—2. Responses to question : “The responsiveness of

the AS&R system to deliver information to any

requester in terms of timeliness, from what

you perceive the AS&R capability to be, is:” 41

0-3. Responses to question : “The responsiveness of

the AS&R system to deliver information to any

requester in terms of accuracy from what you

perceive the AS&R capability to be, is:” 42

- — - — a .— - .rtt. ~~~~~~ . - - . . — - - ~~- .Jt~~~X’ - - - —
LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Table B—4 . Responses to question: “The responsiveness of

the AS&R system to deliver information to any

requester in terms of completeness, from what

you perceive the AS&R capability to be, is:” 43

B-5. Responses to statement: “The AS&R system has

only a limited capability for satisfying the

targeting needs of field artillery units.” 44

B—6 . Response to statement: “The AS&R system has

only a limited capability for satisfying the

surveillance and reconnaissance needs of

armor units.” 45

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Curriculum content analysis 4 

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TRAINING IN UTILIZATION OF SURVEILLANCE AND

RECONNAISSANCE RESOURCES BY COMBAT ARMS OFFICERS

INTRODUCTION

Field commanders have appreciated for centuries the value of having

information about an enemy in advance of an operation. Modern technology

has allowed for the more rapid movement of forces as well as for the more

rapid acquisition of advance information. One of the important means of

collecting information about enemy activity , terrain, and weather is the

Army aerial surveillance and reconnaissance (AS&R) system.

The AS&R system consists of all personnel and equipment required to

answer in a timely manner, through aerial means , requests for information

from the combat commander. AS&R system resources include the most basic

mode of information collection : the airborne visual observer. This mode

can provide a combat commander with a relatively immediate response to

an area—limited request for information. The aerial observer sightings

can be augmented by using a handheld camera and self—processing film.

Another mode of AS&R information-collecting resources includes aircraft

designed for surveillance and reconnaissance (OV-lB , C, and D) that are

equipped with ca~

neras , an infrared scanner , or side—looking airborne

radar. Data collected in this mode usually are processed on the ground

and turned into information by skilled image interpreters . More sophisticated resources consist of high performance , multisensor aircraf t

flown by the Air Force , Navy , or Marine Corps . Along with these resources are the personnel who man image interpretation units and G2 Air

sections .

Previous research1 conducted by the Army Research Institute, while

concerned primarily with G2 Air and image interpretation personnel ,

showed that there was a need to develop a better understanding of the

capabilities of the AS&R system and an appreciation of the G2 Air officer ’s role among the system users.

1

Youngling, E. W ., Vecchjotti, R. A., Bedarf, E. W., & Root, IL T. Job

Requirements of G2 Air and Image Interpreter Personnel . ARI Research

Report 1181, May 1974.

1

- - - -.5 --.— - —5-.-—- —
In a subsequent ef fort,

2 

an attempt was made to meet the training

needs of the G2 Air officer by developing a guidebook , “AS&R Management

Aids and Guidelines for Evaluating Resources (MANAGER) .“3 The guide was

intended for use by G2 Air officers as on-the-job training and guidance

in performing their duties as asset managers .

Improvement in system use , however , concerns the user as well as

the supplier of information. Research was needed on bridging the gap

between user and supplier of AS&R information to make the system more

effective. The commander ’s AS&R requirements and expectations may not

be satisfied because of inappropriate use or lack of use of the system.

The commander might lose confidence in the system and rely on other

sources of informatioc, even when the AS&R system could best provide

the information.

Therefore, it is necessary to provide materials that foster a good

understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the system . Then a

field commander may establish in his own mind a realistic determination

of when to use the system and what to expect from it.

OBJECTIVES

Objectives of this study focus on providing training materials to

commanders of infantry, armor , and artillery units so they may better

understand and use the AS&R system . The objectives were the following :

1. To summarize and analyze the experiences of and training given

to Combat Arms officers relative to the use of AS&R resources,

with the purpose of identifying areas where improvements in

training may lead to improvements in system use.

2. To conceptualize and evolve experimental training materials

and/or methods that will increase the probability of more effective use of the AS&R system by Combat Arms officers.

3. To explore the possibility of developing aids that might supplement training and be used on the job for increased effectiveness of AS&R use.

2

Vecchiotti, R. A., Berrey , 1. L., & Bedarf , E. W. Development of Resource Management Materials for the G2 Air Of’

~ cer . API Technical

Paper 333, 1978.

3

Available from the Army Research Institute.

2 

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ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION

Curriculum Content Analysis

Initially, lesson plans and supplementary instructions pertaining

to AS&R were obtained from the three combat arms schools and the Command

and General Staff College. Schools providing training materials were

the Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, Okla.; Armor School, Fort Knox,

Ky.; Infantry School, Fort Benning, Ga.; and the Command and General

Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kans. Although not all training materials were available , substantive information , relative to proportion

and content of AS&R training, was provided .

The curriculum content analysis was based on a comparison of the

materials obtained against a baseline AS&R subject—matter list. This

list, shown in the left-hand column in Figure 1, was derived from reviewing the air intelligence system, functional-flow diagrams, and the

functional—task list developed for “AS&R MANAGER.” Additionally, field

manuals related to maneuver and firepower requirements also were reviewed

and integrated by experts into the final list shown in Figure 1.

Entries in the curriculum content analysis were based on judgments

made after a thorough review of the training materials supplied. The

entries are not judgments of the quality of training as much as they are

indications of how well the content areas match a best judgment of which

AS&R content areas impact on the commander ’s needs. Areas where additional content should be provided were considered in the subsequent development of experimental training materials.

In general, results of the curriculum content analysis across all

schools indicated that AS&R information was a small portion of a larger

segment on intelli gence and intelli gence support except for the Command

and General Staff College, where a more substantial treatment of AS&R

was found. Intelligence and AS&R materials may have been covered also

in other phases of instruction but were not included in this analysis.

Another finding of the analysis concerns the probable focus of

attention on the training materials. The analysis led to the conclusion that more attention needed to be focused at the battalion and brigade levels in terms of their use of all the AS&R resources available.

Much emphasis was placed on division and corps AS&R assets, whereas the

relationship between lower echelons and the division AS&R resources was

treated inadequately .

Questionnaire Development

Another objective of collecting information relative to the use of

AS&R information was a determination of the experiences and opinions of

combat commanders as to what the system can do for them and how it can

be improved . Questionnaires were developed for this aspect of data

collection .

3

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CULY THOSE SUNJUCTS RELEVA NT TO ASER ARE USED.

ONLY Th OSE MATERIALS MACDIVED NINE AN ALYZED. SCIIOQU NAY NAVE OTHER MATERIALS IN USE HUT NOT AVAIS.AILE TO TN’S STUOT.

11 UNtI Of INSTRUCTION CONCERINUG USAF RIC5*AISWICD IS AUO PRE SENTE D TO flit STUHEUTI. fACT AVAILANUI

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~~~ S_AIIM SPACE IDANS SUSJDCT AREA NOT INCLUDED it MATERIA LS MACLIVED.

FIGURE 1. CURRICULUM CONTENT ANALYSIS

4
A questionnaire was prepared that covered the following areas of

interest: biographical information, field experience, aerial intelligence use, training in AS&R , and knowledge of AS&R capability. The

questionnaire used primarily multiple—choice questions, but provided

for responses to be supplemented by written comments . Questionnaires

were sent to the following schools: Infantry School, Armor School,

Field Artillery School, Intelligence School, Command and General Staff

College, and the Army War College.

The rationale for selecting branch schools and senior service

schools was to sample officers both with and without AS&R experience.

At branch schools, the advanced course was used as the sample; at the

Command and General Staff College and the Army War College, the questionnaires were distributed to students who were members of the Infantry,

Armor, Field Artillery , or Intelligence Branches . In most cases, distribution was made after students had completed the intelligence portion

of the syllabus to assure that most had some training in the area. Thus,

questionnaires were designed for persons with experience, with no experience, and with some AS&R training. The Intelligence School was se—

lected to include a population of potential G2’s or G2 Air officers to

complete the link between commander and the AS&R system.

A total of 2,100 questionnaires were mailed to the selected formal

schools ; 84% or 1,765 questionnaires were returned . Data reduction of

objective responses was accomplished by using a separate answer sheet

which was optically scanned. Data summaries were obtained by a computer

program applied to the questionnaire results. The significant return

rates for each school were encouraging and indicated that a representative sample of the population of potential AS&R users was obtained.

Table 1 shows the percentages of completed returns by school.

Table 1

Percentage of Questionnaire Returns by School

Total Total Percent

School mailed completed completed

Infantry 700 664 94

Armor 300 290 97

Field Artillery 425 351 83

Intelligence 275 186 68

Command and General Staff

College 200 135 68

Army War College 200 116 58

5

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Questionnaire Results

Sample Characteristics and Experience. The questionnaire initially

dealt with the general and specific experience of the sample. Table 2

shows the responses to the question of which positions respondents had

occupied : command or staff. The distribution is given for all the respondents and for those attending each school.

In addition to finding out which positions they may have been exposed to in the AS&R system , a series of questions was asked concerning

specific experiences in terms of incidence and pa~tern of use of the

AS&R system. The distribution of responses to these questions is shown

in Table 3. It may be noted that the percentage of the sample that had

used the system or had frequently used the system is noticeably larger

for the samples at the senior service schools (Command and General Staff

College and War College). These results may reflect the greater experience and higher levels of responsibility represented in the senior

service samples.

Table 4 shows the distribution of responses to questions deal ing

with specific system use. Once again, it appears that respondents at

the senior schools differed in their pattern of experience as a function

of their general overall higher level of experience. A greater proportion of these respondents had requested visual observation frequently ,

found it useful to view i magery, and requested information from other

than the S2/G2. Also , a greater proportion of these respondents had

specified the particulars of an AS&R mission. However, this proportion

is still relatively small, about 20% as opposed to about 10% at the service schools. Overall, about 50% of the respondents had never specified

the particulars of a mission . With respect to naming a specific report,

about 25% of the samples from the senior schools had done so.

A series of questions attempted to elicit the pattern of experience

with the adequacy of the system’s response and general interaction with

the system in terms of situations respondents had encountered . Table 5

shows the pattern of responses to the particular situations stated.

Table 5 also gives responses for those requesting air reconnaissance

support frequently and those requesting such support infrequently .

(Responses categorized by location are given in Table B-l in Appendix B.) The pattern of interaction and experience with the system

appears to change, resulting from the overall incidence of system use.

This situation is reflected in different patterns as a function of

respondents indicating different degrees of system use (Table 5), or

as a function of the sample involved (Table B-l), which may be correlated with experience .

The experience occurring most frequently involved requesting, and

• frequently receiving, the information requested . For those who, over—

all, had frequently used the system , this was the situation reported

~~ by about 60% of the respondents, whereas this was the situation reported

by about 20% of those using the system infrequently .

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the case with 13% of the infrequent users. Frequent incidents involving

not receiving requested information or receiving information of littl e

use did not involve a large proportion of the responses (about 10% ar

the frequent users and 5% for the infrequent users) .

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the responses falling in this category for the frequent users and 25%

for the infrequent users. A low proportion of the responses (about 10%)

was elicited for those situations in which the respondent did not make

requests because of not knowing what to expect, or did not expect the

system to meet the information requirements .

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more familiar the respondents were with the system , the more favorable

were their experiences with the system . It is impossible to determine

if greater use of the system was a result of favorable experiences based

on having used the system , or if the greater incidence of favorable incidents is simply because of greater system use. The more frequent use by

students in the senior schools would indicate the latter to be the case

(Table 3).

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interact with the system in such a manner as to permit the system to

respond in as appropriate a manner as possible. If there is an appropriate interaction , the more fr equen t the use of the system , the more

favorable the results , and the greater the inclination to use the system

on a subsequent occasion . This pattern suggests a need to provide greater

opportunity for interaction with the system during training .

Attitudinal Responses. In addition to finding out the experiences

that respondents had had with the AS&R system , the questionnaire revealed

• attitudes or feelings held toward the system . Such attitudes migh t be

developed through direct experience with the system , training, or indirect experience through the opinions of others . The respondents had

been exposed to all three influences in various degrees . As seen in

Table 3, the percentage of respondents who had not used the system ranged

from 8% for those respondents at the Army War College to 54% for those

at the Field Artillery School .

Table 6 shows the pattern of responses to a question concerning the

adequacy of the system to satisfy needs. The data are presented as a

function both of the location of the samples and the degree of system

use .

