DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

BtTLLETIX 368

WASHING AND COKING TESTS 

OF COAL

AT THE FUEL-TESTING PLANT, DENVER, COLO. 

JULY 1, 1907, TO JUNE 30, 1908

BY

A. W. BELDEN, G. R. DELAMATEE 

AND J. W. GROVES

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1909

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction.............................................................. 5

Field work..........................'....................................... 8

Introduction............................................................ 8

Inspection.procedure................................................... 8

Mine samples.......................................................... 9

Designation of samples.................................................. 10

List of samples tested at Denver........................................ 10

Detailed descriptions of samples......... '. ............................... 11

Washing tests............................................................... 24

Plant arrangement and operating system ........................\........ 24

Test review........................................................... 26

Details of tests. ..................................... i................. 26

Conclusions........................................................... 31

Coking tests................................................................ 34

Equipment. ........................ ...............'................... . b4

Procedure of tests...................................................... 34

Extent of tests........................................................ 35

Tabulation of results.................................................... 35

Conclusions........................................................... 53

Survey publications on fuel testing ......................................... 54

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. Rear view of washery building, coke oVen, and chemical laboratory,

fuel-testing plant, Denver, Colo.................................. 6

II. A, Front view of washery building and coke oven, fuel-testing plant, 

Denver, Colo., from loading track; J3, Detailed view of lower part 

of washery...................................................... 24

FIG. 1. Plan of fuel-testing plant, Denver, Colo.....................:......... 6

2. Side elevation of fuel-testing plant, Denver, Colo...................... 7

3. Special jig for coal washing ........................................ 25

3

WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL AT THE 

FUEL-TESTING PLANT, DENVER, COLO., JULY 1, 1907, 

TO JUNE 30, 1908, ____

By A. W. BELDEN, G. R. DELAMATER, and J. W. GROVES.

INTRODUCTION.

By A. W. BELDEN.

The investigations described in this report were undertaken by the 

Government for the general purpose of increasing efficiency in the 

utilization of the fuel supply of the United States by devising improvements in washing and coking coals, these being two of the methods of 

conserving one of the country's most important natural resources.

Specifically, the washing tests of coal were made to determine the 

possibility of so improving the quality of the coal as to render it 

available for the production of coke for the coal used in coking must 

be as free as possible from ash, sulphur, and other impurities, because 

of its prospective use in metallurgical processes. The coking tests 

were made to determine the possibility oLutilizing the various coals 

in this way, or to devise improvements in coking practice. The 

washing tests have already demonstrated the fact that many coals 

which are too high in ash and sulphur for economical use under the 

steam boiler or for coking may be rendered of commercial value by 

proper treatment in the washery. The coking tests have demonstrated that many coals which were not supposed to be of economical 

value for coking purposes may be rendered so by proper treatment in 

the washery and coke oven. Of more than 100 coals from the Mississippi Valley and the Eastern States, some of them regarded as noncoking, which had been tested at St. Louis in 1906, all except six had 

been found, when carefully manipulated, to make fairly good coke 

for foundry and other metallurgical purposes, and similar results with 

western coals have now been obtained at Denver. Of 37 coals tested 

from the Rocky Mountain region, all but three produced good coke 

under proper treatment, though a number had been considered noncoking.

The tests detailed'in this bulletin are a continuation of the work 

started several years ago in St. Louis at the Government fuel-testing

5
6 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

plant there. On the completion of the work at St. Louis the writer 

made a trip through the Rocky Mountain region for the purpose of 

selecting a site for washing and coking tests on coals of the western 

half of the United States, with the hope of getting into closer touch 

with the fields from which little or no coal had been received at the 

testing plant in St. Louis.

The different points available were visited, and after investigation 

Denver, Colo., was selected as the most suitable on account of its 

central location and railroad facilities. Through the courtesy of the

Raw Coat 

E/evator

FIG. 1. Plan of fuel-testing plant, Denver, Colo.

Denver and Rio Grande Railroad Company a site was selected on 

that railroad's right of way in South Denver. Plans and specifications for the construction of the storage and washery building and 

the battery of two beehive ovens were prepared and bids asked. The 

contracts for constructing the buildings and ovens and for supplying the conveying machinery, crushers, motors, etc., were made 

July 1, 1907. The storage and washery building was completed and 

accepted on July 31, and the ovens on August 30. Delay due to the
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

REAR VIEW OF WASHERY BUILDING, COKE OVEN, AND CHEMICAL LABORATORY, FU
INTRODUCTION. 7

nondelivery of the conveying machinery and crushers prevented the 

completion of the plant until November 19, at which time the first 

car of coal was unloaded into 'the storage bins. Views of the plant 

are shown in Pis. I and II, a plan in fig. 1, and an elevation in fig. 2.

The ovens were fired on November 18, and the actual testing began 

on November 30. Testing in the washery section began on November 

29. From this date to March 21, 1908, when the work was tempo-

/\ __[__.!/ /

I/ / Wte4'Corn/sfi\ i

I

i\s s vuAt. ^i*m S//J//1 , \ t i 

if r \rootf, /&/ I \ \ i

I i u -|- ^Crustier «--*_-_J,-.i 1

V ' I 24*30'Ccrrutfafect

--^_] I /f<?// Disintegrator

L_I"I _j

FIG. 2. Side elevation of fuel-testing plant, Denver, Colo.

rarily suspended, 14 cars of coal were received from three States and 

one Territory, as follows: Colorado, 11; Montana, 1; New Mexico, 1; 

and Utah, 1.. On these 14 samples the washery section made 34 

tests and the coking section 52 tests, and the chemical laboratory 

471 analyses, entailing 1,748 different determinations. Detailed 

reports of the field work, the washery and coking sections, and the 

chemical work follow in the order named.
8 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

FIELD WORK.

By JOHN W. GROVES. 

INTRODUCTION.

The conditions for submitting coal to be tested and the methods 

of inspecting the coal and taking the mine samples were the same 

for the period covered by this report as during the years 1905-6, 

when the plant was at St. Louis, Mo.

These conditions were as follows:

1. The coal must be furnished to the testing plant free of cost to the Government.

2. The coal must be loaded under the supervision of one of the inspectors employed 

for that purpose, who shall at the same time be allowed to visit the working places in 

the mine to secure samples for analysis.

3. When it is possible to do so, the coal should be loaded in box cars and shipped 

under seal. Lignites must always be shipped in this way.

4. Where the market requires screened coal, this grade will be accepted for tests. 

The selection of coal is always to be under the direct control of the representative of 

the testing plant.

5. Where one of the problems involved is the better utilization of slack coal, a carload of slack may be accepted for testing purposes.

6. As soon as possible after the tests are completed, a brief statement of the results 

will be furnished to parties supplying the coal, for their information, but this must not 

be made public until the results are published by the Geological Survey.

7. Everyone interested in any particular test or in the general operation of the 

plant is invited to be present at any time, but the official record of the tests will not 

be given out except as indicated in the preceding paragraph.

8. In view of the probability of receiving applications from two or more operators 

working the same bed of coal in the same locality, the right is reserved to accept but 

one such application, in order that unprofitable duplication of results may be avoided.

INSPECTION PROCEDURE.

In collecting the samples to be shipped to the plant, an inspector 

visits the mine and carefully examines the coal throughout its extent, 

making certain that the coal loaded for testing purposes fairly represents the average product of the mine; and that when screened coal 

is to be sent, the size selected is available to the consumer and adapted 

to the purpose for which it is to be tested. Therefore, his first duty 

is to examine the screens and observe the method generally employed 

in separating the slate and other impurities from the coal while it is 

being loaded in the railroad car. He then enters the mine and carefully notes the character of the bed, the method of mining, and the 

amount of care taken by the miners to separate the shale partings and 

sulphur balls from the coal while loading it into mine cars. While 

the sample is being loaded into the railroad car the inspector stands 

inside and permits the slate pickers to discard .only such material as 

is thrown off in the usual practice and as is consistent with the customary speed of loading. The material thrown out is afterwards 

examined by the inspector to determine why it is considered detrimental to the fuel value of the coal.
FIELD WORK. 9 

MINE SAMPLES.

Two or more samples for chemical analysis are taken by the 

inspector from working places in the mine. These analyses give the 

experts at the plant a definite idea of the quality of the coal before 

the practical tests are begun. They are also useful in showing the 

composition of the coal in its native condition; especially is this true 

of the moisture content.

The object of the inspector is to secure a sample that will, as nearly 

as possible, represent run-of-mine coal. He first makes a careful 

study of the coal throughout the mine and observes what parts of the 

bed are discarded b}^- the miner. Two or more places where the coal 

is of average development are then selected. These places are usually 

at widely separated points in the part of the mine from which most of 

the coal is being shipped. The face is then cleared of burned powder, 

loose coal, and dirt for 5 feet or so, and insecure pieces of the roof are 

taken down to prevent their falling into the sample. The Sampler 

then spreads a rubber blanket on the floor of the mine close up to the 

face of the coal and makes a perpendicular cut from floor to roof, 

including everything in the sample but the parts of the bed discarded 

by the miner. He cuts sufficient coal to make not less than 5 pounds 

per foot in height that is, a sample weighing not less than 30 pounds 

would be cut from a 6-foot seam of coal. When shale or other partings are to be included in the sample great care is exercised in cutting 

them the full width and depth of the groove in order to preserve the 

proper proportion of coal and extraneous matter. When the required 

amount of coal is obtained a detailed record is made of the section of 

the bed from top to bottom, every perceptible parting and variation 

in the section being noted. The parts of the bed not included in the 

sample are clearly shown in this record, and from these notes the 

value of the sample may be judged.

The cuttings are at once weighed and then sifted, through a screen 

with a half-inch mesh. The remaining lumps are broken up on a 

portable bucking board, and this process of screening and breaking is 

continued until the entire sample will pass through the screen.

The sample is then mixed by two men who stand opposite each 

other. Grasping the corners of the rectangular blanket, they roll the 

sample diagonally by raising one corner of the blanket at a time. 

This mixes the sample very thoroughly, and when the larger pieces 

are observed to be evenly distributed throughout the mass the 

sample is divided into four equal parts. Two opposite quarters 

are discarded and the remainder mixed as before. If the sample is - 

still too bulky to be conveniently handled it is again mixed and 

quartered. .

The remaining material is spread into a circular mass about 2 inches 

deep on the blanket, and a small trowel is used to fill a sample can 

with alternate sections of the sample taken from the circumference to 

the center of the mass around the entire circle. The can is closed and
10 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

hermetically sealed with electrical insulating tape, and the weight is 

noted. This weight shows accurately what proportion of the original 

sample is sent to the laboratory.

The entire process of sampling is carried on as rapidly as possible at 

the place in the mine where the sample is cut. The maximum time 

for cutting and preparing a large sample is about one hour. Although 

it is known that rapid changes take place in the moisture content of 

some coals, it is reasonable to assume that where the sampling is 

quickly done in the atmosphere to which the native coal is exposed 

there is probably only a slight gain or loss of moisture while the 

sample is being broken up and quartered.

DESIGNATION OF SAMPLES.

The samples of coal sent to the Denver testing plant were designated 

Denver No. 1, Denver No. 2, and so on, consecutively, Denver being 

placed before each number to distinguish the samples from those sent 

to St. Louis, Mo., and Norfolk, Va. The samples are known by these 

numbers throughout the tests and publications.

In like manner the laboratory numbers of the analyses are followed 

by the letter D to show that the analyses were made at Denver.

LIST OF SAMPLES TESTED AT DENVER.

The following is a complete list of the samples tested at Denver 

previous to March 1,1908:

List of coals tested at Denver, Colo. 

[All samples inspected by J. W. Groves.]

Designation 

of sample.

'Denver No. 

2

.

3.........

5..........

7.. .......

8.........

9.........

10........

11........

12. .......

T?

14.........

Kind of fuel.

of mine. 

.....do............

.....do............ 

.....do............

.....do............

inch to 3-incli 

nut.

of mine. 

.....do............

.....do............

through a f-inch 

screen.

of mine. 

.....do............

run of mine.

of mine.

Name of bed.

No. 2.........

No.3. ........

No. 2.........

.....do........

.....do........

foot.

Locality.

County, Colo.

County, Colo. 

.....do.................... 

Delagua, Las Animas

County, Colo.

Mont.

County, Colo.

County, Colo. - *' 

N. Mex.

County, Colo.

County, Colo.

County, Utah.

Colo.

Railroad. 

Grande.

oming. 

.....do..............

ern.

Grande.

ormng.

Western.

Southern. 

Santa Fe ...........

ern.

Grande.

Days exposed weather. to 

14

14

16 

%

 19

13

10

10

 >1

10

13

11

9

8
FIELD WORK. 11

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES. 

DENVER NO. 1.

Bituminous coal from Engleville, Las Animas County, Colo., on the 

Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, was designated Denver No. 1. 

One sample shipped from this place consisted of 24 tons of run-ofmine coal, and was used in making washing tests 200 and 21.0 and 

coking tests 195 and 206. Two mine samples were taken for chemical 

analysis. Sample 103-D was taken 5,280 feet south of the opening, 

where the coal measured 7 feet 2^ inches thick as shown in section A; 

sample 104-D was taken 10,000 feet east of the opening, where the 

coal measured 7 feet 2 inches thick, as in section B.

' Section A (sample 108-D).

Sandstone roof. 

Bone............................

Coal.............................

Bone............................

Coal.............................

Bone............................

Coal.............................

Shale floor.

Ft. in.

2

2£

2 6

2 2

7 2$

Section B (sample 104-D}. 

Bone coal roof.

Coal.............................

Shale ...........................

Coal.............................

Coal.............................

Bone ..........................

Coal.............................

Bone a . ....... ^. ...............

Coal.............................

Bone ft.........'. ...............

Coal.............................

SVmlisflnnr

Ft. in.

8

2

1 10

8

3

11

1 7

1

6

7 2

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 1 coal.

Moisture ...................

(As\\. ......................

O YVfrPll

lorific value: 

Determined 

Calculated from ultimate 

analysisMine samples.

103-D.

Air 

dried.

1 90

1.26 

30. 74 

52. 80 

15.20 

.69

As received.

3.14 

30.16 

51.79 

14.91 

.68

Dry 

coal.

"si'.u

53. 46 

15.40 

.70

104-D.

Air 

dried.

1.50

1.31 

29.89 

49.49 

19.31 

.59

6,722

As received.

2.79 

29.44 

48.75 

19.02 

.58

6,621 

11,918

Dry 

coal.

30. 29 

50. 15 

19.56 

.60

6,811 

12,260

Car sample (115-D).

Air 

dried.

1.20

1.06 

29. 85 

48.41 

20. 68 

.65

6,587

As received.

2.25 

29.49 

47.82 

20.44 

.64 

4.59 

65.00 

1.13 

8.20

6,508 

11,714

6, 493 

11,687

Dry 

coal.

30.17 

48.92 

20. 91 

.65 

4.44 

66.50 

1.16 

6.34

6,658 

11,984

6,642 

11,956

<* Not included in sample.
WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

DENVER NO. 2.

Bituminous coal from No. 2 bed at Tercio, Las Animas County, 

Colo., on the Colorado and Wyoming Railway, was designated Denver 

No. 2. One sample shipped from this bed consisted of run-of-mine 

coal and was used in making washing tests 201, 204, and 209; and 

coking tests 196, 197, 205, and 206. Two mine samples were taken 

for chemical analysis. Sample 102-D was taken 900 feet north of 

the slope, where the coal has the measurements shown in section A 

below; sample 112-D was taken 1,800 feet north of the slope, where 

the coal has the measurements shown in section B.

Ft. in.

1

2*

2

3

2 8

1

10

Section A (sample 102-D] .

Shale roof. Ft. in. 

Coal............................. 6 9

Shale and sandstone floor.

Section B (sample 112-D}.

Shale roof. 

Coal.............................

Bone. ...........................

Coal.:...........................

Bone ............................

Coal.............................

Shale...........................

Coal.............................

Shale floor.

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 2 coal.

r Moisture. ................

Volatile matter............

fAsh.....................

lorific value: 

DeterminedCalculated from ultimate 

analysisMine samples.

102-D.

Air 

dried.

1.10

.88 

32.59 

50.63 

15.90 

.74

7,061

As received.

1.97 

32.23 

50.07 

15.73 

.73

6,927 

12,469

Dry 

coal.

32.88

51.08 

16.04

.74

7,066 

12,719

112-D.

Air 

dried.

2.00

.98 

31.10 

49.35 

18.57 

.70

As received.

2.96 

30.48 

48.36 

18.20 

.69

Dry 

coal.

31.41

49.84 

18.75 

.71

Car sample (116-D).

Air 

dried.

1.70

1.19 

30.46 

48.89 

19.46 

.78

6,624

As received.

2.87 

29.94 

48.06 

19.13 

.77 

4.61 

65.28 

1.06 

9.15

6,511 

11,720

6,488 

11,768'

Dry 

coal.

30.83 

49.48 

19.69 

.79 

4.42 

67.21 

1.09 

6.80

6,703 

12,066

*6,680 

12, 116

DENVER NO. 3.

