Fourth Court of Appeals

San Antonio, Texas

MEMORANDUM OPINION

No. 04-22-00432-CR

Rolando MENDOZA,

Appellant

v.

The STATE of Texas,

Appellee

From the 175th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2019CR9296

Honorable Catherine Torres-Stahl, Judge Presiding

Opinion by: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Sitting: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

Beth Watkins, Justice

Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice (Ret.)1

Delivered and Filed: August 21, 2024

AFFIRMED

Appellant Rolando Mendoza challenges his judgment of conviction for continuous sexual 

abuse of a child. He argues the trial court erred by (1) admitting certain expert testimony, 

(2) admitting extraneous offense evidence without sufficient notice, and (3) instructing the jury he 

elected not to testify. We affirm.

1 The Honorable Sandee Bryan Marion, Chief Justice (Retired) of the Fourth Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment 

of the Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court. See TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 74.003, 75.002, 75.003.
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BACKGROUND

Mendoza was indicted on August 21, 2019 for continuous sexual abuse of a child between 

January 2014 and July 2018. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.02. A jury found Mendoza guilty in May 

2022, and the trial court sentenced him to forty years in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice 

Institutional Division. This appeal followed.

ADMISSION OF EXPERT TESTIMONY

Mendoza argues the trial court erred by admitting the expert testimony of Annette Santos 

because she did not meet the requirements set forth in Texas Rules of Evidence 702, 703, or 705. 

Specifically, Mendoza contends Santos was unqualified based on her educational degree and lack 

of substantial forensic training. Mendoza further argues the State failed to establish the reliability 

and relevance of Santos’s expert testimony. 

“An appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling on the admission of evidence for an abuse 

of discretion.” Rhomer v. State, 569 S.W.3d 664, 669 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). “The trial court 

abuses its discretion when it acts without reference to any guiding rules and principles or acts 

arbitrarily or unreasonably.” Id. A witness “qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, 

training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if the expert’s scientific, 

technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or 

to determine a fact in issue.” TEX. R. EVID. 702; see, e.g., Rhomer, 569 S.W.3d at 669.2

Specifically, expert testimony is admissible if it meets three requirements: “(1) The witness 

qualifies as an expert by reason of his knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education; (2) the 

subject matter of the testimony is an appropriate one for expert testimony; and (3) admitting the 

2 “Witnesses who are not experts may testify about their opinions or inferences when those opinions or inferences are 

rationally based on the perception of the witnesses and helpful to a clear understanding of the witnesses’ testimony or 

the determination of a fact in issue.” Rhomer, 569 S.W.3d at 669 (citing TEX. R. EVID. 701). “There is no distinct line 

between lay opinion and expert opinion.” Id.
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expert testimony will actually assist the fact-finder in deciding the case.” Rhomer, 569 S.W.3d at 

669 (quoting Vela v. State, 209 S.W.3d 128, 131 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). “These conditions are commonly referred to as (1) qualification, (2) reliability, and (3) 

relevance.” Id.

However, “a party cannot present a complaint for appellate review unless the record shows 

that the party made a timely objection or motion stating the grounds for the requested ruling, unless 

the grounds were apparent from the context.” Null v. State, 690 S.W.3d 305, 318 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2024) (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1). “The party must also obtain a ruling from the trial court or 

object to the trial court’s refusal to rule on the objection or motion.” Id. (citing TEX. R. APP. P

33.1). 

Here, Mendoza did not object to the admission of expert testimony from Santos. Therefore, 

he failed to preserve the admission of Santos’s expert testimony for our review. See Null, 690 

S.W.3d at 318 (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1). Accordingly, Mendoza’s first issue is overruled. 

NOTICE OF EXTRANEOUS OFFENSE EVIDENCE

Mendoza argues the trial court erred in admitting extraneous offense evidence because the 

State failed to provide sufficient notice of its intent to introduce such evidence, citing Texas Rule 

of Evidence 404(b) and Texas Code of Criminal Procedure articles 37.07(g) and 38.37.

We review the admission of extraneous offense evidence for an abuse of discretion. See, 

e.g., Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); McDonald v. State, 179 

S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Rule 404(b) provides “[o]n timely request by a defendant 

in a criminal case, the prosecutor must provide reasonable notice before trial that the prosecution 

intends to introduce such evidence—other than that arising in the same transaction—in its case-
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in-chief.” TEX. R. EVID. 404(b).3 Section 3 of Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 38.37 

provides: “The state shall give the defendant notice of the state’s intent to introduce in the case in 

chief evidence described by Section 1 or 2 not later than the 30th day before the date of the 

defendant’s trial.”4 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37, § 3. 

On December 27, 2021, Mendoza filed a “motion in limine” objecting to the introduction 

of extraneous offenses without having received notice. More than four months later, on May 3, 

2022—the first day of trial—the State filed its notice of intent to introduce evidence of extraneous 

offenses. The notice explained the State intended to offer evidence of other crimes, wrongs, and 

acts during its “case-in-chief” at both the guilt-innocence and punishment phases of the trial. The 

State identified four crimes, wrongs or acts including two arrests for “assault-family choking” and 

“injury to a child” that occurred during the pendency of the current case.