11

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A large proportion (44%) of the respondents answered “Can ’t say”

to this question , with the proportion decreasing sharply as a function

of having had experience with the system, which indicates the importance

of experience in forming attitudes . For those who had never used the

system , the proportion giving this answe r ranged from 50% at Command

and General Staff College to 74% at Armor School . Up to 45% of those

respondents who had infrequently requested air reconnaissance support

felt they could not express - feeling, and up to 35% who had frequently

used air reconnaissance suppor .. chose this option. Only 4% of the frequent users at the Army War College decided they could not express an

opinion concerning adequacy .

For those who had never requested air reconnaissance support but

did express a feeling concerning its adequacy , the trend definitely was

to indicate it as “adequate ” as opposed to “marg inal” or “inadequate .”

For those who had had experience with the system , there was a similar

trend , with a much more pronounced tendency toward “ adequate” responses

for those who had frequent experience with the system . About 50% of the

responses fell in this category, ranging from 31% at Artillery School to

61% at the Intelligence School . Once again these results indicate that

increased exposure to the system appears to be correlated with a more

favorable attitude toward the system .

Table 7 presents the pattern of responses to a question concerning

feelings about the system but related to the sufficiency of the personnel

and available equipment . A similar pattern to that shown in Table 6 was

found . A noticeably greater proportion of “Can ’t say” responses , however ,

was elicited by this question . This proportion may be attributed to the

fact that an appropriate response to this ques tion requires a greater

knowledge of the components of the system than the previous question ,

which dealt with feelings about the ade-juacy of the system .

Similar patterns of responses were obtained to questions concerning

the responsiveness of the system in terms of timeliness , accuracy, and

completeness. About 50% of respondents did not care to express an opinion , • with the proportion decreasing as a function of experience with the system .

A definite positive correlation existed between perception of adequacy of the system w ith respect to these three aspects and degree of

experience with the system . These patterns of responses are presented

in Tables B-2, B-3, and B—4 in Appendix B.

Two other ques tions deal t wi th the capability of the AS&R system

for satisfying the targeting needs of field artillery units and for

satisf ying the needs of armor uni ts. (The responses to these ques tions

are shown in Tables B-S and B-6 , respectively, in Appendix B.) In both

cases , a large proportion--an average of 60%--responded “Can ’t say” to

the questions.

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~~~~~~~~~

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On the question relating to field artillery , 35% of the respondents

attending the Field Artillery School , as opposed to 61% for all respondents , chose not to express an opinion , with the proportion declining with

experience . Of those willing to express an opinion , the responses were

about evenly divided as to whether the capability was limited .

For the question pertaining to armor units, 58% of the respondents

attending Armor School chose not to express an opinion, as opposed to 62%

for all respondents. Of those willing to express an opinion , 32% disagreed with the statement, and 8% agreed .

For both questions , this trend appears to hold for all respondents,

with a more definite rejection of a limited capability with respect to

armor needs It should be noted that the interpretation of what was meant

by “limited” may have caused some difficulty in responding to this question. Also , the perception of what the system was may have varied in

these particular cases. Note that the sample at the Field Artillery

School had had the least experience with the system (Table 3).

Understanding of the Role of the G2 Air Officer. The G2 Air officer

serves as the interface between the commander and staff and the AS&R system. A series of questions was asked to ascertain respondents’ understanding of the central role of the G2 Air officer.

A list of functions that migh t be performed by a G2 Air off icer was

presented; respondents were asked to indicate agreement or disagreement

with the function . Most functions had been drawn from Army Field Manual

30-20, Aerial Surveillance and Reconnaissance--Field Army; the pattern

of responses is in keeping with this manuaL The functions and the proportion of respondents in agreement are shown in Table 8. In general ,

the responses reflect a willingness to leave details of the acquisition

of information to the G2 Air expert .

Bypassing the 02 was accepted by about half the respondents, with

72% of those at the Army War College in agreement . Interesting findings

concern hard—copy photos and who initiates the AS&R mission request . A

problem in the field in terms of using AS&R is the time-consuming process

of providing hard-copy imagery along with reports.

• Students from the senior schools agreed with students responding

from the Intelligence School ; Combat Arms Branch students , for the most

part, preferred hard—copy verification . This preference may reflect

differences in level of detail required or level of reliance on the G2

Air officer. It may simply be necessary to increase reliance on the G2

Air reports through training at the advanced school level.

The item dealing with responsibility for initiating AS&R mission

requests has a similar reversal in responses as a function of school

• sample.

15

- ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~

‘-. -‘--~~

---

~~~- .—•• - —
Table 8

Responses to Questions on the Role of the G2 Air Otficer

a Proportion of

Statement Sample “Agree” responses

The G2 Air officer should :

Coordinate the tasking of T •89b

available Aerial Surveillance I .87

and Reconnaissance (AS&R) sup- A .83

port with organic Army , Air At .93

Force, Navy, and ‘Marine units . It .92

C .92

W .94

Coordinate preplanned mis- T .85

sions between all echelon I .81

G2 Air or S2 Air (indepen- A .86

dently operating battalion) At .84

officer. It .91

C .89

W .93

Coordinate aerial reconnais- T .79

sance activities with artil— I .73

lery units . A .81

At .81

It .90

C .78

W .90

Coordinate with G3 Air on T .81

the utilization of organic I .80

or direct support nonrecon- A .81

naissance aircraft missions At .82

of high priority. It .83

C .78

W .89

Approve or disapprove AS&R T .59

requests from elements and I .53

staff at the same echelon. A .58

At .64 • It .71

C .64

• W .47

f 16

• — ---— 

~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ - ~- •• • • - •• ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ •
Table 8 (Continued)

a Proportion of

Statement Sample “Agree” responses

Supervise the employment of T .66

Military Intelligence Bat talion I .63

(Aerial Reconnaissance Support) A .62

[MIB(ARS)]. At .74

It .67

C .70

w .63

Disseminate intelligence re— T .87

sulting from aerial surveil- I .84 —

lance operations. A .88

At .91

It .90

- C .84

W 91

Send information directly to T .54

the user and bypass the G2 I .49

when the information is A .57

required within a critical At .54

time period, it .59

C .92

W .94

Provide hard-copy imagery to T .55

accompany each AS&R report I .59

to the requester/user. A .66

At .61

It .37

C .41

W .43

- . Selection of the best airborne T .09

sensor system should be left I .10

up to the officer requestthg A .08

information of the AS&R sys- At .10

tern, not the G2 Air. It .05

C .04

17 

.03

- • -‘ - r’

~~ -~~ ~~~~~~ ‘ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-‘ 

~~~~~~~~~~~~

Table 8 (Continued)

a Proportion of

Statement Sample “Agree” responses

Selection of the best aircraft T .05 

to carry out surveillance and I .08

reconnaissance missions should A .05

be left up to the officer re— At .04

questing information of the It .03

AS&R system, not the G2 Air . C .03

W .02

The G2 Air officer or S2 Air T 38

officer (independently operat- I .40

ing battalion) is charged with A .34

the responsibility for initiat— At .38

ing the request for AS&R It .39 0

missions. C .33

W .34

Combat commanders should over- T .16

ride any changes by the G2 Air I .19

to the request in terms of A .15

scale, type of camera, and At .14

area coverage when requesting It .09

a photographic mission. C .15

W - .18

a

Sample code: T - Total; I - Infantry School ; A — Armor School;

At - Artillery School ; It — Intelligence School;

C - Command and General Staff College ; W - Army

War College -

second alternative response to this and subsequent statements was

“Disagree.”

C

A third alternative response to this and subsequent statements was

“Can ’t say.”

18 

---———~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

—
The issue here is the difference between a request for information

and an AS&R mission request. A request for information does not necessarily initiate a mission request. Senior students with formal school

training seemed to express , in open—ended conmoents, a confusion between

the request for information and the mission request. This confusion may

account for the observation that more senior officers feel the G2 Air !

S2 Air officer does not initiate a mission request; the commander does.

The finding was tempered by the word “initiate” in the question itself.

This issue, however, was addressed in the materials prepared under this

study .

Exercises. As another approach to assessing the resportdents’ understanding of AS&R, practical exercises were prepared representing typical

situations where commanders would use AS&R resources. The six items were

selected to indicate whether a respondent knew how the system operated.

The exercises are given in Appendix A. Results from four schools are

shown in Table 9.

Table 9

Distribution of Correct Responses as a Function of

Formal School Training

Exercise

1 2 3 4 5 6

School Correct response distribution

Infantry X X X X X X

Armor X X X X X X

Artillery X 0 X X X X

Command arid General

Staff College X 0 X X X X

Note. X = majority of those who responded selected correct response.

0 = majority did not select correct response.

For the most part, respondents understood how the AS&R system oper—

ated for selected situations . In certain cases, alternate responses

were given by a near majority of respondents. These cases, in all probability, were chosen because the capability of a particular airborne sen—

sor was not known.

19 

.-- p_ -.-- -

~~~~~~ aa- --“ -~~~~~~~
F

~~~

Respondents suggested , by their answers, that they had an adequate

understanding of how the system should work . Several procedural points

needed clarifying , however , for improved interaction between commanders

and their intelligence resources. The questionnaire results formed a

basis for determining several areas of emphasis in the subsequent development of the training materials.

AS&R Training Assessment. The remaining tables in this report show

the distribution of responses to questions eliciting opinions on training

in AS&R subject areas .

As shown in Table 10, about 50% of the total sample felt that much

of their knowledge came from on—the-job training and experience rather

than from formal school training . The propoition increases markedly as

a function of experience with the AS&R system. For example , 80% of those

at Command and General Staff College who frequently used the system indicated this to be the case. Thus, either the training in schools should

be given more emphasis , or more attention should be given to facilitat—

ing on-the—job training or both. Then, the system could be used more

adequately and fully . The desirability of this situation is supported

by findings in Table 11. An increa03e in combat effectiveness is felt

to be equated with an increase in understanding of how to use the system .

Respondents generally felt they needed to know more about how to

use the system, as shown in Table 12. of the total sample , 63% felt

they had insufficient knowledge on using the AS&R system . The proportion was not much lower for those who had frequently used the system .

The proportion appeared even accentuated as a function of having only

infrequent exposure to the system. Perhaps lack of understanding of

the system may lead to infrequent use; infrequent use is associated

with a lack of understanding of the system. The students at the Intelligence School, who receive more training in this area , were almost

evenly divided on this point.

There was a feeling that more knowledge was required even though

57% of the total sample expected to depend on the G2 Air officer for

details about the AS&R capability , as shown in Table 13. (The pattern

of responses in Table 8 showed a willingness to leave details of acquiring information to the G2 Air officer.)

As for amount of detailed training on operating the AS&R System ,

the total sample was almost evenly divided between providing considerable

detail and less detail but enough to communicate , as shown in Table 14.

However , senior school respondents shifted noticeably toward less detail.

The shift may reflect lesser intelligence detail required at the upper

echelons; it indicates that depth of coverage of this area must be designed carefully for each student population . Within the time constraints imposed by class scheduling , enough detail must be presented

to enable the potential user to realize what the system can do and how

best to use it.

20

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An open-ended question required each officer to state the most important training objective in using the AS&R system . The overwhelming

response had three distinctive components : What capability does the

AS&R system have? How can it be used? What can it do for the user?

This information , integrated with the approach used to develop the training materials, provided the basis for selecting and preparing those materials. Several representative open-ended responses are included in Appendix C.

Of the total sample , 60% felt that more time should be devoted to

AS&R capability and use during advanced formal school training (Table 15).

All sampling sites show a trend for system exper ience to correlate with

the desire for more time to be devoted to this area at the schools . Thus ,

there is a need to augment on—the—job training or experience with more

schooling .

The student officers were asked to recommend AS&R subject matter

areas they would include in new training materials if available. Students were also asked to rank each area as to importance. Table 16

shows the results for the total sample. The subject matter areas were

selected because of their relation to specific area weaknesses in the

curriculum and problem areas within the AS&R system . Several areas were

selected for emphasis in the training materials as a result of this da ta

distribution -

DEVELOPMENT OF TRAININ G MATERIALS

The information collected formed the basis for development of training materials. Several conclusions drawn from analyses of selected school

curricula , as well as results of the questionnaires, were translated into

material covering appropriate content areas in varying degrees of emphasis .

In capsule form , these conclusions are (a) Combat Arms studen ts felt they

had insufficient knowledge of how to use the AS&R system , (b) more information about AS&R is learned on the job than in schools , (c) more time

should be devoted to AS&R in schools, and (d) additional training should

• focus on providing practical exercises in the use of AS&R resources .

Through a series of phases, the conclusions were translated into train-

• ing objectives and the development of new training materials.