Bituminous coal from No. 3 bed at Tercio, Las Animas County, 

Colo., on the Colorado and Wyoming Railway, was designated Denver 

No. 3. One sample shipped from this bed consisted of 28 tons of 

run-of-mine coal, and was used in making washing tests 202 and 205,

a Not included in sample.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES. 13

and coking tests 198, 199, and 206. Two mine samples were taken 

for chemical analysis. Sample 101-D was taken 800 feet north of the 

slope opening, where the coal measured as shown in section A; sample 

111-D was taken 1,000 feet north of the slope opening, where the coal 

measured as in section B.

Section A (sample 101-D).

Sandy shale roof. Ft. in.

/"l 1 O Q

Section B (sample 111-D).

Shale roof. 

Coal.............................

Bone............................

Coal.............................

Ft. in. 

. 1 2

2

. 2 1

3 5

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 3 coal.

PH If Ash

p Nitrogen.................

Calorific value: 

DeterminedCalculated from ultimate 

analysisBritish thermal units. . ........

Mine samples.

101-D.

Air 

dried.

1.30

.99 

34.42 

53.49 

11.10 

.69

7,5G3

As received.

2.28 

33.97 

52.79 

10. 96 

.68

7,465 

13,437

Dry 

coal.

34.76 

54.02 

11.22 

.70

7,639 

13,750

111-D.

Air 

dried.

1 60

.98 

33. 71 

54.50 

10.81 

.68

As received.

2.56 

33.17 

53.63 

10.64

.67

Dry 

coal.

34.04 

55.04 

10.92 

.69

Car sample. (1.1 7-D).

Air 

dried.

1.50

1.18 

31.68 

50.87 

16.27 

.69

6,875

As received.

2.66 

31.20 

50.11 

16.03 

.68 

4.86 

68.37 

.99 

9.07

6,975 

12,366

6,825 

12,285

Dry 

coal.

32.06 

51.47 

16.47 

.69 

4.69 

70.24 

1.02 

6.89

7,058 

12,704

.7,012 

32,621

DENVER NO. 4.

Bituminous coal from Delagua, Las Animas County, Colo., on the 

Colorado and Southern Railway, was designated Denver No. 4. 

One sample of coal shipped from this place consisted of 41 tons of 

run-of-mine coal, which was used in making washing tests 203, 206, 

and 208, and coking tests 200, 201, 202, 203, and 204. Two mine 

samples were taken for chemical analysis. Sample 113-D was taken 

5,200 feet north of the drift opening, where the coal measured as 

shown in section A; and sample 114-D was taken 7,000 feet north 

of the opening, where the coal measured as shown in section B.
14 WASHING AND COKING TESTS- OF COAL.

Section A (sample 113-D}.

Shale roof. 

Bone « .................... ; . . .

Coal.............................

Coal.............................

Ft.

1

1

9,

. in.

6

10

I

5

1

*

Section B (sample 114-D}.

Shale roof. 

Bone a .........................

Coal.............................

Coal and pyrites ...'.............

Coal.............................

Coal and pyrites a .. .............

Coal.............................

Ron « rna.l flnnr

Ft. in. 

3

2

'14

10

2

2 6

5 111 

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 4 coal.

5 104

'

fAsh. ....................

lorific value: 

Determined 

Calculated from ultimate 

analysis 

Mine samples.

113-D.

Air 

dried.

2.00

1.19 

36.93 

52.61 

9.27 

.52

As received.

3.17 

36.19 

61. 56 

9.08 

.51

Dry 

coal.

37.38 

53.25 

9.37 

.53

114-D.

Air 

dried.

1.60

1.33 

36. 93 

53.84 

. 7.90 

.48

7,473

As received.

2.91 

36.34 

52.98

7.77 

.47

7,353 

13,235

Dry 

coal.

37.42 

54.58 

8.00 

.48

7,573 

13,631

Car sample (152-D).

Air 

dried.

1.00

2.21 

34.33 

51.77 

11.69 

.59

7,195

As received.

3.19 

33.99 

51.25 

11.57 

.58 

5.23 

71.44 

.99 

10.19

7,123 

12,821

7,150 

12,870

Dry 

coal.

35.12 

52.93 

11.95 

.60 

5.04 

73.79 

1.02 

7.60

7,358 

13,243

7,380 

13,294

DENVER NO. 5.

Bituminous coal from No, 2 bed at Storrs, Gallatin County, Mont.,

on the Northern Pacific Railway, was designated Denver No. 5. This 

bed of coal dips at an angle of 45°, and is worked by a tunnel driven 

to intersect the bed. One sample of coal shipped from this place consisted of 40 tons of run-of-mine coal, and was used in making washing 

tests 207, 211, and 212, and coking tests 207, 208, 212, and 213. Two 

mine samples were taken for chemical analysis. Sample 166-D was 

taken 4,600 feet north of the opening, where the coal measured as 

shown in section A; sample 167-D was taken 4,000 feet north of the 

opening, where the coal measurements are as shown in section B.

a Not included in sample.
DESCEIPTIONS OF SAMPLES. 15

Section A (sample 166-D).

Hash and shale roof. 

Coal.............................

Rash ...........................

Coal.'............................

Rash a..........................

Coal.............................

Rash"..........................

Coal.............................

Shale a..........................

Coal.............................

Shale floor.

Ft. in.

. ' 7

7

. 2

2

. 1

1

. 1

1

5

5 11

(Section B (sample 167-D).

Soft shale roof. 

Coal..............:..............

Clay ".... ......................

Coal.............................

Rasha..........................

Coal.............................

Clay «. .........................

Coal.............................

Ft. In. 

6

9

.1. 6

2

3 2

o

11

8

C

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 5 coal.

If Ash.....................

Hydrogen ................

ilorific value: 

Determined 

Calculated from ultimate 

analysisMine samples.

166-D.

Air 

dried.

i no

1.91 

30.91 

37.57 

29.01 

.53

As received.

4.85 

29.98 

30.45 

28.72 

.51

Dry 

coal.

31.51 

38.30 

30.19 

.54

167-D.

Air 

dried.

2.00

2.05 

35.24 

46.41 

16.30 

.52

6,723

As received.

4.01 

34.54 

45.48 

15.97 

.51

6,589 

11,860

Dry 

coal.

35.98 

47.38 

16.04 

.53

0,804 

12,355

Car sample (211-D).

Air 

dried.

1.30

2.87 

30.02 

35.84 

31.27 

.53

5,120

As received.

4.13 

29.63 

35.38 

30.86 

.52 

4.29 

50.85 

.70 

12.78

5,053 

9,095.

5,047 

 9,085

Dry 

coal.

30.90 

36.91 

32.19 

.54 

3.99 

53.04 

.72 

9.51

5,271 

9,487

5,204 

9,476

DENVER NO. 6.

Bituminous coal from the lower bed at Shumway, Huerfano 

County, Colo., on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, was designated Denver No. 6. One sample shipped from this bed, consisting 

of 33 tons of nut coal (1 inch to 3 inches), was used in making washing 

 tests 213, 214, and 215, and coking tests 209, 210, 211, 214, 220, and 

224. Two mine samples were taken for chemical analysis. Sample 

222-D was taken 560 feet southwest of the shaft where the coal 

measured as shown in section B; sample 223-D was taken 500 feet 

northwest of the shaft where the coal measured as shown in section A.

3 Not Included in sample.
16 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

Section A (sample 223-D). 

Ft. in.

Shale roof. 

Coal.............................. 5 7

Shale floor.

.Section B (sample 222-D).

Ft.

Shale roof. 

Coal............................. 1

Shale « .........................

Coal............................. 2

Shale a...............:.......-...

Coal............................. 1

SV>nln flnnr

in.

Q

8

1

7

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 6 coal.

Al

*

2'

PM

£'

Ca

]

(

<A.sh. ....................

flvf^^nF^pTl

oriflc value: 

DeterminedCalculated from ultimate 

analysisMine samples.

222-D.

Air 

dried.

1.10

4.23 

36.80 

46.81 

12.16 

1.22

6,577

As received.

5.28 

36.40 

46.29 

12.03 

1.. 21

6,505 

11, 709

Dry 

coal.

38.43 

48.87 

12.70 

1.28

6,868 

12, 362

223-D.

Air 

dried.

0.70

4.93 

37.41 

46.01 

11.65 

.83

As received.

5.60 

37.15 

45.68 11.57' 

.79

Dry 

coal.

39. 35 

48.39 

12.26

.84

Car sample (240-D).

Air 

dried.

1.80

4.33 

36.09 

40.37 

19.21 

1.06

5,969

As received.

6.05 

35.45 

39.64 

18.86 

1.04 

4.92 

58.30 

.98 

15.90

5,862 

10, 552

5,744 

10, 339

Dry 

coal.

37.73 

42.19 

20.08 

1.11 

4.52 

62.05 

1.04 

11.20

6,239 

11,232

6, 114 

11,004

DENVER NO. 7.

Bituminous coal from the lower bed at Sopris, Las Animas County, 

Colo., on the Trinidad Electric Road, was designated Denver No. 7. 

One sample from this bed, consisting of 32 tons of run-of-mine coal, 

was used in making washing tests 216, 218, and 222 and coking tests 

215, 216, 220, 221, and 224. Two mine samples were taken for 

chemical analysis. Sample 230-D was taken 1,200 feet southwest 

from the slope opening, where the coal measured as shown in section 

A; sample 231-D was taken 3,000 feet west of the slope, where the 

coal measured as shown in section B.

Section A (sample 230-D}. Section B (sample 231-D).

Ft. in. Ft. in.

Roof, 4 inches of bone with shale 

above it.

Coal.............................

Bone «. ..........................

Coal.............................

Shale floor.

1 11

14

1 9

3 9£

Shale roof.

Coal......................

Shale a...................

Coal.....................

Block shale floor.

....... 6

....... 7

......: 14

....... 2 2'

3 4£

9- Not included in sample.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES.

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 7 coal.

IT

HAsh. ....................

iloriflc value: 

DeterminedCalorics ...............

Calculated from ultimate 

analysis 

Calorics...............

British thermal units. .

Mine samples.

230-D.

 Air 

dried.

2.70

.84 

29.90 

56. 15 

13.11 

.72

As received.

3.52 

29.09 

54. 63 

12.75 

.70

Dry 

coal.

30.15 

56.62 

13.23 

.73

231-D.

Air 

dried.

0.70

.93 

29.37 

59.97 

9.73 

.73

As received.

1.62 

29.16 

59. 56 

9.66 

.72

; "::::::r::::::

7,769 7, 715 

13,887

Dry 

coal.

29. 66 

60.54 

9.80 

.73

7,842 

14,116

Car sample (245-D).

Air 

dried.

0.90

1.07 

29.08 

51.86 

17.99 

.68

6,993

As received.

1.96 

28.82 

51.39 

17.83 

.67 

4.61 

69.46 

1.08 

6.35

6,930 

12,474

6,944 

12,499

Dry

coal.

29.40 

52. 42 

18.18 

.68 

4.48 

70.85 

1.10 

4.71

7,069 

12, 723

7,083 

12, 749

DENVER NO. 8.

Bituminous coal from the lower bed at Sopris, Las Animas County, 

Colo., was designated Denver No. 8. One sample from this bed, 

consisting of 32 tons of run-of-mine coal, was used in making washing 

tests 217, 225, 226, and 227 and coking tests 226, 227, 228, 235, 238, 

and 239. Two samples were taken in the mine for chemical analysis. 

Sample 232-D was taken 2,600 feet southwest from the slope, where 

the coal measured as shown in section B; sample 233-D was taken 

2,600 feet southeast from the slope, where the coal measured as shown 

in section A.

Section A (sample 233-D). Section B (sample 282-D).

Shale roof. 

Coal..................

Shale n... ............

Coal..................

Shale ................

Coal..................

Bone.............

Coal..................

Ft. in. 

4A

........... 1

........... 1

........... 1 5

......... . 8

3 Sf

Shale roof. 

Coal......................

Shale ....................

Coal......................

Shale ....................

Coal......................

* * Ti lor* Ins r*lr " floor

Ft. in.

71

....... 1

q

....... 3 2£

4 9£

61271 Bull. 368 09-

« Not included in sample. 

-2
18 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL. 

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 8 coal.

Moisture. ..............

Volatile matter. .......... 

Fixed carbon.............

(Ash.....................

\Sulphur.................

Hydrogen................

Carbon ..........

Nitrogen.................

lorific value: 

DeterminedCalories .... .

Calculated from ultimate 

analysisCalories..... ........

Mine samples.

232-D.

Air 

dried.

1.60

.63 

30.57 

58.72 

10.08 

.70

As received.

2.22 

30.08 

57.78 

9.92 

.69

Dry 

coal.

0.71 

30.77 

59.08 

' 10.15 

.71

233-D.

Air 

dried.

1.40

.71 

29.56 

56.53 

13.20 

.66

7,468

As received.

2.10 

29.15 

55.74 

13.01 

' .65

7,363 

13, 253

Dry 

coal.

29.77 

56.92 

13.31 

.66

7,521 

13,538

Car sample (300-D).

Air 

dried.

0.30

1.14 

28.46 

53. 52 

16.88 

.72

7,091

As received.

1.44 

28.37 

53.36 

16.83 

.72 

4.36

69.99 

1.05 

7.05

7,070 

12, 726

6,871 

12, 368

Dry 

coal.

28. 78 

54.14 

17.08 

.73 

4.26 

71.01 

1.07 

5.85

7,173 

12,912

6,971 

12,549

DENVER NO. 9.

Bituminous coal from Dawson, Coif ax County, N. Mex., was designated Denver No. 9. One sample shipped from this place consisted of 32 tons of run-of-mine coal, and was used in making washing 

tests 220, 223, 224, and 229 and coking tests 222, 223, 225, 237, and 

241. One mine sample (256-D) for chemical analysis was taken 

about 6,000 feet north of the opening, where the coal measured as 

shown in section A.

Section A (sample 256-D)

Bone coal roof. 

Coal...............................................

Shale ft............................................

Coal. ..............................................

Shale.............................................

Coal. ..............................................

Shale. ............................................

Coal. . .............................................

Ft. in. 

............ 5

............ 3

............ .1. 4

............ 1

............ 3

............ 1

............ 7

Bone coal floor with shale below.

5 9

Not included in sample.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES. 

. Chemical analyses of Denver No. 9 coal.

19

Air

g.

£

P

Cal 

D

C

Fixed carbon ..................................... 

(Ash..............................................

Oxygen. ..........................................

Drific value: 

etermined 

British thermal units. .......................... 

alculated from ultimate analysis 

Mine sample (256-D).

' Air 

dried.

0.70

1.48 

38.20 

45.40 

14.92 

.69

7,041

As received.

2.17 

37.93 

45. 08 

14.82 

.09

6,992 

12,586

Dry 

coal.

38.78 

46.08 

15.14 

.71

7,147 

12,865

Car sample (271-D).

Air 

dried.

As received.

1.96

35.96 

46.20 

15.88 

.75 

5.01 

68.26 

1.01 

9.09

6,913 

12,443

6,866 

12, 359

Dry 

coal.

36.68 

47.12 

16.20 

.77 

4.88 

69.62 

1.03 

7.50

7,051 

12,692

7,703 

12,606

DENVER NO. 10.

Bituminous coal from Hastings, Las Animas County, Colo., was 

designated Denver No. 10. One sample fro,m this place consisted of 

29 tons of slack (f-inch screenings) and was used in making washing 

tests 219 and 221 and coking tests 217, 218, and 219. Two mine 

samples were taken for chemical analysis. Sample 254-D was taken 

3,800 feet south of the slope, where the coal measured as shown in 

section A; sample 255-D was taken 4,600 feet south of the slope, 

where the coal measured as shown in section B.

Section A (sample 254-D).

Shale roof. Ft. in. 

Coal.............................. 1 10

Coal.............................. 3 3

5 3

Section B (sample 255-D).

Shale roof. 

Coal.............................

Pyrites a .......................

Coal.............................

Bone ............................

Coal......................... ...

Bone........................ ....

Coal.............................

Ft

1

1

1

1

9

in. 

11

1

9

Q

9

1

4

1*

o Not included in sample.
20 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL. 

Chemical analyses of Denver No. '10 coal.

Air

y.

&

5'

Cal 

E

C

fAsh. ...................

Drific value: 

etennined 

alculated from ultimate 

analysis 

Mine samples.

254-D.

Air 

dried.

0.20

1.34 

34.81 

54.20 

9.65 

.63

7,604

As received.

1.54 

34.74 

54.09 

9.63 

.63

7,589 

13,660

Dry 

coal.

35.29 

54.93 

9.78 

.64

7,708 

13,874

255-D.

Air ' 

dried.

1.40

1.37 

35.48 

52.68 

10.47 

.67

As received.

2.75 

34.98

51: 92

10.35 

' .66

Dry

coal.

35.96 

53.40 

10.64 

.68

Car sample (272-D).

Air 

dried.

