Number 58 n October 4, 2012

HIV Testing in the U.S. Household Population
 

Aged 15–44: Data From the National Survey of
 

Family Growth, 2006–2010
 by Anjani Chandra, Ph.D., Veena G. Billioux, Sc.M., Casey E. Copen, Ph.D.,
 

National Center for Health Statistics; Alexandra Balaji, Ph.D., and Elizabeth DiNenno, Ph.D.,
 

National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention
 

Abstract

Objectives—This report presents nationally representative estimates and

trends for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing among the U.S.

household population aged 15–44. Data are presented for lifetime experience

with HIV testing and HIV testing in the past year, including testing done as part

of prenatal care.

Methods—Data for this report come from the 2006–2010 National Survey of

Family Growth (NSFG), consisting of 22,682 interviews with men and women

aged 15–44, conducted from June 2006 through June 2010. The overall response

rate for the 2006–2010 NSFG was 77%: 78% for women and 75% for men.

Results—Among U.S. women aged 15–44, the percentage ever tested for

HIV outside of blood donation increased significantly from 35% in 1995 to 55%

in 2002, and to 59% in 2006–2010. Among men aged 15–44, the percentage ever

tested outside blood donation fell from 47% in 2002 to 42% in 2006–2010.

Within gender groups in 2006–2010, the proportions ever tested for HIV outside

of blood donation were similar for Hispanic and non-Hispanic white persons:

roughly 6 out of 10 among women and 4 out of 10 among men. However, a

higher percentage of non-Hispanic black women (75%) and non-Hispanic black

men (61%) had ever been tested for HIV outside of blood donation. Based on

2006–2010 data, 21% of women were tested for HIV within the 12 months prior

to interview, compared with 13% of men. While NSFG data cannot ascertain the

temporal sequencing of risk-related behaviors and HIV testing, the data indicate

that testing within the past year occurs more often among individuals reporting

potential HIV risk-related behaviors.

Keywords: human immunodeficiency virus • prenatal HIV testing • sexual risk

behaviors

Introduction

Reducing the number of people who

become infected with human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus

that causes acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome (AIDS), is one of the three

primary goals of the National HIV/

AIDS Strategy (1). HIV infection may

not show symptoms for years; therefore,

routine, voluntary HIV testing (outside

the context of blood or blood product

donation) to enable individual awareness

of one’s HIV status is an important

component of the National HIV/AIDS

Strategy for the United States (2–4).

HIV testing is also a way to link

individuals to care early in their

infection: This directly benefits the

individual and is a core principle

guiding the HIV prevention strategy

because individuals on treatment for

HIV are less likely to transmit the virus

than untreated HIV-positive individuals

(1). At the end of 2008, an estimated

1,178,350 persons aged 13 and over

were living with HIV in the United

States (5). Of those, 20% were

estimated to have undiagnosed HIV

infections. Studies show that those who

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

National Center for Health Statistics 
Page 2	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

know that they are HIV-positive are less

likely to engage in behaviors that are

associated with HIV transmission and

may put their partners at risk (4–8).

Monitoring HIV testing patterns in the

United States is therefore an essential

public health task.

The National Survey of Family

Growth (NSFG) provides nationally

representative data on the HIV testing

experience of persons aged 15–44 in the

general household population of the

United States (9–14). This report

presents the following indicators of HIV

testing based on the 2006–2010 NSFG,

and where possible, shows trends from

2002 and 1995:

+ Overall HIV testing experience in

lifetime (Tables 1 and 2)

+ HIV testing outside of blood

donation, in lifetime and in last 12

months (Tables 3 and 4, Figures 1–3)

+ Main reasons cited for the most

recent HIV test outside of blood

donation (Tables 5–7)

+ Prenatal HIV testing for women with

a recent completed pregnancy

(Table 8)

+ Nonreceipt of HIV test results

(Table 9, Figure 4)

Because it is important for

individuals to be aware of their HIV

status, this report highlights

characteristics of those who have never

been tested for HIV in any context, as

well as those who have only been tested

as part of blood donation. NSFG, like

most large-scale surveys, distinguishes

individuals who have only been tested

for HIV as part of blood donation

because HIV screening for all donated

blood or blood products became routine

and mandatory in 1985 (15). Donors

who test positive for HIV are told their

HIV status, and absence of such

notification essentially indicates

HIV-negative status; therefore all donors

become aware, directly or indirectly, of

their HIV status. Individuals who report

being tested for HIV outside of blood

donation, but did not receive their HIV

test result, may be unaware of their HIV

status, and are described separately in

this report.