The technique resulted in a series of matrices that contained capsule statements providing guidance to the user of AS&R in planning for

AS&R support and in making requests for AS&R information (see Appendix D).

The cell entries reflect information designed to satisfy the training

objectives of the study.

The initial step in this process was to review the relevant field

manuals , trairing plans, and other documentation to determine doctrine

and technical detail. Workbooks were prepared to allow integration of

common and unique requirements in a format amenable to comparison and

26

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Table 16

Selection of AS&R Subject Matter Areas

and Degree of Importance

Very Less Would

Subject matter area important Important important not include

Overview of AS&R

capability to include

all equipment and

personnel assets .48 .43 .07 .02

The responsibilities

of the G2 Air officer .27 .52 .16 .03

Characteristics of

airborne sensors .26 .51 .20 .03

AS&R ca~’ability for

s:)ecial studies .19 .37 .34 .08

AS &R/reques ter

communication channels .45 .38 .13 .34

AS&R mission request

priority .30 46 .20 .03

Mission request

processing procedures

for both preplanned

and immediate requests .32 .41 .23 .05

Formulation of

essential elements

of information .35 .41 .17 .06

AS&R intelligence

reports .31 .48 .17 .04

• Note . Figures indicate proportion of selected responses for the total

sample.

28 

~• - 

-

• - • - • - - -. -—-~- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- 

~~rc

analysis. Workbooks contained information by branch (Infantry, Armor ,

Artillery , and Intelligence) and in terms of key personnel skills, organization and structure of opera ting uni ts , tactics , equipment resources , and training guidance. The workbooks were used in the next

phase , which compared operational and AS&R requirements to the training

materials received from the respective branch schools (curriculum con—

tent analysis) . Results of this analysis were shown in Figure 1.

The process of developing content was iterative , once the available

documentation had been integrated and reduced to essential information .

Results of the questionnaire analysis were used for guidance in developing content areas and degrees of emphasis . Particular attention was

paid to both objective and open-ended responses in those sections of the

questionnaire that addressed G2 Air officer duties , AS&R system procedures, and AS&R training recommendations. Responses that reflected

insufficient knowledge of the AS&R system were analyzed and reviewed ,

and an overall training objective was written . This approach led , for

example , to the need for a section in the formal training materials on

AS&R resources in terms of key personnel and equipment. Otner objectives required emphasis on certain areas such as visual reconnaissance.

Each cell represents the potential AS&R capability in a particular

tactical environment . Three tactical environments were selected : offensive operations , def ensive operations , and retrograde .

Subcategories , such as coun terattack , were considered as parts of

major categor ies , such as offensive operations . AS&R categories were

selected from the func tional task list found in “AS &R MANAGER.” These

categories were thought to encompass the resources of the AS&R system

available to the combat commander . The tactical environments , commander

information requirement categories , and cell entries were verified with

intelligence specialists at Fort Huachuca , Ariz. The matrices were correlated with the content of the training materials developed . They were

included in the final version of the materials to allow the student an

overview of his/her inf ormation needs and the needs of related f ire and

maneuver elements.

This material was organized into a document (Combat Commanders

Guide to Aerial Surve illance and Recon naissance Resources) prepared priman ly for combat commanders at battalion and brigade levels as a guide

to the AS&R system. The guide was designed to supplement reading mate—

• rials available during portions of the advanced officer course dealing

wi th intelligence at branch schools.

The objectives of the guide are (a) to describe the AS&R system

available, (b) to show how to use the system , and (c) to help visualize

what to expect from the AS&R system .

29

- - rk _ _ _ _ _ t____ _ ___ __li~~~_

~~~~~ .

- - - - ~,.

_

~~

,t_ _ ,

_ ,_ t,_~~

_ _ __ -
p.- ~~~

- --- - --- ----

~~ 

The materials in the guide are organized around the capability of

the AS&R system as a function of three tactical environments : offense ,

defense, and retrograde . Information is further organized for the Infantry , Armor , and Artillery Branches. This provides more branch—unique

information to better apply AS&R capability to specific fire and maneuver

requirements. A key word and acronym list is also provided for quick

entry into the document. This list supplements the table of contents

which is organized around a “real world” approach to using the AS&R

system .

This guide also could be used by AS&R instructors to develop lesson

plans, prepare visual aids, prepare additional exercises , and as review

or refresher materials. The guide provides a bridge between AS&R capability and the needs of the field commander.

Although materials have been prepared in the form of a guide to

supplement classroom instruction , they can be developed into a programed

text format at a later date . Such a format could be used for incorporating these materials into nonresident correspondence courses and evaluating their effectiveness and acceptance .

DEVELOPMENT OF JOB AIDS

The materials developed for a formal school setting served as a • basis for preparing aids for AS&R users in the field . The job aids are

intended to provide information to the user while performing duties and

to facilitate decisionmaking on use of the AS&R system. As such, the

job aids have the quality of reference manuals with guidance on proce—

dures to follow and persons to contact. The job aids were prepared in

a format amenable to field use : small , easy to carry, and with space for

notes by the user . The AS&R information matrices also formed the basis

for developing the job aids. Narratives emphasized the procedures and

personnel to contact in achieving the best use of AS&R resources for a

variety of environments . More detailed materials , such as field manuals,

were referenced for later review. The job aids attempted to structure

materials for more immediate information requirements where time was a

critical factor.

Separate job aids were prepared for the infantry, armor, and artil—

lery commanders (“Commanders Field Aid to Aerial Surveillance and Recon—

naissance Utilization”). Both common and unique aspects of AS&R use

were discussed in each aid . A list of key words and acronyms was provided and cross—referenced to the text for easy use.

The individual field aids were prepared for the unit commander as

a ready reference to assist him in formulating information requests to

4 the S2/G2 or G2 Air officer . The aids emphasize effective use of the

AS&R resources available.

30
_______________ —--------- - • ---~~~~~~~~~~~~~ —--

~~~~- --

The aid does not substitute for experience or detailed technical

information. By using the included series of Commander AS&R Information

Matrices , the commander will have a guide to developing AS&R requests for

information about the enemy , terrain , and weather and can use a greater

measure of the AS&R capability in combat. Each cell entry in the matrices

indicates what AS&R capability or product the commander can expect as a

function of tactical environment and his information requirements .

Integrated with the job aid materials were checklists to be used as

a means for verif y ing procedures or information learned and to increase

retention . Provision for tailoring the aid for specific requirements

was made by including a section for notes . Most of the guidance provided

in the job aids was also in the formal school materials. The job aid was,

however, independent of the formal document relying on suggested references and personnel contacts from which greater amounts of information

could be obtained .

The job aids were designed to provide guidance and direction to the

commander in obtaining the maximum benefit from his available AS&R resources. Knowing how to use this system and what to expect from it could

improve the commander ’s effectiveness. Further , any improvements in providing the AS&R resources to the commander would then be felt sooner.

Future planners have already begun to explore one such improvement: an

automated reference file and management system . A well-informed commander

is essential to successful use of the system .

31

k.. —

~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~C•• - - - - — - - - - - - —- - -~~~~—~~

-

~~~~~ --.-
-- —- ~~~~~ ---

~~

——-~~

----- •

APPENDIX A

EXERCISES PRESENTED IN TEE QUESTIONNAIRE

You have requested support for your operations from the AS&R resources available to you through your G2 or G2 Air. For the situations

presented on the following pages , answer each item by selecting the response which best represents what you would expect your G2 or G2 Air to

do given each tactical situation and essential elements of information

(EEl).

Read each tactical situation and EEl carefully before marking your

choice on the answer sheet. Each item is independent of the others.

TACTICAL SITUATION EE l DETERMINATIONS

• Enemy armored unit possible • Size of unit

in area 0-55 Km beyond FEBA

X 50 Km wide. • Number and type of weapons

• Movement restricted to roads • Movement rate and direction

due to rough terrain .

DNLV : Less than an hour

• Moderate canopy cover in target area .

Weather : Clear Time 1000 hours

SELECT ONE :

(A) Request Air Force Tactical Reconnaissance support to fly route

mission with IR and photo sensor .

(B) Request OV-1C/D visual AS&R.

(C) Request UGS platoon data-seismic and acoustic detection

(implanted)

(D) Request OV-lC/D SLAR coverage 0-50 Km (with data-link transmission along major road) and Air Force photographic route

mission 20-50 Km along major roads.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-- -- -•--•----—- - - ~~~~~~- - -- - - - -~~~ -- -—•-

~~ --~~~~~~~~~~— 

TACTICAL SITUATION EE l DETERMINATIONS

• Enemy armored unit suspected • Size of unit

in area 55-80 Km beyond FEBA

X 55 1Cm wide. • Number and type of vehicles and weapons

• Terrain permits overland movement of tracked vehicles. • Movement rate and direction

• Sparse canopy cover in target DNLV: Approximately 2 hours

area.

Weather: Intermittent cloud cover

Time 1300 hours

SELECT ONE :

(A) Request UGS platoon data seismic and acoustic detection .

(B) Request Air Force Tactical Reconnaissance support to fly area

coverage——photographic sensor KA—56 Panoramic .

(C) Request movement detection by ground surveillance radar.

(D) Request SLAR coverage by OV-lB/D.

TACTICAL SITUATION EE l DETERMINATIONS

• Enemy armored unit detected by • Number of weapons

UGS platoon at approximate

coordinates X and Y. 20 Km • Rate and direction of

beyond FEBA. movement

• Movement restricted to night • Coordinates within 200

on roads. meters

• Sparse canopy cover. DNLV : Approximately 0.5 hour

Weather: Prolonged dense cloud

cover, ceiling approximately

2 ,000 ft. Time 2000 hours.

34

• • - —- ---- - -~~~~ 
SELECT ONE:

(A) Request Air Force support, point mission to cover area surrounding specified coordinates with SLAR (MTI) and IR sensor.

(B) Request Air Force point coverage, vert photo with photo flash.

(C) Contact Division Aviation officer. Suggest UH-J. helicopter

coverage with XM3 Personnel Detector.

(D) Request Mohawk SLAR and IR coverage with data link transmission.

TACTICAL SITUATION EEl DETERMINATIONS

• Friendly aircraft lost at ap— • Type weapon

proximate coordinates X and Y.

20 Km beyond FEBA . Search • Fire control system

for enemy anti—aircraft weapons in area within 5 Km • Location within 100 meters

radius of specified coordinates.

DNLV: 1 hour

Weather : Cloudy Time 1900

SELECT ONE :

(A) Request Air Force photo coverage of area within 20 Km of

coordinates X and Y

(B) Contact ASA platoon for electronic surveillance .

(C) Request OV-1C IR coverage with data link transmission.

(D) Request Div Arty for ground radar surveillance .
_ —-- ---

TACTICAL SITUATION EEl DETERMINATIONS

• Assess enemy field defenses • Determine changes in:

in the zone from 60-100 Km

beyond FEBA 60 Km wide. - Anti-tank obstacles

Weather : Clear - Road blocks

— Mine fields

- Bunkers

— Launch sites

— Pill boxes

DNLV : 48 hours

SELECT ONE:

(A) Request Air Force Tactical Reconnaissance support. Panoramic

coverage and vertical coverage.

(B) Contact Order of Battle and Interrogation of Prisoners of War

to develop any material on defenses .

(C) Request Air Force support with no sensor specified .

(D) Contact Army Security Agency unit to monitor and evaluate

radio and electronic traffic .

H * * *

TACTICAL SITUATION EE l DETERMINATIONS

• Surveillance of enemy air- • Number and type of aircraft

field 600 Km beyond FEBA.

-

• DNLV : 12 hours

Weather: Heavy , low cloud cover

Ceiling 1,000 ft. Time 0800

SELECT ONE :

(A) Request Air 1

~~rce TAC recon point mission with SLAR .

(B) Request Air Force TAC recon mission with low altitude panoramic

camera arid ZR.

36 

- -

—~~ - -

~~~~ — •---~

-- — —~
(C) Request ASA electronic surveillance. 

(D) Obtain required data and imagery at 1:10, I

000 scale or larger

from Army AS&R resources.