0.60

1.78 

31.69 

47.26 

19.27 

.74

6,638

As received.

2.37 

31.50 

46.98 

19.15 

.74 

4.75 

66.17 

.97 

8.22

6,598 

11,876

6,645 

11,961

Dry 

coal.

32.26 

48.12 

19.62 

.76 

4.61 

67.78 

.99 

6.24

6,758 

12,164

6,806 

12,251

DENVER NO. HBituminous coal from the Savage bed at Wootton, Las Animas 

County, Colo., was designated Denver No. 11. One sample shipped 

from this bed consisted of 25 tons of run-of-mine coal, and was used 

in making washing tests 228, 230, and 231 and coking tests 230, 236, 

and 240. Two mine samples were taken for chemical analysis. 

Sample 257-D was taken 260 feet west of the opening, where the 

coal measured as shown in section A; sample 258-D was taken 275 

feet west of the opening, where the coal measured as shown in section B.

Section A (sample 257-D).

Bone coal and shale roof. 

Coal.............................

Shale o. .........................

Coal.............................

Coal.............................

Shale «. .........................

Coal.............................

Ft

1

1

1

4

in.

1

in

9

3

1

4i

9*

Section B (sample 258-D).

Bone coal and shale roof. 

Coal.............................

Coal.............................

Coal.............................

Shale ...........................

Coal.............................

Shale floor.

Ft. in. 

1

H

2 10

1

7

1*

5

5 1£

a Not included in sample.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES. 

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 11 coal.

21

(Ash .....................

loriflc value: 

Determined 

Calculated from ultimate

analysisMine samples.

257-D.

Air 

dried.

0.60

1.74 

30. 30 

47.25 

14.71 

.03

7,001

As received.

2.33 

30.08 

40.97 

14. 02 

.03

0,959 

12,520

Dry 

coal.

30.95 

48.10 

14.95 

.05

7, 125 

12,825

258-D.

Air 

dried.

0.30

1.80 

34.05 

49.08 

13.81 

.68

As received.

2.15 

34.55 

49.53 

13.77 

.08

Dry 

coal.

35.31 

50.02 

14.07 

.09

Car sample (345-D).

Air 

dried.

0.00

2.18 

33.32 

45.57 

18.93 

.02

0,529

As received.

2.77 

33.12 

45.29 

18.82 

.02 

4.83 

04.45 

1.17 

10.11

6, 490 

11,682

6,452 

11, 614

Dry 

coal.

34.08 

40.50 

19.30 

.04 

4.65 

00.29 

1.20 

7.80

0, 675 

12,015

6,630 

11,945

DENVER NO. 12.

Bituminous coal from the lower bed of coal at Kenilworth, Carbon 

County, Utah, was designated Denver No. 12. One sample shipped 

from this bed consisted of 40 tons of run-of-mine coal and was used 

in making coking tests 229, 231, 232, 234, 237, 238, and 239. Two 

mine samples were taken for chemical analysis. Sample 352-D was 

taken 650 feet northwest of the slope opening, where the coal measured as shown in section A; sample 353-D was taken 1,100 feet northwest of the slope opening, where the coal measured as shown in section B.

Section A (sample 352-D}. Section B (sample 353-D).

Shale roof. 

Coal.....................

Coal.....................

Coal.....................

Coal. ....................

Bone coal a ..............

Coal...... ...............

Shale ...................

Coal.....................

Ft. 

........ 1

2

........ 2

........ 4

........ 1

13

in.

7

II

7

1

7

H

i

Sandstone roof. 

Coal.............................

Coal.............................

Coal.............................

Bone coal a .....................

Coal.............................

Sandstone floor.

Ft. Ml.

1 10

14

1 2

4

2 2

1

7 4

13

Not included in sample.
22 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL. 

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 12 coal.

Ai

*2'

*

+j 5'

Ca'

(

Volatile matter. ..........

Fixed carbon. ............

/Ash.....................

O YVPPll

[critic value: 

DeterminedCalories................

Calculated from ultimate 

analysis 

Calories..,.. . ....

British thermal units. .

Mine samples.

352-D.

Air 

dried.

2.00

3.98 

40.93 

48.68 

6.41 

.37

As received.

5.90 

40. 11 

47.70 

0.29 

.36

Dry 

coal.

42.63 

50.69 

6.68 

.38

353-D. 

/>

Air 

dried.

1.40

3.81 

41.29 

49.47 

5. 43 

.33

7,252

As received.

5.16 

40.71 

48.78 

5.35 

.33

7,150 

12,870

Dry 

coal.

42.92 

51.44 

5.64 

.36

7,539 

13, 570

Car sample (346-D).

Air 

dried.

1.10

4.53 

39. 35 

47.03 

9.09 

.52

6,836

As received.

5.58

as. 92

46. 51 

8.99 

.51 

5.27 

67.84 

1.07 

16.31

6,761 

12, 170

6.606 

11,891

Dry 

coal.

41.22 

49.26 

9.52 

.54 

4.92 

71.85 

1.14 

12.03

7,161 

12,889

6,996 

12,594

DENVER NO. 13.

Subbituminous coal from Dacono, Weld County, Colo., on the Union 

Pacific Railroad, was designated. Denver No. 13. One sample shipped 

from this bed consisted of 33 tons of run-of-mine coal, and was used 

in making coking tests 233, 234, and 235. Two mine samples were 

taken for chemical analysis. Sample 350-D was taken 1,100 feet west 

of the shaft, where the coal measured as shown in section A; sample 

351-D was taken 1,100 feet north of the shaft, where the coal measured as shown in section B.

Section A (sample 350-D)

Ft. in. 

Roof, 3 feet of coal with shale

above a 

Coal............................. 5 1

Shale floor.

Section B (sample 351-D).

Ft.

Roof, 3 feet of coal with shale above « 

Coal................................. 6

Shale floor.

Not included in sample.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SAMPLES. 

Chemical analyses of Denver No. IS coal.

23

Ai

H8' *

 *j

p

(Ash.....................

Hydrogen................

Calorific value: 

Determined 

Calculated from ultimate 

analysisMine samples.

350-D.

$

Air 

dried.

7.10

17.05 

39.01 

38.82 

4.52 

.37

As received.

23.50 

36.24 

30 06 

4.20 

.34

Dry 

coal.

47. 37 

47.14 

5.49 

.44

351-D.

Air 

dried.

10.50

15. 07 

38. 03 

41.97 

4. 33 

.34

5, 804

As received.

24.52 

34.04 

37.50 

3.88 

.30

5,248 

9,440

Dry 

coal.

45.10 

49.70 

5.14 

.40

7,040 

12,083

Car sample (303-D).

Air 

dried.

2.20

20.45 

40.11 

33. 87 

5.57 

.34

5,441

As received.

22.20 

39.23 

33.12 

5.45 

33 

0.17 

55.01 

.98 

32. 00

5,321 

9,578

5,197 

9, 355

Dry 

coal.

50.42 

42.57 

7.01 

.42 

4.76 

70.71 

1.26 

15.84

0,839 

12,311

6,080 

12,024

DENVER NO. 14.

N,

Bituminous coal from the Juanita 14-foot bed at Bowie, Delta 

County, Colo., on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, was designated Denver No. 14. One sample shipped from this bed consisted 

of 34 tons of run-of-mine coal, and was used in making coking tests 

242, 243, 244, 245, and 246. Two mine samples were taken for chemical analysis. Sample 378-D was taken 900 feet northwest of the 

opening, where the coal measured as shown in section A; sample 

379-D was taken 1,070 feet northwest of the opening, where the coal 

measured as shown in section B.

Section A (sample 378-D). Section B (sample 379-D).

Roof, 6 feet of good coal." 

Coal..........................

Shale floor.

Ft. in. 

... 6 10

Coal roof.« 

Coal.....................

Shale floor.

Ft. in. 

........ 7 5

» Not included in sample.
24 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL. 

Chemical analyses of Denver No. 14 coal.

Ai

X

o.

!H

PH 

+j

5

Ca

]

(

r-drying loss.. ............

Moisture.......... ........

Fixed carbon... ..........

/Ash.........:.... ......

(Sulphur.................

Hydrogen...... ..........

Carbon ............ ......

Oxygen...................

lorific value: 

Determined 

Calories....... ........

British thermal units. .

Calculated from ultimate 

analysisCalories................

British thermal units. .

Mine samples.

378-D.

Air 

dried.

0.50

2.03 

39. 53 

53.42 

5.02 

.59

7, 016

As re-' 

ceived.

2.52 

39.33 

53. 10 

4.99 

.59

7, 578 

13. 640

Dry 

coal.

"40." 35" 

54.53 

5.12 

.61

7,774 

13,993

379-D.

Air 

dried.

0.90

3.51 

40.66 

51.39 

4.44 

.62

As received.

4.38 

40.29 

50.93 

4.40

.61

Dry 

coal.

42.14 

53.26 

4.60

.64

Car sample (399-D).

Air 

dried.

0.90

2.41 

40.10 

52. 64 

4.85 

.63

7, 500

As received.

3.29 

39.74 

52. 16 

4.81 

.62 

5.69 

74.33 

.99 

13.56

7,433 

13, 379

7,398 

13, 316

Dry 

coal.

41.09 

53.94 

4.97 

.64 

5.51 

76.86 

1.02 

11.00

7,686 

13, 834

7, 650 

13, 769

WASHING TESTS.

* 

By G. B. DELAMATER.

PLANT ARRANGEMENT AND OPERATING SYSTEM.

The raw coal as received at the plant is shoveled from the railroad 

cars to the hopper scale (&, PL II) and weighed. It then passes 

through the toothed-roll crusher, where the lumps are broken down 

to a maximum size of 2£ inches, and from there is conveyed on the 

apron conveyor to the raw-coal elevator (c, PI. II), the roll disintegrator being passed by, and delivered by this elevator to one of six 

storage bins. As the coal is thus elevated, an average sample is 

taken for the laboratory. An analysis is made of this sample and 

the raw-coal float-and-sink tests are run to determine the size to 

which it is necessary to crush before washing, and the percentage of 

refuse giving the best efficiency. From the data thus obtained, the 

washing machines are adjusted and the washing test is made with 

full knowledge of the separations possible under varying percentages 

of refuse. The raw coal is drawn from the bin and delivered to the 

corrugated-roll disintegrator, where it is crushed down to the size 

found most efficient and is then delivered by means of the raw-coal 

elevator to another storage bin.

The arrangement of the plant is such that the coal may be first 

washed on the Stewart jig, the refuse then being delivered to and 

rewashed on the special jig (see fig. 3); or it may be first recrushed 

and then rewashed.

Coal from all the crushers is delivered to the raw-coal elevator. A 

special feature of the bin system is the arrangement of the draw-off
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 368 PL. I

A. FRONT VIEW OF V'/ASHERY BUILDING AND COKE OVEN, FUEL-TESTING PLANT, 

~ DENVER, COLO., FROM LOADING TRACK.

K. DETAILED VIEW OF LOWER PART OF WASHERY.
WASHING TESTS. 25

chutes. They extend vertically about 4 feet downward from tlie 

bottom of the bins to the sluice boxes running to the jigs. A gate 

is provided in this vertical section for regulating the flow of coal. 

When the coal is to be washed it drops straight down to the sluice 

box, where it is mixed with the water and sluiced to the jigs. However, in drawing off the washed coal, or when the uncrushed raw coal 

is to be drawn from a bin and crushed for the washing tests as above 

stated, a gate just below the coal-flow regulating gate mentioned is 

thrown in, and the coal falls into a central hopper (see fig. 1) instead 

of the sluice box. Ordinarily this gate forms one side of the vertical 

chute. The coal in this central hopper is carried by a chute to the

FIG. 3. Special jig for coal washing.

apron conveyor and thence to the roll disintegrator, or, in case it is 

washed coal, to the swing-hammer crusher. It will be noted that 

coal can in this manner be drawn from a bin at the same time that 

coal is being taken from another bin and sluiced to the jigs for washing, the two operations not interfering in the least.

The washed coal, after being crushed and elevated to the top of 

the building, is conveyed by a chute (e, Pis. I and II, A) to the cokeoven larry, and is weighed on the track scale, after which it is charged 

to the oven. The refuse is sampled and weighed as it is wheeled to 

the dump pile, and from this sample the analysis is made and a float-
26 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

and-sink test run to determine the "toss of good coal" (see p. 27) in 

the refuse. This test shows the efficiency of the washing test.

TEST REVIEW.

It will be noted that all analyses have been reduced to a dry basis. 

This was done in order that a better comparison might be made of 

the raw and the washed coal, for it will be readily understood that 

in many cases the moisture in the washed coal will be so much higher 

than that in the raw coal that the percentage of ash in an analysis 

"as received" will be lower than in an analysis reduced to a dry 

basis. In other words, when the percentages of ash in the raw and in 

the washed coal are compared by using the analysis "as received/' 

the comparison is not made with the two samples on the same basis. 

It is of course true that an operator is interested in the moisture carried by the washed coal. This item, however, will vary greatly, 

depending on the way the washed coal is stored and handled after 

coming from the washing machines. By this is meant that in many 

plants the coal drawn from the bottom of the storage bin is the wettest 

coal in the bin, even though it was delivered thereto hours before the 

coal in the top of the bin. In the Survey plant this washed coal 

often stood in the bin a sufficient time to become thoroughly drained, 

and it would be hardly fair to say that an analysis of such coal "as 

received" would represent the moisture that would be found where 

the coal could not be permitted to drain in this manner. However, 

the analyses of the.coal "as received " will be found on pages 11-24.

It should be remembered that in reviewing these tests it was necessary to consider principally the quality of the resulting washed 

coal and not so much the percentage of refuse or waste matter; for 

some districts which have only very poor coal must use that or none, 

the cost of good coal brought from other districts being excessive.

Therefore, where to those in good coal districts it may seem useless 

to talk of wasting 40 or 50 per cent of the coal, to those in poor coal 

districts such waste may present the only possibility of obtaining any 

coal at a price not prohibitory.

DETAILS OF TESTS.

In the following table, in the column headed "Loss of good coal in 

refuse," good coal means all free coal in the refuse, the analysis of 

which is the same or nearly the same as that of the washed coal. 

The percentage of loss given is obtained by adding the amount of 

washed coal to the amount of "good coal" in the refuse, and calculating the percentage in this total of the "good coal" found in the 

refuse.
WASHING TESTS. 

General data of washing tests at Denver, Colo., 1907-8.

27

Test.

No. 

200 

210 

201 

204 

209 

202 

205 

203 

206 

208 

207 

211 

212 

6212 

213 

c213 

214 

215 

216 

218 

222 

217 

225 

226 

227 

220 

223 

224 

229 

219 

221 

228 

230 

231

Date.

11,30,07 

1, 4,08 

12, 2,07 

12, 4,07 

1, 2,08 

12, 9,07 

12,12,07 

12, 16, 07 

12,21,07 

12,26,07 

1, 6,08 

1, 8,08 

1,11,08 

1,23,08 

1,14,08 

2, 12, 08 

1,17,08 

1,24,08 

1,28,08 

1,30,08 

2, 5,08 

2,14,08 

2,15,08 

2, 18, 08 

2, 19, 08 

2, 10, 08 

2,11,08 

2,13,08 

2,27,08 

1,31,08 

2, 3,08 

2,21,08 

2,28,08 

3, 4,08

ri 

_o

d 

& 

fl

H.m. 

3 00 

50 

3 00 

1 25 

1 5 

1 45 

35 

1 5 

3 5 

2 00 

3 00 

2 20 

3 15 

2 00 

340 

1 00 

1 00 

3 15 

3 30 

1 30 

6 30 

2 35 

1 45 

2 00 

1 50 

2 00 

1 50 

2 35 

1 55 

1 30 

6 35 

2 00 

1.05 

1 45

Size of coal.

As shipped.

Run-of-mine 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do...... 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do...... 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

Nut.........

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

Run-of-mine 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

.....do...... 

.....do...... 

.....do......

.....do...... 

.....do......

.....do...... 

Slack.......

.....do......

Run-of-minc 

.....do......

.....do......

As washed.

1 inch.......

1 inch. .....

1 inch......

J inch.......

} inch... ... 

 J inch......

Run-of-mine 

.....do......

.....do......

.....do......

Nut.........

Nut.........

Run-of-minc 

do

Jig used.

Name.

Special....

...do......

...do......

...do......

...do......

...do...... 

...do......

...do...... 

...do......

...do...... 

...do......

...do......

...do......

Stewart... 

Special....

...do......

...do......

...do......

do . > do

2 inch.......

I inch. .....

\ inch. .....

1 inch.. ....

j inch.... ... 

Slack.......

.....do......

3 inch.......

...do......

...do......

...do......

...do...... 

...do......

...do......

...do......

...do...... 

...do......

...do......

...do......

...do......

...do......

0

 o 

w

65 

80 

80 

80 

80 

80 

80 

70 

80 

110 

108 

110 

80 

110 

42 

110 

80 

80 

80 

80 

110 

108 

108 

96 

106 

110

no

108 

110 

80

no

108

no

112

101

In. 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

24

14 

24 

44 

2J 

6 

24 

44

34 24 34 34 34

2A 

24

24

34 

24

44 

24 

24 

2A 

24

coal Rawused.

