DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

BY

E. EGGLESTON SMITH

WORK DONE IN COOPERATION WITH THE 

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF WASHINGTON

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 

1911

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction.......................................ti..................... 7

Explanation of terms used in this report................................... 7

Methods of sampling....................................................... 10

Comparison of methods of sampling................................... 10

.Methods used in collecting samples.................................... 14

Preparation of sample for the laboratory................................... 15

Character and quality of the coal........................................... 16

.Introduction......................................................... 16

Chemical properties................................................... 16

Methods of analysis............................................... ] 6

Analyses of the coals.............................................. 17

Effect of different constituents of coal............................... 19

Ease of ignition...................................'................. 21

Physical prpperties of the coals........................................ 22

Results of physical tests on coals sampled.......................... 22

Summary..............................:......................... 27

Effect of exposure on moisture.................................... 28

Coking coals of Washington by Pishel test.......................... 31

Impurities........................................................... 34

Sulphur......................................................... 34

Moisture......................................................... 34

Ash............................................................. 34

Comparative quality and distribution of the coals....................... 37

Commercial use of the coal........ .................................... 38

Detailed descriptions of mines, samples, and coals _......--................. 76

Distribution of mines ................................................. 76

Order of description............. -. .................................... 76

. Clallam County...................................................... 77

Fuca ............................... r ............................ 77

Cowlitz County........................................i............. 79

King County.......................................................... 80

Prospect north of Issaquah......................................... 80

Grand Ridge. .................................................... 81

Issaquah......................................................... 83

Superior. ................................... ^................. ^.. 84

Ford and Bagley. ..............^.-.:.............................. 85

Denny-Renton................................................... 89

Renton .......................................................... 90

Danville....................... ................................... 93

Ravensdale No. 1................................................. 94

McKay.......................................................... 96

Morgan........................................................... 98

Black Diamond No. 14........................................... 99

Lawson ........................................^................. 101
4 CONTENTS.

Detailed descriptions of mines, samples, and coals Continued.

King County Continued. Page.

Surface exposure at Franklin....................................... 102

Kummer..... .................................................. 103

Gem ............................................................. 105

Surface exposure southwest of Franklin............................ 105

Rose-Marshall................................................... 106

Independent.................'.................................... 107

Sunset........................................................... 108

Naval ........................................................... 110

Eureka............*!............................................. Ill

Bayne..-------..--............-....--........................... 112

Carbon........................................................... 114

Prospect drift west of Bayne__.................................... 116

Occidental......................................................... 117

Big Six...................................:...................... 119

Surface exposure at Palmer Junction.............................. 120

Prospect shaft east of Eavensdale.................................._ 122

Prospect drift near Barneston_.................................... 123

Denny-Benton .............................:........-............ 123

Prospects southeast of Issaquah ................................... 126

Prospect southwest of Preston .................................... 127

Niblock .................................. 1...................... 128

Kittitas County ...................................................... 129

Prospect northwest of Beekman................................... 131

Lakedale ........................................................ 131

Beekman........................................................ 131

Busy Bee........................................................ 135

Patrick-McKay .................. '. ............................... 136

Eoslyn No. 3...................................................... 137

Eoslyn No. 2 slope ................................................ 139

Eoslyn No. 2............... 1..................................... 140

K. &E.......................................................... .142

Eoslyn No. 6_.................................................... 142

Boslyn No. 4...................................................... 144

Eoslyn No. 5..................... _...;.....--..........---.------ 145

Eoslyn No. 7...................................................... 146

Summit ..................................................J...... 148

Cle Elum No. 3 extension......................................... 148

Cle.Elum No. 2 extension......................................... 149

Cle*ElumNo. 2.................................................. 150

Cle Elum No. 1.................................................. 151

Lewis County........................................................ 152

Prospect north of Carlton Creek................................... 152

Prospect south of Carlton Creek................................... 153

Prospect A, Summit Creek......................................... 154

Prospect B, Summit Creek...... .................................. 155

Prospect C, Summit Creek.;...................................... 156

Surface exposure east of Cowlitz Eiver............................. 156

Prospects near Ladd and Glenavon................................ 157

East Creek-Ladd .......................................f .......... 158

Mendota......................................................... 160

Eichmond........................................................ 162

Superior No. 1. .................................................. 162
CONTENTS. . 5

Detailed descriptions of mines, samples, and coals Continued.

Lewis County Continued. Page.

Superior No. 2 ................................................... 163

Twin City ........................................................ 164

Chehalis............................. ............................ 165

Sheldon......................................................... 165

Crescent......................................................... 166

Pierce County........_ ..............................i.............. 167

Burnett.......................................................... 168

Black Carbon.................................................... 170

Pittsburg........................................................ 171

Wilkeson........................................................ 172

Gale Creek...................................................... 175

Willis........................................................... 177

Brier Hill........................................................ 178

Snell............................................................ 179

Carbon Hill...................................................... 180

Melmont __..................................................... 186

Fairfax ............... ..................................'.......'.. 188

Montezuma...................................................... 190

Mashel.......................................................... 191

Prospect east of Ashford.......................................... 192

Skagit County........................................................ 193

Thurston County..................................................... 193

Hannaford No. 1................................................ 194

Perth............................................................ 196

Black Bear...................................................... 197

King (Great Western)............................................ 198

Whatcom County.................................................... 199

Index................................................................... 201
ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE I. A, Subbituminous .coal from the Philippine Islands, showing char- . 

acteristic weathering cracks; B, Pocahontas (West Virginia) 

coal, showing structure ..................................... 7

II. "A, Mortar and pestle showing adherence of powder of coal from the 

Roslyn bed at Clealum, Kittitas County; B, Mortar and pestle 

showing adherence of powder of coal from the Roslyn bed at 

Beekman, Kittitas County; C, Mortar and pestle showing poor 

adherence of the powder of noncoking bituminous coals; -D, 

. Mortar and pestle showing adherence of powder of the best 

coking coals of Washington; E, Mortar and pestle showing 

adherence of powder of the Pocahontas coal, from West Virginia. 30

III. Map of a portion of western Washington, showing distribution of

coal mines and prospects discussed in this report............. 76

IV. A, Bunker of the Clallam Coal Co. at Fuca, Clallam County, at low 

tide; B, Exposures of beds of anthracite on Summit Creek, 

Lewis County.............................................. 78

V. A, Forest undergrowth in the coal district near Bayne, King 

County; B, Typical forested area of the Puget Sound country, 

looking east from Lizard Mountain, near Bayne, King County. 80

VI. A, Glacial bowlders on the south bank of Green River, near Franklin, King County, Wash.; B, Exposures of the Puget formation, 

in which the coal occurs, along Green River, near Franklin.... 82

VII. A, Abandoned bunker of the Issaquah Coal Co. at Issaquah, King 

County; B, Washer and bunker of the Pacific Coast Coal Co. 

at Burnett, Pierce County.................................. 84

VIII. A, Town of Carbonado, Pierce County; B, New beehive coke ovens

of the Carbon Hill Coal Co. at Carbonado, Pierce County..... 168 

6
U. S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 474 PLATE I

A. SUBBITUMINOUS COAL FROM THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

Showing characteristic weathering cracks, \ '"

B. POCAHONTAS (WEST VIRGINIA) COAL. 

Showing structure.
COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

By E. EGGLESTON SMITH.

INTRODUCTION.

The field work on which this report is based was done between 

the months of June, 1909, and March, 1910. The anthracite coal 

field at the head of Cowlitz River was examined for the purpose of 

classifying the coal land in the Rainier National Forest, the work 

being done entirely by the United States .Geological Survey. The 

remainder of the work was designed to procure as complete data' as 

the funds available would permit concerning the character, quality, 

and relative values of the coals of the State of Washington, and it was 

carried on in cooperation with the State Geological Survey. The 

field work was done under the administrative supervision of Henry 

Landes, State geologist of Washington, and M. R. Campbell, of the 

United States Geological Survey.

During the same period a party under the supervision of G. W. 

Evans, of the Geological Survey of Washington, mapped the surface 

geology of King County with special reference to coal, and investigated the underground geology as shown in coal mines, the mining 

conditions and methods, and the preparation of coal for the market. 

The writer spent parts of July, August, and September, 1909, assisting 

this party in field work. .The results of this investigation will be 

published by the State.

The writer wishes to express his thanks co all the mine managers, 

superintendents, and foremen who kindly cooperated with him and 

-assisted in collecting the samples and the geologic and other data 

used in preparing this report.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

In the descriptions of mines and samples in this report certain terms 

are used which have more or less definite local meanings and as these 

terms and their meanings may not be familiar to all readers they will 

be given. The term "water level" is applied to any gangway or drift 

which has natural drainage above the surface of the surrounding 

country, or in a general way to the workings lying above a waterlevel gangway or drift. The lowest water level in a series is spoken

7
8 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

of as the first water level, the next above as the second water level, 

etc. The term "level" is applied to gangways or drifts that lie below 

the natural drainage of the region and to workings above such gangways, from all of which water must be pumped. They are spoken of 

in descending order as first level, second level, third level, etc.

The terms "niggerheads," "sulphur" balls, and pyrite nodules 

are applied to masses of marcasite and pyrite which occur in much of 

the coal. The term "binder" is applied to any hard, black carbonaceous shale which resembles the coal and which is not easily separated 

from it either in mining the coal or in preparing it for the market.

In the mines of the Northwestern Improvement Co., in Kittitas 

County, the block-and-battery system of mining has been installed. 

The rooms are arranged in groups of ten each. As the gangway 

advances all the coal from the alternate groups is removed. These 

alternate groups are called batteries. The remaining groups are 

worked out as the gangway retreats. These groups are called 

blocks. The batteries and blocks are numbered independently of 

each other in consecutive order from the main slope.

For many years the need of a simple, consistent, and satisfactory 

scheme of classification for coal has been felt by all who have been in 

any way connected with the coal business, from the geologist and 

mining engineer to the dealer who places the coal on the market. 

Recently the United States Geological Survey has adopted a scheme 1 

which seems in a way to answer the needs, and new names have been 

coined and old ones redefined in order to make the schemes, suitable 

for practical use. The groups of coal recognized and the names 

applied to them are as follows: (1) Anthracite, (2) semianthracite, 

(3) semibituminous, (4) bituminous, (5) subbituminous, and (6) 

lignite. The higher grades (anthracite, semianthracite, semibituminous, and bituminous) are generally .well known and need little or no 

description in this report. The type coals of the different groups 

are easily distinguished, but as there is a complete gradation between 

the groups the attempt to classify coals that belong in the dividing 

or debatable ground between the groups is difficult.

The generally accepted criterion for distinguishing the groups from 

bituminous upward is that of fuel ratio, or the quotient of the fixed 

carbon divided by the volatile matter, but it is questionable where 

one group shall end and another start. -This question has not yet 

been settled by the United States Geological Survey and consequently the terms employed in this report will be used as they are 

used in the trade in the eastern fields of the United States, with the 

meanings indicated below:

1. Anthracite may be defined as a very hard, jet-black coal having 

a dense homogeneous texture, a bright irregular conchoidal fracture,

1 Campbell, M. R., A practical classification for low-grade coals: Econ. Geology, vol. 3, No. 2, MarchApril, 1908.
EXPLANATION OF TEEMS. 9

burning with a short blue flame, and having a fuel ratio 1 of 10 or 

more. The coal from the Scranton-Wilkes-Barre district in Pennsylvania is typical anthracite.

2. Semianthracite is below the grade of anthracite, but its limits 

are not well defined. In general, it is fairly hard and bright, but it 

resembles bituminous coal in that it is more or less affected by minute 

jointing. It contains a considerably lower percentage of volatile 

matter than bituminous coal and has a fuel ratio of about 6 to 10. 

Coal from the Bernice Basin, Pa., and Spadra, Ark., is representative 

of this class.

3. Semibituminoiis coal is the next group below the semianthracite 

and above the bituminous. This group includes some of the bestknown coal of the country, such as the Clearfield coal of Pennslyvania, 

the Georges Creek coal of Maryland, the New River and Pocahontas 

(PL I, B) coals of Virginia and West Virginia, and most of the coal 

of Arkansas. The fuel ratio of coal of this group ranges approximately from 3 to 6.

4. Bituminous coal includes all so-called "soft coal" which is 

lower in fuel ratio than semibituminous coal and which does not 

contain sufficient moisture to cause it to crumble (mechanical 

breaking down not being considered). In the State of Washington 

coal from the mines operating at present in Pierce and Kittitas 

counties and from the Black Diamond and many other mines in King 

County is typical bituminous coal. The coals of Iowa and Illinois 

and many of the coals of Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, 

and "Alabama belong to this class.

5. Subbituminous coal has generally heretofore been called "black 

lignite." The criteria for the distinction of coal of the subbituminous 

group are in general (1) grayish black or black color; (2) almost universal absence of a distinct system of joints; (3) high percentage of 

moisture, which is given off readily on exposure to the sun or air, 

thus producing the peculiar irregular weathering (see PI. I, A) spoken 

of as "slacking," and (4) the tendency of many of these coals to 

separate on weathering into thin plates parallel to the bedding. Of 

these features the color and the manner of weathering are the most 

characteristic. The color distinguishes the group from lignite; the 

manner of weathering separates it from bituminous coal. Fresh 

blocks of subbituminous coal, when exposed to the air or to the direct 

rays of the sun, tend to break up independently of the joint planes 

 into smaller and smaller fragments having irregular faces. The fresh 

'coal has a bright luster and an irregular conchoidal fracture; the 

resultant fragments are lusterless and their surfaces do not show an 

even fracture of any kind. Certain subbituminous coals have high 

heating value and will stand transportation in closed cars without

i Frazer, Persifor, jr., Classification of coals' Rept. MM, Second Geol. Survey Pennsylvania, 1879, pp. 

128-158; Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 6,1879, pp. 430-451.
10 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

"slacking," but will check slightly when exposed to the direct rays 

of the sun in open cars. Such coal is evidently near the border line 

between the bituminous and subbituminous groups. In the State 

of Washington the coals of Issaquah, Coal Creek, Renton, and Tono 

are typical of this class.

6. Lignite is distinguished from subbituminous coal by its color, 

texture, and amount of moisture. It is brown in color or has a distinctly brownish cast. The texture is usually more or less distinctly 

woody, although some lignite, notably that of Texas, is amorphous. 

The amount of moisture is greater than that of subbituminous coal 

and ranges from 25 to nearly 45 per cent. The lignite of North 

Dakota is typical of this group. The name lignite is perhaps more 

loosely used at the present time than any other in the list. On the 

Pacific coast, especially in the State of Washington, this term is 

applied to all the coals commonly classed as "lignite," "brown lignite," "brown coal," "black lignite," "lignitic coal," and very frequently to a good grade of bituminous coal. The writer has often 

heard the coals from Black Diamond and Carbonado referred to as 

lignite, though they are among the best bituminous coals in the State. 

It is hoped that the classification, with the corresponding nomenclature just given and used throughout this report, will be adopted by the 

local operators and dealers, for its general features are already in 

use and it only prescribes, in addition to these features, certain 

fairly definite limits for the lower groups 'and introduces the term 

subbituminous to replace the many terms like "black lignite," "lignitic coal," and "brown coal."

METHODS OF SAMPLING.

COMPARISON OF METHODS.

In attempting to compare the coals of a reigon like the State of 

Washington, where the character of the coal is so different within 

short distances and where mining operations are in so widely different 

stages of development, it is evident that some standard method of 

sampling must be adopted. Of the three methods commonly employed sampling at the place of consumption, sampling in carload 

lots, and sampling from the mine the last seemed to be the only one 

that could be used economically under the present conditions of 

development.

Commercial samples are more nearly representative' of the coal as 

it is placed in the market; but as different methods of preparation 

for market, varying length of exposure to the air, changing conditions in the different parts of the mine from which the coal is obtained, 

and other variable .-factors affect the character of the coal at the consumer's plant, this method of sampling is not very satisfactory, particularly for a low-grade coal.
METHODS OF SAMPLING. 11

Carload sampling, if carried on under the supervision of a man 

skilled in the work and preceded by a careful study of the condition 

of the bed, the character of the coal in the different parts of the mine, 

and the method .employed for the preparation of the coal for the 

market, affords a means of obtaining better average results than can 

be obtained by sampling at the place of consumption. The coal can 

be so chosen as to be fairly representative of the average output of 

the whole mine or the sample can be made to represent the average 

of any particular part of the mine. Much, however, depends on the 

experience and personal equation of the sampler. This method also 

permits a choice of shipment, in either open or closed cars, which 

will place the sample at the laboratory in about the same condition 

that it would reach the consumer. On the other hand, the great 

cost of this method of sampling and the responsibility and judgment 

required of the sampler make it almost prohibitive under ordinary 

conditions and not so reliable in its general results as mine sampling.

Mine sampling can be applied to all kinds of operating mines, 

abandoned mines, and prospects in all stages of development to which 

access can be obtained. In fact, it is the only method that can be 

employed where the coal is not being used commercially. It costs much 

less than the shipment and testing of commercial or carload samples 

and for that reasoji is much better suited to ordinary requirements. 

Mine sampling provides a ready means of making a comparison of 

coal from different places in the same bed a comparison which can 

be made by the other two methods only by the expenditure of a large 

amount of time and money.

Wherever car samples have been taken by the United States Geological Survey, mine samples have been taken at the same time from 

the working parts of the mine from which the coal came. This practice has been extremely valuable in giving data for comparing the 

merits of the two methods of sampling and in affording a means of 

estimating roughly the commercial quality of coals from prospects, 

developing mines, and other mines, from which carload samples can 

not be obtained.

Most of the following discussion of the value of coal-mine sampling 

as compared with carload sampling is taken from an article by M. R. 

Campbell. 1 In comparing these two methods of sampling the effect 

on the impurities in the coal is most important, although there is 

- undoubtedly some effect on the other constituents.. These impurities, named in the order of their importance, are moisture, ash, and 

sulphur.

Exposure to the atmosphere has different effects on the moisture 

in coal, the degree of change depending on the amount of initial 

moisture, the kind of exposure, and the length of exposure. The

1 The value of coal-mine sampling: Econ. Geology, vol. 2, No. 1, January-February, 1907, pp. 48-57.
12 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

standard method of mine sampling as set forth by Campbell, supplemented by precautions to avoid certain difficulties, should reduce 

the variation in moisture in mine samples to a minimum. The ordinary method of car sampling is subject to all the conditions producing alteration in the moisture content. The comparison of a large 

number of mine samples with car samples has made it possible for 

Campbell to divide into four great groups. the coals which have 

certain relations in their moisture content. The following is Campbell's statement 1 regarding coals tested at the Louisiana Purchase 

Exposition at St. Louis in 1904:

Group A: -This group includes all coals in which, the average moisture content of 

the car sample is less than 3 per cent. Of this group 18 samples show an excess of 

moisture in the coal from the mines and 6 samples show an. excess in the coal from the 

car. The total excess in the mine samples is 9.47 per cent and in the car samples 5.48 

per cent. The difference is 3.99 per cent. This divided by 24, the total number of 

samples, gives an average excess in the mine sample of 0.17 per cent.

Group B: In this group are included all samples having an average moisture content in the commercial coal of from 3 to 8 per cent. Of this group 3.8 samples show an 

excess of moisture in the commercial coal and the other 18 samples show an excess in 

the coal from the mine. The number of samples is the same in both cases, but the 

total amounts are quite different, the excess in the car samples being 24.60 and in the 

mine samples 10.23 per cent. The difference between these amounts, or 14.37, divided 

by 36, the total nuniber of samples, gives 0.40 per cent .as the average excess in the 

car samples.

Group C: This group includes all samples having a moisture content in the average 

car sample of from 8 to 10 per cent. Of this group 4 samples show an excess in the 

commercial coal, and 11 samples an excess in coal from the mine. The total amount 

of excess in the car samples is 2.24 per cent and in the mine samples 10.69 per cent. 

The difference, 8.45 per cent, divided by 23, the number of samples, gives an average 

excess in the mine sample of 0.56 per cent.

Group D: This group includes all samples having a greater amount of moisture in 

the car sample than 10 per cent. The mine samples show an excess in moisture over 

the car samples, as in the previous group, but the excuse for considering it separately 

is that the average amount of excess is much greater than that of the preceding group. 

Of Group D 8 samples show an excess in coal from the car and 22 samples show an 

excess in coal direct from the mine. The total excess in the former case is 10.50 per 

cent and in the latter 48.56 per cent; the difference, 38.06 per cent, divided by 30, 

the number of samples, gives 1.27 per cent as the average excess in the mine samples.

Tabulated, the results are as follows:

Table of coal groups arranged according to the excess of moisture in mine and car samples.

Groups of coal.

Excess 

in mine 

samples.

Per cent. 

0.17

.56

1 97

Excess 

in car 

samples.

Per cent. "

0.40

i The value of coal-mine sampling: Econ. Geology, vol. 2, No. 1, January-February, 1907, pp. 50-55.
METHODS OF SAMPLING. . 13

The meaning of the above-described groups is not well understood, especially the 

reason why an intermediate group, B, should show an excess of moisture in the car 

samples when coals of both larger and smaller content show less moisture in the car 

lot than in the mine samples. The reasons for Groups C and D are evident. They 

include coals having a high moisture content, and it is only reasonable to suppose that 

coal of this character would lose some of its moisture in transit, especially when the 

shipment occurred in midsummer, as was.-the case with most of these samples. It is 

possible that the coals of Class B were shipped in bad weather and hence gained 

moisture in transit, or it may be possible that coals of this intermediate grade are in 

such a condition that they will absorb moisture from the atmosphere more .readily 

than those having either a higher or lower moisture content. It is possible also that 

Group B is not a natural group, but merely due to fortuitous circumstarsces. If that 

is the case, a larger series of tests would probably show that no such group exists.

The effect of the two methods on the amount of sulphur in the 

sample is slight. The following report is CampbelPs statement 1 on 

this point:

Of the 105 samples analyzed during the two years, 75 show an excess of sulphur in 

the commercial coal, 28 show an excess in coal direct from the mines, and 2 show an 

equal amount in'each. The total excess in car samples is 261.67 per cent, and in mine 

samples 246.25 per cent; 261.67 divided by 246.25 equals 1.06, the coefficient of excess 

of sulphur- in the car samples over the mine samples. If, therefore, the amount of 

sulphur shown in any analysis of coal direct from the mines be multiplied by 1.06, 

the result will be approximately the amount of sulphur that may be expected in 

commercial coal from the same mines.

The amount of ash in the samples obtained by the two methods 

depends on the personal equation of the mine sampler and the car 

sampler, on the character of the roof and floor of the mine, on the 

methods of mining and hauling to the surface, and on the methods 

of preparation for market if the sample is taken after it has been 

cleaned. The results of the comparison of the ash as given by 

Campbell 2 are as follows:

The total excess in the car samples is 1,062.66 and in the mine samples 825.95 per 

cent; 1,062.66 divided by 825.95 equals 1.29. This may be called the coefficient 

of increase, and can be used in converting the ash in analyses of mine samples into 

analyses of commercial coal; thus, if the ash in the analysis of the mine sample be 

multiplied by the coefficient, 1.29, the result will be approximately the amount of 

ash that may be expected in commercial coal from the same mine.

The percentage of volatile combustible matter in a coal undoubtedly changes on exposure to the air, and the amount of change depends 

on the length of exposure, the size of the particles, and the amount of 

weathering. It has been shown by R,. T. Chamberlin 3 that fresh coal 

dust gives nearly four times as much volatile combustible as old dust. 

The rate of change is undoubtedly controlled by the size of the particles and the amount of air in circulation among them.

1 The value of coal-mine sampling: Econ. Geology, vol. 2, No. 1, January-February, 1907, p. 52.

2 Idem, p. 53.

o Notes on explosive mine gases and dusts: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 383,1909, p. 62.
14 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

The following conclusions may be drawn concerning the comparison of the standard methods of mine sampling and car sampling. 

First, no exact ratio can be established between the amounts of moisture in the two kinds of samples, because of the varying conditionsof original moisture content, methods of transportation, and time of 

transportation. Second, a more or less definite ratio exists between 

the amount of sulphur in the two lands of samples, which may be 

used as a possible basis for estimating the amount of sulphur in commercial coal from the analysis of a mine sample, although the variation of many of the samples from this ratio is great. Third, a more or 

less definite ratio exists between the amounts of ash in the samples, 

which may be used with considerable accuracy in determining from 

the mine sample the possible ash in a commercial sample.

METHODS USED.

In collecting samples from, mines operating- on one bed the writer 

took one sample from each mine having a daily output of 200 tons 

or less. An additional sample was taken for each additional 100 tons 

of output; that is, a mine producing 500 tons daily would have one 

sample for the first 200 tons and three samples for the additional 300 

tons, or a total of four samples.

The following method was used in collecting such samples. After 

ascertaining the parts of the mine at which the coal bed was most 

nearly, normal, points were selected for sampling in the center and 

the periphery of the active workings which would give samples representing very closely the present and the future output of the mine. 

At the place where each sample was taken a fresh face of coal was 

selected and cleaned of all coal dust, powder stains, and other impurities by removing from half an inch to 2 inches of the coal. In 

slightly dipping beds, where the floor of the mine was wet, a piece of 

oilcloth was spread so as to catch the coal as it was cut and to keep 

out impurities and moisture. In highly dipping beds the oilcloth was 

supplemented by a small canvas bag on a hooped stick which could 

be held immediately under the part of the bed being sampled and 

which caught most of the coal as it was cut from the face. The 

sample was obtained by cutting a channel across the face as nearly 

perpendicular to the floor as possible and of such a size as to yield 

about 5 pounds of coal to each foot of the bed sample. All material 

in the bed was included except partings, lenses, and binders more than 

three-eighths of an inch thick and lenses or concretions of "sulphur" 

or other impurities greater than 2 inches in maximum diameter and 

half an inch in thickness. In some places a layer of the foreign 

material resembled the surrounding coal so closely that it could not 

be separated in preparation for market and was therefore included in 

the sample. Some beds also contained thin partings which could not
PBEPABATIOH" OF SAMPLE. 15

be entirely separated from the coal by picking and washing. Several 

of these partings were also included in the sample, so that the amount 

of ash would be about the same as that contained in the commercial 

coal that had been carefully prepared for the market. In the sections 

of the beds which are given with the descriptions of the mines (see 

pp. 77-199) an asterisk (*) or dagger (f) indicates the parts which are 

included in the sample. Only half of some layers was included, and 

such layers are indicated by a dagger. Some samples were wet when 

they were taken from the mine. As most of the sampling was done in 

the winter or rainy season, it was not possible to dry all samples before 

being ground and sealed in the can. When the weather was so dry 

that the sample could be dried without being exposed to the air very 

long, it was air-dried until all visible moisture had disappeared before 

it was prepared for the laboratory.

The samples of washed coal, lump coal, and steam coal were taken 

from the surface of the storage bins and from the surface of railroad 

cars which had just been loaded. The coal was collected in small 

quantities at more or less regular intervals until 75 to 300 pounds was 

obtained.

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE FOR THE LABORATORY.

The mine sample was prepared for the laboratory either in the mine 

or in a protected place at the entrance to the mine where the atmospheric conditions were similar to those of the mine. Each sample 

.was kept in an oilcloth bag until the sampler was ready to pulverize 

it. The coal was ground in a bone grinder to the size of a pea, or 

pulverized with a piece of flat steel and an iron pestle until it would 

pass through a sieve with a half-inch mesh. It was then thoroughly 

mixed and quartered. Opposite quarters were rejected, and the 

remaining quarters were thoroughly mixed and quartered as before. 

The operations of mixing and quartering were repeated until the final 

sample of about one quart was obtained. This was then placed in a 

screw-top galvanized-iron can made to hold about 3£ pounds of 

coal, and was sealed and mailed to the Geological Survey's laboratory at Pittsburg for analysis.

The samples of washed coal, lump coal, and steam coal were thoroughly mixed. The pieces were then reduced to a diameter of threefourths of an inch and mixed and quartered, in the usual way until 

a sample of about 25 pounds was obtained. This was ground in a 

bone grinder to the size of a pea and then mixed and quartered until 

a final sample of about 3£ pounds was obtained, which was sealed in 

a screw-top galvanized-iron can and sent to the laboratory.

If the exact location of the place from which a sample was taken 

is not known, its location with respect to a known land corner is 

given in the description of the individual mines and prospects, so
16 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

that its position can be readily determined. Mine maps were not 

available to determine some locations, and their exact position with 

regard to a Government land corner is not known. For such places 

the location of the mine is given as nearly as possible by distance 

and direction from the nearest town.

CHARACTER AND QUALITY OF THE COAL. 

INTRODUCTION.

The character and quality of the coals of the State were ascertained 

by determining their chemical composition, calorific value, physical 

properties, and impurities. The relative heating and commercial 

values of coal depends largely on the character, relation, and proportion of its chemical constituents. Its ability to stand transportation, and hence to a considerable degree its commercial value, 

depends largely on its physical properties. Its relative heating 

value and its adaptability to special uses is strongly influenced by 

the impurities it contains, so that a knowledge of the character 

and amount of these impurities is all-important in determining the 

commercial value of the coal.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 1

Two kinds of analyses were made at the Survey's laboratory the 

proximate analysis and the ultimate analysis. A proximate analysis 

determines by a conventionally standardized process the coal's 

percentage of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash, and 

sulphur. An ultimate analysis determines the ultimate constituents hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and ash. 

Calorific determinations were made when called for, and the heating 

value is expressed in both calories and British thermal units, the 

calorie being 1.8 times the British thermal unit. In mines that 

are working on the same bed it was customary to take the ordinary 

number of samples from each mine and make only a proximate 

analysis of each. If these analyses showed no considerable variation 

in the composition of the coal an ultimate analysis and a calorimeter 

determination were made of a composite sample consisting of equal 

amounts from each of the original samples. If the analyses showed 

marked differences in composition, ultimate analyses and calorific 

determinations were made of the samples showing the variations 

and a composite sample was made of the remaining samples. Various 

conditions determined whether a proximate or an ultimate analysis 

should be made of a particular sample. Generally speaking, a

1 For a full discussion of the methods of analysis used at the Government laboratory see Prof. Paper 

U. S. Geol. Survey No. 48, 1906, pt. 1, pp. 174-195. Also Lord's paper on air-drying.
CHARACTER AND QUALITY OF THE. COAL. 17

proximate analysis was made of a coal that was weathered or 

altered by volcanic action or that was believed to be high in ash, but 

an ultimate analysis was made of a coal that was not weathered or 

altered and was believed to be a good commercial coal. Ash determinations were made on samples which were believed to contain so 

much ash that it was doubtful whether or not the coal they represented had any economic value.

A large number of mine samples and many samples of washed 

and prepared coal contained much more moisture than was inherent 

in the coal. In order to compare the heating value of the coal 

from a wet part of a mine with that from a dry part, or with that 

from a dry mine, or the coal from a washer with dry coal from the 

mine, some system of drying the samples to a uniform condition 

must be adopted. By continued experiment it was found that 

proper comparisons can be made by weighing the coal in a shallow 

galvanized iron tray and drying it in an oven through which a 

gentle current of air heated from 10° to 20° above the temperature 

of the laboratory is passing until the weight becomes practically 

constant. The difference in weight between the original sample 

and the partly dried sample gives the amount of moisture driven 

off by air drying. This process is not intended to produce the same 

effect as the exposure of the coal to the air and sun 'during transportation. It simply appears to be the best method of determining 

roughly the amount of moisture loosely held by the coal.

In actual practice analysis is made of the air-dried sample. The 

figures given opposite the items "As. received," "Dry coal," and 

"Pure coal" are calculated from the analysis of the air-dried sample 

and are included in the table for convenience in comparing and 

studying the analyses. The figures opposite "Dry coal" represent 

the analysis calculated for the coal when free from moisture; those 

opposite "Pure coal" represent the analysis calculated for the coal 

when free from moisture and ash. The term ' 'pure coal" is somewhat 

misleading as the coal so designated includes sulphur, but the term 

is used simply on account of its brevity and convenience.

ANALYSES OF THE COALS.

Analyses of samples of coal collected by the writer in Washington 

were made at the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey 

at P0ittsburg, and the results are given in the table on pages 41-75. 

Samples 6760 and 6761 were taken by J. S. Diller 1 in Cowlitz County 

in 1904. These were analyzed by W. T. Schaller in the laboratory 

of the United States Geological Survey at Washington, D. C. In

i Diller, J. S., Coal in Washington near Portland, Oreg.: Bull. U. S, Geol. Survey No, 260, 1905, pp. 

411-412.

91320° Bull. 474 11 2
18. COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

1905 M. R. Campbell 1 collected mine and carload samples from 

the Reiiton mine, in King County (Nos. 2455, 2456, 2686, 2687), and 

the Roslyn mines, in Kittitas County (Nos. 2457, 2458, 3098). Two 

mine samples (Nos. 2459 and 2460) were collected by M. R. Campbell 

at about the same time from the Carbon Hill mine at Carbonado, the 

results of which have not been published but which compare favorably with the analyses of samples collected by the writer from the 

same mines and from the same beds. Sample 6487 was collected 

in 1908 by J. B. Umpleby from the No. 5 bed at Ravensdale. 

Samples 6486, 6488, 6489, 6490, 6491, 6492, 6493, 6494, 6495, and 

6496 were collected by J. B. Umpleby at the same time from pros-, 

pects and mines in Lewis and Pierce counties. Samples 520-D 

and 6485 were collected from Taylor and samples 552-D, 787-D 

were obtained by K. M. Way from Carbonade. These samples, 

together with those collected by Umpleby, were analyzed at Pittsburg; Pa.,' and the results are given in the accompanying table. 

Samples 11736,11737, and 11738 were collected by George W. Evans 

after the completion of the author's field work from mines that" were 

not then in operation. Samples of coal from Whatcom and Skagit 

counties were analyzed by the Bureau of Naval Equipment,2 Washington, D. C., and are given in the table on page 76 to afford a comparison of these coals with the other coals of the State.

In the table the locations of the'samples are given by township, 

range, section, and quarter section. On account of the absence of 

accurate maps the locations by section or quarter section of some of 

the prospects sampled may be incorrect, but they are as near as could 

be determined with the means at hand and the knowledge of the 

legal subdivisions. Under the column headed "Thickness" the total 

bed as sampled, including.the partings, is given under the heading 

"Coal bed." Coal which was either not exposed or of no commercial 

value, underlying or overlying the part sampled, is not included in 

the. thickness given. This thickness minus the thickness of all the 

partings not included in the. sample is given in the column headed 

'Tart sampled."

The general opinion of the members of the laboratory staff is that 

the methods used for determining the values given in the proximate 

analysis are not sufficiently refined to warrant the use of the second 

decimal place in recording the results. Therefore those percentages 

which are not directly involved in the ultimate analysis are given to 

the nearest tenth. In like manner it is believed that the methods 

used in the determination of calorific values are not accurate enough

* Report of the United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo.: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 332,1908, 

pp. 272-277.

2 Reports of the efficiency of various coals, 1896 to 1898, and expenses of equipment abroad, 1902-3, and 

recent chemical analyses p/ coal at the navy yard, Washington, D. C., 1906, pp. 5-7,96-99, 119-121.
CHARACTER AND QUALITY OF THE COAL. ' 19

to justify the use of unit value and hence the amounts of calories are 

given to the nearest five and British thermal units are given to the 

nearest ten.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONSTITUENTS OF COAL.

In the table under proximate analysis four constituents of the coal 

are given and under ultimate analysis five, with ash common to both. 

They are as follows: (1) Moisture, (2) volatile matter, (3) fixed carbon, (4) ash, (5) sulphur, (6) hydrogen, (7) oxygen, (8) nitrogen, and 

(9) carbon. The influence of each constituent is in general as follows:

The moisture in a sample of coal consists of (1) extraneous moisture, 

which occurs on the surface of the different particles or grains and 

which is the result of seepage from adjoining rocks, water from washing of the coal for market, precipitation on the coal when exposed to 

the open air, or sweating, which is a precipitation of moisture from 

warm saturated air coming in contact with relatively cooler coal; (2) 

moisture inherent in the coal that is, residual water from the original 

organic matter, or water evolved by chemical change. Moisture is the 

constituent which has the greatest effect in reducing the heating value 

of the lower grades of coal. This reduction is due to the fact that 

moisture is inert and does not produce heat, and that it absorbs heat 

from the coal during its rise in temperature to the evaporation point 

and during its conversion into steam. It is evident also that for each 

unit or per cent of moisture contained in the coal there is one unit 

or 1 per cent less of combustible matter which might have been there 

if the moisture were absent. By considering this fact alone it becomes 

evident that each per cent of moisture decreases the efficiency of the 

coal 1 per cent or 20 pounds per ton. In addition to this it should 

be noted that the amount of heat required to. raise the temperature 

of the water from the normal to the boiling point and then to convert 

it into steam is 620 calories of heat for each kilogram of water, or 282 

calories per pound, which is equivalent to about 0.035 per cent of the 

heating value of a ton of pure coal for every per cent of moisture in 

the coal. In high grade coal the loss due to moisture is very small, 

but in low grade coal it is an important quantity. Other conditions 

being equal, coal containing 40 per cent of moisture will have about 

41.4 per cent less heating value than one which is absolutely free from 

moisture. A relatively small percentage of moisture does not materially affect the adaptability of coal for many uses, but a large 

amount, such as that contained in subbituminous coal and lignite, 

causes the coal when placed upon a hot fire to swell and crumble to 

pieces, so that it can not be used with forced draft without great loss 

of fuel and great danger from fires from the hot cinders thrown out 

of the smokestack.
20 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

The volatile matter l of a coal consists of two parts (1) combustible and (2) noncombustible. That part of the volatile matter which 

unites with oxygen and produces heat is composed chiefly of hydro- 

' carbons, sulphur, and hydrogen.2 The hydrocarbons have a heat of 

' combustion ranging from about 1.3 to 4 times that of carbon, and therefore increase the efficiency of the coal. Other things being equal, 

the greater the percentage of combustible volatile matter in a coal 

the higher its heating value. The effect of the percentage of hydrocarbon on the heating value of coal is shown by the well-known fact 

that anthracite coal, which contains a relatively small amount of 

volatile combustible matter, has a markedly lower heating value 

than semibituminous coal (Pocahontas, New River, etc.), which 

contains a much higher percentage of volatile combustible matter.

In the coals of Washington sulphur usually occurs in small quantities, ranging from a fraction of 1 per cent to 3 per cent. When free 

it has a heating value much less than that of carbon, and would therefore tend to lower the efficiency of the coal. Free hydrogen has a 

heating value more than four times as great as that of carbon. The 

presence of this gas in the coal would raise its calorific value.

That part of the volatile matter which does not produce heat and 

which is regarded as "inert" consists of oxygen and nitrogen. The 

effect of these gases is to reduce the heating value of the coal, the 

principal effect of the oxygen being, according to Du Long's formula, 

to reduce the hydrogen available for heat by so much as is necessary

to form water with the oxygen present .(H --). Nitrogen is believed

to have generally no effect other than to decrease in proportion to its 

amount the percentage of combustible matter in the coal, and therefore to decrease the total heating value. Oxygen in excess of the 

amount which may unite with hydrogen to form water reduces the 

heating value because it replaces an equal amount of combustible 

matter. (See p. 21.)

Carbon is the principal combustible in most coal. Other things 

being equal, the higher the amount of fixed carbon the higher the 

heating value of the coal up to a certain limit. Carbon has not, 

however, so high a heating value as hydrocarbons, and therefore some 

coals which have a relatively large amount of hydrocarbons have a 

higher efficiency than those which have a large amount of carbon. 

This appears to be true only of coals having a small amount only of 

incombustible volatile matter. Those containing less than 55 per 

cent of fixed carbon generally have a lower heating value, due to

1 For discussion of the volatile matter in coal see the report of S. AV. Parr, Bull. Illinois State Geol. Survey 

No. 3,1906, pp. 31-49.

2 The occurrence of free hydrogen in coals is believed to be very rare. R. T. Chamberlin (notes on explosive mine gases and dusts, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 383,1909, p. 31) reports the finding of a small amount 

of free hydrogen in a gas issuing from a standpipe for anthracite coal near Wilkes Barre, Pa.
CHARACTER AND QUALITY OF THE COAL. 21

larger quantities of other volatile constituents, principally moisture or 

oxygen, otherwise combined in the coal.

Ash is one of the important factors that determine the heating 

value of the coal. It is generally inert and does not produce or absorb 

heat, so that in this respect its effect is negative. Each per cent of 

ash in the coal not only replaces 20 pounds per ton of combustible 

matter, but means just 20 more pounds of useless material to be 

handled, and if the ash is fusible it acts as a positive detriment to the 

coal.

The constituents of coal shown in an ultimate analysis have a more 

or less definite significance as to its heating value. As stated above, 

sulphur tends to decrease the calorific value of the coal, but if it 

exists as free sulphur it has a small heating value. The amount of 

available hydrogen above the ratio needed to satisfy the oxygen in 

the formation of water increases the heating value. The effect of 

oxygen, as already stated, is to reduce the heating value. David 

White * states that its effect in reducing the heating value is about the 

same as that of ash and that oxygen and ash are of nearly equal anticalorific importance. Nitrogen is inert and as a diluent reduces the 

heating value in proportion to its amount. Carbon has a heat of 

combustion about equal to that of pure anthracite and when not in 

combination with oxygen is the principal heat-producing element of 

coal.

EASE OF IGNITION.

Many of the coals of the State of Washington ignite much more 

easily than coal from the eastern part of 1 the United States. A 

splinter from almost any of the purer .Washington coals can be burned 

readily with a match, but the flame produced is usually not selfsustaining. The coking coal of Pierce County swells and sputters in 

the flame and shoots out burning gases in the form of little jets. 

Coal samples from Black Diamond, Ravensdale, and Roslyn burn 

with a long flame while a match is burning under them, but the flame 

dies out very soon after the match is removed. The subbituminous 

coals can be burned, but not so readily as the other coals. The coal 

from Fuca, Clallam County, is easily ignited, and the flame is selfsustaining in still air. The low-grade coal from Chehalis will give off 

a very dense smoke, but will not burn independent of the match. 

The cannel-like coal which occurs in pockets in the Mendota mine 

burns very readily and the flame is self-sustaining. This coal gives a 

much larger flame and more soot than any other cannel coal with 

which the writer is familiar. .

In general, those coals winch have the larger percentage of volatile 

matter in the analysis of the moisture-free sample ignite the more

J The effect of oxygen in coal: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 382,1909, p. 8.
22 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

readily. A small fragment of a coal containing about the same proportion of volatile matter as fixed carbon will sustain a flame after it 

has been ignited by the flame of a match. The coal from Clallam 

County has nearly 10 per cent more volatile matter than fixed carbon. 

The coal from Mendota, already referred to, is believed to have a still 

higher proportion of volatile matter. This appears to be the reason 

why these coals burn so readily. The coal occurring near Chehalis 

has much more volatile matter than fixed carbon, but the percentage 

of moisture is high, and this fact probably accounts for the difficulty 

encountered in igniting the gases from the coal. If the moisture 

could be driven off, the resulting coal would probably burn easily 

when ignited by a match.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COALS.

RESULTS OF PHYSICAL TESTS ON COALS SAMPLED.

The coal of the different groups has certain physical properties 

which, taken collectively, serve as a practical basis of considerable 

value for determining the character of the coal. The more important 

of these properties are as follows: 1 (a) Color: (1) of the coal, (2) of the 

streak, and (3) of the powder; (6) luster; (c) structure: (1) beds and 

(2) joints; (d) texture; (e) fracture; (/) coherence; (g) adherence 

of powder; (7i) flexibility; (i) elasticity; (j) hardness; (fc) impact; 

(I) specific gravity, and (m) mineral accessories. To these properties 

may be added those which result from combustion kind of flame, 

odor of smoke, and character of ash. Tests for most of these physical 

properties were made by the writer on about 100 samples during the 

field season and on about 20 other samples while.in the office.

The color of the coal ranges from pitch black to brownish black. 

Anthracite coal and the best grade of bituminous coal are pitch black. 

Impure bituminous coal, or bituminous coal with which a large 

amount of ash is intimately mixed, and subbituminous coals are 

grayish black, although fresh fractures of high-grade subbituminous 

coal are pitch black. Lignite has a distinctly brownish tinge. Coal 

from the vicinity of Centralia and Chehalis has only a faint touch of 

brown, and the classification of this coal is doubtful because it is very 

near the boundary line between low-grade subbituminous coal and 

high-grade lignite. No true brown lignite was observed by the writer.

The color of the streak on ungla'zed porcelain varies from black 

through dark brown and reddish brown to a light brown which is 

nearly yellow, and its relative blackness appears to indicate approximately the comparative value of the coal. Anthracite and the highest 

grade of bituminous coal have a black streak. Bituminous coal has

1 This list of physical properties is taken from a table made by a committee of geologists of the United 

States Geological Survey after extended experimentation with coal from all parts of the United States. 

The table is issued in pamphlet form for the field use of the members of the Federal Survey.
PHYSICAL PROPEKTIES OF THE COALS. 23

a dark-brown streak the darker the streak the better the coal. 

Subbituminous coal and high-grade lignite have a reddish-brown 

streak; the darker color is characteristic of subbituminous coal and 

the lighter color of high-grade lignite. The change of the reddishbrown streak from dark to light is approximately in proportion to the 

decrease in heating value and the increase in the moisture content of 

the coal. The only light^brown streak is given by the cannel-like 

coal which occurs in pockets and lenses in the low-grade subbituminous coal near Centralia. The streak of this coal is'nearly yellow. 

In general a large amount of ash intimately mixed with coal will 

produce a lighter streak than that given by a sample of the same 

grade of coal which does not contain so much ash. The difference of 

intensity of color of the streak of bituminous coal in different parts 

of the same bed is possibly due to the presence of ash in varying 

proportions.

The color of the powder ranges from black to reddish brown. With 

the powde'r as with the streaks, the degree of blackness seems to 

indicate approximately the quality of the coal, and the same general 

range of color applies to about the same classes of coal, except that 

the color of the powder is never so intense as that of the streak. 

Ash affects the color of the powder of bituminous coal much as it 

affects the color of the streak.

The difference in luster does not seem to follow closely the change 

in quality of the coals, although it serves to distinguish certain 

classes. With few exceptions anthracite and high-grade coking coals 

have a vitreous luster. Low-grade bituminous coal or coals-having a 

high ash content have a vitreous luster not nearly so. bright as that 

of the better grades. Subbituminous coal may have a slightly vitreous luster when freshly fractured, but it becomes dull on weathering. 

Coal from the vicinity of Centralia and Chehalis, when freshly fractured, has a dull, slightly satiny luster, which becomes dull and 

earthy in a short time. The luster of a fresh surface resembles that 

of impure cannel coal.

The bedding does not vary with the character of the coal. The 

anthracite and bituminous coals of the State have a bedded and 

banded structure. Some of the bituminous coals have a foliated 

structure, but this foliation occurs only in regions of extreme folding. 

In many places, notably near Centralia and Chehalis, subbituminous 

coal has massive structure.

The joints of the coal of the different groups are similar within the 

group. In the anthracite beds only the major joints are visible. 

The coal is considerably crushed in places and has irregular diagonal 

slips. The joints of the coking coal are very prominently developed, 

and the minor joints are so prominent that it is difficult to distinguish 

a system of major joints except where they pass through bony layers
24 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

or extend into the roof or floor. In many places the coal is so badly 

broken that it can be easily crushed in the hand. The noncoking 

bituminous coal has well-developed major joints. The face cleats 

(joints), which frequently extend into the roof and floor, are usually 

either in the. direction of the dip or at a small angle from it, and the 

butt cleats are nearly at right angles to the face cleats. The development of the major joints is more prominent in coal low in intrinsic 

ash that is, ash intimately mixed with the coal than in bony coal. 

The major joints range from an inch to about 2 feet apart. These 

are much more prominent in the purer coals, and they are scarcely, 

developed at all in the very bony coals. The subbituminous coal is 

generally broken by major joints, but the joints are much farther 

apart than in bituminous coal having the same percentage of intrinsic 

ash. The face joints are the more perfectly developed and usually 

occur from 6 inches to a foot apart. The butt joints are generally 

very poorly developed, as are also the minor joints in the few places 

where they are present. The low-grade coal near Centralia and 

Chehalis has a system of major joints, in places well developed, corresponding approximately to the dip. The joints are usually a foot 

or more apart, but may be found only an inch or two apart. The 

butt joints are scarcely noticeable, so that the coal breaks with a 

splintery end between the face joints. So far as the writer observed, 

minor joints are absent.

The texture of the coal appears to change with the ash content, 

and the differences are probably due to the manner of the original 

deposition of the coal. Pure anthracite has a dense texture. Bony 

coal associated with anthracite consists of layers of pure coal and of 

bony shale which give the whole a laminated texture. Good coking 

coal is so minutely jointed that it is difficult to determine the texture, 

and noncoking bituminous coal is laminated in proportion to the

amount of intrinsic ash. Subbituminous coal is generally laminated, 

although in places the lower grades show a woody texture. The 

texture of the coal in the vicinity of Centralia and Chehalis appears, 

at a casual glance, to be almost earthy, but close examination shows 

it to be slightly woody.

The fracture varies considerably, but is generally uniform in the 

same group. It appears to vary with the hardness, the amount 

of ash, and the amount of moisture. Anthracite has an irregular 

conchoidal fracture with very bright faces and sharp edges, which 

becomes splintery where there are bony layers. Bituminous coking 

coal has a cubical fracture, which is somewhat hackly where the 

joints are oblique. Bituminous noncoking coals have an irregular 

fracture which becomes progressively more splintery as the amount 

of intrinsic ash present in the coal increases. Subbituminous coals 

exhibit irregular conchoidal fracture, the amount of irregularity being
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OP THE COALS. 25

about in inverse proportion to the amount of moisture. The fracture 

of the coal near Chehalis and Centralia is somewhat conchoidalj but 

mostly splintery. This coal resembles cannel coal in physical 

appearance and this similarity probably explains the character of 

the fracture.

The coherence of the coal varies with the amount of ash and the 

degree of devolatilization or metamorphism. Coals high in ash are 

generally tough. Coals low in ash which have been altered to a good 

grade of bituminous or anthracite are generally brittle. Bituminous 

coking coal is as a rule very crumbly. Coal low in ash and high in 

moisture is generally, but not invariably, tough.

As explained on page 31, the adhesive power of the powder is in 

direct proportion to the coking quality of the coal. Anthracite coal 

does not adhere at all. The adhesive power of bituminous coking coal 

ranges from medium to good. Many bituminous coals show slight 

coking tendencies, and their powder adheres slightly, but they will 

not produce commercial coke. The other bituminous coals and the 

subbituminous coal give powders which do not adhere, but which pack 

to a greater or less degree between the mortar and the pestle.

The elasticity of coal appears to depend both on its hardness and on 

the amount of moisture it contains. Anthracite is fairly elastic. 

Medium-grade bituminous coal, notably that from Roslyn and the 

vicinity of Black Diamond and Bayne, is very elastic. , The pick, if 

not properly sharpened and squared, will often rebound from a face 

of these coals without cutting at all, and sometimes the strength of 

the recoil is very noticeable. High-grade bituminous coal which is 

finely jointed does not show elasticity because of the closeness of the 

joints and the distribution of the force of impact they effect. The 

elasticity of subbituminous coal and lignite probably increases with 

the amount of moisture.

The hardness of the coal appears to vary directly with the amount 

of devoiatilization or metamorphism, and inversely with the moisture 

content. As a rule the higher the percentage of fixed carbon and the 

lower the percentage of ash the harder is the coal; a notable exception 

among the Washington coals is that of the Fuca mine, Clallam County. 

This coal is somewhat high in moisture and very low in fixed carbon, 

which is only 90 per cent of the amount of volatile matter, but fresh 

samples compare favorably in hardness with the best grade of bituminous coal in the State.

The character of the impact depends on the hardness and the jointing of the coal. In general, the harder the coal the more metallic 

will be the impact, and the softer the coal and the more frequent the 

joints the duller will be the impact.

The specific gravity of the coal depends on the amount and kind 

of ash, the absence of moisture, the extent of devolatilization, and
26 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

consequently on" the percentage of fixed carbon. Anthracite has a 

specific gravity at least 10 per cent greater than bituminous coal, and 

bituminous coal a somewhat higher specific gravity than subbituminous coal and lignite. The bituminous coals of the State which are 

high m ash have a high specific gravity, as is shown by the greater 

specific gravity of the bony layers that are separated from the purer 

coal by washing. Coal containing a large amount of moisture is low 

in specific gravity, because the moisture, which forms a definite part 

of the mass, has a lower specific gravity than the average of the other 

constituents of coal which it replaces.

The mineral accessories vary considerably, but none except resin 

indicate the character of the coal'. Resin was not found in the State 

by the writer except in coal that is only slightly altered from its 

original state of deposition, such as the low-grade subbituminous coal 

of Thurston, Lewis, and Cowlitz counties, and to some extent the 

high-grade subbituminous coal of Lewis, Thurston, and King counties. 

Sulphur is found in coal of all kinds, from lignite to anthracite; the 

largest amount is found in the Fuca coal, which in the sample analyzed 

contains 5.97 percent. In this bed the sulphur is disseminated through 

the coal, or occurs as thin lenses of marcasite or pyrite'and as "niggerheads" in places several feet in maximum diameter. In the other 

coals the sulphur usually occurs in "sulphur" balls and "niggerheads" of varying sizes. The presence of mineral charcoal in the 

beds was not observed.

The character of the flame depends on the amount and character 

of the volatile combustible. Anthracite, which has a low percentage 

of volatile combustible, burns with a short blue flame, and oxidation 

of the combustible matter is practically complete. As a rule the bituminous coal of the State has a high percentage of volatile combustible. 

It burns with a long yellow flame and produces a large amount of 

smoke in an ordinary furnace. Under forced draft it produces a very 

high temperature in the uptake. Subbituminous coal and lignite also 

have a large percentage of volatile combustible and burn with a long 

yellow flame and the accompanying large amount of soot and smoke.

The odor of the gases resulting from the combustion of anthracite 

coal is mostly sulphurous. The prominence of this odor is probably 

due to the relatively small percentage of hydrocarbons in the coal. 

The odor of gases from bituminous and subbituminous coals is bituminous and is due to their large content of hydrocarbons, although 

sulphur frequently occurs in sufficient quantities to be distinctly 

noticeable. Lignite gives out, in combustion, an odor between bituminous and resinous.

The character and amount of ash depend on the amount of the 

original ash of the vegetable matter and on the amount of extraneous 

mineral matter represented by such impurities as partings, lenses,
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COALS. 27

"sulphur" balls, and roof and floor rock, which can not be readily 

separated in mining the coal and preparing it for market. Except in 

a very few of the high-grade bituminous coals and the low-grade coal 

in the vicinity of Chehalis, the amount of ash is generally medium or 

high. Coals having a white ash contain only a small amount of iron; 

a red ash indicates the presence of a larger quantity. The tendency of 

coal to clinker is believed to be due to the fusibility of the iron in the 

ash. Inasmuch as the use of coal for some purposes depends to a 

considerable extent on freedom from clinkers, coal having a white or 

light-colored ash is preferable to coal forming darker ashes. The 

fineness or coarseness of the ash depends to a considerable extent on 

the amount of intrinsic ash of the coal; those coals which have a low 

percentage of such ash burn completely, leaving a powder, and those 

which have a high percentage do not burn completely, but leave what 

is called a "core."

SUMMARY.