HIV testing data are shown with

respect to several key social or

demographic characteristics of the

survey respondents including age,

marital or cohabiting status, educational

attainment, metropolitan residence,

percentage of poverty level of

household, and Hispanic origin and race.

This report also examines HIV testing in

relation to select sexual and drug-related

behaviors associated with HIV risk and

included in NSFG, as described in

earlier reports (12,13).

Methods

Data source

NSFG has been conducted seven

times by the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention’s (CDC) National Center

for Health Statistics: in 1973 and 1976

with samples of married and formerly

married women; in 1982, 1988, and

1995 with samples of women of all

marital status categories; and in 2002

and 2006–2010 with national samples of

both women and men aged 15–44. Each

time, the interviews were conducted in

person by trained female interviewers in

the respondents’ homes. This report is

primarily based on interviews conducted

from June 2006 through June 2010. The

2006–2010 NSFG was based on 22,682

face-to-face interviews among those

aged 15–44 in the U.S. household

population: 12,279 with women and

10,403 with men. The 2006–2010

sample is a nationally representative

multistage area probability sample, and

further details of the design and

respondent selection have been

published (9).

All respondents were given written

and oral information about the survey

and were informed that participation

was voluntary. Adult respondents aged

18–44 were asked to sign a consent

form, but consent could be given orally.

For minors aged 15–17, signed consent

was required first from a parent or

guardian, and then signed assent was

required from the minor: If either the

parent or the minor declined to give

written consent, the minor did not

participate in the survey.

The response rate for the 2006–

2010 NSFG was 77% overall; 78% for

women and 75% for men. More detailed

information about the methods and

procedures of NSFG and its sample

design, weighting, imputation, and

variance estimation has been published

(9,10,16).

Much of the NSFG data, including

the information on HIV testing, was

collected by computer-assisted personal

interviewing, in which the questionnaire

was stored on a laptop computer and

administered by an interviewer. Some of

the HIV risk-related variables described

in this report were collected using audio

computer-assisted self-interviewing

(ACASI), in which the respondent reads

or listens to the questions and enters his

or her own responses in privacy, without

assistance from the interviewer or

disclosing responses to her. The value of

this mode of data collection for more

complete reporting of sensitive

behaviors has been described in prior

reports (13,17,18).

HIV testing measures

included

Overall HIV testing experience—

NSFG obtains detailed information on

HIV testing outside of blood donation,

including date, place, and main reason

for the respondent’s most recent HIV

test. To gain a more complete picture of

overall HIV testing experience, all

NSFG respondents are first asked about

blood donation because it has been

routine since 1985 for donated blood

and blood products to be screened for

HIV (15). Depending on their answer

about blood donation, the HIVTEST

question (HE-2 for females and IF-2 for

males) then asks:

‘‘(Apart from testing that may have

been done with your blood

donations,) Have you ever had your

blood tested for HIV, the virus that

causes AIDS?’’

The responses to these questions are

combined to yield the overall HIV

testing measure shown in Tables 1 and

2:

+ Never tested for HIV in any context

+	 Only tested for HIV as part of blood

donation

+	 Ever tested for HIV outside of blood

donation
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012	 Page 3

Women who reported HIV testing

during their most recent completed

pregnancy within the last 12 months are

included in this last category. That is, if

a female respondent had a pregnancy

ending in live birth, spontaneous

pregnancy loss, or induced abortion

within the 12 months prior to interview

and reported ‘‘yes’’ to HE-9 PREGHIV,

she is counted as having ever been

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation.

HIV testing in last 12 months—HIV

testing outside of blood donation and

within the last 12 months is shown

separately in Tables 3 and 4 and is also

used as an independent variable in

Tables 6, 7, and 9. Women who reported

HIV testing during their most recent

completed pregnancy within the past

year were not asked for the date of this

test, but were counted as having had an

HIV test within the last 12 months,

given the recency of their pregnancy.