Ts. 

9.30 

6.41 

.12. 25 

10.23 

4.74 

10.00 

6.66 

6.64 

12.98 

8.00 

10.14 

6.83 

13.94 

7.68 

12.27 

3.16 

5.86 

5.25 

11.44 

5.52 

13.90 

6.30 

8.00 

6.15 

7.95 

8.00 

6.63 

7.88 

8.72 

6.53 

17.04 

7.89 

8.05 

8.82

Washed 

coal.

+5 .

I

Ts. 

6.60 

4.41 

10.65 

9.00 

3.41 

8.60 

5.85 

6.00 

10.68 

5.80 

6.25 

4.33 

7.68 

6.62 

9.06 

2.35 

4.80 

3.47 

8.91 

4.08 

10.54 

5.00 

6.00 

4.45 

6.00 

6.62 

5.29 

6.04 

7.20 

5.16 

13.67 

5.38 

6.63 

6.90

+j

1 PH

71 

69 

87 

88 

72 

86 

88 

90 

82 

73 

62 

64 

55 

86 

74 

75 

82 

66 

78 

74 

76 

80 

75 

73 

76 

83 

80 

77 

83 

79 

80 

68 

83 

79

Eefuse.

+j!

Ts.

2.70 

2.00 

1.60 

1.23 

1.33 

1.40 

.81 

.64 

2.30 

2.20 

3.89 

2.50 

6.26 

1.06 

3.21 

.81 

1.06 

1.78 

2.53 

1.44 

3.36 

1.30 

2.00 

1.70 

1.95 

1.38 

1.34 

1.84 

1.52 

1.37 

3.37 

2.51 

1.42 

1.92

 +->

so

£ PH

29 

31 

13 

12 

28 

14 

12 

10 

18 

27 

38 

36 

45 

14 

26 

25 

18 

34 

22 

26 

24 

20 

25 

27 

24 

17 

20 

23 

17 

21 

20 

32 

17 

21

 a

o 

«

O w

~s

o_g

1

^

p. a.

12 

15 

6 

3 

12 

8 

4 

4 

14 

17 

14 

18 

26 

9 

22 

14 

11 

14 

9 

9 

10 

6 

7 

10 

7 

8 

9 

8 

6 

10 

9 

17 

6 

8

o Revolutions per minute.

& Washed coal from test 212.rewashed.

c Refuse from test 213 recrushed and rewashed.
28 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

In the following table the figures in the columns headed "Per cent 

reduction" represent the comparison between the proportion of specified impurities in the raw coal and in the washed coal. Those in the 

columns headed "Per cent removed" represent the percentages of the 

specified impurities in the raw coal which were removed by washing.

These figures are determined by the following formulae :

Let X=the percentage of reduction of any constituent.

Y=the percentage of any constituent removed by washing.

M=the percentage that the amount of the constituent in the washed coal is of the

raw coal.

a=the percentage that the washed coal is of the ra^j, coal. 

6=the percentage of the constituent in the washed coal. 

c=the percentage of the constituent in the raw coal.

Then X=-M=a6, and Y=

Anatyses of coals at Denver, Co lo., 1907-8. 

[All reduced to a dry basis for better comparison.]

d

g

£

§

O

1

2

4

5

7

10

11

Test 

No.

200

210

' 201

204

209

/ 202

\ 205

203

206

208

f 207

1 211

i 212

[o212

213

6213

214

215

216

218

222

1

217

225

226

227

f 220

223

1 224

I 229

f 219

\ 221

,228

{ 230

I 231

Raw coal.

1

p

*pi £

"o

*>

30.17

30.17

30.83

30.83

30.83

32.06

32.06

35.12

35.12

35.12

30.90

30.90

30.90

30.90

37.73

37.73

37.73

37.73

29.40

29.40

29.40

28.78

28.78

28.78

28.78

36.68

36.68

36.68

36.68

32.26

32.26

34.08

34.08

34.08

i

i03

0 .

 a .

8

& 

48. 92

48.92

49.48

49.48

49.48

51.47

51.47

52.93

52.93

52.93

36.91

36.91

36.91

36.91

42.19

42.19

42.19

42.19

A

^

20.91

20.91

19.69

19.69

19.69

16.47

16.47

11.95

11.95

11.95

32.19

32.19

32.19

32.19

20.08

20.08

20.08

20.08

52.42 18.18

52.42

52.42

54.17

54.17

54.17

54.17

47.12

47.12

47.12

47.12

48.12

48.12

46.56

46. 56

46.56

18.18

18.18

17.05

17.05

17.05

17.05

16.20

16.20

16.20

16.20

19.62

19.62

19.36

19.36

19.36

a

"3

CO

0.65

.65

.79

.79

.79

.69

.69

.60

.60

.60

.54

.54

.54

.54

1.11

1.11

1.11

1.11

.68

.68

.68

.73

.73

.73

.73

.77

.77

.77

.77

.76

.76

.64

.64

.64

Washed coal.

.!

p

<D

1<$

3

 * 

33.08

31.67

32.02

32.03

31.70

32.48

33.03

36.90

36.21

36.46

35.53

35.18

34.84

36.83

39.63

39.47

40.82

41.93

30.99

29.72

31.56

30.24

30.21

30.38

31.25

36.10

35.73

37.53

35.71

34.61

34.38

37.42

37.32

37.06

|

^

0

 c

QJ

ft

53.75

52.98

51.75

52.39

54.57

54.05

54.55

53.36

53.96

53.86

44.31

44.47

44.97

47.82

47.61

47.82

45.86

46.68

56.70

56.67

55.60

57.73

57.57

57.24

57.14

49.23

48.84

50.52

49.06

52.72

53.57

49.12

48.91

49.53

Ash.

as>

o

o

PH

13.17

15.35

16.23

15.58

13.73

13.47

12.42

9.74

9.82

9.67

20.16

20.35

20.19

15.35

12.76

12.71

13.32

11.39

12.31

13.61

12.84

12.03

12.22

12.38

11.61

14.67

15.43

11.95

15.23

12.67

12.05

13.46

13.77

13.41

4

"* * §

g+3

^ r*

0)

PH

37

27

18

21

30

18

8

19

18

19

37

37

37

52

36

37

34

43

32

25

29

29

28

27

32

9

5

26

6

35

39

30

29

31

4

+3-6

§ > 0 O

n%

&

55

49

28

30

50

30

19

27

33

41

61

60

66

77

53

54

46

63

47

45

46

44

46

47

48

25

24

43

22

49

51

52

41

45

Sulphur.

'a

CD

CJ

=3

PH

0.63

.65

.78

.79

.74

.70

.75

.50

.53

.54

.61

.64

.58

.60

.95

.83

.92

.94

.70

.63

.69

.74

.58

.61

.69

.66

.60

.78

.66

.68

.61

.61

.58

.64

* .

4J o

*+?

O %D

S

PH

3

""i

""e

.....

17

12

10

14

9

17

15

... 

21

16

5

14

22

14

11

20

5

9

4

4i f3

8 > o o

OJ

PH

31

31

14

11

33

13

6

25

28

35

30

24

41

46

37

32

32

44

19

31

24

19

40

38

29

29

38

22

29

29

36

36

25

20

Refuse.

1

£

-*3a) "o

** 

24.32

23.28

23.94

22.62

20.52

22.53

26.86

32.40

26.81

23.34

22.53

22.70

27.63

36.68

23.71

32.31

34.14

23.07

24.03

23.52

21.44

19.66

21.33

22.05

26.26

28.01

25.05

35.29

27.60

25.41

27.64

26.68

28.86

o

t-t

o

13

CDM

f=H

39.09

33.42

29.62

27.54

28.88

No sa

33.21

29.05

44.24

36.71

26.43

23.11

21.71

42.18

43.01

42.71

34.36

39.30

39.09

42.35

34.94

37.00

36.38

34.95

41.52

33.56

35.84

34.12

22.32

39.86

30.01

42.20

33.49

32.28

w

"^

36.59

43.30

46.44

49.84

50.60

mple.

44.26

44.09

23.36

36.48

50.23

54.36

55.59

30.19

20.31

33.58

33.33

26.56

37.84

33.62

41.54

41.56

43.96

43.72

36.43

40.18

35.15

40.83

42.39

32.54

44.58

30.16

39.83

38.86

a

a

 g

CO

0.58

.73

1.72

1.61

.98

1.06

.77

.51

.72

.58

.65

.61

.58

.91

1.44

1.57

1.33

.66

.74

.66

.91

1.35

1.09

.87

.69

.78

.77

1.07

.71

.76

.88

.65

.74

« Washed coal from test 212 rewashed.

6 Refuse from test 213 recrushed and rewashed.
WASHING TESTS. 29

Raw coal Jloat-and-sinlc tests at Denver, Colo., 1907-8.

|Denver No.

1

2 

3

4 

5 

0

Maximum size of 

coal.

2J inches.. ..........

[l inch. ..............'

( Nut..................

1 Specific gravity 

of solution used.

11.35 

1.40 

[1.45 

1.35 

1.41 

1.45 

1.35 

1.40 

1.44 

1.35 

1.41 

1.45 

1.35 

1.40 

1. 45 

1.35 

1.40 

1. 4". 

1.40 

1.45 

1.50 

1.40 

1.45 

1.50 

1.40 

1.48 

1.58 

1.40 

1.49 

|l.59 

11.40 

1.48 

1.58

Percentage of 

ta 

o

s

49 

67 

67 

52 

70 

80 

36 

71 

76 

53 

68 

72 

. 69 

77 

83 

61 

81 

87 

70 

91 

78 

80 

87 

91 

52 

62 

67 

60 

87 

95 

71 

83 

91

CO

51 

33 

33 

48 

30 

20 

64 

29 

24 

47 

32 

28 

31 

23 

17 

39 

19 

13 

24 

9 

22 

20 

13 

9 

48 

38 

33 

40 

13 

5 

29 

17 

9

Float coal 

analyses, 

dry basis.

a 

<

7.83 

11.08 

12.77 

8.00 

10.31 

11.43 

8.17 

10.18 

11.34 

8.10 

9.48 

10.29 

8.37 

10.91 

11. 60 

9.70 

10.58 

11.01 

8.56 

8.88 

8.91 

7.15 

7.90 

8.87 

9.89 

11.94 

1475 

9.68 

13.83 

13.46 

9.76 

10.72 

12. 11

*4

0.71 

.63 

.56 

.62 

.66 

.65 

.74 

.72 

.67 

.68 

.70 

.73 

.59 

.72 

.61 

.75 

.66 

.71 

.61 

.53 

.53 

.52 

.54 

.51 

1.06 

.63 

.59 

1.05 

.76 

1.17 

.87 

1.03 

.92

Denver No.

7 

8

9 

10 

11

Maximum size of 

coal.

I

2J i nches ............

Slack. ...............

i§o'-S

S2 

88ft'-H

w o

(1.40 

1.46 

1.60 

1.40 

1.50 

1.59 

1.40 

 1. 50 

1.59 

1.40 

1.48 

1.58 

1.40 

1.48 

1.58 

1.40 

1.50 

1.52 

1.35 

1.45 

1.56 

1.34 

1.45 

1.55

Percentage of 

 w§ 

s

80 

81 

88 

82 

86 

96 

82 

89 

92 

79 

74 

93 

74 

81 

89 

83 

86 

83 

58 

73 

80 

57 

74 

80

02

20 

19 

12 

18 

14 

4 

18 

11 

8 

21 

26 

7 

26 

19 

11 

17 

14 

17 

42 

27 

20 

43 

26 

20

Float coal 

analyses, 

dry basis.

 §

<

10. 36 

11.76 

13.99 

12.08 

12.23 

12. 69 

10.50 

12.16 

13.09 

11.68 

11.35 

13.04 

9.44 

9.92 

11. 62 

11.33 

10.45 

11.14 

10.25 

12.53 

13. 44 

9.44 

12.30 

13.92

"i

CO P(

0.71 

.68 

.69 

.68 

.71 

.59 

.81 

.64 

.67 

.65 

.70 

.70 

.71 

.65 

.65 

.69 

.67 

.64 

.61 

.66 

.66 

.69 

.51 

.61
30 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL. 

Refuse float-and-sink tests at Denver, Colo., 1907-8.

11^

f-t

o

>§

p

1

2

4

5

6

c*=

H W

O 0) 

h-U

to «>q w -a |

3 li

«»-« c3 O

o>!s;z;

P3

1

200....

210. . . .

201....

204. . . .

209....

1

202. . . .

205. . . .

203. . . .

206. . . .

208. . . .

207. . . .

211....

212....

212o..

213. . . .

213o..

214....

215. . . .

£d 

11

fefl

o

053

S3

R" 02*0

1.35

1.40

r. 45

1.40

- 1.48

1.59

1.35

1.40

1.45

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.45

< 1.50

1 1.55

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.40

1.45

1.50

1.50

1.51

1.55

1.45

1.55

1.58

1.43

1.50

1.55

1.40

1.47

1.58

1.40

1.50

1 1..61

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.38

1.48

1.59

1.40

1.49

1.58

1.38

1.48

1.59

1.43

1.56

1 1.64

f 1.40

\ 1.50

[ 1.60

Percentage of 

 s

§

fn

23

29

34

20

38

39

36

39

47

27

28

28

31

35

40

40

48

50

30

36

38

37

08

46

68

7?

75

53

55

55

17

22

25

32

36

39

34

40

42

55

57

65

. 65

80

87

34

49

59

51

61

69

33

51

69

is

77

71

66

74

62

61

64

61

53

73

72

72

69

65

60

60

52

50

70

64

62

63

62

54

32

28

25

47

45 45

83

78

75

68

64

61

66

60

58

45

43

as

35

20

13

66

51

41

49

39

31

67

49

31

Float coal analyses, dry basis.

4 ^ 

8.71

10.65

12.74

11.80

15.39

18.26

7.37

9.47

11.82

.8.88

10.10

9.91

11.49

12.73

14.89

8.15

9.91

11.29

' 8.74

11.49

13.56

6.96

10.09

11. 44

8.29

10.33

11. 40

8.49

9.44

12.00

10.49

12.80

18.87

9.39

12.46

16.23

11.08

1429

17.52

10.24

10.71

14.38

8.65

13.10

12.84

8.54

13.28

19.97

10.70

14.68

17.00

11.37

15.23

22.20

il

co ft

0.63

.79

.61

.82

.62

.68

.73

.75

,76

.84

.77

.71

.73

.71

1.06

.72

.70

.74

.75

.72

.69

.51

.51

.53

.49

.47

.55

.58

.43

 .44

.59

.60

.55

.64

.68

.62

.66

.48

.70

.72

.63

.63

.73

.65

.66

.84

.81

.97

.81

.82

1.00

1.05

.89

1 .97

i^t |

tn

<U

I

ft

7

9

10

11

as

o o>

tH-W "" to

0> fl 

«J "3 I sli

« « C3 O

«^^

A

2.16....

218....

222. . . .

217....

225....

226. . . .

227. . . .

220....

223. . . .

224....

229....

1

219....

221....

228. . . .

230....-

231....

£"« - 

11

&a

o

oB

S3

p o <Sw

03 0

1.42

1.51

1.61

1.41

1.50

1.61

1.42

1.51

1.61

1.43

1.52

1.63

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.41

1.49

1.60

1.42

1.50

I 1.60

f 1.40

1.50

1.60

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.39

1.49

1.57

1.40

1.49

I 1.60

1.40

1.49

1.60

 1.40

1.50

1.60

1.40

1.50

1.60

1.40

1.50

1.60

Percentage of 

^

CS

o

s

40

44

57

27

43

56

33

44

56

' 31

38

66

23

26

33

30

37

44

26

38

51

27

43

52

32,

41

52

29

44

65

21

25

38

40

42

50

33

35

45

44

55

67

27

45

55

34

43

55

W 

aa

02

60

56

43

73

57

44

67

56

44

69

62

34

77

74

67

70

63

56

74

62

49

73

57

48

68

59

48

71

50

35

79

75

62

60

58

50

67

65

55

56

45

33

73

55

45

66

57

45

Float coal analyses, dry basis.

a01 «!

14.33

17.90

21.94

10. 63

19.74

24.81

13.06

18.35

25.19

14.13

20.35

24.94

10.33

14.78

23.50

12.29

16.72

22.92

13.77

20.27

25.68

9.34

13.29

20.02

9.54

15. 9<>

17.49

9.29

20.97

27.63

9.50

11.46

23.29

10.38

11.09

13. 51

11.94

14.84

19.95

12.28

16.54

21.31

12.71

19.24

26.07

12.67

18.20

21.10

, .

a2^fl

02 ft

0.82

.81

.68

.75

.68

.68

.C9

 .74

.59

.69

.67

1.10

.68

.70

.81

.54

.73

.59

.63

,67

.58

.63

.58

.63

.70

.62

.70

.73

.64

.67

.58

.66

.62

.57

.59

.54

.68

.56

.56

.55

.61

.55

.72

.73

.51

.61

.56

.56

o See notes under table showing washing tests.
WASHING TESTS.