Anthracite coal has the following characteristic .physical properties: 

Black color, streak, and powder; pitch black, brilliant luster; massive 

or bedded structure with only major joints; dense texture; irregular 

conchoidal fracture with very bright faces and sharp edges; considerable elasticity; very hard, distinct, metallic ring on impact; high 

specific gravity; short blue flame with relatively little odor and no 

smoke on combustion.

Bituminous coal has the following characteristics: Black color and 

dark-brown streak and powder; bright vitreous or dull luster; structure generally banded by layers of slightly different character and 

more or less broken by joints; texture locally dense, but usually 

banded in proportion to the amount of intimately mixed ash; fracture 

varying from cubic through hackly and irregular to splintery; adherence of powder proportional to the coking quality of the coal; elasticity depending on the purity of the coal and the absence of joints; 

hardness variable but generally intermediate between that of anthracite and that of subbituminous coal; impact dependent on joints and 

less metallic than that of anthracite; specific gravity somewhat less 

than that of anthracite and greater than that of subbituminous coal; 

long flame and considerable smoke, with a distinctly bituminous odor 

on combustion.

Subbituminous coal exhibits the following characteristic physical 

properties: Black color, with a reddish-brown streak and powder; massive structure, in places slightly bedded and generally free from minor 

joints; -laminated, woody, or earthy texture; fracture generally conchoidal, but in some varieties cubical; adherence of powder very slight; 

considerable elasticity; hardness in inverse ratio to the moisture content ; dull impact; low specific.gravity; occasional occurrence of resin; 

long yellow, smoky, resinous or bituminous flame on combustion
28 COALS OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

and "slacking" on exposure to the air through loss of moisture. 

In point of coherences the coal is generally tough, but it may occasionally be brittle.

Lignite has the following physical properties: Brown color, with 

reddish-brown streak and powder; dull, woody, or earthy luster, in 

places slightly satiny, resembling cannel, when freshly fractured; 

massive structure between partings; structure having only large 

joints; fracture generally conchoidal, but locally splintery, resembling 

cannel; coherence usually tough; no adherence of powder; elasticity 

noticeably high; dull impact; low specific gravity; frequent occurrence of resin; long yellow, very sooty and smoky flame on combustion.

EFFECT OF EXPOSURE ON MOISTURE.

Coal high in moisture gives up a small percentage of moisture on 

 exposure to the air when not kept continually wet by precipitation 

or by artificial means. It is also believed that subbituminous coal 

and lignite, which have a very large percentage of moisture, give up 

a much larger amount if exposed immediately to dry air or the sun 

than they do after standing for some time exposed to mine air or 

moist air or after weathering when not exposed to excessive drying.

Two samples (Nos. 9089 and 9573) from the upper bench of the 

Hannaford mine at Tono were collected from the same face. Sample 

No. 9089 was perfectly fresh. It was obtained when the top coal 

was being drawn in a room of the lower bench. The can containing 

the sample was broken, however, in transit, exposing for only a few 

hours the sample to the atmosphere of a small mail sack which was 

not exposed to the sun. The coal was then transferred to a new can 

and sealed air tight. The work in this room of the mine was abandoned soon after the writer's visit. Nine weeks later a second visit 

was made to the mine to obtain another sample. The original channel from which the first sample was obtained was found intact. Two 

inches of the coal to the right of the channel was removed, after which 

the second sample (No. 9573) was cut by channeling across this face 

in the same manner as before. This sample was exposed to the 

mine air about nine weeks and was, therefore, presumably slightly 

weathered. The total moisture content, however, of the two samples 

was nearly the same, and is about the same as in other samples 

obtained in this mine. This indicates that very little moisture evaporated from the coal during its exposure to the mine atmosphere. 

A computation from the moisture content of the two samples shows 

that 23.8 per cent of the total moisture of the first sample (No. 9089) 

was retained after air drying, as compared with 66.5 per cent of the 

second sample (No. 9573). In the other samples the amount of 

moisture retained was as follows: No. 9095, 26.3 per cent; No. 9094, 

24.3 per cent; No. 9096, 26.4 per cent. The average of the three is
PHYSICAL PROPEBTIES OF THE COALS. 29

.25.7 per cent. In July two cars of run-of-mine coal from the lower 

bench were shipped from the mine to Pittsburg, Pa., and the analysis 

(No. 8752) of the coal as it reached the laboratory is given in the 

accompanying table (p. 75). This analysis shows that 71.9 per cent 

of the total moisture which reached the laboratory was retained on 

air drying, or 58.7 per cent of the total moisture which left the mine, 

which is about 2£ times the average-held by the mine samples.

M. II. Campbell referred the writer to a similar change which took 

place in a car sample of North Dakota lignite collected by him in 

1905 and tested at the fuel-testing plant of the United States Geological Survey at St. Louis, Mo. 1 In two mine samples, No. 1971 

retained 15.4 per cent of the total moisture on air drying and No. 

1972 retained 20.8 per cent. A car sample contained 68.1 per cent 

of its total moisture after air drying, or about 47.3 per cent of the 

total moisture it contained before drying in transit and storage. 

Campbell reports that the coal was shipped in a closed car from the 

mine to St. Louis, but that all the storage bins were full when it 

arrived at the laboratory and the sample was dumped in a pile in the 

open air. It had stood exposed to the air for some time when it was 

finally analyzed and tested.

The effect of exposure during transportation on carload samples of 

the same kind of coal is shown by the test and analyses of the other 

sample's from North Dakota in the same report. In a mine sample 

(No. 1730) 19.5 per cent of the original moisture was retained, but 

in the carload sample No. 2365 from the same mine 52.1 per cent 

of the moisture content of the coal on arrival at the laboratory, or 

42.5 per cent of the content when the coal left the mine, was retained 

after air drying. Mine samples Nos. 1935 and 1938 and car sample 

No. 2243 were taken from another mine. Sample No. 1935 retained 

20.3 per cent and No. 1938 held 20 per cent of the moisture after 

air drying. The car sample No. 2243 retained. 64.7 per cent of the 

moisture that reached the laboratory or 53.5 per cent of the moisture 

that left the mine.

The result of these comparisons indicates that subbituminous coal 

and lignite which contain a large amount of moisture give up a greater 

percentage of their moisture in the laboratory process of air drying, 

if taken from a fresh face and sent immediately from the mine to the 

laboratory in air-tight cans, than they do if exposed to the circulation 

of air in the mine, or in transit to the laboratory, or in storage while 

awaiting analysis.

The conclusion is that upon exposure to the atmosphere in the mine, 

in transportation, or in storage, the relation to the coal of at least a 

part of the moisture content is so altered that it is not given up readily in the ordinary method of air drying. It is not known whether

1 Preliminary report on the operations of the fuel-testing plant of the United States Geological Survey 

at St. Louis, Mo., 1905; Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 290, 1906, p. 135.
30 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. ° 

this is a physical or a chemical change. It is hoped that experimentation will be carried on which will determine the character of this 

alteration.

Inasmuch as the amount of weathering and the amount of moisture 

retained by the weathered sample will vary with an innumerable 

combination of conditions, the only uniformity in the air-drying loss 

of low-grade coal will be found in samples from unweathered coal 

analyzed as soon as received at the laboratory. The air contained in 

the interstices of the coal in the can probably has some effect on the 

moisture,-but if the sample is ground in the mine so as to pass through 

a £-inch to £-inch mesh and packed in the can the amount of air is 

reduced nearly to a minimum. A finer reduction of the fragments 

would probably allow the air in the pore spaces to affect the finer particles more readily, since the mass of a fragment is much smaller in 

proportion to its diameter and the surface exposed to the air is much 

greater in proportion to the mass in small pieces of coal than in large 

pieces. A mixture of large pieces with the spaces packed with smaller 

fragments would be the best way of reducing the effect of the air to a 

minimum, but .this method would not produce a representative sample and consequently should not be used.

Samples of coal high in moisture, analyzed in commercial laboratories, show considerable variation in the amount of moisture from 

the same mine, due probably to different methods-of sampling, to drying in transit, and to alteration of the relation of the moisture to the 

.coal by exposure to the air all causes which may be ultimately reduced to lack of uniformity in the methods of sampling and transportation to the laboratory. Discrepancies are generally due to the 

following circumstances: (1) Samples are not taken from fresh faces 

of unweathered coal; (2) samples are not cut uniformly from the face 

of the COal; (3) the coal is not ground and.sealed in the mine or under 

atmospheric conditions similar to those existing at the face where the 

sample was taken; (4) the coal is not always ground and sealed immediately after being cut and is frequently exposed to the air for a considerable length of time; (5) the coal is not always pulverized to the 

same size and thoroughly mixed, quartered, and packed in an airtight can; (6) the sample is not always sealed in an air-tight can 

packed full, but is frequently shipped to the laboratory in a box 

or sack which admits of more or less circulation of the atmosphere; 

(7) the sample is not always sent so as to reach the laboratory in the 

shortest possible time and is therefore exposed to the air for varying 

lengths of time; (8) the coal is not always analyzed as soon as it reaches 

the laboratory. It is hoped that in the future commercial, samples 

will be taken by the method herein described, so that the results will 

be mutually comparable, as well as comparable with the Government 

work.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

B

A

MORTARS AND PESTLES.

A. Showing adherence of powder of coal from the Roslyn bed at Clealum, Kittitas County. 

li. Showing adherence of powder of coal from the Roslyn bed at Beekman, Kittitas County. 

C'. Showing poor adherence of powder of noncoking bituminous coals. 

1). Showing adherence of powder of the best coking coals of Washington. 

E. Showing adherence of powder of Pocahontas (West Virginia) coal.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COALS. 31 

COKING COAL OF WASHINGTON BY PISHEL TEST.

M. A. Pishel 1 found by experimentation on a large number of samples of coal from different parts of the United States that the best coking coal, when finely pulverized in an agate mortar, adheres very 

strongly both to the mortar and to the pestle and can be removed 

only by rubbing or washing, and that noncoking coal does not adhere 

either to the mortar or to the pestle. This test was applied to nearly 

all the coals sampled by the writer. In making the test a dry sample 

is selected from each bench in the bed, or from each part of a bench 

if the bed is not uniform. A small quantity of the coal is pulverized 

in a mortar until it will pass through a 100-mesh sieve, and after the 

pulverized coal has been poured from the mortar the amount and character of the adhesion of the powder to the pestle and the mortar are 

observed. Stages of adhesion range from that of a deep covering of 

greasy or gummy powder, resembling iron filings clustered on the poles 

of a magnet, which adheres so strongly to the surface that it can be removed with difficulty, to that of thin films of powder which will 

scarcely soil the finger. Between these two extremes was found to 

be complete gradation. Coal which adhered fairly well was .found to 

produce a fair grade of coke. Coal which adhered only slightly 

formed a poorer grade of coke and then only under the most favorable 

conditions for coking. The scale of adhesion given by Pishel in describing his test is used in Table 3 of this report. By this scale coking 

coals are graded in respect to coking qualities as poor, medium, good, 

and excellent.

The author experimented while in the field with mortars of different composition to ascertain if possible whether the coal would 

adhere to substances other than agate. Porcelain, glass, earthenware, and iron mortars were used, and the powder of coking coal adhered to all; the powder adhered to a piece of flat glass just as well 

as to the mortar, but it was more'difficult to reduce the powder to the 

proper degree of fineness on the flat surface. It appears that a 

powder must be of a certain degree of fineness in order to show the 

property of adhesion. Pocahontas (W.'Va.) coal, powdered both on 

smooth and rough surfaces, was found to adhere provided the surface 

was not too soft or too rough to admit of the reduction of the particles 

to the proper size. In general a hard smooth surface is preferable, 

because the use of such a surface insures a finer and more uniform 

powder. (See PI. II.)

The following table shows the results of the tests on the bituminous 

coals of Washington examined and on a sample of Pocahontas coal 

from Virginia:

i A practical test for coking coals: Econ. Geology, vol. 3,19.08, pp. 205-275%
Results of Pishel coking test on bituminous coals o

Mine or operator.

Big Six Coal Co. ....................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do...............................................

Do..............................................

Do....................... .......................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do ................................. . ............

Do.......................... ....................

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Do .................................--.......;..':

Do.......:.................-.......--..-........

DO. ..:..................................:....... DO...:...-..:....................................

Do........................:.............-........

DO...................'..............-.-..:.......

Do..............................................

locality.

.....do. ...............

.....do. ...............

......do................

.....do................

..... do. ............... .

.....do........----.-..

.....do................

.....do. ...............

AVilkcson.

.....do................

.....do................

Ladd.. ...............

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

......do................

.....do.. ..............

.....do.................

.....do................

.....do... .............

.....do... .............

.....do.................

.....do... .............

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Coal bed.

No. 1..................

No. 2..... .............

No. 5..................

No. 9..................

"No. 11...........:.....

No. 2..................

No. 4..................

No. 5..................

No.-G..... .............

No. 2..................

No.3. ................

No. 4.................

No. 2..................

No.3..................

No. 4..................

No. 1. .................

No.-2,. ................

No. 1..................

No.3..................

No. 5..................

No. 4.................

No. 6, lower bench. . . . No. 2..................

No.3.................

.....do................

No. 4..................

No. 5.................

McKay.......... '.....

K ind of co

produced

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

:....do....

Good.....

.....do....

.....do....

Good.....

.....do....
W

^

r

Do. .............................................

Northwestern Improvement Co. No. o. ..............

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do..............................................

Do. .............................................

Do..............................................

Do. .............................................

Do.....'...............----...............-..-...

Do. .............................................

Do.:......................................-.....

Do. .............................................

Do..............................................

DC..............................................

Do. .............................................

Do..............................................

Do......................................:.......

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do...... ..........

.....do................

Franklin..............

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

Fair/ax...............

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................

.....do................ 

.....do................

.....do................

No. 1..................

No. 3..... .............

No. 6..................

No. 2..................

No. 3..................

No.l..................

No. 2.................

No. 3....... ...........

No. 3..................

No. 7.......... ........

No. 3.. ................

No. 4..................

No. 5....... ...........

No. 2..................

No. 3..................

No. 7..................

.....do......

Poor........

.....do......

.....do......

.....do..'....

.....do......

Good........

.....do......

Good........

Good.......

......do......

.....do......

Gbod .......

.....do.....

.....do.....

.....do......

.....do.....

.....do......

a Semibituminous.
34 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

IMPURITIES.

The impurities which have the most important effect upon the 

quality and commercial value of. the Washington coals are sulphur, 

moisture, and ash.

SULPHITE.

The amount of sulphur in the coal of this State is generally very 

small. Only a few samples show more than 2 per cent. The sulphur 

is either disseminated through the main mass of the coal, or occurs 

in the form of lenses, nodules, and irregular masses of marcasite or 

pyrite. In the latter form the marcasite or pyrite is associated 

with other minerals, such as silica and iron, and is considered as 

ash when its amount is too small to be easily removed in preparing 

the coal for the market.

MOISTURE.

Moisture is present in amounts depending on the metamorphism 

of the coal. Anthracite has very little moisture. Bituminous coal 

has from 2 to 12 per cent, about half of which is given up on air 

drying. Subbituminous coal has from 9 to 25 per cent of moisture, 

and gives up from one-third to three-fourths of this when air-dried. 

As a general rule coal that is high in moisture slacks on exposure to 

air and sparks readily under forced draft. It is therefore of much 

less commercial value than coal that is low in moisture.

ASH. .

The amount of ash in a coal and its condition and origin have 

very great effects both on the preparation of the coal for use and on 

its market value, and accordingly the cost of reducing the amount of 

ash in a coal as it is mined is one of the most important factors in 

determining the economic value of a coal bed. Washington coal 

as it comes from the mine has a large amount of ash, due to varying 

combinations of inorganic material derived from the vegetable matter 

from which the coal was formed, extraneous material which became 

mixed more or less intimately with the carbonaceous material during 

accumulation, vein material deposited after the coal was formed, 

and broken or shaly roof or floor material that " slacks," scales off, 

or mixes with the coal in mining.

The ash derived from the vegetal material which formed the 

coal consists of the remains of the organisms contributary to the 

formation of the coal, and it may be termed "original" or "residual." 

Those plants which contain a large amount "of inorganic material will 

tend to produce a coal of high ash content, other conditions being 

equal.
IMPURITIES. 35

Addition to the residual ash is brought about by several processes 

and conditions. The rate of accumulation of the layers of peat from 

which the coal was formed is one of the factors. If a layer 1 inch 

thick accumulates in so short a time that the organic matter does not 

have a chance to decay, the resulting coal will be lower in ash than 

if the layer had resulted from a relatively long period of accumulation 

and far advanced decay.

.Ash that is more or less intimately mixed with the coal but not. 

derived from the original organic debris is either of eolian origin 

or has been laid down as sediment or deposited from solution. In 

some places ash of this kind has been deposited in the form of minute 

veins by precipitation from mineralized waters after the coal was 

formed. Many beds of peat, such as those of the northern part of 

Iowa and those of the salt marshes bordering the Atlantic coast, 

contain a large amount of ash in the form of dust or sand derived 

from the adjoining regions. The amount of meteoric material 

included in coal depends on the length of time required for the 

deposition of the organic material; on whether climatic, physiographic, and geologic conditions of the adjoining region were favorable to slow or rapid formation of dust or sand; and on whether 

meteoric conditions were favorable to the transportation of dust to 

the bog or marsh in which the coal measures were forming.

The intimately mixed ash resulting from sedimentation is brought 

from adjacent land areas by surface waters. This sediment is 

usually very fine and is deposited as silt in the interstices between 

the fragments of organic material as they accumulate in the bog or 

marsh. A very small amount of this extraneous matter is hot visible 

in coal, but larger amounts produce the various stages of impure 

coal, bony coal, bone, carbonaceous shale, and-the like.

 Incoming water carries in solution varying quantities of mineral 

matter. -If the water of the bog or marsh is not drained off, but 

is removed by evaporation, the minerals will sooner or later reach 

their saturation point and will be precipitated, forming minerals 

that mix with the particles of organic material and form a part of 

the ash.

The ash that is separate from the coal occurs as partings, lenses, 

nodules, concretions, and veins. It originates at the time of the 

formation of the coal, in part from eolian or meteoric dust or sand, 

but principally from mineral matter dissolved or suspended in water. 

It may also be formed in the bed after the organic material has been 

deposited during the different stages in the alteration of the coal.

If at any time in the formation of a coal bed conditions are such 

that the organic material in the bog or marsh decays completely, the 

ash of the bed will accumulate in a layer free from carbonaceous matter. This layer will be a parting in the bed if it is not removed before
36 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the further deposition of the coal-forming substances. If conditions 

for a short time allow the carrying of extraneous material into the 

area of accumulation greatly in excess of the rate of formation of 

the coal, it will be deposited in a layer or lens in the coal.

In places small veins of calcite, selenite, quartz, or other minerals 

occur in the coal. These veins probably originate by deposition 

from mineralized water in the joints of the coal at some stage in its 

devolatilization or development. In the State of Washington veins 

of calcite up to half an inch in thickness occur in the lower part of 

the bed No. 2 at the Ladd mine (p. 160). Ash also occurs in the 

form of nodules, such as "niggerheads" and "sulphur" balls. The 

mode of origin of these nodules is not known, although it is believed 

that they were formed during the deposition or subsequent to the 

formation of the coal. They vary from a fraction of an inch to several 

feet in maximum diameter. Several layers of this material occur in 

the Iloslyn bed as definite partings and extend for some distance. 

The great specific gravity of impurities of tjiis kind, together with 

their other physical characteristics, makes it possible to separate 

them from the lighter coal by washing and from the lump coal by 

picking.

The amount of ash in commercial coal depends to a large extent 

on the character of the roof and floor and the amount and prominence 

of the joints. In some of the mines in the area of low-grade coal in 

Thurston, Lewis, and Cowlitz counties the rocks overlying and 

underlying the beds are very poorly indurated and are consequently 

mixed with the coal in mining. In some places the rocks are indurated, but they disintegrate on exposure and break off in slabs which 

mingle with the coal. Unless great care is taken to remove this 

extraneous material, the amount of ash is likely to be so large as to 

materially reduce the value of the commercial coal. In the areas of 

high-grade bituminous coking coals the coal is minutely jointed. 

The joints affect not only the coal, but many of the partings, and 

frequently the roof and floor, so that it requires the most refined 

methods of washing to remove the impurities that become mixed with 

the coal during the process of mining.

With very few exceptions, the Washington coal beds contain one 

or more partings of sand, shale, or clay, some of which material mixes 

with the coal in mining and therefore increases the ash in the commercial coal.- The percentages of ash in the analyses accompanying 

this report are almost invariably higher than they would have been 

if clean coal had been taken. The partings are either too thin to be 

removed economically or they resemble the coal so closely in physical properties that they can not be completely separated by any 

method so far devised.
COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON. 37 

COMPARATIVE QUALITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COALS.

The coal of the State ranges from low-grade subbituminous to 

anthracite. In general, variation in the character and quality of 

the coals is regional rather than local, although many of the beds 

are locally burned out or altered to coke. In his reports on Washington coal, Willis l makes the following statement regarding the coal 

in the Green River district near Black Diamond: "Beyond the area 

of this mechanical influence the coal changes into lignite by transition within a single bed." The name of the bed concerning which 

this statement was made is not given. The writer looked for evidence to verify this statement while in the field, but was unable to 

find any. It seems possible from Willis's rep.ort that he considered 

that the subbituminous bed at Danville.might be the continuation of 

the McKay bed at Black Diamond. The identity of these two beds 

has not been established, and at present all the evidence available 

points to the conclusion that they are different beds. In general, 

anthracite and bituminous coal occur nearer the main axis of the 

Cascade Mountains, and subbituminous coal occurs farther from the 

range and nearer the center of the Puget Sound depression. In the 

depression between Puget Sound and Columbia River the coal is subbituminous. None of the coals at the mines and prospects visited 

by the writer were typical brown lignite. The coal at the Union 

Coal Co.'s mine, near Littell, and that in Cowlitz County are brownish black in color, and probably they are nearest to true lignite. The 

coal at the Hannaford mine, at Tono, is the only distinctly subbituminous coal in the district. The Mendota coal is on the border line 

between the two groups, but should probably be classed as a lowgrade subbituminous coal. It is slightly brownish black, contains 

much more moisture than the average subbituminous coal, and much 

less moisture than the lignite of North Dakota. In the western part 

of King County subbituminous coal occurs in an area lying between 

Renton, Danville, and sec. 13, T. 24 N., R. 6 E. This coal is grayish 

black, contains a large amount of moisture, and slacks when exposed 

to the direct r&ys of the sun. East of this area and south of Snoqualmie River, in King County, most of the coal is bituminous except 

where it is altered locally by igneous action to coke. At Kummer, 

south of Franklin, several beds contain a large amount of moisture 

and slack on exposure to the sun. The coal of Kittitas and Pierce 

counties is bituminous. In Pierce County the coal from the lower 

part of the formation carries less ash and has a greater heating value 

than that from beds higher in the formation. The bituminous coal

i Willis, Bailey, Some coal fields of Puget Sound: Eighteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 3, 

1898, p. 402, and Willis, Bailey, and Smith, 0. O., Tacoma folio (No. 54), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. 

Survey, 1899.
38 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

at Ladd appears to be the southward .continuation of the bituminous 

area of Pierce County. The coal of Clallam County has been described 

in previous reports as lignite, but the coal of that area with which the 

writer is familiar lacks the physical properties of lignite and should 

be classed as bituminous. It is possible, however, that coal from 

other beds in the district is subbituminous or even lignite. The coal 

of the Bellingham and Skagit River regions is reported much jointed, 

very friable, and so high in fixed carbon that it is considered a very 

good grade of bituminous or, possibly, semibituminous coal. Specimens of coal from Skagit County, which the writer saw at the AlaskaYukon-Pacific Exposition, indicated that it was nearer semibituminous than any other coal seen in the State. The anthracite district 

at the head of Cowlitz River, in Lewis County, is the only one visited 

by the writer, although a second anthracite are a'is reported on Glacier 

Creek, near Mount Baker, in Whatcom County.

COMMERCIAL USE OF THE COAL.

The commercial value of the Washington coal depends chiefly on' 

the composition of the particular coals and on the distance of the mine 

from markets.

The anthracite is not used at the present time for lack of transportation facilities. The demand for anthracite for domestic use is 

great, but the prevailing price is so high that the better grades of 

bituminous coal must be utilized instead.

The bituminous coal has various uses. The coals from, the McKay 

field in King County, from Pittsburg and the easternmost beds at 

South Willis, from beds Nos. 3 and 4 at Ladd, and from the Roslyn 

bed at Clealum and Roslyn are free burning and noncoking. They 

burn rapidly and produce a very hot fire, but the fire must be fed 

more frequently and with smaller quantities of coal than when coking coal is used. Coals of this type that are not too high in ash have 

a good heating value, and are valuable for domestic use and for generating steam, and the Roslyn coal is used extensively in the eastern 

part of the State. The coals from the remainder of the eastern part 

of King County, from the rest of Pierce County, from bed No. 2 at 

Ladd, from Cokedale, in Skagit County, and from the west end of 

the Roslyn field coke to a greater or less degree. Coal from Cokedalej Snoqualmie, Burnett, Wilkeson, Carbonado, Fairfax, Monte-^ 

zuma, and bed No. 2 at Ladd have been used for coking, and at the 

present time practically the entire output of the Wilkeson, Fairfax, 

and Montezuma mines is being used in the manufacture of metallurgical and foundry coke. Coke of various grades has been made from 

the other coals, and those that have not been coked show fair coking 

tendencies by the Pishel test. (See p. 31.) All these coals are high 

in volatile matter and produce a hot fire; they ignite easily and, on
COMMERCIAL USE OF THE COAL. 39

account of their coking tendencies, hold the fire much longer than 

the free-burning coals. They are used very generally for domestic 

.purposes and for generating steam. The coal from Burnett, Wilkeson, Carbonado, the west end of the Koslyn field, and several other 

places in the region is used to a considerable extent in the manufacture of illuminating gas. Some of the coal, notably the washed coal 

from Wilkeson, Fairfax, and Montezuma, is used in blacksmithing, 

but the finer kinds of welding are done with coal imported from the 

Eastern States.

Experiments on both classes of bituminous coal, designed to test 

their suitability for naval use, indicate that their content of ATolatile 

combustible matter is too high to permit their use in the boilers now 

in service, because they produce too high temperature in the uptake 

and an excessive amount of soot. The introduction of furnaces that 

will consume the gases before they leave the combustion chamber 

might make possible the employment'of many of these coals Oil naval 

vessels. They are now used by Pacific steamships whose requirements are not so exacting as those of the Navy, by railroads, and 

for domestic and commercial purposes.

Subbitumiiious coal is produced in the vicinity of Issaquah, Newcastle, Renton, Cedar Mountain, and Danville, in King County, and 

near Tono, in Thurston County. On account of the large amount of 

moisture in this kind of coal, it swells and crumbles readily when 

placed on a fire. With forced draft, the pieces resulting from the 

crumbling are blown out with the smoke in considerable quantities, 

so that much of the fuel is wasted and in infiammable structures considerable risk of fire is entailed. Owing to the high percentage of 

combustible volatile matter in the coal, a large amount of soot is 

formed and the temperature in the uptake is rather high. This coal 

is used mainly for domestic purposes, or by steam boilers having 

natural draft. A fire made with this coal in furnaces and stoves is 

very hot when there is sufficient natural draft but cools very rapidly 

when the supply of air is shut off. As a rule the coal does not hold 

a fire nearly so long as bituminous coal: Subbituminous coal is used 

by some of the steamships of the Pacific Coast Steamship Co., and 

to some extent by railroads, besides supplying the domestic and commercial needs of the cities and towns near Puget Sound.

The low-grade subbiturninous coal from Thurston, Lewis, and Cowlitz 

counties is high in moisture and crumbles readily when exposed to 

the sun or air. It must be used within a short time after 'it is brought 

from the mine or it will crumble to pieces and fall through the grate. 

When placed upon a hot fire, it crumbles and swells very rapidly, 

and forms a great many sparks. Owing to the high percentage of 

volatile combustible matter contained in it a great deal of soot is 

formed unless proper precautions are taken to assure the complete
40 COALS OP THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

combustion of the gases. The great amount of moisture in this coal 

gives it a lower heating value than the other coals in the State, and 

consequently it is not in very great demand except where better coal 

is scarce and high in price. Most of this coal is used by the local 

trade or is shipped south, away from the centers of mining of the 

coal of better grades. It is used almost entirely for domestic purposes and for stationary boilers with natural draft.

The rapid growth in the utilization of producer gas for the generation of power is opening a way for the use of low-grade subbituminous coal and lignite. Campbell 1 sets forth the value of these lowgrade coals in the production of producer gas, and points out as 

essential features the facts that low-grade coal yields practically 

double or more than double the amount of. power in the producer that 

it will yield in a steam plant, and that low-grade fuels, such as North 

Dakota and Texas lignite and Florida peat, yield more power in the 

producer than the best West Virginia coal under the ordinary type of 

steam boiler. These experimental results make it hopeful that it will 

soon be possible to build and conduct producer plants satisfactorily 

on a commercial scale. Low-grade coal, which now is disposed of 

with difficulty, will then find a ready market.

1 Campbell, M. R., Recent improvements in the utilization of coal: Econ. Geology, vol. 2,April-May, 

1907.
Analyses of coal samples from the Slate of Washi

[A. C. Fieldner, chemist in charge.] 

Clallam Gtmnty.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Fuca, 6 miles east of Clallam.

Laboratory 

No.

10030

Location.

Quarter.Section.

25

Township.

32 N.

Range.

12 W.

Page.o

77

Airdrying 

loss.

3.4

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . .

Proximate

Moisture.

11.2 

8.1

Volatile 

matter.

40.0 

41.4 

45.0 

52.5

Fi

c

b

Cowlitz County.6

Do ...................

Do...................

«6760

dG760

6761

9N.

9N.

9N.

4 W.

4 W.

4 W.

79

79

79

15.24

22.22

16.26

36.28

42.80

55.12

33.30

42.81

55.12

36.33

43.38

54.72

2

3

4

2

3

4

3

3

4

King County.

Prospect 3 miles north of

Issaquah.

9291 SW. 13 24 N. 6E. 81 9.7 As received . . .

Air dried......

Pure coal......

17.5

8.7

31.2

34.5

37.8

44.7

a Section of coal bed and description of sample are given on the pa^e indicated.

& These analyses were not made hi the fuel-testing laboratory of the Geological Survey.
Analyses of coal samples from, the State of Washingto

King County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Grand Ridge, 3 miles east 

of Issaquah, No. 1 bed.

Grand Ridge, 3 miles east 

of Issaquah, No. 2 bed.

Grand Ridge, 3 miles east 

of Issaquah, No. 3 toed.

Grand Ridge, 3 miles east 

of Issaquah, No. 4 bed.

Grand Ridge, 3. miles east 

of Issaquah, No. 7 bed.

Grand Ridge, 3 miles east 

of Issaquah, washed 

coal.

Issaquah at Issaquah, No. 

4 bed.

Laboratory 

No.

8544 

8545 

11736 

11737 

11738 

9883 

8542

Location.

Quarter.

NW. 

NW. 

NE.

NE. 

NE.

NE.

Section.

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

26 

33

Township.

24 N. 

24 N. 

24 N. 

24 N. 

24 N. 

' 24 N. 

24 N.

Range.

6 E. 

6 E. 

6 E.

6 E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E.

Page.

 81 

81 

81 

82 

82 

82 

83

Airdrying 

loss.

0.1 

3.8 

9.0 

9.6 

10.6 

8.5 

8.0

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

As received . . . 

Air dried..... .

Dry coal......

Dry coal ......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . .

Dry coal ..'.... 

Pure coal......

Proxima

Moisture.

14.2

8.7

13.8 

10.4

15.9

7.6

15.6 

6.6

16.5

6.5

18.0 

10.4

17.9 

10.7

Volatile 

matter.

30.3 

32.3 

35.3

32.4 

33.7 

37.6 

47.3

36.0

39.6

42.8

48.4

33.4 

37.0

39.6

52.4

34.6

38. 8

41.5

48. 8

33.5 

36.6 

40.8 

49.3

29.2 

31.8

35.6 

40.1

F
Issaquah at Issaquah, No. 

5 bed.

Superior, 1J miles southwest of Issaquah, Main 

bed.

Superior, 14. miles southwest of Issaquah, No. 0 

bed.

Ford at Coal Creek, Muldoon bed.

Do.

Do.

Ford' at Coal Creek, No. 3 

bed.

Do.

Ford at Coal Creek, No. 4 

bed.

Bagley at Coal Creek, Bag- Jagley U] 

ley No. 1 bed.

8543

8547

9163

9166

9168

9164

9167

9170

SE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

33

32

32

27

26

25

25

26

24 N.

24 N.

24 N.

24 N.

24 N.

24 N.

24 N.

24 N.

24 N.

6E,

6E.

6E.

5E.

5E.

5E.

5E,

5E.

5E.

5E.

83

84

84

86

86

SO

86

87

6.6

5.3

4.3

9.7

7.2

7.1

8.6

9.7

6.6

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received.. . 

Air dried.. ....

Pure coal......

As received.. . 

Air dried......

As received.. . 

Air dried..... .

As received. . .

As received . . . 

' Air dried.... . .

As received. ... 

Air dried......

Pure coal .......

As received: . . 

Air dried.... . .

Pure coal......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

15.1 

9.1

12.8 

7.9

12.4

8.5

14.3 

5.1

13.1 

6.3

12.8 6 9

14.5 

6.4

14.5 

5.2

14.8 

6.5

12.1 

5.8

29.4 

31.4 

34.6

39.9

28.5 

30.1 

32.7

39.5 

29.7

31.0

33.9

41.5

31.5 

34.9 

.36.8

A*y 7

34.7 

37.4 

39.9

46.8

35. 8 

38.5

41.1

30.9 

33.8 

36.1

32.5 

36.0 

38.0

41.6

33.3 

36.5 

39.1

43.3

36.8 

39.4 

41.9

47.5

44

47

5

6

4

4

5

6

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

3

4

4

5

4

 4

5

4

4

5

5

4

5

5

5

4

4

5

5

4

4

4

5
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washington 

King County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Baglev at Coal Creek, Bagley No. 2 bed.

Do...................

Denny-Renton at Renton, 

No. 1 bed.

Do.. .................

Renton at Renton, No. 2 

bed.

Renton at Renton, No. 3 

bed.

Do.....................

Laboratory 

No.

9171 

9169 

9154 

9155 

9158 

9159 

9160

Location.

Quarter.

NE.

NE. 

SW. 

NW. 

NE. 

NE. 

NE.

Section.

25 

25 

17 

20 

20 

20 

20

Township.

24 N. 

24 N. 

23 N. 

23 N. 

23 N. 

23 N. 

23 N.

Range.

5 E. 

5E. 

5E. 

5E.

5E. 

5E. 

5E.

Page.

87 

87 

89 

89 

90 

91 

90

Airdrying 

loss.

4.6 

7.5 

8.1 

8.9 

7.2 

7.2 

8.1

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . .

As received.. .

Pure coal...... 

As received.. .

Pure coal..... 

As received.. .

As received. . . 

Air dried......

As received. . .

As received. . . 

Air dried ......

Pure coal......

Proximate

Moisture.

9.3 

4.9

12.3 

5.2

16.3 

8.9

16.8 

8.7

14.5 

7.9

14.6 

8.0

14.4 

6.9

Volatile 

matter.

39.9 

41.9 

44.0 

52.1

36.8 

39.7 

41.9 

48.0

32.1 

35.0 

38.4 

44.9

32.2 

35.4 

38.7 

45.2

31.8 

34.3 

37.2 

45.0

34.0 

36.6

on Q

45.0

36.1 

39.2 

42.1

46.2

Fi

c

b

3

4

4

3

4

4

5

3

4

4

5

3

4

4

5

3

4

4

5

4

4

4

5

4

4

5
Do...................

Do...................

Do................ ..

Do...................

Do...................

Do............'.......

Reuton at Ke.nton,washod 

pea coal.

mine coal. 

Danville at Danville.. . . ..

Ravensdale No. 1 at Ravensdale, No. 3 bed.

.9157

9156

9.161

0162

2455

2450

2687 

26S6

9323 

9266

SE.

SE.

PE.

SE.

SE.

NE.

sw.

NE.

17

19

?0

?0

?0

20 

20

 24 

36

23 N.

23 N.

23 N.

23 N.

23 IsT .

2?. X.

2:5 N.

23 N.

 22 N. 

22 N\

5E.

5E.

5E.

5E.

5E.

5E.

5E. 

5E.

6E. 

6E.

90

91

90

90

92

92

93

7.5

7.2

10.0

9.5

9.9

12.9

10.7

9.6

10.9

3.6

As received.. .

Air dried.. ....

Dry coal ......

Pure coal......

As received. . .

Air dried......

Dry coal..... .

Pure coal......

As received . . .

Air dried......

Dry coal.......

Pure coal......

As received...

Air dried......

Dry coal ......

Pure coal......

As received

Air dried......

Drvcoal......

Pure coal..... .

As received

Air dried.... ..

Dry coal ......

Pure coal......

As received.. .

Air dried... ...

Dry coal ......

Pure coal..... .

As received . . .

Air dried......

Dry coal.

Pure coal......

As received . . .

Air dried......

Dry coal.......

Pure coal......

As received . . .

Air dried......

Drv coal ......

Pure coal. .....

14.7

7.8

14.2

7.5

.......

1C. 3

7.0

.......

15.0

6.1

16.2

7.0

18.0

5.8

16.0

( .0

14.3

5.2

1S.1

8.1

9.0

5.6

33.2

36.9

3S. 9

45.0

35.5

38.3

41.4

45.4

31.9

35.5

38. 1

42.4

35.4

39.1

41.6

44.7

35.7

39.6

42. 5

47.5

35.1

40.4

42. S

47.3

31.4

35.1

37.4

43.3

33.0

36.fi

38. 5

44.4

32.6

36.5

39. S

44.1

35. 3

36.7

38. 8

44.9
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingto

King County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Ravensdale No. 1 at Ravensdale, No. 4 bed.

Ravensdale No. 1 at Ravensdale, No. 5 bed.

Do...................

I 

Do. ..................

Do................:..

Do...................

Laboratory 

No.

9267 

9270 

9274 

9271 

9272 

9273

Location.

Quarter.

NE. 

NW. 

NE.

NE. 

NE. 

NE.

Section.

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36

Township.

22 N. 

22 N. 

22 N. 

22 N. 

22 N. 

22 N. ' 

22 N.

Range6E. 

6E.

6E. 

6 E.

6E. 

BE. 

GE.

Page.

91 

94 

94 

94 

95 

94 

96

Airdrying 

loss.

- 3.0 

4.1 

2.9 

3.9 

3.6 

4.0 

6.3

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . . 

Air dried. . ....

As received.... 

Air dried..... . Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal......

.As received.... 

Air dried.. .... 

Dry coal....... 

Pure coal.......

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal....... 

Pure coal......

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ......

As received.... 

Air dried... ...

Pure coal......

Proxima

Moisture.

7.4 

4.5

9.2 

5:3

S.I 

5.4

9.5 

5.7

9.1 

5.7

9.7 

6.0

11.1 

5.2

Volatile 

matter.

37.4 

38. 6 

40.4 

46.0

38.0 

39.7 

41.9 

45.5

37.2 

38. 3 

40.5 

46. 5

35.7 

37.2 

39.4 

47.7

35.1 

36.4 

38.6 

47.3

36.6 

38. 1 

40.5 

47.8

33.3 

35.5 

37. 5

43.4
Eavensdale No. 1 at Raveasdale, No. 9 bed.

McKay at Kavensdale, 

McKay bed..

Do..

Do.

Do.

Do.

Morgan, 1 mile northwest 

of Black Diamond, McKay bed.

Morgan, 1 mile northwest 

of Black Diamond, upper McKay bed.

Black Diamond at Black 

Diamond, McKay bed.

Black Diamond at Black 

Diamond, upper McKay bed.

9277

9279

92SO

9281

9282

92S3

9106

9108

9105

9114

NE.

SW.

sw.

SE.

SE.

36

36

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

CE.

OE.

OE.

OE.

GE.

GE.

6E.

6E.

6E.

OE.

95

97

97

98

100

100

2.9

4.9

5.0

0.8

4.6

6.0

As received....

As received . . . 

Air dried. .....

As received.... 

Air dried..... . Dry coal ......

Air dried......

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ......

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received. .. 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received . . 1 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

7.3 

4.5

13.3 

8.9

.11.2

0.8

11.8

7.1

13.7

7.4

11.7 

C. 6

0.8 

2.3

7.7 

2.5

7.4 

2.7

8.0 

2.1

40.3 

41.5

43.5

40.1 

42.1 

46.2

48.0

39.7 

41.7 

41.7 

46. S

39.0

41r7 

44.9

46.8

28.0

30.0 

32.4

43.5

34.7 

36.7 

39.3 

41.9

40.0 

41.9 

42.9 

45.5

38. 0 

40.1 

41.2

45.7

39.3 

41.3 

42.5

44.5

37.7 

40.1 

41.0

45.1
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingt

King County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Lawson, 1 mile northeast 

of Black Diamond, McKay bed.

Lawson, 1 mile northeast 

of Black Diamond, upper McKay bed.

Surface exposure . at 

Franklin, McKay bed.

Kummer at Kummer, 

No. 1 bed.

Kummer at Kummer. ....

Gem at Franklin, Gem 

bed.

Surface exposure, f mile 

southwest of Franklin, 

Gem (?) bed.

Laboratory 

No.

9104 

9107 

9484 

9113 

9115 

9103 

9487

Location.

Quarter.

NW.

NW. 

NE. 

NE. 

NE. 

NE. 

SW.

Section.

13 

13 

19 

26 

26 

19 

19

Township.

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N.

Range.

6E. 

6 E. 

7 E. 

6 E. 

6 E. 

7 E. . 

7 E.

Page.

101 

101 

102 

103 

105 

105 

106

Airdrying 

loss.

3.2 

4.2 

2.9 

12.3 

9.7 

4.9 

7.1

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received...: 

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried..... .

Pure coal......

As received.... 

Air dried......

Dry coal. ..... 

Pure coal. .....

Proxim

Moisture.

4.9 

1.8

6.1 

2.0

6.1 

3.3

14.1 

2.1

12.4

2.9

7.3 

2.5

14.3

7.7

Volatile 

matter.

41.8 

43.2 

44.0

36.2 

37.8 

38.6 

45 4

39.2 

40.4 

41.8 

43.4

29.9 

34.1 

34.8 

38.8

30 4

33.7 

34.7

.46.6

34.2 

35.9 

36.9 

41.8

34.4

07 n

40.1 

44.9
Rose-Marshall, 1 mile 

west of Cumberland, 

John Harris bed.

Do.

5? Independent, 1 mile south 

E; of Cumberland.

. Do.

Sunset, 1 mile southeast 

of Cumberland, No. 1 

bed.

Sunset, 1 mile southeast 

of Cumberland, No. 2 

bed.

Sunset, 1 mile southeast 

of Cumberland. No. 3 

bed.

Sunset, 1 mile southeast 

of Cumberland, No. 7 

bed.

Naval at Cumberland.

Do.

9293

10512

9286

9263

9264

9265

9276

92S7

9285

NE.

NE.

SE.

SB.

SE.

SE.

.NW.

29

29

28

28

28

28

28

28

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

7E.

7E.

7 E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7 E.

107

107

108

108

108

109

109

109

110

110

2.6

3.3

3.4

3.4

6.2

2.2

2.8

2.6

4.0

As received.... 

Air dried......

Air dried......

Dry coal. .....

As received.... 

Air dried. .....

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried..... .

Pure coal. .....

As received.... 

Air dried. .....

As received. . . .

Dry coal......

As received.... 

Air dried......

Air dried. .....

Pure coal......

5.2

2.7

7.2 

4.1

6.0

2.7

5.8 

2.5

12.7

7.0

4.5 

2.3

5.6 

2.9

5.0 

2.4

5.5 

2.8

6.2

2.3

.......

38.8

39.8

40.9

44.9

34.4 

35.5 

37.1

44.8

29.7

30.8

31.6 

42.2

31.3 

32:4 

33.3

46.2

31.1

33.1 

35.6

41.5

34.1 

34.8 

35.7

46.2

34.4 

35.4 

36.4

43.3

26.4 

27.1

27.8 

46.8

32.3 

33.2 

34.2

43.9

30.0

31.2 

32.0

44.5
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingto

King County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Naval at Cumoerland. . . .

Eureka, 1 mile south of 

Bayne.

Bavne at Bayne, No. 1 

. bed.

Bayne at Bayne, No. 3 

bed.

Bayne at Bayne, No. 5 

bed.

Do...................

Do...................

Laboratory 

No.

9284 

9294 

9112 

9110 

9109 

9275 

9268

Location.

Quarter.

NW. 

NE. 

NW. 

NW. 

NW. 

NW. 

NW.

Section.

28 

28 

22 

22 

22 

22 

22

Township.

21 N.

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N.

Range.

7 E. 

7 E. 

7E. 

7E. 

7E. 

7E. 

7E.

Page.

110 

112 

113 

113 

113 

 113 

113

Airdrying 

loss.

2.7 

4.2 

7.6 

3.5 

3.6 

5.5 

4.4

Form of 

analysis.

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ......

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received. . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal. ....

Proxima

Moisture.

4.8 

2.2

5.9 

1.8

8.7 

1.2

4:9 

1.5

5.1 

1.5

12.1 

7.0

7.3 

3.0

Volatile 

matter.

35.6 

36.6 

37.4 

 42.9

31.3 

32.7 

33.3 

41.6

30.2 

32.6 

33.0

41.7

33.0 

34.2 

34.7 

44.6

33.8 

35.1 

35.6 

44.2

31.3 

33.1 

35.6 

41.8

33.3 

34.9 

35.9 

44.3
Do.

Prospect at Bayne.

Carbon, i mile northeast 

of Bayne, No. 1 bed.

Carbon, £ mile northeast 

of Bayne, No. 1 bed, 

special sample.

Carbon, 4 mile northeast 

of Bayne, composite 

sample.

Carbon, J mile, northeast 

of Bayne, No. 2 bed.

Prospect J mile west of 

Bayne.

Occidental at Bayne, No. 

1 bed.

Occidental at Bayne, No. 

2 bed.

Occidental at Bayne, No. 

3 bed.

9269 N\V. 22 21 N. 7E

9483

9485

9486

9492

9489

9479

9480

9478

SE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

NE.

SE.

SE.

SE.

22

16

16

16

21 N.

21 N.

21 N.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

113

113

115

115

115

115

116

117

117

117

3.3

2.3

1.9

3.1

3.5

2.4

2.5

2.1

As received ....

As received ....

.Dry coal .......

As received ....

As received ....

As received ....

As received. . . .

As received ....

As received....

As received ....

Pure coal.......

5.8 

2.6

7.5 

<? i

4.2 

2.0

3.8

9 3

4.1 

2.3

5.1 

2.1

6.0 

2.6

5.1 

2.8

.5.4

9 Q

4.8 

2.7

37.0 

38.2

39.2

23.3

25.2

SQ ^

32.4 

33.2

33.9

38.3

33.7

34.2

35.0

38.7

32.8 

33.4

34.2

38.3

30.8 

31.8

32.5

35.5

31.2

33.2

41.8

34.4

36. 3

33.0 

33.9

34.9

34.3

36.1

41.5

~
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingto

King County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Occidental at Bayne, No. 

3 bed.

Occidental at Bayne, No. 

6 bed.

Occidental at Bayne, No. 

14 bed.

Do...................

Occidental at Bayne,composite sample.

Big Six, 1J miles east of, 

Bayne, Pocahontasb'ed.

Prospect at Palmer Junction.

Laboratory 

No.

9475 

9481 

9477 

9476 

9491 

9278 

9288

Location.

Quarter.

SE. 

SE.

SE. 

SE.

SE. 

NE. 

NE.

Section.

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

23 

14

Township.

21 N.

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N. 

21 N.

Range.

7 E. 

7 E. 

7E. 

7E. 

7E. 

 7E. 

7E.

Page.

117 

117 

117 

117 

119 

119 

120

Airdrying 

loss.

2.1 

. 2.8 

1.8 

1.6 

1.7 

3.1 

2.5

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . . 

Air dried... ...

As received . . . 

Air dried .....

As received. . . 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ......

Air dried......

Pure coal......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal.:....

As received . . . 

Air dried .....

Pure coal .....

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal......

Proxim

Mois- 

. ture.

5.1 

3.0

5.5 

2.9

4.2 

2.4

4.1

2.5

4.0 

2.3

4.6 

1.5

4.4 

2.0

Volatile 

matter.

34.4 

35.1 

36.2 

41.3

31.8 

32.7 

33 7 

43.8

33.1 

33.8 

34.6

42.1

36.7

37.3

38.3

41.1

35.2 

35.8 

36.6 

41.9

31.0 

32.0 

32.5 

37.3

25.0 

25.6

26.1 

'40.1
Do.

Prospect shaft 3J miles 

east of Kavensdale.

Prospect near Barneston..

Denny-Renton at Taylor,

Denny-Renton at Taylor,

Denny-Renton at Taylor, 

No. 4 bed.

Denny-Renton at Taylor, 

No. 5 bed.

Do.

Do.

Denny-Renton at Taylor, 

No. 4 bed.

9482 NE. 14 21 N. 7 E

9292

9111

9173

9176

9172

9174

520-D

518-D

519-D

SE.

NW.

sw.

SE.

SE.

SW.

SE.

28

12

22 N.

22 N.

22 N.

22 N.

22 N.

22 N.

22 N.

22 N.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

7E.

120

122

123

124

124

124

124

124

124

5.7

12.6

4.0

2.6

2.3

3.5

2.2

3.3

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received... 

Air dried......

As received . . .

Air dried......

As received . . .

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried... ... 

Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal..... .

As received. . . 

Air dried..... .

Pure coal...... 

As received . . .

Dry coal ......

As received. .. 

Air dried......

Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal..... .

As received . . . 

Air dried... . ..

Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal......

4.8 

1.9

10.5 

5.0

14.0

1.7

6.4

2.5

5.0 

2.4

4.8 

2.2

4.3 

2.1

6.1

2.8

4.1 

1.9

5.4 

2.1

23.7 

24.4

24 9

37.7

35.2 

37.3 

39.3

45.3

5.5

6.2 

6.4

9.5

36.7

38.2 

39.2

A(\ Q

36.1 

37.1 

3S.O 

51.5

36.4 

37.4 

38.3

42.8

35.6 

36.4

44.0 

40.0

42.6

51.4

35.9 

36.7

37.4 

45.2

37.7 

39.0

39.8 

43.8
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washington 

King County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Denny-Renton at Taylor, 

No. 6 bed.

Denny-Renton at Taylor, 

No. 5 bed.

Denny-Renton at Taylor, 

. run-of-mine coal, No. 4 

bed.

Denny-Renton at Taylor, 

run-of-mine coal, No. 5 

bed.

Prospect 6 miles southeast of Issaquah.

Do....................

Prospect 1 mile southwest of Preston.

Laboratory 

No.

9175 

6485 

585-D 

586-D 

9290 

9289 

8546

Location.

Quarter.

SE.

SE. .

sw.

'SW.

. sw.

SE.

Section.

3 

3 

3 

3 

12 

12 

31

Township.

22 N. 

22 N. 

22 N. 

22 N. 

23 N. 

23 N. 

24 N.

Range.

7E. 

7E. 

7E. 

7E. 

6E. 

6E. 

7E.

Page.

124 

125 

125 

125 

126 

126 

127

Airdrying 

loss.

3.1 

3.3 

2.6 

2.3 

8.9 

8.5 

4.0

Form of 

analysis.

As received. .. 

Air dried..... .

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

As received . . . 

Air dried... ...

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received. . . . 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal. .....

Pure coal......

Proximate

Moisture.

5.6 

2.5

5.4

2.2

6.2 

3.7

5.3

11.4

2.7

12.5

4.4

5.5 

1.6

Volatile 

matter.

'35.9 

37.1 

38.1 

44 9

24.5

25.3

25.9

34.2 

35.1 

36.5 

45.3

34.2 

35.0 

36.1

A7 ^

27.4

30.1 

30.9

35.2

28.0 

30.6 

32.0

38.1

7.3 

7.6

7.7.

19.3

Fi

c

b

4

4

4

3

3

3

5

4

4

.4

5

3

3

3

5

5

5

6

4

4

5

6

3

3

3

S
Niblock, 1J miles southwest of Snoqualmie, No. 

3 bed.

Niblock, It miles southwest of Snoqualmie, No.

r Kof?

10031

10032

10033

SE.

SE.

NW.

1

1

1

23 N.

23 N.

23 N.

7E.

7E.

7E.

128

128

128

7.3

4.1

3.7

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried......

8.2 

1.0

6.1

2.1

4.8 

1.2

27.2 

29.3 

29.6

33.5

99 7

23.7

24.2

27.8

27.3 

28.3 

28.6

38.5

Kittitas County.

Lakedale, 1 mile northwest of Beekman.

Do...................

DO.........-.......:.

Do...................

Do...................

QJfU.

9405

9411

9412

9413

9414

9415

NW.

SW.

NW.

SE.

SE.

NW.

SW.

9

1

12

1?

12

T>

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

14E.

14 E.

14 E.

14 E.

14 E.

14 E.

14 E.

131

1C2

133

133

1 00

133

133

2.5

2.4

1.8

1.8

1.0

.8

*\.s received

As received... 

Air dried..... .

Pure coal......

5.3

1.2

4.5 

2.0

3.7

1.3

3.5

1.8

3.4

1.6

2.5

1.5

2.6

1

0

27.5

28.7

29.1

39.3

29.5 

30.3 

30.9

39.9

35.1

36.0

36.5

41.0

34. G

35.2

35.9

40.8

36.2

30.8

41.0

34.9

35.2

35.8

41.1

34.7

35.0

35.6

41.5
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingto

Kittitas County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Beekman at ' Beekman, 

Roslyn bed, car sample.

Beekman at Beekman, 

composite sample.

Beekman at Beekman, 

Roslyn bed.

. Do...................

Beekman at Beekman, 

. Roslyn bed, car sample.

Busy Bee. 2J miles northwest of Roslyn, Roslyn 

bed.

Patrick-McKay, 3J miles 

northwest of Roslyn, 

Rosyln bed.

Laboratory 

No. '

9410 

9459 

550-D 

551-D

693-D 

9406 

9418

Location.

Quarter.

SW.

NE. 

SW.

Section.

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

fi

Township.

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N.

Rfflnge.

14 E. 

14 E. 

14 E. 

14 E. 

14 E. 

14 E. 

15 E.

Page.

134 

134 

133 

133 

134' 

135 

136

Aiidrying 

loss.

2.7 

1.8 

1.9 

7.5 

5.8 

1.4 

1.1

Form of 

analysis.

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received...:

Dry coal.. ....

As received....

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . .

Pure coal .....

Proxima

Moisture.

4.4 

1.7.

3.3 

1.5

3.5 

1.6

9.0 

1.5

7.8 

2.2

3.3 

1.9

3.3

3.2

Volatile 

matter.

33.2 

34.1 

34.7

34.1 

34.7 

35.2 

40.3

38.4 

39.2

39.8 

44.3

36.2 

39.2

39.8

33.1 

35.1 

35.9 

42.4

36.2 

36.7

37.5

41.3

36.0

36.3

37.2

42.4

F

. 
DO...........:.......