I , 

***

37

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——- -- -- —-- - - - -—- —

~~~~~

-- 

~~~~~~~~

----- •- - -

~~~~~ 

--

APPENDIX B

SUPPLEMENTARY FINDINGS

Table B-i

Incidence of Experiences with Aerial Surveillance & Reconnaissance

(proportion of responses to situations indicated)

b ,c Response Selected

Situation Samplea “Frequently” “Infrequently” “Never”

“I requested informa— T .03 .15 .33

tion which I knew I .02 .13 .35

stretched the capa- A .02 .08 .34

bility of the AS&R At .02 .11 .27

system and received It .05 .15 .31

the requested C .03 .21 .45

information.” W .03 .41 .38

“I requested informa— T .25 .17 .10

tion of the AS&R I .22 .17 .12

system and received A .24 .13 .12

the information I At .15 .14 .10

requested .” It .35 .16 .05

C .44 .22 .04

W .44 .40 .02

“I requested inforina— T .03 .23 .25

tion of the AS&R I .04 .19 .26

system but did not A .02 .18 .27

receive any.” At .01 .16 .20

It .04 .23 .25

C .03 .42 .24

W .08 .52 .23

“I requested informa— T .06 .26 .17

tion of the AS&R I .05 .21 .20

system and received A .04 .21 .18

information of little At .03 .18 .16

use, i.e., not timely, It .06 .29 .15

incomplete , and C .11 .46 .15

inaccurate.” W .17 .59 .07
- - - -- - - 

Table B— i (continued)

Response Selectedb l C

Situation Samplea “Frequently ” “ Infrequently” “Never ”

“I did not know what T .06 .09 .21

to expect from the I .06 .09 .21

AS&R system and did A .05 .07 .18

not make any At .06 .06 .16

requests.’ It .06 .05 .23

C .10 .20 .21

w .01 .14 .32

“I knew the AS&R T .03 .10 .21

system could not I .03 .10 .21

deliver the informa- A .02 .06 .20

tjon I needed , At .02 .07 .17

therefore I did It .05 .06 .18

not make any C .03 .19 .26

requests.” w .07 .20 .30

a

Sample code: T - Total ; I - Infantry School ; A - Armor School ;

At — Artillery School; It — Intelligence School ;

C - Command & General Staff College ; W - War College.

b

The respondent was instructed to respond to each of the situations .

C

A fourth alternative response was “N/A .”

40

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* - - - - — 

-

~-- --~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

~~“~~~~~~~~~

-

-- - : —
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

APPENDIX C

SELECTED COMMENTS FROM THE QUESTIONNA IRES

I. AS&R Field Experience and Utilization

“In addition to frequent Air Cavalry troop surveillance , I personally made visual observations from my organic oH—6.

~

uuA S G3 Air I worked closely with the G2 Air on aircraft utilization

and specific missions desired by the requesting units .”

“As a company commander reports were more useful than actual photographs, unless photos were of a planned objective,”

“Requested surveillance of likely enemy avenues of movement to plan

sensor programs.”

uuused aircraft in my area that I could communicate with .”

“ I was never given nor used an AS&R report .”

uuBy the time AS&R information reaches the battalion, it is often

useless unless it is a VR by a member of the battalion.”

II. Knowledge of AS&R Operations

“Personnel must have understanding, first hand, of what infantry

needs, recommend ‘face to face u coordination .~

u ,j feel that the G2 Air should know the capabilities of sensor

equipment better than the requesting officer . My opinion is that the

G2 Air can best decide the means to satisfy the request for support.”

“I am an OV—l pilot and have served two tours in Vietnam , therefore,

I feel the AS&R system to be extremely adequate if used properly by the

ground commander.”

“I don ’t really know a whole lot about the AS&R syStem .”

luphotos can give accurate grids for artillery fire .

uu

III. AS&R Training

“The most important training objective for AS&R would be to teach

what is available and how it could assist you in accomplishing your

missions.

47
- - -~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~—~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~ --~

“The AS&R system ’s capability and guidelines regarding what sensors can be employed against what targets.”

“AS&R system training should be given in a formal school prior to

the officer advanced course; many officers command tactical units with

inadequate information in this area) including me. This training would

enhance leader effectiveness if given earlier in one’s career ”

“Need training in requester conflnand channels, AS&R mission request

priority, mission request processing procedures.”

-- 

48 

- - _________ - -

- -________;____ ~~~ - - - - --~~~~~~~~~ - — ~~~~~~~~~ — - - —- - --- ‘-— —- — 

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -- - — —------ ---~~v- —
F. - --- .---

~

- --- —- .----- - ---.- - -

APPENDIX D

COMMANDER AS&R iNFORMATION MATRICES

INFANTR Y COMMANDER AS&R Information Matrix

• COISANDERS INFORMATION DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES ASA R MISSION CAPABILITY ASAR REPORTS

VISUAL SENSOR (

~

) ON HAND IRMEDIATE (1) LONG TERM (I)

TACTICAL LOCATION OR DETEC- DETECTION OF LARGE SIT NAPI INTELLIGENCE HOT REP I IPIR FOR DETAILED ANALYSIS Of

lION OF SMALL UNITS HOVENENT AND REPORTS FROM ALL LARGE UNIT ACTIVI TY . TROOP DISPERSMENT

PERSONNEL LISTED AREA ACTIVITY. PHOTO ECHELONS COMCER$IING OVER AREA OF

APPLICATIO N. PRIMARY. LARGE TROO P MOVEMENT. INTEREST.

AREA CA PABILITY . GPIR

DETECTION OF ENEMY ARMOR HECH. INFANTRY SIT MAPI INTELLIGENCE HOT REP & IPIR DETAILED AIIALYSIS OF VEHICLES ALL VEHICLE MOVEMENT THREAT ON OR NEAR REPORTS FROM ALL ACTIVITY TOWARD ARMOR HECIIANIZED SELF-PROPELLED ALONG ROUTES. FEBA . ALL SENSORS ECHELONS FOR OR AWAY FROM INFANTRY DISPERSHENT, MOVING VEHICLES LISTED AREA LARGE AREA RECENT VEHICLE FE8A. SUPPLY POINTS, NEAR *110 WEAPONS) APPUCATIO$I. CAPA BILITY. ACTIVITY. FEBA. GRIN

WEAPONS CREW CONFiRM OR DETECT ALL SENSORS USED SIT NAP&INTELLIGENCE HOT REP & IPIR DETAILED ANALYSIS

SERVICED. TOWED. WEAPONS WHICH CAN TO DETECT WEAPON REPORTS FROM ALL DETECT ACTIVE OF AREA IN FRONT OF

OR SELF-PROPELLE D, ATTACH FRIENDLY EMPLACEMENTS PIIOTO ECHELON CONFIRM WEAPONS EMPLACE- FEBA TO LOCATE WEAPONS

455 — OR LESS TROOPS. AREA FOR WEAPON WEA PON LOCATIONS MENTS liNE WHICH CAN ATTACK

IN FIRING POSITION) LIMITED IDENTIFICATION. AND ALTER NATE SENSITIVE FRIENDt.Y FORCES

LARGE AREA. EMPLACEMENTS. CPIR

CONFiRM ACTIVITY ALL SENSORS TO SIT NAPI INTELLI GENCE HOT REP AND IPIR DETAILED AIIALYSIS

LEVE L AREA DETECT AC TIVITY REPORTS ALL ECHELONS DETECT ACTIVITY OF FORTIFiCATIONS

LISTED. LEVEU AND CHANGES. DETERMINING ACTIVITY LEVEL CHANGE WITH PROBABLE FORTIFICATIONS LARGE AREA LEVEL AND CHANGE. DETECTION ANALYSIS MANNING STRENGTH .

CAPABIUTY OF UNITED AREA. CPIR

ENYMIONMENTAL

OBSERVED SEVERITY OF OBSERVED LOCAL SHORT TERM AREA WEATHER

CONDITIONS II WEATHER WEATHER CONDITIONS WEATHER FORECAST HISTORY FROM WEATHER LOCA L AREA DETERMINES AlsO ADJACENT FROM WEATHER WEATHER OFFICER.

LISTATIOIIS. UNITS REPORTS OFFiCER.

LISTED TO PHOTO COVERAGE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPUCABLE DETAILED PHOTO

~~EDIATE OF URGE AREA AJIALYSIS FOR COVER,

AREA. VAUDATE SHOWS DETAIL PATROL ROUTES. TOPOGRAPHY NAP INFORMATION TOPOGRAPHY DATA AMBUSH POINTS,

FOR COVER AND ENGINEERING STUDY . ETC.

CONCEALMENT. GRIN

LISTED AREA PHOTO, MEDIUM INTELLIGENCE REPORT HOT REP & IPIR TO INDEPTII STUDY TO OIJLTURE )ALL NAN VA LIDATION OF SCALE, LARGE FROM ALL UPDATE ITEMS UPDATE MAPS AND MADE ITEMS DOCUMENTED AREA COV ERAGE ECHELONS. RECENT WHICH HAVE OVERLAYS WITH OTHER THAN FEATURES OR FOR UPDATING CHAlICES IN ITEMS. DIAIIGED. ALL CHANCES. FORTIFICATIONS) CHAlICES IN OF EXISTING DATA. DPIR

FEATURES. _____________________

LOCATE AREAS URGE AREA INTEL REPORTS NOT APPLICABLE IIIOEPTH STUDY OF

WHICH Of FER P11010 MISSION TO FROM ALL ECHELONS VEGETATION TYPES.

VEGETATION COVER & CONCEAL- DETECT LIKELY ON VEGETATION AND CHARACTERISTICS AND

MENT FOR FRIENDLY AREAS OF ENEMY EFFECT Oil DISTRIBUTION.

OR ENEMY TROOPS. CONCEALMENT. OPERATIONS. CPIR

DETECT CHANCES — 

PHOTO $ IN FOR PITELLIGENCE REPORTS HOT REP & IPIR IIIDEPTH STUDY OF

IN NYDROGRAPIIIC CIIANGES III WATER FROM ALL ECHELON USING IR DATA LINK DEPTH AND

CONDITIONS WHICH DISTRIBUTION DUE FOP CHANGES IN WATER FOR WATER DISTRIBU- DISTRIBUTION Of NYDNOGRAPHIC EFFECT FRIENDLY TO SEVERE LEVEL AND FLOW lION PHOTO FOR HYDROGRAPHIC

AND ENEMY WEATHER. RAT E. DETAIL FEATURES.

CAPABILITY. ________________ 

GRIN

I ALL SENSOR FLIGHTS HAVE CAPABILITY OF INFUGHT REPORTING.

EOIATE IS USED FOP A REQUEST RECEIVED WITHIN FOUR HOURS OP LESS

NOTES: 

~~ LONG TERM STUDIES DURING SLACK DEFENSE PERIOOS WILL BE USED TO PUN FOR ATTACK OR RETROGRADE MANEUVERS.

49

_ -~

_

~~~~~~

-. 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ‘S - -
~ - - - -

INFANTR Y COMMAN DER AS&R Information Matrix

C~~~ANDERS INFORMATION — OF FENSIV E OPERA TIONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES ASA R MISSION CAPABILITY AS& R REPORTS

VISUAL SENSOR(T) ON HAND INMEDIATE (

~~) LONG TERN

TACTICAL PRIMARY MEANS OF IN DATA LINK SIT MAP , INTELLIGENCE HOT REP & IPIR OF NO VALUE

ASIA. LOCATE USED TO DETECT REPORTS FROM ALL ARE USE LIM ITED DUE TO TIME

PERSONNEL POINTS OF RESIST- TROOPS UNDER ECHELONS AND TREND DUE TO PROCESSING FACTOR. ANCE LISTED SPECIFIC STUDIES TO LOCATE TIME AND TROOP

AREA CAPABILITY . CONDITIONS. STRONG POINTS. MOBILITY.

GOOD AS&R CAPA- SIA N. MTI DATA SIT MAP, & ROAD DATA SAME AS ABOVE VEHICLES ALL BILITY DETECTION LINK PRIMARY SENSOR STUDIES GIVE PROBABLE QUESTIONABLE DUE

SELF-PROPELLED TRACKE P & WHEELED MONITOR TRACKED ROUTE AND AREA OF TO TIME FACTOR I

MOVING VEHICLES MECHANIZED REIN- AND WHEELED TRACKED AND AND FUJID

AND WEAPONS) FORCEMENTS. AREA MECHANIZED WHEELED THREAT. SITUATION

_______________________ 

LIMITED. REINFORI’.FMFN T

WEAPONS CREW PRIMARY ASIR IN DATA UNK SIT MAP & INTELLIGENCE HOT REP & IPI R SAME AS ABOVE

SERVICED TOWED RESOURCE DETECT CAPABILITY REPORTS ALL USED TO DEVELOP

OR SELF-PROPELLE D. WEAPONS WHICH ARE USED TO DETECT ECHELONS ACTIVE AND TARGET DATA TIME

ISS — OR LESS ATTAC KING FRIENDU ACTIVE WEAPONS. ALTERNATE WEAPON LIMITED. )UTTLE

IN FIRING POSITIONI TROOPS AREA EMPLACEMENTS. ENEMY MOVEMENT

____________________ LIMITED. IN DAY).

PRIMARY AS&R LIMITED USE INTELLIGENCE REPORTS HOT REP & IPIR SAME AS ABOVE

MONITORS SUN & IN FROMALLEC IIELON FOR USEFUL IN MONITORFORTIFICATIONS OVERALL SUCCESS SCALE LIMITED INCREASE IN ACTIVITY. 1NG INCREASED

IN NEUTRALIZING. PHOTO TIME REPORTS GENERATED DEFENSIVE ACTIVITY

AREA LISTED. LIMITE D DURING ATTACK IN REAR AREA.