Crushing tests at Denver, Colo., 1907-S.

31

Denver No.

1

2 

3 

4 

5 

G

6

7 

8

8

9 

9 

9

10 

11

11

Crasher used.

24 by 30 inch corrugated-roll disintegrator. 

.....do.............

.....do.............

.....do.............

24 by 30 inch corrugated-roll disintegrator.

18 by 24 incli toothroll crusher. 

24 by 30 inch corrugated-roll disintegrator.

.....do............. 

.....do.............

18 by 24 inch toothroll crusher.

24 by 30 inch oorrugated-roll disintegrator. 

18 by 24 inch toothroll crusher.

Distance between rolls.

.....do........

.....do........

.....do........

Nut.......'....

Run of mine. . 

5 inches" .....

1 inch .........

.....do........ 

4 inch .........

5 inches ...... 

Slack.........

5 inches ......

Percentage of coal passing screen.

Over 1J 

inches.

36 

12 

14

2

18

11

Through 

1J inches 

and over 

1 inch.

5 

7

2

2

19 

10 

11

2 

6

13

8 

11

Through 

1 inch 

and over 

J inch.

13

16 

11 

10 

2 

13

18 

11 

13

12

28 

10 

14

8 

22

13

Through 

$ inch 

and over 

J inch.

25

19 

26 

32 

6 

40

14 

18 

19

27

32 

31 

19

20 

26

19

Through 

Jinch 

and over 

§ inch.

12

10 

11 

14 

5 

15

3 

9 

8

13

12 

15 

7

11 

11

9

Through 

j} inch 

and over 

1 inch.

20

15 

19 

21 

10 

18

3 

14 

13

19

11 

20 

11

16 

12

14

Through 

J inch.

25

33 

33 

21

77 

12

7 

26 

22

27

9

24 

18

45 

21

23

« From face to face of rolls, not tootli ends. Teeth are 2} inches long. 

CONCLUSIONS.

The washing tests of Denver No. 1 were not satisfactory when 

compared with the raw-coal float-and-sink tests, which indicate 

that a much better separation is possible. However, the best of 

this coal is of a high specific gravity and would require careful 

washing to obtain a good separation.

A similar statement applies to the tests on Denver No. 2.

The tests on Denver No. 3 were much more satisfactory, as the 

percentage of refuse was not so great and the loss of good coal in 

the refuse was not high.

The tests made on Denver No. 4 indicate clearly the value of 

the float-and-sink tests on the refuse. It will be noted that the 

percentage of refuse was increased with each test, yet nothing was 

gained so far as the reduction of ash in the washed coal was concerned. However, by referring to the "Loss of good coal" column 

it is found that this loss increased steadily as the refuse was increased, 

which goes to show that most of the additional "refuse" was good 

coal only. In proof of this the following figures are exceedingly 

interesting:

(a) Test 203; refuse 10 per cent. 

(6) Test 206; refuse 18 per cent.

(c) Test 208; refuse 27 per cent.

(d) Difference between a and b = 8 per cent.

(e) Difference between a and c = 17 per cent.
32 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

Of the refuse from test 

203, (/) 38 per cent floated as good coal; (gr) 62 per cent sank as pure refuse. 

206, (h) 72 per cent floated as good coal; (i) 28 per cent sank as pure refuse. 

208, (&) 55 per cent floated as good coal; (I) 45 per cent sank as pure refuse.

These percentages, converted to percentages of the original rawcoal sample, are as follows:

38 (/) X 10 (a) = 3.8, say 4 per cent (m). 

62 (g) X 10 (a) = 6.2, say 6 per cent (n). 

m + n = 10 per cent = refuse (a) in test 203. 

72 (h) X 18 (6) = 12.96, say 13 per cent (o). 

28 (i) X 18 (6) = 5.04, say 5 per cent (p). 

o + p 18 per cent = refuse (6) in test 206. 

55 (fc) X 27 (c) = 14.85, say 15 per cent (q). 

45 (I) X 27 (c) = 12.15, say 12 per cent (r). 

q + r = 27 per cent = refuse (c) in test 208.

If the 8 per cent (d) additional refuse in test 206 over that of 

test 203 was all good coal, then 8 (d) + 4 (m) should equal o, or 

13 per cent. However, as it is less than 13 per cent by 1 per cent, 

this would indicate that the additional 8 per cent (d) refuse was 

all good coal, but that the amount of refuse matter removed in 

test 206 was less than was removed in test 203. The sink of 5 

per cent (p) from the refuse of test 206 would substantiate this 

inference, for it is found to be 1 per cent less than the sink from 

the refuse of test 203, which was 6 per cent (n). The chemical 

analyses of the washed' coals also bear out this assumption, for 

the ash is slightly higher in that of test 206 than it is in that of 

test 203. The refuse analyses also substantiate this theory.

If it is assumed that all of the additional refuse 17 per cent 

(e) in test 208 was also good coal, then 17 (e) + 4 (m) should 

equal q, or 15 per cent. However, it exceeds q by 6 per cent, and 

this excess must therefore have been refuse matter! To prove

this: The pure refuse in test 203 was 6 per cent (n); by adding to 

this the above excess of 6 per cent refuse matter we have 12 per 

cent, which should equal the pure refuse (r} if the assumption is 

true.

It appears, therefore, that all the additional refuse [8 per cent 

(d)] in test 206 was simply good coal 'and that no additional refuse 

matter was removed by increasing the amount of refuse in washing. 

It also appears that of the additional refuse [17 per cent (e)] in 

test 208, a part was pure refuse matter, this amount being equal 

to 6 per cent of the original raw-coal sample. 17 per cent (e) 

6 percent (excess) = 11 per cent. As 11 is 65 per cent of 17, it 

appears that 65 per cent of the additional refuse was good coal.

These figures prove conclusively that it is only a loss to increase 

the refuse above 10 per cent in washing this coal.

Denver No. 5, as received, was run-of-mine coal, but by referring 

to the table of crushing tests it will be seen that there was no lump
WASHING TESTS. 33

coal and that 77 per cent of it passed through a J-inch screen. It 

therefore appears that this coal requires very careful washing, and 

that great care should be taken in designing a plant to 'wash it. 

From the raw-coal float-and-sink tests it appears that the ash may 

be greatly reduced, but to do so a very high percentage of the coal 

must be discarded as refuse. Probably 50 per cent would give the 

best results, but the demand for this coal and the valuation that 

could be placed on the washed coal would determine whether the 

operator could afford to throw away so great a percentage to obtain 

a coal of such resulting quality.

Denver No.. 6 was of a nut size as received and was to be washed 

for household coal only and not for coking purposes. Therefore it 

was not to be crushed either before or after washing, though some 

tests were made with finer crushing as a matter of experiment. The 

test on the Stewart jig was not satisfactory, and as this machine is 

old and in bad condition it .was decided not to make further use of 

it until it could be remodeled. Tests were therefore made on the 

special jig, but the results were not satisfactory, as the coal was a 

little too large for this machine to handle. The raw-coal float-andsink tests, however, show that the coal can be successfully washed 

with proper facilities.

The washing tests on Denver No. 7 were not very successful, but the 

float-and-sink tests indicate a possibility of a fair separation. Attention must be given to the high specific gravity of the coal when considering machines for washing it.

In all four of the washing tests on Denver No. 8 the ash in the 

washed coal remained about the same, though different percentages 

of refuse were tried. When considered in conjunction with the rawcoal float-and-sink tests it would seem that 12 per cent is as low as 

the ash can be reduced and that nothing is gained by crushing the 

coal below a maximum size of 2£ inches nor by discarding over 8 per 

cent as refuse.

All the tests on Denver No. 9 strongly, indicate that a comparatively 

fine crushing is necessary to obtain the best results, probably to about 

$.inch being the best. About 20 per cent refuse would give the 

best results, though by careful attention to the operation of the plant 

at all times this may possibly be cut to 15 per cent or a little less.

Denver No. 10, being a slack coal, with the percentage of fines 

fairly high, will require careful attention in washing. A good reduction of the ash can be made and the amount of refuse possibly cut 

to 14 per cent.

Both the washing tests and the float-and-sink tests on Denver 

No. 11 indicate no particular gain in crushing this coal below a 

maximum size of 2 inches and no gain in the quality of the washed 

coal by increasing the refuse above 18 per cent, 

fil 271 Bull. 368 09 3
84 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

The loss of good coal in nearly every test was higher than it should 

be. If was found that in all tests except Nos. 213 and 215, on 

Denver No. 6, about 80 to 90 per cent of the good coal lost was very 

fine coal so fine, in fact, that the least agitation of the water in the 

sludge tank kept it in suspension. The sludge tank is comparatively 

small, and the inflowing water from the jigs keeps the water in it 

boiling continually. This tank can not be made larger without extending the building, but it is hoped that arrangements may soon be 

made to lengthen the tank to 35 or 40 feet. With such a tank nearly 

all of the fine coal can be caught and,sent over with the washed coal. 

At present this fine coal in suspension overflows to the pump sump 

and is then pumped back to the jigs beneath the jig screen; in that 

way it becomes mixed with the refuse.

Another improvement hoped for is the installation of a watersupply tank to deliver the water to the jigs. In this way a constant 

pressure, which is essential to the best operation of the jigs, would 

be maintained. With the present arrangement the flow varies greatly 

and the best results can not be obtained.

COKING TESTS.

By A. W. BELDEN. 

EQUIPMENT.

The coking tests were conducted in a battery of two beehive ovens, 

one 7 feet high by 12 feet in diameter, the other 6 feet 3 inches high 

by 12 feet in diameter. A standard larry of 8 tons capacity and the 

necessary scales for accurate weighing of coal charged and coke produced completed the equipment.

PROCEDURE OF TESTS.

The coal for the first seven tests was crushed through a roll crusher

to about ij'-inch size. Beginning with Test 202 and throughout the 

remainder of the work all coal was finely crushed through a Pennsylvania hammer crusher, unless, otherwise stated in the detailed report 

of the tests. The coals put through the hammer crusher varied 

somewhat, but the average, taken from a large number of samples* 

was as follows: Through J-inch mesh, 100 per cent; over 10-mesh, 

31.43 per cent; over 20-mesh, 24.29 per cent; over 40-mesh, 22.86 

per cent; over 60-mesh, 11.42 per cent; through 60-mesh, 10 per cent. 

The sampling of coal and coke and the handling of the ovens were 

practically the same as described in Survey Bulletin No. 336,° from 

which the following is quoted:

Both the door and the trunnel head of the oven were always closed directly after 

the oven was drawn and it was allowed to gather heat, the length of time varying as 

necessity demanded. The average time was one and one-half hours.

aMoldenke, Richard, Belden, A. W., and Delamater, 0. R., Washing and coking tests of coal and cupola 

tests of coke: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 336,1908, p. 19.
COKING TESTS. 35

The sample of coal was taken at regular intervals, as the charge was emptied from 

bin to larry, by means of a small shovel holding about one-fourth pound. The total 

weight of the sample averaged 45 pounds.

The sample of coke was taken from five different parts of the oven, as nearly as possible from the same location for each test, as follows: 2 feet from the oven door; 2 feet 

from each side, on a line drawn from the center of the oven; at the center; and 2 feet 

from the back wall, on a line with the point of selection of the pieces taken from the 

door and the center. The separate pieces of coke extended the whole height of the 

charge and were as nearly uniform in size as possible.

EXTENT OF TESTS.

From November 30, 1907, to March 21, 1908, 52 tests were made on 

14 coals from three States and one Territory, as shown in the following tables. Of these tests 10 were made on raw coal, 38 on 

washed coal, and 4 on mixtures of raw and washed coal. Of the 14 

different coals three, viz, Nos. 6, 12, and 13, produced no coke, whether 

tested washed or raw, crushed or not crushed.

TABULATION OF RESULTS.

The results of the coking tests will be found in the detailed report 

on each sample, presented herewith. The former method of stating 

yield of dry coke from dry coal, coke as received from coal as charged, 

and all other items has been continued. The percentage of coke 

remaining on a screen with 2-inch mesh, after four consecutive 6-foot 

drops without intermediate screening, is given in the last item under 

"Physical properties of coke." It was decided to make the phosphorus determination on each coke produced in order that a better 

average might be obtained. "Cell structure" refers to the general 

appearance as to size and not to the number of cells as given by percentage of cells by volume. In many tests the cell structure as 

determined from general appearance is small, when the percentage 

by volume indicates quite the reverse. The following abbreviations 

are used in the tables:

f. c., finely crushed, 

n. c., not crushed, 

r., raw.

r. o. m., run of mine, 

el., slack, 

w.j washed.
36 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

DENVEE No. 1.

Coking tests.

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet.........:.... 

Dry...............

Coke produced:

Dry..............

Breeze produced: 

Wet..............

Dry...............

Total yield: 

Wet.............

Dry...............

..........hours..

........pounds.. 

...........do....

 \percent.. 

(pounds...

(pounds... " \percent.. 

(pounds...

...........do....

...........do....

Test 195.

12,2,07 

64

r. o. m. 

4 in.

13.310 

12; 868

9,000 

67.62 

8,932 

69. 41

528 

3.97 

524 

4.07

' 71.59 

73.48

<

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravity 

Real................ VolumeCoke. ...............

foils

Weight per cubic foot 

Wet................ 

Dry.................

..pounds.. 

.....do....

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

1........... ........... percent..

2.................... 

3....................

4....................

5....................

.....ao.... 

.....do....

.....do....

.....do....

Test 195.

1.05 

1.92

55.00 

45.00

93.08 

65.00

93.00 

86.00 

81.00 

76.50 

86.00

Remarks. Test No. 195: Light-gray color with some little silvery coloration. 

Breakage good; long, large pieces. Cell-structure, a little large. Metallic ring.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

195

Laboratory 

No.

J124-D

IISO-D

r.a,fWet...... .........

CoallDry..... ..........

CokJWet. .............

UOKCtDry. .............

Moisture.

3.32

.76

Volatile 

matter.

31.99 

33.08 

1.23 

1.24

Fixed 

carbon.

51. 96 

53.75 

77.48 

78.07

Ash.

12.73 

13.17 

20.53 

20.69

Sulphur.

0.61 

.63 

.44 

.44

Phosphorus.

0.0235
COKING TESTS.

DENVER No. 2.

Coking tests.

37

Date .........................................

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet......................................

Dry......................................

Coke produced: 

Wet......................................

Dry......................................

Breeze produced: 

Wet. .....................................

Dry......................................

Total yield: 

Wpt

Dry.......................................

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravityReal.................................

Volume 

Coke. ................................

Cells.................................

Weight per cubic footWet..................................

Dry...................................

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

2......................................

. 3......................................

4......................................

5. ....................................

....... .....pounds..

/....do....

/pounds...

/pounds...

.......... ^per cenf;_ 

/pounds...

...............do....

...............do....

...........percent..

...............do....

...............do....

...............do....

Test 196.

12,5,07

67

13,050

12,317

8,320

63.75 

8,218

66. 72 

515

3.95 

509

t. Id

67.70

70.85

1.09

1.90

57.00

43.00

93.92

67.09

91.50

83.00

78.00

70.00

76.50

Test 197.

12,10,07

99

17,200

16, 240

11,258

65.45 

11,203

68.98 

689

4.01 

686

4.22 

69.46

 73.20

1.05

1.93

54. 00

46.00

93.87

65.19

95.50

89.50

82.50

74.50

79.50

Test 205.

1,4,08

37

\v., f. c.

10,970

10,606

7,380

67.27 

7,345

69.25 

337

3.07 

335

 3. 16 

70.34

72.41

1.00

1.93

52.00

48.00

92.01'

62.06

93.00

90.50

86.00

83.50

88.50

Remarks. Test No. 196: Light gray and silvery. Cell structure a little large 

Breakage good; long, large pieces.

Test No. 197: Light gray and silvery: large deposit of carbon. Cell structure good. 

Breakage good; long, large pieces. Good, heavy coke.

Test No. 205: Light gray and silvery; large deposit of carbon. Cell structure good. 

Breakage good; long, large pieces. Metallic ring. Good, heavy coke.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

196 

197 

205

Laboratory 

No.

J131-D 

J145-D 

1142-D 

|l54-D 

1207-D 

1209-D

Coal/Wet..........."..:.

0oal\Dry...............

Coke/Wet..............

0oke\Dry........ .......

roal/Wet.. ....... ......

Coal\Dry...... .........

fWof ^DiV.v.y.:::::::::

CVVot H5?:::::::::::::::

Coke/Wet.. ............

toke\Dry.... ...........

Moisture.

5.61

1.23

5.58

.49

3.32

.47

Volatile 

matter.

30.23 

32.02 

3.21 

3.25 

30.25 

32.03 

1.43 

1.44 

31.08 

32.15 

.46 

.46

Fixed 

carbon.

48.84 

51.75 

72.94 

73.84 

49.46 

52.39 

77.40 

77.77 

49.90 

51.60 

77.10 

77.46

Ash.