Do...................

northwest of Roslyn, 

composite sample.

Patrick-McKay, 3J miles 

northwest of Roslyn, 

lower bed.

Roslyn No. 3 at Ronald, 

Roslyn bed.

Do............. ....... .

Do...................

Do...................

. Do...................

composite sample.

9416

9417

9460

9407 

. 9428 

9429

9432

9431

 9430

9463

SW.

SE.

NW. 

NW. 

NE.

N.W.

SE.

SW.

6

6

6

6

7 

7

7

7

7

7

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.'

136

136

137

137

138

138

138

138

138

139

1.1

1.1

1.1

2.5

1.3

1.1

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.1

Air dried. .....

As received... 

Air dried. .....

As received. .. 

Air dried.;....

Pure coal.... .

As received.... 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

^ n

1.9

3.0

1 9

3.1

2.0

4.1 

1.6

3.4

2.2

3.2

2.1

3.2

2.2

3.2

2.2

3.3

2.2

3.1 

2.0

36.9

37.4 

38.1

42.7

36.2

37.3

35.6 

36.0 

36.7

41.6

33.0 

33.9 

34.4

41.5 

36.4

36.8

42.3

36.5

36.9

37.7

42.6

36.4

36.8

42.2

36.1

36.4

37.3

43.6

35.2

36.4

40.8

35.6 

36.0 

36.8

41.6
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingt

Kittitas County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Roslyn No. 2 slope at 

Roslyn, Roslyn bed.

Do...................

Do. ....... .......'...1

Do...................

Roslyn No. 2 slope at Roslyn, composite sample.

Roslyn No. 2 at Roslyn, 

Roslyn bed.

Do...................

Laboratory 

 No.

9433 

9434 

9435 

9436 

9464 

9442 

9443

Location.

Quarter.

SE. 

NW. 

SW.

SB.

SW.

NE.

Section.

18 

18 

17 

18

9

8

Township.

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

2.0 N.

Range.

15 E. 

15 E.

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E.

Page.

139 

139 

139 

139 

140 

141 

141

Airdry ing 

loss.

0.9 

1.8 

1.8 

1.1 

1.4 

1.9 

1.8

Form of 

analysis.

Dry coal......

As received....

As received

Air dried.. ....

As received. . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal .....

Prox

Moisture.

2.9

2.0

3.4 

1.6

3

0

1.6

1 1

2.0

3.1 

1.8

4.5

2.6

4.4

2.7

Volatile 

matter.

35.8

36.8 

42.3

34.6 

35.2

35.8

35.9

36.6

37.2

42.6

35 9

36.3

37.1

43.0

35.6 

36.1 

36.7

42.2

37.0

37.7

38.7

44.3

35.4

36.1

37.1 

42.9
Do...................

composite sample.

Roslyn bed.

lump coal.

A. & E. mine, 1 mile 

northeast of Roslyn, 

Roslyn bed.

Roslyn No. 6 at Roslyn, 

Roslyn bed.

Do...................

Do...................

composite sample.

Roslyn No. 4 at Roslyn, 

Roslyn bed.

9444

9468

2457

3098

9402 

9439 

9441

9440

9466

9438

SE.

SW. 

NE.

NE.

NE.

NW.

g

10 

16 

16

16

16

20

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E. 

.15 E. 

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

141

141

141

142

143

143

143

143

144

2.2

2.0

1.3

1.9

1.8

2.1

1.9

2.2

As received.... 

Air dried......

Dry coal ......

As received.... 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal .....

As received . . .

Dry coal.. ....

Air dried... . ..

As received....

Dry coal ......

As received.... 

Air. dried......

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ......

Pure coal .....

5.4

3.3

4.7 

2.7

3.4

2.5

3.1 

1.9

5.7 

3.3

4.4

2.6

4.5

2.7

4.8

2.8

4.6 

2.8

3.7 

1.6

36.5

37.3

38.6

44.2

36.0 

36.8 

37.8

43.4

36.1

36.5

37.4

43.7

36.5 

37.0

07 7

43.2

36.9 

37.9 

39.2 

45.3

36.7

37.4

38.4 

44 '

36.4

37.1

38.1

43.9

37.3

38.0

39.1

36.1 

36.8 

37.9

43.6

33.8 

34.6 

35.1

41.3
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingt

Klttitas County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Roslyn No. 4 at Roslyn, 

Roslyn bed.

Roslyn No. '4 at Roslyn, 

composite sample.

Roslyn No. 4 at Roslyn, 

Roslyn bed.

Roslyn No. 5, 1J miles 

southeast of Roslyn, 

Roslyn bed.

Do...................

Do...................

Do...................

Labo-. 

ratory 

No.

9437 

' 9465 

2458 

9427 

9423 

9424 

9426

Location.

Quarter.

NE.

SW. 

SW. 

NW. 

SW.

Section.

20 

20 

17 

16 

22 

21 

22

Township.

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N.

Range.

,15E. 

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E.

Page.

144 

144 

144 

145 

145 

145 

145

Airdrying 

loss.

1.4 

1.8 

1.3 

1.9 

' 1.6 

1.4 

1.7

Form of 

analysis.

As received.... 

Air dried. .....

Air dried......

Pure coal. .....

Proxim

Moisture.

3.7

2.3

3.7' 

1.9

3.4

2.1

4.7

2.9

5.4

3.9

4.2

2 9

5.2

 ? A

Volatile 

matter.

35.8

36.4

37.2

42.7

34.3 

35.0 

35.6 

41.4

37.3

37.9

38.6

36.9

37.6

38.7

43.8

35.7

36.3

37.7

43.2

35.8

36.9

42.8

36.6

37.2

38.6

44.1
Do...................

Roslyn No. 5, 1J miles

southeast of Roslyn, 

composite sample.

Boslyn No. 7, Jmile northeast of Clealum, Roslyn 

bed.

Do...................

Do...................

Do...................

Roslyn No. 7, J mile northeast of Clealum, composite sample.

Summit, 1 mile north of 

Clealum, Roslyn bed. .

Cle Elum, No. 3 Extension, 1 mile north of Clealum, Roslyn bed.

Cle Elum, No. 2 Extension, 1 mile north of Clealum, Roslyn bed.

9425

9462

9422 

9421

9420

9419

9461

9403

9408

9409

SE.

SE. 

NW.

SE.

NE.

SW.

NW.

SE.

21

22 

26

22

27

14

23

23

20 N.

20 N.

20 N. 

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

20 N. .

20 N.

20 N.

20 N.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E. 

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

15 E.

J45

146

147

147

148

150

1.5

1.6

1-5

2.0

2.4

2.0

2.0

2.6

3.0

2.8

As received.... 

Air dried......

As received

Air dried..... .

As received...

As received... 

Air dried......

As received... 

Air dried... .. .

As received . . . 

Air dried... . . .

As received . . . 

Air dried.... . .

Pure coal... ,.

5.0

3.5

4.9 

3.4

5.5

4.1

7.0

5.1

6.3

4.0

6.0 

4.1

5.0 

3.0

7.6 

5.2

8.5 

5.7

8.5 

5.9

34.9

35.5

36.8

41.3

36.0 

36.5 

37.8

43.2

36.2

36.8

38.3

43-8

34.5

35.2

37.1

'43.5

35.8

36.6 

38.2

43.6

34.9 

35.7

37.2

42.6

36.1 

36.8 

38.0

43.5

35.2 

36.1 

38.1

43.8

34.9 

36.0 

.38.1

44.0

35.0 

36.0 

38.3

44.0
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingto

Kittitas County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Cle Elum No. 2, £ mile 

north of Clealum, Roslynbed.

Cle Elum No. 1 at Clealum, Roslyn bed.

Do....................

Do...............'....

Cle. Elum No. 1 at Clealum, composite sample.

Laboratory 

No.

9472 

9445 

9446 

9447 

9467

Location.

Quarter.

NE.

NW. 

SE. 

NE.

Section.

 25 

26 

26 

25

Township.

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N. 

20 N.

Range.

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E. 

15 E.

15E.

Page.

150 

151 

151 

151 

152

Airdrying 

loss.

3.9 

2.7 

2.3 

5.1 

3.4

Form of 

analysis.

As received. . . 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal. ......

As received.. .

As received

Dry coal.

As received.. . 

Air dried......

Proxima

Moisture.

8.0 

4.3

6.6 

4.0

5.3

9 Q

5.1

7.9

4.7

Volatile

matter.

34.5 

35.9 

37.5 

43.1

35.9 

36.9

38.4

44.7

35.2

36.0

38.0

44.4

33.5

35.3

37.2

42.8

34.6 

35.8 

37.6

Lewis County.

Do...................

9093

9091

NW.

SE.

?9

1

15- N.

14 N.

11 E.

10 E.

153

153

7.8

3.5

Air dried......

Pure coal.....

9.8

2.1

4.2

.8

6.8

7.4

7.9

33.4

10.5

10.8 

10 9

17.0
Prospect A on Summit 

Creek, Primrose bed. 

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Prospect B on Summit^ 

Creek.

Prospect C on Summit 

Creek.

Prospects east of Cowlitz 

River.

Prospect near Ladd and 

Glenavon.

Do.

9101

9097

9102

9100

9098

9092

9090

6488

6489

NW.

NW.

NW.

NW.

SB.

SB.

13

13

26

14 N.

14 N.

14 N.

14 N.

13 N.

10 E.

10 E.

10 E.

.10E.

10 E.

10 E.

10 E.

4E.

4E.

154

154

154

155

156

156

157

3.7

3.0

3.1

2.0

2.9

5.6

6.0

5.1

As received . . . 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal. ..... 

Pure coal... ..

Dry coal.

As received. ..

As received... 

Air dried.... .. 

Dry coal......

As received.. . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried..... .

Air dried.... . .

Dry coal ......

As received. . .

Dry coal......

Pure coal......

Air dried......

Dry coal ......

Pure coal .....

Dry coal. ..... 

Pure coal .....

3.6

.8

5.1

.1.5

3.9 

.9

4.0 

.9

2.7 

.7

3.7 

.8

2.9

.8

7.4

1.9

8.5

2.7

9.1

4.2

8.4 

8.6 

8.7 

12.3

8.6

8.9

9.0 

19.0

8.6

00

8.9

14.1

7.4 

7.6 

7.7 

9.4

7.1 

7.3 

7.3

' S.2

7.3 

7.6

7.7

13.3

8.6

8.8

8.9

9.5

4.8

5.1

5.2

8.;4

27.3

29.0

29.9

37.9

27.8

29.3

30.6 

45.6
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingto

Lewis County Continued.

Name of mine .or form of 

exposure.

Prospects near Ladd and 

Glenavon.

Do ...................

Do. ...... ..-.---..-_

East Creek-Ladd at Ladd, 

No. 2 bed.

East Creek-Ladd at Ladd. 

No. 3 bed.

Do...:...............

East Creek-Ladd at Ladd, 

No. 4 bed.

Laboratory 

No.

6490 

6495 

6496 

9882 

9881 

9880 

9879

Location.

Quarter.

NE. 

SE. 

NW.

sw.

NW. 

NW. 

NW

Section.

10 

34 

.14 

13 

13 

13 

13

Township.

13 N.

14' N. 

13 N.

14 N. 

14 N. 

14 N. 

14 N.

Range.

4 E. 

4 E. 

4 E. 

4 E. 

4E. 

4E. 

4E.

Page.

157 

157 

157 

159 

159 

159 

159

Airdrying 

loss.

8.7 

8.5 

5.8 

2.7 

3.3 

4.4 

5.2

Form of 

analysis.

Dry coal. .....

Pure coal... . .

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal.....

Proxima

Moisture.

5.3

11.2

2.9

8.1

2.5

4.1 

1.4

6.3

3.1

7.2

3.0

8.6

3.6

Volatile 

matter.

21.7

23.8

25.1

30.5

31.3

34.2

35.2

39.9

4.9

5.0

6.8

26.9 

27.7 

28.1 

34.2

34.7

37.0

47.9

*>A A

35.9

37.0

47.6

32.5

34.3

35.6

48.6
East Creek-Ladd at Ladd, 

No. 2 bed.

East Creek-Ladd at Ladd, 

No. 3 bed.

East Creek-Ladd at Ladd, 

No. 4 bed.

East Creek-Ladd at Ladd, 

washed coal from No. 2 

bed.

c Mendota at Mendota

Do.

Richmond,It miles northeast of Centralia.

Superior No. 1, 1 mile 

north of Chehalis.

Superior No. 2 at Chehalis.

 Twin City, 1 mile northeast of Chehalis.

6493

6494

6492

6491

10324

10323

9177

9942

9941

9945

SW.

NW.

SW.

SW.

13

13

34

14 N.

14 N.

14 N.

14 N.

15 N.

14 N.

4E.

4E.

4E.

4E.

1 W.

1 W.

2 W.

2 W,

2 W.

159

159

159

160

161

161

162

163

163

164

2.3

2.9

8.9

11.5

9.6

14.9

14.3

17.1

19.3

As received....

As received... . 

Air dried... .. .

As received ....

Pure coal......

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal......

As received....

As received.... 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

4.4

2.0

5.6

. 3.4

6.4

3. C

10.7

20.5 

10.2

19.3 

10.7

26.7 

13.9

27.2 

15.0

30.5

30.6 

14.0

26.6

27.3

27.8

34.0

33.9

35.9

45.7

32.1

33.3

A1 7

25.9

28 4

29 0

35.5

33.5

49.8

33. S 

37.4

41 Q

49 7

32. S

44.7

50.5

33.8 

39.5 

46. 4 

54.6

34.9

50.3

54.1

31. S 

39.4

53.3
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washing

Lewis County Continued.

IName of mine or form of 

exposure.

Chehalis, 2 miles east of 

Chehalis.

Sheldon, 3 miles east of 

Chehalis.

Crescent, 4 miles northwest of Littell.

Laboratory No."

9944 

9943 

9940

Location.

Quarter.

SE.

Section.

28

Township.

14 N. 

14 N. 

14 N.

Range.

2 W. 

2.W. 

3 W.

Page.

165 

165 

166

Airdrying 

loss.

15.7 

15.2 

19.1

Form of 

analysis.

As received.... 

Air dried.......

As received.... 

Air dried..... .

Air dried......

Proxim

Moisture.

29.1 

16.0

29.9 

17.3

32.1

16.1

Volatile 

matter.

34.7 

41.1 

48.9 

54.9

34.0 

40.0 

48.4 

52.7

31.9

39.4

53.9

Pierce County

Burnettat Burnett, No. 2

bed.

Burnett at Burnett, No. 3

bed.

Do...................

9891

9S90

9889

SE.

NW.

NW.

21

21

21

19 N.

19 N.

19 N.

6 E.

6E.

6E.

168

168

168

2.4

1.3

1.8

As received. . .

Air dried......

Dry coal ......

Pure coal......

As received . . .

Air dried.. ....

Dry coal. .....

Pure coal......

As received

Air dried..... .

Dry coal ......

Pure coal......

3.7

1.3

3.2

1.9

3

ft 

. O

1.8

36.0

37.0

17 4 Of . ^

40.9

35.0

35.5

36.2

41.5

36.8

37.5

38.2

44.8
Do.

Burnett at Burnett, lump 

coal.

Burnett at Buruett, 

washed coal.

Black Carbon, J- mile west 

of Pittsburg,"Black Carbon, bed.

Pittsburg at Pittsburg, 

Lady Wellington-bed.

Pittsburg at Pittsburg, 

Pittsburg bed.

Pittsburg at Pittsburg, 

washed coal.

Wilkeson at Wilkeson; 

No. 2 bed.

Do.

Do.

9SSS I NW. I 21 I 19 N. I 6 E

9SS7

9892

9S95

9S94

9S93

9905

9904

9903 1 SE.

10

34

34

1SN.

19 N.

19 N.

GE.

6E.

GE.

GE.

GE.

GE.

GE.

GE.

GE.

16S

169

169

170

171

173

173

174

2.7

1.4

6.1

3.5

2.2

4.7

2.3

2.S

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

As received . . . 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal.

Pure coal......

As received.. . 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal. .....

As received.. . 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal......

As received. . . 

Air dried......

As received. . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

As received. . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

As received.. . 

Air dried. .....

Pure coal......

As received. . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

4.7 

2.0

3.3 

1.9

7.7 

1.7

5.1 

2.5

6.7 

3.3

4.7 

2.6

7.8 

3.3

3.7 

.9

3.1

.8

3.6

.8

35.2 

3G.2 

37.0

42.9

36.8 

37.3 

38. 0

44.0

34.4 

36.6 

37.2

42.5

32.8 

33.7 

34.6

45.6

32.7 

33.9 

35.1

43.8

32.7 

33.4 

34.3

43.7

31.3 

32.8 

33.9

43.6

27.1 

27.8 

28.1

32.4

18.5 

18.9

19 1

25.2

19.1 

19.7 

19.9

23.8
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingt

Pierce County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Wilkeson at Wilkeson, 

No. 3 bed.

Do...................

Do...................

Wilkeson at Wilkeson, 

No. 7 bed.

Wilkeson at Wilkeson, rewashed coal.

Gale Creek at Wilkeson, 

No. 1 bed.

Gale Creek at Wilkesou. 

No. 2 bed.

Laboratory 

No.

9902 

9901 

9900 

9899 

9898 

9908 

9909

Location.

Quarter.

NW.

NW.

NE. 

NW.

NE. 

NE.

Section.

3 

3 

34

34 

27 

28 

28

Township.

18 N. 

18 N. 

19 N. 

19 N. 

19 N. 

19 N. 

19 N.

Range.

6 E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E.

Page.

173 

173 

173 

173 

175 

176 

176

Airdrying 

loss.

1.6 

1.2 

4.3 

4.9 

5.5 

3.4 

2.4

Form of 

analysis.

As received... 

Air dried......

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . .

Pure coal

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received. .. 

Air dried......

Pure coal.....

As received... 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

Proxim

Moisture.

2.5 

.9

2.4

5.3 

1.1

5.9 

1.1

6.6 

1.1

5.5 

2.2

3.9 

1.6

Volatile 

matter.

27.7 

28.1 

28.4 

31.1

24.8

25.1

30.7

20.4 

21.4 

21.6 

25.6

23.2 

24.3 

24.6 

27.5

23.3 

24.7 

25.0 

29.2

36.4 

37.7 

38.5 

42.1

35.0 

35.9 

36.5 

38.9
Gale Creek at Wilkeson, 

Queen bed.

Willis at South Willis, 

Windsor bed.

Willis at South Willis, 

washed coal.

Brier Hill at Wilkeson

Snell, 2 miles southeast of 

 Wilkeson.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

No. 11 bed.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

No. 9 bed.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

No. 5 bed.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

No. 1 bed.

Do.

9910

9906

9907

9S97

9896

9570

9556

9564

9572

2460

NE.

NW.

NW.

SW.

SW.

NW.

23

22

22

28

19 N.

19 N.

19 N.

19 N.

18 N.

18 N.

18 N.

18 N.

18 N.

18 N.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

176

177

177

178

179

180

181

180

181

181

1.4

2.3

5.4

2.7

2.4

1.8

2.4

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received... 

Air dried......

Pure coal......

As received. .. 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . .

Pure coal. ....

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried.......

Pure coal .....

As received. .. 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received. .. 

Air dried......

As received . . .

Dry coal ...... 

Pure coal .....

2.8 

1.4

3.1

1.8

7.1

2.2

4.7 

2.4

6.7 

1.4

4.4 

1.8

3.7 

1.4

3.6 

1.7

3.4 

1.6

4.1 

1.7

33.8 

34.3

38.5

30.2 

-30.6 

31.1

 39.9

28.4 

29.9 

30.6

40.3

29.8 

30.5 

31.3

44.6

25.7 

27.2

27.6

34.0

28.5 

29.2 

29.8

37.4

29.6 

29.7 

30.1

35.9

29.7 

30.3 

30.8

37.1

32.2 

32.8 

33.3

39.4.

31.1 

31.9

32.5 

38.3

53

54

= £ 

61

45

46

47

60

42

44

59

37

37

38

55

50

52

53

66

47

48

49

62

51

53

53

64

50

51

52

62

49

50

60

50

51

52

6
Analyses of coal samples from the Slate of Washington 

Pierce County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

No. 4 bed.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

No. Z Coking bed.

Do...................

Do...................

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

run-of-mine coal.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

No. 2 Coking bed.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

No. 1 Coking bed.

Laboratory 

No.

9562 

9565 

9555 

552-D 

787-D 

9557 

9569

Location.

Quarter.

NW.

NE. 

NE. 

SE. 

SE. 

SE. 

SE.

Section.

4 

 4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4

Township.

18 N. 

18 N. 

18 N. 

1SN. 

18 N. 

18 N. 

18 N.

Range.

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E.

Page.

181 

181 

181 

181 

184 

181 

182.

Airdrying 

loss.

2.0 

3.5 

3.0 

.1.8 

3.3 

2.8 

2.2

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Dry coal.. ....

As received ... 

Air dried......

Pure coal. .....

As received.... 

Air dried. .....

Pure coal......

Proximate

Moisture.

3.2 

1.2

4.2 

.7

3.8

.8

2.9

1.1

4.6

1.3

3.8 

1.1

2.8 

.6

Vola-' 

tile 

matter.

34.9 

35.6 

36.0 

40.3

30.0 

31.1 

31.3 

36.4

26.6 

27.4 

27.6

30.9

31.9

38. 2

29.1

30.1

30.5 

36.6

27.1 

27.8 

28.1 

33.5

28.1 

'28. 7 

28.9 

35.6

Fix

ca

bo

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

6

4

5

5

6

5

5

5

6

5

5

5

6

5

5

5

6

5

5

5

C
Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

Wingate bed.

Do.

Do.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

Wingate lump coal.

Do.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

washed Wingate coal.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

washed coal.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

Douty washed coal.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

Douty lump coal.

95CO

9558

9601

2459

95C6

9563

9567

9561

9559

9571

SE.

NE.

SE.

1SN.

18 N.

18 N.

18 N.

18 N.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

GE.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

181

181

182

182

1S5

185

185

185

185

1.5

2.0

1.4

1.7

1.8

4.7

2.5

4.6

2.3

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ......

Pure coal. .....

As received. . . . 

Air dried. .....

Pure coal. .....

As received.... 

Air dried...... 

Dry coal ......

Pure coal..... . 

As received....

Dry coal ......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal...... 

As received . . .

Air dried. .....

As received . . . 

Air dried. ..... 

Dry coal ......

Pure coal......

As received . . . 

Air dried. ..... 

Dry coal ......

Pure coal......

As received . . . 

Air dried..... .

Pure coal.... . .

As received 

Air dried.....

Drv coal ..... 

Pure coal. ....

2.8 

1.3

4.0 

2.1

2.9 

1.8

3.2 

1.5

3.1

6.0 

1.4

3.7 

1.2

5.8 

1.3

3-5 

1.3

36.3 

36.9 

37.4

40.7

36.9 

37. C 

38. 4

41.1

32.8 

33.2

38.0 

39.9

40 5

41.3

34.5 

35.1 

35.6

40.1 

37.2

38/3

41.8

30. S 

32.3

37.6

32.4 

33.2 

33.6

38.6

30.6 

32.1 

32.5

38.0

30.6 

31.3

31.7 

38. S

52.

53.

59.

52.

53.

54.

58.

53.

54.

62.

51.

52.

51

52

53

59

51

52

53

58

51.

53

62

51

52

61

50

52

53

02

48

49

49

61
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washingto

Pierce County Continued.

Name of mine or/orm of 

exposure.

Carbon Hill at Carbonado, 

coal dust.

Melmont at Melmont, No. 

3 bed.

Do ...................

Melmont at Melmont, No. 

2 bed.

Do...................

Melmont at Melmont, 

washed coal.

Melmont at Melmont, 

composite sample.

Laboratory 

No.

9568 

9579 

9578 

9576 

9580 

9575 

10412

Location.

Quarter.

NE.

NW. 

SW.

sw.

Section.

5 

16 

15 

15 

15 

22 

15

Township.

18 N. 

18 N. 

1SN. 

18 N. 

18 N. 

18 N. 

18 N.

Range.

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E. 

6E.

Page.

185 

186 

186 

186 

186 

187 

187

Airdrying 

loss.

17.4 

2.9 

2.3 

4.4 

4.5 

6.2 

4.5

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . .

As received . . .

Dry coal ......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried. .....

Pure coal......

Proxima

Moisture.

1.7

3.6

.8

3.1

.8

5.6 

1.2

6.0

1.6

7.0 

.9

5.8 

1.4

Volatile 

matter.

30.8

39.3

23.6 

24.3 

24.5 

2S.5

21. "4 

21.9

22.1

26.1

12.0 

12.6

12.7

15.8

11.8

12.4

12.6 

15.1

20.5 

21.8 

22.0 

27.6

12.6 

13.1 

13.3 

16.2

F
Melmont at Melmont,

No. 1 bed.

Fairfax at Fairfax. No. 3 

bed.

Fairfax at Fairfax. No. 7 

bed.

Fairfax at Fairfax, Blacksmith bed.

Fairfax at Fairfax, washed coal.

Montezuma, 1 mile south 

of Fairfax, No. 1 bed.

Montezuma, 1 mile south 

of Fairfax, No. 2 bed.

Montezuma, 1 mile south 

of Fairfax, washed coal 

from No. 2 bed.

Montezuma, 1 mile south 

of Fairfax, No. 3 bed.

Montezuma, 1 mile south 

of Fairfax, No. 4 bed.

9577

9607

9608

9574

9602

9603

9604

9605

9G06

SE.

NW.

NW.

NAV.

NW.

NW.

16

26

26

20

26

35

1SN.

17 N.

18 N.

17 N.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

6E.

OE.

186

188

188

188

190

191

190

1.3

2.2

2.0

2.9

2.3

3.3

2.0

As received.. .

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried. .....

As received. . . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Pure coal.....

9.2 

1.5

1.9 

.6

" 2.8 

.6

3.3 

1.4

3.5

.7

5.7

.7

3.0

6.7 

1.0

4.0

2.6

.6

9.4 

10.2

12.8

23.3 

23.0 

23.7

20.5

18.5 

18.9 

19.0

28. 9

21.0 

21.4 

21.7

25.0

22.6 

23.2 

23.4

20.0

19.2

20.2

20.4

23.6

18.1

18.7

24.4

17.7 

IS. 8 

19.0

24.6

18.1

IS. 7

18.9

23.7

21.0

21.5

21.6

24.3

63

69

70

S7

64

65

65

45

46

46

71

63

64

65

64

66

66

74

62

65

57

54

57

58

75

58

60

60

66

75
Analyses of coal samples from the State of Washington 

Pierce County Continued.

Name of mine or form of 

exposure.

Montezuma, 1 mile south 

of Fairfax, washed coal 

from Nos. 3 and 4 beds.

Do...................

Prospect 7 miles east of 

Ashford.

Laboratory 

No.

9813 

9885 

9884 

6486

Location.

Quarter.

SW. 

SW. 

SW.

Section.

35 

22 

22 

20

Township.

18 N. 

15 N. 

15 N. 

15 N.

Range.

-6E. 

6E. 

6E.

7E.

Page.

191 

192 

192 

198

Airdrying 

loss.

4.7 

2.4 

2.6 

7.0

Form of 

analysis.

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received... 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

Proximate

Moisture.

5.4

.7

4.0 

1.7

4.1 

1.5

9.4

2.6

Volatile 

matter.

19.8 

20.8 

21.0 

24.1

22.0 

22.5 

22.9 

38.0

24.4 

25.0 

25.4 

35.3

12.8

13.7

14.1

19.9

Fi

c

b

6

6

6

7

3

3

3

6

4

4

4

6

5

5

8

Thurston County.

Do....................

Do...................

9089

9573

9095

SE.

SE.

NE.

20

90

15 N.

15 N.

15 N.

1W.

1W.

1W.

194

194

194

16.0

7.2'

17.4

Pure coal .....

Air dried..... .

Air dried......

Pure coal .....

21.0

5.9

21.s'

15.4

23.6

7.4

33.1

39.5

42.0

47.5 

31.8

34.3 

40.5

43.9

31.0

37.6 

40,6

45:3

36

43

52

40

43

51

56

37

45

48

54
Do...................| S094 ; SW. I 21 | 15 N.

Do...................I 9090 I SW,

Hannafdrd No. 1 at Tono, | 8752 

car sample, run-of-mine 

coal.

Perth, 3 miles north of ] 9178 

Centralia.

lHOk Bear, 2 miles south-i 9939) SW, 

east of Tenino.

King, 3 miles southwest of I 998/1 SW. | 35 | 16 N. 

Tenino.

1 W.

1 W.

194 I 16.8

194 16.7

195 6.7

15 N. 2. W.

1 W.

196 12.4

6.3

19S 9.5

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received. . 

Air dried. .....

As received . . . 

Air dried......

As received. .. 

Air dried......

22.2 6 £

22.7 

7.2

20.2 

14.5

25.1 

14.5

16.0 

10.4

22.4 

14! 3

31.7

38 9

40.8

46.2

31.0 

37.3 

40.1

44 8

31.5 

33.5 

39.5

44.0

32.3 

36.8 

43.1

48.7

31.9 

34.0 

37.9 59 4

33.6 

37.2 

43.4

37.0

47 5

53.8

38.3 

45.9

39.9 

42.9

56.0

34.0 

38.8

28.9 

30.9

33.0 

36.4 

42.5
76 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Proximate analyses of coal samples from Whatcom and Skagit counties, Wash. 

[Analyzed by Bureau of Equipment of the Navy Department, Washington, D. C.]

Place.

Blue Canyon, T. 35 N., R. 5 E . .

Cokedale. Fairhaven: 

T. 35 N., R. 5 E. ............

T.37N.,R.4E.............

Condition of sample.

.....do............

.....do............

Moisture.

0.310

2.980

1.790

Volatile 

matter.

22. 265

35. 030

31. 479

Fixed 

carbon.

62. 395

59. 980

62.744

Ash.

14.885

2.010

3.679

Sulphur.

0.145

.202

.308

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF MINES, SAMPLES, AND

COALS. 1

DISTRIBUTION OF MINES.

The general distribution of the mining districts and the locations 

of the mines and prospects from which, samples .were obtained are 

shown on the accompanying map (PL III), which is based on the 

General Land Office map of the State 'with corrections and additions from the topographic atlas sheets of the United States Geological Survey. The numbers of the mines and prospects refer to 

the numbers in the list of mines and prospects given at the edge of 

the map. The system of railroads shows the connections between 

mines, centers of consumption, and tidewater shipping points.

ORDER OF DESCRIPTION.

Tt has been the custom in reports on the coal of the State to group 

the mines according to the counties in which they occur, and the 

county will be the unit used in the publications contemplated by 

the State Geological Survey. Therefore the mines and the samples 

are here arranged and discussed in the same manner, the counties 

being considered in alphabetic order. The mines and prospects in Kittitas County have been discussed from west to east, in Pierce County 

frorn north to south, in Lewis County from east to west, and in 

Thurston County from south to north. Those in King County are 

arranged nearly in the order of a rude circle beginning near Grand 

Ridge and passing through Renton, Black Diamond, Bayne, and Taylor to Snoqualmie. The parts sampled are indicated in the section by an asterisk (*), a dagger (f), or by the insertion of the 

sample number.

1 Samples were taken from all the working mines in the State except those at Park, Whatcom County, 

and at Kopiah, Lewis County. The Blue Canyon mine of the Whatcom County Coal Co. at Park has 

been in operation for many years. This coal has been repeatedly analyzed and its character is well 

known. A visit to the mine of the Wilson Coal Co. at Kopiah was made by the writer, but admission to 

the mine was refused. In Cowlitz County there are several small mines which the writer was unable to 

visit and sample because the funds available for this investigation were exhausted. Considerable 

development work has been done at different periods in Skagit County, but no mines are at present in 

operation there because of the great number of faults and the lenticular character of the coal beds.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

SEATTLE

j MAS'OIT" c<5

vtt.Stuart

Tsxtsy*?*-****

MOUNNT R/AiNiER

Mi. Raimer

NATiOjNALl PARK

/ ( V

RAINIER xNATiONAL FO\RES3

NATL FOREST 

X35

83 

X '

SKETCH MAP OF A PORTION OF WESTERN WASHINGTON, SHOWING THE |DISTRIBUTION OF COAL MINES AND PROSPECTS DISCUSSED IN THIS REPORT

Scale 375,000

10 15 Miles

I 1911

1 FUCA

2 PROSPECT

3 GRAND RIDGE :

4 ISSAQUAH

5 SUPERIOR

6 FORD AND BAGLEY

7 DENNY-RENTON

8 RENTON

_ 9 DANVILLE

10 RAVENSDALE NO. 1

11 McKAY

12 MORGAN

13 BLACK ;D1AMOND NO. 14

14 LAWSON

15 SURFACE EXPOSURE

16 KUMMER

17 GEM

18 SURFACE EXPOSURE

19 ROSE-MARSHALL

20 INDEPENDENT

21 SUNSET

22 NAVAL

23 EUREKA

24 BAYNE

25 CARBON

26 PROSPECT DRIFT

27 OCCIDENTAL

28 BIG SIX

29 SURFACE EXPOSURE

30 PROSPECT SHAFT

31 PROSPECT DRIFT

32 DENNY-RENTON

33 PROSPECT

.34 PROSPECT

35 NIB1_ACK

36 LAKEDALE

37 BEEKMAN

38 BUSY BEE

39 PATRICK-MACKAY

40 SURFACE EXPOSURE

41 ROSLYN NO. 3

42 ROSLYN NO. 2

43 K. & E.

44 ROSLYN- NO. .4

45 ROSLYN NO. 5

46 ROSLYN NO. 7

47 SUMMIT

48 CLE ELUM NO. ;

49 - PROSPECT

50 PROSPECT

51 PROSPECT52 SURFACE EXPOSURE

53 EAST CREEK-LADD

54 MENDOTA

55 RICHMOND

56 SUPERIOR NO. 1

57 SUPERIOR NO. 2

58 TWIN CITY

59 CHEHALIS

60 SHELDON

61 CRESCENT

62 BURNETT

63 BLACK CARBON

64 PITTSBURG

65 WILKESON

66 GALE CREEK

67 WILLJS

68 SNEL.L

69 BRIER HILL

7C CARBON HILL

71' MELMONT

72 FAIRFAX

73 MONTEZUMA

74 MASH EL75 HANNAFORD

76 PERTH

77 BLACK BEAR

78 KING

79 BLUE CANYON

80 COKEDALE

81 7

82, 83, 84 DRIFTS

85, 86, 8~7 PROSPECTS
COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 77 

CLALLAM COUNTY.

The coal fields of Clallam County were studied by Ralph Arnold 

in 1904 and are described by. him in two reports. 1

The only mine at present operating is situated in the Clallam Bay 

field east of the town of Clallam. Most of the work being done at 

the time of the writer's visit was for the purpose of development. 

The analysis given by Arnold of the coal from Clallam was probably that of a sample taken from another bed than that which is 

mined at the present time. The sample collected by the writer was 

obtained in February, 1910.

FUCA.

Fuca, a drift mine 6 miles east of Clallam on the shore of the strait 

of San Juan de Fuca. No. I.2

Operator: Clallam Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal leds Several coal beds are reported as occurring in this 

vicinity, but only one is being developed. An exposure higher on 

the hill but on a bed underlying the one now being mined is reported, 

but it was not sampled. The beds strike nearly north and south 

and dip about 60° W. The bed now being mined, believed to be 

the middle one of the three referred to by. Arnold in his reports, 

occurs in conglomerate containing pebbles up to 1 inch in diameter. 

The mine is situated on the face of a very steep sea cliff which rises' 

sharply from the water's edge to a height of about 400 feet. The 

entrance to the mine is about 50 feet above low tide. The gangway 

has been driven on the strike of the bed to a -distance of about 450 

feet: A small fault was encountered which offset the bed a few 

feet. Practically all the coal between the level of the gangway and 

the surface has been worked out. The bed varies n\thickness from 

1 foot 6 inches to.2 feet 6 inches, the average being about 1 foot 10 

inches. At several places in the mine lenses of coal from 5 to 50 

feet long and varying up to 2 feet in thickness have been found 

beneath the main bed and separated from it by several inches of 

shale. The coal bed is so thin that a large amount of rock work is 

necessary. In the gangway about 4 feet of the roof is brushed 

clown for head room. The following section was measured where 

the sampled was obtained:

Section of coal bed in Fuca mine.

No. 10030.

Sandstone. Ft. in. 

Shale.................................................

*Coal..................................................... 1 11

'Shale................................................. ( 7

Sandstone.

Coal bed .........................:.................... 1 11

1 Coal in Clallam County, Wash.: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 260, 1905, pp. 413-421; Geological reconnaissance of the coast of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Bull. Geol. Soc. America, vol. 17, 1906; 

pp. 451-468, pis. 55-58. .

2 Numbers refer to location on the map, PI. III.
78 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. A bunker of 100 tons capacity has been 

erected at the entrance to the mine. (See PL IV, A.) It extends 

over the water at high tide about 40 feet, and the coal can be loaded 

from it into barges when the water is not too rough. The coal is 

passed over 1-inch and ^-inch bar screens. The oversize from the 

larger screen is hand-picked to remove "sulphur" balls and shale 

from the roof and floor, and the undersize is washed in a home-made 

jig to remove the fine shale produced in mining.

Sample for analysis. Sample 10030 was taken at a point about 100 

feet above the gangway in chute 6, about 400 feet from the entrance 

of the mine. The sandstone both above and below the coal bed is 

massive and very resistant and makes an excellent roof and floor. 

The shale immediately overlying the coal does not adhere to it and 

does not come down in mining; the shale underlying the coal is used 

as a "mining" 1 and must be separated from the fine coal by picking 

and washing. The analysis of this sample is given on page 41.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black, very hard, 

and brittle, and has a vitreous luster. It is massive and laminated 

and breaks with an irregular splintery and conchoidal fracture. 

Although it contains nearly as much moisture as subbituminous coal, 

it gives off little on exposure to the air and hence does not air slack. 

It contains about the same amount of ash as the subbituminous coal 

of Renton and Coal Creek. The percentage of sulphur is higher than 

in any of the other coals described in this report, owing to the occurrence of many minute lenses of marcasite or pyrite ~ disseminated 

through the main mass of the coal. The bed contains many nodules 

of pyrite, from 1 inch to several feet in length, which can be readily 

separated from the coal by picking and washing. The amount of 

sulphur in the coal in different parts of the bed varies considerably, 

according to the relative abundance or .scarcity of the larger pyrite 

nodules. In many places the amount of sulphur in the coal may be 

as low as 2 per cent, and elsewhere as high as 10 per cent. It will be 

noticed from the analysis that the percentage of fixed carbon is considerably less than that of the volatile matter, the actual ratio of the 

two being about 9 to 10, a proportion suggestive of that which characterizes canhel coal. A splinter of the coal can be ignited with a match 

about as readily as cannel from the eastern part of the United States. 

The coal is different in its characteristics from any other coal in the 

State or any other coal with which the writer is familiar. Although 

it resembles subbituminous coal in moisture content and heating 

value, it should be classed as bituminous coal on account of its ability 

to stand transportation without disintegration.

i "Mining" is a term used in coal mining to indicate a soft layer on which work is begun in opening a 

bed.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

A. BUNKER OF THE CLALLAM COAL CO , AT FUCA, 

CLALLAM COUNTY, AT LOW TIDE.

B. EXP
COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 79 

COWLITZ COUNTY.

The coal fields of Cowlitz County are not very well known on 

account of the dense surface covering and the scanty outcrops. Coal 

has been reported at- several places along the Northern Pacific Railway in the western part of the county, especially in the vicinity of 

Castle Rock and Kelso, and several small mines, opened to supply 

local trade, have been operated periodically for several years. The 

location of some mines and prospects and a short discussion of the 

geology of the district has been given by Henry Landes.1

In 1904, J. S. Diller 2 visited a mine (No. 81) on Coal Creek 12 miles 

west of Kelso, a few miles from a slough leading to Columbia River. 

The following description is taken from his report:

The coal bed is 6 to 7 feet in thickness, with two small partings of sand. The top 

bench has 12. to 18 inches of bony coal, the middle bench 2$ feet of better quality, 

and the lower bench 18 inches of coal in part good. The coal bed is overlain by soft 

sandstone.

In the mine the coal looks bright, but on exposure it loses its luster, cracks somewhat, 

and partially slacks. Some part of it is well banded and contains small pieces of 

fossil resin.

Two specimens were taken for analysis, one from the middle (No. 6760) and the other 

(No. 6761) from the lower bench.

[The analyses of these samples as made in the United States Geological Survey 

laboratory by W. T. Schaller are given on page 41.]

Mr . Schaller reports that 

"The bottle containing No. 6761 was broken when received at the laboratory. A 

moisture determination of the coarsely ground sample gave 17.79 per cent, showing 

that the coal had-lost moisture in transit, due to the bottle being broken. For this 

reason no data are given for the coarsely ground No. 6761 sample.

An aluminum sulphate occurs on the joint planes of 6761. The values for volatile 

combustible matter, fixed carbon, and ash in the coarsely ground No. 6760 are calculated from the corresponding figures of the finely ground sample."

The high percentage of water, ash, and sulphur present are all against its utility. 

The coal was used in running the engine of the mine and appeared to burn well, but 

as to later developments in the mine no information is at hand.

The bed of coal is interstratified with a lot of shales and shaly sandstones well 

exposed along Coal Creek near the mine. The strike of these beds near the mine is 

northwest-southeast, with a dip of about 15° SW., and it seems probable that if-the coal 

on trial proves of sufficient value to work it could be traced to higher ground where gravity 

would be of greater service in operating the mine. There arc igneous rocks cutting 

the coal-bearing beds in that region and the strata are faulted locally, but neither 

igneous rocks nor faults were seen near the mine.

0 To judge from the above description of the coal it resembles the 

lower grade of coal in the vicinity of Centralia and Chehalis, in Lewis 

County, although it is considerably higher in its sulphur content.

' Landes, Henry: Ann. Kept. Washington Geol. Survey, vol. 1,1901, pp. 279-281; vol. 2,1902, pp. 255-257. 

3 Diller, J. S., Coal in Washington near Portland, Oreg.: Bull. IT. S. Geol. Survey No. 260, 1905, pp. 

411-412.'
80 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

KING COUNTY. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

The extent of the coal fields of King Country is not well known. 

The surface is covered by dense timber and undergrowth (PL V) and 

by gravel and glacial drift (PL VI, A) so that it is very difficult to 

trace the outcrops of the formations (PL VI, B], and the character 

of the rocks is so variable and the quality of the coal so different 

within short distances that it is almost impossible to correlate coal 

beds on these criteria. Variations in quality of the coal from subbituminous to bituminous are regional rather than local, except where the 

beds have been altered by volcanic action. No coal bed so far as 

known can be said to be subbituminous in one part of a field and bituminous in another part. Both bituminous and subbituminous beds 

are constant in character within the fields in which they are known to 

occur, but variations in the character of coal of adjoining fields believed 

to be closely associated are often very marked. It is believed that 

the detailed work performed by the State Geological Survey during 

the summer and autumn of 1909 will do much toward establishing 

the correlation of the beds in different parts of the county.

The samples taken from this county were collected at different 

times between July, 1909, and January, 1910, but mostly during the 

months of July, August, and September. Several samples obtained 

by other collectors from the mines at Renton, Taylor, and Ravensdale 

in the last few years have been analyzed by the United States Geological Survey, and the analyses of these samples are given as a means 

of comparison with those taken by the writer.

Gas is present in many of the mines of this county. In the mines 

at Black Diamond it is so abundant as to necessitate the use of safety 

lamps in all the workings. It occurs in small quantities in the subbituminous coal at Coal Creek, but chiefly in the bituminous coal 

nearer the main crest of the Cascade Mountains.

PROSPECT NORTH OF ISSAQUAH.

A prospect shaft 3 miles north of Issaquah. No. 2.

Opened by United States Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed probably belongs to the group of coal beds 

exposed at the Grand Ridge mine, to the south. It strikes N. 73° E. 

and dips 79° NW. A shaft has been sunk on the bed to a depth of 53 

feet. The following section was measured at the bottom of the shaft.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 474 PLATE V

A. FOREST UNDERGROWTH IN THE COAL DISTRICT NEAR BAYNE, KING COUNTY. 

A factor which makes study of the coat-bearing formations of Washington very difficult.

1',. TYPICAL FORESTED AREA Or THE PUGET SOUND COUNTRY. 

Looking east from Lizard Mountain, near Bayne, King County.
KING COUNTY. 81 

Section of coal bed at United States Coal Co. 's prospect 8 miles north of Issaquah.

No. 9291.

Shale, carbonaceous. ' . Ft. in.

*Coal......... ........................................... 3 1

Clay, white, plastic...................................... 2

*Coal................................................... 2 9

Clay, yellowish, white, plastic........................... 3

*Coal, bony............................................;.. 3$

Shale, slaty, carbonaceous. , - 

6 6£

Sample for analysis. Sample 9291 was taken at the bottom of the 

shaft. The two clay partings in the bed can be easily separated from 

the coal and were not included in the sample. The hanging wall and 

the foot wall of the bed, which are made-up o£4 carbonaceous .shale, 

are firm and strong and do not mix with the cbaL The analysis of the 

sample is given on page 41. .

diameter and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black and 

banded and has a splintery fracture. It contains a small amount of 

gas which could be heard escaping from the bottom of the shaft. 

The coal contains a large amount of moisture and probably weathers 

rapidly, on exposure to the direct rays of the sun, .but large blocks 

exposed to the air under the cover of trees for several months showed 

no signs of breaking down. The coal has about the same heating 

value as the coal from the mines at Grand Ridge and Issaquah.

GRAND RIDGE.

Grand Ridge slope mine, on the Northern Pacific Railway, 3 miles 

east of Issaquah. No. 3.

Operator: Central Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. Five coal beds are being worked, ranging from No. 1, 

at the bottom, to No. 7, at the top. They strike N. 34° E. and dip 

28° NW. Sections of beds Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, and 7, where the samples 

: were taken, are given below:

Sections of coal beds in Grand Ridije mine, 3 miles east of Issaquah.

No. 8544, bed No. 1.

Shale;

Shale...................

Shale...................

*Coal

Shale...................

Shale...................

Shale.

moono p,,n AIA ii

Ft. 

... 1

. .. 1

1

. .. 1

. .. 1

G 

ft

in.

2,}

1

Si

7

m

No. 11736, bed No. 3.

Sandstone, massive.

*Coal

Shale, carbonaceous. ......

Clay, white. ...............

Clay, white. ...............

Bone and coal ........... '. .

Shale..........................

Sandstone, massive.

Ft.

1

1

1

fi

in.

7

3

6

11

5

2

4

2
82 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Sections of coal beds in Grand Ridge mine, 3 miles east of Issaquah Continued.

No. 8545, bed No. 2.

Shale. 

Shale and coal in streaks. .......

*Coal, banded. .............

Shale.

No. 11737, bed No. 4.

Shale.

Shale, carbonaceous. .......

Shale. ^ .

l-t. in. 

5

.. 2

4 5

Ft. in.

4

..3 1

q c

No. 11738, bed No. 7.

Sandstone, massive. 

Shale.........................

*Coal......................

. Clay, white ..............

*Coal......................

Clay, white. ..............

*Coal......................

Clay......................

Clav......................

Shale, carbonaceous. ..........

Shale.

Ft. 

2

1

1

1

9

in.

fi

i

r.

i

7

5

8

5

fill

5£

Preparation for market. At the time this mine was examined by 

the writer beds Nos. 1 and 2 only were being worked on a commercial 

scale. The coal from both beds was mixed in the bunkers; that 

which passed over. 1^-inch bar screens was hand picked and sold as 

lump, and that which passed through the screen was washed in a 

JefTery-Robinson washer.

Samples for analysis. Sample 8544, from bed No. 1, was taken 

from the north end of the north gangway on the first water level 

about 220 feet north of the rock tunnel to bed No. 2. At this point 

four distinct shale partings ranging from half an inch to 2£ inches are 

present. By careful picking and washing these bands may be separated from the coal, and they were therefore excluded from the sample. Both hanging and foot walls are fairly strong and do not mix 

with the coal in mining. Sample 8545, from bed No. 2, was taken 

from the north end of the north gangway on the first water level about 

100 feet north of rock tunnel from bed No. 1. Both hanging and foot 

walls are firm and do not mix with the coal. Sample 11736, from bed 

No. 3, was taken from the left side of chute 4. Sample 11737, front 

bed No. 4, was taken on the north side of the rock tunnel. This 

sample was damp when it was sealed in the can. The location of 

sample 11738 is not given, but it is reputed as being wet when it was 

sealed in the can.

In preparing sample 9883, 40 pounds of coal which had just passed 

through the washer and was still wet was taken from the surface of a 

50-ton bin. The fragments were reduced to a uniform size of about 

three-fourths of an inch and the sample was quartered, opposite 

quarters being rejected and the remainder ground in a bone grinder 

to the size of "a pea. This was in turn quartered by the usual method 

until the final sample, about a quart, was obtained. This sample 

was sealed without drying in an air-tight can and mailed to the
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 474 PLATE VI

A. GLACIAL BOWLDERS ON THE SOUTH BANK OF GREEN RIVER NEAR FRANKLIN, KING COUNTY.

B. EXPOSURES OF THE PUGET FORMATION, IN WHICH THE COAL OCCURS, ALONG GREEN

RIVER NEAR FRANKLIN.
KING COUNTY. 83

chemical laboratory. The analyses of the samples are given on 

page 42.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black and 

has a reddish-brown streak. It is banded and laminated and breaks 

with an irregular splintery fracture. It slacks slightly when exposed 

to the direct rays of the sun, but does not contain enough moisture to 

cause it to slack noticeably when shipped in closed cars. Coal from 

bed No. 1 compares very favorably with that from Coal Creek and 

Renton. Coal from bed No. 2 is higher in ash than that from bed 

No. 1 because of the slightly bony nature of the lower portion of the 

bed, and hence has a lower heating value. The analysis of the washed 

coal (laboratory No. 9883) represents the quality of a mixture from 

the two beds. The great amount of moisture in the washed coal as 

received is clue to water from the washing. The coal makes a good 

fire in stationary boilers without forced draft and is classed as subbituminous.

ISSAQUAH.

Issaquah slope and drift mine, at Issaquah, on the Northern 

Pacific Railway. No. 4.

Operator: Issaquah Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. Only two of the numerous coal beds worked by this 

company were exposed so that samples could be taken. The company ceased operations at the mine several years ago (see PI. VII, A), 

and most of the workings were flooded with water so that the samples 

had to be taken above the water level of the valley. The beds 

strike N. 74° E. and dip 26° NW. The following sections were 

taken where the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Issaquah mine.

No. 8542. bei

Shale.

No. 8542, bed No. 4.

3. Ft.

Shale......................

Coal...................... 1

Shale......................

Shale with streaks of coal..

Shale..'.................... '

Coal...................... 1

4

in. 

14

4

4

5

, 1

7

£

9

 11

No. 8543, bed No. 5.

Sandstone. 

' *Coal. ....................

*Coal. ....................

Shale, carbonaceous. . ........

Ft. in. 

. 1

5

. 2

11

7

. 4 6.V

Preparation for market. The coal from this mine was passed over 

bar screens, after which the lump coal was picked by hand and the 

screenings were washed in a Jeffery-Robinson tub washer.

Samples for analysis. Sample 8542 was taken from the side of a 

small entry west of the main slope on bed No. 4, 50 feet down the
84 COALS OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

slope from the entrance to the mine. All the partings of the bed can 

be separated from the coal by careful picking and washing and were 

therefore not included in the sample. Although it had been exposed 

to the weather for a considerable length of time, the roof appeared to 

be firm and strong. The bottom of the bed was not exposed, and the 

character of the floor could not be. determined. Mud carried down 

by water from the overlying rocks had filled the joints in the coal 

and in order to remove this mud the sample was thoroughly washed 

in a small stream before being ground and quartered. It was.sealed 

in the can without being dried and for this reason the percentage of 

moisture in the sample as received is higher than it would be when 

mined under ordinary conditions. Sample 8543 was taken at the 

end of a 700-foot water-level gangway on bed No. 5. Both clay 

partings in the bed can be separated by picking and washing and 

consequently were not included in the sample. The sample which 

was taken near the surface and was wet by seepage from overlying 

rocks and soil was still moist when sealed in the can and the analysis 

of the sample as received shows moisture of more than ordinary 

amount. The analyses of these samples are given on pages 42-43.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish brown, has a 

slightly banded structure, and breaks with.a conchoidal fracture. It 

slacks slightly when exposed to the direct rays of the sun but does 

not contain enough moisture to cause it to weather when shipped in 

closed cars. Its heating value is about the same as that of the coal 

from the Grand Ridge mine but is slightly lower than that of the coal 

from Coal Creek. This coal is classed as subbituminous.

SUPERIOR.

 Superior drift mine, 1£ miles southwest of Issaquah, on a spur of 

the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 5.

Operator: Superior Coal & Improvement Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. One coal bed is worked hi this mine. It strikes N. 70° 

E. and dips 30° NW. Another bed, about 300 feet to the north, is 

thought to be the same as the bed No. 0 at the Issaquah mine. 

The following sections were measured at the points from which the 

samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds at Superior mine, 1\ miles southwest of Issaquah.

No. 8548, main bed. 

Coal, roof.

Clay (small lens).......

*Coal, poor................. 3

Sandstone, shaly, very hard 

(varies V to 3*")-- 

*Coal...................

Coal, floor.

Total worked............. 6

Ft.

3

3+

fiin. 

?,*

7

9i

9*

no. 8047, bed .NO 

*Coal..... ................

*Coal.....................

*Coal.....................

Total worked ......

. 0.

Ft. 

...... 1

...... 1

...... 3

in. 

5

1

1

4

8*

7*
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 474 PLATE VII

A. ABANDONED BUNKER OF THE ISSAQUAH COAL CO., AT ISSAQUAH, KING COUNTY.

B. WASHER AND BUNKER OF THE PACIFIC COAST COAL CO., AT BURNETT, PIERCE COUNTY.
KING COUNTY. 85

Preparation for market. Temporary bunkers have been erecte'd. 

The coal is being picked by hand, pending the further development 

of the mine.

Samples for analysis. Sample 8548 was taken on the first water 

level 900 feet from the entrance to the mine and 60 feet up the rise 

on the west side of the last entry. A parting which occurs near the 

center can be removed by picking and washing and was therefore 

not included in the sample. The roof of the mine is coal, but it is 

separated from the bed at this particular place by small lenses of clay 

which come down in mining and which must be removed from the 

coal. The bottom of the bed was not exposed, and the floor at this 

point was in coal. The sample contained films of mud in the joints 

of the coal and these were removed by washing before the sample 

was ground and quartered. The sample was sealed in the can while 

wet and the analysis of the sample as received contains a slightly 

excessive amount- of moisture. Sample 8547 was taken 60 feet from 

the entrance.of the 75-foot drift on coal bed No. 0. Both partings 

can be separated from the coal by picking and they were not included 

in the sample. The coal was slightly moist when taken from the 

mine and sealed in the can, and for this reason the amount of moisture 

in the samplers received is a little too high. Analyses of these 

samples are given on page 43.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from these beds is grayish 

black, gives.a brown streak, and is very slightly banded. It breaks 

with a conchoidal fracture. The upper bench of the main bed is 

considerably more banded than the others and probably contains a 

higher percentage of ash. Although the coal weathers slightly on 

exposure to the sun, it should stand transportation for some distance 

in closed cars. Its heating value is about the same as that of the coal 

from Issaquah and Grand Ridge and is somewhat lower than the' 

average of that mined at Coal Creek.