During the hearing before the trial commenced, the State clarified it was using a standard 

form motion, and the evidence was not being offered as evidence of other crimes or wrongs under 

article 38.37 or Rule 404(b) during its case in chief. Instead, it strictly intended to introduce the 

evidence as rebuttal evidence on cross-examination if Mendoza elicited character witness 

testimony. Mendoza contended the notice explained the State intended to introduce the evidence 

in its case in chief, he was entitled to thirty days’ notice of the State’s intent to introduce such 

evidence pursuant to article 38.37, and he was further entitled to a limiting instruction from the 

trial court. He also requested the exclusion of the evidence pursuant to Rule 404(b) of the Texas 

3 Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 37.07(g) provides “notice of intent to introduce evidence under this article 

shall be given in the same manner required by Rule 404(b).” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. article 37.07(g); Worthy v. State, 

312 S.W.3d 34, 37–38 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (providing because 37.07(g) incorporates Rule 404(b)’s notice 

requirement by reference, the notice requirement encompasses only case in chief evidence). 

4 Section 1 and 2 of article 38.37 includes evidence of, among other things, Penal Code offenses such assexual offenses

(chapter 21), assaultive offenses (chapter 22), and offenses perpetrated against children. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 

38.37, §§ 1 & 2.
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Rules of Evidence. The trial court explained the notice was “obviously” not timely for an article 

38.37 notice, but it explained if the State indeed intended to introduce the evidence in rebuttal, it

would first need to move the trial court before introducing the evidence.

The other crimes, wrongs or acts were never introduced into evidence during the State’s 

case-in-chief.5 We therefore cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion. See Martinez, 

327 S.W.3d at 736; McDonald, 179 S.W.3d at 576.6

JURY CHARGE ERROR

Mendoza contends the trial court committed jury charge error when it instructed the jury 

he elected not to testify. Mendoza explains he had wanted to testify, but the trial court’s admission 

of extraneous offense evidence against him gave him no choice but to forego testifying in his own

defense.

Appellate courts review a claim of charge error through a two-step process: first 

determining whether jury charge error exists and then conducting a harm analysis if error is found 

to exist. See, e.g., Lozano v. State, 636 S.W.3d 25, 29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021). Article 38.08 of the 

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides “[a]ny defendant in a criminal action shall be 

permitted to testify in his own behalf therein, but the failure of any defendant to so testify shall not 

be taken as a circumstance against him, nor shall the same be alluded to or commented on by 

counsel in the cause.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.08. 

Here, we have already concluded the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

extraneous offense evidence against Mendoza. We therefore consider only whether the trial court 

5 The State introduced the “assault-family choking” and “injury to a child” arrests in rebuttal to the character evidence 

introduced by Mendoza during sentencing. Mendoza did not object. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. 

6 Because the other crimes, wrongs or acts were never introduced into evidence during the State’s case-in-chief, we 

also cannot conclude, as Mendoza argues, the trial court violated his Due Process Clause rights under the Fourteenth 

Amendment or his Compulsory Process Clause rights under the Sixth Amendment. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2.
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committed jury charge error by instructing the jury Mendoza elected not to testify. The trial court 

instructed the jury:

Our law provides a Defendant may testify in his own behalf, if he elects to 

do so. This, however, is a right accorded a Defendant. And in the event he elects 

not to testify, that fact cannot be taken as a circumstance against him.

In this case, the Defendant has elected not to testify, and you are instructed 

that you cannot and must not refer or allude to that fact throughout your 

deliberations or take it into consideration for any purpose whatsoever as a 

circumstance against him.

Because this instruction tracks the language of article 38.08, we cannot conclude there is jury 

charge error as to the instruction. See, e.g., Lozano, 636 S.W.3d at 29. Nor does Mendoza otherwise 

identify how his election not to testify is attributable to trial court error or cite any authority in 

support of this contention. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).

Mendoza also contends the error violates his confrontation rights and his right to due 

process.

7 However, Mendoza did not object to this instruction during the charge conference; he 

neither did so on constitutional grounds. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. He has therefore failed to 

preserve any such error for our review. See, e.g., Compton v. State, 666 S.W.3d 685, 730–31 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2023) (overruling contention due process violated in connection with state argument 

because appellant did not object to argument at trial); Craven v. State, 579 S.W.3d 784, 786–88 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.) (“For an accused to preserve error as to an alleged 

violation of his right under the Confrontation Clause to be confronted with the witnesses against 

him, the accused must make a timely objection with enough specificity to make the trial court 

aware of the complaint, unless the specific grounds are apparent from the context.”); Ferree v. 

State, 416 S.W.3d 2, 7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (concluding appellant 

7 Mendoza does not cite any part of the record or any legal authority demonstrating why this violates his right to due 

process. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). 
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failed to preserve Confrontation-Clause error because appellant did not object until after State 

rested).

CONCLUSION

The judgment is affirmed.

Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice

DO NOT PUBLISH