15. 32 

16. 23 

22.62 

22.91 

14.71 

15. .58 

20.88 

20.79 

15.70 

16.25 

21.97 

22.08

Sulphur.

0.74 

.78 

.54 

.56 

.75 

.79 

.72 

.72 

.72 

.75 

.66 

-.66

Phosphorus.

0. 0175

.0102

.0217
38 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

DENVER No. 3.

Coking tests.

Size:

Coal charged:

Coke produced: 

w t f....do.... v\ et. ......... . jper cent

Breeze produced: 

w t fpounds.. V* Lit.. ........ >« .. pant

Dry (pounds uij ......... - -^per cent. 

Total yield: 

Wet. .............. .do....

Test 198.

12,13,07 

54

r. o. m. 

$in.

12.200 

11, 625

7,800 

63.93 

7,770 

66.84

387 

3.17 

386 

"3.32

67.10 

70.16

Test 199.

12,17,07 

71

r. o. m. 

J in.

14,110 

13, 412

8,900 

63.08 

8,884 

66.24

464 

3.29 

463 

3.45

66.37 

69.69

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravity 

Volume 

Cells....... .....do....

Weight per cubic footWet......... pounds.. 

Dry............ do....

6-foot drop test over 2-inch 

mesh 

2.. ......... ....do....

3.. ............ .do.... 

4.. .......... ...do....

5............... do....

Test 198.

- > 0. 97 

1.89

51.00 

49.00

90.82 

60.27

95.00 

87.50 

81.50 

72.50 

79.50

Test 199.

1.02 

1.92

53.00 

47.00

92.81 

63.51

98.00 

91.50 

86.50 

79.50 

86.00

Remarks. Test No. 198: Light gray and silvery. Cell structure good. Breakage 

good; long, large pieces. Metallic ring. Good coke.

. Test No. 199: Light gray and silvery; large deposit carbon. Cell structure small, 

but not dense. Metallic ring. Breakage good; long, large pieces. Good, heavy coke.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

198 

199

Laboratory. 

No.

J153-D 

(162-D 

J161-D 

J1G9-D

{

Wof Dry:;:::::::::::::

CokJWet....... ........

Coke\Dry....... ........

Coal fWet. ..............

LoaI\Dry.. ...............

f k /Wet........ .......

Coke\Dry...............

Moisture.

4.71

.38

4.95

.18

Volatile 

matter.

30.95 

32.48 

.48 

.48 

31.39 

33.03 

.29 

.29

Fixed 

carbon.

51.51 

54.05 

80.94 

81.25 

51.85 

54.55 

81.99 

82.15

Ash.

12.83 

13.47 

18.20 

18.27 

11.81 

12.42 17.54- 

17.56

Sulphur.

0.67 

.70 

.57 

.57 

.71 

.75 

.59 

.59

Phos- ' 

phorus.

0.0127

.0146
COKING TESTS. 

DENVER No. 4.

Coking tests.

39

Date.................................................

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet. ................. ................ .pounds. . 

Dry. .................................... .do. . . .

Coke produced: 

Wot /....do.... \\ u,. ................................ -< per cent 

Dry {pounds..

Breeze produced: 

Wot \> ei. ................................ . /pounds.. jper cen(. 

Dry (pounds ^i j ................................. --jj,er CCnt. 

Total yield: 

Wet. ...................................... do....

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravityApparent. ...................................

Real.........................................

Volume 

Cells. ................................ .do. . . . Weight per cubic foot 

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

2.... ............................. .....do....

3... ............................... ....do....

4. ................................... ..do....

5...... .............................. ..do....

Test 200.

12,19,07

38

r. o. in.

9,990 

9,463

5,853

58.59 

5,806

C1.35

588

5.88 

583

6.16 

64.47

67.51

.95

1.90

50.00

50.00

89.95

58.75

92.00

80.00

81.50

78.00

79.50

Test 201.

12,22,07

34

r. o. m.

10,370 

9,039

5,450

52.56 

5,382

Of). O:t

674

C.50 

666

6.90 

59.06

 62.74

.96

1.87

51.00

49.00

89.69

59.13

91.50

88.00

78.00

74.00

85.00

Test 202.

12,26,07

52

13, 450 

12, 751

7,310

54.35 

7,303

57.27 

492

3.66 

492

3.86 

58.01

01.13

.96

1.87

51.00

49.00

90 41

59.86

94.00

90. '50

86.00

82.00

83.50

Test 203.

12,30,07

54

r. o. m.

w., f. c.

12,970 

12,044

7,050

58.98 

7,590

63.07 

585

. 581

4.82 

03.49

C7.89

.98

1.86

53.00

47.00

89 99

60.69

94.50

90.00

86.50

81.00

84.50

Test 204.

1,2,08

46

11,630 

10,659

6,900

59.33 

6,868

64.43 

420

3.61 

418

3.92 

02.94

08.35

.94

1.87

50.00

50.00

89.57

58.37

90.50

91.50

80.00

81 . 50

80. 50

Remarks. Test No. 200: Light gray and silvery. Cell structure small; not dense. 

Breakage somewhat marred by cross fracture, but pieces of good size. Somewhat 

brittle and fingered.

Test No. 201: Light gray and silvery; large deposit carbon. Cell structure small, 

not dense. Somewhat brittle and soft. Fingered.

Test No. 202: Fingered. Dark lower portion; light gray and silvery upper f. Cell 

structure and breakage same as No. 201.

Test No. 203: Fingered. Dark coloration, but large deposit carbon. Cell structure 

and breakage same as No. 201. Metallic ring. Good heavy coke.

Test No. 204: Same as No. 203.

High phosphorus of this coke noticeable in all tests.
40 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL. 

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

200 

201 

202 

203 

204

Laboratory 

No.

(168-D 

J171-D 

J170-D 

J198-D 

1199-D 

1200-D 

(204-D 

J206-D 

1205-D 

1208-D

Coal 

Coke 

Coal 

Coke 

Coal 

Coke 

Coal 

Coke 

Coal 

Coke

(Wet..............

IDry...............

Wet...............

iDry........ .......

[Wet..............

Wet..............

[Dry...............

Wet..............

Dry...............

Wet...............

Dry. ..............

Wet..............

Dry...............

Wet..............

IDry...............

fWet..............

(Dry. ..............

/Wet..............

Drv

Moisture.

5.28

.81

7.05

1.25

5.20

.09

7.14

.70

8.35

 .46

Volatile 

matter.

34.95 

36.90 

1.01 

1.02 

33.39 

35.92 

1.11 

1.12 

34.61 

36.51 

.14 

.14 

34.09 

36.72 

1.62 

1.63 

33. 19 

36.21 

.12 

.12

Fixed 

carbon.

50.54 

53.36 

82.95 

83.64 

49.73 

53.50 

82.48 

83.51 

51.58 

54.42 

85.56 

85.64 

49.96 

53.79 

82.69 

83.27 

49.42 

53.93 

84.80 

85.19

Ash.

9.23 

9.74 

15.23 

15.34 

9.83 

10.58 

15.16 

15.37 

8.61 

9.07 

14.21 

14.22 

8.81 

9.49 

14.99 

15.10 

9.04 

9.86 

14.62 

14.69

Sulphur.

0.47 

.50 

.48 

.48 

.51 

.55 

.56 

.57 

.48 

.51 

.48 

.48 

.50 

.54 

.47 

.47 

.50 

.55 

.45 

.45

Phosphorus.

0. 1737

.1824

""""."1737

"""".'1912

.1898

DENVER No. 5.

Coking tests.

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet. ..................:.................

Dry.....................................

Coke produced: 

Wet.....................................

Dry.....................................

Breeze produced: 

Wet.....................................

Dry.....................................

Total yield: 

Wet ....................................

Dry.....................................

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravityApparent .........................'..

Real. ............................... VolumeCoke.................................

Cells................................

Weight per cubic foot 

Wet.................:............... 

Dry.................................

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

2!".".".".'.'.".".".".".".'.".".".".".".".".".".".'.".".".".':".".".'.".

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

............do....

/pounds... """ \percent.. 

("pounds... """\percent.. 

(pounds... "" (percent.. 

Jpounds... " "" \percent.. 

...........do....

............do....

.........pounds.. 

............do....

........percent.. 

............do....

..;......... do....

............do....

............do....

Test 207.

1,10,08

55

10,560

9,611

5,780

54.73 

5,750

59.83 

1,412

13.37 

1,405

14.62 

68.10

74.45

.92

1.88

49.00

51.00

88.89 

57.07

85.00 

73.00

62.00

54.50

74.00

Test 208.

1,12,08.

34

8,660

7,903

 3,900

45.04 

3,893

49.26 

1,170

13.51 

1,168

14.78 

58. 55

64.04

.92

1.87

49.00

51.00

89.08 

57.26

86.00 

74.00

fii cn

53.50

65.50

Test 212.

1,27,08

37

r. o. m.

8, 230

7,591

4,437

53. 91 

4,417

58.19 

720

8.75 

717

9.44 

62.66

67.63

.85

 1.87

45.00

55.00

87. 06

52.77

95.50 

90 00

83.00

76.00

80.50

Test 213.

1 29 08

50

4,950

4,474

2,100

2,042

45. 64 

944

19.07 

918

20. 52 

61.49

66. 16

1.03

1.80

dfi no

91.14

A9 4^

80. 50 

61.00

48.50

^ MI

47 ^11

Remarks. Test No. 207: Dull-gray color. No apparent cell structure. Not coked 

down to bottom. Large amount of breeze and high volatile in coke probably due to 

this. Soft, punky, dense coke. Impossible to wash coal enough to reduce ash of 

coke within allowed limits.

Test No. 208: Same'as 207.
COKING TESTS. 41

Test No. 212: Rewashing of washed coal reduced ash content of coke to 22.07 per 

cent and reduced percentage of breeze, but did not materially better coke.

Test No. 213: Attempt to improve rewashed charge of 212 by not crushing. Breeze 

very much increased and cross fracture of coke more highly pronounced.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

207 

208 

212 

213

Laboratory 

No.

f229-D 

\235-D 

(234-D 

[236-D 

1253-D 

J265-D 

1263-D 

J266-D

Coal fWet... ...........

Loal \Dry...............

CokJWet...... ........

CoKe\Dry...... .........

Coal lWet. .............

0oal \Dry...............

CokJWet.. ............

tolce\Dry..... ..........

iWot

coal \Dry. . . . . ..........

roko/Wet..............

Coke\Dry... ............

rWot

Loal \Dry...............

i\V<-»t c^ory .Y.y.:::::::::

Moisture.

8.99

.52

8.74

.18

7.76

.46

9.61

2.78

Volatile 

matter.

32.33 

35.53 

1.42 

1.43 

32.11 

35.18 

1.26 

1.26 

33.97 

36.83 

2.00 

2.01 

33.00 

36.50 

2.03 

2.09

Fixed 

carbon.

40.34 

44.31 

71.94 

72.31 

40.58 

44.47 

70.60 

70.73 

44.11 

47.82 

75.47 

75.82 

42.34 

46.85 

74.13 

76.25

Ash.

18.34 

20.16 

26.12 

26.26 

18.57 

20.35 

27.96 

28.01 

14.16 

15.35 

22.07 

22.17 

15.05 

16.65 

21.06 

21.66

Sulphur.

0.55 

.61 

.56 

.56 

.59 

.64 

.51 

.51 

.55 

.60 

.55 

.55 

.46 

.51 

.58 

.60

Phosphorus.

0.0177

.0175

.0100

. 0125

DENVER No. 6.

Coking tests.

Date..... .....................................................

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet. ............................................ .pounds. . 

Dry................................................. do....

Test 209.

1,19,08

80

10,220 

9,569

Test 210.

1,20,08

30

7,730 

7,238

Test 211.

1,22,08

43

9, 520 

8,729

Test 214.

1,30.08

00

9,790 

9, 198

Remarks. Test No. 209: Charge burned very rapidly, but developed no cracks. At 

no stage was there any evidence of pasty condition or other signs of coking.

Test No. 210: Charge burned with small draft and exhibited onfy few widely separated cracks. Volatile driven off, but resultant product did not stick together.

Test No. 211: Effort to coke not crushed. Volatile driven off down about 12 inches 

and under this unburned coal.

Test No. 214: This test made to ascertain if washing might possibly have destroyed 

coking qualities. Volatile driven off as in Test No. 211, no evidence of coking.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

209

210

211

214

Laboratory. 

No.

J241-D

242-D

240-D

Pna,/Wet. ..........................

Coal\Dry ...........................

roal/Wet. ..........................

CoaltDry ........................... roalrwet.................... .......

Coal\Dry ...........................

Moisture.

6.37

8.31

6.05

Volatile, 

matter.

37.11

39.63

37.44

40.82

35.45

37.73

Fixed 

carbon.

44.57

47.61

42.04

45.86

39.64

42.19

Ash.

11.95

12.76

 12.21

13.32

18.86

20.08

Sulphur.

0.89

.95

.84

.92

1.04

1.11
WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

DENVER No. 7.

Coking tests.

Date. .........................................

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet......................................

Dry......................................

Coke produced:

Wpt

Dry......................................

Breeze produced: 

Wet.....................................

Dry......................................

Total yield: 

Wet......................................

Dry......................................

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravity 

Volume 

Cells..................................

Weight per cubic footDry

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

1. .....................................

2......................................

0

4 .....................................

5 .....................................

...............do....

f....do....

......... .< per cen£_

.......... Jpounds .. 

\per cent. .

/pounds . .

-- ---- \per.cent..

\per cent. . 

..............do....

..............do....

 *

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

...............do....

Test 215.

1,31,08

38

10,990

10,484

7,650

69.61 

7,507 

71.60

212

208

1.98 

71.54

73.58

1.14

1.93

59.00

41.00

95.33

69.76

94.00

92.00

88.50

85.50

89.50

Test 216.

2,2,08

53

13,000

12,379

8,909

68.53 

8,887 

71.79

292

2.25 

291

2.35 

70.78

74.14

1.10

1.96

56.00

44.00

95.86

68.43

97.50

95. 00

92.50

91.00

Q3 flft

Test 221.

2,12,08

44

12,000

11,423

8,367

69.73 

8,347 

73.07

279

2.32 

278

2.43 

72. ,05

75.50

1.08

1.93

56.00

44. 00

94. 64

67.21

98.00

94.50

93 00

90 00

89.00

Remarks. Test No. 215: Light gray and silvery color. Cell structure small. 

Breakage somewhat cross fractured, but pieces of good uniform size, 8-inch cubes. 

Metallic ring. Volatile in coke a little high, due to cold bottom. Good coke.

Test No. 216: Light gray and silvery color. Breakage same as 215. Cell structure 

very small, coke dense. Metallic ring. Very heavy, good coke. Volatile completely expelled.

Test No. 221: Light gray and silvery color, heavy deposit of carbon, probably 

cause of increased yield. Breakage good; long, large pieces. Metallic ring. Very 

heavy, good coke. Cells not so well closed as in coke from finely crushed coal.

Chemical analyses.

Test. 

No.

215 

216 

221

Laboratory 

No..

[264-D 

J268-D 

270-D 

273-D 

301-D 

335-D

CoaiJWet...............

LoaI\Dry. ..............

fWot Coke{pry:."-.::::::::::

roa,fWet.. ...... .......

Coal \Dry..-. ...........

0 , (Wet..............

CokeVDry...............

Coal/Wet...............

Coal lDry. ..............

rWot

Loke\Dry..............

Moisture.

4.60

1.87

4.78

.25

4.81

.24

Volatile 

matter.

29.56 

30.99 

.89 

.91 

29.69 

31.18 

.01 

.01 

29.86 

31.38 

.49 

.49

Fixed 

carbon.

54.10' 

56.70 

79.74 

81.26 

53.79 

56.49 

82.36 

82.57 

52.47 

55.10 

82.49 

82.68

Ash.

11.74 

12.31 

17.50 

17.83 

11.74 

12.33 

17. 38 

17.42 

12.86 

13.52 

16.78 

16.83

Sulphur.

0.67 

.70 

.60 

.61 

.79 

.83 

.60 

.60 

.63 

.66 

.81 

.61

Phosphorus.

0. 0105

.0116

.0140
COKING TESTS.

DENVEE No. 8.

Coking tests.

43

Date of test. ..................................

Size: 

As shipped ................................

Coal charged: 

Wet.......................................

Dry.......................................

Coke produced: 

Wet.......................................

Dry......................................

Breeze produced: 

Wet......................................

Dry.......................................

Total yield: Wet.......................................

Dry.......................................

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravity 

Real ..................................

Volume 

Coke. ..................................

Cells...................................

Weight per cubic foot 

Wet...................................

Dry...................................

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

1....... ................................

2....... .................................

3.......................................

4.......................................

5.......................................

.............do....

f....do...

(pounds. .

......... (per cent, 

(pounds..

......... ^percent 

(pounds..

......... ^er cen£_ 

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

Test 226.

2,17,08

36

r. o. m.