FORD AND BAGLEY.

Ford slope mine and Bagley water-level drift, at Coal Creek, on 

the Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad. No. 6.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. Five coal beds are worked at present in these mines 

the Muldoon, No. 3 and No. 4 beds, in the Ford mine, and the Bagley, 

Nos. 1 and 2 beds, in the Bagley mine. The beds strike N. 78° W. 

and dip 36° to 43° NE. The beds are veiy irregular and the thickness and number of the partings differ considerably in sections measured only a short distance apart. The distances between the beds or 

the benches in the beds are not at all similar in the opposite ends of 

the workings. The layer of bony coal overlying bed No. 3, about 700 

feet east of the cross tunnel from the Muldoon, is 1 foot 5 inches thick.
86 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Half a mile to the east this layer is about 30 feet thick. The layer of 

bony shale which separates the upper and lower benches at the same 

place thickens from 8£ inches to 1 foot 6 inches in a distance of 600 

feet to the east. Near the .west end of the old workings this parting 

increases in a short distance from a few feet to nearly 90 feet at the 

entrance to the old New Castle mine. The following sections were 

measured where the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Ford mine.

No. 9163, Muldoon coal bed.

Shale, compact (roof). 

Shale. Ft. 

*Coal, bony. ..................

*Coal. ........................ 2

Shale, gray-brown, streaks of 

coal... ...................

Shale, brown at center, grades 

to coal each way ..........

*Coal................ ......... 1

"Sulphur "band. ...... ...........

QV»o 1 £» o/vFf" Q!O plrci

6 

No. 9165, Muldoon coal bed.

Shale, compact, scales off. Ft.

fCoal, bony. ..................

Bone, sandy. ................

Shale, slate-colored .........

*Coal

Shale, slate-colored ..........

Shale, brown, carbonaceous. .

*Coal.. ....................... 1

*Coal............... ..:."...... 1

Coal, bony. 

No. 9164, lower bench of bed No. 3.

Shale, hard black. Ft. 

*Coal... ...................... 1

1

in. 

1

2 

1 

8

8

5

84 

1

14

24

in. 

1 

10 

1 

6

4

94 

1

7

6 

1 

2 

1

4

1

in. 

94

9*

No. 9166, Muldoon coal bed.

Shale, compact (good roof), slatecolored. Ft. 

Shale, black, carbonaceous. ....... . *Coal.........................

*Coal, bony. ..................

*Coal................ .........

*Clay, "sulphur" band. .....

*Coal.........................

Shale, brown (clayey). . ......

*Coal. ...... ..................

Shale.......................

*Coal..........................

*Shale and bone. .............

*Coal......................... 1

Shale, carbonaceous, black to 

brown.

5 

No. 9168, upper bench of bed No. 3.

Shale. Ft. 

*Coal........ .................

fShale, black, carbonaceous. . . 

*Coal......................... 2

*Coal

Coal, bony ................. / */

*Coal........... ..............

STiQ IP Vnvrl T^ln r»lr

4 

No. 9167, bed No. 4.

Sandstone, white, shaly. Ft. 

Shale, brown, carbonaceous. .....

*Coal.......................

Shale, yellow-brown ........

*Coal. ......... :...........'.

*Coal. ..:................... 1

*Oml 1

Shale, yellowish brown. 

4

in.

1

8 

2 

5

10 

1 

5 

1

3

n. 

8 

3 

1

8 

7

7*

in. 

1

1

2 

9 

5

10
KING COUNTY. 87

Sections of coal beds in Bagley mine.

No. 9170, Bagley No. 1 bed.

Shale, brown, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

*Coal, banded............... 1 3

Shale, brown, carbonaceous. . 1

*Coal, banded ............... I 3£

Shale, yellow. ............. £

Shale, brown ............... 1}

*Coal, bony. ................. 3

Shale, brown ............... %

*Coal. ...................... ILL

Shale, brown, "sulphur". ... -}

Shale, hard.

No. 9171, upper bench of Bagley No. 2 bed.

Sandstone, white (good roof). Ft. in.

Shale, carbonaceous. ............. £

*Coal....................... 7

Shale, carbonaceous. ........ 6

*Coal. :..................... 3$

*Coal, badly crushed ........ £

Shale, hard, nearly black. ...

*Coal, bony. ................

Shale, "sandy, " sulphur " 

band... .................

*Coal, bony, with streaks of 

shale. ...................

Shale, brown to yellow.

Coal bed. 2

1

No. 9169, lower bench of Bagley No. 2 bed.

Shale, hard, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

*Coal. ...................... 1 7

fShale, soft, very carbonaceous 1

*Coal............:.......... 2 5

Shale, carbonaceous (fair bottom). 

4 1

Preparation for market. The coal from all the beds is passed over 

a 2^-inch bar screen at the bunkers. The oversize is picked by hand 

for steam and domestic coal. The undersize is washed in a JefTery 

 tub washer.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9163 was taken from the Muldoon 

.bed .at the east end of the first air course above the gangway on the 

first level, about 5,400 feet east of the slope. The bed contains 

three partings, which can be separated by careful picking and washing, and these partings were not included in the sample. A thin, 

soft layer of bony coal and shale between the upper bench of coal 

and the roof comes down with the coal in mining and is removed by 

the washer. A band of pyrite and a thin layer of soft shale at the 

bottom of the lower layer breaks away from the floor and is separated 

by the washer. Sample 9166 was taken from the first level gangway 

on the Muldoon bed 5,750 feet west of the slope. The bed contains 

numerous thin partings, of which only parts can be separated from 

the coal by picking and washing. In order to obtain a representative amount of ash, three of the partings were omitted from the 

sample. A thin layer of carbonaceous shale occurs between the coal 

and the roof and another between the coal and the floor. Both of 

these mix with the coal in mining and must be removed at the bunker. 

Sample 9165 was taken from the fust level gangway on the Muldoon 

bed 1,400 feet west of the slope and 80 feet up chute 13$. The bed 

contains several partings, which generally can be separated from the 

coal by picking and washing. Half of the upper parting and the
88 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

entire lowest parting were included in the sample. A thin layer of 

carbonaceous shale occurs between the top of the bed and,the roof. 

This breaks from the roof in mining and mixes with the coal and 

must be picked out at the bunker. Sample 9168 was taken from 

the upper bench of bed No. 3 on the first level gangway 700 feet east 

of the cross tunnel from the Muldoon bed. The bed contains four 

partings, the upper three 'of which can be removed by picking and 

washing only with difficulty, and in order to obtain a representative 

amount of ash half of the upper parting and the entire parting next 

below were included in the sample. Sample 9164 was taken from 

the lower bench of bed No. 3 at the same location as No. 9168; The 

lower bench is separated from the upper by S-| inches of bone, and 

as both benches are worked together in this part' of the mine, the 

bone separating them must be removed at the bunker. Sample 9167 

was taken on the first level gangway on bed No. 4, about 650 feet 

east of the cross tunnel from the Muldoon. In the upper part of the 

bed are two partings which can be separated from the coal and were 

not included in the sample. A thin layer of carbonaceous shale 

between the coal and the roof and a portion of the floor mixes with 

the coal in mining and must be removed at the bunker. Sample 

9170 was taken from Bagley No. 1 bed on the first water-level gangway at the entrance to the rock tunnel from the Bagley No. 2 to the 

Muldoon. The bed contains five partings which can be separated 

from the coal by careful picking and washing, and which were not 

included in the sample. It is not being worked at the present time. 

Sample 9171 was taken from the upper bench of the Bagley No. 2 

bed, 36 feet up chute 24 of the first water level. Several partings 

can be separated from the coal, and these were not included in the 

sample; a thin layer of carbonaceous shale between the bed and the 

roof breaks down with the coal and must be removed at the bunker. 

Sample 9169 was taken from the lower bench of the Bagley No. 2 

bed at the same place from which sample 9171 was taken. This 

bench is separated from the upper bench by about 5| inches of shale. 

Both benches are worked at the same time and the shale between 

them must be removed from the coal. A small band of soft shale 

occurs in the center of this bench. About half of it can be separated 

during preparation for market, and therefore only half was included in 

the sample. The analyses of these samples are given on pages 43-44. 

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish-black, has a 

slightly banded structure, and breaks with an irregular conchoidal 

fracture. It contains about the same amount of moisture as the 

coal of Issaquah, Grand Ridge, and Renton. It slacks slightly when 

exposed ito the direct rays of the sun, but will stand transportation 

for a considerable distance in closed cars. The coal is good for domestic purposes and for steam and stationary boilers without forced 

draft, and should be classed as a high-grade subbituminous coal,
KING COUNTY. 89

DENNY-RENTON.

Denny-Renton drift mine, a't Renton, on the Columbia & Puget 

Sound Railroad and Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway. 

No. 7.

Operator: Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed worked at this mine is known as the 

Renton No. 1. It overlies the two beds worked by the Seattle 

Electric Co. at the Renton mine, strikes N. 32° E., and dips 14° SE. 

The bed is worked in two benches and a sample of each was taken. 

The following sections were measured at the places from which the 

samples were obtained:

Sections of Renton No. 1 coal bed in Denny-Renton mine.

No. 9154, upper bench.

Shale, sandy. 

*Coal, slaty. ..............

*Coal. ..................

' Shale...........:.......

*Coal........... .........

Shale, hard, carbonaceous. . . .

Ft. In. 

1

... 1 1

1

... 1

... 1 6

...2 3

No. 9155, lower bench.

Clay, yellow. Ft. 

*Coal......................

Coal, bony. ...............

Coal, bony, shaly toward top 

*CoaL. .................... 1

Clay.. .....................

Clay, sandy ...............

Coal......................

Clay, sandy. ..............

*Coal...................... 2

Clay, plastic, yellow. 

6

In. 

11

3* 

5 

8* 

6 

2* 

3*

4 

5 

1 

1

Hi

Preparation for market. The layers between the coal are thick and 

are separated in the mine, where they are used as gob. The coal as 

it comes from the mine is picked at the bunker before using.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9154 was taken from the gangway 

abput 300 feet north of the south line of sec. 17. The upper layer 

of the bench consists of shaly coal that can be separated only with 

difficulty from the coal immediately underlying it; this layer and 

the shale separating the two coal beds were not included in the sample. Sample 9155 was taken at two places on the gangway near the 

north line of sec. 20. The .sample from one part of the bed was 

taken 540 feet south and 160 feet west of the north quarter corner 

of sec. 20 and the sample of the other part was taken 120 feet due 

south of the same corner. This bench contains three good layers of 

coal, separated by layers of clay and by layers of coal too thin to be 

mined economically. The two benches of coal are separated by 2 

feet 8% inches of .material, which must be removed; the three layers 

in the lower bench are separated by thick partings, which are thrown 

into the gob. Several of the layers.of clay absorb moisture upon 

exposure to the air and swell to about 1£ times their original thick-
90 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

ness, making it very difficult to keep the gangways and rooms open. 

The samples of coal were moist when.taken from the mine and prepared for the laboratory, and therefore the percentage of moisture 

in the sample as received is a little too large. Analyses of these 

samples are given on page 44.

Character and quality of the coal. The color of the coal is grayishblack, the streak reddish-brown, and the structure laminated. It 

breaks with a splintery fracture, which is almost conchoid al. A considerable amount of moisture is present in it and it slacks slightly when 

exposed to the air. Its heating value is about the same as that of 

the coal from bed No. 2 and from the upper bench of bed No. 3 at 

Renton, but is slightly lower than that of the average coal from the 

lower bench of bed No. 3 and from the Coal Creek mines. It is 

classed as a subbituminous coal.

RENTON.

Renton slope mine, at Renton, on the Northern Pacific Railway, the 

Puget Sound Electric Railway, the Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound Railway. No. 8.

Operator: Seattle Electric Co., Seattle, Wash. 

 Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. Renton No. 2 and No. 3 coal beds are being worked 

in this mine. The older workings are on the lower or the No. 3 bed. 

The beds strike about N. 10° E. and dip 12° SE. The following sections were measured at the places where the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Renton mine.

No. 9158, bed No. 2.

Shale, brown. Ft.

Clay...!.....................

*Coal............... .......... 1

Coal, bony................... 1

Coal.......................:. 1

Clay.....................:...

Clay.........................

Coal, bony . . .................

8 

No. 9160, lower bench of bed No. 3.

Shale, brown (slightly carbonaceous). . Ft.

Coal, bony, and carbonaceous 

shale... ..................

*Coal.... ..................... 1

01 t , , 1 ,

in. 

4

24 

5 

7 

6 

1 

2 

2 

6 

5

44

in. 

94

5 

94

No. 9156, lower bench of bed No. 3.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. Ft. 

*Coal............... .......... 2

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

No. 9162, lower bench of bed No. 3.

Shale. Ft. 

*Coal. ........................

Shale, hard, black. ..........

*Coal. ........................ 1

3

No. 2455, bed No. 3.

Ft.

*Coal................ ............ 2

Shale..........................

Shale..........................

in.

84

in. 

10 

4 

10

in. 

2 

114

84

6 

1 

11 

3

7 84
KING COUNTY. 91

Section of coal beds 

No. 9159, upper bench of bed No. 3.

Sandstone, white. 

Mixture of white clay and brown 

shale, 0 to 4X in mine. Ft. 

*CoaL... ..........'.......... 2

*Coal.... ............ ........

fShale, brown, carbonaceous. 

*Coal... .....................

*Coal........................

4

No. 9157, upper bench of bed No. 3.

Ft.

 Goal................. ........ 3

*Coal................ .........

Shale, black, carbonaceous.. .

4

in E

in. 

3£ 

1

.81 

2 

8 

2* 

5

.2 i 1CO 0« 

61-

enton mine Continued. 

No. 9161, upper bench of bed No.

Shale, clayey (heaves). 

*Coal.................. ......

Shale, brown. ................

*Coal.:......................

*Coal........:...............

Shale, brown, carbonaceous. 

*Coal. .............. .........

No. 2456, bed No. 3.

*Coal..... .............:.........

Bone...........................

*coai............... ..:..........

Bone...........................

*fWi1

*Coal............................

*Coal. ............. .............

3.

Ft. in. 

2 8£ 

1 

. 2£ 

i 

7

i

1 2

4 10

Ft. in. 

2 7 

1

9

2*

101

1 5 

6 

4 

1 4

8 1

Preparation for market. On account of the low dip of the beds the 

larger partings can be separated in the mine. The coal is mined in, 

benches and. the larger partings thrown in the gob. At the bunker 

the coal is passed over a shaking screen with 2-inch and 3-inch perforations. The oversize is picked on the lower end of the screen and 

on the car. The undersize is washed in a Jeffery tub washer, and is 

screened and sold as nut, pea, and barley coal.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9158 was taken from bed No. 2 

about 140 feet up the first plane north from the fifth level south. 

The bed contains one clay parting which can be separated by picking 

and washing, and this parting was not included in the sample. The 

roof of the mine is strong, and-does not mix with the coal. The coal 

bed is underlain by several layers of shale and more or less impure 

coal. These layers are taken up in the main gangways and entries, 

and the impurities are thrown into the gob or separated at the bunker. 

Sample 9159 was taken from the upper bench of bed No. 3 on the 

seventh level, 500 feet north of the main slope. The bed contains 

several partings, and as it would be difficult to separate the center 

parting cleanly from the rest of the coal about half of it was retained 

in the sample. The bed is overlain by a mixture of white clay and 

brown shale, ranging up to 4 feet in thickness in this part of the mine, 

which frequently falls with the coal, and is separated and thrown in 

the gob. Sample 9160 was taken from the lower bench of bed No. 3 

at the place from which No. 9159 was taken. The bench contains
92 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

near the center a layer of bony coal and carbonaceous shale, which 

is separated in mining and in preparation for the market, and was 

therefore not included in the sample. The lower bench of the 'bed 

is separated from the upper bench by about 1 foot 5 inches of shale, 

which is separated from the coal and thrown-into the gob. Sample 

9157 was taken from the upper bench of bed Np. 3 at the north end 

of the gangway of the ninth level north about 2,900 feet east and .1,300 

feet north of the main portal of the mine. The bed contains one 

parting, which can be separated from the coal and was not included 

in the sample. This bench is separated from the roof by about 3^ 

inches of carbonaceous shale which comes down with the coal, and 

must be removed in preparation for the market. .Sample 9156 was 

taken from the lower bench of bed No. 3 at the place where 9157 

was taken. It is separated from the upper bench by 1 foot 5 inches 

of shale, which is removed from the coal during the mining, and is 

thrown into the gob. The coal in these two samples was slightly moist, 

owing to the seepage of water from the rocks above, and inasmuch as 

the samples were not dried before sealing in the cans, analyses show 

a slightly higher per cent of moisture in the "as received" determination than should be expected in average coal from this part of the 

mine. Sample 9161, taken from the upper bench of bed No. 3 about 

600 feet above the sixth level south on plane No. 6 of the new workings, contains three shaly layers, which can be separated in mining 

and in preparation for market and which were therefore not included 

in the sample. A bed of soft shale between the upper bench and the 

roof absorbs moisture upon exposure to the air and swells to about 

1£ times its original thickness. Sample 9162 was taken from the 

lower bench of bed No. 3 at the location from which sample 9161 was 

taken. It contains one layer of bone, which can be removed from the 

coal and was not included in the sample. This bench is separated from 

the upper bench by about 3 feet of shale, the upper part of which 

absorbs moisture when exposed to the air and swells to about 1J 

times its original thickness. Analyses of these samples are given on 

pages 44-45. The samples noted below were also taken from this 

mine: 1 Sample 2455 was taken by M. R. Campbell October 9, 1905, 

from bed No. 3 in the sixth level gangway, 2,400 feet south of the 

slope. All the partings in the bed were separated from the sample. 

Sample 2456 was taken at the same time as No. 2455 from the seventh 

level gangway, 150 feet north of the slope. All the partings in the 

bed were excluded from the sample. Carload sample 2687 consisted of pea coal from the washer and No. 2686 was made up of 

run-of-mine coal. These carload lots were sent to the Geological Survey fuel-testing plant at St. Louis in 1905, and the analyses of the 

samples are included in the table on page 45.

»BuU. U. 8. Geol. Survey No. 332,1908, pp. 272-274.
KING COUNTY. 93

diameter and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black when 

freshly fractured, but turns grayish black in a very short time. It 

has a reddish-brown streak, is slightly banded and laminated, and 

breaks with a slightly conchoidal splintery fracture. It contains a 

considerable amount'of moisture, and slacks slightly when exposed 

to the sun, but will stand transportation to a considerable distance 

when shipped in closed cars. Bed No. 2 and the upper bench of bed 

No. 3 have a heating value somewhat lower than that of the lower 

bench of bed No. 3, which is about the same as that of.the better 

grades of coal obtained from the Coal Creek mines. This coal should 

.be classed as high-grade subbituminous.

DANVILLE.

Danville, a water-level mine at Danville, on a spur of the Columbia 

& P.uget Sound Railroad. No. 9. 

Operator: North Coast Colliery Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. Only one bed is worked at this mine. It strikes N. 42° 

E. and dips 75° SE. The following section was measured where the 

sample was taken:

Section of coal bed in Danville mine.

No. 9323. 

Shale, hard.

Shale, rather soft. Ft, in. 

'Coal, broken and apparently dirty....................... 1 11

*Coal................................................... 2 2$

*Coal, broken and apparently dirty....................... 3 9

Shale, yellow, slightly carbonaceous. . 

Coal bed worked.... 1................................... 5 11£

Sample for analysis. Sample 9323 was taken 20 feet to the southwest along the bed from the end of the rock tunnel from the fan. 

The mine had been abandoned for more than a year and the exposures 

of the coal along the gangway were very badly caved, so that it was 

difficult to obtain a good sample. Considerable movement has taken 

place along the bed, so that it would be difficult to prevent the impure 

coal overlying that part of the bed sampled from mixing with the 

better coal.- About 7 inches of rather soft shale overlies the upper 

bench of coal, and a layer of carbonaceous shale underlies the bed. 

Where these were exposed in the mine they were soft and broken and 

would mix with the coal in mining. The analysis of this sample is 

given on page 45.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black, is 

slightly banded, and breaks with a splintery and conchoidal fracture. 

It has a relatively large amount of moisture and slacks slightly when 

exposed to the sun, but will hold up well for considerable length of 

time when shipped in closed cars. It is a subbituminous coal and 

has about the same heating value as the coal from the upper bench 

of bed No. 3 at Renton and the coal from Issaquah and Grand Ridge.
94 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.'

RAVENSDALE NO. 1.

Ravensdale No. 1, slope mine at Ravensdale, on the Northern 

Pacific Railway. No. 10.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. Three coal beds are being worked. They are, in ascending order, Nos. 3, 4, and 5. Bed No. 9 .has been tapped by a rock 

tunnel, and a gangway 100 feet long has been driven to determine the 

character of the coal. All the beds strike approximately N. 45° E. 

'and dip northwest at angles varying between 22° and 40°. Both the 

main and the auxiliary slope are on bed No. 5, and a rock tunnel about 

200 feet long connects No. 5 with Nos. 3 and 4. Beds Nos. 3 and 4 are 

separated by about 10 feet of carbonaceous shale and impure coal. 

The sections measured at the places where the samples were taken are

as follows:

Sections of coal beds in Ravensdale No. 1 mine. . 

No. 9266, bed No. 3. 

Shale..........................

Coal, bony. ..............

*Coal (containing "niggerheads")........ ........

"Sulphur"...............

*Coal.....................

*Coal.....................

Shale.....................

*Coal (" Sulphur" band near 

center)........... .......

Coal bed.................

No. 9270, bed No. 5.

Shale, gray. 

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 

*Coal..................:..

*Coal.....................

"Coal.....................

Shale, sandy and bone..... 

*Coal. .... ................

*Coal........ .............

Bone................... ...

*0oil

Clay.....................

*Coal (reported to be 3 feet).

Ft. in.

7+ 

4

2 

1 

2 24

81

8

i 

2 2£

7 10| 

Ft. in.

3|

i 

31 

i 

5 

2 

1 1 

11 

2£ 

1 

2 

1 

2+

7 74-'

No. 9271, bed No.

Shale. 

*Coal................

Shale................

*Coal

Shale.

No. 9273, lower bench'of

Shale. '

*flnal

*Coal, dirty. .........

Shale.

No. 9267, bed No.

Shale. 

*Coal................

*Coal................

Clay, yellowish white. 

No. 9274, bed No. 

Clay, black...............

*Coal...... I.........

"Sulphur" band and 

*Coal. ................

*Coal................

Shale................

*Coal................

Shale................

Coal. ...............

Coal bed worked....

5.

Ft. 

..... 3

1

4.

1

10 

bed No. 5.

Ft. 

4

.... 1

5 

4. 

Ft 

..... 3

..... 2

5 

5.

Ft.

..... 1

coal. 

..... 1

..... 1

...... 4

in. 

2^ 

21 

6

2J 

1

5

71

in. 

2^ 

1+ 

5

8i+

in.

7

i

n

in.

7

.1 

7 

1 

2 

2 

31 

4 

6+

4*
KING COUNTY. 95 

Sections of coal beds in Ravensdule No. 1 mine Continued.

No. 9272, upper bench of bed No. 5.

Shale. Ft. in. 

........ ............ 3 2

Coal, bony.

No. 9277, bed No. 9.

Ft. in.

' Coal, bony. ............... 1 5

2

Bone, poor. ..................... 1 7

Shale, very slightly carbonaceous. 1 7 

Shale.

9J

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate the partings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the run-of-mine coal 

is passed over a shaking screen having 2^-inch and f-inch perforations. That which passes through the holes is sorted in a revolving 

screen, and the different sizes are passed through a spiral dry washer, 

which has not been found very efficient in separating the impurities 

from the coal. The coal from the spiral separator and from the picking table are mixed in the bunker before shipment. The entire output 

of the mine is used by the Northern Pacific Railway.

Samples for analysis. All the samples were collected on the second 

level. Sample 9266 was taken October 20, 1909, from the face of the 

east gangway of bed No. 3, 775 feet east and 400 feet north of the 

center of sec. 36, T. 22 N., R. 6 E. The bed contains three partings, 

which are nearly regular, and which may be separated from the coal 

by careful picking and washing. The roof of the mine is poor and in 

many places breaks down and mixes with the 0 coal. The floor is 

fairly firm and does not mix very much with the coal. Sample 9267 

was taken from bed No. 4 at a point 100 feet up chute 16 of the east 

gangway. The irregular layer of shale which occurs in the center of 

the bed and a considerable amount of shale from the roof is mixed 

with the coal in mining, but these impurities can be removed by careful picking and washing. Sample 9270 was taken from bed No. 5 

about 15 feet east of the sump at the bottom of the slope. Only the 

upper part of the bed was exposed. Two thin partings near the top, 

which could only be partially separated from the coal by picking and 

washing, were included in the sample to offset the amount of ash which 

might be left in the coal from the other partings. Sample 9274 was 

taken from chute 31 about 20 feet up the rise from the east gangway on bed No. 5. The bed contains three partings, which can be 

separated from the coal and which were not included in the sample. 

About 7 inches of black clay overlies the coal and is mixed with it in 

mining. This clay must be removed in preparation for use. The 

sample represents the part of the bed being mined in the part of the 

workings from which the sample was taken. Sample 9271 was taken 

from bed No. 5, 150 feet up chute 59 on the east gangway. This 

section represents the entire thickness of the bed. The two shaly 

partings can be separated in preparation for use and are not included
95 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

in the sample. Sample 9272 was taken from the upper bench of good 

coal at the location at which sample 9271 was obtained. Sample 

9273, which was taken from the same place, consists of the lower 

bench. The parting can be separated in preparation for use and was 

not included in the sample. Sample 6487 was taken in 1908 by J. B: 

Umpleby from bed No. 5. Only the lower part of the bed was sampled 

because the upper part was not exposed. Sample 9277 was taken 

from the east end of the gangway on bed No. 9, 100 feet from the rock 

tunnel from No. 5. The bench sampled lies between two layers of 

bony coal which are believed to contain too much ash to be of economic value. Analyses of the samples from this mine are given on 

pages 45-47.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is nearly pitch black, 

and has a dark brown streak and a slightly banded structure. It 

breaks with an irregular splintery fracture. It has a moderate 

amount of moisture, but does not crumble readily when exposed to the 

sun. Most of the benches of coal mined contain a rather high percentage of ash. The layer of crushed coal at the bottom of bed No. 5 

contains small quantities of gas, which is liberated when the coal is 

shot down, and sometimes gives rise to small explosions. The coal is 

bituminous and compares in heating value with, the subbituminous 

coal mined at Renton and Newcastle. The low heating value of this 

coal is due to the large amount of ash and the moderate amount of 

moisture.

M'KAY.

McKay, slope mine at Ravensclale, on the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 11.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The bed worked at this mine is known as the McKay 

and is thought to be identical with the McKay bed of the Black 

Diamond mine. At the north end of the gangway the bed strikes 

N. 30° W. and dips 76° SW. Within a short distance to the south the 

bed changes in attitude, striking N. 50° W. and dipping about 40° SW. 

The bed is composed of two benches of clean coal separated by about 

3 feet of shale and bony coal. The upper bench is nearly uniform in 

thickness where it is exposed in the mine. The parting between the 

benches is also uniform in thickness, but if this bed is the McKay bed 

exposed at Black Diamond the parting should increase in thickness 

toward the southwest. At the McKay mine the two beds could be 

worked as one and the parting separated from the coal. The lower 

bench of the bed varies in thickness from a little more than 5 feet to 

nearly 6 feet. In several parts of the mine this bench contains a 

layer of bony coal near the bottom which is mined with the rest of the
KING COUNTY. 97

coal. The following sections were taken at the place from which the 

samples were obtained:

Sections of McKay coal bed in McKay mine.

Shale 

#

Shale 

Shale 

Shale

Shale 

*

, hard. 

Coal..

, hard. 

Coal

No.

No.

No.

, carbonaceous 

Coal .........

t Shale, 

Shale.

carbona

9279.

9280.

9281. 

, hard.

Ft. 

... 4

r

Ft.

... 5

5

in.

84

eet. 

5

in. 

24

24

Coal.

*Coal 

Shale

Shale 

*

Shale 

Shale

No. 9282.

, bony.......:..........

No. 9283, upper bench. 

Coal....................

Ft. 

. 3

1

5

Ft. 

3

1

6

in. 

24

84

in. 

24

94

rj

11

Preparation for market. The main bed is so clean that it does not 

need special preparation for the market except when gangways are 

being driven. In order to make the gangway of sufficient width the 

upper bench of the coal is mined. The partings between these two 

benches could be separated by picking and washing.

Samples for analysis. All samples for analysis were taken from the 

first level. Sample 9279 was taken from the north end of the north 

gangway about 300 feet north of the main slope. Both walls of the 

bed are fairly firm and not mixed with the coal in mining. Sample 

9280 was taken at the north end of the south gangway about 500 feet 

north of the entrance on October 21, 1909. The entire bench is clean 

coal, and separates both from the roof and from the floor in mining. 

Sample 9281 was taken from the south end of the south gangway 

about 36 feet beyond chute 26. The bed contains about 2£ inches of 

carbonaceous shale at the bottom, which can not be entirely separated 

from the coal. About half of this was included in the sample. The 

coal was slightly moist, due to seepage of water through the joints, 

and was not dried before being sealed in the can and sent to the 

laboratory. Sample 9282, which came from the same place in the 

mine as No. 9281, represents a layer of bony coal lying between the 

two main benches of the bed, and was taken to determine whether it 

contained enough carbonaceous matter to be of value in the manufacture of gas if the entire bed was worked. Sample 9283 was taken 

from the upper bench at the place in the mine from which No. 9281 

was taken. The bench is clean and separates freely from both the 

roof and floor, but it is not mined except along the gangway. This 

sample was very slightly moist when sealed in the can, but not sufficient to increase the percentage of moisture noticeably. The analyses 

of these samples are given on page 47. 

91320° Bull. 474 11 7
98 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal of the lower bench is 

pitch black in color and has a dark-brown streak. It has a vitreous 

luster and is massive without any distinct banding. The fracture is 

irregular and, along the planes of the butt joints, somewhat conchoidal. The coal from the upper bench resembles that of the lower 

bench except that it is slightly banded. The McKay coal has a 

relatively small amount of moisture and does not crumble when 

exposed to the sun. It is noncoking bituminous coal of rather high 

grade, and compare's favorably with many of the noncoking coals 

from the eastern part of the United States.

MOKGAN.

Morgan, slope mine 1 mile northwest of Black Diamond, on the 

Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad. No. 12.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. Two beds, the lower of which is known as the McKay 

and the upper as the Little or Upper McKay, are being worked in this 

mine. Near the surface the two beds are separated by about 10 feet 

of shale and sandstone, but in the lower workings, which are about 

3,000 feet down the dip from the surface, the sandstone, increases in 

thickness to nearly 90 feet. The beds strike about north-south near 

slope, from which point northward the outcrop swings gradually to 

about N. 20° E. The dip is about 25° W. Both beds are uniform in 

thickness throughout the workings, and the partings are fairly regular 

for a considerable distance. The following sections were taken at the 

places from which the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Morgan slope. -'j

No. 9106, McKay bed. 

Shale. Ft. in.

* Coal, good, clean, bright... 6 

Coal, sha.lv and bone....... 1

Coal...................... -2$

Shale. 

No. 9108, Upper McKay bed.

Shale, black. it. in.

*Coal...................... 1 4

Shale, lens. ................ 2

*Coal. ..................... 3 2*

Shale.

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate any of the 

partings from the coal-in the mine. At the bunker the coal from the 

two beds is picked over different sets of screens. It is not necessary 

to pick the coal from the lower bed except to remove pieces of mine 

timber and fragments which may have broken from the roof and floor; 

the upper bench is picked more carefully to remove the shale partings 

which in many places are present in the coal.
KING COUNTY. 99

Samples for analysis. <Sample 9106 was taken from the McKay bed 

on the north side of chute 46 about 12 feet above the north gangway on 

the sixth level. At this point the bed has a very good roof which does 

not break or become mixed with the coal, but it is underlain by about 

3£ inches of shaly coal which sometimes breaks from the floor and 

must be separated at the bunker. Sample 9108 was taken from the 

Upper McKay bed on the south side of chute 11, about 15 feet above 

the north gangway on the sixth level. A lens of shale contained in 

the bed can be separated from the coal by picking, and was not included in the sample. Analyses of these coals are given on page 47.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal of the McKay bed is 

pitch black, has a dark-brown streak, and breaks with an irregular, 

slightly conchoidal fracture along the lines of the butt joints. Elsewhere the fracture is irregular. It has a vitreous luster and massive 

structure. The coal contains' a small amount of moisture and does 

not slack when exposed to the sun. Sulphur is present in it in somewhat higher amount than in the coal from the same bed farther east 

and north. A small amount of gas, which is given off from the coal 

very slowly, accumulates at the top of the working rooms and makes 

necessary the use of safety lamps. The McKay bed yields a noncoking bituminous coal which compares very favorably with the 

better grades of bituminous coal obtained in the Eastern States. 

The coal of the Upper McKay bed is pitch black and has a dark 

brown streak and a somewhat splintery fracture; it may be readily 

distinguished from the McKay coal by its slightly banded texture. 

It contains about the same amount of moisture as the McKay and 

does not slack when exposed to the sun, but its ash content is somewhat higher. Like the McKay, it is a noncoking bituminous coal of 

good quality.

BLACK DIAMOND NO. 14.

Black Diamond No. 14, slope mine at Black Diamond, on the 

Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad. No. 13.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. Two coal beds are being worked at this mine. The 

lower one is known as the McKay and the upper one as the Little 

McKay, or Upper McKay. At the surface these beds are separated 

by about 4 feet of shale and bony coal, but the distance between the 

two beds increases greatly toward the deeper part of the workings. 

At the ninth level, about 3,200 feet down the dip from the surface, 

the beds are separated by about 90 feet of sandstone. At the main 

slope the beds strike N. 75° W. and dip 30° SW.; beyond the electric 

slope in the west end of the workings the strike is nearly N. 25° W. 

and the dip is 30° SW. The beds are uniform in thickness throughout
100 * COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the mine, and the partings and impurities in the beds are fairly continuous. The following sections were measured at the places from 

which the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Black Diamond No. 14 mine.

No. 9105, McKay bed. 

Shale, brown, sandy. Ft. in.

5

Coal, bony, soft. ........... 3

No. 9114, Upper McKay bed.

Shale, brown. Ft. in.

* Coal, bright, black......... 11J

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 7

* Coal...................... 2 9}

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 

4 4

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to remove any of the 

partings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the coal from 

the two beds is picked over separate screens. It is not necessary to 

pick the coal from the lower bed except to remove pieces of mine 

timber and fragments which may have broken from the roof and 

floor, but the upper bench is picked more carefully to remove the 

shale partings which in many places are present in the coal.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9105 was taken from the McKay 

bed 70 feet from the gangway in chute 59 on the eighth level north. 

At this place the bed contains a layer of bony coal near the bottom, 

which is used as a "mining/' and which can not be readily separated 

from the coal without washing. It is believed to be so low in ash 

that it will not materially decrease the quality of the coal from the 

remaining part of the bed. .Sample 9114 was taken from the Upper 

McKay bed 20 feet beyond chute 16 on the eighth level gangway north. 

The bed contains one shale parting which can be separated at the 

bunker and which was not, therefore, included in the sample. The 

shales which overlie and underlie this bed are mixed to some extent 

with the coal and must be removed at the bunker. The analyses of 

the samples are given on page 47.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal of the McKay bed is 

pitch black, has a dark-brown streak, and breaks with a somewhat 

conchoidal fracture along the lines of minor joints. Except at the 

joints the fracture is irregular. It is massive and has a vitreous 

luster. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not slack 

when exposed' to the sun. The amount of sulphur is somewhat 

higher than that of the same coal farther to the east and north. A 

small amount of gas is given off from the coal very slowly and accumulates in the abandoned rooms, making necessary the use of safety 

lamps. The coal is a noncoking bituminous coal and compares very 

favorably with the better grades of bituminous coal obtained in the 

Eastern States. The coal of the Upper McKay bed is pitch black, 

and has a dark-brown streak and a somewhat splinter}7 fracture; it
KING COUNTY. 101

may be readily distinguished from the coal of the McKay bed by its 

slightly banded texture. It contains about the same amount of 

moisture as the McKay and does not slack when exposed to the sun, 

but has a somewhat greater amount of ash. Like the McKay it is 

a noncoking bituminous coal of good quality.

LAWSON.

Lawson, a slope mine 1 mile northeast of the Black Diamond, on the 

Columbia & Puget Sound Railroad. No. 14.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. The Upper or Little McKay and the McKay proper 

occur as practically one bed of coal in this mine. Only the McKay 

is mined, however, except in the gangway, where the upper bed is 

taken out to give additional space in which to handle the cars. The 

beds are separated by about 10 inches of hard, black carbonaceous 

shale, which is used as a roof for the McKay bed throughout most of 

the workings. The beds strike N. 25° E. and dip 60° SE. at the west 

end of the workings, and strike N. 69° E. and clip 30° SE. at the east 

end. The McKay bed is uniform in thickness throughout the mine. 

The following sections were measured at the places from which the 

samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Lawson mine.

No. 9107, Upper McKay bed.

Shale. Ft. in.

*Coal with few layers of carbonaceous shale.......... 2 2\

Shale, black, carbonaceous . 1

*Coal...................... 1

Shale, brown, sandy....... 1

Coal, bony................. 2£

No. 9104, McKay bed.

Shale, black, carbonaceous.....

*Coal ....................

Shale, brown, carbonaceous.

Ft. in.

11

4 9J

5 8£

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 11

Coal bed..................' 5 8$

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to remove any of the 

partings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the coal from the 

two beds is picked over separate screens. It is not necessary to pick 

the coal from the lower bed except to remove pieces of mine timber 

and fragments which may have broken from the roof and floor. The 

upper bench is picked more carefully to remove the shale partings 

which in many places are present in the coal.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9104 was taken from the McKay 

bed on the side of the gangway between chutes 73 and 74 of the sixth 

level. The bed has a fairly good roof and floor and what impurities
102 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON1 .

break from them are separated at the bunker. Sample 9107 was taken 

from the Upper McKay bed at the place from which sample 9104 was 

taken. The bed contains several partings of shale and bony coal 

which can be separated from the good coal by very careful picking and 

washing, and these were not included in the sample. The analyses of 

these coals will be found on page 48.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal of the McKay bed is 

pitch black, has a dark-brown streak, and breaks with a slightly 

conchoidal fracture along the lines of minor joints. In other directions the fracture is irregular. It is massive and has a vitreous 

luster. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not slack 

on exposure to the sun. A small amount of gas, which is given off 

from the coal very slowly and which accumulates at the top of the 

working rooms, makes necessary the use of safety lamps. The coal 

is noncoking, and compares very favorably with the better grades of 

bituminous coal obtained in the Eastern States. The coal of the 

Upper McKay bed is pitch black, and has a dark-brown streak and a 

somewhat splintery fracture. It may be readily distinguished from 

coal from the McKay bed by its slightly banded texture. It contains 

about the same amount of moisture as the McKay, and does not 

slack when exposed to the sun, but the amount of ash is much greater 

than in the McKay, owing to the presence of thin layers of carbonaceous shale in the upper layer of the coal. Like the McKay, it is a 

noncoking bituminous coal of good quality.

SURFACE EXPOSURE AT FRANKLIN.

Surface exposure at Franklin, on opposite side of Green River 

from the old Sullivan mine of the Pacific Coast Coal Co. No. 15.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. This COal bed is known as the McKay. The outcrop 

from which the sample was taken is the southeasternmost limit of 

the McKay bed as known at the present time. It strikes north and 

south and dips about 52° W. The bed is somewhat thinner at this 

point "than to the northwest. The following section was taken where 

the sample was obtained:

Section of McKay coal bed at Franklin.

No. 9484.

Ft. in. 

*Coal.................................................... 4 3£

Shale, carbonaceous........................................... 3£

Shale. 

4 7

Sample for analysis. Sample 9484 was taken by removing about 

2 inches of coal from the surface of the bed and channeling according
KING COUNTY. 103

to the usual method. The bed had been exposed to the air for a 

considerable length of time, and portions of it were, overgrown with 

moss. The coal is separated from the floor by about 3£ inches of 

carbonaceous shale, which may break from the floor and mix with 

the coal in mining. The analysis of this sample is given on page 48. 

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black and has a 

dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It breaks with a somewhat 

conchoidal fracture along the lines of the minor joints. Elsewhere 

the fracture is irregular. It contains a small amount of moisture, 

and does not crumble when exposed to the sun. The heating value 

of this sample, though taken from a surface which had been exposed 

to the weather for a long time, is greater than that of any of the other 

samples taken from the McKay bed. The coal is noncoking and is 

classed as a high-grade bituminous coal.

KUMMER.

Kummer, water-level drift on north bank of Green River, about 

one-fourth mile south of Kummer, on the Columbia & Puget Sound 

Railroad. No. 16.

Operator: Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal beds. Several beds of coal and carbonaceous matter are 

exposed, and the better beds of coal are worked in conjunction with 

several layers of clay, which are used in the manufacture of brick and 

terra cotta. The two coal beds from which samples were taken are 

very close together. They strike nearly north and south and dip 

about 40° E. The following sections were measured at the places 

from which the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Kummer mine.

No. 9113, bed No. 1.

Ft. in. 

Shale, black, carbonaceous.

*Coal, bright................ 3 8£

Shale, brown, soft......... 1

*Coal, bright................ 5

Shale. 

No. 9115, lower bed.

*Coal, slightly bony......

*Shale, hard, black, carbo- 

. naceous...:..............

Ft.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 

*Coal, hard, containing some 

bony layers.............. 2

Shale, hard, black, carbonaceous. 3

in. 

9

4

34

3

Coal bed.............. 4

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate the 

impurities from the coal in the mine. The coal is picked at the 

bunker to remove the shale that breaks from the roof and floor and
104 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

is mixed with the coal which is used by the company owning the 

mine for the manufacture of brick and is not cleaned as well as it 

would be if it were placed upon the open market.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9113 was-taken from the north side 

of the chute about 1,500 feet north of the entrance to the gangway 

on bed No. 1, and about 60 feet up the .rise from the water level. 

The bed contains one shale parting, which can be separated by 

careful picking and washing and was therefore not included in the 

sample. The roof and floor are of shale, which breaks off to some 

extent and should be removed from the coal in preparing it for use. 

This bed is the only one worked at present. Sample 9115 was taken 

from the lower bed from the side of a cross tunnel about 100 feet 

south of the entrance to the gangway of bed No. 1. The bed contains 

thin layers of hard black shale and a large amount of bony coal that 

can be separated from the good coal only with difficulty. . The 

3-inch shale parting near the bottom of the bed, however, can be 

separated by careful picking, and this parting was not included in 

the sample. The coal is underlain by hard black carbonaceous shale 

containing stringers of coal. This shale does not part readily from 

the lower bench of the bed, but will have to be separated from the coal 

in preparation for the market. The analyses of these samples are 

given on page 48.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal of bed No." 1 is pitch 

black, and has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is 

massive and slightly laminated, and breaks with an irregular fracture. 

Although it contains a moderate amount of moisture and crumbles 

when exposed to the' direct rays of the sun, it will stand shipment to 

considerable distances in closed cars. It is a high-grade subbituminous coal and has a heating value somewhat higher than that of any 

of the other subbituminous coals in the State. Its amount of fixed 

carbon is considerable higher than that of any other subbituminous 

coal in the State, and somewhat higher than the McKay coal, which 

is considered a high-grade bituminous coal. The coal from the other 

bed is nearly pitch black and has a dark-brown to reddish brown 

streak. It has a banded, shaly structure and breaks with an irregular 

fracture. It contains considerable moisture and weathers when 

exposed to the direct rays of the sun. Owing to its excessive amount 

of ash, the coal is at present of little commercial value. It was used 

at one time as fuel for the boiler which operates the bunker and 

hoisting machinery, but as it was found unsatisfactory its use has been 

discontinued. It is a high-grade subbituminous coal, but its great 

amount of ash reduces its heating value to a figure much lower than 

that of any other high-grade subbituminous coal of the State.
KING COUNTY. 105 

GEM.

Gem; water level and slope mine at Franklin, on the Columbia & 

Puget Sound Railroad. No. 17.

O

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. The coal bed operated at this mine, known as the Gem, 

lies about 500 feet stratigraphically above the McKay bed at Franklin. 

It strikes N. 2° W. and dips from 53 to 55° W. The thickness of the 

bed varies from 2^ to 4 feet in different parts of the mine. The following section was taken at the place from which the sample was 

obtained:

Section of Gem coal bed in Gem mine.

No. 9103. * 

Shale, bony. Ft. in.

*0oal................................................... 3 6*

Shale, bony.

Preparation for market. The bed is inclined at an angle too high to 

permit separation of impurities during mining. Bony coal and shale 

from the hanging and foot walls and "niggerheads," which are 

frequent in some parts of the mine, are removed by picking at the 

bunker.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9103 was taken 10 feet up chute 9 

from the. entrance to the lower water-level gangway. Both the 

hanging and foot walls are firm in this part of the mine, but in other 

parts they are mixed to some extent with the coal and must be separated from it in preparing it for the market. The analysis of this 

sample is given on page 48.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black and has a 

dark-brown streak and vitreous luster. It is somewhat banded and 

laminated and breaks with an irregular fracture. It contains a small, 

amount of moisture and does not weather when exposed to the air. 

Ash is present in greater amount than in the McKay bed but to about 

the same extent as in the upper McKay bed. When loaded on cars 

for shipment, the lumps can not be distinguished from the lumps of 

the upper McKay. Like the coal from other mines in this immediate 

vicinity it is noncoking.

SURFACE EXPOSURE SOUTHWEST OF FRANKLIN.

Surface exposure on south bank of Green River, about three-fourths 

of a mile southwest of Franklin. No. 18.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (?).

Coal bed. The coal bed is exposed in an open cut about 20 feet 

above the bed. of the river. A drift has been driven on the strike for a
106 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

distance of about 70 feet in the lower part of the bed. The coal at 

the end of the drift was covered with mud and water which had seeped 

through, from above. The coal at the surface when dressed for 

sampling appeared much more free from impurities than the coal 

in the drift, and the sample was therefore taken at the surface. The 

bed is believed to be the same as the Gem which is worked at Franklin. 

It strikes N. 22° W. and dips 60° SW. The following section was 

taken where the sample was obtained:

Section of Gem (?) coal bed in surface exposure three-fourths of a mile southwest of Franklin.

Nt>. 9487.

Ft. in.

Coal, minutely jointed.................................. 5

Coal, cubic fracture..................................... 8£

. Coal, bony.............................................. 1

Bone with thin stringers of coal.......................... 5

Shale with thin layers of bone and coal..:................ 8£

Shale, black, with layers and stringers of coal............ 1. 2£

Coal, bony.............................................. 1 2$

*Coal ................................................... 2 8£

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 

7 5£

Sample for analysis. Sample 9487 was taken from this bed. The 

layer sampled is overlain by bony coal and underlain by carbonaceous 

shale, both of which would probably adhere to some extent to the 

coal and should be separated from it in preparation for the market. 

The analysis is given on page 48.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is nearly pitch black and 

has a dark-brown streak. It is slightly banded and laminated and 

has an irregular fracture. The sample as received at the laboratory 

has a somewhat high percentage of moisture, but whether the coal 

will slack on exposure to the sun is not known. The surface of the 

exposure was kept moist continually by a spray from a small stream 

which falls down along the footwall of the bed, so that the coal was 

not exposed to the action of the air. The coal is noncoking and 

should be classed as either a very high-grade subbituminous or a lowgrade bituminous. Its heating value is about the same as that of 

the better grades of subbituminous coal obtained in the State.

KOSE-MAESHALL.

Rose-Marshall, slope mine, about 1 mile west of Cumberland, 

Wash., on a proposed extension of the Northern Pacific Railway. 

No. 19.

Operator: Rose-Marshall Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed is known as the John Harris bed and is 

supposed to be one of a group mined at Franklin and Black Diamond.
KING COUNTY. . 107

The beds strike nearly north and south and dip about 60° W. The 

following section was measured where the sample was cut:

Section of John Harris coal bed in Rose-Marshall mine. 

No. 10512.

Shale, roof. Ft. In. 

Coal, with layers of bone and clay......................... 5

*Coal............... ...'................................... 1 1

Shale, carbonaceous..................................... 2

.*Coal, cubical fracture..............:...................... 5

Coal, bony. : 

11 3

Preparation for market. No bunkers for cleaning and storing the 

coal had been erected at the time of the writer's visit.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9293 was taken by cutting channels 

across the face of six lumps of 6oal stacked under a small cover near 

the entrance to the slope. The mine was filled with water above the 

point in the slope where the bed was first encountered. These lumps 

which were sampled had been exposed to the direct rays of the sun 

for at least a part of the day for about three months, but the coal was 

bright and fresh and showed no indications of weathering. Sample 

10512 was obtained by G. W. Evans in April, 1910, after the mine had 

been reopened and placed in operation. It was taken 500 feet down 

the slope from the surface and on the left-hand side. A layer of 

carbonaceous shale in the bed, which can be separated from the coal 

by picking and washing, was not included in the sample. The coal 

was moist when taken from the mine and sealed in the can, and the 

analysis shows a slightly higher percentage of moisture than an 

analysis of a dry sample. The analyses of these samples are given 

on page 49.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black in color 

and has a dark-brown streak. It is banded and has either a slightly 

irregular conchoidal fracture or a somewhat cubical fracture. It 

contains a small amount of moisture and does not weather when 

exposed to the sun. In heating value-it compares favorably with 

many of the bituminous coals of the east and with the McKay coal 

at Black Diamond and Franklin.

INDEPENDENT.

Independent, slope mine, about 1 mile south of Cumberland, 

Wash., No. 20. 

Operator: Independent Coal Co.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

, Coal bed. One coal bed, which strikes N. 30° E. and dips 55° SE., 

is exposed. The section given below was taken at the foot of the 

slope, which has been sunk to a depth of only about 20 feet.
108 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Section of coal bed in Independent mine.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

*Coal, bony (sample No. 9474) ........................... 3 5

*Coal (sample No. 9286). . ............................... 2 2

*Coal, bony (sample No. 9286). . ......................... 1

Covered.................................................... 1

Shale, carbonaceous, black.

8 4+

Samplesfor analysis. Samples 9474 and 9286 were taken from the 

two benches of the bed at the foot of the slope. Sample 9474 was 

taken from the upper bench and sample 9286 from the lower bench of 

the bed. About 14 inches of the lower part of the lower bench was 

covered and could not be sampled, so that the character of this part 

of the bed is not known. Both hanging and foot walls are firm, and 

will probably not mix appreciably with the coal. The analyses of 

the samples are given on page 49.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from the upper bench 

is grayish black and has a brown streak. It is banded and breaks 

with a conchoidal fracture. The amount of moisture present in it 

is relatively small and the coal does not weather when exposed to the 

air. The amount of ash is very high, but the heating value is sufficient to make the coal marketable. It is a noncoking bituminous 

coal and resembles the coal from bed No. 5 at Ravensdale. The 

coal from the lower part of the lower bench resembles that from the 

upper bench- but is higher in ash. The coal from the upper part of 

the lov^er bench is pitch black; has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous 

luster. It is only slightly banded, and breaks with an irregular 

splintery fracture. It appears to be much lower in ash and to have 

a much higher heating value than any of the other layers in the bed. 

The coal appears to be of high grade, and resembles that from bed 

No. 5 at the Green River Coal Co.'s mine. This portion of the bench, 

if worked with the upper bench, would give a product with only a 

moderate amount of ash.

SUNSET.

Sunset, water-level mine, about 1 mile southeast of Cumberland. 

Bunkers are located on the Northern Pacific Railway about .1. mile 

from the mine. No. 21.

Operator: Sunset Coal Co., Cumberland, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal leds. Three coal beds have been worked. Bed No. 1, the 

highest in the group, was worked by a water-level gangway, which 

has been abandoned and closed up. Beds No. 2 and No. 3 are 

benches of a lower bed of coal, and are worked together in some 

parts of the mine. Bed No. 7 outcrops farther to the north on the 

hill and several hundred feet lower down in the formation. The
KING COUNTY. 109

beds strike about N. 60° E. and dip from 42° to 60° SE. The thickness of beds No. 2 and No. 3 varies considerably within short distances, and the partings are somewhat irregular. No. 2 and No. 3 

are the only beds worked at the present time. The following sections 

were measured at the places from which the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Sunset mine.

No. 9263, bed No. 1.

Shale.

Coal, bony..............

Coal, bony.

No. 9265, bed No. 3.

Shale, soft.

*Coal.....................

Sand, brown.............

Ft. in.

7

4 8

Ft. 

1

Shale, carbonaceous. .......

Clay.......................

Sandstone, carbonaceous....

Goal........................

Coal, bony. .................

84

No. 9264, bed No. 2.'

Shale, carbonaceous. Ft. in.

*Coal..................'...... 1 64

Shale...................... 1

*Coal........................ 84

Shale, carbonaceous, soft,

black.................... 24

*Coalf bony.................. 94

3 4 

No. 9276, bed No. 7.

Bone (roof). Ft. in.

*Coal, bony.................. 2

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 2>}

*Coal, bony... ................ 11.

*Coal, bony................ . . 2 5

Bone, with some coal (floor). ..... 1

4

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate the impurities at the mine. The partings are separated from the coal by 

picking and washing at the bunkers.

* Samples for analysis. Sample 9263 was taken from the side of an 

air chute on bed No. 1, about 30 feet down the dip from the surface. 

The air chute comes to the surface about 20 feet below the crest of 

the -first ridge east of the entrance to the mine, and this was the 

only place where a sample from this bed could be obtained. The 

coal had been exposed to the atmosphere for a considerable length 

of time and was somewhat weathered. The" bed lies between two 

layers of bony coal, which cling more or less to the coal and should 

be picked out at "the bunkers. Sample 9264 was taken from.bed 

No. 2 about 1,450 feet from the entrance to the mine. This bed 

contains two partings, which can be separated by picking and washing and were not included in the sample. Sample 9265 was taken 

at the same place as No. 9462, but from bed No. 3. Jt contains a 

parting of sand, which can be removed by washing and was not 

included in the sample. Between this bed and bed No. 2 is a layer 

of soft shale, of which a part can be removed in the mine and the 

rest separated at the bunkers. The bed is underlain by about 16 

inches of shale and more or less impure coal which may be mixed to 

some extent with the coal in mining, but it can probably be removed
110 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

by careful picking and washing. Sample 9276 was taken from bed 

No. 7 about 30 feet from the entrance to the drift which is 

located on the hill about 300 feet due north from the bunk house. 

The bed contains some bony coal and one layer of black shale; the 

black shale, can be separated and was not included in the sample. 