______________________ ________________ — __________________ PUNNING. _________________ ___________________

ENVIRONMENTAL

ATTACK PLAN ATTACK PUN NOT APPLICABLE SHORT TERM NOT APPLICABLE

SHOULD INCLUDE SHOULD INCLUDE AFTER UNIT WEATHE R FORECAST WEATHER WEATHER WEATHER IS COMIBITIED FROM WEATHER

CONSIDERATIONS. CONSIDERATIONS. TO OPERATION. OFFiCER.

LISTED AREA SUN MAP REPORTS SlOT REP & IPIR REQUEST HIGHER

CAPA BILITY FOR FOR SMALL SCALE , GENERATED DURING TO CONFIRM ECHELON FOR CPIR

T RAPIIY MAP VALIDATION LARGE AREA. ATTACK PLANNING. TOPOGRAPHY IF MANEUVER WILL

BEYOND CURRENT INDICATIONS OF FEATURES. LISTED CARRY UNIT

INTELLIGEIICE. TOPOGRAPHY AREA DUE TO TIME. BEYOND KNOWN

IIITEWGENCE.

IT RE ALL MAN PRIMARY AS&R SLAR OR IN DATA SAME AS ABOVE SlOT REP & IPIR AS ABOVE

BADE ITEMS FOR CETECTING LINK FOP FOR SMALL AREAS.

OTHER THAN ITEMS & CHANCES DETECTION OF TIME LIMITED.

FORTIFICATIONS ) WHICH MILL GROSS ITEMS

EFFECT OPERATiON. CHANCED.

LOCATE COVER - 

NOT APPLICABLE SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE SAME AS ABOVE —

FOR FRIENDLY

VE GETATION TROOPS OR POSSIBLE

ENEMY AMBUSH

POINTS. LIMITED

___________ 

AREA. _______ __________________ __________________ _________________ _______________

PRIMARY ASIR IN DATA UNK NOT APPLICABLE HOT REP & IPIR NOT APPLICABLE

RESOURCE FOR FOR GROSS AREA FOR CHANGES DUE

HYOROGRA PHIC DETECTING CHARGES DISTRIBUTION. TO SEVERE

DUE TO SEVERE WEATHER.

WEATHER. liME LIMITED.

NOTES: (I) ALL SENSOR FLIGHTS HAVE CAPABILITY OF INFLIGII T REPORTING. (

~

) EDIATE IS USED FOR A REQUEST RECEIVED WITHIN FOUR HOURS OR LESS

50

L ... - - ;- __ _ ___ -_ _ -._ -_ . -

~~ 
-

~ 

-

~~~~~ ~~

-

~~~~~— - -_— —~~~~- .~~~~~

_ 

~~~~~~

-—— - -—-‘

~~~~~

- _- 

I

INFANTRY COMMANDER AS&R Information Matrix

CEMFJA NDERS INFORMATION RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES AS&R MISSION CAPAJ ILITY AS&R REPORTS

• VISUAL SENSOR (j) ON HAND ISEDIATE (

~

) LONG TERM

TACTICAL PRIMARY ASIA IN DATA LINK QUESTIOIIABLE OF MO VALUE MDI APPUCABLE

RESOURCE. MOST LIKELY, RELIABILITY DUE DUE TO

PERSONNEL AREA LISTED. TO flUID T~~ UNIT.

USE LIMITED DUE SITUATION.

TO PRIORITY ON

________________________ AIRCRAFT. ____________________ __________________ __________________ _____________________

PRIMARY AS&R SLAR , MTI DATA SAME AS ABOVE SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPUCABI.E

VEHICLES ALL RESOURCE. SEARCH LINK MOST SELF-PRO PELLED ROADS FOR TRACKED LIHELY SYSTEM.

MOVING VEHICLES OR WHEELED ENEMY AND WEAPONS ) ADVANCE. AREA

LIMITED.

WEAPONS CREW PRIMARY ASIA SEAR OR IN DATA SAME AS ABOVE SANE AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE

SERVICED , TOWED , RESOURCE. LIMP. NOSY

OP SELF-PROPELLE D. DETECT WEAPON LIIIELY SYSTEM.

555 w. OR LESS MOVEMENT AND

IN FIRING POSITION) ATTACKING WEAPONS

_______________________ AREA LIMITED.

FORTIFICATIONS NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT AP?UCABL.E

ENVIRONMENTAL

OBSERVED SEVERITY OF OBSERVED LOCAL MIOPT TERM NOT APPLICABLE

WEATHER WEA~~~ COSIDITTOSIS I FORECAST FROM

IN LOCAL DEIENMNES ADJACENT UNIT WEATHER

AREA. USTATIOIIS. REPORTS. OFFICER.

PRIMARY ASZR NOT APPLICABLE ONLY AVAILABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

CAPABILITY. IF MICLUDED

TOPOGRAPHY CONFIRM MAP IN PLAMINC

TOPOGRAPHY DATA. PHASE.

LIMITED AREA. — 

PRIMARY MAR SLAR DRIP SA~~ AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE OJLIURE ALL WAN CAPAIMUTY. NAPPING DATA

MADE ITEMS DETECT CHANGES LISTED TO

OTHER THAN WHICH WOULD DETECT CROSS FORTIFICATIONS ) HAMPER UNIT CHANGES.

____________________ LIMITED AREA. _____________ _________________ _________________ ____________________

• PRIMARY AS&R NOT APPLICABLE SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPUCABU NOT APPLICABLE

CAPABILITY. LOCATE

VEGETATION COVER FOR

FRIENDLY TROO PS

AND POSSIBLE

• AMBUSH POINTS.

PRIMARY ASIA NOT APPLICABLE SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

CAPABILITY

HYDROGRAPHIC OBSERVING

RESULTS OF

SEVERE WEATHER.

NOTES: 1 ALL SENSOR FLIGHTS HAVE CAPABIU TY OF INFLIGIIT REPORTING.

2 ~~ (DIATE IS USED FOR A REQUEST RECEIVED WITHIN FOUR HOURS OP LESS

51.

- - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
__ ___ - - - - - - -

ARTILLERY COMMAN DER AS& R Information Matrix

C~~~AND(NS INFORMATION DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES ASA R MISSION CAPABILITY MAR REPORTS

VISUAL SENSOR (

~

) DII HAND IRMEDIATE (13 LONG TERM (

~

) TACTICA l. LOCATION OR PHOTO, LARGE AREA SIT MA P&INTFLL IGENC E HOT REP & IPIR DETAILED ANALYSIS

DETECTION OF SMALL CAPABILITY FOR REPORTS FROM ALL FOR URGE UNIT OF ENEMY TROOP

PERSONNEL UNITS WITHIN RANGE DETECTION OF LARGE ECHELONS ACTIVITY AND DISTRIBUTION AND

OF FRIENDLY UNIT ACTIVITY CONCERNING LOCATION. CONCENTRATIONS.

WEAPONS. WITHIN FIRI NG TROOPS. TIME LISTED. SPIN

______________________ 

AREA LISTED. GRID. ________

AREA LISTED PHOTO, SLAR NT) SIT IAP&I NTELL IGENCE HOT REP A IPIR DETAILED ANALYSI S

VEHICLES ALL DETECTION OF DATA LINK FOR REPORTS FROM ALL FOR VEHICLE OF VEHICULAR

SELF-PRO PELLED VEHICLES. LOCATION VEHICLE ACTIVITY ECHELON CONCERN- ACTIVITY , TRUCKS , ACTIVITY &

MOVING VEHICLES DIRECTION & RATE WITHIN FIRING GRID. INC VEHICLE PARKS. ETC. PATTERNS OF

AND WEAPONS ) OF MOVEMENT . LARGE AREA. ROUTES. TIME LISTED. MOVEMENT.

SPIN

WEAPONS CREW DETECTION OR PHOTO & SR OVER SIT WAP&INTELLIGENCE HOT REP & IPIR DETAILED STUDY

SERVICED TOWED CONFIRMATION OF URGE AREA FOR REPORTS FROM ALL FOR WLAPON TO DEVELOP

OP SELF PROPELLE D ENEMY WEAPO NS WEAPONS POSITIONS. ECHELONS CONCERN- EMPLACEMENTS. WEAPON POSITION

155 — DR LESS - WITHI N FIRING GRID. INC WEAPON DAMAGE & ALTEIMIATES.

IN FIRING POSITION AREA UNITED, EMPLACEMENTS. ASSESSMENT. SPIN

VERIFICATION ALL SENSORS SIT MAPAINTELL IGENCE HOT REP & IPIR IN DEPTH ANALYSIS

OF AND ACTIVITY USED TO DEVELOP REPORTS FROM ALL FOR CHANCES IN OF FORTIFICATION

FONUFI II III AROUND WHICH TARGET DATA. ECHELONS CONCERN- ACTIVITY LEVEL CONPLEL CA 0 WOULD WARRANT INC FORTIFICATiONS DAMAGE DEVELOP TARGET

FIRE MISSION. AND ACTIVITY. ASSESSMENT. DATA.

__________________ AREA LISTED, __________________ __________________ _________________ 

GPIR

ENV1ROISENTAL OBSERVED 

- 

SEVERITY OF OBSERVED SNORT TERM AREA WEATHER

CONDITIONS WEATHER LOCAL WEATHER WEATHER HISTORY

WEATHER IN LOCAL DETE~~ NES CONDITIONS AND FORECAST FROM FROM WEATHER

AREA. LISTATIONS. REPORTS FROM WEATHER OFFiCER. OFFiCER.

ADJACENT UNITS.

DETECTION OF PHOTO ANALYSIS NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE DETAILED ANALYSIS OF

OBSTRUCTIONS OF URGE AREA TOPOGRAPHY FOR INTER.

TOPOGRAPHY BETWEEN FRIENDLY FOR INTERVENING VENING TOPOGRAPHY

WEAPONS AND TOPOGRAPHY WHICH MILL AND SHIELDED AREAS.

SPECIFIC TARGETS. RESTRICT FRIENDLY CPUS

____________________ AREA UNITED. FIRE. — DETECTION OF PHOTOS OF URGE AREA NOT APPLICABLE HOT REP A IPIR IN DEPTH STUDY

CULTURE ALL MAN CHANGES IN ITEMS SMALL SCALE FOR DAMAGE TO UPDATE NAPS

MADE ITEMS WHICH MILL WARRANT DETECTION OF ASSESSMENT. AND OVERLAYS

OTHE R THAN FiRE SSSION. CHANGES OR ACTIVITY ESPEGIAI.LY F.D

FORTIFICATIONSI LIMITED AREA FOR POSSIBLE GRIN

TARGETS ___________ __________________ _________________ ___________________

LISTED AREA PHOTOS OF URGE AREA NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPUCABLE INDEPTH PHOTO

SEARCH FOR HEAVY SMALL SCALE STUDY OF VEGETAVEGETATION CANOPY TO CONCEAL SEARCH FOP CANOPY T1ON TYPE,

ENEMY TARGETS. TO CONCEAL CHARACTERISTICS A

TARGETS. DISTRIBUTiON.

SPIN

NOT APPLICABLE — NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE - NOT APPLICABLE DETAILED STUDY

TO SELECT ROUTES

TO NEW FIRING POSITION IIYDROCRAPHIC DURING ATTACH MO

RETROGRADE.

______ _____ _____ _____ _____ 

GRIN

NOTES: (I) ALL SENSOR FLIGHTS HAVE CAPAB IU1Y OF INFLIGII T REPORTING.

- ‘1) (DIATE IS USED FOP A REQUEST RECEIVED WITHIN FOUR HOURS OR LESS (

~

) LONG TERM STUDIES DURING SLACK DEFENSE PERIODS MILL BE USED TO PLAN FOR ATTACK OR RE T ROGRADE MANEUVERS.