10,020

9,623

7,112

70.98 

7,099

73. 77 

197

1.97 

197

2.05 

72.95

75.82

1.08

1.95

55.00

45.00

95. 33

67.25

98.50

97.50

95.00

92.50

93.50

Test 227.

2,20,08

52

r. o. m.

12,000

11,346

8,502

i\J. oO

8,492

74.85 

207

. to 

207

. Q£>

72.58

76.67

1.06

1.92

55.00

45.00

94.11

66.03

97.00

95.00

92.50

90. 50

93. 50

Test 228.

2,23,08

64

r. o. m.

12,890

12, 111

9,145

70.95 

9,118

75.29 

225

1. 74 

224

1.85 

72.69

77.14

1.02

1.92

53.00

47.00

92.74

63.44

98.50

95.50

93.00

90.00

93. 50

Remarks. Test No. 226: Light gray and silvery. Cell structure small. Metallic 

ring. Breakage somewhat cross-fractured and irregular, but pieces of good size. 

Very hard and dense.

Test No. 227: Same as No. 226.

Test No. 228: Same as 226 and 227, except yield is higher, due to increased volatile 

in coke, not burned as well as two preceding charges. All three gave large yield and 

good, hard coke.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

226 

227 

228

Laboratory 

No.

332-D 

343-D 

[336-D 

J348-D 

J344-D 

J354-D

'

roal |Wet...............

CoaI VDry...............

Coke fWet. .............

UOKeiDry.. ............

Coal /Wet.. ..........:..

Coal lDry.... ...........

rolrpfWet. .............

tokeipry.. ............. cod /Wet.... ...........

0oal lDry... ............

rokp fWet. .............

Coke\Dry.. .............

Moisture.

3.96

.18

5.45

.12

6.04

.29

Volatile 

matter.

29.04 

30.24 

.49 

.49 

28.57 

30.21 

.40 

.40 

28.54 

30.38 

1.27 

1.27

Fixed 

carbon.

55.45 

57.73 

82.23 

82.38 

54.43 

57.57 

82.10 

82.20 

53.79 

57.24 

81.03 

81.27

Ash.

11.55 

12.03 

17.10 

17.13 

11.55 

12.22 

17.38 

17.40 

11.63 

12.38 

17.41 

17.46

Sulphur.

0.71 

.74 

.63 

.63 

.55 

.58 

.60 

.60 

.59 

.61 

.68 

.68

Phosphorus.

0. 0143

.0143

.0110
44 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL. 

DENVER No. 9.

CoHng tests.

'

Date. . ......................................

Size:

As used ..................................

Coal charged: 

Wet.....................................

Dry.....................................

Coke produced: 

Wet. .......

Dry......................................

Breeze produced: 

Wet.....................................

Dry......................................

Total yield: 

Wet.....................................

Dry. .... ...............................

Physical properties: 

Specific gravity 

Apparent. ...........................

Real.................................

Volume 

Cells.................................

Weight per cubic footWet. .....................:..........

Dry.................................

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

2....................................

3....................................

4....................................

5....................................

.........pounds..

............do....

J....do....

 - ^percent., 

(pounds...

...... - |j)er Cent. . 

/pounds...

 "Iper cent. . 

/pounds. . .

............do....

............do....

............do....

............do....

............do....

............do....

Test 222.

2,13,08

35

w., f.c.

10,080

9,687

6,500

64.48 

6,390

65.96 

262

2.60 

258

67.08

68.62

1.03

1.90

54.00

46.00

91.74

63.06

98.00

95.00

92.60

91.00

94.00

Test 223.

2,15,08

 58

w.,f.c.

13, 700

13, 133

8,769

8,741

66.56 

 393

. O/

392

. yo 

66.88

69.54

1.02

1.90

54.00

46.00

92.13

63.44

96.50

93.00

92.50

90.00

89.50

Test 225.

2,17,08

48

w.,f.c.

12,070

11,544

7,630

63.21 

7,534

65.26 

362

. uu 

357

. \JU

66.21

68.35

.93

1.89

49.00

51.00

89.08

57.26

97.00

92.50

90.00

87.50

86.00

Test 241.

3,13,08

45

11, 690

11,349

7,750

66.30 

7, 696

67.81 

405

3.46 

402

3.54 

- 69.76

71.35

1.02

1.93

53.00

47.00

92.47

63.17

96.50

93.50

91.00

87.50

85.50

Remarks. Test No. 222: Light gray and silvery, large deposit of carbon. Cell 

structure good. Good, metallic ring. Breakage good; long, large pieces. Fine, 

heavy coke.

Test Nos. 223, 225, and 241: Same as No. 222.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

222

223

225

241

Laboratory 

No.

J302-D

J330-D

J303-D

J333-D

J331-D

oof U

1

381-D

oyo-JU

Coal fWet. ............: Loal vnrv..............

Coke|Wet..............

0oke\Dry. ..............

CnilWet... ............

Loal \Dry. ..............

Cok fWet........ ......

Coke\Dry. ..............

(

Wot £?::::::::::::::

Cok(JWet..... ..........

Cok:t\Dry...............

f \Vnt

0oal tDry ..............

fWot- Cokp{Dry.-.v.v.:::::::::

Moisture.

3.90

1.70

4.14

.32

4.36

1.26

2.92

.70

Volatile 

matter.

34.69

36.10

2.48

2.52

34.47

. 35.96

.81

.81

35.90

37.53

.96

.97

35.61

36.68

.75

.76

Fixed 

carbon.

47.29

49.23

74.32

75.61

47.95

49.99

79.07

79.32

48.31

50.52

78.89

79.90

46.78

48.19

77.14

77,68

Ash.

14.12

14.67

21.50

21.87

13.44

14.05

19.80

19.87

11.43

11.95

18.89

19.13

14.69

15.13

21.41

21.56

Sulphur.

0.63

.66

.57

.58

.60

.63

.64

.64

.75

.78

.65

.65

.80

.82

.48

.48

Phosphor-, 

us.

0.0154

.0149

.0116

.0163
COKING TESTS.

DENVEE No. 10.

Coking tests.

45

Date. .........................................

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet......................................

Dry. .......................................

Coke produced: 

Wet.......................................

Dry.......................................

Breeze produced: 

Wet. ......................................

Dry.......................................

Total yield: 

Wpr

Dry........................................

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravityReal.................................. Volume 

Coke..................................

folia

Weight per cubic foot 

Wet...................................

Dry....................................

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh-=- 

1 ......................................

2.......................................

3......................................

4.......................................

5.......................................

..............do....

/....do.... "" (percent, 

/pounds..

/pounds.. " 'Iper cent, 

/pounds..

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..:....... ....do....

..............do....

Test 217.

2,3,08

38

si.

9,940

9,494

6,450

64.89 

6, 413

67.55 

215

2.16 

214

2.25 

67.05

69.80

1.04

1.91

46.00

93.15

64.47

98.00

95.00

94.00

90.50

92.00

Test 218.

2,5,08

48

Si.

12,350

11,782

7.547

60.30 

7,480

63.49 

373

3.02 

370

3.14 

63.32

66.63

1.02

1.89

54.00

46.00

91.74

63.06

98.50

97,50

95.00

92.50

94.00

Test 219.

2,9,08

61

si.

14,290

13, 435

8,860

61.58 

8,703

64.79 

449

3.14 

444

3.30 

64.72

68.09

.96

1.94

49 00

51.00

91.06

59.25

96.50

94.00

90.50

89.00

93.00

Remarks. Test No. 2]7:.Light gray and silvery. Cell structure good. Breakage 

good. Good, metallic ring. Good heavy coke. Charge ashed down about one-half 

inch over entire surface.

Test Nos. 218 and 219: Same as 217.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

217 

218 

219

Laboratory 

No.

J269-D 

J286-D 

(283-D 

1285-D 

1284-D 

J312-D

r oi/Wet ..............

Coal lDry. ..............

Coke/Wet............... U>Ke|D

r , /Wet ..............

Coal tDry...............

Coke/Wet.... ........... U^ID .............

roil lwet --------------

Coal \Dry...... .........

p.JWet.. .............

Coke{»ry....... ........

Moisture.

4.49

.57

4.60

.89

5.98

1.10

Volatile 

matter.

33.06 

34.61 

.06 

.66 

 32.84 

34.42 

.99 

1.00 

32.28 

34.34 

.82 

.83

Fixed 

carbon.

50.35 

52.72 

81.59 

82.06 

51. 18 

' 53. 65 

80.32 

81. 04 

50.30 

53.49 

81.09 

81.99

Ash.

12.10 

12. 67 

17.18 

17.28 

11.38 

11.93 

17.80 

17.96 

. 11.44 

12.17 

16.99 

17.18

Sulphur.

0.65 

.68 

.57 

.57 

.58 

.61 

.57 

.58 

.57 

.61 

.60 

.61

Phosphorus.

0. 0077

.0091

.0088
46 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OP COAL.

DENVER No. 11.

Coking tests.

Date...........................................

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet........................................

Dry. .......................................

Coke produced: 

Wet

Dry. .......................................

Breeze produced: 

Wet........................................

Dry........................................

Total yield: 

Wet .......................................

Dry........................................

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravityReal................................... Volume 

Cobe..................................

Cells

Weight per cubic footDry....................................

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

1......................................

2.......................................

3.......................................

4.......................... ............

5.......................................

............ ..do....

f....do.... ' \percent.. 

I pounds... - - ^percent., 

(pounds . . . "" " Ipercent.. 

(pounds...

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

..............do....

Test 230.

2,26,08

34

9,700

9,234

5,934

61.17 

5,872

63.59 

316

3.26 

313

3.39 

64.43

66.98

.96

1.91

50.00

50.00

90.45

59.25

98.50

97.50

94.00

90. 50

94.50

Test 236.

3,4,08

53

w., f. c.

13,270

12,557

9,168

69.09 

9,088

(£ Of

478

3.60 

474

. 10

72.69

76.15

.97

1.96

49.00

51.00

91.78

59.97

97.00

93.50

92.00

89.50

91. 50

Test 240.

3, 10, OS

51

13,800

13,17C

9,54C

69. K 

9,52(

72. 3C 

45(

3.2( 

44£

3. 4] 

72. 3J

75.74

1.0

1 9

54. 0(

46 0(

94.6'

65. 9,

98. (X

96. 0(

94. 5(

92. (X

94. 5(

Remarks. Test No. 230: Light gray and silvery, some little deposited carbon. Cell 

structure a little small, not dense. Breakage good; large pieces. Metallic ring. Good, 

heavy coke.

Test No. 236: Light gray and silvery, good deposit carbon. Cell structure small, 

not dense. Breakage good; large pieces, more brittle than No. 230. Metallic ring. 

Good, heavy coke.

Test No. 240: Light gray and silvery, heavy deposit carbon. Cell structure good. 

Breakage good; long, large, heavy pieces, practically no cross fracture. Metallic 

ring. Fine coke.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

230 

236 

240

Laboratory 

No.

(365-D 

J362-D 

J366-D 

1 372-D 

(377-D 

1380-D

fWot Mory ::::::::::::::

fWpf *H5£::::::::::::::

Coa,rWet... ............

(j°&l \Dry.... ...........

CokJWet.. .............

^oKs\Diy.... ...........

r\Vot c^ffi?:::::::::::::::

r^vo/Wet. ..............

CokeU>ry...... .........

Moisture.

4.80

1.05

5.37

.87

4.56

.15

Volatile 

matter.

35.62 

37.42 

1.66 

1.67 

35.32 

37.32 

1.02 

1.03 

35.37 

37.06 

.35 

.35

Fixed 

carbon.

46.77 

49.12 

78.02 

78.85 

46.29 

48.91 

77.56 

78.25 

47.27 

49.53 

79.18 

79.30

Ash.

12.81 

13.46 

19.27 

19.48 

13.02 

13.77 

20.55 

20.72 

12.80 

13.41 

20.32 

20.35

Sulphur.

0.57 

.61 

.53 

.53 

.55 

.58 

.45 

.45 

.61 

.64 

.55 

.55

Phosphorus.

0. 0416

.0400

.0425
COKING TESTS. 47

DENVER No. 12.

Coking tests.

.

Size:

As used.

Coal charged: 

Wet. ................................................. .pounds. .

Test 229.

2,24,08

49

r. o. m.

r., f. c.

9,360

8,881

Test 231.

2,26,08

27

r. o. m.

7,820

7.402

None

Test 232.

2,28,08

46

r. o. m.

10,500

9,594

Remarks. Test No. 229: No coke produced. All volatile expelled. Charge did 

not swell at all,- and only developed a few small cracks down a few inches.

Test No. 231: No coke produced. All volatile apparently expelled. Drawn from 

oven in same form as coal charged, upper layers covered with deposited carbon, showing intense heat. Oven was closed tight for three hours after charging in endeavor 

to crack and soak charge. Cracks very few and only extended down about 3 inches.

Test No. 232: No coke produced. The coal for this charge was passed through jig 

in order to thoroughly wet. It was hoped this wetting, together with closing oven, 

as in test 231, would develop cracks, but result was same as two preceding tests. 

All volatile was expelled, but resultant product did not stick together and was drawn 

in same form as charged.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

229

231

*m

Laboratory 

No.

347-D

349-D

359-D

r^i/Wet............. ...............

Coali Dry... .........................

/

Wat -"-,5^::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

roa,jWet..... .......................

Coal\Dry ................... .........

Moisture.

5.12

5.35

8.63

Volatile 

matter.

38.46

40.54

40.10

42.37

38.44

42.07

Fixed 

carbon.

45.94

48.42

46.56

49.19

46.17

50.53

Ash.

10.48

11.04

7.99

8.44

6.76

7.40

Sulphur.

0.55

.58

.48

.50

.51

.56

DENVER No. 13.

Coking teats.

Test 233.

Date.......................................................................................

Duration............................................................................ hours.

Size:

As shipped.............................................................................

As used................................................................................

Coal charged:

Wet............................................................................pounds.

Dry............................................................................... do...

Coke produced............................................'.................................

2,27,08

22

r. o. m. 

r., f. c.

9,710 

7,652 

None'

Remarks. Test No. 233: No coke produced. This coal subbituminous.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

-No.

^oo

Laboratory 

No.

O*>o~-L/ Coa] fWet................. ...........

Coal\Dry... .........................

Moisture.

21.19

Volatile 

in alter.

36.91

Fixed 

carbon.

37.12

47.11

Ash.

4.78

6.06

Sulphur.

0.34
48 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OP COAL. 

' DENVER No. 14.

Coking tests.

Date................................................

SUe:

Coal charged: 

Wet. ................................ .pounds. .

Coke produced: 

Wpt wet..... ......................... -- -|p/....do.... ercent. 

Dry ' (pounds.. jji y ................................. .^per cent 

Breeze produced: 

Wet... (pounds

D . jpounds. .

i/ij .................................. ^ cent

Total yield: 

Wet.... ................................... do....

Physical properties of coke: o 

Specific gravity 

Real ........................................

Volume 

. Cells.................................. do....

Weight per cubic footWet ..............:............... .pounds . .

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

1 ................................ .per cent. . 

2............. ....................... ....do....

3..................".......... .........".do....

4...................................... do....

5......................................do....

Test 242.

3,16,08

65

r., f. c.

12, 160 

11,771

6,000

49.34 

5,987

50.86 

2,061

16.95 

2,056

17.46 

66 29

68.32

91

1.87

49 00

51.00

88.47 

56.65

87.50 

80.00

73.00

65.00

65.00

Test 243.

3,17,08

.72

r., f. c.

13,300 

12,998

5,100

38.34 

5,037

38.75 a

3,141

23.62 

3,102

23.87 

61.96

62.62

1.01

1.83

55.00

45. 00

87.78 

62.22

' 86. 00 

79.60

68.00

65.50

69.00

Test 244.

3,18,08

45

8,490 

8,195

5,086

59.91 

5,044

61.55 

936

11.02 

928

11.32

W O1?

72.87

.82

1.76

47.00

53.00

92.54 

50.71

92.00 

82.50

77.00

72.00

80.00

Test 245.

3,21,08

56

r f c

11,000 

10,678

5,700

51.82 

5,681

53.20 

1,212

11.02 

1,208

11.31 

62.84

64.51

96

1.76

55.00

45.00

87.78 

<;o 70

90.00

70 fifi

72.50

68.50

Test 246.

3,21,08

48

r f r>

9,280 

8,321

4,350

46.88 

4,330

52.04 

1,770

19.07 

1,762

21.17 

65.95

73.21

.96

1.76

55.00

45.00

87.55 

59.47

89. 50 

77 >;n

67.50

60.00

57.50

Remarks. Test' No. 242: Fine-fingered coke. Light gray color. Cell structure 

small, dense. Breakage, very badly cross fractured! Upper 4 inches fused mass 

of separate coal particles, no cells; middle 10 inches hard dense coke, fingered; bottom 

6 inches separate coal particles not fused together, but with volatile expelled.

Test No. 243: Same as No. 242. Larger per cent breeze, due to larger size of charge 

and inability to burn to bottom, some unburnt coal being drawn.