The roof and floor are both of bone and should not mix much with 

the coal. The analyses of these samples are given on page 49.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from beds Nos. 1, 2, and 

. 3 is pitch black and has a dark-brown streak. The luster of most of 

the coal is vitreous, but some from bed No. 1 displays very beautiful 

peacock colors. The coal is banded and laminated and breaks with 

an irregular, splintery fracture. Considerable moisture was found in 

the sample taken from bed No. 1, but this moisture may be due to 

absorption during weathering. The coal from beds No. 2 and No. 3 

contains a small amount of moisture and does not slack on exposure 

to the air, but that from No. 2 bed is rather high in ash, owing probably to the presence of a bony layer near the bottom of the bed. All 

three beds are bituminous, and the coal compares favorably with 

that taken fro'm beds Nos. 1 and 3 at Bayne. Coal from beds No. 2 

and No. 3 shows fair coking tendencies and is sometimes used in 

blacksmithing. The coal from bed No. 7 is grayish black and has a 

reddish-brown streak. It is banded and laminated and breaks with 

a splintery fracture. Inasmuch as its heating value is greatly 

reduced by the excessive amount of ash contained in it, this coal may 

be of little economic value until the better coals are exhausted.

NAVAL.

Naval, water-level and slope mine at Cumberland, on the Northern 

Pacific Railway. No. 22.

Operator: Naval Coal Co., Cumberland, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. Two beds of coal, No. 4 and No. 6, are worked at this 

mine. They are separated by about 12 feet of carbonaceous shale, 

which is left standing after the two beds are worked out. The following section was measured in the places where the sajnples were taken:

Section of coal beds in Naval mine.

. Clay shale. Ft. in.

Shale, white................................................ 3$ 

Bone...........,.....:.................................. 3£

*Coal (sample 9287)....................................... 11

Shale................................................... J

*Coal (sample 9287)................;.................. ... 1 6

Shale, carbonaceous........:...........................'...-..... 10

Coal, hard, bony......................................... 2

*Coal, fat, bony (sample 9285)............................ 1 7

*Coal (sample 9284)...................................... 2 4

18 Hi
KING COUNTY. Ill

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate any of 

the impurities in the mine. The coal is picked at the tipple over 

2-inch bar screens.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9287 was taken from bed No. 4 at 

the first crosscut above the water-level gangway in a chute 144 'feet 

north of the rock tunnel. The bed contains one shale parting, which 

can be separated from the coal and was not included in the sample. 

Layers of shale and bone, in all about 7 inches in thickness, overlay 

the bed and mix to some extent with the coal. These impurities 

must be removed at the tipple. The shale floor is firm and does not 

mix with the coal. Sample 9285 was taken from the north waterlevel gangway, about 330 feet from the rock tunnel, from the upper 

bench of bed No. 6. Sample 9284 was taken from the same place as 

sample 9285, but from the lower bench of the bed. The bed is 

between two layers of bony coalj which appear to be firm and should 

not mix to any extent with the coal. The analyses of "these samples 

are given on pages 49-50.

Character and quality of the. coal. The coal from bed No. 4 and the 

upper bench of bed No. 6 is grayish black and has a reddish-brown 

streak. It is banded and laminated, and breaks with a splintery 

fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not 

weather when exposed to the air. The amount of ash in both beds is 

somewhat high, but the heating value is sufficient to make the coal of 

commercial value. The coal of the lower bench of bed No. 6 is pitch 

black and has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is 

slightly banded and has an irregular splintery fracture. It contains a 

small amount of moisture and does not weather when exposed to the 

atmosphere. In ash content, which is moderate, the coal compares 

favorably with the best coal in bed No. 5 at Bayne and the coal from 

bed No. 3 at Occidental. The coal from bed No. 4 and from the upper 

bench of bed No. 6 shows a tendency to coke and that from the lower 

part of bed No. 6 should produce fairly good coke. This coal should 

be classed as a fair grade of bituminous coal.

EUREKA.

Eureka, abandoned water-level mine about 1 mile south of Bayne. 

No. 23.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed belongs to the same group of beds as that 

exposed in the mine of the Green River Coal Co. at Bayne. It strikes 

N. 85° W. and dips 38° SW. The bed, as exposed in the gangway, 

contains a great number of partings of shale and bony coal, and only 

 a portion of it is pure enough to be mined economically at the present 

time. The section following was measured.
112 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Section of coal bed in Eureka (abandoned) mine.

No. 9294.

Ft. in.

"Shale, black, carbonaceous................................ 1 1

*Coal............................................... 1

Shale, brown....................................... 2$

*Coal............................................:.. 2 -1

*Coal, crushed, and carbonaceous shale?.............. 1

"Sulphur-" band and sandy shale................'..... 1\

*-Coal............................;.................. 9£

Bone and shale..................................... 5

Coal . ..................I........................... 3£

Shale............................................... 2£

Coal................................................ 5

Shale............................................... 1

Coal............................................... 3f

Bone and shale...................................... 2£

Mixture bone and shale crushed...................... 1 7

Bone................................................ 3-2-

Coal, crushed, bony.................................. 6

Shale, carbonaceous...................................... 2£

' 10 10=1

Sample for analysis. Sample 9294 was taken from the side of the 

gangway 174 feet from the entrance to the mine. Two partings which 

occur in the bed can be separated by careful picking and washing, and 

were not included in the sample. The analysis of the sample is given 

on page 50.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black and has 

a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is banded and breaks 

with an irregular fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture 

and does not weather when exposed to the air. Although the amount 

of ash in the sample is large, the heating value is high enough to make 

the coal of considerable commercial value. The coal is bituminous 

and of about the same quality as that from beds No. 1 and No. 2 at 

Bayne.

BAYNE.

Bayne, water-level tunnel and drift mine at Bayne, on the Northern 

Pacific Railway. No. 24.

Operator: Green River Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal leds. Three coal beds, Nos. 1, 3, and 5 in ascending order, are 

being worked in this mine. One is separated from another by several 

hundred feet of sandstone. The beds strike N. 30° W. and dip 34° 

NE.- They are uniform in thickness and the partings are fairly continuous. The following sections were measured where the samples 

were obtained:
KING COUNTY.

Sections of coal beds in Bayne mine.

113

No. 9112, bed No. 1.

Shale, black. . Ft.

*Shale, black, carbonaceous, 

hard ....................

*Coal...................... 1

Shale, soft, carbonaceous... 

*Coal. .....................

Shale, hard. ...............

*Coal, with small "niggerheads".. ................ 1

Shale, black, carbonaceous. . 

*Coal. .....................

Shale, carbonaceous. .......

Shale, black................

*Coal. ..................... 1

6 

No. 9109, bed No. 5.

Shale. Ft. 

Shale, black. ....................

*Coal ...................... 2

Shale, soft, brown, carbonaceous ...................

*Coal ...................... 2

Shale, carbonaceous. 

5

in. 

10

94

34

34 

1

1 

2 

34

4

34 

2

24

7

in.

7

7

7

No. 9110, bed No. 3.

Shale, sandy. Ft. 

*0oal...................... 1

Shale, carbonaceous, very

*Coal. .....................

Shale, gray. ................

*Coal. .....................

*Coal..... :................

*Coal.. ....................

*Coal. ......................

4 

NOS. 9268, 9269, 9275, bed No. 5.

Shale, soft, carbonaceous. Ft.

Shale, carbonaceous.

No. 9483, highest bed on hill.

Shale. . Ft.

Sand. .....................

*Coal, stringy and slightly

in.

24 

94 

1 

4 

2 

5

1 

1

7

8 

in.

in. 

2 

1

4

8

114

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate the partings from the coal in the mine. At the bunker the coal is passed over 

a shaking screen having 2-inch perforations; the oversize is hand 

picked and the undersize washed twice through a new model of the 

Pittsburg jig, which is supposed to remove 95 per cent of the impurities.

Samples for-analysis. Sample 9112 was taken on the north side of 

the main rock tunnel where it crosses bed No. 1. The bed contains 

numerous partings, most of which, have a higher specific gravity than 

the coal and can be separated by carefully adjusting the washers. 

The top parting only was included in the sample. Sample 9110 was 

taken from the face of the south gangway on bed No. 3, about 70 feet 

from the main tunnel: This bed also contains numerous shale partings, which can be separated from the coal by very careful picking and 

washing, which were not included in the sample. Sample 9109 was 

taken on bed No. 5, 55 feet above the gangway and 15 feet to the left 

of chute 9. The bed contains one shale parting that can be separated 

from the coal, and was not included in the sample. Both the roof and 

91320° Bull. 474 11^^-8
114 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the floor of the mine are very firm and do not mix with the coal in 

mining. Samples 9275, 9268, and 9269 were taken from the lower 

2 feet of good coal from bed No. 5 in a small drift at the outcrop of 

the bed on the hill above the entrance to the mine, to show the effect 

of weathering upon this grade of coal. Sample 9275 was taken at 

the entrance to the drift 1 foot beyond the first set of timbers. The 

coal was weathered and much jointed, the joints being filled with mud 

and iron rust. Sample 9268 was taken 9 feet beyond the first set 

of timbers. The coal, which appears to be somewhat shaly at this 

point, was weathered, and the major joints were filled with mud. and 

iron rust. Sample 9269 was taken 15 feet from the first set of timbers. The coal was bright and firm and represents about the best 

coal that could be obtained from bed No. 5 in the mine proper. 

Sample 9483 was taken from the highest bed on the hill above the 

Bayne mine. It was very poorly exposed in a small prospect, and 

appeared to be faulted out of its regular position in the group. It 

contains several partings which can be separated by careful picking 

and washing, and these partings were not included in the sample. 

The analyses of these samples are given on pages 50-51.

Character and. quality of the coal. The coal from beds Nos. 1, 

3, and 5 is nearly pitch black and has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive and laminated and breaks with an irregular 

fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not crumble when exposed to the air. All the samples, except the one taken 

from the lower bench of bed No. 5, show a high percentage of ash. 

A small amount of gas is liberated after the coal is shot, and this 

accumulates in sufficient quantities to necessitate the use of safety 

lamps until the rooms can be tested and brushed out. This coal is 

bituminous and of good grade; the large amount of ash accounts for 

the low heating value. The coal shows coking tendencies, and is used 

at the mine as blacksmithing coal for rough work. Coal from the 

small prospect at the top of the hill contains little moisture, but the 

high percentage of ash makes it of little economic value at the present 

time.

Comparison of the analyses of the three samples from the drift on 

bed No. 5 shows a decrease in moisture and sulphur and an increase in 

volatile matter in the coal as the distance from the entrance increases. 

The increased amount of ash in the second sample is probably due to 

the greater thickness of the films of mud in the joints and to the more 

bony nature of the coal.

CAEBON.

Carbon, a water-level mine about half a mile northeast of Bayne, on 

the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 25. 

Operator: Carbon Coal Co., Bayne, Wash. 

Kind of coal: Bituminous. .
KING COUNTY. 115

Coal bed. The b.e.d worked at this mine is believed to belong to the 

same group as that mined by the Green River Coal Co. ,at Bayne. It 

strikes N. 45° E. and dips about 10° SE. The upper bed, or bed No. 

1, is the only one that is being worked. Bed No. 2 is separated from 

No. 1 by a parting that increases in thickness from a few feet at the 

far end of the gangway to about 25 feet at the entrance of the mine. 

The following sections were measured where the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Carbon mine.

No. 9485, bed No. 1. 

Shale, clayey.

*Coal.....................

Shale, sandy............

*Coal... ..................

Shale, clayey............

*Coal.....................

Shale.

Ft. in. 

1

.. 2 9i

91

QA

.. 1

5 + '

4 4J+ 

No. 9489, bed No. 2.

Shale, brown, sandy.

 Goal.......!............

Shale.

Ft. in. 

2 84

Preparation for market. The coal contains numerous "niggerheads" varying in maximum diameter from 2 inches to several feet, 

most .of which are separated from the coal in the mine. The coal is 

picked at the bunker and washed through a jig.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9485 was taken from bed No. 1 at a 

point 630 feet west and 590 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 

15, T. 21 N., R. 7 E. The bed contains two partings, which, since 

they can be separated by careful picking and washing, were not 

included in the sample. About an inch of bony coal .overlies the bed 

and is mixed with the coal to some extent in mining. It is necessary 

to remove this at the bunker. Sample 9486 was taken from spherical 

nodules of coal, which occur frequently throughout the bed and range 

from 2 inches to a foot in diameter. Coal of this character appears 

to be brighter and more nearly pure than the remainder of the bed. 

Analysis 9492 was made of a composite sample consisting of equal 

parts of the coals tested in samples 9485 and 9486. Sample 9489 

was taken from bed No. 2 at a point 380 feet west and 844 feet north 

of the southeast corner of the same section. At this place the bed is 

separated from bed No. 1 by about 2 feet of coal, clay, and shale.* 

The coal is worked only in the gangway, where the floor is taken up 

to give sufficient height for handling cars. The analyses .of these 

samples are given on page 51.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from both beds is pitch 

black, and has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive and slightly laminated, and breaks with an irregular hackly 

fracture. In general, the coal from these beds contains a small 

amoun,t of moisture and does not weather on exposure to the sun,
116 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

and that obtained from the spherical nodules contains a smaller percentage of moisture and ash and a greater percentage of volatile 

matter and fixed carbon than the remaining coal of the bed. The 

coal forms fair coke and is a bituminous coal of about the same quality 

as that obtained from the best beds in the vicinity of this mine.

PROSPECT DRIFT WEST OF BAYNE.

Prospect drift about one-fourth mile west of Bayne and about 600 

feet west and 140 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 21, T. 21 

N., R. 7 E. No. 26.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. This coal bed belongs to the same group as that exposed 

at Occidental and at Bayne. It is very nearly horizontal, and lies in 

the center of the syncline passing through Lizard Mountain. At the 

point in the drift where the sample was taken the bed strikes about 

N. 60° E. and dips nearly 8° NW. The partings in the bed are not 

uniform in thickness throughout the length of the bed exposed in the 

drift. The following section was measured where the sample was 

taken:

Section of coal bed in prospect drift west of Bayne.

No. 9488. 

Shale, carbonaceous. . Ft. in.

*Coal...................................................... 84

Shale, black, carbonaceous................................ 4-

*Coal...........................................:.......... 1 6

Shale, brown, sandy....................................... 24

*Coal...................i.................................. ' 84

Shale, sandy.............................................

*Coal......................................................

Shale, sandy, carbonaceous...............................

Shale.

5 64

Sample for analysis. Sample 9488 was taken 72 feet from entrance 

on the upper side of the gangway. The bed contains four partings, 

which can be separated by careful picking and washing and which 

were not included in the sample. The analysis of this sample is given 

.on page 51.

Character arid quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black, and has a 

brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive and slightly laminated and breaks with an irregular hackly fracture. It contains a 

small amount of moisture and does not weather on exposure to the 

air. The analysis shows a rather high amount of ash, but the heating value is high enough to make the coal of commercial value, and 

it should compare favorably with the coal from other mines in the 

.immediate neighborhood. Coking tendencies are apparent in coal 

taken from this prospect.
KING COUNTY.

OCCIDENTAL.

117

Occidental, two slope mines and one drift, at Bayne, on a spur of 

the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 27.

Operator: Occidental Colliery Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. Sixteen beds of coal and carbonaceous material, 

numbered in descending -order, are reported in this group. Beds 

Nos. 1,.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 14 have been developed at different times. 

At the time of the visit to the mine the openings on Nos. 4 and 5 

were closed, and these beds could not be sampled; The beds strike 

N. 45° E. and dip about 38° SE.; both beds and partings are about 

uniform in thickness throughout the workings. The following sections were measured at the places where the samples were obtained :

Sections of coal beds in Occidental mine.

No. 9479. bed No. 1.

Shale. 

Clay and coal, irregular streaks. . . 

*Coal .......................

Shale, slightly bony, altered 

locally to "niggerheads"...

*Coal, bright.................

Coal, bony.

No. 9478, bed No. 3.

Shale, carbonaceous. 

*Coal, slightly bony near centpr

Clay........................

Shale.......................

No. 9481, bed No. 6.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 

*Coal. .......................

"Sulphur" band.............

Shale, brown, soft. 

Shale, smooth.

No. 9476, bed No. 14. 

Coal, bony.

Shale.

Ft. 

1 

1

4

6

Ft. 

1

1 

1

5

Ft. 

1

1

3

Ft. 

1

in.

5

1 

1

101

in. 

5 

1 

11 

21 

5

9

in. 

21 

1 

5

7

7.

in. 

6

No. 9480, bed No. 2.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. 

*Coal, bright. ...............

Shale, sandy, brown, varies

Clay, soft, pale yellow, varies 

from 1 to 5 inches. .......

*Coal. ......................

Shale, brown, carbonaceous. . 

*Coal, bright. ...............

Shale, brown ...............

*Coal, bright. ...............

No. 9475, bed No. 3.

Shale, black. 

 Coal. ......................

Bone............. ...........

*Coal

Bone........................

*Coal. ......................

Shale.......................

Shale, floor.

No. 9477, bed No. 14. 

Shale, carbonaceous; 

*Coal, hard, bony. ............

*Coal, soft, bony. .............

*Coal. ......................

Shale.......................

*Coal. .......................

Shale, carbonaceous.

Ft. 

1

1

3

Ft.

1

5

Ft. 

1

2 

1

6

in. 

1

1 

2

3

1

5 

1 

51

9

in. 

Ill 

1 

81 

1 

91 

21 

11

1 

5

in.

1 

91 

6 

1

81

11
118 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. Coal from the beds No. 2 and No. 3 

is picked, and then washed through a small jig at a dump house near 

the entrance to mine No. 3. Numerous "niggerheads" occur in 

bed No. 2; the largest of these are separated from the coal in the 

mine, and the others are removed at the bunker. Coal from bed 

No. 14 is hand picked at another dump house at the entrance to 

the slope of bed No. 14, or what is known as the new mine.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9479 was taken from the abandoned 

workings on bed No. 1 on the side of an air course 550 feet from the 

entrance to the first water level and on the counter gangway 250 

feet above the water level gangway. The bed contains a layer of 

bony shale, altered locally to "niggerheads," which may be separated 

from the rest of the coal and was not included in the sample. The 

coal is overlain by about a foot of irregular bands of clay and coal, 

which will come down to some extent in the rooms and must be 

removed at the bunker. Sample 9480 was taken on bed No. 2, 

about 70 feet up a chute 310 feet from entrance to the gangway. 

The bed contains several partings, which can be separated by careful 

picking and washing and which were not included in the sample. 

The roof is of carbonaceous: shale, and is not mixed to any extent 

with the coal in mining. Sample 9478 was taken from bed No. 3 

about 100 feet above the first level on the manway 30 feet northeast of the slope. The bed contains two partings which can be 

removed by picking and washing and which were not included in 

the sample. Sample 94-75 was taken from the same bed about 660 

feet up the rise from the first level in chute 7. The bed contains 

four partings, which can be separated in preparation for market 

and were therefore not included in the sample. Both roof and floor 

are firm and do not mix with the coal in mining. Sample 9481 was 

taken from the south side of an old air course on bed No. 6, about 

142 feet from the surface. The air course is located about 300 feet 

northeast from chute 7 on bed No. 3. Two partings which occur 

in the bed can be separated from the coal in preparation for the 

market, and were not included in the sample. The roof of the mine 

is firm and is not mixed with the coal in mining, but the bed is 

underlain by 2£ inches of soft shale which parts from the floor with 

the coal and must be removed at the bunker. Sample 9477 was 

taken from bed No. 14 at the New mine about 200 feet down the 

slope and 30 feet to the west, where a small room had been opened 

to supply the boiler with fuel. A parting near the bottom of the bed 

can be separated and was not included in the sample. The roof and 

floor are firm and are not mixed to any extent with the coal. Farther 

west and southwest along; the gangway the bed is badly crushed, 

and the roof and floor become mixed to a considerable extent with 

the coal, introducing impurities which must be removed at the bunker. 

Sample 9476 was taken from the same place as sample 9477, and is
KING COUNTY. 119

composed, of coal from the. 1 foot 6 inch bench of good coal in the lower 

portion of the bed. Analysis 9491 was made of a composite sample 

containing equal parts of samples 9476 and 9477. The analyses of 

these samples are given on pages 51-52,

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from beds Nos. 1, 2, and 

3 and the lower part of bed No. 14 is pitch black and has a dark-brown 

streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive and very slightly laminated 

and breaks with an irregular fracture. It contains a small amount of 

moisture and does not crumble when exposed to the sun. This coal, 

except that from the lower bench of No. 14, contains about the same 

amount of ash as most of the coal in the vicinity of Bayne. Gas 

occurs in the coal .in such quantities as to make necessary the use of 

safety lamps after shooting, or after the workings have stood vacant 

for some time. The coal is bituminous, and is used to some extent 

as blacksmith coal, as it will coke in the forge. It has about the same 

heating value as the better grades of coal from the immediate vicinity. 

The coal from bed No. 6 and from the upper bench of bed No. 14 

is grayish black, and has a dark-brown streak and a dull luster. It 

is banded and laminated, and breaks with a splintery fracture. 

It contains a small amount of moisture and does not weather when 

exposed to the sun. More ash is present in it than in the other samples obtained at this mine, and its heating value is correspondingly 

lower. This coal is bituminous, shows good coking tendencies, and 

is of about the same value as that obtained from the beds of mine 

No. 1 at Ravensdale.

BIG SIX.

' Big Six, a drift mine about 1£ miles east of Bayne, on a spur of the 

Northern Pacific Railway. No. 28.

Operator: Bix Six Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. This mine, which has been closed for some time, is located 

on what has frequently been called the Pocahontas bed. The bed 

strikes N. 12° W. and dips about 31° E. The main rock tunnel to 

the bed is badly caved and was not considered safe at the time of the 

visit. The main bench of the bed could not be sampled, but a sample 

of the upper bench was obtained from a small drift made near the fan 

house on the outcrop of the bed, where the following section was taken:

Section of the Pocahontas bed in Big Six mine.

No. 9278.

Shale, hard, carbonaceous. ' Ft. in.

*Coal. .................................................. 1 5

Shale, brown........................................... 2

*Coal................................................... 1 1

Shale, brown........................................... 1

*Coal. .................................................. 4

Shale, carbonaceous, sandy..............:.................... 1

Shale, sandy. 

3 .2
120 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9278 was taken about 30 feet from 

the entrance to the drift. The bed contains two partings of shale, 

which can be separated from the coal by careful picking and washing 

and were therefore not included in the sample. A foot or two of 

shale separates it from the main or lower bench of the bed. The 

analysis of this sample is given on page 52.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black, gives a 

dark-brown streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is massive and 

dense and breaks with an irregular fracture. It is low in moisture 

and does not crumble when exposed to the sun. The ash content is 

about the same as that of the average coal in the same region. The 

coal is bituminous, of fair grade, and is reported to make good coke. 

It has about the same heating value as the better grades of coal from 

the same region.

PROSPECT AT PALMER JUNCTION. '

Prospect at Palmer Junction, on the Northern Pacific Railway. 

No. 29.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal l>ed. The coal bed appears to belong to the group exposed at 

Durham on the north and at the Big Six mine on the south. It 

strikes S. 2°W. and dips 38° E. The total thickness of the bed between 

hanging and foot walls is 30 feet 3| inches.' A' drift has been driven 

on the strike in the upper part of the bed to a distance of about 160 

feet. A section of the bed follows.

Section of coal bed. in prospect at Palmer Junction.

Shale, sandy (hanging wall).

Shale, black, carbonaceous..............................

Coal, bony..............................................

Shale, brown............................................ 2£

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of coal................ 7

Coal, bony............................................... 6

Shale, gray............................................. 7

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of coal................ 5

*Coal, bony (sample 9288)................................. 1 3£

Shale, hard, gray......................................... 1

*Coal, bony (sample 9288)....'............................. 8£

Shale, gray............................................. 1

Bone.................................................... 2

Shale, gray......................................;...... 1

Coal, bony............................................... 3£

Shale, brown...........................................

Coal, bony............................................... 5

Shale, brown, carbonaceous.............................. 3

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of bony coal and bright 

coal.................................................. 1

*Coal, bony, with stringers and lenses of good coal (sample

9482).........................!........................ 1- 4
KING COUNTY. 121

	Ft. in. 

Shale, brown, carbonaceous................................ 3£

Coal..................................................... 1

Shale, brown........................................... 5

Sandstone, coarse......................................... ' 3£

Shale, carbonaceous, with lenses of coal................... 1

Shale, brown....................................... '. ... 3£

Coal.........................!........................... ' 1\

Shale, sandy............................................ 1

Coal.................................................'.... 1

Sandstone, soft........................................... 7

Coal, poor............................................... 5

Coal..................................................... 2J

Coal, poor............................................... 3£

Shale, sandy............................................ 3£

Shale, sandy............................................ 3£

Coal, crushed............................................ 8£

Coal..................................................... 7

Shale, brown, with irregular lenses of coal................. 8£

Coal....................................................: 2J

"Niggerhead".................................'.......... 5

Coal..................... : ............................... 3}

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of coal................. 11

Coal, bony.. ....................................^........ 1.

Shale, sandy............................................ 1

Coal, bony................................................ 3£

Shale, soft, brown........................................ G

Opal.. ................................................... 3£

Coal, bony............................................... 6

Coal, very poor, bony (coal in thin lenses)....'............. 1 9£

Sandstone.............................:................ 3£

Shale, sandy black.....................................-.. ' 3£

Shale, black, carbonaceous............................... ' 1

Coal..................................................... 1

Coal, bony............................................... 5

Coal..................................................... 3i

Shale, carbonaceous, with stringers of coal................ 8}

Coal, poor............................................... 1

Shale, hard, sandy...................................... 3$

Shale, soft.............................................. 1

Coal, lens about 2 feet long.............................. 1

Shale, carbonaceous, with lenses of coal..................... 9£

Coal, very badly crushed................................ 6

Shale, black, hard, carbonaceous......................... 3£

Coal..................................................... 5

Shale, carbonaceous, with irregular lenses of coal.......... 4±

Shale (footwall). 

30 7

Samples for analysis. Samples 9288 and 9482 were taken from the 

surface of the bed just above the entrance to the drift, after about 6 

inches of the coal had been removed. Sample 9288 was taken from 

the upper bench, which contains a small parting not included in the 

sample. Sample 9482 was taken from the lower bench. The analyses 

of these samples are given on pages 52-53.
122 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from these two benches 

is pitch black, and has a dark-brown streak and vitreous luster. It 

is banded and laminated, and breaks with an irregular splintery 

fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture and does not 

weather when exposed to the sim. The amount of ash is very large, 

forming about one-third of the total weight of the coal, a'nd the heating value of the coal is so greatly reduced in consequence that it is 

only about the- same as that of the lowest grade of coal in the State.

PROSPECT SHAFT EAST OF RA*VENSDALE.

Small prospect shaft about 3£ miles east of Ravensdale. No. 30.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal'led. About 5 feet of the coal bed is exposed in the bottom 

of the shaft. The bed has been disturbed by .local movements so 

that the sections on both sides of the opening do not agree, and the 

dip and strike are somewhat uncertain; as near as could be determined from the present opening the bed strikes about N. 80° W. and 

dips from 80 to 85° S. The following section was taken on the west 

side of the opening:

Section in Prospect shaft 3% miles east of Ravensdale.

No. 9292. 

Shale.

*Coal... .................................................

Shale, and carbonaceous shale. .. ........................

*Coal. ............:............. ..........................

Clay, lens. ........ ...^.^.. ........... ....^ ............

Shale, carbonaceous. ..................................... 2

*Coal. ...................,............................:.... 1 5

*Coal, bony. ............................................... 7

Shale. '

5 4f

Samples for analysis. Sample 9292 was taken at the place where 

the section given above was measured. The bed contains three partings which can be separated from the coal, and these were not included 

in the sample. It is overlain by crushed shale, which Will mix with 

the coal in mining. The analysis of this sample is given on page 53.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black, and has 

a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is slightly banded and 

has an irregular conchoidal fracture, resembling that of the McKay 

coal, and this circumstance, among others, has led to the belief that 

this may be the McKay bed. The coal contains a rather large amount 

of moisture and a moderate amount of ash, so that its fuel value is 

considerably lower than the McKay. It has about the same heating 

value as the average coal from the Ravensdale No. 1 mine, and may 

be a continuation of one of these beds.
KING COUNTY. 123 

PROSPECT DEIFT NEAR .BARNESTON.

Prospect drift run 70 feet, near Barneston, on the Northern Pacific 

Railway. No. 31.

Kind of coal: Natural coke(?).

Coal led. The bed upon which this drift is run is one of a group of 

coal beds exposed in a small ravine west of the north end of the horseshoe loop on the railroad. All the beds are more or less affected by 

igneous intrusions, and in some places they are almost completely 

burned out. The following section was taken about 10 feet from 

the entrance to the drift.

Section of coal bed in prospect drift near Barneston.

No. 9111. 

Igneous rock. * Ft. in.

* Shale, black, with thin streaks of coal.................... 1 2£

Igneous rock................................................ 6

* Shale, with streaks of coked coal........................ 3

Sample for analysis. Sample 9111 was taken where-the above 

section was measured. Both the hanging wall and footwall of the 

bed are of a porpltyritic igneous rock which appears to be rhyolite 

or andesite. The parting in the middle of the bed appears to be of 

the same material, but it is much decayed and can be readily broken 

in the hand. This parting follows about, the same position in the 

bed for a distance of 30 feet from the entrance. It then turns abruptly 

and lies immediately under the roof. The analysis of this sample 

is given on page 53.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal has been altered by 

igneous action. The upper bench of the bed is changed almost entirely 

to natural coke, and the lower bench is partially altered. The analysis indicates a large amount of fixed carbon and a small amount of 

volatile matter. The coal contains a high percentage of moisture, 

nearly all of which is given off when exposed to the sun. This moisture appears to fill the pore spaces in the coked part of the bed, and 

has probably been absorbed from the adjoining rocks. Nearly onethird of the weight of the coal is ash. It has a low heating value, 

and considering the uncertain nature of the igneous intrusions in this 

vicinity the bed is of no economic importance.

DENNY-RENTON.

Denny-Renton, tunnel and drift mine at Taylor, on the Columbia 

& Puget Sound Railroad. No. 32.

Operator: Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. Five coal beds are exposed in this tunnel, which is being 

operated for several large shale beds that are of special value in the
124 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

manufacture of brick and terra cotta. The coal beds are worked in 

conjunction with the shale in order to supply fuel for burning the clay. 

In descending order the beds are known as Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. 

They strike N. 70° W. and dip from 60 to 70° S. The formation 

is badly broken by igneous intrusions which follow the coal beds for 

some distance, parallel them in the shale, or cut across the coal at 

various angles. Wherever the igneous rock comes in contact with 

the coal it is altered more or less to natural coke. The igneous 

rock is either rhyolite or andesite, and is more or- less decomposed. 

It makes excellent brick of delicate tints, and is used when encountered in the coal beds, so that the cost of mining the coal is not 

increased by its presence. The following sections were taken where 

the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Denny-Renton mine. 

No. 9173, bed No. 2. No. 9176, bed No. 3.

Scale, carbonaceous. Ft. 

*Coal.......................' 3

Coal, bony.

No. 9172, bed No. 4.

Shale, black. 

Shale, carbonaceous.

Shale.

No. 9175, bed No. 6.

Ft.

. 2

2

in.

21

81

Shale, carbonaceous. Ft.

* Coal, irregular streaks of 

"sulphur".......,...... 2

Shale, brown..............

*Coal..:................... 2

Shale, black, carbonaceous (poor 

floor). 

4 

No. 518-D, bed No. 5.i

Ft.

* Coal.................'.........

Shale........................

* Coal.......................... 1

"Rash"......................

*Coal.......................... 2

Coal, bony. 

3

11

21

1

5

in. 

51 

1 

1

1

10

Shale, carbonaceous. Ft.

* Coal, slightly bony........

Shale, brown, hard........

* Coal, one-third ' badly 

squeezed................

Shale, hard1 ...............

* Coal,, lime in joints........

Shale, brown..............

* Coal...:..........'........ 1

Shale, carbonaceous (poor floor). 

3 

No. 9174, bed No. 5.

Shale, black, carbonaceous. Ft.

* Coal...................... 1

"Niggerheacl".............

* Coal..................... 1

Shale, black, carbonaceous (poor 

floor). 

4 

No. 519-D, bed No. 4.i

Ft.

*Coal. ...... ................ 2

Coal, bony................

No. 520-D, bed No. 6.1

* Shale and sandstone .

* Coal. ...............

Shale and sandstone .

Ft.

"Rash". 

Coal.. ..

in.

6

1

81 

2J 

11 

1

91

in. 

11

3 

11

1

in.

31

4

in. 

5

1 11

Washing and coking tests of coal, Bull. Bureau of Mines No. 5,1910, pp. 13-14.
KING COUNTY. 125

Preparation for market. The coal from all the beds is mixed at 

the bunker and picked by hand. The small coal is then washed 

through a Jeffery tub washer, so that most of the partings and all 

the "sulphur" balls are removed from the coal.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9173 was taken from bed No. 2 

in a small crosscut from bed No. 3 about 2,600 feet due north of the 

south quarter corner of sec. 3, T. 22 N., K. 7 E. It is overlain by carbonaceous shale and underlain by bony coal, both of which mix to 

some extent with the coal in mining and must be separated. Sample 

9176 was taken from bed No. 3 about 50 feet west of the place where 

sample 9173 was obtained. The bed contains three layers of shale, 

which can be separated by careful picking and washing and which were 

not included in the sample. The roof and floor are of carbonaceous 

shale; both are more or less crushed and break off very readily. 

The floor of the mine is especially poor, and some places as much as 

a foot of the shale mixes with the coal, so that the output from this 

bed should be very carefully picked and washed. Sample 9172 was 

taken from bed No. 4 in chute 29 of the east gangway. The bed is 

overlain by about 2 inches of carbonaceous shale, which breaks with 

the coal and must be separated at the bunker. Sample 9174 was taken 

from chute 27, about 45 feet above the east gangway on bed No. 5. 

A layer of pyrite near the center of the bed can be separated at the 

bunker, and this impurity was not included in the sample. The bed 

also contains scattered through the coal small nodules of pyrite, 

which may be removed by washing. The roof of this mine is of strong 

carbonaceous shale, but the floor is badly broken carbonaceous shale, 

and this shale mixes with the coal in mining.

Samples 518-D, 519-D, and 520-D were taken in 1908 by Earl M. 

Way in connection with two cars of coal shipped from this mine to the 

United States Geological Survey for testing purposes. Sample 518-D 

was obtained from coal bed No. 5 at a point in the mine 2,400 feet 

northeast of the drift mouth. Sample 520-D represents the same 

bed of coal and was obtained at a point 3,000 feet northeast of the 

drift mouth. Sample 519-D was obtained from coal bed No. 4 at 

a point 1,500 feet northeast of the xnouth of the mine. Sample 

585-D represents a car of run-of-mine coal from bed No. 4, and 586-D 

represents a car of the same kind of coal from bed No. 5. Sample 

6485 was taken from bed No. 5. Sample 9175 was taken from 

chute 5 about 25 feet above the east gangway on bed No. 6. The 

bed contains one shale parting and numerous small nodules of pyrite 

which can be separated by careful picking and washing and were 

not included in the sample. The roof of this bed is of carbonaceous shale, and is fairly firm. The bottom is of badly broken carbonaceous shale which slabs off to a depth of about 1 foot in places 

and must be separated from the coal. The analyses of the samples 

are given on pages 53-54.
126 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from beds Nos. 4, 5, 

and 6 is pitch, black, gives a dark brown streak, an$ has a vitreous 

luster. It is minutely jointed, banded, and laminated, and breaks with 

an irregular fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture, and 

does not weather on exposure to the air. It has a moderate amount 

of ash and the same heating value as the average coal from the vicinity 

of Bayne and Occidental. Coal from bed No. 3 resembles that from 

Nos. 4, 5, and 6. Owing to .its higher amount of ash, it has a correspondingly lower heating value than other coals from the same 

mine. This coal has also a greater amount of sulphur than that 

found in the other beds. The coal from bed No. 2 is pitch black 

has a reddish-brown streak and a slightly vitreous luster.. It is 

massive, banded, and laminated, and breaks with an irregular 

splintery fracture. It contains about the same amount of ash as the 

other beds and compares in heating value with coal from mine No. 1 

at Ravensdale.

PROSPECTS SOUTHEAST OF ISSAQUAH.

Prospects in the Tiger Mountain district, about 6 miles southeast 

of the Northern Pacific Railway at Issaquah. No. 33.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Goal beds. The beds are exposed on the north side of a ravine in a 

densely wooded country. Their relation to beds in other parts of the 

county is not definitely known, for they are more or less broken by 

faults and intrusions of igneous rock and the outcrops are very 

limited. The beds strike N. 43° E. and dip 44° NW. The following 

sections were measured where the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in.prospects in Tiger Mountain district.

No. 9290.

Shale, compact. 

Shale, slaty.....

Clay, dark, plastic........

*Coal.......................

Clay, white, plastic.......

Coal, dirty.................

Clay, shaly...............

Sandstone, massive, white.

Ft. 

2 

1

in. 

6 

2 

2

8* 

11 

11 

3

6 7£

No. 9289.

Sandstone, massive, white.

 Goal............... ......

Clay...................

Coal........;............

Sandstone, massive, white.

Ft. In. 

5

4

3

2

1

9

2

6

1

4

2

6

3 9
KING COUNTY. 127

Samples for analysis. Sample. 9290 was taken from the larger and 

better of the two beds. The coal is so badly crushed that it could be 

crumbled almost to a powder in the hand. . A parting of clay which 

occurs'near the center can be separated from, the coal and was not 

included in the coal. Sample 9289 was taken a short distance down 

the stream from No. 9290 in the other bed. This bed contains 

several thin partings which can be separated from the coal, and they 

were not, therefore, included in the sample. The analyses of these 

samples.are given on page 54.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from the prospect 

highest on the creek is pitch black, with a black streak and a vitreous 

luster. It is massive and dense, and breaks with an irregular fracture. 

It contains a moderate amount of moisture, probably absorbed from 

the overlying soil, which is given off readily on air drying. It has a 

moderate amount of ash and compares in heating value with the 

average bituminous coal of the State. The COal from the lowest 

prospect is pitch black and has a reddish-brown streak. It is banded 

and laminated, and breaks with an irregular splintery fracture, It 

contains about the same amount of moisture and a greater amount 

of ash than.that of the other bed and a correspondingly lower heating 

value. The amount of sulphur in the coal is greater than that of 

most of the Washington coals. Both coals should be classed as 

bituminous.

PROSPECT SOUTHWEST OF PRESTON.

Prospect about 1 mile southwest of Preston. No. 34.

Coal led. The bed is very poorly exposed, and its relation to 

other beds in the vicinity is not known. The following section was 

taken at the end of a small drift run on the bed about 25 feet.

Section in prospect southwest of Preston.

No. 8546.

Coal and shale, mixed. lrfc - 

*Coal, badly broken.............................................. 3±

Coal and shale mixed.

Sample for analysis. Sample 8546 was taken from the bench of 

crushed coal here exposed. The joints of the coal were filled with 

mud from the overlying soil and the sample was washed to remove 

the mud. It was sealed in the can while still wet and the analysis 

should show a higher amount of moisture than if the sample had 

been dry. The analysis of the sample is given on page 54.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is so high in ash and 

sulphur that it is of no economic value. The relation of volatile 

matter to fixed carbon indicates that this is a semibituminous coal, 

but taken as a whole the bed can hardly be considered piore than 

carbonaceous shale.
128 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

NIBLOCK.

Niblock, a series of water level drifts about 1^ miles southwest of 

Snoquahnie, on a spur of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. .35.

Operator: United Collieries Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

Coal beds. Four coal beds have been worked at this mine at different times. The mine has not been in operation for several years, 

but it will probably be reopened in a short time. At the time of the 

writer's visit beds Nos. 3, 4, and 5 were the only ones from which 

samples could be obtained. The coal measures strike N. 13° E., 

and dip rather steeply to the west. Bed No. 4 lies about 100 feet 

stratigraphically above No. 3, and bed No. 5 about 60 feet above 

No. 4. The following sections were measured where the samples 

were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Niblock mine.

No. 10031, bed No. 3.

Ft.

Shale, soft. ......................

G

No. 10032, bed No. 4.

Sandstone, shaly. Ft.

Clay......................

*Coal, clean. ............... 1

*Coal........................

Shale, black, carbonaceous, with 3

coal, bottom.

in.

' 6

8

2

4

f

8*

3*

No. 10033, bed No. 5.

*Coal, bright...................

*Coal..... ........... ...........

Coal, soft. . ...................

Ft. in. 

o

1 Q

1

10

9

..2 5

4

1

5 ,10

Preparation for market. The beds are too highly inclined and the 

coal too finely jointed and broken to admit of the separation of impurities in the mine. The coal was picked and washed at the bunker, and 

the best washed coal was used at the coke ovens on the property. A 

new bunker and washer is being installed by the United Colliery Co. 

at Seattle, and to this bunker all the coal will be shipped for cleaning 

and preparation for the market after it has passed the picking table. 

Much of the coal will be manufactured into briquets.

Samples for analysis. Sample 10031 was taken from bed No. 3 

about 25 feet up a chute 500 feet from the entrance to the highest 

water level on this bed. The bed is overlain by soft shale mixed with 

clay, and by a layer of finely jointed coal. A good sample could not 

be obtained from this upper layer of coal, and therefore only the main 

bench of coal was sampled. The bed is overlain and underlain by 

soft carbonaceous shale, which mixes to a considerable .extent with.
KITTITAS COUNTY. 129

the coal, and must be removed in preparing the coal for the market. 

Sample 10032 was taken from bed No. 4 on the middle water level 

where the rock tunnel from bed No. 5 to bed No. 3 crosses bed No. 4, 

at a point about 800 feet from the entrance to the tunnel on bed No. 5. 

The two partings in this bed can be separated by careful picking and 

washing, and were not included in the sample. Sample 10033 was 

taken from bed No. 5 at the junction of the main rock tunnel to No. 5 

with the gangway on the coal, at a point about 160 feet from the 

entrance to the mine. The bed contains several partings, which can 

be separated from the coal by careful picking and washing and which 

were not included in the sample. The analyses of these samples are 

given on page 55.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from this mine is pitch 

black, with a nearly black streak and a vitreous luster. It is dense 

and breaks with an irregular cubical fracture, but owing to its minute 

joints it crumbles very readily, so that the proportion of lump coal 

is very small. The amount of moisture is small, and the coal does 

not slack when exposed to the air. Samples from bed No. 5 show a 

large amount of ash, but it is possible that much of this ash may be 

removed by very careful washing. The coal is considered one of the 

best coking coals in the State, and has also been used not only in 

making coke, but to some extent as blacksmith coal.

KITTITAS COUNTY.

The extent of the Koslyn coal bed on the northeast side of the field 

is well known, for it has been worked nearly the full length of the 

field along this side of the synclirie in the mines of tile Northwestern 

Improvement Co., but the southwest edge of the field is covered by 

gravel, and the geology of the coal-bearing formation is therefore 

.obscure. One bed of known workable thickness underlies the 

Roslyn bed, but its extent and value have not been determined. 

The structure of the northwest end of the field is believed to be complicated by faults and folds, but it is thought that a part of the structure can be worked out by careful field examination.

The principal coal bed of this field, the Roslyn, changes considerably in character and quality from the southeast end of the field, near 

Clealum, to the northwest end, near Beekman. Near Clealum the 

coal is banded and laminated, and breaks with an irregular splintery 

fracture, so that it resembles very closely some of the layers of bony 

coal which it contains. At the northwest end of the field the coal is 

either dense or only slightly laminated, breaks with an irregular 

cubical fracture, and is more jointed and more friable than that at 

the southeast end. The amount of ash in the clear coal at Clealum is 

considerably greater than at Beekman, and the heating value is correspondingly lower. A considerable difference in coking properties

. 91320° Bull. 474 11 9
130 COALS OF THE STATE OF- WASHINGTON.

is also reported; the coal at Clealum shows only slight coking tendencies, whereas that at Beekman makes a fan- 'coke. Investigation 

indicates that this change in coking quality takes place between 

Clealum and Roslyn and coincides approximately with the change in 

the character of lamination of the coal. Of the change in the Roslyn 

bed, George Otis Smith 1 makes the following statement: "These 

analyses, which were furnished by L. S. Storrs and are given below, 

show the variation in this seam from a lignitic, noncoking coal to a 

fairly good coking coal." The term lignite as used in the preceding 

quotation was applied to almost all the western coals now known as 

subbituminous, and even to some of the lowest grades of true bituminous coal.

Gas occurs in considerable quantities in the coal and in the overlying rocks. It works out gradually as the gangways and rooms are 

being driven, or comes from the roof in the form of small blowers. 

Several small explosions and two large ones have resulted from the 

gas. In some of the mines the workings are very dry; the coal 

crumbles readily and makes a large amount of dust,- which accumulates on the ribs and mine timbers. This dust, like the coal, is high 

in volatile matter, and very inflammable, and will explode with great 

violence when mixed with the proper proportion of air. In order 

to guard against such explosions, the gangways in most of the lower 

workings are sprinkled several times a week. A small gas explosion 

at a time when the mine is dry and filled with dust would probably 

produce very serious results. It is the belief of the investigators 

of the United States Geological Survey, the State inspector of mines, 

and the mine officials that the violent explosion at shaft No. 4, at 

Roslyn, on October 3, 1909, was brought about through those 

conditions.

The coal of the Roslyn field is low in moisture, and does not slack 

or crumble by weathering during transportation or storage. No 

preparation for market is given the coal beyond the separation of the 

thicker partings, and the "sulphur" balls in the mine and the picking 

of the lump coal at the tipple, but the percentage of ash would be 

much smaller if the coal could be thoroughly picked and washed after 

coming from the mine. The coal mined by the Northwestern 

Improvement Co. is not cleaned except in mining, and carload samples would doubtless show a percentage of ash considerably higher 

than those given in the analyses accompanying this report.

The samples collected from this county by the writer were obtained 

in November, 1909. Analyses of five samples collected from Roslyn 

and Beekman by other members of the Survey are included for the 

purpose of comparison.

1 Mount Stuart folio (No. 100), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1904, p. 10; Snoqualmiefolio (No. 139), 

Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1906, p. 13.
KITTITAS COUNTY. 131 

PROSPECT, NORTHWEST OF BEEKMAN.

Prospect, about 1£ miles northwest of Beekman.1

Kind of coal: Bituminous (?).

Coal led. The bed strikes N. 55° E. and dips 12° SE. It is 

believed to underlie the principal bed of the Roslyn field. It is too 

thin to be of commercial importance. The following section was 

measured at the end of a 25-foot drift driven on this bed:

Section of coal bed in prospect 1^ miles northwest of Beekman.

No. 9404.

Ffc. in.

Sh|ile, hard................................................... 1+

"Coal..................................................... 1 21

Shale.................................................... 21

Coal...................................................... 21

Shale, soft........................................--..--.-- -- 7

3 21

Sample for analysis. Sample 9404 was taken .where the above 

section was measured. The layers of coal and shale associated with 

the main bed were so badly weathered that their behavior under 

average mine conditions could not be determined. The analysis of 

the coal is given on page 55.

Character and quality of the coal. The sample collected was somewhat weathered. A sample of unweathered coal from this bed 

would probably show a higher grade of coal than that indicated by 

the analysis. The coal should probably be classed as low-grade 

bituminous.

LAKEDALE.

Lakedale, a water-level mine 1 mile northwest of Beekman, on a 

spur of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 36.

Operator: Consolidated Coal Co:, Yakima, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. T\ie coal bed worked in this mine strikes N. 80° E. 

and dips 10° S. Some investigators have-thought this bed to be 

the Roslyn bed or the bed underlying the Roslyn, but comparison 

of the section with those of the Roslyn bed given in the following 

descriptions, or with that of the bed measured at the prospect on 

the property of the Roslyn-Cascade Coal Co. (p. 136) will show that 

this is probably a third bed. It is believed to underlie both the Roslyn 

beds exposed farther east. The section following was measured at 

the place where the-sample was taken.

1 Not represented on PI. III.
132 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Section of coal bed in Lakedale mine. 

No. 9405.

Shale, carbonaceous, black. . Ft., in.

*Coal, bony near center.................................... 1

Shale.................................................... 6£

*Coal........................................................ 6£

*Shale, hard...............'............................... 1

*Coal. ..................................................... 74

*Coal, bony................................................ \

*Coal.......................:.............................. 9i

Shale, hard, brown. .

 3 7

Preparation for market. The partings can be removed "to some 

extent in mining, but most of the remaining impurities is removed at 

the tipple by picking as the coal passes over bar screens.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9405 was taken 10 feet above the 

gangway, about 150 feet from the entrance. The bed contains two 

bony layers in the lower part winch can not be readily separated from 

the coal, and which were therefore included in the sample. The 

shale parting between the upper and the lower benches can be separated in preparation for market, and was, therefore, not included. 

Both the roof and the floor are firm and do not mix with the coal. 

The analysis of this sample is given on page 55.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black and has 

a dark-brown streak. It is massive and laminated and breaks with 

a cubical fracture. In general, the coal resembles that of the Roslyn 

bed at the west end of the field. It contains a small percentage of 

moisture and will not weather while being transported to market. 

The high percentage of ash is due to the presence of the two bony 

layers of the lower bench. The coal is classed as bituminous.

BEEKMAN7

Beekman, a slope at Beekman, about 3 miles northwest of Roslyn 

on the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 37.

Operator: Roslyn Fuel Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous. - Coal led. The Roslyn bed is the only one worked at this mine. 

In the eastern part of the workings it strikes N. 70° W. and dips 14° 

SW. Near the end of the west gangways the bed turns south, so 

that it strikes S. 75° W. and dips 8° SE. Several partings, which 

vary in character and position in different parts of the mine, are present in the bed. The roof and floor of the mine are very firm, and do 

not mix with the coal in mining. Shale occurs in a layer 1 or 2 inches 

thick between the coal and the roof and mixes to some extent with 

the coal, but can be separated in mining.and in preparation for market.
KITTITAS COUNTY. 133

The following sections were measured at the points where the samples 

were taken:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Beekmarimine.

No. 9411.

Shale..........................

Shale, soft. ....................

*Shale, little "sulphur"....

Shale, hard ...............

Shale, hard. . .............

*Coal... ...................

Shale, sandy. 

No. 9412.

Shale..........................

*Coal

*Shale, brown, carbonaceous

*Coal, bony.................

*Coal

*Shale... ..........'........

*Coal

Shale, hard.

No. 9413.

Shale.....................'.....

*Coal... .....................

*Coal... ............. .......

Shale, hard, carbonaceous.

Ft. in. 

2+ 

1 

1 3 

i

4 

3 

i

1 

1

7 2+

Ft. in. 

1+ 

2 6 

1 

2

r'i4

1

4 6J+

Ft. in. 

2+ 

1 

1 1

3 1

i

2

6 6^-)-

No. 9414. 

Shale.....................

Shale, soft. ...............

*Shale, hard... .......

*Coal.. ...............

No. 9415.

Shale.

*Coal. .................

^Sandstone, "sulphur"

*fY>il

*Shale, bony..........

Shale.

No. 550-D.i

*Coal. .................

*Coal.. ................

Shale................

Shale................

Shale................

Shale................

*Coal... ..............

Shale.

No. 551-D.i

*Coal... ..........'......

Shale................

Shale.

Ft. in.' 

..... 1+

..... 1

..... 2 5

3 i

,

1 Ql

..... 1

91

qi

6 3+ 

Ft. in.

..... 1 3£

1 2A*

..... 3

band \

1 Qi

4

5 6^

Ft. in. 

..... 1

..... 2 3

..... 1

..... 4

6 i 

J

..... 1 IJ

2

4 9

Ft. in.

. ...'. 2 94

..... 1 10

..... 14

4 101

1 .Washing and coking tests of coal: Bull. Bureau of Mines, No. 5, p. 16.
134 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. Only the larger "sulphur" balls and local 

enlargements of the partings are removed at the mine. At the tipple 

the coal is passed over shaking screens having If-inch and 3-inch 

perforations; the oversize is picked as it is loaded into the railroad 

cars, and the undersize from the If-inch and 3-inch screens are sold 

as steam coal and as egg coal, respectively.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9411 was taken on the gangway of 

the second level west between rooms 26 and 27. At this place the 

bed contains five thin partings, three of which are over one-fourth 

inch in thickness and can be separated from the coal by picking. These 

three partings were therefore' not included in the sample. Sample 

9412 was collected at the end of the gangway on the second level east 

near the property line. Three thin partings were found at this place, 

but they resemble the coal so closely that they can not be readily 

separated, and were therefore included in the sample. Sample 9413 

was collected 150 feet beyond room 21 on the gangway of the third 

level east. One parting of bony coal near the bottom of the bed was 

removed from the sample. Sample 9414 was obtained between rooms 

17 and 18 on the gangway of the third level west. The three shale 

partings do not differ very materially from the coal, and it was 

thought that by removing the largest of these partings the resulting 

amount of ash in the sample would represent the amount of ash in 

the coal after picking. Sample 9415 was obtained at the foot of the 

slope, about 250 feet below the fourth level gangway. Several thin 

partings in the bed could not be separated readily by picking and 

were included in the sample. Sample 9410 was obtained from the 

surface of a railroad car after the coal had passed through the shaking screen with If-inch perforations. The best coal from the mine is 

much jointed and breaks very readily, so that a considerable percentage of the output passes through If-inch holes. The fragments of 

the partings as they come from the mine are too large to pass through 

these holes, and in consequence examination of the coal on the surface of the car shows almost clean coal and a very small percentage 

of shale or bone. It is believed that the shale partings can be better 

separated from the fine coal by the shaking screen than by washing 

or picking. Analysis 9459 represents a composite sample consisting 

of equal portions of all the samples collected by the writer from this 

mine. Samples 550-D, 551-D, and 693-D were taken by Karl M. 

Way, of the United States Geological Survey; sample 550-D from 

the face of the main slope, 1,000 feet southwest of the entrance to the 

mine, sample 551-D on the second level west, 1,300 feet southwest 

of the entrance, and sample 693-D from a car of coal shipped to Denver, Colo., for testing. The analyses of the samples are given on 

pages 55-56.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black and has a 

dark-brown streak. It is massive and slightly laminated and breaks
KITTITAS COUNTY. 135

with a cubical fracture. If the coal is so carefully picked as to 

remove all nodules or lenses of pyrite over 2 inches in maximum 

diameter and one-half inch in thickness, the picked coal should contain a very low percentage of sulphur. It has a heating value nearly 

as high as that of the best coal of King and Pierce counties, and 

equals in this respect much of the Alabama and Kentucky coal.

BUSY BEE.

Busy Bee, strip pit 2£ miles northwest of Roslyn. No. 38.

Operator: Busy Bee Coal & Improvement Co., Roslyn, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed lies only a few feet beneath the surface 

throughout most of this property. A steel scraper, operated by wife 

cables from a logging engine, has replaced the ordinary -horse scraper 

previously used in removing the material overlying the coal bed. A

sample of the coal was taken and the following section of the coal 

bed measured where the cover had been about 6 feet thick:

Section of Roslyn coal bsdin Busy Bee strip pit. 

No. 9406.

Sandstone, yellow.

Shale. ........................................'.

. Coal (weathered). . .........................

* Coal. ....................................

Coal, soft, with layers of shale. . ............

* Coal ....

Shale.....................................

* Coal. ....................................

Shale.....................................

* Coal. ....................................

Coal.....................................

KVinlo

Ft. in.