52

— . —- -- - - — - - - w..
~~~~~~~- - - --

-

~~~~~~~~ P. ~~~~~~~ 

ARTILLERY COMMANDER AS&R Information Matrix

C~~ IANDERS INFORMATION OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES ASAR MISSION CAPABILITY MAR REPORTS

VISUAL SENSOR ON HAND ISEOIATE LONG TERM

TACTICAL PRIMARY AS&R IN DATA LINK SIT MAP & TREND HOT REP & PIN 1W NO VALUE CAPABILITY FOR FOR DETECTION STUDIES FOR POSSIBLE USE LISTED DUE TO TIME

PERSONNEL SMALL UNIT OF TROOPS UNDER STRONG POINTS. DUE TO TIME LIMIT.

MOVEMENT. SPECIFIC CONDITIONS. INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS. AREA LIMITES. LARGE AREA REPORTS FROM

______________________ _________________ 

CAPABILITY ALL ECHELONS. _________________

VEHICLES ALL ~OOO AS&R SLAP . MTI DATA NOT APPLICA BLE SAME AS ABOVE SAME AS ABOVE

SELF-PROPELLED CAPABILITY FOR LINK DETECTION

MOVING VEHICLES DETECTING OF MOVING

AND WEAPONS. VEHICLE MOVEMENT VEHICLES

AREA LISTED. VERY GOOD.

WEAPONS CREW

SERVIC ED . TOWED , PRIMARY AS&R SLAM IN DATA - NOT APPLICABLE S

~~ AS ABOVE SAME AS ABOVE

OR SELF-PROPELLE D. ASSET TO DETECT LINK POSSIBLE

155 w. OR LESS WEAPONS AND SYSTEM SCALE

IN FIRING POSITION) ASSESS DAMAGE. LISTED.

PRIMARY MAR SAME AS ABOVE INTELLIGENCE REPORTS HOT REP & ImP SAME AS ABOVE

ASSET TO FROM ALL FOR DAMAGE

FORTIFICATIONS ASSESS ACTIVITY ECHELONS ASSESSMENT.

IN VICINITY FOR DEFENSE

AND DAMAGE. ANALYSIS.

ENVIRONMENTAL

OBSERVE OFFERS) Vt NOT APPUCABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

WEATHER CONDITIONS PUN SHOULD AFTER UNIT

II LOCAL AREA. INCLUDE WEATHER IS COSAITTED.

CONDITIOIIS.

DETECTi ON OF INTER. SUR DATA UNIT MATERIAL NOT APPLICABLE REQUEST HIGHER

VENING TOPOGRAPHY DETECT INDICATORS DEVELOPE D DURING ECHELON FOR GPIR IF

TOPOGRAPHY WHICH WILL OF TOPOGRAPHY WHICH ATTACK PLAN TO MANEUVER MILL CARRY

RESTRICT FIRE. NIGHT RESTRICT COVER SITUATION. UNIT BEYOND KIIOWN

AREA LIMITED FIRE. INTELLIGENCE.

PRIMARY MAR SUN 1R DATA —— SAME AS A BOVE HOT REP & IRIP smE AS ABOVE

CULTURE ‘ALL MAN CA PABILITY FOR LINK FOR GROSS FOR DAMAGE

MADE ITEMS DAMAGE ASSESSMENT INDICATORS ASSESSMENT.

OTHER THAN MACH EFFECTS OF CONDITIONS. TIME LISTED

FORTIFICATIONS ENEMY CAPABILITY.

_________________ AREA LIMITED. __________________ ___________ ____________________

CAPABILITY TO NOT APPLICABLE SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPUCAB U SAME AS ABOVE

VEGETATION INSPECT HEAVY

CANOPY FOR

TARGETS.

_________ 

AREA LISTED ________ __________________ _________________ ________________

NYDPOGNAP1$IC NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

NOTES (j) ALL SENSOR ~~GM TS NAVE CAPA BILITY OF INFLIGHT REPORTING.

f

~) 0SA1 IS USED FOP A REQUEST RECEIVED WITHIN FOUR HOURS OP LESS

53

-

~~~ -~~ - ---- -— - ----- --
ARTILLERY COMMANDER AS& R Information Matrix

C~~~ NDERS INFORMATION RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES — ASIR MISSION CAPABILITY ASAR REPORTS

VISUAL SENSOR (j) ON HAND IISED IATE (

~

) LONG TERM

TACTICAL PRIMARY AS&R IR DATA QUESTIONABLE NO VALUE DUE TO NO VALUE DUE TO

RESOURCE AREA LINK MOST RELIABILITY TIME. TIME.

PERSONNEL LIMITED. MAY BE APPLICABLE DUE TO FLUID

PRIORITY SITUATION.

LIMITED.

VEHICLES (AL L SAME AS ABOVE SLAR MTI DATA SAME AS ABO VE SAME AS ABOVE SAME AS ABOVE

SELF-PROPELLED LINK MOST

MOVING VEHICLES APPLICABLE.

AND WEAPONS

WEAPONS ICREW SAME AS ABOVE SLAR IR DATA SAME AS ABOVE SAME AS ABOVE SAME AS ABOVE

SERVICED . TOWED . WI TH DAMAGE UNIT MOST

OR SELF-PROPELLED , ASSESSMENT. APPLICABLE.

IS5~~u OR LESS

IN FIRING POSITION)

FORTIFICATIONS NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVED SEVERITY OF SHORT TERM NOT APPUCABLE NOT APPUCABLE

CONDITIONS IN WEATHER WEATHER FORECAST

WEATHER LOCAL AREA. DETERMIRES FROM WEATHER

LIMITATIONS. OFFICER.

PRIMARY MAR NOT APPLICABI E ONLY AVAILABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

RESOURCE IF INCLUDED

TOPOGRAPHY AREA LIMITED MI PUNNING

PRIORITY LIMITED. PHASE.

SAME AS ABOVE SUM IN SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE CULTURE )ALL MAN CAN ALSO CHECK DATA LINK MADE ITEMS PDINTS FOR POSSIBLE GROSS OTHER THAN WEAPON I1IDICAIORS. FORTIFICATIONS ) MOVEMENT .

SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE SANE AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

CAN ALSO

VEGETATI ON LOCATE COVER

FOR FRIENDLY

FIRE CONTROL.

HYDPOGRA PHIC NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

NOTES: (j) ALL SENSOR FLIGHTS NAVE CAPABIUTY OF INFLIGII T REPORTING.

t

~ ) EDIATE IS USED FOR A REQUEST RECEIVED WITHIN FOUR HOURS OP LESS

54

L -- - - - - . — ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

_ .
- -~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ --.~~~ -~~~~~ - -- -__

- -- -

ARMOR COMMANDER AS&R Information Matr ix

C~~~AND ERS INFORMATION DEFENSIV E OPERATIONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES AS& R MISSION CAPABILITY MAR REPORTS

VISUAL SENSOR 

~~ 

— ON HAND IINHEDIAT( (1) LQNGT ERM (5)

TACTICAL

DETECTION URGE AREA SIT MAP& INTELL IGENCE HOT REP AND IPIR DETAILED ANALYSIS

OF SMALL PHOTO COVERAGE REPORTS FROM ALL FOR URGE UNIT OF TROOP DISPERS- PERSONNEL UNIT ACTIVITY TO DETECT AND ECHELONS ACTIVITY. RENT DYER AREA OF

LIMITED AREA IDENTIFY LARGE CONCERNING TIME LISTED. INTEREST.

______________________ 

APPLICATION . TACTICAL UNITS . TROOP SIGIITINGS. _________________j GPIR

VEHICLES (ALL DETECTION OF ROUTE SEARCH ALL SIT MAPAINTELLI CENC HOT REP AND IPIR DETAIL ED ANALYSIS

SELF-PROPELLED VEHICLE MOVEMENT SENSO RS VEHICLE REPORTS FROM ALL FOR VEHICLE PARKS OF rOUTES AND

RATE AND DIREC - MOVEMENT, TRUCK ECHELONS FOR TIME LIMITED DUE VEHICLE MOVEMENT MOVING VEHICLES lARKS & URGE VEHICLE MOVEMENT. TO MOBILITY OF PATTERNS. AND W EAPONS TION. LIMITED

AREA APPLICATION. UNIT VEHICLE TIME LIMITED TARGET. GPIR

______________________ _________________ 

ACTI VITY. -

WEAPONS CREW DETECTION OF LARGE AREA SIT NAPA INTELL IGENC HOT REP AND (PIN DETAILED ANALYSIS

OF WEAPON THREAT . CAPABI LI TY , REPORTS FROM ALL COULD IDENTIFY FOR ACTUAL AND SERVICED . TOWED , ESPECIALLY ANTI-TANK PHOTO COVERAGE ECHELONS. ANTI-TAN K ALTERNATE AT OR SELF-PROPELLED LIMITED AREA GIVES EXCELLENT TIME LIMITED EMPLACEMENTS. EMPLACEMENTS 155 ~

mi OR LESS

IN FIRING POSITION, APPLICATION. DETAIL. DUE TO MOBILITY . TIME LIMITED. DETECTION OF

_______________________ _________ 

URGE UNITS.

CONFIRMATION SANE AS ABOVE — SIT MAY&INTELLIGENCE HOT REP AND IPIR DETAILED ANALYSIS

ACTIVITY LEVEL REPORTS FROM ALL GIVES GOOD DETAIL OF ANTI-TANK OBSTACLE .

AND ANTI-TANK ECHELONS. GIVES AND CHANGE DETEC MINE FIELDS . FORTIFICATIONS TYPE DEVICES ACTIVITY LEVELS. TION ESPECIALLY IN BUNKERS , ETC.

LIMITED AREA ANTI-TANK TYPE. GPIR

_____________________ 

APPLICATION .

ENVIRONMENTAL — OBSERVED LIMITATIONS OBSERVED SNORT TERM CLIMATIC CONDITIONS DEPEND ON LOCAL WEATHER WEATHER HISTORICAL

IN LOCAL SEVERITY OF CONDITIONS AND FORECAST FROM DATA FROM WEATHER AREA. W EATHER . ADJACENT UNIT WEATHER WEAThER

REPORTS. OFFICER. OFFICER.

CONFIRMATION PHOTO COVERAGE OF NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE DETAILED ANALYSIS OF

OF NAP DATA WHICH LARGE AREA SHOWS TOPOGRAPHY WHICH

RESTRICTS DETAIL TOPOGRAPHY WILL EFFECT FRIENDLY TOPOGRAPH Y MANEUVERABILITY DATA WHICH EFFECTS OR ENEMY

LIMITED AREA MANEUVERING MANEUVERING .

APPLICATION. CAPABILITY . GRIP

cONFIRMATION PhOTO. MEDIUM SCAL E INTELLIGENCE REPORT HOT REP AND IPIR DETAILED ANALYSIS

CULTURE (ALL MAN OF DOCUMENTE D URGE AREA COVERS FROM ALL FOR TRAFFICAB ILITY OF ROAD NETWORK

MADE ITEMS ITEMS AND AGE FOR UPDATING OF ECHELONS FOR Of ROADS AND AND BRIDGE

OTHER THAN CHANGES. EXISTING DATA ROAD AND BRIDGE BRIDGES. CONDITIONS.

FORTIFICAT IONS) LIMITED AREA ESPECIALLY CONDITIONS, AREA UNITED. GRIP

______________________ 

APPLICATION. ROAD NETS. ________ ________________

LOCATE AREAS OF PHOTO COVERAGE OF INTELLIGENCE REPORTS NOT APPLICABLE DETAILED ANALYSIS

HEAVY CANOPY WHICH LARGE AREA TO FROM ALL OF VEGETATION

COULD CONCEAL DETECT HEAVY CAN- ECHELONS WHICH CHARACTERISTICS & VEGETATION ENEMY WEAPO NS £ OPY TO CONCEAL GIVE VEGETATIO N DISTRIBUTION FOR

TROOPS. LIMITED WEAPONS TYPE OR COVER & TRAFFIC.

AREA APPLICATION . EMPLACEMENTS. DISTRIBUTION. GRIN

LOCATE AREAS - - -- PHOTO AND R - 

INTELLIGENCE REPORTS HOT REP AND IPIR - DETA i LED ANALYS IS

OF HYDROGRAPHIC FOR WATER 0 STRI- FROM ALL FOR RESULTS OF FEATURES WHICH

CHANGE DUE TO BUTIOII CHANGE ECHELONS FOR SEVERE WEATHER EFFECT TRAFFIC- HYDPOGRAP1IIC SEVERE WEATHER DUE TO SEVERE WATER LEVEL & WHICH EFFECTS ABILITY .

LIMITED AREA WEATHER. FLOW PATE. TRAFFICAB ILITY. GRIN

_______________________ APPLICATION. ____________________ __________________ ___________________ _____________________

NOTES: ALL SENSOR FLIGHTS HAVE CAPABIUTY OF )HFLIGN T REPORTING.

MAEDIATE IS USED FOR A REQUEST RECEIVED WITHIN FOUR HOURS OR LESS

(3) LONG TERM STUDIES DURING SLACK DEFENSE PERIOOS WILL BE USED TO PLAN FOR ATTAC IT OR RI T ROCRADI MANEUVERS.

55

- ~ - - -

~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .- - . ________________________________
~~~~~~~~~~~

ARMOR COMMANDER AS&R I nformation Matri x

COW’.A NOERS INFORMATION OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES ASA R MISSION CA PABILITY *51K REPORTS ______________

VISUAL SENSOR II) OR HAND ISAEDIATE (

~

) LONG TERM

TACT ICAL PRIMARY MEANS OF (K DATA UNI( MOST SIT MAP AND TARGET HOT REP AND IPIR OF NO VALUE

ASIN . LIMITED AREA PROBABLE SYSTEM. FOLDERS FOR PROB. POSSIBLY OF USE DUE TO TIME

PEPSONNE CAPABILITY , DETECT PHOTO CAR BE USED ARU STRONG POINT. IF PROCESSING FACTOR.