Test Na. 244: Light gray and silvery color, large deposit carbon. Drawn from oven 

in lumps same size as charged, from fines to 12-inch cubes. All volatile expelled. 

Very fine cells. Metallic ring. Lumps on fracture have appearance of charcoal 

structure. Very light weight. Charge did not fuse or show any evidence of running 

together, but every coal particle coked separately.

Test No. 245: Dull gray color. Poor, soft coke. Fine fingered and badly cross 

fractured. Metallic ring. Cell structure very small, dense.

Test No. 246: This charge thoroughly wet before charging in attempt to hold back 

oven and get larger and more open cracks; no results. Produced poor, soft, finefingered coke. Dull gray color, some little deposit of carbon on upper 2 inches. 

Cell structure small, dense. Breakage, badly cross fractured. Metallic ring. Very 

light weight.
COKING TESTS. 

Chemical analyses.

49

Test 

No.

242 

243 

244 

245

24G

Laboratory 

No.

J400-D 

J402-D 

J401-D 

J421-D 

f403-D 

J420-D 

J423-D 

1436-D 

(422-D 

J437-D

roa,fWet...............

CoaI\Dry.. .............

 , /Wet.............

Cokc(Dry...... .........

Coal/ wet.. .............

CoaIlDry.... ...........

f Wpt co^Drv :::.::::::::::

MS f Wpf ::::::::::::::

fWnl

c°KS.\Y.v.:::::::::

fwot co^Dry:::::::::::::::

fWnt Coke{Dry:.v.v.:::::::::

Coal/Wet. ..............

Loal\Dry. ..............

fWpt Coke{»ry ::::::::::::::

Moisture.

3.20

.22

2.27

1.23

3.48

.83

2.93

.34

10.33

.47

Volatile 

matter.

38.36 

39.63 

.94 

.94 

40.17 

41.10 

1.82 

1.84 

40.95 

42.43 

.92 

.93 

40.15 

41.36 

.81 

.81 

36.52 

40.74 

.90 

.90

Fixed 

carbon.

53.78 

55.56 

90.53 

90.73 

52.68 

53.91 

89.13 

90.24 

51.08 

52.92 

90.46 

91.22 

52.19 

53.78 

90.37 

90.68 

48.25 

53.80 

89.06 

89.48

Ash.

4.66 

4.81 

8.31 

8.33 

4.88 

4.99 

7.82 

7.92 

4.49 

4.65 

7.79 

7.85 

4.73 

4.86 

8.48 

8.51 

4.90 

5.46 

9.57 

9.62

Sulphur.

0.55 

.57 

.56 

.56 

.60 

.61 

.65 

.66 

.63 

.65 

.51 

.51 

.64 

.66 

.69 

.69 

.53 

.59 

.73 

.73

Phosphorus.

0.0180

.0248

. 0275

.0300

.0260

DENVER, Nos. 6 AND 7, MIXED.

Coking tests.

Date.........."...............

Size:

 Wet.. ........... pounds..

Coke produced: 

Wet... ....... ......do....

Dry................ do....

Wet. ...........percent..

Total yield:

Test 220.

2, 9, 08

25

& r. o. m. 

w., f. c.

8,250

7,814

5,222

5,216

63.30

66.75

177

177

2.14

2.27

65.44

69.02

Test 224.

2,14,08

22

& r. o. m.

6,210 

5,809

3,365

3,318

54.19

57.12

513

506

8.26

8.71

62.45

65.83

Real..................

VolumeCells........... do....

Weight per cubic footDry............ do....

2-inch mesh 

2........ ...... .do....

3. ........ ......do....

4...... ....... ..do....

5. ....... .......do....

Test 220.

1.11

1.93

58.00

42.00

95.36

69.15

97.50

93.00

90.50

89.00

90.50

Test 224.

1.00

1.86

54.00

46.00

90.18

61.49

96. 50

94.00

88.50

84.00

84.50

Remarks. Test 220: Proportions 1 to 3. Coke light gray color. Cell-structure good. 

Breakage cross-fractured and irregular, but pieces of ggpd size; 6-inch cubes. Mixture 

of noncoking No. 6 appears to have opened cells.

Test 224: Proportions 2 to 1. Coke dull gray color; soft, dense, punky. Cell-structure 

exceedingly small, only visible by means of magnifying glass. Breakage very poor 

and irregular, cohesion slight. Percentage of breeze very large. This was an attempt 

to show possibility of producing coke from noncoking coal by addition of good coking 

coal. Results seem to indicate that noncoking coal acts simply as dilutent and on 

this particular coal at least 50 per cent of good coal is required to make passable coke. 

61271 Bull. 368 09 4
50 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL. 

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

220

224

Laboratory 

No.

J299-D

1307-D

dJo-JJ

jp^y u

{

Wot ?£:".::::::::::

{

Wot- 3£::::::::::::::

Coal /Wet..............

toal \Dry.... ...........

Cokp /Wet. .............

Coke\Dry.. ............

Moisture.

5.28

.12

6.46

1.40

Volatile 

matter.

32.45

34.26

.12

.12

34.25

36.61

1.16

1.18

Fixed 

carbon. ,

50.64

53.46

81.90

82.00

48.03

51.35

78.77

79.89

Ash.

11.63

12.28

17.86

17.88

11.26

12.04

18.67

18.93

Sulphur.

0.58

.61

.59

.59

.67

.72

.58

.59

Phosphorus.

0.0086

.0109

DENVER Nos. 9 AND 12, MIXED.

Coking tests.

Date.....................................................................................

Size:. 

As shipped ; ..........................................................................

Coal charged:

Dry. ............................................................................ do....

Test 237.

3,5,08

45

r. o. m.

No. 12 r. 

10,000

9,407

Remarks. Test No. 237: Proportions, 1 to 4. No coke produced. Some few pieces 

of slightly adhering product, with volatile driven out, which fall to pieces when drawn.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

ZiOl

Laboratory 

No.

370-D Coal/Wet. ..........................

^'tDry............... .............

Moisture.

5.93

Volatile 

matter.

38.30

40.71

Fixed 

carbon.

44.40

47.20

Ash.

11.37

12.09

Sulphur.

0.46

.49

DENVER Nos. 12 AND 13, MIXED.

Coking tests.

Date .......................................................................................

Size:

Coal charged:

Dry................................... ......................................... ..do....

Test 234.

2,29,08

12

r., f. c.

8,710

7,719

None

Remarks. Test No. 234: Proportions, 1 to 1. No coke produced. Burned_ for 

about twelve hours and blaze lost. Ashed down about 2 inches. This was attempt 

to produce coke from two noncoking coals, one, Denver 12, very dry, and other, Denver

13, very high in moisture.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

234

Laboratory 

No.

ODU-J-/

Coal fWet.. .........................

0oaliDry............................

Moisture.

11.38

Volatile 

matter.

38.55

43.50

Fixed 

carbon.

43.05

48.58

Ash.

7.02

7.92

Sulphur.

0.44

.50
COKING TESTS. 51

DENVEE Nos. 8 AND 12, MIXED.

Coking tests.

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet. ........... .pounds. . 

Dry. ...............do. ... 

Coke produced:

wet--- -- ! per cent. 

TITV mounds..

Breeze produced: 

Wpt /pounds. . vvet- "-Iper cent. 

Dry /pounds ' \per cent. 

Total yield: 

Wet.. ....... ......do....

Test 238.

3,6,08 

38

r. o. m. 

f.e.,No.8\

10,000 

9,543

5,850 

58.50 

5,841 

61.21

421 

4.21 

420 

4.40

' 62. 71 

65.61

Test 239.

3,7,08 

30

r. o. m. 

v.,No.!2r.

8,000 

7,042

4,599 

57.49 

4,593 

60. 10

257 

3.21 

257 

3.36

00.70 

63.46

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravity 

Real.................

VolumeCells........... do....

Weight per cubic footWet. ........pounds.. 

Dry........... .do....

6-foot drop test over 2- 

inch mesh 

2........... P...do....

3.. .............do....

4.. ............ .do.... 

5...............do....

Test 238.

1.00 

1.85

54.00 

46.00

83.32 

62.26

96.00 

93.50 

90.00 

88.50 

88.00

Test 239.

1.02 

1.80

57.00 

43.00

90.37 

63. 55

97.00 

94.00 

90.00 

86.50 

89.50

Remarks. Test No. 238: Proportions, 2 to 3. Poor, dense coke. Very hard. Dull 

gray color, some little deposit of carbon on upper 4 inches. Cell structure very small. 

Breakage, badly cross fractured.

Test No. 239: Proportions, 1 to 1. Coke same as in test No. 238; larger proportion 

of good coking coal improves but slightly, if at all.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

238

239

Laboratory 

No.

J371-D

{375-D

J374-D

1376-D

Coke

Wet..............

Dry...............

Wet. ............

Dry.... .........

Wet..............

Dry. ..............

(Wet..............

\?>ry. ..............

Moisture.

4.57

.16

4.47

.13

Volatile 

matter.

35. 64

37.35

1.12

1.12

35.86

37. 54

.50

.50

Fixed 

carbon.

50.02

52.41

83.20

83.34

49.70

52.02

82.41

82.52

Ash.

9.77

10.24

15.52

15.54

9.97

10.44

16.96

16.98

Sulphur.

0.64

.67

.71

.71

.59

.62

.64

.64

Phosphorus.

0. 0184

.0200

DENVER Nos. 8 AND 13, MIXED.

Coking tests.

Date ................

Size:

Coal charged: 

Wet ............. 

Dry.............

Coke produced: 

Wet.............

Dry.............

Breeze produced: 

Wet.............

Dry.............

.......pounds..

/...do....

(pounds... \percent.. 

/pounds...

/pounds... (percent..

Test 235.

3,3,08 

47

r. o. m. 

f. c., No. 8 

w.,No.!3 

r.

10, 100 

9,795

3,600 

35.64 

3,565 

36.40

1,280 

12.67 

1,267 

12.93

Total yield: 

Wet................... 

Dry...................

Physical properties of coke: 

Specific gravityApparent..........

Real...............

Volume: 

Coke...............

Cells...............

Weight per cubic footWet...............

Dry............... 

Six-foot drop test ov mesh 

1..................

2...................

3................... 

4...................

5...................

per cent. .

per cent. . 

....do....

.pounds..

er 2-inch

per cent. . 

....do....

....do..... 

....do....

....do....

Test 235.

48.31 

49 33

1.03 

1.88

55.00 

45.00

91.67 

63.59

91.00 

84.50 

76.00 

70.00 

71.50
52 WASHING AND COKING TESTS OF COAL.

Remarks. Test No. 235: Proportions 2 to 3. Produced 35.64 per cent soft, punky 

coke. Very dense; cohesion slight. Breeze very high. Test demonstrates uselessness of attempting to coke this subbituminous coal by addition of coking coal.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

235

Laboratory 

No.

[364-D

[373-D

/Wet Coal < T)..y

(Wet Coke\ j-j 

Moisture.

13. 02

.98

Volatile 

matter.

34.48

39.64

3.29

3.32

Fixed 

carbon.

45.80

52.66

82.80

83.61

Ash.

6.70.

7.70

12.93

13.07

Sulphur.

0.39

.45

.58

.59

Phosphorus.

0.0086

DENVER Nos. 1, 2, AND 3, MIXED.

Coking tests.

Wet..............

Dry..............

Wet..............

Dry..............

Wet............... 

Dry...............

Breeze produced: 

Wet..............

Dry...............

Wet...............

Dry...............

..........do....

..........do....

......percent..

.......... do... .

Test 206.

1,6,08

49

w.,f. c.

12,570

12, 150

7,783

7,774

61.92 

63.98

290

289

2.30

2.38

Total yield:

Cells............... ....do....

Wet. ............... .pounds. .

6-foot drop test over 2-inch mesh 

2... .................. ...do....

3.......... ....... .......do....

4..... ....... ............do....

Test 206.

64.22

66.36

1.03

1.95

53.00

47.00

93.46 

64.16

98.00

95.50

93.00

89.50

01 on

Remarks. Proportions, No. 1, 31.26 per cent; No. 2, 54.34 per cent; No. 3, 14.40 

per cent. Coke dark gray color with a little silvery deposited carbon. Cell structure good, dense on outside. Breakage good, regular sized pieces. Metallic ring. 

Good, strong coke. Mixture makes good product, probably better than that from 

any separate charge.

Chemical analyses.

Test 

No.

206

Laboratory 

No.

(210-D

J224-D

~ Q , /Wet...... ........

C^tDry... ............

(

Wot Dr?::::::::::::::

Moisture.

3.34

.12

Volatile 

matter.

32.17

33.28

.49

.49

Fixed 

carbon.

51.82

53.61

78.74

78.83

Ash.

12.67

13.11

20.65

20.68

Sulphur.

0.72

.75

.50

.50

Phosphorus.

0. 0215
COKING TESTS. 53 

CONCLUSIONS.

Coal No. 6, with the addition of B6§ per cent of good coking coal 

(test 220), produced good coke, but when the percentage was lowered to 25 (test 224) the resultant product was poor, soft, and dense. 

This apparently shows that noncoking coal acted simply as a diluent. 

Coal No. 12, with the addition of 40 per cent of good coking coal 

(test 238) produced only poor coke; with the addition of 50 per cent 

(test 239) it showed little, if any, improvement, and with the addition 

of only 25 per cent (test 237) no coke was produced. Coal No. 13, 

with the addition of 40 per cent of good coking coal (test 235), produced poor, soft coke that barely stuck together; this test demonstrates the uselessness of attempting to coke subbituminous coals by 

the addition of coking coal.

The mixing of coal of high moisture content with very dry coal 

(test 234), both noncoking, in an attempt to produce coke, gave no 

evidence of coking.

As a supplement to the results of the 6-foot drop test, it was 

deemed advisable to compare the percentage obtained from four 

drops as heretofore, and that from four drops without intermediate 

screening. In the majority of tests, as was to be expected, the small 

coke, taken out in the regular test, helped to reduce the breakage. 

When the difficulties of sampling, etc., are considered, the third drop 

of the regular test and the fourth of consecutive drops compare 

favorably. The separate drops are shown to give an idea of the 

amount of breakage that might be expected, according to the number of times handled, this number varying, of course, in different lines 

of commercial work.

The loss of sulphur in the 44 tests that produced coke averages 

35.05 per cent, the lowest being 9.42 per cent for Denver No. 14 (test 

246), and the highest 58.75 per cent for Denver No. 9 (test 241).
SURVEY PUBLICATIONS ON FUEL TESTING.

The following publications, except those to which a price is affixed, 

can be obtained free by applying to the Director, Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. The priced publications can be purchased from 

the Superintendent of, Documents, Government Printing Office, 

Washington, D. C.

BULLETIN 261. Preliminary report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the 

United States Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in St. Louis, 

Mo., 1904; E. W. Parker, J. A. Holmes, M. R. Campbell, committee in charge. 1905. 

172 pp. 10 cents.

PROFESSIONAL PAPER 48. Report on the operations of the coal-testing plant of the 

United States Geological Survey at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, 

Mo., 1904; E. W. Parker, J. A Holmes, M. R. Campbell, committee in charge. 1906. 

In three parts. 1492 pp., 13 pis. $1.50.

BULLETIN 290. Preliminary report on the operations of the fuel-testing plant of the 

United States Geological Survey at St. Louis, Mo., 1905, by J. A. Holmes. 1906. 

240 pp. 20 cents.

BULLETIN 323. Experimental work conducted in the chemical laboratory of the 

United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., January 1, 1905, to July 31, 1906, 

by N. W. Lord. 1907. 49 pp.

BULLETIN 325. A study of four hundred steaming tests, made at the fuel-testing 

plant, St. Louis, Mo., 1904, 1905, and 1906, by L. P. Breckenridge. 1907. 1-96 pp.

BULLETIN 332. Report of the United States fuel-testing plant at St. Louis, Mo., 

January 1,1906, to June 30, 1907; J. A. Holmes, in charge. 190S. 299 pp.

BULLETIN 3.''>4. The burning of coal without smoke in boiler plants: a preliminary 

report, by D. T. Randall. 1908. 26 pp.

BULLETIN 336. Washing and coking tests of coal and cupola tests of coke, by Richard Moldenke, A. W. Belden, and G. R. Delamater. 1908. 76 pp.

BULLETIN 339. The purchase of coal under Government and commercial specifications on the basis of its heating value, with analyses of coal delivered under Government contracts, by D. T. Randall. 1908. 27 pp.

BULLETIN 343. Binders for coal briquets, by J. E. Mills. 1908. 56 pp.

BULLETIN 362. Mine sampling and chemical analyses of coals tested at the United 

States fuel-testing plant, Norfolk, Va., in 1907, by J. S. Burrows. 1908. 23 pp.

BULLETIN 363. Comparative tests of run-of-mine and briquetted coal on locomotives, by VV. F. M. Goss, 1908. 57 pp.

BULLETIN 366. Tests of coal and briquets as fuel in house-heating boilers, by D. T. 

Randall. 1908. 44 pp.

54

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