............. 3 24

............. 7

............. 94

............. 1

............. 1 3

............. 1

............. 34

............. 4

............. 94

............. 7

Preparation for market. The coal is passed over a 2i-inch bar 

screen. The oversize is picked and sold as lump, and the undersize 

is sold as steam coal.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9406 was taken where the section 

given above was measured. The three partings can be removed from 

the coal by picking and were not included in the sample. About 7 

inches of the upper portion of the bed was" weathered and was not 

included in the sample. The lower 7 inches of the bed was not 

exposed. The analysis of the sample is given on page 56.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black and has a 

dark-brown streak. It is massive and laminated and breaks with a 

cubical fracture. This sample is lower in ash and has a higher heating value than any sample collected from the Roslyn bed in other 

parts of the field, but this fact does not necessarily mean that the 

coal is better here than elsewhere, because the entire thickness of the 

bed was not sampled.
136 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

PATEICK-M'KAY.

Patrick-McKay, slope 2? miles northwest of Roslyn on the Northern Pacific Railway. Nos. 39 and 40.

Operator: Roslyn-Cascade Coal Co., Bellingham, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The Roslyn bed is the only one at present operated on 

this property. It strikes N. 75° W. and dips 9° SW. The lower 2 

inches of a 3-foot layer of shale between the bed and the overlying 

sandstone breaks after the coal is removed and is thrown into the 

gob, but the rest forms a good roof throughout most of the mine. 

The floor is firm and does not mix with the coal. A second bed 3^ 

feet thick is exposed 260 feet vertically below the outcrop of the 

Roslyn bed on this property and in prospects to the east on the north 

side of the ridge northeast of Roslyn, but the prospects were caved 

and neither sections nor samples could be obtained. The following 

sections of the Roslyn bed were measured at the points from which 

the samples were taken:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Patrick-McKay mine.

No. 9418.

Shale. 

*Coal.................

*" Sulphur" band......

*Coal.................

* "Sulphur" band......

*Coal.................

*Coal..................

Shale.

No. 9417.

Shale (good roof). 

Shale.......................

*Coal..................

*"Sulphur".. ..........

*Coal..................

*Coal, bony. ..........

*Coal.................

Shale..................

* Coal......... .........

Shale'.

Ft. in. 

.... 1 3

i

.... 1 1

..... Trace.

3

1

.... 1 10

4 6i

Ft. in.

01

.... 1 2

.... Trace.

i 34

i

2

1

.... 1 5^

.:.. 1

4 6

No. 9416.

Shale.

' *Coal....................

*Coal....................

*Coal....................

Shale....................

*Coal............... ......

Shale.

No. 9407, lower bed.

Shale.........................

*Coal....................

*Coal....................

Shale....................

Shale, hard..............

* Trial

Shale.

Ft.

1

1

1

4 

Ft.

4

1

1

8

in. 

2£

91

i

3

i

?4

1

Ql

3

fy

1*

8

*

Cl °1

Ql

o

n

Preparation for market. The coal is passed over bar screens with 

f-inch and IJ-inch spaces. The oversize is picked and sold as lump 

coal, while the undersize is sold as steam coal.

, Samples for analysis. Sample 9418 was taken on the gangway of 

the first water level west at the entrance to room 18. Two " sulphur "
KITTITAS COUNTY. 137

bands, too thin to be separated by picking, are present, but a parting 

of bony shale in the lower part of the bed can be readily removed by 

picking and was not, therefore,-included in the sample. Sample 9416 

was taken from the west side of the slope, 50 feet above the entrance 

to the first water level east. The lowest shale parting .of the bed, 

which is the only one that can be readily separated in preparation 

for market, was not included in the sample. Sample 9417 was taken 

at the end of the gangway on the first water level east, about 1,000 

feet from the rock tunnel to the main slope. The lowest shale parting is the only one which can be separated by picking, and this parting 

is therefore not included in the sample. Analysis 9460 was made of 

a composite sample consisting of equal parts from samples 9418, 9416, 

and 9417. Sample 9407 was taken from the lower bed on this property, about 1,300 feet north of the center of sec. 6. The coal occurs 

in two benches separated by 5^ inches of shale, which can be used as 

a " mining." The bony coal overlying the upper bench has been considered to be of workable quality, but judging from its weathered 

appearance it probably contains more than 40 per cent of ash, and if 

mined and sold with the two other benches the coal from these 

benches would probably lose much of its commercial value. This 

bench may, however, prove to be of economic value in other parts of 

the field. The analyses of these samples are given on pages 56-57. 

Character and quality of the coal. The coal of the Roslyn bed is 

pitch black, massive, and very slightly laminated and breaks with an 

irregular fracture. It has about the same heating value as the coal 

from the same bed in the northwest end of the field. The coal of the 

lower bed is pitch black, massive, and slightly laminated and breaks 

with an irregular fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture 

and does not slack when exposed to the sun, but analysis of the coal 

shows a somewhat larger percentage of ash and sulphur than the average of the Roslyn coal. It resembles the best coal of the Roslyn bed 

in the western end of the field.

ROSLYN NO. 3.

Roslyn No. 3, incline, slope, and shaft mine at Ronald, 1$ miles 

northwest of Roslyn, on the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 41.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The Roslyn bed, which is the only one worked in this 

mine, has about the same thickness here as elsewhere in the field. 

About 3 feet of shale lies between the bed and the overlying sandstone. Of this layer the lower 2 to 6 inches breaks after the coal is 

removed and is thrown into the gob, but the remainder forms a good 

roof throughout most of the mine. The floor of the mine is firm and 

does not mix with the coal. The sections following were measured 

at places where the samples were obtained.
138 COALS OP THE STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Sections of the Roslyn coal 

No. 9428.

Shale. . Ft in. 

Shale, crushed.

*Coal....................... 2 3

"Sulphur" and shale........ 1

* Coal.....'.................. 6

* Coal, shaly, crushed........ 1

* Coal....................... 1 4

Shale. . 

4 3 

No. 9429.

Shale. Ft. in. 

Shale, crushed................... 1

* Coal....................... 1 34

* "Sulphur "band........... . 4

* Coal....................... 1 1

Shale (little "sulphur").... 4

* Coal....................... 24

Shale....................... 4

*Coal....................... 1 54

Shale.

Shale.

No. 9430.

*"Sulphur" band.

* Coal..............

Shale.............

5 2

Ft. in. 

. 1 8

t 

- 94

4 

. 1 10

Shale, hard, carbonaceous.

bed in Roslyn No. 3 mine. 

No. 9431.

Shale.

Shale, falls easily (gobbed).

*Coal................

*" Sulphur "band....

*'Coal.................

Shale..............

Ft. 

. 1 

. 1

in. 

7

3

4

f Shale, hard.

*Coal.......

*CoaI, bony .

Shale.

No. 9432.

Shale.

Shale, soft..................

*Coal...................

* Coal with '' sulphur'' band...

*Coal....................... 1

Shale.......................

5

Ft. 

1

* Shale, hard.

*Coal.......

Shale, hard......

Shale.

4

3

1

3

4 

54 

l

4 34

Preparation for market. The partings that separate freely from the 

coal in the mine and the rock that falls from the roof are thrown into 

the gob when the cars are loaded. The coal is not picked at the 

tipple, because it is clean enough for locomotive use.

Samples for analyses. Sample 9428 was taken on the old fifth 

water-level gangway west, at the entrance to room 48. One 

parting near the center of the bed can be separated by picking and 

was not included in the sample. Sample 9429 was taken on the old 

sixth water-level gangway, between rooms 6 and 7, east of new slope 

3. The two lower partings can be removed from the coal by picking 

and were not included in the sample. Sample 9432 was taken from 

the first level west, about 150 feet from the gangway up room 3 of 

the fourth battery. Three bands .of impurities are present, of which 

only the center one is large enough to be separated by picking; this 

parting was not-included in the sample. Sample 9431 was taken 

from the face of room 12 of the third battery on the first level west, 

100 feet from the gangway. Only a part of the shale from the four 

partings in the bed can be separated by picking. An additional 54 

inches of coal at the bottom of the bed in this part of the mine is 

spoken of by the miners as a "swamp." Sample 9430 was collected on 

the east side of the manway between the foot of the shaft and the
KITTITAS COUNTY. 139

third level, 150 feet up slope from the base of the shaft. The lower 

parting can be separated by picking, and was not included in the 

sample. Analysis 9463 was made from a composite sample containing equal portions of all the samples collected from this mine. Analyses are given on page 57.

Character and quality of the coal. In general the coal is pitch black, 

massive, and slightly laminated, and breaks with a cubical fracture, 

though a part of it is slightly banded and breaks with a splintery 

fracture. It has about the same heating value as that obtained from 

other mines in the northwest end of the Roslyn field.

ROSLYN NO. 2 SLOPE.

Roslyn No. 2, drift and slope mine at Roslyn, on the Northern 

Pacific Railway. No. 42.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. This mine is operated on the Roslyn bed, which strikes 

about N. 70° W. and dips about 12° S. At the top of the bed a layer 

of shale 3 feet thick separates the coal from a massive layer of 

sandstone. Fragments of this shale, the largest a foot in thickness, 

break after the coal is mined and are thrown into the gob. Occasionally they break with the coal and must be separated before the 

mine cars are loaded. The floor is firm and does not mix with the 

coal. The following sections were measured at the places from which 

the samples were taken:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 2 slope.

KNo. 9433.

Sandstone. 

Shale.........................

* Coal, streaks of "sulphur" ................

Shale...................

* Coal............ ........'

Shale...:................

* Coal. ...................

Shale, hard.

No. 9434.

Sandstone. 

Shale (good roof). 

Shale (put in gob) .............

.* Coal, streaks of "sul-

* Shale, "sulphur "band. 

* Coal, streaks of "sulphur "................

* Coal. .................

Shale...................

* Pnnl

Shale.

Ft. in. 

7 

24

2 6 

1 

3 

1 

1 10

5 6^-

Ft. in. 

1

1 1 

Trace.

1 4 

Trace. 

4 

1

2

5 a

No. 9435.

Shale.

Shale, soft.......... ..........

* Coal. ......'.............

t" Sulphur" band mixed

* fnnl

Shale....................

* Coal. ...................

* Coal. ....................

Shale....................

Shale . ..................

* Pn?»l

No. 9436.

Shale. 

* Coal. ...................

* "Sulphur" band. .......

* Coal. ...................

Shale....................

* Coal.. ..................

Ft. 

1

1 

1

4

Ft. 

2

1

In. 

24

4 

3

4

3

4

3

7

' 9

in. 

6

i 

1 

1

6

4 2i
140 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. The partings which separate freely from 

the coal in the mine and the rock "falls" from the roof are thrown 

into the gob when the cars are loaded. The coal is not picked at the 

tipple, because it is clean enough for locomotive use.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9433 was taken on the fifth level 

west from slope No. 2, about 250 feet up room 7 of the second block. 

Both shale partings of the bed can be separated by picking and were 

not included in the sample. Sample 9434 was taken on the sixth 

level west from slope 2 on the side of the barrier pillar separating 

this mine from name No. 3, and 360 feet up'the rise from the gangway. 

Only the lowest shale parting is of sufficient size to be separated by 

picking, and this parting was not included in the sample. Sample 

9435 was collected on the sixth level west from slope 2 on the gangway 

between rooms 2 and 3. The bed contains five partings, and it 

would be difficult to remove more than half of the impurities resulting 

from these partings. In order to obtain a representative amount of 

ash the lowest parting and one-half of the first parting below the top 

were separated from the sample. Sample 9436 was taken from the 

side of the slope between the eighth and tenth levels, west from shaft 

4, about 10 feet below the air course below the eighth level. The 

lower part of the bed-was not exposed on account of rock "falls," 

and the condition of the mine atmosphere was so poor that time 

could not be taken to obtain' a full section. The lower parting, 

which is the only one of sufficient size to be separated by picking, 

was not included in the sample. Analysis 9464 was made of a 

composite sample consisting of equal parts of samples 9433, 9434, 9435, 

and 9436. The analyses of these samples are given on page 58.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black, massive, 

and slightly banded, and breaks with an irregular fracture. The coal

in the upper part of the bed contains thin irregular lenses of" sulphur,"

which could probably be easily separated from the coal by washing. 

These lenses were excluded from the samples, which, therefore, give 

small amounts of sulphur in the analyses. The coal has about the 

same heating value as that obtained from other mines in this part of 

the field.

ROSLYN NO. 2.

Roslyn No. 2, incline at Roslyn, on the Northern Pacific Railway. 

No. 42. . Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. This mine is operated on the Roslyn bed, which strikes 

N. 50° W. and dips about 12° S. About 3 feet of shale separates the 

bed from the overlying sandstone. The lower 2 inches of this shale 

breaks after the coal is removed and is thrown into the gob. The 

remainder forms a good roof throughout most of the mine. The floor 

of the mine is firm and does- not mix with the coal. The following
KITTITAS COUNTY. 141

sections were measured at the places from which the samples were 

obtained:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 2 mine.

No. 9442.

Shale.

* Coal. ............'....

 * Shale

* Coal. ................

* Coal. ................

Shale.

No. 9443.

Shale, hard. 

Shale, soft.... .............

* Shale. ................

* Coal

* Shale, ' ' sulphur ".....

* Coil

* Shale. ................

* Coal. ................

Shale, yellow.

Ft. in. 

01

2

01 d?

. . . Trace.

5

2

... 1 3

4 4 

Ft. in.

01*t

2

01 rff

f

2

. . . Trace.

54

4

... 1 5

4 7t

No. 9444. 

Shale. 

* Coal. ..................

t Shale. ..................

* Coal. .................

t Shale. .................

* Coal.. ................

Shale, yellow.

No. 2457.

* final

*Coal. .....................

Ft. 

.. 2

.. 1

4

Ft.

9

.. 1

4

in. 

3 

4

34

t

4 

5

14

in. 

104 

4 

2*

14

Preparation for market. Partings and impurities which separate 

readily from the coal are removed at the mine, and the coal is used by 

Northern Pacific Railway locomotives without further picking at the 

tipple.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9442 was taken from, the eighth level 

about 15 feet west of the east rope slope. The lower parting of the 

bench was not included in the sample. Sample 9443 was taken from 

the seventh level west on the gangway at the entrance to room 80. 

All the partings in the bed are so thin that they can not be readily 

separated from the coal and were, therefore, included in the sample. 

Sample 9444 was taken on the tenth level east, 75 feet beyond room 

43. By careful picking about half the material in the partings could 

be separated from the coal, and therefore only half of each parting was 

included in the sample. Analysis 9468 was made of a composite 

sample of equal parts of all the samples collected by the writer from 

this mine. Sample 2457 was collected by M. R. Campbell in 1905, 

about 6,000 feet from the entrance to the mine, and does not include 

one parting which occurs at this place. Analysis 3098 was made from 

a car sample of lump coal shipped for testing purposes from mine No. 

2 at about the tune sample 2457 was taken. The analyses of these 

samples are given on pages 58-59.

CJiaracter and quality of the cool Most of the coal is pitch black 

and massive, and breaks with a cubical fracture; the rest is slightly 

banded, and the fracture is somewhat splintery. It has about the 

same heating value as coal from the other mines in this vicinity.
142 COALS "OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

A. & E.

A. & E., a drift and slope mine 1 mile northeast of Roslyn. No. 43.

Operator: Yakima-Roslyn Coal Co., Roslyn, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 70° W. 

and dips 11° S. About 3 feet of shale lies between the coal bed 

and the overlying sandstone. The lower 2 inches of the shale 

breaks after'the coal is removed and is thrown into the gob, but 

the rest forms a good roof throughout most of the mine. The floor 

of the mine is firm and does not mix with the coal. The following 

section was measured:

Section of Eoslyn coal bed in A. & E. mine.

No. 9402.

Shale. 

Shale, soft. ............................

*0oal. ............................

Clay........................:....

*Coal. ............................

Ft.

..................... 2

..............:...... 1

Jn.

5

I

I

Shale, dark.

7.

Preparation for market. LPartings, roof fragments, and other impurities which can be readily removed when the mine cars are 

loaded are thrown into the gob. At the tipple the coal is passed 

over a 3-inch bar screen, from which the oversize is sold as lump 

and the undersize as steam coal.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9402 was taken 160 feet up the 

ninth room from the slope where the section given above was measured. Both the shale partings can be removed by careful picking, 

and were not included in the sample. The analysis of this sample 

is given on page 59.

'Character and quality of the coal. Most of the coal is pitch black; 

massive, and slightly laminated, and breaks with a cubical fracture. 

The remaining part is slightly banded and has a somewhat splintery 

fracture. It has about the same heating value as coal from the 

other mines in this vicinity.

ROSLYN NO. 6.

Roslyn No. 6, a series of drift mines at Roslyn, on the Northern 

Pacific Railway. No. 42.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 65° W. 

and dips from 7 to 10° SW. About 3 feet of shale lies between the 

coal and the overlying sandstone; the lower 2 to 6 inches of this 

shale breaks after the coal is removed, and is thrown into the gob,
KITTITAS COUNTY. 143

but the rest forms a good roof throughout the major part of the 

workings. The floor of the mine is firm and does not mix with the 

coal. The following sections were measured at the places where the 

samples were taken:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 6 mine.

NO. 9439.

Shale.

Shale, soft. .................

*Coal.. ................

t" Sulphur" band. .....

*Coal.. ................

Shale..................

tCoal..................

Shale..................

*Coal . .. ....... . .

*" Sulphur "band.......

*Coal.. ................

Shale, hard. . ................

No. 9440.

Shale.

Shale, soft...................

*Coal. .................

Shale................:.

*Coal. .................

*Shale, carbonaceous. . . .

*Coal . . . N. .

Shale, hard .............

*Co?,L...:..............

Shale, hard.

Ft. in.

21

...2 61

i

11

1

11

1

... 1 1

i

6

61

5 31

Ft. in.

21

...2 31

1

21

i

4

2

... 1 8

4 11J

No. 9441.

Sandstone. Ft. 

Shale, slate-colored ............ 2

*Coal, lenses of "sulphur".. 2 

Shale.....................

*Coal.....................

Shale.....................

*Coal, lenses of "sulphur". . 1 

Shale, sandy.

in. 

1 

8 

} 

3 

1 

61

6 8

Preparation for market. The partings and impurities which separate readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the 

coal is used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9439 was taken from the stump 

pillar between rooms 1 and 2 on the seventh level. In order to 

remove an amount of impurities equivalent to that which could be 

separated by careful picking, the two center partings, half the coal 

between them, and half the upper parting were not included in the 

sample. Both the shale partings were removed from sample 9441, 

which was taken at the east, end of the seventh level, and the-top 

and bottom partings were removed from sample 9440, taken from 

the east end of the fifth level. Analysis 9466 was made of a composite sample containing equal parts of all of the samples collected 

from this mine. The analyses of these samples are given on page 59.

Character and quality of the coal. Most of the coal is pitch black 

and massive, and breaks with a cubical fracture, although a part is 

slightly banded and has a somewhat splintery fracture. The coal 

has about the same heating value as that of the other mines in this 

part of the country.
144 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

ROSLYN NO. 4.

Roslyn No. 4, a shaft 640 feet deep at Roslyn, on the Northern 

Pacific Railway. No. 44.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

. Coal led. This mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 70° W. 

and dips 15° SW. FragnTents from the lower 2 to 6 inches of a layer 

of shale about 3 feet thick separating the coal from the overhang 

sandstone break off after the coal is removed and are thrown into 

the gob. The rest of the shale forms a good roof throughout the 

greater part of the workings, and the floor of the mine is firm and 

does not mix with the coal. The following sections were measured 

at the places from which the samples were taken:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 4 mine.

No. 9437. No. 9438.

Shale. Ft. in. 

Shale, gobbed................... 7

Coal, streaks of "sulphur"... 2%

*Coal, .thin streaks of "sulphur "................... 2 5£

Shale...................... 1

Shale...................... £

*Coal...................... 2

Shale. 

No. 2458.

*Coal.....'.............

"Sulphur "band.......

Coal and shale.

Shale, roof. Ft. in. 

Shale, gobbed................... 9$

*Coal...................... 1 3£

Shale, containing "sulphur"................... 1

*"Sulphur" band............ £

Shale.

Shale. 5 7$ 

Ft. in. 

.... 1 4£ 

4

.... 1 4 

4 

.... 1 9£

4 104

Preparation for market. The partings and impurities which separate readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal 

is used for locomotives it does not need further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis. Sample No. 9438 was taken from the gangway on the eleventh level west, near the center of the second battery; 

the top and bottom partings are not included in the sample. Sample 9437 was taken from the gangway on the eleventh level east, 

between rooms 3 and 4 of the second battery, both partings being 

removed. Analysis No. 9465 was made from a composite sample 

containing equal portions of these two samples. Sample 2458 was 

collected by M. R. Campbell in 1905 from room 3 of the second battery, on the ninth level west, about 2,000 feet from the bottom 

of the shaft. Two partings occurred in the bed at this place, 

neither of which was included in the sample. The analyses of the 

samples are given on pages 59-60.
KITTITAS COUNTY. 145

Character and quality of the.coal. The coal is pitch black and massive and breaks with a cubical fracture. In the mine it is under 

considerable pressure from the roof and is worked without shooting. 

It has about the same heating value as coal from the other mines in 

this part of the field.

ROSLYN NO. 5.

Roslyn No. 5, a slope mine 14 miles southeast of Roslyn, on a spur 

of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 45.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

. Kind of .coal: Bituminous.

Cool led. The mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 45° W. 

and dips from 20 to 30° SW. The coal is separated from a massive 

overlying sandstone by about 3 feet of shale, of which fragments 

ranging up to a foot in thickness break off after the coal in mined and 

are thrown into the gob. Occasionally they break with .the coal and 

must be separated from it before the mine cars are loaded. The 

floor is firm and does not mix with the coal. The following sections 

were measured at the places from which the samples were taken:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 5 mine.

No. 9427.

Shale.

*Coal. ...........:........-..

"Sulphur "band...........

flnn 1 r»Ti i cjTi on

Clay.......................

*fV>al

Shale, hard.

No. 9424.

Shale.

 *f'nil

*Sandstone and "sulphur". 

*Coal (middle 3£ inches i

Sandstone and "sulphur". 

*Coal.......................

 Shale.....................

*<"Vvil

Shale, carbonaceous.

No. 9425.

Shale. 

*Coal... ....................

*" Sulphur" band, irregular. 

*Coal.......................

*" Sulphur "...............

*Coal................ .......

Clay.......................

*Coal.. .............. ........

Shale, hard, carbonaceous, 

moono I3,,n An A n

Ft. 

2

1

_i 

4

Ft. 

1

3 

1

2

5

Ft. 

1

Ti 

1

9,

4 

in

in. 

1

64 

1 

1 

1 

11

94

in. 

1

4

7

4 

i

4

5

34

in. 

3

ace. 

24 

i

14 

4 

34

ill

No. 9423.

Shale. Ft. 

*Coal. ....................... 2

*Bone. ......................

*Coal........................

Clay, soft...................

*Coal................ ........ 1

Shale. 

4

No. 9426.

Shale. Ft.

*Coal. ...... ................. 1

*Sandstone, ' ' sulphur ' ' band . 

*Coal.................. ...... 1

 "Sulphur" band............

*Coal.................. ......

Clay, soft. ..................

*Coal................ ........

*Coal, bony ..................

*Coal........................ 1

Shale. 

5

in. 

8 

1 

3 

4 

84

9

in. 

3 

2

i 

6

i 

2 

1 

2

i

7 

5

4*
14"6 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. The partings-and impurities which separate readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal 

is used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9427 was taken from the barrier 

pillar between mine No. 5 and old mine No. 1, at Roslyn and on the 

gangway of the first level west of slope 5. A 3-inch parting of 

crushed coal, clay, and pyrite, which occurs in the center of the bed, 

was not included in the sample. Sample 9423 was taken from the 

barrier pillar between mines No. 5 and No. 7, about 10 feet above 

the second level gangway of mine No. 5. The lower parting in the 

bed can be separated by picking, and was not included in the sample. 

Sample 9424 was taken on the third level west at the entrance to 

room 50. The two lower partings in the bed can be easily separated 

from the coal and were therefore not included in the sample. Sample 

9426 was taken on the third gangway east at entrance to room 42. 

The bed contains four partings, all but one of which would be difficult to separate from the coal by picking, and only the second 

parting from the bottom was removed in the sample. Sample 9425 

was taken from the air course below the fourth level, about 30 feet 

west of the slope. Only the lower parting could be separated by 

picking and therefore was not included in the sample. Analysis 

9462 was made of a composite sample containing equal parts of all 

the samples taken from this mine. The analyses of these samples 

are given on pages 60-61.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal in this mine is pitch 

black, massive, and slightly banded. In general it breaks with an 

irregular fracture, though a part of it has a tendency toward a splintery 

fracture. It has about the same heating value as coal obtained from 

the mines at Roslyn. ' .

ROSLYN NO. 7.

Roslyn No. 7, a slope mine one-half mile northwest of Clealum, on 

a spur from the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 46.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The mine is located on the Roslyn bed, which strikes 

about N. 65° W. and dips from 20 to 30° SW. The overlying sandstone is separated from the coal by about 3 feet of shale, of which 

the lower 2 to 6 inches breaks after the coal is removed, and is thrown 

into the gob. The remaining shale, however, forms a good roof 

throughout most of the mine, and the floor is firm and does not mix 

with the coal. The following sections were measured at the places 

where the samples were taken:
KITTITAS COUNTY.

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Roslyn No. 7 mine.

147

No. 9422.

Shale.

Shale.....................

*Shale.. ...................

Shale.....................

Shale.

No. 9420.

Shale.

Shale, soft....................

*Coal, crushed .............

*CoaL. ....................

Shale......................

*Coal, partly crushed ......

Coal and shale streaks. . . .

*Coal

*Shale........ ............

*Coal. ............... ......

Shale.

Ft. in. 

. 1 2

4

i

. ' 2

1

. 1 6

4 6^

- ' 1*

4

10

1

- 1 6*

2

2

^

- 1 8*

5

No. 9421.

Shale. 

"Sulphur" band... ......

Shale...................

"Sulphur" bandi........

tCoal.....................

*Shale........ ...........

Shale...................

*Coal.. .......:...........

Shale.

Shale.

*P,nal

Shale...................

*Shalp

*Coal

*Coal, banded .............

Shale.

Ft. in. 

... 1 2

1 9i

1

i

1

X

4

...I 6$.

4 8J

Ft. in. 

1

2 1

1

1

4

2

. . . 1 6$

4 5i

Preparation for market. Partings and impurities which separate 

readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the co'al is 

used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9422 was taken on the gangway of 

the second level west, 6 feet up room 40. The upper and the lower 

partings of the bed can be separated by picking and were not included in the sample. Sample 9421 was taken on the gangway of 

the second level east, 15 feet from the barrier between mine. No. 7 

and mine No. 1 at Clealum. The bed contains five, par tings, most of 

which can be separated from the coal by careful picking. A parting 

of shale, "sulphur" and coal occurs near the center of the bed. In 

picking, about half the coal in this parting will be thrown away, and, 

accordingly, in sampling, only half the coal and the layer immediately underlying it was included in the sample. Sample 9420 was 

taken in the air course below the gangway of the fourth level west, 

about 800 feet west of the slope. The two upper partings in the 

bed, which can be separated by careful picking, were not included 

in the sample. Sample 9419 was taken on the gangway of the fourth 

level east, 330 feet beyond the entrance to room 12. The upper 

parting, which is the only one that can be separated from the coal 

by picking, was not included in the sample. Analysis 9461 was made
148 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

of a composite sample containing equal parts of the samples taken 

at this mine. The analyses of the samples are given on page 61.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black, massive, and banded, and breaks with a splintery fracture. On account 

of the banding, it is difficult to distinguish some parts of the coal from 

bony layers containing a high percentage of carbon. The coal has a 

heating value a little lower than the coal obtained from this bed at the 

mines further to the northwest. . '

SUMMIT.

Summit, incline 1 mile north of Clealum. No. 47.

Operator: Summit Coal Mining Co., Portland, Oreg.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. The mine is on the Roslyn bed, which here strikes N. 

75° W. and dips 11° S. -The following section was measured at the 

point from which the sample was taken:

Section of Roslyn coal bed at Summit mine.

No. 9403.

Sandstone.

*Coal .......................................

Shale...............................'........

*Coal. ......................................

Shale. .......................................

*Coal. ......................................

SV,dlo

Ft. in. 

............ 11

............ 5

............ 2 5$

............ 2

1 9^r

5 10

Preparation for market. The partings and impurities that can be 

separated readily at the mine are thrown into the gob. At the tipple

the coal is passed over two 2-inch bar screens, the oversize, after 

picking, being marketed as lump coal, and the undersize as steam coal.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9403 was taken down the gangway 

50 feet from the new tunnel about 40 feet below the surface. Both 

shale partings of the bed were excluded from the sample. The analysis of the sample is given on page 61 .

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black, massive, and slightly banded, and has a splintery fracture. Its heating 

value is somewhat lower than that of the coal obtained from the same 

bed farther to the west.

OLE ELUM NO. 3 EXTENSION.

Cle Elum No. 3 Extension, incline and drift mine about 1 mile north 

of Clealum. No. 48.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

Kind of coal: Bituminous.
KITTITAS COUNTY. 149

Coal bed. The mine is worked on the Roslyn bed; which strikes N. 

70° W. and dips about 9° S. The coal is separated from massive 

sandstone by about 3 feet of shale, fragments of which, the largest a 

foot in thickness, break off after the coal is mined and are thrown into 

the gob. Occasionally it breaks with the coal, in which event it must 

be separated before the mine cars are loaded. The floor is firm and 

does not mix with the coal. The following section was measured 

where the sample was obtained:

Section of Roslyn coal bed at Cle Elum No. 3 Extension mine.

NO. 9408.

Shale. Ft. in.

Shale, carbonaceous, and bone............................... 1

*Coal.................................................. 2 8}

Shale................................................... i

"Goal.................................................. 4

*Shale, hard.......................................... 1

*Coal. .....................:........................... 1 2$ Shale. ' 

5 4$

Preparation jor market. Partings and impurities which separate 

readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal is 

used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9408 was taken from the air course 

which parallels the incline, just below the sixth level, and does not 

include the upper parting of the bed. The analysis of the sample is 

given on page 61. "

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black, massive, and banded, and breaks with a splintery fracture. The bony 

layer in the bottom of the bed resembles the surrounding coal to such 

an extent that it was difficult to separate them and its presence does 

not seem to have materially increased the amount of ash in the sample. This coal has a heating value a little lower than that of coal 

obtained from the same bed in the vicinity of Roslyn.

CLE ELUM NO. 2 EXTENSION.

Cle Elum No. 2 Extension, incline and drift mine about 1 mile north 

of Clealum. No. 48.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. The mine is located on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 

80° W. and dips 9° S. The coal is separated from massive sandstone 

by about 3 feet of shale, pieces of which ranging up to a foot in thickness break off after the coal is mined and are thrown into the gobWhen they break with the coal, they must be separated from it before the mine cars are loaded. The floor is firm and does not mix with 

the coal. The section following was taken from the place where the 

sample was obtained.
150 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Section of Roslyn coal bed in Cle Elum No. 2 Extension mine. 

No. 9409.

Shale.

Shale, slightly carbonaceous. .......................

*Coal. ............... : .......................

fShale, hard. .................................

*Coal. ... :..........................-.........

*Shale, hard. ...........................:.....

*Coal. ........................................

Shale........................................

Coal........................................

Shale........................................

*Coal. .......... . ...............:..........

*Shale, hard. .................................

*Coal. .......................................

Shale, hard.

Ft.

.......... 1

.......... 1

.......... 1

5

in.

6

21

1

3

i

H

1

1

1

4

1

5

2

Preparation for market. Partings and impurities that separate 

readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal is 

used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9409 was taken on the gangway of the 

eighth level about 50 feet east from the rope slope. Half the upper 

parting and the entire bench near the center of the bed was excluded 

from the sample. The analysis of this sample is given on page 61.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black, massive, and banded, and has a splintery-fracture. It has a lower heating 

value than coal obtained from the same bed farther northwest.

CLE ELUM NO. 2.

Cle Elum No. 2, one-half mile north of Clealum. No. 48.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. The mine is worked on the Roslyn bed, which strikes 

N. 55° W. and dips about 14° SW. The coal is separated from a 

massive sandstone by about 3 feet of shale, fragments of which 

ranging up to a foot in thickness break off after the coal is mined and 

are thrown into the gob. It occasionally breaks with the coal and 

must be separated before the mine cars are loaded. The floor is 

firm and does not mix with the coal. The following section was 

measured where the sample was obtained:

Section of Roslyn coal bed in Cle Elum No. 2 mine. 

No. 9472.

Shale. 

Shale, soft. ..................................

Ft.

............... 1

............... 1

in.

81

1

1

61

+

7

31

51
KITTITAS COUNTY. 151

Preparation for market. Partings and impurities which separate 

readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal is 

used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9472 was taken at the face of the 

gangway of the sixth level east. ' The upper arid the lower partings 

of the bed can be separated by careful picking and were not included 

in the sample. The analysis of the sample is given on page 62.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black, massive, and banded, and has a splintery fracture. Bony layers in the 

coal resemble the coal so much that they can be separated only with 

great care.

OLE ELUM NO. 1.

Cle Elum No. 1, a shaft mine 250 feet deep at Clealum, on the 

Northern Pacific Railway. No. 48.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. This mine is on the Roslyn bed, which strikes N. 65° W. 

and dips 24° S. in the west end of the workings, and strikes N. 55° W. 

and dips 31° S. in the east end of the workings. The coal is separated 

from a massive sandstone by about 3 feet of shale, of which fragments 

ranging up to a foot in thickness break off after the coal is mined and 

are thrown into the gob. Occasionally it breaks with the coal and 

must be separated before the mine cars are loaded. The floor is firm 

and does not mix with the coal. The following -sections were measured at the points from which the samples were obtained:

Sections of Roslyn coal bed in Cle Elum No. 1 mine.

No. 9445.

Shale.

*Coal.................

Shale.................

fCoal. ................

Shale.................

fCoal. ................

Shale.................

*Coal..... '............

*Shale, hard...........

*Coal. ................

*Shale, hard...........

*Coal.................

*Shale... ..............

*Coal.................

Shale.

Ft. in.

01

.... 2

i

1

i

- - - - $

0

i

Kl

i

.... 1 4

i

2

i

1

5 3*

No. 9446.

Shale. 

Shale (gobbed) ...............

*Coal....................

Shale....................

"Coal..:.................

*Shale.. ..................

*Coal....................

Shale....... .............

*Coal. ...................

Shale....................

*Coai....................

Shale.

No. 9447.

Shale (poor roof) .

*Coal. ....................

Shale, upper part hard. . . 

"Coal. ...................

"Shale....... .............

"Coal....................

Shale.........................

Ft.

1

1

"1

4 

Ft.

?,

1

1

5

in. 

5

4 

4 

2* 

4 

3 

1

5*

1

2*

10

in. 

1

5i 

1 

6 

1

1

34
152 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. Partings and impurities which separate 

readily from the coal are removed in the mine, and as all the coal is 

used for locomotives it needs no further picking at the tipple.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9445 was taken from the gangway 

on the first level southwest between rooms 32 and 33. Only about 

half of the coal between the three upper partings could be removed 

by careful picking, and therefore the partings, with the remaining half 

of the coal, were not included in the sample. Sample 9446 was taken 

from the gangway of the first level southwest, 100 feet from the slope. 

The upper and the two lower partings can be separated from the coal 

by picking, and were not included in the sample. Sample 9447 was 

taken at the east end of the gangway on the first level southeast. 

The upper parting can be separated by picking and was, therefore, 

not included in the sample. Analysis 9467 was made of a composite 

sample containing equal parts of the samples obtained from this mine. 

The analyses of these samples are given on page 62.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black, massive, and banded, and has a splintery fracture. The bed contains 

some partings of bony coal, which are banded and which can be 

separated only with difficulty from the coal. The heating value of 

the coal is lower than that of coal obtained from the mines on the same 

bed farther northwest.

LEWIS COUNTY.

The samples collected in Lewis County were obtained from three 

fields the anthracite field on the headwaters of Cowlitz River, the 

bituminous field at Ladd, and the subbituminous field near Centralia 

and Chehalis. The geologic relations of these fields to one another 

has not yet been determined, except that the coal-bearing rocks in 

all three fields belong to the Puget formation of the Tertiary system.1 

The samples upon which this report is based were collected during 

August and September, 1909, and February, 1910. Several samples 

obtained during 1908 by J. B. Umpleby, of the United States Geological Survey, at Ladd and in the vicinity of Glenavpnhave also been 

included in this report.

Gas is said to occur in the Primrose bed along Summit Creek, in 

the anthracite district, and has been seen by the writer bubbling from 

some of the coal beds in the bottom of the creek. In the mine at 

Ladd the beds have been cut by igneous rocks in several places, and 

gas is especially abundant where these intrusions .occur. In bed 

No. 2 gas is found in small quantities throughout the entire workings.

PROSPECT NORTH OF CARLTON CREEK.

Prospect on the north side of valley, about 500 feet vertically above 

Carlton Creek, in SE. £ NW. i sec. 29, T. 15 N., R. 11 E. No. 49. 

Kind of coal: Carbonaceous shale.

i Willis, Bailey, Tacoma folio (No. 5-1), Geol. Atlas U. S., TJ. S. Geol. Survey, 1899.
LEWIS COUNTY. 153

. Coal led. This coal bed occurs in the lower coal group of the 

Carlton Pass coal field. An open cut has been made across the face 

Of the bed, exposing a total thickness between hanging and foot walls 

of about 9 feet. The bed is composed almost entirely of black shale 

containing very thin stringers of bright coal and several layers of 

very badly crushed graphitic shale. The following is a section of 

the bed:

Section of coal (?) bed in SE. $ NW. J sec. 29, T. 15 N., R. 11 E.

No 9093. x

Shale, sandy, carbonaceous. rt- to-

*Shale, graphitic.......................................... 1 6

Shale, hard, black. ...................................... 7

Shale, graphitic. . ........................................ 3$

Shale, black, thin stringers of pure coal.............. ...... 2

Shale, black, hard. . ..................................... 8$

Shale, graphitic................... ....................... 1 7

Shale, carbonaceous, with thin stringers of bright coal ..... 1 11 

Sandstone and shale, with thin- layers of carbonaceous shale.

8 7

Sample for analysis. Sample 9093 was taken from the graphitic 

shale layer 1 foot 6 inches thick near the top of the bed.

Character and quality of the coal. The material is badly broken 

and shows considerable movement in the bed. When wet, the slickensided faces are very bright and give the appearance of anthracite 

coal. This bench was .thought by the writer to contain a high percentage of graphite, and has been considered generally by coal prospectors who visited this field to.be a high-grade coal. The analysis 

in the accompanying table (p. 62) shows that the bench is hardly 

better than carbonaceous shale.

PROSPECT SOUTH OF CARLTON CREEK.

Prospect on hillside south of Carlton Creek in SE. £ sec. 1, T. 14 N., 

R. 10 E., about 1,100 feet above the bed of the creek. No. 50.

Kind of coal: Semibituminous.

Coal led. A gangway 90 feet, in length has been driven on this bed 

which strikes north and south and dips 60° W. At the end of the 

gangway the following section was measured :

Section of coal bed in prospect in SE. % sec. 1, T. 14 N., R. 10 E.

No. 9091.

Shale. Ft. in. 

Shale, black. ............................................. 3 2$

Coal, partly graphitic. . .................................... 7

Shale, black, carbonaceous. ............................... 1

*Coal.................................................... 3 6

Coal, impure ............................................ I 6

Sandstone. . 
154 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9091 was taken from the bed of good 

coal 3 feet 6 inches thick, and its analysis is given in the table (p. 62).

Character arid quality of the coal. The coal is very hard and bright, 

but contains a few thin stringers of dull coal. It burns on a forge 

with a short blue flame and has the appearance of anthracite coal. 

Analysis shows that it is very high in ash. It is massive and banded, 

and breaks with a conchoidal fracture.

PROSPECT A, SUMMIT CREEK.

Prospect on Summit Creek in SE. J NW. i sec. 13, T. 14 N., R. 10 

E. No. 51.

Kind of coal: Semibituminous and semianthracite.

Coal led. This bed, which is known as the Primrose bed, is 

about 20 feet in thickness between hanging and foot walls. A gangway has been driven about 50 feet in the lower part of the bed, 

which is slightly overturned, dipping 82° and striking north and 

south. The following section shows the details of the bed:

Section of Primrose coal bed in prospect in SK \ NW. \ sec. IS, T. 14 N., R. 10 E.

Shale, hanging wall. . Ft. in.

*(1) Coal, with thin layers of bone (sample 9101).......... 2 S£

(2) Coal, bony, with some graphitic shale................. 2 6

*(3) Shale, graphitic (sample 9097)....................... 15°

(4) Shale, black........................................ 8$

*(5) Coal and layers of bony coal (sample 9102)............ 2 1

*(6) Coal (sample 9099)..................................'.! 4 11

(7) Coal and graphitic shale in alternating layers..'....... 3 11

(8) Shale, black....................................... 1.- 2

Sandstone, footwall. 

20 3

Samples for analysis. The section was measured and the samples 

taken from the face of an open cut across the bed at the entrance to 

the gangway. Bench No. 1, from which sample 9101 was taken, 

contains a large percentage of hard, bright coal resembling that from 

bench No. 6, but the numerous thin layers of bony coal scattered 

through the bed can be separated from pure coal only with extreme 

difficulty, and will increase the percentage of ash in the bed very 

considerably. No sample of bench No. 2 was taken, but the coal 

resembles that sampled in bench No. 5. Sample 9097, taken from 

the graphitic shale of bench No. 3, shows on analysis that this bench 

is too high in ash to be of economic value. Sample 9102, taken from 

bench No. 5, contains a large amount.of ash, and is too impure to be 

of commercial value at the present time. Sample 9099 was taken 

from bench No. 6, and represents the best coal in the bed. Sample 

9100 was obtained from a layer of the best coal near the center of
LEWIS COUNTY. 155

bench No. 6, and represents the best picked coal from the bed. The 

analyses of these samples are given on page '63.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from bench No. 6 is 

pitch black, bright, and very hard. It is massive and breaks with an 

irregular conchoidal fracture. In the other benches the coal is not 

so pure, is banded and laminated, and breaks with an irregular, 

splintery fracture. The coal burns in an open fire with a short blue 

flame and, in general, leaves a fairly large amount of ash, though a 

sample taken from the best layer in the center of bench No. 6 has a 

fuel ratio of 11 and a relatively small percentage of ash.. The analysis (No. 9100) of this sample compares favorably with the analyses of 

some of the anthracite coals of Pennsylvania. The percentage of 

volatile matter is somewhat higher than in the average Pennsylvania anthracite, but lower than that of the semianthracite coal of 

Sullivan County, Pa., which is sold in the market as anthracite.

PROSPECT B, SUMMIT CREEK.

Prospect on Summit Creek, in SE. ± NW. i sec. 13, T. 14 N., 

R. 10 E. No. 51.

Kind of coal: Semianthracite.

Coal bed. The bed is slightly overturned at this place, and has the 

same dip and strike as that given for the Primrose bed in the preceding description. It is separated from the Primrose by 25 feet of 

shale. The following section was measured at the face of a drift 

run along this bed 35 feet:

Section of coal bed in prospect in SE. \ NW. £ sec. 13, T. 14 N., R. 10 E.

No. 9098.

Shale. Ft. In. 

*Coal...................................................... 2 9}

Coal, poor............................................... 7

Shale, black. ........................................... 3

Coal, bony. ............................................. 2 2£

Shale. 

8 7

Sample for analysis. <Sample 9098 was taken from the best bench 

of coal in the section noted above. The .coal was more or less crushed 

and mixed with carbonaceous shale. The analysis of this sample is 

given on page 63.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black, bright, 

and hard. It is massive and dense, and breaks with a conchoidal 

fracture. Analysis shows that the coal contains a very high percentage of ash, and although it is classed as a good grade of semianthracite, the percentage of ash in the entire bed is so high that it would 

be of little value commercially unless the carbonaceous shale could be 

separated thoroughly by crushing and washing.
156 ' COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 

PROSPECT. 0, SUMMIT CREEK.

Prospect on Summit Creek, in SE. £ NW. J sec. 13, T. 14 N., R. 

10 E., about 350 feet west of the opening on the Primrose bed previously described. No. 51.

Kind of coal: Anthracite.

Coal bed. The coal bed, which belongs to the same group as the 

Primrose bed, outcrops very near the level of the creek, and only the 

middle of it was exposed in the prospect. It is slightly overturned, 

and has a dip and strike practically the same as that of the Primrose. 

The following section was measured:

Section of coal bed in prospect in SE, i NW. J sec. IS, T. 14 N., E. 10 E.

No. 9092.

Feet.

Coal, bony.......................^.......'..................... 1+

*Coal.....................................................'..... 1

Coal, bony..................................................... 1+

3+

Sample for analysis. Sample 9092 was taken from the 1-foot bench 

of good coal. The analysis is given on page 63.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal, which is very bright, 

pitch black, and hard, is massive and dense, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It contains a low percentage of ash and has a high 

calorific value. The coal is an anthracite and compares favorably 

with much of the Pennsylvania anthracite.

SURFACE EXPOSURE EAST OF COWLITZ RIVER.

Surface exposure in SE. J sec. 7, T. 13 N., R. 10 E., about 2 miles 

east of Cowlitz River. No. 52.

Kind of coal: Anthracite.

Coal bed. The coal bed outcropping near the summit of the hill 

strikes N. 5° E. and dips 32° W. The bed has a total thickness of 

about 18 feet, only 3 feet of which was thought to be pure enough 

to be of any commercial value. The remainder of the bed is composed 

almost entirely of a hard black shale containing thin stringers of coal.

A drift was run about 20 years ago on a bed outcropping on the 

opposite side of the hill, about 200 feet below the outcrop described 

above, and it has always been supposed that the drift and the surface 

exposure are on the same bed. It was reported that a sample taken 

from the drift and analyzed at the New Orleans exposition showed 

92 per cent of fixed carbon. It is very clear from the analysis and 

physical character of the coal from the surface exposure that the 

drift must be on a different bed,

Sample for analysis. Sample 9090 was taken from the 3-foot bench 

of bony coal after removing about 6 inches of coal from the face of 

the exposure. The analysis of the coal is given on page 63.
LEWIS COUNTY. 157

Character and quality of the coal. The small stringers of coal, which 

are very hard and jet black, and break with a conchoidal fracture, 

should probably be considered as anthracite. It would be impossible 

°to separate them from the bony coal in which they are embedded, and 

the marketable coal would have about the same percentage of ash as 

that contained in this sample.

PROSPECTS NEAR LADD AND GLENAVON.

Prospects in the vicinity of Ladd and Glenavon, Washington. 

Nos. 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, and 87.

Kind of coal: Bituminous and anthracite.

Coal leds. On acaount of the heavy forest covering, the exposures 

are very small and the relation of the beds in each part of the field 

can not be definitely worked out from the surface. J. B. Umpleby 

examined this area in 1908 and measured the following sections, from

which he obtained the samples.

Sections of coal beds in 

No. 6488. 

Hanging wall: Ft 

Coal, shaly ............... 1

Parting ...............

Parting................

Parting.... ............

*Coal...... .............

Coal, slaty. ...........

Clay, plastic. 

Footwall.

No. 6490.

Clay, hanging wall.

Volcanic ash. ..........

*Coal

Parting. ..............

*Coal

Parting ..............

*Coal ..................

Parting................

Shale, footwall.

.... 1

.... 1

6

Ft 

.... 1

.... 1

.... 1

.... 1

7

the vi

in. 

1

44 

11 

2 

5 

1 

7

14 

1 

9

7

in. 

6 

1

84 

94

1

34 

1

1

6

14

yinity of Ladd and Glenavon.

No. 6489.

Hanging wall.

Clay......................

' Coal and bone in alternating 

bands...................

Clay......................

Clay......................

Clay......................

*Coal, bony ................

Footwall.

No. 6495.

Clay, hanging wall. 

*fVil

Clay, footwall.

No. 6496.

Clay, hanging wall.

Parting....................

Clay. 

Shale and coal, bony, footwall.

Ft. 

].

5

Ft.

3 

1

6

Ft. 

1 

1 

2 

1

6

in. 

4 

5 

11 

4

10

4

44 

44 

8 

1 

8

9

in. 

6

54 

7 

3 

8

54

in1 

11 

5

24

74
158 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Samples for analysis. Sample 6488 was taken from a drift 60 feet 

long in the SE. \ sec. 14, T. 13 N., R. 4 E. All the partings were 

removed in sampling. Sample 6489 was taken from a 33-foot drift 

in the northeast corner of the SW. J NE. I sec. 26, T. 14 N., E, 4 E! 

Sample 6490 was taken from an open cut 10 feet deep in the NE. £ sec. 

10, T. 13 N.,R. 4E., all partings being excluded. Sample 6495 was 

taken from an open cut near some small faults in the SE. \ sec. 34, 

T. 14 N., R. 4 E. It is not certain that the bed is normal at this 

point. . Both partings were excluded from the sample. Sample 6496 

was obtained from a 26-foot drift in the NW. i sec. 14, T. 13 N., 

R. 4 E. The part sampled contained one parting which was excluded 

from the sample. The analyses of these samples are given on 

pages 63-64.

Character and quality of the coal. The physical character of the 

coal is not known to the writer. Analyses show moderate to very 

high amount of ash; the amount' of moisture given off is somewhat 

high, due probably to moisture on the surface of the coal, which was 

not removed before the samples were sealed. The coal does not 

slack on exposure to the air. The percentage of fixed carbon is considerably higher than that of volatile matter, in which respect the 

coals compare with that from mine No. 1 at Ravensdale. Sample 

6496 shows a remarkably small amount of volatile matter, and the 

analysis indicates either that, the coal is anthracite or natural coke. 

With this exception, the samples indicate that this is an impure 

bituminous coal.

EAST CREEK-LADD.

East Creek-Ladd, a tunnel and drift mine at Ladd, on the Tacoma 

Eastern Railroad. No. 53.

Operator: East Creek Coal Co.; W. M. Ladd and J. Bagley, Ladd, 

Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking and noncoking).

Coal beds. Two coal beds, Nos. 2 and 3, were being developed 

commercially at the tune of sampling and a third bed, lying above 

Nos. 2 and 3 and called No. 4, was being prospected. The beds 

strike N. 85° W. and dip 40° SW. Bed.No. 2, the main commercial 

bed and the lowest in the group, is being worked on the property of 

the East Creek Coal Co., and coal is brought to the surface by a 

gangway and a rock tunnel through the property of W. M. Ladd 

and J. Bagley. Bed No. 3 lies 590 feet west of bed No. 2 and is being 

developed in the valley of a small creek southwest of the main entrance 

to No. 2. A gangway 250 feet long has been driven on this bed. 

A short gangway has been driven'on bed No, 4, which is 160 feet 

west of bed No. '3, near the entrance to the gangway on No. 3. Sections of these coal beds at the places where the samples were taken 

are as follows:
LEWIS COUNTY.

Sections of coal beds in East Creek-Ladd mine.

159

No. 9882, bed No. 2.

Sandstone. 

Shale......................./,(.to

*Coal. ....................

*Coal, "sulphur" in joints. . 

Shale, carbonaceous. ......

*Coal, calcite veins. .......

No. 9880, lower bench of bed No

Coal.

Coal, bony.

The following sections 

. Umpleby in 1908:

Sections of co<

No. 6493, bed No. 2.

Clay.

Parting..... ..............

*Coal

Parting............. .......

*Coal

Clay. 

No. 6492, bed No. 4.

Shale.

Ft. In. 

6 

2 

7- 

10 

1 

. 1 9 

4 

11

3 11 

.3.

Ft.' in. 

61

3 64

4 1

were n

nl beds in

Ft. in.'

1 

1 11 

1 

1 5

4 31

Ft. in. 

16 6 

1 11 

21 

2 31

20 11

No. 9881, upper bench of bed No 

Shale.

Shale and bony coal. ............

No. 9879, bed No. 4. 

Coal, bony, and shale... . . . .

Shale......................

Shale......................

Coal, bony. ...............

Shale......................

*Shale....... ...............

*0oal. .....................

Shale. 

Shale, and coal, bony.

leasured in this mine by

East Creek-Ladd mine. 

No. 6494, bed No. 3.

Coal........................

Parting........ ........ ....

Coal........................

Bone................... ....

Coal........................

Shale.

.3.

Ft. in. 

1 8 

6*

2 21 

Ft. In.

2 81 

1 8

1

1

3

4 

1

4

5

7 5

J. B.

ft. In.

1 6 

1 

81 

31 

4 1 

11 

3 81

9 31

Preparation for market. The coal from bed No. 2 is picked at the 

bunker and washed through a Hbwe tub washer. The coal from No. 

3 is picked at the entrance of the gangway and then flumed to the 

washer at the entrance to bed No. 2, where it is mixed with the coal 

from No. 2 and passed through the washer.

Samples for analysis. A sample (No. 9882) of bed No. 2 was taken 

60 feet up chute 62 from the first water-level gangway. The two 

shale partings given in the section can be separated from the bed
160 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

by careful picking and washing, and were not included in the sample. 

Two samples were taken at the face of the gangway on bed No. 3 

No. 9881 from the upper bench and No. 9880 from the lower bench. 

These benches are separated by 6£ inches of shale and bony coal 

which is removed from the coal by picking. Sample 9879 was 

obtained from the face of the gangway on beo^ No. 4. The bed contains several partings of shale and bony coal. It will probably be 

somewhat difficult to separate the bony coal from the commercial 

parts of the bed, but inasmuch as the lower shale parting in the bed 

was not removed in the sampling it was thought that by removing 

all the bony coal the resulting amount of ash in the sample would 

represent that obtained in the ordinary commercial coal from this 

bed. Sample 6493 was taken from bed No. 2, the two partings of 

which were not included in the sample. None of the partings were 

included in sample 6494, taken from bed No. 3. Sample 6492 was 

taken from the short drift on bed No. 4 where No. 9879 was taken. 

The parting was not included in the sample. Sample 6491, consisting 

of two samples of about 300 pounds each of washed coal from bed 

No. 2, was taken at the bunker as it came from the washer. Each 

sample was reduced and quartered in the usual manner until 100 

pounds were obtained. The two samples were then mixed, ground, 

and quartered until the final sample was about 4 pounds. It was 

sealed in the can while still wet.

Analyses of the samples will be found on pages 64-65.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from bed No. 2 is 

bright, has a cubical fracture, and is of better quality than that from 

either bed No. 3 or No. 4. It is rather high in ash and produces 

coke of fairly good quality. The joints in the coal are very close 

together, and are, in the lower portion of the bed, filled with calcite, 

pyrite, and free sulphur. The coal from bed No. 3 is banded and is

heavier than that from bed No. 2, but not nearly so bright or well 

jointed. Both benches of this bed contain coal of similar quality. 

The coal, though high in ash, is considered fairly good for railroad and 

domestic use. The coal from bed No. 4 resembles very much the coal 

from bed No. 3, but it is higher in ash and therefore lower in heating 

value. The coal from all three beds contains a small percentage of 

moisture, does not slack during transportation to the market, and 

may be classed as bituminous.

MENDOTA.

Mendota, a slope mine at Mendota, about 6 miles east of Centralia 

on the Centralia Eastern Railroad. No. 54.

Operator: Mendota Coal & Coke Co., Centralia, Wash. 

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.
LEWIS COUNTY. 161

Coal led. Several coal beds are exposed on the property of the 

company, but only the one upon which the mine was working was 

sampled. The bed strikes north and south and dips 12° W. The 

following sections were measured at the places at which the samples 

were taken:

Sections of coal bed in Mendota mine.