ANTI-TA NK DEVICES III REAR AREA OF MITELLICENCE REPORTS %~~~%SSI4ORT . AMID ROAD BLOCKS ENEMY ALL ECHELONS FOR

________________ ________ ___________ 

PATTERNS.

PRIMAR Y MEANS OF SLAR WT I DATA SIT MAP AND ROAD HOT REP AND IPIR SANE AS ABOVE

VEHICLES ALL AS&R . LIMITED AREA LINK BEST SENSOR STUDIES TO GIVE POSSIBLE SOURCE OF

SELF-PROPELLED CAPABILI TY CAN LX SYSTEM TO DETECT ACTIVE ROUT ES AND ACTIVE ROUTES A TRUCK

MOVING VEHICLES PECT HIGH PRIORITY VEHICLES. REQUIRES TRUCK PA RKS. ND PARKS. NO SPECIFIC AND WEAPONS , DUE TO AIR SUPERIOR- DIRECT VDICE SPECIFIC TARGET, TARGETS.

ITY . CI

~MIU(IICATIONS. TIME LIMITEO.

WEAP ONS (CREW 

- 

SAME AS ABOVE SLAR 1R DATA SIT MAP ANO HOT REP AND SAME AS ABOVE

SERVICED . TOWED . LINK SYSTEMS TREND STUDIES IRIP POSSIBLE

OR SELF PROPELLE D. POSSIBLE. FOR POSSIBLE TARGET. TIME

155 ~ ‘ OR LESS PHOTO LISTED WEAPON DEPLOYMENT. LISTEft GOOD

IN FIRING POSITION TO ((EAR AREA. DAMAGE

_______________________ ___________ 

ASSESSMENT.

SAM E AS ABOVE IR SLAROF INTELLIGENCE REPORTS HOT REP AND IPIR SAME AS ABOVE

LIMITED USE. ALL ECHELONS FOR CHANGES

FORTIFICATIONS PHOTO TIME FOR ACTIVITY WHICH CAN EFFECT

LIMITED BUT LEVELS , ANTI- MISSION.

CAN DO DAMAGE TANK DEVICES

____________________ ________________ 

ASSESSMENT __________________ _____________________

EN VIRONM EN TA L

PLANNING SEVERITY OF NOT APPUCABLI. NOT APPLICABLE (lOT APPLICABLE

HE • THEN SHOULD INCLUDE WEATHER AFTER OFFENSIVE

WEATHER DETERMINES BEGINS.

CONSIDERATIONS. LIMITATIONS.

PRIMARY MEANS OF SLAP MAP FOR MATERIAL DEVELOPED HOT REP AND IPIR REQUEST HIGHER —

ASA R FOR URGE AREA . DURING ATTACK FOR SMALL AREA ECHELON FOR GIPIR

T OPOGRAPHY TRAF FICABIL ITY SMALL SCALE PLANNING FOR TRAFFICABILITY IF MANEUVER WILL CARRY

BEYOND CURRENT INDICATORS OF TOPOGRAPHY EFFECT TIME UNITED. UNIT BEYOND KNOWN

INTELLIGENC E. TOPOGRA PHY. ON TRAFFICAB ILITY. INTELLIGENCE.

AREA I.IMITFfl ______________________

PRIMARY MEA NS OF SL AM JR MAP FOP MATERIA L DEVELOPED NOT REP AND IPIR SAME AS ABOVE

CULTURE ALL MAN AS IR FOR DETECTING GROSS IIIDICATORS OF DURING ATTACK FOR SMALL AREA

MADE ITEMS CHANGES III CULTURE CHANGES IN CULTURE. PUNNING 01$ ROAD TRAFFICABIUTY.

OTHER THAN WHICH WILL EFFECT PHOTO FOR USE FAR NETS. BRIDGES, TIME UMITED.

FORTIFI CAT 1ONS ATTACK . AR EA IN REAR AREA. CITY MAPS. ETC.

________ LIMiTED. __________________ __________________ _____________________

PRIMARY MEANS OF NOT APPLICABLE MATERIAL DEVELOPE D OT APPUCABLE SAME AS ABOVE ASIR FOR DETECTING DURING ATTACK

VEGE TATION HEAVY CANOPY WHICH PLAMIIIIIG ON

CAN CONCEAL TROOPS HEAVY VEGETATION

OR VEHICLES . WHICH C-A ll BE

________ 

AREA LIMITED. USED AS SCREEN . ___________

PRIMARY MEANS OF IR DATA LIMIT MATERIAL DEVELOPED HOT REP AND IPIR NOT APPLICABLE

ASLR FOR DETECTING GIVES GROSS DURING ATTACK GIVES CIIANGES IN WY DROG RAPHIC CHANGES DUE TO INDICATION OF PLANNING . SMALL AREA.

SEVERE WEATHER. MATER A REA TIME LIMITED.

NOTES I ALL SENSOR FLIGHTS HAVE CAPABILITY OF INFL IGHT REPORTING.

Z I EDIATE IS USED FOR A REQUEST RECEIVED W1TIIIN FOUR HOURS OR lESS

56

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—~~~ - -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

- - -

ARMOR COMMANDER AS&R Information Matrix

COMMANDERS INF ORMATION RETROC RA O( OPERATI ONS

REQUIREMENT CATEGORIES ASA R MISSION CAPABILITY MAR REPORTS

VISUAL SENSOR [1 - - - 

ON HAN D IWIEDIATE (2 ’ LONG TERM

TACTICAL PRIMARY MEANS OF IR DATA LINK QUESTIONABLE OF NO VALUE OF NO VALU E

ASA R FOR DETECTION ONLY PRACTICAL RELIABILITY DUE TO THE TIME DUE TO TIME PERSONNEL AND IDENTIFICATION SENSOR SYSTEM DUE TO FLUID FACTOR. FACTOR.

AR EA LIMITED. DUE TO TIME SITUATION.

PRIORITY LIMITED. FACTOR.

VEHICLES ALL SAME AS ABOVE SLAR MIT DATA SAME AS ABOVE SANE AS ABOVE SAME AS ABOVE

SELF-PROPELLED LINE ON LY

MOVING VEHICLES PRACTICAL SENSOR

AND WEAPONS ’ SYSTEM DUE TO

TIME FACTOR.

WEAPONS CREW SANE AS ABOVE SLAM DATA SANE AS ABOVE SANE AS ABOVE SANE AS ABOVE

SERVICED. T OWED , LINK ONLY

OR SELF PROPELLED . PRACTICAL SENSOR

155 i

~~ OR LESS SYSTEM DUE TO

IN FIRING POSITION TIME FACTOR.

FORTIFICATIONS NOT APPL IC’

.BLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

ENVIRONMENTAL OBSERVED SEVERITY OF OBSERVED SHORT TERM ROT APPLICABLE ____________ - CONDITIONS WEATHER CONDITIONS IN FORECAST FROM

W EATH ER IN LOCAL AREA . OETE~~~NES LOCAL AREA. WEATHER

LIMITATIONS. OFFICER.

PRIMARY MEANS OF NOT APPLICABLE ONLY APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

ASIA FOR CHECKING IF INCLUDED IN

TOPOGRAPHY TRAFFIC -ABILITY PLANNING PHASE.

IN SMALL AREA.

AREA LIMITED.

_____________ 

PRIORITY LIMITED. __________________

CULTURE ALL MAN SAME AS ABOVE SLAF1 J R DATA SANE AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

OTHER THAN PRACTICAL SENSOR

FORTIFICATION S’ GROSS

PRIMARY MEANS OF NOT APPLICABLE SANE AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

*51K FOR LOCATING

VEGETATION COVER FOR FRIENDLY

ARMOR. AR E A

LISTED. PRIORITY

LISTED. _______

PRIMARY MEANS OF NOT APPLICABLE SAME AS ABOVE NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

ASIA FOP DETERMINK P I IRG R(SUL TS OF HY D OGRA (I C SEVERE WEATHER.

AREA LIMI TED.

________________________ PRIORITY LIMITED. ____________________ ___________________ ____________ _____________________

NOTES: (j) ALL SENSOR FLIGHTS HAVE CAPABILITY OF INI L IG HT REPORTING. (

~

) ~~ LDIAT( IS USED FOR A REQUEST RECE IVED WITHIN FOUR HOURS OR LESS

57

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~ 

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.
____________ _________________ -- - —-~

DISTRIBUT ION

ARI D,stribution List

4 OASD (M&RA) 2 HQUSACDEC , Ft Ord, ATTN: Library

2 HODA (DAMI-CSZ) I HQIJSACDEC . FtOrd , ATFN: ATEC—EX—E—Hum Factors

1 HODA (DAPE-PBR 2 USAEEC, Ft Benjamin Harrison, ATIN: Library

1 HODA (DAMA-AR) I USAPACDC , Ft Benjamin Harrison . ATTN: ATCP—HR

1 HODA (DAPE-HRE-PO) 1 USA Comm—Elect Sch. Ft Monmouth , ATTN: ATSN- -EA

1 HODA )SGRD-ID) 1 USAEC, Ft Monmouth, ATTN: AMSEL—~

CT—HDP

I HODA (DAMI-DOT-C) 1 USAEC, Ft Monmouth, ATTN: AMSEL—PA—P

1 HQDA (DAPC.PMZ-A) 1 USAEC, Ft Monmouth. ATT’N: AMSEL—S I—C B

I HOOA (DACH-PPZ-A) 1 USAEC. Ft Monmouth. ATTh: C, Fad Den Br

1 HODA (DAPE-HRE ) 1 USA Materials Sys Anal Agcy , Aberdeen , ATTN: AMXSY— P

1 HODA (DAPE-MPO-C) 1 Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen, A1’TN: SAREA—BL—H

1 HQDA (DAPE-OW) 1 USA Ord Ctr & Sch, Aberdeen. A’fl’N: ATSL—TEM —C

1 HODA (DAPE-HRL) 2 USA Hum Engr Lab, Aberdeen, ATTN: Library/Dir

1 HQDA (DAPE-CPS) 1 USA Combat Arms Tng Bd. Ft Benning. A1’TN: Ad Supervisor

1 HODA (DAFD-MFA) 1 USA Infant ry Hum Rsc h Unit , Ft Benning . ATTN: Chief

1 HQDA (DARD-ARS-P) 1 USA Infantry Bd, Ft B nning, ATTN: STEBC—TE—T

1 HODA (DAPC-PAS-A) 1 USASMA, Ft Bliss, ATTN: ATSS—LRC

1 HODA (DUSA-OR) 1 USA Air Del Sch. Ft Bliss , Afl’N: ATSA—CTD--ME

1 HQDA (DAMO-RQRI 1 LISA Air Del Sch, Ft Bliss . ATTN: Tech Lib

1 HODA (DASG) 1 USA Air Def Bd, Ft Bliss. ATT N: FILES

1 HQDA (DAb -Ph 1 USA Air Del Bd, Ft Bliss. ATTN: STEBD—PO

1 Chief , Consult Div (DA-OTSG). Adelphi, MD I USA Cmd & General Sot College, Ft Leavenworth, ATTN: Lib

1 Mil Asst. Hum Rex , ODDR&E , OAD E&LS 1 USA Cmd & General Sot College, Ft Leavenworth, ATTN: ATSW—SE— L

1 HO USARAL , APO Seattle , ATTN: ARAGP-R 1 USA Cmd & General SrI College, Ft Leavenworth. ATTN: Ed Advisor

1 HO First Army, ATTN: AF KA-O l-TI 1 USA Combined Arms Cmbt Dcv Act , Ft Leavenworth, ATTN: DepCdr

2 HO Fifth Army, Ft Sam Houstor. 1 USA Combined Arms Cmbt Des Act , Ft Leavenwo rth, ATTN: CCS

I Dir . Army Sot Studies Ofc , ATTN: OAVCSA (DSP) I USA Combined Arms Cmbt Des Act , Ft Leavenworth, ATT’N: ATCASA

1 Ofc Chief of Stf , Studies Ofc 1 USA Combined Arms Cmbt Dcv Act , Ft Leavenworth, ATFN: ATCACO—E

1 DCSPER, ATrN: CPS/OCP 1 USA Combined Arms Crnbt Des Act , Ft Leavenworth, ATTN: ATCACC—Ci

1 The Army Lib, Pentagon, ATTN: RSB Chief 1 USAECOM . Night Vision Lab , Ft Belvoir , ATTN AMSEL—NV—SD

I The Army Lib, Pentagon, ATTN: ANRAL 3 USA Computer Sys Cmd, Ft Belvoir , ATTN: Ted ’ Library

1 Ok, Asst Sect of oh . Army I R&D) I USAMERDC. Ft Belvoir , ATTN: STSFB—DO

1 Tech Support Ofc , OJCS I USA Eng Sch, Ft Belvoir . ATTN: Library

I USASA, Arlington. ATTN: IARD-T 1 USA Topographic Lab, Ft Belvoir . ATTN: ETL --TD—S

1 USA Rsch Ofc . Durham. ATTN: Life Sciences Dir 1 USA Topographic Lab, Ft Belvoir . A TTN: STINFO Center

2 USARIEM, Natick . ATTN: SGRD-UE-CA 1 USA Topographic Lab, Ft B.lvoir. ATTN: ET1-GS~ 1 USATTC. Ft Clayton, ATTN: STETC-MO-A 1 USA Intelligence Ctr & Sch, Ft Huachuca . ATTN: CTD—MS

1 USAIMA , Ft Bragg, ATTN: ATSU-CTD-OM 1 USA Intelligence Ctr & Sch, Ft Huachuca , ATTN: ATS—CTD—MS

I USAIMA , Ft Bragg, ATTN: Marguat Lib 1 USA Intelligence Ctr & Sch, Ft Huachuce. A C-TN: ATSI—TE

I US WAC Ctr & Sch. Ft MCClellan , ATTN: Lib 1 USA Intelligence Ctr & Sch. Ft Huachuca , ATTN: ATSI—TEX—GS

I lJ5 WA C Ctr & Sch, Ft McCIelIan ATTN: Tng Dir 1 USA Intelligence Ctr & Sch, Ft Huacfiuca . ATT N ATSI—CTS —O R

I uSA Quartermaster Sch, Ft Lee, ATTN: ATSM-TE I USA Intelligence Ctr & Sctt , Ft Huachuce. A1TN: ATSI—CTD—DT

I Intelligence Material 0ev Ofc , EWL . Ft Holabird 1 USA Intelligence Ctr & Sch, Ft Huachuca. AT’TN: ATSI—CTD—CS

I USA SE Signal Sch, Ft Gordon, ATTN: ATSO-EA 1 USA Intellig ence Ctr & Sch , Ft Huachuca. AT1’N: DAS/SRD

1 USA Chaplain Ctr & Sdi , Ft Hamilton , ATTN: ATSC.TE-RD I USA Intelligence Ctr & Sch, Ft Huachuca, ATTN ATSI—TEM

1 USATSCH , Ft Eusti s , ATTN: Educ Mvisor 1 USA Intellig ence Cu & Sch , Ft Huacliuca , ATTPI: Library

I USA War College . Carlisle Barracks . ATTN: Lib I CDR , HO Ft Huachu ca, ATTN: Tech Ref Div

2 WRAIR , Neuropsy chiatry Div 2 CDR , USA Electronic Prvg Grd, ATTN: STEEP-MT—S

1 DLI , SDA , Monterey 1 CDR , Project MASSTER , ATTN: Tech Into Center

1 USA Concept Anal Agcy , Bethesda, ATTN: MOCA-WGC 1 Hg MASSTER . USATRADOC, LNO

1 USA Concept Anal Agcy , Bethesda , ATTN: MOCA-MR 1 Research Institute , HO MASSTER , Ft Hood

I USA Concept Anal Agcy , Bethesda, ATTN: MOCA.JF 1 USA Recruiting Cmd , Ft Sherdian , ATTN USARCPM—P

I USA Artit Test Ctr , APO SeWttle . AT’TN: STEAC-MO-ASL 1 Senior Army Ads,, USAFAGODTTAC . Elgin AT Aux FId No. 9

I USA Artic Test Ctr , APO Seattle , ATTh: AMSTE-PL-T5 1 HO USARPAC , DCSPER , APO SF 96558. ATIN: GPPE —SE

1 USA Armament Crnd , Redsto ne Arsenal . ATTN: ATSK-TEM 1 Stirnson Lib , Academy of Health Sciences , Ft Sam Houston

1 USA Armament Crnd. Rock Island, ATTN: AMSAR-TOC 1 Marine Corps Inst., ATTN: Dean-MCI

1 FAA-NAFEC . Atlantic City, ATTN: Library 1 HOUSMC, Commandant , ATTN: Code MTMT 51

I FAA-NAFEC , Atlant ic City , ATTN: Him Engr Br I HQUSMC , Commandant , ATTN: Code MPI—2t)

1 FAA Aeronautical Ct,, Oklahoma City , ATTN. AAC-440 2 USCG Academy, New London. ATTN . Admission

2 USA FId Arty Sch, Ft Sill, ATTN: Library 2 USCG Academy, New London, ATTN: Library

1 USA Armor Sch , Ft Knox , ATTN: Library 1 USCG Training Ct, , NY , ATT N: CO

1 USA Armor Sch, Ft Knox , ATTN: A TT” ‘)l-E I LISCG Training Ctr , NY , ATTN: Educ Svc Ofc

I USA Armor Set,, Ft Knox , ATTN: ATSB-OT-TP 1 USCG, Psychol Ru Br , DC, ATTN: GP 1F62

1 USA Armor Sets, Ft Knox . ATI’N: ATSB-CD-AD 1 HO Mid-Range Br . MC Oct . Ousatico , ATTN: P&S Div

59

— .

~~~~~~ . - - — - . —

~~~CEDING PA~~ BLAM~-NOT FILI1ED

- - .-

~~ --~~~~~~~

- 

-- -,.
-—- ~

— ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I US Marine Corps Liaision Ofc , AMC, Alexandria. ATTN: AMCGS— F I D,f & Civil Inst of Enviro Med,cine. Canada

1 USATRADOC, Ft Monroe , A’rTN: ATRO—ED 1 AIR CRESS. KenalngEon. ATTN: Info Sys Br

6 USATRADOC, Ft Monroe , ATTN: ATPR—AD 1 Mllitae rpaykOlOgis k Tj.neate. Cop.hagen

1 USATRADOC , Ft Monroe , ATTN: ATTS—EA 1 MIlitary Attache, French Embassy, ATTN: Doc Sec

1 USA Forces Cmd, Ft McPherson, ATTN: Library 1 Medecin Chef, C.E.R.P.A.—ArsenaI. Toulon/Naval France

2 USA Aviation Test Bd, Ft Ruckar, ATTN: 5TEBG—PO 1 Prin ScientIfic Off , App i Hum Engr Rsds Dlv, Ministry

1 USA Agcy for Aviation Safety, Ft Rucker , ATTN: Library of Defense, New Delhi

1 USA Agcy for Aviation Safety, Ft Rucker , ATTN: Educ Advisor I Pure Rsch Ofc Library. AKA. Israel Defense Forces

1 USA Aviation Sets, Ft Rucker , ATTN: P0 Drawer ~ 1 Ministeris van Defensie, DOOP/K(. Afd Sociael

1 HOUSA Aviation Sys Cmd , St Louis, ATTN: AMSAV—ZDR Psyclsologische Zak.n, The Hague. Netherlands

2 USA Av )atfon Sya Test Act., Edwards AFB. A’rrN: SAVTE—T

1 USA Air Oaf Sets, Ft Blits, ATTN: ATSA TEM

1 USA Air Mobility Rsch & 0ev Lab, Moffett FId, ATTN: SAVDL—AS

1 USA Aviation ScIs. Rex Tng Mgt, Ft Rucker, ATTN: ATST—T—RTM

1 USA Aviation Sch, CO. Ft Rucker , ATTN: ATST—D—A

1 HO, DARCOM . Alexandria, ATTN: AMXCD—TL

1 I-h O, DARCOM , Alexandria , ATTN: CDR

1 US Milita ry Acade m y, West Point , ATTN: Serials Unit

1 US Mili tary Academy, West Point , ATTN: Ofc of Mitt Ldrsh p

I US Military Acadensy, West Point, ATTN: MAOR

1 USA Standardization Gp, UK, FPO NY , ATTN: MASE—GC

1 Ofc of Naval Rsch, Arlington, ATTN: Code 452

3 Ofc of Naval Rsch. Arlington. ATTN: Code 458

1 Ofc of Naval Rsch , Arlington, ATTN: Code 450

I Ofc of Navzl Rsch , Arlington, ATTN: Code 441

1 Naval Avrospc Med Rex Lab, Pensacola. ATTN: Acous Sets Div

1 Naval Aerospc Med Ret Lah, Per sacola , ATTN: Code L51

1 Naval Aerovpc Med Res Lab, Pentacola , ATTN: Code L5

1 Chief of NavPers , ATTN: Pert-OR

1 NAVAIRSTA . Norfolk , ATTN: Safety Ctr

1 Nan Oceanographic, DC, ATTN: Code 6251 , Charts & Tech

1 Center of Naval Anal , ATTN: Doc Ctr

1 NavAirSysCorn. ATTN: AIR—5 3 13C

1 Nay BuMed, ATTN: 713

1 NavHelicopterSubSgua 2, FPO SF 96601

1 AFHRL (FT) William AFB

1 AFHRL (TTI Lowry AFB

1 AFHRL (AS) WPAFB , OH

2 AFHRL IDOJZ) Brooks AFB

1 AFHRL IDOJN) Lsck land AFB

I HOUSAF (INYSDI

1 HQUSAF (DPXXA)

1 AFVTG (RD) Randolph AFB

3 AMRL (HE) WPAFB , OH

2 AT Inst of Tech , WPAFB , OH , ATTN: ENE /SL

1 ATC (XPTD) Randolph AFB

1 USAF AeroMed Lib, Brooks AFB (SUL—4), ATTN: DOC SEC

1 AFOSR (I-iL), Arlington

1 AF Log Cmd, McClellan AFB, ATTN: ALC/DPCRB

1 Air Force Academy, CO. ATTN: Dept of Bel Sen

5 NavPers & Des Ctr, San Diego

2 Navy Med Neuropsychiatric Rsch Unit, San Diego

1 Nay Electronic Lab, San Diego, ATTN: Ret Lab

1 Nay Trngcen , San Diego, ATTN: Code 9000— Lib

1 NavPostGraSch , Monterey, ATTN: Code 55Aa

1 NavPoatGra5c h, Monterey, ATTN: Code 2124

1 NavTrn gEqu ipCtr , Orlando , ATTN: Tech Lib

1 US Dept of Labor , DC, ATTN: Manpower Admin

1 US Dept of ,hi,s tice , DC, ATTN: Drug Enforce Admin

1 Nat Bur of Standardt . DC, ATTN: Computer Info Section

1 Nat Clearing House for MH—lnfo , Rockville

1 Denver Federal Ctr , Lakewoo d , ATTN: BLM

12 Defense Documentation Center

4 Dir Psych, Army Hg, Russell 01cc, Canberra

1 Scientific Advsr, Mil Bd, Army Hg, Russell Ofci, Canberra

1 Mil and Air Attache, Austrian Embassy

1 Centrr de Recherche Des Facteurs, Humaine de Ia Defense

Nationale , Br ussels

2 Canadian Joint Staff Washington

1 C/Air Staff , Royal Canadian AT , ATTN: Pars Std Anal Br

— 3 Chief , Canadian Oaf Rsch Staff , ATTN: C/CRDS(W (

4 British Del Staff , British Embassy, Washington

60

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