No. 10324.

Shale, sandy. ................

*Coal.... ......................

Shale, sandy. ................

Shale, yellow-brown. ..........

*Coal..... ........:............

Shale...........................

*Coal, little stringers of bone...

*Coal.. .'.............. .........

Ft. In. 

201

91

... 1 1

2

1

-- 2^

4

4

.. 3

9 84

No. 10323.

*Coal..... ...................

fShale, sandy. ..............

Shale........................

Shale......................

Ft. in. 

..... 1 4

..... ' 4

gx

..... 4

3 fi

..... l

q

..... 4

.....4 24

10 4

Preparation for market. When the partings are large and separate 

easily from the coal they are removed in the mine. The coal is 

picked 'and sized, at the tipple over a shaking screen with 2-inch 

perforations.

Samples for analysis. Sample 10324 was collected 80 feet above 

the gangway at the first level north in room No. 2. At this place all 

of the partings in the bed can be separated by careful picking, and 

hence they were not included in the sample. Sample 10323 was taken 

at the.foot of the slope, 850 feet from the entrance of the-mine. 

The bed contains four partings. It would be difficult to separate all 

the material in upper two partings from the coal, and therefore about 

one-half of each was included in the sample. The analyses of these 

samples are given on page 65.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is grayish black and 

has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, and breaks 

with a conchoidal fracture. It slacks readily upon exposure to the 

air, owing to the large amount of moisture it contains an amount 

about equal to that of the coal from the Hannaford mine. It has, 

however, less fixed carbon than this coal, a greater amount of ash 

and sulphur, and a lower heating value. It has considerably less 

moisture than the coal in the vicinity of Chehalis and will probably 

stand transportation better. It should be classed as low-grade subbituminous.

Irregular lenses of a soft cannel-like coal occur in places in tin's 

mine. When first exposed these lenses are black and give a yellowish brown streak, but they turn brown very soon. The percentage 

91320° Bull. 474 11 11
162 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

of volatile matter in them is very high, for large pieces can be easily 

ignited in the hand with a match, and they burn much more readily 

than any cannel with which the writer is familiar, with a long, smoky, 

yellow flame. .

RICHMOND.

Richmond, a slope mine 1£ miles northeast of Centralia. No. 55.

Operator: Centralia Coal Co., Centralia, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal bed. Only one coal bed is developed at this mine. It strikes 

N. 40° W. and dips 40° SW. The following section was measured at 

the face of the north gangway, just beyond chute No. 10 on the first

level:

Section of coal bed in Richmond mine.

No. 9177.

Ft. In.

Coal.................:................'................... 1

Shale, hard............................................... 6

Coal (used as roof)........................................ 8$

*Coal..............:...................................... 7 4

Coal and shale, carbonaceous.............................. 6

Coal..................................................... 1+

11 5+

Preparation for market. The coal is passed over a f-inch screen 

and then picked. Only the lump coal is placed on the market.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9177 was cut at the place where the 

above section was measured; The analysis of the coal is given on 

page 65.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is brownish black in 

color, and has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, 

and breaks with an irregular conchoidal fracture. It contains a very

high percentage of moisture and weathers very readily on exposure 

to the air. It should be classed as a very low-grade subbituminous 

coal.

SUPERIOR. NO. 1.

Superior No. 1, a water-level mine 1 mile northeast of Chehalis. 

No. 56. 

Opera-tor: Superior Coal Co., Chehalis, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. This coal bed is about 11 feet in thickness. It strikes 

N. 70° W. and dips 40° SW. The entire bed of coal, which is the 

same bed as that mined in the Twin City mine of the Twin City 

Light & Traction Co. about one-fourth mile .west, is mined, but as the 

sample from the Twin City mine was taken from the. lower bench 

very near this mine it was considered that a sample from the upper 

to supplem®^ $1$ Twijft City mine sample was aU tt
LEWIS COUNTY. 163

necessary. The following is a section of the upper portion of the bed 

at this mine and that from which the sample was taken:

Section of upper part of coal bed in Superior No. 1 mine.

No. 9942.

Sandstone. *Coai..... .....................:..............

*Coal... .......................................

*Coal...... ...................................

Shale.................:...................-

*Coal. ........................................

Shale, hard. 

Shale.

Ft. 

............ 1

............ 2

4

in.

7' * 

3

%

I 

6

6

Preparation for market. The coal is passed over a 1-inch ba"r screen

at the bunker, picked, and dumped into the bin,

Sample for analysis. Sample 9942 was taken 10 feet east of the 

entrance to the tunnel to the bed. The analysis of the coal is given 

on page 65.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is brownish black and 

has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded and breaks 

with an irregular conchoidal fracture. Owing to its high percentage 

of moisture, it slacks very readily upon exposure to the air. It is 

probably on the border line between low-grade subbituminous and 

high-grade lignite.

SUPERIOR NO. 2.

 Superior No. 2, a slope mine one-fourth mile north of the station 

at Chehalis, on the main line of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 57.

Operator: Superior Coal Co., Chehalis, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed is nearly 10 feet in thickness. It strikes 

N. 80° W. and dips 54° S. The following section was measured' 

where the sample was taken:

Section of coal bed in Superior No. 2 mine.

No. 9941.

Sandstone, soft. 

*Coal......................................

*Coal......................................

Shale, carbonaceous, soft. ..................

Coal, bony . ................................

Sandstone.

Ft.

............. 3

............. 4

in.

n

fi

54

i

q

?,

Preparation for market. The coal is passed over a 1-inch bay screen, 

the bunkers and then picked,
164 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

-o

Sample for analysis. Sample 9941 was obtained in chute 5 about 

50 feet above the first level gangway. The bed contains one carbonaceous shale parting near the bottom, which can be separated by 

picking, and was not therefore included in the sample. The analysis 

of the coal is given on page 65.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal has a brownish-black 

color, a reddish-brown streak, massive and banded structure, and a 

conchoidal fracture. It contains a high percentage of moisture, 

slacks very easily upon exposure to the air, and is a very low-grade 

subbituminous coal.

TWIN CITY.

Twin City, a slope mine 1 mile northeast of Chehalis. No. 58.

Operator: Twin City Light & Traction Co., Chehalis, Wash.

Kind'of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed worked in this mine is the lower part of 

the bed worked at the Superior No. 1 mine about one-fourth mile 

east. (See p. .) It strikes No. 70° W. and dips 40° SW. The 

following section was measured where the sample was taken:

Section of lower part of coal bed in Twin City mine.

No. 9945.

Shale. Ft, in.

Coal, with, thin irregular bands of shale ............... 4 

Shale ............................................... 6

*Co01.................................................._, 1 7

. . Shale ............ v................................ 7. 3$

*Coal...............'...............!.................. 2 6

Shale............................................... 1

*Coal................................................. 7

* Shale, thin lens ..................................... $

* Coal................................................. 3J

Shale............................................... . i

*Coal...........:..................................... 9J

Shale. 

10 8£

Preparation for market. The coal is passed over a bar screen and 

picked.

Sample for' analysis. Sample 9945 was taken at the east end of 

the first level gangway about 300 feet from the slope. The bed contains several shale partings which can be easily separated by picking 

and washing, and these were therefore not included in the sample. 

The analysis of the coal is given on page 65.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is brownish black and 

gives a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, and breaks 

with an irregular conchoidal fracture. Its percentage of moisture is 

high and it slacks very readily upon exposure to the air. It is probably 

on the border line between low-grade subbituminous and high-grade 

lignite, .
LEWIS COUNTY. . 165 

CHEHALIS.

Chehalis, a drift mine 2 miles east of Chehalis. ' No. 59.

Operator: Chehalis Coal Co., Chehalis, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed strikes N. 30° E. and dips 30° SE. The 

following section was measured at the place, where the sample was 

obtained:

Section of coal bed in Chehalis mine.

No. 9944.

Shale. Ft. in.

* Coal................................................... 2 10

Shale, soft "mining"..........................'......... 9$

*Coal................................................... 2 9$

Shale. ~~ 

6 5

Preparation for market. The coal is screened and picked at the 

bunker.

Sample for analysis'. Sample 9944 was obtained in the first waterlevel gangway 250 feet from ^he entrance of the mine from a stump 

pillar which was then being drawn and which had probably been 

exposed in the mine air for some time. A parting of soft shale near 

the center of the bed is used as "mining" and is separated from the 

coal by picking. The analysis is given on page 66.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is brownish black and 

has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, and breaks 

with an irregular conchoidal fracture. It contains a high percentage 

of moisture and slacks very readily on exposure to the air. This 

coal is on the border line between low-grade subbituminous and highgrade lignite.

SHELDON.

Sheldon, a slope mine 3 miles east of Chehalis, Wash. No. 60. 

Operator: Sheldon Coal Co., Chehalis, Wash0. 

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed worked at this slope is about 6 feet thick. 

The section measured is as follows:

Section of coal bed in Sheldon mine.

No. 9943.

Ft. in. 

Coal.................................................. 2+

* Coal....................... .'.......................... 2

Shale, carbonaceous.................................... 2£

Coal.................................................. 6

Shale, carbonaceous..................................... 2

*Coal................................................. 3 '5$ Shale. 
166 COALS OP THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

Preparation for market. The coal is screened over a 1-inch bar 

screen and then picked.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9943 was taken 250 feet east of the 

slope and 40 feet up the rise from the first level. The bed contains 

near the middle a parting of 10J inches of carbonaceous shale and coal, 

which can be separated from the remainder of the bed by careful 

picking and washing, and this portion of the bed was not included in 

the sample. The analysis is- given on page 66.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is brownish black and 

has a reddish-brown streak. The structure is massive and banded, 

and the fracture conchoidal. The high percentage of moisture 

causes the coal to slack very readily upon exposure to the air. The 

coal should be classed as low-grade subbituminous.

ORESCENT, i

Crescent, a water-level mine 4 miles northwest of Littell, on logging 

road. No. 61.

Operator: Union Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Band of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal bed. Several coal beds have been opened at this mine, but 

a sample could be obtained only from the main bed. This bed 

strikes N. 85° W. and dips 40° S. A bench of coal 1 foot 6 inches 

thick is left as a roof to support the sand overlying it. Wherever 

this roof is broken and the rocks are moist the sand flows into the 

mine in large quantities and makes the conditions of operating very 

unsafe. This mine was not being operated at the time it was visited. 

The following section was measured at chute 17, between chutes 18 

and 19; and about 800 feet from the entrance to the first water-level 

gangway.

Section of coal bed in Crescent mine. 

No. 9940.

Sand. o Ft. in.

Coal. ......... !. ...................................... 1 6

* Coal .................................................. 9£

Shale, hard. . .......................................... 4

*Coal.................................................. 1 6

* Shale. ............................................... 1

* Coal. ................................................. 3£

Shale, hard................. ........................... 6

Shale, yellow. ......................... .............. 1

Shale, carbonaceous. ................................... 9|

* Coal. ................................................. 1 5

Shale. ............................................... ^

* Coal.. '....................... ............. .............. 1 3£

Shale, carbonaceous. 

9
PIERCE, COUNTY. 167

Sample for analysis. Sample 9940 was taken where the section 

given above was measured. The bench of shale 2 feet 3£ inches thick 

near the center and small partings of shale in both the upper and 

lower benches of the bed should be removed in preparation for the 

market, and these were not included in the sample. The large 

amount of foreign material included in the bed, together with that 

which mixes with the coal from the floor and the roof, will increase 

the amount of ash in the marketable coal above that shown in the 

analysis very greatly unless it is very carefully removed. The 

analysis of the sample is given on page 66.

Character and quality of the coal.- The coal is brownish'black .in 

color, and has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and banded, 

and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It contains a higher percentage of moisture than any other coal sampled in the State, and slacks 

very readily on exposure to the air, This coal should be classed as

subbituminous.

PIERCE COUNTY.

The coal fields of Pierce County have been studied by Bailey 

Willis and George Otis Smith. 1 The beds of the north end of the 

field were correlated by them on the data available in 1899, and the 

extension of the mines since then has essentially borne out their 

conclusions. The field has been developed to some extent farther 

south, at Melmont and Fairfax, but the relation of the beds worked 

in these places to those in the other mines farther north have not been 

definitely established.

The work of sampling was done in this county during December, 

1909, and January, 1910. Two samples were taken from the Carbon 

Hill mine by M. R. Campbell in 1905, and a mine sample and a car 

sample were taken from the same mine by K. M. Way in 1908.- A 

sample was taken in 1908 by J. B. Umpleby from a prospect about 7 

miles east of Ashford. Descriptions of these samples and their 

analyses are here given for purposes of comparison.

Gas is present in considerable quantities in some of the mines. At 

Burnett and Carbonado safety lamps are used in many of the workings. At the south end of the levels from slope No. 1 on the Wingate 

bed at Carbonado so much gas is encountered along a well-defined 

zone which cuts diagonally across the workings that operations 

must be discontinued when this zone is reached.

1 Willis, Bailey, Report on the coal fields of Washington Territory: Mining industries, Tenth Census 

U. S., vol. 15,1880, pp. 759-771.

Willis, Bailey, Some coal fields in Puget Sound (Wash.): Eighteenth Ann. Kept., U. S. Geol. Survey, 

pt. 3, 1898, pp. 399-436.

Willis, Bailey, and Smith, G. 0., Tacoma folio (No. 54), Geol. Atlas U. S., U. S. Geol. Survey, 1899.
168 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

BUENETT.

Burnett, a slope mine at Burnett, on the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 62.

Operator: Pacific Coast Coal Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

Coal leds. Two coal beds are being worked in the mine bed 

No. 2, which is beheved to be the same as the Wingate bed at Carbonado, and another believed to be bed No. 3 of the old workings 

and referred to by that number in this report. The southern end 

of this bed in the second water level is bounded by a fault and its 

relation to the other beds is not definitely known. The beds strike 

about N. 20° W. and dip 45° NE. Bed No. 2 varies somewhat in 

thickness in different parts of the mine. Bed No. 3 holds a fairly 

constant thickness, but the partings vary. The following sections 

were measured where the samples were taken:

Sections of coal beds in Burnett mine.

JNO. asai, oea JNO. a.

Shale. Ft. in.

Shale, soft, carbonaceous.-.. . 54

Shale, hard....:................ 6+

Coalbed.................. 4 2£

No. 9889, upper bench of bed No. 3.

Shale, carbonaceous, poor roof. Ft. in. 

*Coal.... ............:........ 1 6

Shale........................ 5

Coal with irregular lenses of 

shale...................... 5 7

Shale. 

7 6

JNO. aeau, oea JNO. a.

Ft. 

Shale........ ...................

*Coal.. ...:.....-........ ....... 1

Shale.......................

Shale, carbonaceous. ........

*Coal............... .......... 1

Shale.......................

*Coal

Shale.......................

*0oal... ......................

Shale.......................

*Coal................... ......

. Shale................./.....

Coal bed............;..... 4

No. 9888, lower bench of bed No. 3.

Shale, carbonaceous, poor roof. Ft. 

Coal.......................... 1

Shale........................

*Coal, with irregular lenses of

Shale. 

7

in. 

54 

4

54

2 

3

8

4

4

4 

4

4 

1

9

in. 

6 

5

.'7

6

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate the 

impurities from the coal in the mine, but at the bunker (PL VII, B, 

p. 84) the coal is passed over a shaking screen having 14-inch perforations, after which the oversize is picked on a link-belt picking 

table by six men and repicked over a 14-inch bar screen before being
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 474 PLATE VIII

A. VIEW OF THE TOWN OF CARBONADO, PIERCE COUNTY.

B. NEW BEEHIVE COKE OVENS OF THE CARBON HILL COAL CO., AT CARBONADO, PIERCE

COUNTY.
PIERCE COUNTY. 169

dumped into the bin. The undersize is washed in a Howe-Robinson 

tub washer.

Samples for analysis. All the samples taken from the mine were 

obtained from the second level. Sample 9891 was taken from bed 

No. 2 on the first crosscut 2,200 feet south of the rock tunnel to 

bed No. 3. The bed contains a layer of soft carbonaceous" shale 

which can be separated by careful picldng and washing and was not 

included in the sample. The" bed is overlain by 5 inches of carbonaceous shale which breaks with the coal and must be removed 

at the bunker.. Sample 9890 was taken 15 feet above the gangway 

on bed No. 3 from the first manway south of the rock tunnel from 

bed No. 2. The bed contains six layers of shale, which can be separated from the coal by careful picking and washing and which were 

not included in the sample. It is overlain by about 6 inches of 

shale, more or less crushed, which mixes with the coal in mining

and must be removed at the bunker. The lower part of the bed as 

exposed in this manway was still in the coal. Sample 9898 was 

taken from the north end of the gangway on bed No. 3 at a point 

1,650 feet north of the rock tunnel from bed No. 2. The sample was 

taken on the upper bench of coal, which, together with the 5 inches 

of shale underlying it, is frequently left as a roof for the lower bench. 

This bench is overlain by badly broken carbonaceous shale, which 

makes a very poor roof, for it mixes with the coal and must be removed at the bunker. Sample 9888 was taken from the place where 

sample 9889 was obtained but from the lower bench. The bed 

contains irregular lenses of shale, most of which can be removed by 

careful picking and washing, and only a few of the thinnest were 

included in the sample. The shale underlying the bed is fairly firm 

and does not mix with the coal to any great extent.

Sample 9887 was taken from the surface of storage bins in the 

bunkers by selecting about 75 pounds of small lumps at random 

over the surface of the coal. The coal of this sample was reduced 

to about f-inch mesh and then quartered. Opposite quarters were 

discarded and the remaining coal mixed and ground to the size of 

a pea. It was then quartered and reduced in the usual way until 

the final sample, about 4 pounds, was obtained. Sample 9886, 

which was taken from the surface of the bins and from a loaded 

50-ton railroad car, consisted of wet coal direct from the washer; 

it was prepared for analysis in the same way as sample 9887, but 

was sealed in the can while still moist. The analyses of these samples 

are given on pages 66-67.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from bed No. 2 is pitch 

black, gives a dark-brown streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is 

massive and slightly banded, and breaks with an irregular, slightly
170 COALS OP THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

conchoidal fracture resembling that of the Wingate .coal at Carbonado and the McKay coal at Black Diamond. The coal contains 

a small amount of moisture and does not slack when exposed to the 

sun. Its heating value is nearly as high as that of any coal obtained 

in the State, and it .should be classed as a high-grade bituminous 

coal. The coal from bed No. 3 is pitch black, and has a dark-brown 

streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive and laminated, and 

breaks with an irregular splintery fracture. The amount of moisture present in it is small, and it does not weather on exposure to the 

sun, but its ash content is greater than that of the. coal from bed 

No. 2, and its heating value is correspondingly lower. It is considered a good grade of bituminous coal. Both these coals are 

coking coals and are used in the manufacture of gas.

BLACK CARBON.

Black Carbon, a drift mine on the Northern Pacific Railway 

about one-half mile west of Pittsburg, Wash. No. 63.

Operator: Black Carbon Coal Co.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal bed. Only one coal bed has been worked in this mine, and 

at the time of the visit the mine was not operating. The bed strikes 

N. 15° W. and dips 40° E. The following section was taken where 

the sample was obtained:

Section of Black Carbon coal bed in Black Carbon mine.

No. 9892. 

Shale. Ft. in.

*Coal....................................................... 11

*CoaL..................................................... 8J'

Shale.................................................... }

Shale, lens. 

Shale......

*Coal...................................................... 5

Shale.................................................... \

*Coal...............:.....................................-.. 9J

Coal, bony................................................ 7

Clay, yellow............................................. 3

Shale, black. 

Preparation for market. No attempt was made in working this 

bed to separate any of the impurities from the coal in the mine. It 

was picked at the bunker over a l^-inch bar screen.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9892 was taken from chute 2$, 

about 6 feet above the gangway and 1,250. feet from the entrance
MEBOE COUNTY.' 171

to the mine. The bed' contains several shale partings, most of 

which can be separated by careful picking and washing; the upper 

parting, however, is too thin to be separated and was included in 

the sample, an analysis of which is given on page 67.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black, and 

has a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. The lower bench 

of the coal is massive and dense, and breaks with an irregular fracture; the other layers are banded and laminated, and break with an 

irregular splintery fracture. The coal contains a small amount of 

moisture and does not crumble when exposed to the sun. Although 

the percentage of ash contained in it is somewhat high, it has a 

sufficiently high heating value to make it a fair commercial coal.

PITTSBURG.

Pittsburg, two slope mines at Pittsburg, on the Northern Pacific 

Railway. No. 64.

Operator: Coast Coal Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal leds. Two coal beds are worked in this mine, the Lady Wellington and the Pittsburg. They strike N. 15° W. and dip 58° to 

60° SW. The following sections were taken from the places where 

the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal bed in Pittsburg mine.

No. 989S, Lady Wellington coal bed.

Shale. Ft. in. 

*Coal ...................... 4 11

Shale. '

No. 9894, Pittsburg coal bed.

Shale. 

*Coal ......................

*Bone .....................

 *Coal ..................;...

Shale and bone......... . . . .

*Coal ......................

Shale, lens ................

*Coal .......................

Shale......................

*Coal .................

Bone . . ........................

Ft. in.

A

1 2$

4

4

1

14

1 2£

1 6£

ft Qi

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate the 

impurities from the coal in the mine. Coal from the Pittsburg bed 

is hoisted and dumped immediately on a 1^-inch bar screen, from 

which the oversize is hand-picked and the undersize is conveyed by 

flume to a washer at the bunkers. Coal from the Lady Wellington 

bed is hauled directly to the bunkers, where the lump coal is picked 

by hand and the fine coal is washed through two Forrester jigs.
COALS OF THE STATE. OP WASHINGTON.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9895 was taken from the first crosscut between chutes 32^ and 33, on the first level of the Lady Wellington bed. Both roof and floor are firm and do not mix with the 

coal in mining. Sample 9894 was take.n at the face of the gangway 

just beyond-chute 13^ on the first level of the Pittsburg bed. It 

contains several partings of shale and bone, most of which can be 

separated from the coal in preparation for market. The upper parting of bone was included in the sample. Both roof and floor of the 

bed are firm and do not mix with 'the coal. Sample 9893 was obtained 

by picking small quantities at intervals from the surface of the 

washed coal in the bins and on one of the railroad cars. The coal 

was still moist when the sample was taken and sealed in the can. 

The sample, containing about 65 pounds, was reduced to about 

f-inch mesh and quartered. Opposite quarters were discarded and 

the remaining sample reduced to the size of a pea. This was again 

quartered and reduced in the usual way until about 4 pounds was 

left; this amount was sealed in the can and sent to the laboratory. 

The analyses of these samples are given on page 67.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from both of these beds 

is nearly pitch black, gives a dark-brown streak, and has a vitreous 

luster. It is;massive, banded, and laminated, and breaks with an 

irregular, splintery fracture. It contains a small amount of moisture 

and does not crumble when exposed to the sun during transportation. 

Although it contains a large amount of ash, its heating value is high 

enough to make it a fair commercial coal. In almost every respect 

it resembles the coal from mine No. 1 at Eavensdale and the more 

mpure grades of coal in the vicinity of Bayne.

WILKESON.

Wilkeson, a water-level mine at Wilkeson, on the Northern Pacific 

Kairway. No. 65. 

Operator: Wilkeson Coal & Coke Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

Coal ~beds. The coal beds worked in this mine are the same as 

beds Nos. 1, 2, and 3 (coking) at the Carbon Hill mine, Carbonado. 

The beds are folded along north-south axes so much that in some 

parts of the workings they dip to the east and in others to the west. 

They strike from due .north-south to N. 30° W. and dip from 20° to 

60° E. in the parts of the mine worked at the present time. They are 

fairly uniform in thickness in different parts of the mine, but the. 

partings are somewhat irregular. The sections following were measured where the samples were obtained.
PIEECE COUNTY. 173

Sections of coal beds in WilJceson mine.

No. 9905, bed No. 2.

Coal. Ft. 

Shafe............. ........

*Coal ....................

Shale.................... .

*P.r>a1

' fcpnnl

*Coal .:..................

*ftna1 9

Shale. 

- 4 1 

No. 9903, lower part of bed No. 2.

Shale. Ft 

Coal ...................... 1

Coal, bony. ............... 1

Coal, bony and streaks of

*Coal ......................

 *Coal..... '.................

*fYnl 1

Shale, hard. 

7 

No. 9901, lower part of bed No. 3.

Shale, bony. Ft 

Coal ...................... 1

Shale.......................

Coal ...................... 1

Coal ......................

Coal ......................

*Coal, bony ................ 2

6

in.

14 

1 

1 

94

4

3 

1 

6 

3 

3 

6 ±

14±

in. 

7 

6

5 

94

4

5 

1

84

5 '

114

in.

6 

6

i

84

1

4 

5

61

No. 9904, upper part of bed No.

Shale. 

Coal ......................

Coal, bony ................

*Coal, bony and streaks of 

coal ....................

Coal ......................

Coal, bony . ...............

Coal ......................

Shale, hard. . ..............

Coal ......................

Coal, bony ................

Shale, hard. 

No. 9902, upper part of bed No.

Shale, bony.; 

*Coal ......................

Shale......................

*Coal ......................

Shale, hard................

*Coal ......................

Shale, lonse. ...............

*Coal ......................

Coal, bony . ...............

Shale, hard.

No. 9900, bed No. 3.

Shale, hard. 

*Coal ......................

Shale......................

*Coal ......................

Coal, bony ................

*Coal ......................

Bone .....................

*Coal. .....................

*Coal, impure ..............

No. 9899, bed No. 7.

*Coal ......................

Coal, bony ................

Bone.

2. 

Ft.

1 

1

1 

1

7 

3.

Ft. 

1

1 

2

6

Ft. 

1

1

5

Ft. 

1

3

6

in.

. 7 

6

5 

9* 

4 

5 

1 

8£ 

5

114

in.

6 

6 

t 

84 

1 

4 

5

64

in. 

11 

6

1 

6

4

7

94 

34

84

in. 

G 

G 

6

7

1
174 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

 Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate the partings from the coal in the mine. At the bunkers the coal is passed 

over a shaking screen with If-inch perforations, after which the best 

lump coal is sent through a crusher and mixed with the washed coal 

from the first set of jigs, while the poorer grade of lump is stored in a 

separate bin and used for steam coal. The screenings are passed 

through five Forrester jigs, and are then rewashed through another 

set of jigs before being used for coke. The tailings from the second 

set of washers are stored in a separate bin and are usedior the boilers. 

The equipment in use is capable of handling about 400 tons of coal a 

day. A new bunker, with a revolving dump and a Shannon jig, was 

being installed at the time the workings were visited. In this bunker 

the coal will be passed over a bar screen having 5^-inch spaces, from 

which the oversize will be picked and used for domestic coal and the 

undersize passed over a shaking screen with 3-inch perforations. 

The oversize from this second screen will be hand picked and conveyed to the bin for steam coal; the undersize will be again passed 

over a screen with f-inch mesh. Oversize from the f-inch screen is 

to be washed through a Shannon jig and the concentrates used for 

steam coal, and undersize will be washed through an improved Howe 

tub washer and used .for coke. When the bunker is completed the 

capacity of the plant will be about 800 tons a day.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9905 was taken from bed No. 2 about 

50 feet up chute 105, on the southeast gangway. The bed contains 

several shale partings which can be separated at the bunkers, and 

these were not included in the sample. Soft shale, which breaks very 

readily, overlies the bed and necessitates the use of a fairly firm layer 

of coal as a roof. The bed is underlain by 6 inches of black shale, 

which is used as a "mining" and is removed by washing. Sample 

9904 was taken from the upper part of bed No. 2, at the face of ..the

gangway on the east water level, which, on the day the sample was 

taken, was 1,200 feet west and 1,500 feet north of the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 19 N., R. 6 E. The bed is overlain by about 3 feet 

of bony coal and coal, which is badly crushed in this particular part 

of the mine and makes a very bad roof. Sample 9903 was taken from 

the bench underlying that from which No. 9904 was obtained, at the 

same place. This bed contains two layers of shale and bony coal that 

can be separated at the bunkers, and these were not included in the 

sample. It is underlain by 5 inches of bony coal, which mixes to 

some extent with the good coal in mining and must be removed at the 

bunkers. Sample 9902 was taken from the upper part of bed No. 3, 

about 50 feet up chute 19 on the southeast gangway. Three layers 

of shale are contained in the bed, but these impurities can be removed 

at the, bunkers, and they were not included in the sample. Hard 

carbonaceous shale, which is crushed in some parts of the mine and 

mixes to some, extent with the coal^ overlies, the be4« Sample 9901
PIEECE, COUNTY. ' 175

was taken from the lower part of bed No. 3 at the place from which 

sample 9902 was obtained. The bed is underlain- by hard shale, 

which is broken to some extent in parts of the workings and mixes 

with the coal. Sample 9900 was taken from the south end of the east 

gangway on bed No. 3, at a point about 3,000 feet north and 1,650 

feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 19 N., R. 6 E. The 

bed contains several layers of bone and shale which can be separated at the bunkers, and which were not included in the sample. 

Bony coal and shale, which mix to some extent with the coal' an$ are 

removed at the bunkers, lie both above and below the bed. Sample 

9899 was taken from a portion of bed No. 7 exposed in the roof of the 

gangway about 100 feet south of the rock tunnel from the west parting 

to the east gangways, and at a point about 650 feet west and 600 feet 

south of the north quarter corner of the section noted above. The 

bed is overlain by hard shale and coal, and underlain by bony coal, 

all of which are more or less crushed and mix with the coal in mining. 

The layer of coal next above the bed would probably be worked with 

this bed in mining. Sample 9898, consisting of about 100 pounds, 

was taken in small quantities and at random from the surface of the 

storage bins containing the rewashed coal, which is used in the coke 

ovens. The coal in the sample was broken to about f-inch mesh and 

reduced by the usual method of quartering to a sample of about 

25 pounds, which was then ground to about the size of a pea and 

quartered by the usual method until the final sample of about 

4 pounds was obtained. The coal was wet when sealed in the can. 

The analyses of these samples are given on pages 67-68.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from this mine is pitch 

black, gives a dark-brown streak, and has a vitreous luster. Most of 

the coal is minutely jointed and crumbles readily, so that the percentage of lump is very small. The texture of the coal is dense, and 

it breaks with a cubical fracture sometimes slightly irregular. It 

contains a small amount of moisture, and does not slack on exposure 

to the sun. Pure coal from the mine is probably low in ash and high 

in fixed carbon, and should have a very high heating value. Some 

of the benches, however, have considerably more ash than others 

and correspondingly lower heating value. The washed coal is used 

as a blacksmithing coal and is considered one of the best blacksmithing 

and coking coals in the State. The coal is fair bituminous, of about 

the same quality as that obtained from bed No. 3 at Burnett.

GALE GREEK.

Gale Creek, a slope mine at Wilkeson, on the Northern Pacific, 

Railway. No. 66.

Operator: Gale Cre.ek Coal & Co^ke. Co. ? Tacom^ 

Kind of coal:
176 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

Coal beds. The three coal beds at this mine strike about N. 10° W. 

and dip from 26° to 60° SW., are uniform in thickness throughout the 

mine, and belong to the same group as that worked at Wilkeson and 

Carbonado. The mine had not been in operation for several months 

previous to the writer's visit. The following sections were taken 

where the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Gale Creek mine.

No. 9908, bed No. 1.

Shale. Ft. in. 

Shale, slate-colored, fissile....... 1

*Coal...................... 1 9

*Coal, soft................. $

.................... 1 6

Shale, hard, black.

No. 9909, bed No. 2.

Shale.

Bone, soft. ....................

*Coal................I.....

Shale, carbonaceous, "mining".. 

Shale, with bands of shale and 

coal.

No. 9910, Queen coal bed.

Shale, hard. Ft. in.

*Coal....................... 1 11

Shale, carbonaceous... ...... 3

*Coal....................... 1 4

Shale. -

3 6

Preparation for market.~No attempt was made when the mine was 

operated to separate impurities in the mine. The coal was passed 

over a 1^-inch bar screen at the bunkers, after which the lump coal 

was picked by hand and the screenings were washed in a Jeffery tub 

washer.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9908 was taken from bed No. 1 about 

10 feet south of the auxiliary slope to the old No. 1 opening and in the 

first-level air course. The bed has one parting of soft coal which can

not be separated from0 the hard coal and was included in the sample. The bed is overlain by about an inch of fissile shale which loosens 

from the roof after the coal has been drawn and mixes to some extent 

with it. The floor of the mine is a hard black shale, which is firm and 

does not mix with the coal. Sample 9909 was taken on the second level 

gangway of bed No. 2 in the new mine, about 100 feet south of the rock 

tunnel from this bed to the Queen. The bed is overlain by 1'inch of 

soft bone, which mixes more or less with the coal, and is underlain by 

6 niches of carbonaceous shale, used as a "mining" and separated 

from the coal in preparation for the market. This bed has been considered the same as bed No. 1, but the workings on the two beds have 

not been connected and the relations between them have not been 

definitely established. Sample 9910 was taken from the Queen bed 

on the pillar between chutes 3 and 4, on -the second level gangway 

north. The bed contains a shale parting near the center which can 

be removed in preparing the coal for the market and which, was not
PIERCE. COUNTY. 177

included in the sample. Both the roof and the floor of the mine are 

firm and do not mix with the coal. Analyses of these samples are 

given on pages 68-69.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from these beds is 

pitch black, with a dark-brown streak and a vitreous luster. It is 

massive and laminated and breaks with a cubical fracture, occasionally slightly irregular. It contains a small amount-of moisture and 

does not weather on exposure to the sun. All three beds have a 

fairly low percentage of moisture, but are somewhat higher in sulphur content than the best coal in this region. They have high 

heating values and should be classed as bituminous coal of high 

grade.

WILLIS.

Willis, a slope and water level mine at South Willis, on the Northr

ern Pacific Railway, about $ miles from Wilkeson. No. 67.

Operator: Commonwealth Coal Co., Wilkeson, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. These coal beds parallel the beds worked at the Wilkeson and Gale Creek mines, but are higher in the series. They 

strike about N. 10° W. and dip about 56° E. Two beds were being 

worked at the time the writer visited the mine, but the higher bed, 

which is known as No. 1, is not in its normal position and was not 

sampled. The following section was taken where the mine sample 

was obtained:

Section of Windsor coal bed in Willis mine.

No. 9906.

Shale. , Ft. in. 

Shale, carbonaceous ......................................... 3

*Coal.............................................:.... 4 4

Coal, soft, impure ........................................ 2£

Shale....................................................... 9£

Shale, sandy................................................ 1 6 .

.Sandstone. . . :

7 1

Preparation for market. The coal from both the Windsor bed and 

from bed No. 1 is passed over a l£-inch bar screen at the bunker. 

The oversize is picked and used solely as lump coal.* The undersize 

is washed in a Robinson-Howe tub washer.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9906 was taken from the Windsor 

bed 25 feet beyond chute 11 on the lower water-level gangway. The 

bed is overlain by carbonaceous shale and underlain by soft impure 

coal, both of which mix more or less with the coal and must be separated at the bunkers. Sample 9907, which was taken from the 

bunker containing washed coal, was composed of about 60 pounds 

of coal taken in small quantities and at random from the surface of 

91320° Bull. 474 11 12
178 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

the coal in the bins. The coal in the sample was reduced to f-inch 

mesh and quartered. Opposite quarters were discarded, the remaining 

sample ground to the size of a pea, quartered, reduced in the usual 

way until, the final sample of . about 4 pounds was obtained. The 

analyses of these samples are given on page 69.

diameter and quality of the coal. The color of the coal is pitch 

black, the streak dark brown, and the luster vitreous. It is massive 

and somewhat banded, arid breaks with an irregular fracture. Moisture is present only in small amount in this coal, which does not 

slack on exposure to the sun, but the ash content is high. In general, the coal has about the same heating value as that from Pittsburg, which appears to be on beds of the same group. It is classed 

as a rather impure bituminous coal.

BRIER HILL.

Brier Hill, a water-level mine, about one-fourth mile west of 

Wilkeson, on the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 69.

Operator: Brier Hill Coal & Coke Co., Wilkeson, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Goal l)ed. The coal bed upon which this mine was worked belongs 

to the group which occurs at the Gale Creek workings, but lies near 

the crest of the anticline on the opposite side of the syncline. The 

bed strikes N. 5° E. and dips 20° W. No work was being done on 

it at the time it was visited by the writer. The following section

was measured where the sample was obtained:

Section of coal bed in Brier Hill mine.

. ' No. 9897.

Shale. . - Ft. in. 

Shale, hard. .'............................................... 1£

* Coal, banded. . ........................................ 6

*Bone... ................................................ 2

* Coal, banded. . ........................................ 6

 * Shale, hard....... ..................................... £

* Coal, banded. ......................................... 2

Shale, hard. . .......................................... 1£

* Coal, banded. . ........................................ 3 1£

Shale. : 

Preparation for market. The bed has a low dip, and some of the 

impurities can be separated in the mine. In preparation for shipr 

ment the coal has been picked at the bunker.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9897 was taken on the water-level 

gangway 500 feet south of the entrance of the mine. The bed contains several layers of hard shale and bony coal, much of which 

resembles the coal so closely that it can not be readily separated. 

Only the lowest parting in the bed was excluded from the sample. 

The analysis of this sample is given on page 69.
PIEECE, COUNTY. 179

Character and quality oftlie coal. The coal from this bed is grayish 

black and has a dark-brown streak and a dull luster. . It is massive, 

distinctly banded, and laminated and breaks with a splintery fracture. 

It contains a small amount of moisture and does not slack when 

exposed to the sun. On account of the large amount of ash the 

heating value of the coal is about the same as that of an average 

subbituminous coal, but it should be classed as very impure bituminous coal.

SNELL.

Snell, a slope mine about 2 miles southeast of Wilkeson. No. 68. 

Operator: Pacific Coal & Oil Co., Tacoma, Wash. 

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal led. One coal bed was worked at this mine when it was in 

operation. It had been closed for some time when the writer visited

the place, and the slope was flooded nearly to the water .level, and 

as most of the water-level gangway was caved in it was difficult to 

obtain a good sample. The bed strikes about N. 10° W. and dips 

75° E., and is believed to underlie the beds worked at South Willis. 

The bed is somewhat disturbed where the sample was taken, and a 

full section could not be obtained. The section at this point is as 

follows :

Section of coal bed in Snell mine. 

No. 9896.

Shale. Ft. in.

Shale, carbonaceous. ........................................ 2$

*Coal.................................................. 7

Clay.................................................. *

* Coal...................................... :........... 1 5 .

Shale, black. ................................................. 1

. Sandstone. 

Sample for analysis. Sample 9896 was taken from the roof of the 

first water-level gangway 75 feet from the entrance and about 10 

feet beyond the slope. A layer of clay near the1 middle of the bed 

can be removed, and was not included in the sample. The bed is 

overlain by about 2 inches of carbonaceous shale, 'which mixes with 

the coal and must be separated from it in preparing it for the market. 

A thin parting of black shale separates tHe coal at this point from a 

bed of massive sandstone underlying it. This sandstone was reported, to be a lens in the main coal bed which had increased from a 

thickness of a few inches in the northern part of .the mine to several 

feet at this place so that only the upper bench could be worked. 

The analysis of the coal sample is given on page 69.

Character and quality of .the coal. The coal in this bed is pitch 

black, gives a brown streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is minutely 

jointed, and can be readily crushed in the hand. The structure is
180 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

slightly banded and laminated, and the fracture irregular. Analysis 

shows a slightly high percentage of ash; but this may be due to 

impurities which were mixed with the bed during the movement 

which crushed the coal. It contains a small amount of moisture 

and does not weather on exposure to the sun. It is reported to be 

one of the best blacksmithing coals in the State, and should be 

classed as a bituminous coal of fair quality.

CAKBON HILL.

Carbon Hill, a series of drift and slope mines at Carbonado, on 

the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 70.

Operator: Carbon Hill Coal Co., San Francisco, Cal.

Kind of coal: Bituminous.

Coal beds. More than a dozen coal beds have been worked at 

different times in this mine. Ten were being worked at the time 

of the writer's visit, and nine were sampled. Carbon River cuts 

diagonally across the beds, approximately along the line of a large 

fault which separates the more regular southern part of the formation from the folded part on the north. The strike of the beds on 

the south side of the river is fairly uniform, nearly north and south, 

and they dip from 60° near the north end to about 20° at the south 

end. North of the river the beds are somewhat closely folded, and 

locally they are offset by small faults. The beds were not numbered 

in reference to their position in the formation. Three slopes have 

been driven; one on the Wingate bed on the southwest side of the 

river, known as the No. 1 slope; another on the Wingate bed-on 

the north side of the river, known as the No. 6 slope; and a third, 

called the Electric slope, on bed No. 1 at the end of a long rock tunnel, 

known as Mine No. 1 North. All the remaining openings are slightly 

above the river, and are spoken of as water levels. The beds and 

their partings are fairly continuous throughout the workings, but 

about one-half mile south of slope No. 1 the Wingate bed is offset 

by a diagonal dike and shows a different section south of the dike. 

The following sections were measured where the samples were 

obtained: «

Sections of coal beds in Carbon Hill mines.

No. 9570, bed No. 11.

Shale, blaclc (poor roof). Ft. in. 

 *Coal......................... 1 1

Shale....................... 3

Coal......................... 1 J

Shale..............'......... 2J

Shale, carbonaceous. .....'... 2£

Shale....................... 4

Coal......................... . 3

Shale (poor floor).

m.

No. 9564, bed No. 5.

Shale. Ft.

*Coal......................... 1 10

Shale, irregular.............. 2

Coal, impure......'........... 3

*Coal, crushed................ 2 2

Shale, hard, and some coal....... 1 3

5 10
PIERCE, COUNTY. 181

No. 2460, bed No. 1.

*Coal.. .......'........ ........

*Coal.... .....................

Ft. 

1

1 

1

1

7 

No. 9565, upper bench of coking bed No.

Shale, hard (poor roof). Ft.

' Shale.......................

Coal.........................

Shale.......................

Coal.........................

Shale (poor floor).

No. 552-D, coking bed No. 3. 

Shale.......................

Shale.......................

*Coal... ......................

Shale.......................

*Coil

Shale.......................

*Coal..... .....................

No. 9557, coking bed No. 2.

Shale (poor roof).

Shale........... ............

*Coal, fine-grained metallic ... 

*CoaL. .......................

*Coal, bright, minutely jointed 

*Shale... ....:...............

*Coal, bright, minutely jointed 

Shale......................

Shale (poor floor).

1 

2

3

8

Ft. 

1

1

2

8

Ft. 

2

1 

2

8

in.

4

9

7 

8

i

8 

1 

2

1 

3.

in. 

5

24 

5

7

 74

in. 

10 . 

4 

10

It 

10 

1

7 

2 

4

11

in.

7

4

6 

1 

3

24

1 

114 

1 

64 

1

24

91

No. 9560, Wingate bed. 

Shale, hard.

Shale, hard and very smooth. 

No.. 9558, Wingate bed. 

Shale, black.

Shale, black. 

No. 9556, bed No. 9.

.Shale, black.

Shale. 

No. 9572, bed No. 1.

Shale, black.

Shale and broken coal. ....

*Coal

Shale.....................

*Coal

Shale.....................

Shale, hard...............

Shale.

, No. 9562, bed No. 4. 

Shale, carbonaceous.

Shale.....................

Shale.....................

Shale, "sulphur".........

*Coal,... ...................

Ft. 

4

Ft. 

5

Ft. 

3

Ft.

9

7

 Ft. 

1

1

1

. 1

6 

No. 9555, lower bench of coking bed No.

Shale, hard (poor roof). Ft. 

Coal.................../...-- 1

Shale.....................

Shale.....................

Shale.

1

3

8

in. 

6

in. 

1

in.

7

in.

94

24 

114

4

"5

24 

3

4

5

4

in.

7 '

4

3

54 

4

6 

1 

7 

34

104

3. |

in.

5

24 

5

7

74
182 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

No. 9569, coking bed No. 1.

Shale. Ft. in

*Coal, impure................. 3

*Coal, finely jointed and

crushed.................... 1 3£

Shale, irregular........'..:... 1

*Coal, finely jointed and

crushed.................... 9£

Shale, black (poor floor). ' 

No. 9601, Wingate bed in slope No. 1.

Shale, hard. Ft. in. 

Shale, carbonaceous, thin streaks 

of coal. . :...................... 10

*Coal......................... 4 1

Shale, hard. 

4 11

No. 2459, Wingate bed.

Ft. in. 

. *Coal.......................... 4 11

Preparation for market. The coal from this mine is prepared for 

the market by three processes. The first method is applied only to 

dry coal from the Wingate bed, which is passed over a 3-inch bar 

screen, the oversize being picked and dumped into the bin for lump. 

The undersize is picked by hand to remove fragments of mine timber 

and occasional pieces of shale from the floor or roof, which may mix 

with the coal, and is either sold as unwashed Wingate or flumed to 

.the washer which handles the small coal from the wet Wingate dump. 

Coal from mine No. 6 and wet coal from mine No. 1 on the Wingate 

bed are handled by the second process, by which the coal is washed 

from the mine cars and passed over a bar screen having 24-inch and 

If-inch openings; the oversize is picked twice to remove fragments 

of mine timber and impurities of shale and bone, and the undersize 

passed through two Robinson-Howe tub washers. Concentrates 

from the washer are carried by drags over draining screens having 

slits about 0.06 inch in width into bunkers for the washed Wingate 

coal, and the fine coal which passes through the slits is collected in a 

special settling tank constructed for the purpose. This fine coal is 

drawn from the bottom of the settling tank and again carried by 

drags over a draining screen, having slits about 0.03 inch wide. The 

coal which passes over the end of the screen is called "birdseye," 

that which passes through the screen is separated in large settling 

tanks and is called coal dust. Both the coal dust and the birdseye 

are sold in Seattle and Tacoma for use in automatic stokers for large 

heating plants. About 50 tons a day of coal dust and birdseye are 

saved from a total output of 800 tons. ' The coal from .the other beds, 

all of which is treated by the third method, is passed over bar screens 

having 2^-inch and If-inch spaces. The oversize is picked three 

times and the resulting lump is known as Douty lump. The undersize is passed through a Robinson-Howe washer and is treated in the 

same manner as the Wingate coal.

A special set of Forrester jigs has been installed for the purpose of 

cleaning the' coal for coking, but they were not in use at the time of the 

visit. Plate VIII, A, shows the town of Carbonado and the new beehive coke ovens of this company.
PIERCE COUNTY. 183

Samples for analysis.- Sample 9570 was taken 500 feet from the 

entrance to the gangway on bed No. 11, and about 40 feet above the 

gangway in chute 10. The coal bed is disturbed and considerably 

broken at this place. It contains three shale partings, which can be 

separated by careful picking and washing, and these were not included 

in the sample, but both the roof and floor, and the coal and shale 

which separate the bed from the floor, are badly broken and mix 

with the coal to a considerable extent in mining, constituting impurities which must be removed from the coal in preparing it for the 

market. Sample 9556 was taken from the south end of the gangway 

about 400 feet from the entrance to the water level on bed No. 9. 

The bed is' overlain by fairly firm black shale, which does not mix 

with the coal. Sample 9564 was taken at the south end of the waterlevel gangway of bed No. 5 about 3,200 feet from the entrance. The 

bed contains an irregular layer of shale and some impure coal near 

the center, but both can be fairly well separated in preparation for 

the market, and they were excluded in the sample. The bed is overlain by shale and underlain by hard shale and thin layers of coal, all 

of which are fairly firm and do not mix with the coal. Sample 9572 

was taken from the first level on bed No. 1 about 100 feet up 

chute 13 and 600 feet north of the bottom of the Electric slope. The 

bed contains several partings which, as they can be separated in preparation for the market, were not included in the sample. The carbonaceous shale overlying the bed and the bony-coal underlying it are 

fairly firm, although locally they break and mix with the coal to some 

extent. Sample 2460 was taken by M. R. Campbell from bed No. 1 

on the east dip, halfway between the synclinal point and the anticlinal end. All four partings in the bed were removed in sampling. 

Sample 9562 was taken from bed No. 4 about 200 feet up chute 14, 

north of the entrance to the gangway. The bed contains several 

layers of shale, which can be separated from the coal in preparation 

for the market, and these were not included in the sample. The roof 

is of carbonaceous shale and the floor of bony coal, which mix only 

slightly with the coal and can be removed at the bunkers. Sample 

9565 was taken at the south end of the gangway on coking bed No. 3, 

at a point about 1,900 feet south and 100 feet west of the northeast 

corner of sec. 4, T. 18 N., R. 6 E. It was taken from the upper 

bench of the bed, which is overlain by hard shale a very poor roof, 

which, in mining, mixes with the coal to a very considerable extent. 

.Sample 9555 was taken from the lower bench of coking bed No. 3 

at the place from which sample 9565 was taken. The bed contains 

a layer of shale, but as this can be removed in preparing the coal for 

the market it was not included in the sample. The lower layer of the 

bench is somewhat bony, but is mined with it, and is included in the
184 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

sample. The coal in. both samples from this bed was slightly moist, 

owing to seepage from the surrounding rocks, and the samples for 

analyses were sealed in the can while still wet. Samples 552-D 

and 787-D were taken by K. M. Way. The first-named sample was 

taken from the face of the gangway of coking bed No. 3 in the north 

workings, about 14,000 feet from the entrance to the No. 1 north tunnel. All the partings were separated from the sample. Analysis No. 

787-D was made from a car of run-of-mine coal from bed No. 3 north 

(coking), after it had been shipped to Denver and before it had been 

put through the washer. Sample 9557 was taken from the north end 

of the gangway on coking bed No. 2, about 3,200 feet south and 100 

feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 4, T. 18 N., R. 6 E. The bed 

contains several layers of shale, most of which can be separated when 

the coal is prepared for the market and were therefore not included in 

the sample. The second parting from the bottom, however, is very 

thin, and was included in the sample. Both roof and floor of the bed are 

of badly broken shale; they mix with the coal in mining to a considerable extent, and must be separated at the bunkers. Sample 9569 was 

taken from coking bed No. 1 at the end of the rock tunnel from coking 

bed No. 2. Coking bed No. 1 is believed to be one of the beds 

worked at the Wilkeson mine, but it is very much thinner at this 

place, probably on account of local movement along the bedding 

planes. The bed contains an irregular layer of shale near the bottom, which, as it can.be removed in preparing the coal for the market, 

was not included in the sample; the upper part of the coal is somewhat impure, but was included in the sample. The coal in the two 

benches is finely jointed and crushed, indicating considerable movement, and is underlain by a very poor floor of black shale, also badly 

broken, which mixes with the coal in mining. Sample 9560 is a

composite of two samples taken from the Wingate bed near slope 

No. 1. Half of the sample was taken from the third level at the south 

end of the gangway about 40 feet south of the main slope, and the 

other half from the same level at the end of the gangway 280 feet 

north of the slope. Both roof and floor are hard and firm and do not 

mix with the coal. Sample 9558 was taken from the third level in 

mine No. 6 on the Wingate bed, about 20 feet north of the slope in 

the first crosscut. Roof and floor are firm and do not mix with the 

coal except where there has been local disturbance. Sample 9601 

was taken from slope No. 1 on the Wingate bed in the tenth crosscut 

between chutes 56 and 57 of the second level. The upper part of the 

coal bed in this part of the mine is replaced by soft carbonaceous shale 

containing thin streaks of coal, which breaks with the coal and must be 

separated at the bunkers. Along a definitely marked zone at the 

south end of the workings this shale contains a very large amount of 

gas.under enormous pressure, which frequently blows out great masses
.PIEECE. COUNTY. 185

of coal. Sample 2459 was taken by M. R. Campbell from the Wingate 

bed on the level 700 feet below the river, near a small fault.

The following samples were taken after the coal had been prepared 

for market by picking small lumps or small quantities at random fromthe surface of the bunkers or from the surface of railroad cars. In 

preparing each sample the coal was reduced to a f-inch mesh and 

quartered until about 25 pounds was left, after which it was ground 

to the size of a pea and quartered in the usual manner until a final 

. sample of about 4 pounds was obtained. Sample 9566 represents 

about 125 pounds of Wingate lump coal taken from the surface of a 

30-ton car. It was still moist when sealed in the can. Sample 9563 

consisted originally of SO pounds of dry Wingate coal passed over a 

3-inch bar screen, sample 9567 of about 245 pounds of washed Wingate 

coal taken from the surface of the bunkers and from several railroad 

cars, and sample 9561 of 150 pounds of washed coal taken from the

surface of 12 loaded railroad cars. It was raining at the time sample 

9561 was taken, and the coal was sealed in the can while still wet. 

This sample probably consists for the most part of coal from the Wingate bed, but it may contain some of the Douty coal. Sample 9559 

represents about 215 pounds of Douty washed coal taken from the 

bunkers and the surface of several railroad cars, and sample 9571 about 

172 pounds of Douty lump coal taken from the Douty bin and from 

several cars which were being loaded. The coal in both samples was 

moist when sealed in the cans. For sample 9568, about 95 pounds of 

coal dust was taken from the surface of'a railroad car containing about 

equal proportions of "birdseye" coal and coal dust just after it had 

been loaded. The sample was thoroughly mixed and quartered in the 

usual manner. The sample contained a very high percentage of moisture, most of which was retained after passing through the washer and 

was given off in air drying. The analyses of the samples from this 

mine are given on pages 69-72.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from this mine is pitch 

black, gives a dark-brown to black streak, and has a vitreous luster. 

It is massive and dense, and breaks with an irregular, hackly fracture. 

The coal from the Wingate bed breaks with an irregular, slightly conchoidal fracture along the lines of minor joints, resembling in this respect the coal of the McKay bed. The coal has a small amount of 

moisture and does not slack when exposed to the sun. Coal from the 

Wingate bed has a fairly small amount of ash and a heating value nearly 

as high as that of any coal in the State; coal from the other beds contains generally a greater amount of ash and is somewhat lower in heating value. All the coals are bituminous and of good grade, comparing 

favorably with many of the bituminous coals of the eastern part of the 

United States.
186 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON".

MELMONT.

Melmont, a slope and drift mine at Melmont, on the Northern 

Pacific Railway. No. 71.

Operator: Northwestern Improvement Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous. . Coal ~beds. Three coal beds are exposed in the mine, and the lower 

two were being worked at the time the mine was visited. Bed No. 1, 

the highest in the group, is not now being worked. No. 2, the middle 

bed, is being mined on a short water-level gangway. No. 3, the 

main bed of the mine, is worked at the present time in the first level. 

The beds strike N. 30° W. and dip 42° SW. Bed No. 3 is fairly uniform in thickness throughout the mine. The rocks of the entire 

region in which this mine is situated are very badly broken; joints 

occur close together and extend through both roof and floor, so that 

the blocks between the joints slide upon each other and cause a very 

strong squeeze in all parts of the workings. The following sections 

were made where the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Melmont mine.

No. 9579, bed No. 3.

Shale (poor roof). Ft. in.

*Coal, broken except lower

. 1 foot 3$ inches....... 5 5

*Shale.......:............ i

*Coal......'.............. 11*

6 5 

No. 9576, upper bench of bed No. 2.

Shale roof (poor). Ft. in.

Shale, carbonaceous, soft

*Coal..............

Dirt, black..........

Coal...............

Shale...............

Coal.

No. 9577, bed No. 1.

6

4

3*

9 8*±

Shale, hard. 

Shale, soft. .............

Shale.............

*Coal .............

Shale.............

*Coal. ............

"Goal. ............

Shale, with thin layers

r>nal

Ft. 

....... 1

........ 1

.....'.. 1

of bony

in. 

1

7

1

5

11

1

6

No. 9578, bed No. 3.

Sandstone.

Shale (poor roof)............

Shale, carbonaceous, soft....

*Coal. ...................

Coal..................

Shale.

Ft. in. 

4±

I 5±

4

2

II 5±

No. 9580, lower bench of bed No. 2.

Shale roof (poor). Ft.

Shale, soft, carbonaceous

Dirt, black. 

Coal.......

Shale.......

Coal.

6 

4 

3*
PIERCE COUNTY. 187

Preparation for market. No attempt is made to separate impurities from the coal in the mine. At the bunkers the coal is passed 

over a shaking screen having perforations 2 inches in diameter, from 

which the oversize is picked on a link-belt picking table and conveyed 

to the bunkers, and the undersize sorted through a set of revolving 

screens. The different sizes from these screens are washed through 

a Forrester feldspar jig.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9579 was taken from bed No. 3 on 

the first level north 50 feet above the gangway in chute 73. The bed 

contains a thin parting of shale which .can not be readily removed in 

preparing the coal for the market, and it was therefore included in 

the sample. Both roof and floor are badly jointed at this place and 

mix with the coal to a considerable extent. Sample 9578 was taken 

from bed No. 3 on the first level north about 200 feet up the rise in 

the pillar between chutes 56 and 57. The workings were subjected

to a very heavy squeeze at this point and only part of the bed could 

be sampled. The bed is overlain by 1£ feet of carbonaceous shale, 

very badly broken, which mixes to a considerable extent with the 

coal. The cap rock of shale which overlies this carbonaceous shale 

is also very badly broken, and makes a very poor roof. The floor of 

the mine .is of shale and is probably broken like the roof. Sample 

9576 was taken from the upper bench of bed No. 2 on the first waterlevel gangway north, 25 feet above the entrance to chute 2. The 

bed is overlain by an irregular layer of soft carbonaceous shale that 

'mixes with the coal in mining and must be separated at the bunkers. 

The roof of the mine is also very poor and mixes to some extent with 

the coal. Sample 9580 was taken from the same place in the mine 

from which sample 9576 was obtained, from the lower bench of bed 

No. 2, which is separated from the upper bench by about 4 inches 

of black dirt that must be removed at the bunkers. The lower bench 

is underlain by a thin layer of shale which mixes to some extent with 

the coal. Analysis 10412 was made of a composite sample consisting 

of equal parts of the samples taken from bed No. 2. Sample 9575 

represents about 200 pounds of coal taken from eight railroad cars, 

obtained'by collecting small quantities at regular intervals from the 

surface of cars just loaded from the bunkers. The coal in this sample 

was reduced to f-inch mesh, and then quartered and reduced in the 

usual manner until about 25 pounds remained. This was ground to 

the size of a pea and quartered and reduced until the final sample of 

4 pounds was obtained. The coal was wet when taken from the surface of the cars, and was sealed in the cans while still moist. Sample 

9577 was taken from the north end of the first water-level gangway 

on bed No. 1 about 100.feet from the main rock tunnel. The bed 

contains several partings of shale and impure coal which can be separated from the coal in preparation for the market, and which were not 

included in the sample. At this point the bed is overlain by about
188 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

a foot of soft shale, which makes a poor roof, inasmuch as it mixes to 

a considerable extent with the coal. The analyses of these samples 

are given on pages 72-73.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from bed No. 3 is pitch 

black, gives a black streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is dense 

and breaks with an irregular fracture. Joints break the bed very 

badly, so that it produces a very small amount of lump coal. The 

coal contains a small amount of moisture and does not weather on 

exposure to the air. It contains, however, a somewhat large amount 

of ash that can not be separated from the coal in preparation for 

the market. Coal from beds Nos. 2 and 3 is grayish black and 

dense, and breaks with an irregular fracture. It contains a greater 

amount of ash than bed No. 3 and a somewhat lower heating value. 

All these coals coke and are used as blacksmithing coal. They are 

of about the same quality as those at Carbonado, with the exception 

of the Wingate, and are regarded as a good grade of bituminous coal.

FAIRFAX.

Fairfax, a drift and slope mine at Fairfax, on the Northern Pacific 

Railway. No. 72.

Operator: Tacoma Smelting Co., Tacoma, Wash.

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).

Coal beds. Three beds were examined in the mine and sampled. 

The lower bed, known as the blacksmith bed, was not being worked 

at that time. The middle, or bed No. 3, was being worked on the 

first level, and the upper, or bed No. 7, was being worked on the water 

level. The beds strike N. 30° W. and dip about 75° NE. Bed No. 

3 is the only one at present worked to any considerable extent. Both 

the roof and floor of the bed are very firm, but they are not uniform. 

In some places the bed is only about a foot in thickness, and in other

places it is nearly 4 feet. The following sections were taken where 

the samples were obtained:

Sections of coal beds in Fairfax mine.

No. 9607, bed No. 3. 

Shale, very hard. Ft. in.

*Coal, slightly bony ........ 3

. . *Coal...................... 6

Shale, hard................ ' 1

*Coal...................... 2 Hi

Coal, bony... 4............ 3

Shale, hard, flinty. 

4 £ 

No. 9608, bed No. 7.

Shale'(poor roof).

*Coal, broken.............. 5 3£

Shale, hard................ 4

*Coal...................... 2 8^

Shale (poor floor). 

, No. 9609, blacksmith bed.

[South end of gangway.]

Shale. Ft. in. 

Shale, carbonaceous. ............ 2^

*Coal. :.................... 1. 9

Shale.

1 Hi
PIEECE COUNTY. . 189

Preparation for market. At the bunkers the coal is passed over a 

shaking screen having 1^-inch perforations. The oversize is hand 

picked to remove the shale partings and other impurities, then 

passed through a crusher, and thence conveyed to the washer. The 

undersize is washed through a Jeffery-Robinson washer and rewashed 

through two jigs.

Samples for analysis. Sample 9607 was taken from bed No. 3 

80 feet below the north water level in chute 8. The bed contains 

one shale parting, which can be removed in preparation for market 

and which was not included in the sample. Both roof and floor are 

very hard and^do not mix with the coal in mining. Sample 9608 

was taken from bed No. 7 at the end of the water-level gangway, 

about 75 feet south of the rock tunnel from bed No. 3. It contains 

a parting of shale near the center, which can be removed and which 

was not included in the sample. Both roof and floor are very poor; 

they mix to considerable extent with the coal and must be removed 

at the bunkers. Sample 9609 was taken from the blacksmith bed 

at the south end of a short gangway from a rock tunnel about 500 

feet along the main gangway from slope No. 3. The bed varies in 

thickness and the coal for the sample was taken in two places within a 

few feet of each other. Both roof and floor are hard and do not mix 

with the coal except where local lenses of shale occur under the roof. 

Sample 9574 was made up from about 75 pounds of washed coal from 

the bunkers, which had stood in them under cover for some time. 

Small quantities of coal, all in fragments less than three-fourths of 

an inch in diameter, were taken at irregular intervals from the surface of the coal. The coal was thoroughly mixed and quartered, in 

the usual manner until about 20 pounds were left; this was ground to 

the size of a pea and quartered until the final sample of 4 pounds was 

obtained. The analyses of these samples are given on page 73.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal from this mine is pitch 

black, and has a black streak and a vitreous luster. It is massive 

and dense, and has a hackly fracture. It is very much broken in 

the bed and crumbles readily in the hand. Owing to its good coking 

qualities, nearly the entire output is coked in the ovens at the mine. 

A small amount, however, is sold occasionally for blacksmithing coal, 

for which purpose it is considered one of the best coals mined in the 

State. All the Fairfax coal is low in moisture and does not slack 

when exposed to the air, but that from bed No. 7 contains so large 

an amount of ash that, unless it can be thoroughly removed by 

washing, the coal will be of little value in the manufacture of coke. 

The coal from the blacksmith bed and from bed No. 3, however, have 

heating values nearly as high as any coal in the State. These coals 

are considered to be very good bituminous coal.
190 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

MONTE ZUMA.

Montezuma, a number of drifts about 1 mile south of Fairfax, near 

the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 73.

Operator: Evans'Creek Coal & Coke Co., Seattle, Wash.

Kind of coal: Semibituminous (coking).

Coal beds. The four coal beds exposed in this mine are numbered 

in descending order. No. 1 is not being worked at the present time. 

All the beds are very thin, and if it were not for the steepness of the 

dip it would be very difficult to mine them. The beds strike nearly 

north and south and dip from 65° to 70° W. Most of the beds are 

fairly regular where they are not offset by faults. In a few places 

beneath some of the beds occur small lenses of coal, which can be 

mined with the rest of the bed. The following sections were measured 

where the samples were taken:

Sections cf coal beds in Montezuma mines.

No. 9602, bed No. 1.

Shale.

*Coal. ..................

Shale.

No. 9605, bed No. 3.

Sandstone, flinty.

*Coal, bright. ...........

*Coal, slightly bony. .....

Shale...................

Coal and bone ..........

Sandstone.

Ft. in. 

34

QA

Ql

-.3 24

6

5 1

Ft. in. 

. 1 6

. 1 6

. 1

91

. 1+

5 '7±

No. 9603, bed No. 2.

Sandstone. Ft. 

Shale, hard, with streaks of coal. . 

Shale, soft, carbonaceous. .......

*Coal. ..................... 1

Shale.....................:

Shale, soft, carbonaceous..

Shale, hard. 

' 3 

No. 9606, bed No. 4.

Ft.

'Shale, 'carbonaceous. ...........

*Coal, small "niggerhead" 

near center (local) ...... 1

*Coal, slightly bony. .......

Shale..................... 1

Coal. .................... 4

in.

2 

4' 

1 

1 

24 

24

8

in.

5

11

8 4

Preparation for 'market. Coal from beds Nos. 3 and 4 is washed 

and stored apart from the coal from bed No. 2. All coal is passed 

over a shaking screen having l^-inch perforations, from which the 

oversize is picked and used as domestic and steam coal, and the 

unclersize washed through feldspar jigs and flumed to a bunker at 

the railroad track, where most of it is used in the manufacture of 

coke. A small percentage of the washed coal is sold for blacksmithing coal.

Samples for analysis. Sample 96Q2 was taken from bed No. 1 at 

the entrance to chute 4, on the north water level. At this place the 

bed contains one shale parting which can be removed in actual 

mining, and this parting was not included in the sample. The bed is
PIEKCE, COUNTY. 191

overlain by soft shale and underlain by soft clay, both of which mix 

with the coal in mining and must be separated at the bunkers. 

Sample 9603 was taken from bed No. 2, 5 feet above the first counter 

in chute 36. The bed contains two layers of shale, which can be 

removed without much difficulty and which were not included in the 

sample. It is overlain by bony coal and soft carbonaceous shale that 

mixes-with the coal and must be separated from it at the bunkers. 

Sample 9604 was made up from 165 pounds of coal from bed No. 2 

collected in small quantities at random from the bunker at the railroad track. It was thoroughly mixed and quartered and reduced 

until about 25 pounds was .obtained; this was then ground to the 

size of a pea and mixed, quartered, and reduced until the final 

sample of about 4 pounds was procured. Sample 9605 was taken 

from bed No. 3 about 5 feet above the gangway in chute 11. This 

bed contains a layer of slightly bony coal near the bottom which 

can not be separated, and the entire layer was included in the sample. 

The main bed at this' place is separated by a parting of shale from a 

lower bench of coal and bone, which is mined in part of the workings. 

Sample 9606 was taken from bed No. 4 j.ust above the second counter 

on chute 6, at which place the bed is underlain by a local pocket of 

coal about 4 feet thick, an enlargement of a layer normally about 

6 inches thick. The pocket coal was not included in the sample. 

Sample 9613 represents about 140 pounds of washed coal collected 

in small quantities at random from the. surf ace of a bunker in which 

the coal from beds No. 3 and No. 4 is stored. The sample was prepared for the laboratory in the same manner as sample 9604. Analyses of these samples are given on pages 73-74.

Character and quality of the.coal. The.coal from all four beds is 

pitch black, gives a black streak, and has a vitreous luster. It is 

massive and dense, and breaks with a hackly fracture. Because of 

its minute jointing it produces a very small amount of lump. It 

contains a very small percentage of moisture and does not weather 

when exposed to the sun. Bed .No. 2 contains more ash than the 

other beds, and the amount of ash in the washed sample shows that 

this can be removed only with difficulty. The coal is considered a 

good coking coal and is used to a large extent as blacksmithing coal. 

Bed No. 3 is considered to be the best blacksmithing coal in the mine, 

and is reported to equal any blacksmithing coal in the State. The 

coal has a fairly high heating value and should be classed as a good 

grade of bituminous coal.

MASHEL.

Mashel, a tunnel mine located at Ashford, on the Tacoma Eastern 

Railroad. No. 74.

Operator: Western Steel Corporation, Seattle, Wash. 

Kind of coal: Bituminous (coking).
192 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

Coal bed. One coal bed is worked in this mine at the end of a long 

rock tunnel, which was driven to intercept the lower part of a bed 

known to outcrop along the crest of the ridge north of Ashford. The 

bed strikes N. 5° W. and dips about 38° E.; it is disturbed by a fault 

and the workings have not reached its normal position. The following section was taken at the end of the gangway about 4,400 feet 

from the entrance to the mine:

Section of coal bed in Mashel mine. 

Shale, crushed. Ft. in.

*Coal (sample 9885) ..................i.................. 9$

Shale, black ........................ i.........'......... 5

*Coal (sample 9885)..................................... 7 6

' *Coal, bony (sample 9885).................................. 2£

*Coal (sample 9885)........................................ 1 3£

. Shale................................................... 3

*Coal, with few irregular layers of shale and bone (sample

9884)................................................ 5 1

Bone. 

15 6i

Samples for analysis. Sample 9885 was taken from the upper 

bench of the bed, which contains one parting of black shale that can 

be removed by careful picking and washing and was not included in 

the sample, and a layer of bony coal that can not be easily separated 

and was included in the sample. The bed was overlain at this place 

by shale so badly crushed that several feet break during mining and 

mix with the coal. Sample 9884 was taken from the lower bench of 

the bed, which is separated from the upper bench by about 3 inches 

of bony shale that can be separated from the coal. The analyses of 

these samples are given on page 74.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is pitch black, has a 

brown streak, and a vitreous luster. It is massive, and, in some parts 

of the bed, slightly banded. Most of the coal breaks with an irregular 

bright fracture. Although it contains a percentage of ash so high 

that the heating value of these two samples was greatly reduced, this 

impurity may possibly be removed by very careful and refined 

methods of washing. The coal appears to be a very good bituminous 

coal, and if a large percentage of the ash could be removed it would 

make good coke.

PROSPECT EAST OF ASHFORD.

An open cut in the SW. £ sec. 20, T. 15 N., R. 7 E., about 7 miles 

east of Ashford, Wash.

Kind of coal: Semibituminous.

Coal beds The coal bed strikes N. 73° W. and dips 15° SW. 

The section measured by J. B. Umpleby is as follows:
THUKSTON COUNTY. 193 

Section of coal bed in SW. J sec. 20, T. 15 N., R.7 E.

No. 6486.

Shale. 

*Coal.............................

Parting. ........................

*Coal.............................

*CoaL. ....... ....................

*Coal... ..........................

Shale.................................

Ft. in. 

........................ 6

........................ 2

........................ 8

...................:.... i

........................ 4

........................ 10

........................ 1 9

........................ 2 6

6 10

Sample for analysis. Sample 6486 was taken by J. B. Umpleby 

in 1908 from the place where he measured the section given above. 

All the partings were separated from the sample, the analysis of 

which is given on page 74.

'Character and quality <yf the coal. The physical properties of the 

coal are not known by the writer. The ratio of volatile matter to 

fixed carbon, however, is higher than in any coal commercially developed in the State, and the amount of ash in the coal is so high as 

to reduce its heating value to that of a low-grade coal.

SKAGIT COUNTY.

Numerous coal prospects and several old mines occur in the vicinity 

of Cokedale and Hamilton, in Skagit County, but none are being 

developed commercially at the present time. Owing to the fact that 

funds for the investigation were limited, the writer was'unable to 

visit this region to obtain samples.- Two samples of the Fairhaven 

coal from Cokedale (No. 80) were analyzed by the Bureau of Equipment 1 of the Navy Department at Washington, D. C., and these 

analyses are given on page 76 of this report. Although the coal is 

reported to be a good cooking and steaming coal, the Cokedale mine 

has not been in operation for several years. Gas occurs in some of 

the beds and makes mining very dangerous.

THURSTON COUNTY.

The coals of Thurston- County are .either subbituminous or on the 

border between subbituminous and lignite. All the mines worked at 

present are in the southern part of the county, between Tenino and 

Centralia. The relief of the regipn is low, and the outcrops are obscured by gravel, soil, and dense undergrowth. The geology of the 

coal-bearing beds has not been worked out, and their extent and

1 Reports of the efficiency of various coals, 1896-1898, sections relating to coal from the annual reports ol 

the Chief of the Bureau, 1902-3, and recent chemical analyses of coal at the navy yard, Washington, D. C., 

1906, pp. 97 and 98.

91320° Bull. 474 11 13
194 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

relations to each other are not known. Dips of the beds at all the 

mines in this county visited by the writer are very low. The samples 

were collected during July and September, 1909, and February, 1910.

HANNAFORD NO. 1.

Hannaford No. 1, a slope mine at Tono, Wash., on a spur of the 

Oregon-Washington Railroad and Navigation Co., off the main line 

near Centralia. No. 75.

Operator: Washington Union Coal Co., Centralia, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Cool bed. Only one of the several coal beds exposed is mined at 

the present time. The bed is nearly horizontal, dipping only 4° NE. 

A slope has been driven about 1,500 feet in the lower portion of the 

bed, and two levels have been run to the north and three to the south. 

The mine has thus far been worked almost entirely in the lower 

bench of the bed, but the upper bench has been taken down in one 

or two rooms on the second level south and the company intends 

eventually to mine the entire upper bench. The following sections 

were measured at the places where the samples were taken:

Sections of coal bed in Hannaford No. 1. mine.

Nos. 9089 and 9573, upper bench 

Shale.

*Coai.......................

Shale..........................

No. 9094, lower bench/

Shale. 

*Coal. ......................

Shale.....................

*CoaL. .....................

Glay... ....................

*Coal..,.. ..................

*Shale, brown ...............

*Coal.......................

*Shale.... .........:.......

*Coal....... ......... .......

Ft.

4

4

Ft. 

1

1

1

5

in.

h

1

6

in. . 

3

i

8*

1

9*

*

8

*

34

11

No. 9095, lower bench.

Shale. 

*Coal......................

*Coal................ ......

*Clay , irregular layer. ...... 

*Coal......................

No. 9096, lower bench.

Shale............... ..........

*Coal......................

Shale, brown.............. 

*f!n5ii

*Goai..'.'.'i....'..'!.X .........

*Shale.... .................

*Coal............ ..........

Shale....................

*Coal... ...................

Ft.

1

1

3

6

Ft.

1

1

1

fi

in.

Ql

1

9

1 

91

5

in. 

1

 ^ 2 

1

11*

\

11*

*

y ?

\£

4

fii

Preparation for market. The coal from this mine is shipped as 

run-of-mine, and no attempt is made to separate the shale unless it 

parts readily from the coal in the mine or is of greater thickness than 

at any point from which the samples were taken. The entire output,
THURSTON COUNTY. 195

aside from the coal consumed at the mine and in the company town, 

is used for steam coal by the Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Co. and its connections.

Samples for analysis. Samples 9089 and 9573 were taken from the 

upper bench, about 150 feet up the slope, in room No. 7 of the second 

level south. The 1-inch shale at the bottom of the bed forms a parting between this bench and the lower bench, which .is the one worked 

in other parts of the mine. Sample 9095 was taken 200 feet from 

the gangway in room No. 12, on the first level south. The upper 

parting of this bench, which is the more regular, can be separated by 

picking, and was not included in the sample. Sample 9094 was col-. 

lected at the entrance of room No. 12, on the first level north. The 

coal was slightly moist, owing to seepage from the overlying rocks, 

and was sealed in the can before it had a chance to dry; the analysis 

of this sample should therefore show a slightly higher percentage of 

moisture than the analysis of a sample in a normal condition. The 

bench at this place contains four partings, of which most of the upper 

two and part of the lower two can be separated from the coal by 

careful picking. In order to obtain a representative amount of ash, 

only the lower two partings were included in the sample. Sample 

9096 was taken at the entrance to room No. 8, on the second level 

north, at which place the bed contains four distinct partings. In 

order to obtain a representative amount of ash in the sample, the 

third parting from the top was included. Analysis No. 8752 was 

made from a mixture of samples of run-of-mine coal from the lower 

bench of Hannaford No. 1 mine, taken at Pittsburg from two cars 

which had been on the road from three to five weeks. The analyses 

of these samples are given on pages 74-75.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is 'black in color and has 

a reddish-brown streak. It has a slightly banded structure and 

breaks with a conchoidal fracture. Because of its high moisture content, the coal weathers very readily when exposed to the sun, but it 

will stand transportation for some distance when shipped in closed 

cars. It should be classed as subbituminous coal.

Samples 9089 and 9057 were taken from the same place in the 

mine, but there is a very notable difference in the heating value and 

the amount of moisture of the air-dried samples. Sample 9089 was 

taken on July 21, when the coal was being mined from the upper 

bench in this room, and was exposed for a few hours during transportation to the office, but it was sealed immediately thereafter and 

was forwarded to the laboratory in an air-tight can. Sample 9573 

was taken by removing the surface coal and cutting a fresh channel 

at the side of the old channel from which No. 9089 was taken. Previous to the time when it was obtained, September 29, it had been
196 COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

exposed to the mine atmosphere for about nine weeks. A comparison 

of the amount of moisture in these two samples as received and in 

samples as received from the other parts of the mine indicates that 

only a little moisture evaporated from either sample 9089 or sample 

9573 during exposure to the atmosphere. The moisture in these two 

coals, as shown in the samples as received and in the same samples 

air dried, indicates that, although the total amount of moisture was 

the same, its relation to the coal had been changed so that it could 

not be driven off at the ordinary temperature used in the regular 

method of air drying. . 

PERTH.

Perth, a slope mine about 3 miles north of Centralia, on a logging 

road. No. 76.

Operator: Perth Coal Mining Co., Centralia, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal J)ed. Although several coal beds are exposed at this mine, 

the bed now being worked is the only one from which a sample could 

be obtained. This bed strikes N. 35° W. and dips 20° SW. The 

section was measured at a point 120 feet north from the foot of the 

slope and 40 feet up the rise from the first level gangway.

Section of coal bed in Perth mine.

No. 9178.

Shale, compact, slate colored. Ft. in.

*Coal..................................................... 10

Clay, yellow............................................ 3£

 Coal..................................................... 3$

Clay, yellow............................................ 3

 Coal..................................................... 7

Clay, yellow............................................ 5

*Coal....'................................................. 2 8£

Shale, black, sandy. ' 

5 4£

Preparation for market. Shale from the roof is separated from the 

coal in the mine, and the coal is screened and picked by Hand at the 

tipple.

- Sample for analysis. Sample 9178 was taken where the section 

given above was measured.

Three partings of yellow clay, all of considerable thickness, occur 

in the bed and must be separated in mining. When exposed to the 

air for a short time they swell to about one and one-fourth times their 

original thickness and become very soft and spongy. All three partings were excluded from the sample. The roof is of compact shale, 

which breaks off in large irregular slabs and mixes with the coal. 

The analysis of the sample is given on page 75.
THURSTON COUNTY. 197

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is brownish-black and 

has a reddish-brown streak; it is massive and banded, and breaks 

with a conchoidal fracture. Owing to its high moisture content, which 

causes it to slack readily when exposed to the air, this coal should 

be classed as low-grade subbituminous coal.

BLACK BEAR.

Black Bear, a slope mine about 2 miles southeast of Tenino, on a 

spur of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 77.

Operator: Tenino Coal & Iron Co., Tenino, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed from which the sample was taken was 

exposed in an abandoned mine east of the present slope. It was 

taken about 30 feet'up the first room on the first level west of a 

slope sunk about 150 feet from the portal of the old gangway. The 

face from which the coal was obtained had been exposed to the 

weather for several years. The section measured is as follows:

Section of coal bed in Black Bear mine.

No. 9939.

Shale. Ft. in.

Shale, carbonaceous........................................... 3J

*Coal...................................................... 2 1

Shale, spongy, varies from 1 to 2£ inches................... 1

*Coal...................................................... 8}

Shale, spongy............................................ 2

Shale.................................................... i

*Coal...................................................... 2 5

Shale. 

6 1\

Preparation for market. The coal from this mine is prepared for 

market by screening and hand picking.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9939 was taken where the section 

given above was measured. All three shale partings can be separated 

from the coal and were therefore not included in the sample. The 

sample was taken from the old workings, because a fault had been 

encountered in the new slope. The section of the bed exposed there 

was not typical. The analysis of this sample is given on page 75.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is brownish black and 

has a reddish-brown streak. It is massive and laminated and breaks 

with a conchoidal fracture. It contains a high, percentage of moisture, and weathers on exposure to the air; probably 4 or 5 per cent 

of moisture had been removed from the coal by the circulation of 

mine air at the time it was taken, for it appeared to be slightly weathered. Like sample 9573, taken at the Hannaford mine, the condition 

of the moisture contained in the coal had apparently been modified
.198 COALS OF THE STATE OP WASHINGTON.

in such a way that it could not be driven off 'by the usual method of 

air drying. This coal should probably be classed as low-grade subbituminous. KING (GKEAT WESTERN).

King, or Great Western, slope mine, 3 miles southwest of Tenino, 

on a branch of the Northern Pacific Railway. No. 78.

Operator: King Coal Co., Tenino, Wash.

Kind of coal: Subbituminous.

Coal led. The coal bed lies very nearly horizontal. At the 

entrance to the main gangway it dips very slightly (.1° to 2°) to the 

east, while at the far end of the gangway the bed has about the same 

dip in the opposite direction, so that the gangway passes through a 

syncline near the center of the workings. The bed is thin, and is 

subjected to considerable pressure, so that a great deal of rock work 

is necessary in the gangways to keep them open. The following section was measured at the place where the sample was taken:

Section of coal bed in King mine. 

No. 9987.

Sandstone, white.

Shale, hard. . .....................................

*Coal .......................................

Shale, with irregular lenses of coal ...........

*Coal .......................................

Shale- ......................................

*Coal .......................................

 Shale, brown ...............................

*Coai .;.....................................

Clay, yellow, soft ................................

Sholo

Ft, in.

........... 2£

........... 7

........... 3}

........... 4

........... 1

........... 1 6

........... 1

........... 1 1

........... 4

Preparation for market. Impurities are for the most part removed 

at the bunker, where the coal is picked and washed.

Sample for analysis. Sample 9987 was taken in room 10, about' 

100 feet up the rise from the twenty-fifth level north. Several partings of shale which occur in the bed may be separated from the coal 

by careful picking and washing, and they were, therefore, excluded 

from the sample. The analysis of the sample is given on page 75.

Character and quality of the coal. The coal is brownish-black, and 

has a reddish-brown streak.. It is massive and banded, and breaks 

with a conchoidal fracture. Owing to its high percentage of moisture, 

it slacks on exposure to the air, although not so readily as. some of the 

other coals from the same region. Minute lenses of pyrite are probably responsible for a percentage of sulphur somewhat higher than 

that of other coals of this locality. The coal should be classed as 

low-grade subbituminous.
COALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 199 

WHATCOM COUNTY.

The coals of Whatcom County have been mined in the vicinity of 

Lake Whatcom for many years. The only mine of commercial 

importance operating at the present time is the Blue Canyon mine 

(No. 79) at Park, near the shore of Lake Whatcom, which was not 

visited by the writer on account of the limited appropriation. The 

coal from this mine has been analyzed by the Bureau of Equipment 

of the Navy Department at Washington, D. C., and is given on page 

76 of this report. It has a fixed carbon content equal to that of any 

of the high grade bituminous coals of the State, and a small amount 

of ash and moisture. Unless it is too badly jointed, the coal should 

hold up well in transportation to market.

 INDEX.

A. Page. 

A. & E. mine, coal at, character of............ 142

coal at, preparation of for market........ 142

sample of, analysis of................ 59,142

section of............................ 142

Acknowledgments to those aiding........... 7

Adherence of coals, plates showing........... 30,32

Analyses, accuracy of........................ 17-19

discrepancies in, causes of................ 30

methods of making....................... 16-17

results of....:........................... 41-76

Anthracite coal;"characteristic features of.... 8-9

exposures of on Summit Creek, plate

showing......................... 78

physical properties of.................... ' 27

Arrangement of mine descriptions, plan of... 76 

Ash, character, occurrence, and effect of..... 34-36

effect of, on heating value................ 21

variations in character and amount of.... 26-27 

Ashforcl, coal near, analyses of............... 74

coal near, character and sections of..... 191-193 

coking tests of....................... 33

prospect near, coal of, analysis of......... 74

coal of, section and character of.... 192-193;

Atmosphere, effect of, on coal................ 11-15

B. ;

Bagley drift, coal at, character of............ 85-88

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 87

samples of, analyses of......... 43-44,87-88

section of............................ 86-87

Barneston, prospect drift near, coal at, analysis of............................ 53

prospect drift near, coal at, section and

character of...................... 123

Bayne, coal near, analyses of................ 50-52

coal near; character of/..."....'......... 112-1201

coking tests of.'.'.............'........ 32-33*

forested area near, plate showing......... 80

prospect drift near, coal at, analysis of.... 51

coal at, section and character of..... 116

undergrowth near, plate showing........ 80

Bayne mine, coal at, character of...'........ 112-114

coal at, preparation of for market........ 113

samples of, analyses of....... 50-51,113-114

section of............................ 113

Bedding, variations in....................... 23

Beehive coke ovens, at Carbonado, plate

showing......................... -168

Beekman, coal at, analyses of................. 55-56

coal at, section and character of......... 131-135

coal near, adherence;of; plate showing... . 30

coking tests of.".. '. ...... J........... 33

Beekman mine, coal at. character of........ 132-135

coal at, preparation of for market........ 134

samples of, analyses of........... 55-56,134

section of............................ 133

Page. 

Big Six mine, coal at, character of.......... 119-120

coal at, coking test of.................... 32

sample of, analysis of............... 52,120

section of............................ 119

Binder, definition of......................... 8

Bituminous coal, characteristic features of... 9 

physical properties of.................... 27

Black Bear mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of............ 197-198

coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 75,197

' Black carb'on'min'e'J'.coarpfj character, section,

and preparation of............. 170-171

coal of, coking test of.................... 32

sample of, analysis of........... 67,170-171

Black Diamond, coal near, analyses of....... 47-48

coal near, character of.................. 98-102

coking tests of....................... 33

Black Diamond mine, coal at, character of.. .99-101 

coal at, preparation of for market........ 100

samples of, analyses of.............. 47,100

section of............................ 100

Brier Hill mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of............. 178-179

coal of, sample of, analysis of............ 69,178

Bunkers, plates showing..................... 78,84

Bureau of Naval Equipment, analyses by... 76 

work of.................................. 18

Burnett, bunker at, plate showing.........'.. 84

coal at, analyses of ....................... 66-67

character and section of............ 168-170

coking tests of...................... 33

Burnett mine, coal at, character of.......... 168-170

coal at, preparation of for market......: 168-169

samples of, analyses of........... 66-67,169

section of............................ 168

Busy. Bee.mine, coal-at; character of..;........ 135

coal.at, preparation for.market of......... 135

sample of, analysis of............... 56,135

section of............................ 135

C.

Campbell, M. R., on carload sampling........ 11-13

on coals at the St. Louis Exposition...... 12-13

work of.................................. 7-18

Carbon, effect of, on heating value........... 20-21

Carbonado, beehive coke ovens at, plate

showing......................... 168

city, panoramic view of, plate showing.. 168 

coal near, analyses of..................... 69-72

character of....................... 180-185

coking tests of....................... 32

Carbon Hill mine, coal at, character of...... 180-185

coal at, coking tests of................... 32

preparation of for market............ 182

samples of, analyses of....... 69-72,183-185

section of.......................... 180-182

201
202 INDEX.

Page. 

Carbon mine, coal at, character of.......... 114-116

coal at, coking tests of........ >........... 32

preparation of for market............ 115

samples of, analyses of.............. 51,115

section of............................ 115

Carload sampling, methods and advantages of 10-15 

Carlton Creek, prospects near, coal at, analyses of............................ 62

prospects near, coal at, section and character of ..............' ........ 152-154

Central Coal Co., Grand Ridge mine of, coal

of, analyses of.................... 42

Grand Ridge mine of, coal at, section .

arid character of................. 81-83

Centralia, coal near, analyses of............... 65,75

coal near, sections and character of... 16(M62,

196-197 

Centralia Coal Co., Richmond mine of, coal at,

analyses of....................... 65

Richmond mine of, coal at, section and

character of..................... 162

Chehalis,-coal near, analyes of................ 65-66

coal near, sections and character of.....'. 162-166

Chehalis mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of................... 165

coal of, sample of, analysis of............ 66,165

Clallam Coal Co., bunker of, plate showing.... 78

Fuca mine of, coal of, character and section of..............-.-......:... 77-78

coal of, chemical analysis of.......... 41

Clallam County, coal of, analyses of.......... 41

coal of, distribution and character of..... 77-78

See also particular mines, localities, etc. 

Clealum, coal near, adherence of, plate showing........................:..... 30

coal near, analyses of.................... 61-62

coking, tests of...................... 33

sections and character of........... 146-152

Cle Elum No. 1 mine, coal at, character of... 151-152 

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 152

samples of, analyses of.............. 62,152

section of............................ 151

Cle Elum No. 2 extension, coal at, charac-

 terof.......................... 149-150

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 150

sample of, analyses of............... 61,150

section of............................ 150

Cle Elum No. 2 mine, coal at, character of... 150-151 

coal at, preparation of, for market........ 151

samples of, analyses of.............. 62,151

section of............................ 150

Cle Elum No. 3 extension, coal at,, character of........................... 148-149

" coal at, preparation of, for market........ 149

samples of, analyses of.............. 61,149

section of.........:............1..... 149

Coal, character and quality of................ 16-40

chemical analyses of, methods of......... 16-17

results of....................... 17-19,41-76

tables showing.................... 41-76

chemical properties of................... 16-22

classification of, Geological Survey methods of............................ 8-10

. coking, results of Pishel test for.......... 31-33

commercial use of........................ 38-40

comparative quality and distribution of. 37-38

Page. 

Coal, constituents of, effects of................ 19-21

detailed descriptions of varieties of....... 70-199

exposure, effect of, upon........... 11-13,28-33

ignition of............................... 21-22

impurities of, effect of................... 34-36

mineral ash of, effect of................... 34-36

moisture of, effect of..................... 34

physical properties of.................... 22-33

physical tests on, results of.............. 22-27

sampling of, methods of ................ 10-15

sulphur of, effect of...................... 34

See also particular mines, prospects, and

localities. 

Coal Creek, coal near, analyses of............. 43-44

coal near, character of.............'... 79,85-88

mine near, character of coal of........... 79

Coal mines, method of fixing location of.... 15-16

Coast Coal Co., Pittsburg mine of, coal at,

analyses of..................... 67

Pittsburg mine of, coal at, section and

character of................... 171-172

Coherence, variation'in degree of............ 25

Coking, Pishel test for....................... 31-33

Pishel test for, results of, tables showing. 32-33 

results of, with particular coals, plates

showing......................... 30,32

Color, variations of ........................... 22

Commercial sampling, disadvantages of... -... 10-12 

Commonwealth Coal Co., Willis mine of,

coal of, analyses of............... 69

Willis mine of, coal of, character and section of......................... 177-178

coal of, coking test of................ 32

Consolidated Coal Co., Lakedale mine of,

coal at, analysis of................ 55

Lakedale mine of, coal at, section and

character of.................... 131-132

Constituents, of coal, effect of, on heating

value............................ 19-21

Cooperation, plan of......................... 7

Cowlitz County, coal of, analyses of........... 41

coal of, distribution and character of...... 79

Cowlitz River, surface exposure near, coal

at, analysis of...........:.....;. 63

surface exposure near, coal at, section and

character of.................... 156-157

Crescent mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of................. 166-167

coal of, sample ;of, analysis of............. 66

Cumberland, coal at, analyses of.............. 49-50

coal at, character and section of......... 106-111

coking tests of....................... 32-33

D.

Danville, coal near, analyses of.............. 45

coal near, character of................... 93

Danville mine, coal at, character of.......... 93

coal at, sample of, analyses of............. 45,93

. section of............................ 93

Denny-Renton Clay & Coal Co., coal of,

coking tests of.............. .... 32

Kummer mine of, coal at, analyses of... 48

coal at, character and section of... 103-104

 coal of, coking test of................ 32

Denny-Renton mine near Renton, coal at,

character of......................... 89-30

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 89
INDEX. 203

Page. 

Denny-Renton mine near Renton, coal at,

samples of, analyses of........ 44,89-90

coal at, section of........................ 89

Denny-Renton mine near Taylor, coal at,

character of................... 123-126

coal at, coking tests of.................. 32

preparation of, for market........... 125

samples of, analyses of........... 53-54,125

section of............................ 124

Description, order of......................... 76

Diller, J. S., on coal of Cowlitz County....... 79

work of.................................. 17

Discrepancies, in analyses, causes of......... 30

E.

East Creek-Ladd mine, coal at, character of. 158-160 

coal at, coking tests of................... 32

preparation of, for market............ ' 159

samples of, analyses of....... 64-65,159-160

section at, near...................... 159

Elasticity, variations in degree of............ 25

Eureka mine, coal at, character of......... 111-112

coal at, sample of, analysis of........... 50,112

. section of............................ 112

Evans Creek Coal & Coke Co., Montezuma

 mine of, coal of, analyses of...... 73-74

coal of, character and section of........ 190-191

coking tests of....................... 32

Evans, G. W., work of...................... 7,18

Exposure, effect of, on coal.........'....... 11-15,28

F.

. Fairfax, coal near, analyses of............... 73-74

coal near, character and section of..... 188-191

coking tests of....................... 33

Fairfax mine, coal.of, character, section, and

preparation of................. 188-189

coal of, samples of, analyses of.......... 73,189

Flame, variations in character of............ 26

Ford mine, coal at, character of.............. 85-88

' coal at, preparation of, for market........ 87

samples of, analyses of............ 43,87-88

section "of............................ 86-87

Fracture, variations of....................... 24-25

Franklin, coal near, analyses of.............. 48

coal near, character of.................. 102-106

coking tests of....................... 33

glacial bowlders and exposures of Puget

formation near, plates showing.. 82

surface exposures at, coal of, analyses of.. 48

coal of, character of........ 102-103,105-106

Puca, bunker at, plate showing.............. 78

Fuca mine,, coal at, character of.............. 78

coal at, preparation of, Tor market........ 78

sample of, analysis of................ 41,78

section of............................ 77

G.

Gale Creek mine, coal of, character of...... 175-177

coal of, coking tests of................... 32

preparation of, for market........... .176

samples of, analyses of....... 68-69,176-177

section of............................ 176

Page. 

Gem mine, coal at, character of.............. 105

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 105

. sample of, analyses of.............. 48,105

section^of............................ 105

Glacial bowlders near Franklin, plate showing.............................. 82

Glenavon, prospects near, coal at, analyses of. 63-64 

prospects near, coal at, character, and section of.......................... 157-158

Grand Ridge mine, coal at, character of...... 81-83

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 82

samples of, analyses of............... 42,82

section of............................ 81-82

Great Western mine, coal of, character, section and preparation of.......... 198

 coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 75,198

Green River, glacial bowlders and exposures 

of Puget formation near, plates 

showing......................... 82

Green River Coal Co., Bayne mine of, analyses of............................ 50-51

Bayne mine of, coal at, section and character of.......................... 112-114

H.

Hannaford No. 1 mine, coal at, character of. 194-196 

coal at, preparation of, for market..... 194-195

samples of, analyses of........... 74-75,195

section of............................ 194

Hardness, variations in...................... 25

Heating value, effect of constituents of coal on. 19-21 

Hydrocarbons, effect of, on heating value.... 20

Hydrogen, effect of, on heating value ........ 20

I. 

Ignition, ease of............................. 21-22

Impact, variations in character of........... 25

Independent mine, coal of. character of.... 107-108

coal of, coking tests of................... 32

samples of, analyses of.............. 49,108

section of............................. 108

Issaquah, bunker at, plate showing.......... 84

coal near, analyses of.................... 41-43

character of......................... 80-85

prospects near, coal of, analysis of.... ... 41,54

coal of, character of-............. 80-81,127

Issaquah mine, coal at, .character of.......... 83-84

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 83

sample of, analysis of.......... 42-43,83-84

section of............................ 83

J. 

Jointing, variation in......:................. 23-24

K.

Kelso, coal near, character of................ 79

King Coal Co., King or Great Western mine

. of, coal at, analysis of............ 75

King or Great Western mine of, coal at,

section and character of......... 198

King County, coal of, analyses of............ 41-55

coal of, distribution and character of.... 80-129

See also particular mines, localities, etc. 

King mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of................... 198

coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 75,198
204 INDEX.

Page. 

.Kittitas County coal of, analyses of......... 55-62

coal of, distribution and character of... 129-152 

See also particular mines, localities, etc. 

Kuramer, coal near/analys'es of. ... ..:....... 48 '

coal near, character of................'. 103-104

coking test of........................ 32

Kummer mine, coal at, character of....... 103-104

coal at, coking test of.................... . 32

preparation of, for market......... 103-104

samples of, analyses of.............. 48,104

section of............................ 103

L.

Laboratory, preparation of samples for...... 15-16

Ladd, coal near, analyses of................. 63-65

coal near, character of................. 158-160

coking tests of.....................:. 32

prospects near, coal of j analyses of........ 63-641

coal of, character of..'..."."......... 157-158 

Lakedale mine, coal at, character of........ 131-132

coal at, preparation of for market........ 132

sample of, analyses of.............. 55,132

section of........................... 132

Landes, Henry, State geologist of Washington, cooperation by...:......... 7

Lawson mine, coal at, character of........ 101-102

coal at, preparation of for market........ 101

samples of, analyses of.......... 48,101-102

section of............................ 101

Lewis County, coal of, analyses of........... 62-66

coal of, distribution and character of... 152-167 

See also particular mines, localities, etc. 

Lignite, characteristic features of............ 10

physical properites of................... 28

Lizard Mountain, forested area near, plate

'showing......................... 80

Locations, of coal mines, method of fixing... 15-16 

Luster, variations of........................ 23

M.

McKay mine, coal at, character of........... 96-98

coal at, preparation of for market........ ,97

samples of, .analyses of-............ .Jti, 97.

sectio'riofl"-'-".'..".'.'.:.'.'.'............... 97

Mashel mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of................. 191-192

coal of, samples of, analyses of.......... 74,192

Melmont, coal at, analyses of................ 72-73

coal at, character and section of....... 186-188

coking tests of....................... 32

Mehnont mine, coal of, character of........ 186-188

coal of, coking test of.................... 32

preparation of for market........... 187

samples of, analyses of...... 72-73,187-188

sections of........................... -186

Mendota mine, coal at, character of........ 160-162

coal at, preparation of for market........ 161

samples of, analyses of............. 65,161

section of............................ 161

Mineral accessories,'occurrence of............ 26

Mine sampling, methods of.................. 10-15

Mining terms, explanation of................ 7-10

Moisture, occurrence of, in coal.............. 34

of coal, discrepancies in analyses of,

causes of........................ . 30

effect of exposure upon.............. 28-33

Page. 

Moisture of coal, extraneous, effect of, on

heating value.................... 19

inherent, effect of, on heating value...... 19

Montezuma mine,- coal of; character, section,

and preparation of............ 190-191

coal of, coking tests of................... 32

samples of, analyses of.............. 73-74

Morgan mine, coal at, character of........... 98-99

coal at, preparation of for market........ 98

. samples of, analyses of............... 47,99

. section of............................ 98

N.

Naval mine, coal at, character of.......... 110-111

coal at, coking tests, of.......'........... 32

preparation of for market........... Ill

samples of, analyses of........... 49-50, 111

'" ' section of. .'......'.I................ .110

Niblock mine, character of................ 128^129

coal at, preparation of for market........ 128

samples of, analyses of......... 55,128-129

section of............................ 128

Niggerheads, definition of................... 8

Nitrogen, effect of, on heating value......... 20

North Coast Colliery Co., Danville mine of,

coal at, analyses of............. 45

Danville mine of, coal at, section and

character of..................... 93

Northwestern Improvement Co., properties of

coal from, analyses of............ 45-47,

57-62; 72-73 

properties of, coal from, character of..... 94-96,

137-152,186-188 

coal from, coking tests of............ 32-33

See particular mines Melmont, Raveiisdale, Cle Emm mine No. 1, No. 2, 

No. 2 extension, No. 3 extension, 

Roslyn mine No. 2, No. 2 slope, 

No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6, and 

No. 7. 

Occidental mines, coal at, character of...... 117-119

coal at, coking tests of................... 33

preparation 6f;for market.:;'.....:... 118

samples of, analyses of...'.... 51-52,118-119

section of............................ 117

Odor, variations in.......................... 26

Oxygen, effect of, on heating value.......... 20

P.

Pacific Coal & Oil Co., Snell mine of, coal at,

analyses of...................... 69

Snell mine of, coal at, character and section of......................... 179-180

coal at, coking test of..................... 33

Pacific Coast Coal Co., Black Diamond mine

of, coal at, analyses of........... 47

Black Diamond mine of, coal at, section

and character of................ 99-101

Burnett mine of, coal at, analyses of...... 66-67

coal at, character and section of.... 168-170

Ford and Bagley mines of, coal at, analyses of............................ 43-44

coal at, character and section of......

Lawson mine of, coal at, analyses of..... 48

coal at, section and character of.... 101-102
INDEX. 205

' Page. 

Pacific Coast Coal Co., Morgan mine of, coal

at, analyses of.................. 47

Morgan mine of, coal at, section and character of............................. 98-99

properties of, coal from, coking tests of... 33 

Palmer, coal near, coking test of.............. 32

Palmer Junction, prospect at, coal at, analysis of............................ 48

prospect at, coal at, section and character

Of....-........................'. 120-122

surface exposure near, coal of, coking

testof............................ 33

Patrick-McKay mine, coal'at, character of.. 136-137 

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 136

samples of, analyses of....... 56-57,136-137

section of............................ 136

Perth mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of................. 196-197

coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 75,196

Pierce County, coal of, analyses of............ 66-74

coal of, distribution and character of.... 167-193

See'talso particular mines, localities, etc. 

Ehilippirie.Islands, weathered .subbituminous

coal from, plate showing......... 7

Physical properties of coals, variations in.... 22-33

Pishel, M. A., coking test determined by.... 31-33

Pittsburg, coal near, analyses of............. 67

coal near, character and section of...... 170-172

coking tests of....................... 32

Pittsburg mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of............. 171-172

coal of, samples of, analyses of.......... 67,172

Pocahontas (W. Va.) coal, coking test of..... 32

structure of, plate showing.............. 7

test for adherence of, plate showing...... 32

Powder, variations of........................ 23

Preston, prospect near, coal at, analysis of.... 54

prospect near, coal at, section and character of............................ 127

Producer gas, effect of, on use of lignite...... 40

Puget formation, exposures of near Franklin,

plate showing................... '82

R. 

Railways, use of coal by..................... 39

Ravensdale, coal near, analyses of........... 45-47

coal near, character of................... 94-99

cokingtestsof....................... 32-33

prospect at, coal at, analysis of.......... 53

coal at, section and character of...... 122

Ravensdale mine, coal at, character of....... 94-96

coal at, preparation of for market........ 95

samples of, analyses of............ 45-46,97

section of............................ 94-95

Renton, coal near, analyses of............... 44-45

coal near, character of................... 89-93

Renton mine, coal at, character of........... 90-93

coal at, preparation of for market......... 91

samples of, analyses of......... 44-45,91-92

section of............................ 90-91

Richmond mine,- coal of, character, section,

and preparation of............... 162

coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 65,162

Ronald, coal near, coking tests of............ 33

Rose-Marshall mine, coal from, character of. 106-107 

coal from, coking test of................. 33

preparation of for market............ 107

samples of, analyses of.............. 49,' 107

section of............................ 107

. ,. Page. 

Roslyn, coal, near, adherence of, plate showing.............................. 30

coal near, analyses of.................... 56-61

character of....................... 135-146

coking tests of....................... 33

Roslyn No. 2 mine, coal at, character of.... 140-141

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 141

samples of, analyses of........... 58-59,141

section of............................ 141

Roslyn No. 2 slope, coal at, character of.... 139-140

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 140

samples of, analyses of............. 58,140

section of............................ 139

Roslyn No. 3 mine, coal at, character of.... 137-139

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 138

. samples of, analyses of.......... 57,138-139

section of............................. 138

Roslyn No. 4 mine, coal at, character of.... 144-145

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 144

samples of, analyses of........... 59-60,144

section of............................ 144

Roslyn No. 5.mine,,coal at, character of.... 145-146

coal at, .preparation of, for market....... 146

samples of, analyses of........... GO-61,146

section of............................ 145

Roslyn No. 6 mine, coal at, character of.... 142-143

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 143

samples of, analyses of.............. 59,143

section of............................ 143

Roslyn No. 7 mine, coal at, character of.... 146-148

coal at, preparation of, for market....... 147

samples of, analyses of.......... 61,147-148

. section of............................ 147

Roslyn-Cascade Coal Co., Patrick-McKay

mine of, coal of, analyses of...... 56-57

Patrick-McKay mine of, coal of, character

of.............................'136-137

coal of, coking tests of............... 33

Roslyn Fuel Co., Beekman mine of, coal at,

analyses of...................... 55-56

Beekman mine of, coal at, character and

section of...................... i32-135

. coal at, coking test of................ 33

S. 

Samples, methods of taking................. 14-15

preparation of, for laboratory............ 15-16

Sampling, methods of, classification of....... 10-15

methods of, comparison of........... i... 10-14

factors determining selection of...... 14-15

Schaller, W. T., on coal of Cowlitz County... 79 

work of.................................. 17

Seattle Electric Co., Renton mine of, coal of,

analyses of...................... 44-45

Renton mine of, coal at, section and character of.......................... 90-93

Semianthracite coal, characteristic features of. 9 

Semibituminous coal, characteristic features of............'.............. 9

Sheldon mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of................. 165-166

coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 6fi, 166

Skagit County, coal of, analyses of.......... 76

coal of, distribution and character of.... 193

Smith, E. E., work of....................... 7

Snell mine, coal of, character, section, and

preparation of................. 179-180

coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 69,179
206 INDEX.

Page. 

Snoqualmie, coal at, analyses of............. 55

coal at, character and section of..... ..'. 128-129

coking tests of....................... 33

South Willis, coal at, analyses of............. 69

coal at, character and section of........ 177-178

Specific gravity, variations in and properties

determining..................... 25-26

Steamships, use of coal by................... 39

Streak, variations of......................... 22-23

Subbituminous coal, characteristic features of. 9-10 

physical properties of.................... 27-28

weathered, from Philippine Islands, plate

showing......................... 7

Sulphur, occurrence of....................... 34

"Sulphur" ball, definition of................ 8

Summit Creek, exposures of anthracite on,

plate showing................... 78

prospects on, coal of, analyses of........ 63

coal of, character of................ 154-157

Summit mine, coal at, character of.......... 148

coal at, preparation of for market........ 148

samples of, analyses of.............. 61,148

section of............................ 148

Sunset mine, coal of, character of.......... 108-110

coal of, coking tests of................... 33

preparation of for market............ 109

samples of, analyses of.......... 49,109-110

section of............................ 109

Superior Coal Co. (Lewis County), mines of,

coal of, analyses of............... 65

mines of, coal of, character and section of. 163 

Superior Coal & Improvement Co. (King 

County), Superior mine of, coal 

at, analyses of................... 43

Superior mine of, coal at, section and

character of...................... 84-85

Superior mine (King County), coal at, character of............;............. 84-85

coal at, preparation of, for market......./ 85

samples of, analyses of............... 43,85

section of............................ 84

Superior No. 1 mine (Lewis County), coal of, 

character, section, and preparation of......................... 162-163

coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 65,163

Superior No. 2 mine (Lewis County), coal of, 

character, section, and preparation of......................... 163-164

coal of, sample of, analysis of........... 65,164

T. 

Tacoma Smelting Co., Fairfax mine of, coal

of, analyses of................... 73

Fairfax mine of, coal of, character of... 188-189 

coal of, coking tests of.......... 1.... 33

Taylor, coal at, analyses of.................... 53-54

coal at, character and section ofi....... 123-126

coking tests of........................ 32

Technical terms, explanation of............. 7-10

Tenino, coal at, analyses of.................. 75

coal at, section and character of.....:.. 197-198

Tenino Coal & Iron Co., Black Bear mine of,

coal at, analysis of............... 75

Black Bear mine of, coal at, section and

character of.................... 197-198

Page. 

Terms, explanation of....................... 7-10

Texture, variations of....................... 24

Thurston County, coal of, analyses of........ 74-75

coal of, distribution and character of... 193-198

See also particular mines, locations, etc. 

Tono, coal at, analyses of.................... 74-75

coal at, character and section of........ 194-196

Twin City mine, coal of, character, section,

and preparation of................ 164

coal of, sample of, analysis of.:......... 65,164

U. 

Umpleby, J. B., work of..................... 18

Undergrowth, in coal districts, plate showing.............................. 80

Union Coal Co., Crescent mine of, coal at,

analyses of...................... 66

Crescent mine of, coal at, character and

section of...................... 166-167

United Collieries Co., Nib lock mine of, coal at,

analyses of...................... 55

Niblock mine of, coal at, character and

section of...................... 128-129

coal at, coking tests of............... 33

United States Coal Co., Issaquah prospect,

 coal of, analysis of............... 41

Issaquah prospect, coal of, character of.. 80-81

V. 

Volatile matter, composition of.............. 20

W.

Washington, State geological survey, cooperation by....................... 7

western part of, map showing........... 76

Washington Union Coal Co., Hannaford mine

of, coal at, analyses of........... 74-75

Hannaford mine of, coal at, character and

sections of..................... 194-196

Water level, definition of.................... 7

Way, K. M., work of........................ 18

Weathering, effect of, on Philippine coal, plate

showing......................... 7

Western Steel Corporation, Mashel mine of,

coal at, analyses of............... 74

Mashel mine of, coal at, character and sec-

- tion of.................... 1.... 191-192

Whatcom County, coal of, analysis of........ 76

coal of, distribution and character of..... 199

Wilkeson, coal near, analyses of.............. 67-09

coal near, character of................. 172-180

coking tests of....................... 32-33

Wilkeson mine, coal of, character of....... 172-173

coal of, coking tests of................... 33

preparation of, for market........... 174

samples of, analyses of........... 67-68,175

sections of........................... 173

Willis, Bailey, on Green River coal.......... 37

Willis mine, -coal of, character, section, and

preparation of................. 177-178

coal of, samples of, analyses of...... 69,177-178

Y. 

Yakima-Roslyn Coal Co., A. & E. mine of,

coal at, analysis of............... 59

A. & E. mine of, coal at, character and

section of......................... 142

o