Main reason for most recent HIV

test—All respondents who reported an

HIV test outside of blood donation were

asked:

‘‘Please look at Card 73a. I am

going to show you a list of reasons

why some people have been tested

for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

(Not including your blood

donations), which of these would

you say was the main reason for

your last HIV test?’’

The reasons marked with a dagger

(†) below were offered explicitly on the

response show card, and others were

coded based on verbatim responses to

the ‘‘other-specify’’ follow-up question.

1.	 †Part of medical checkup or

procedure

2.	 †Part of prenatal care (for women

only)

3.	 †Required for health or life

insurance

4.	 †Required for marriage license or to

get married

5.	 †Required for job or military service

6.	 Required for immigration or travel

7.	 Required for incarceration

8.	 †Finding out if infected

9.	 Possible exposure from sexual or

drug behavior

10. †Someone suggested it

11. New partner

12. Other reason

Table 5 shows the full distribution

of these responses for men and women

who have ever been tested for HIV

outside of blood donation, and Tables 6

and 7 show a limited set of aggregated

reasons, partly to ensure larger sample

sizes and partly based on substantive

categories of reasons. Respondents who

answered ‘‘someone suggested it’’

(response 10) were asked a follow-up

question to determine if the HIV test

was suggested by a doctor or medical

care provider, a sexual partner, or

someone else. Responses of ‘‘doctor or

medical care provider’’ were included in

Tables 6 and 7 as ‘‘part of medical

checkup or procedure.’’ Responses 3–7

were grouped together in Tables 6 and 7

as ‘‘required for non-medical reasons.’’

Respondents who gave responses 8, 9,

and 11 were grouped together as having

‘‘personal or relationship-based reasons

for finding out if infected,’’ along with

respondents who said it was a ‘‘sexual

partner’’ who suggested their most

recent HIV test. The column labeled

‘‘other reason’’ in Tables 6 and 7 was

comprised of all other reasons not

shown separately because of small

sample sizes, including possible

exposure to HIV through occupational

accidents and those who said ‘‘someone

else’’ suggested their most recent HIV

test.

Prenatal HIV testing—HIV testing

as part of prenatal care for women’s

most recent completed pregnancy within

the last 12 months is shown in Table 8.

Women with a recent completed

pregnancy were counted as having had

prenatal HIV testing if they answered

‘‘yes’’ to the separate question (HE-9

PREGHIV) about such testing, or if they

selected prenatal care as the main reason

for their most recent HIV test on HE-5

HIVTST.

Nonreceipt of HIV test results—All

respondents who were ever tested for

HIV outside of blood donation were

asked, ‘‘How soon after your last test

for HIV did you receive your results?’’

One of the possible response options

was that he or she never received the

test results; this measure is shown in

Table 9.

Demographic and behavioral

variables used

HIV testing data presented in this

report are shown with respect to several

key social or demographic

characteristics including age, marital or

cohabiting status, educational

attainment, metropolitan residence,

percentage of poverty level of

household, health insurance coverage,

and Hispanic origin and race. All

characteristics reflect the respondent’s

status at time of interview.

When the top category of

educational attainment is bachelor’s

degree or higher, education is shown

based only on respondents aged 22–44

because large percentages of those aged

15–21 are still attending school. To

ensure adequate sample sizes, education

is sometimes shown in two categories:

high school diploma or General

Educational Development (GED) or less,

and any college attendance. When this

two-category variable is shown,

education is based on respondents aged

20–44.

The measure of marital or

cohabiting status used in this report is

based only on relationships with

opposite-sex spouses or partners, in

keeping with the marital or cohabiting

status variables that have been defined

across all NSFG surveys to date. When

sample sizes permit, those who are not

cohabiting and have never been married

are shown separately by their experience

with vaginal intercourse with an

opposite-sex partner.

Metropolitan residence is based on

official U.S. Census Bureau counts and

the Office of Management and Budget’s

(OMB) definition of metropolitan

statistical areas, which uses the

respondent’s address at time of

interview. Percentage of poverty level is

based on a comparison of each
Page 4	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

respondent’s household income to the

poverty thresholds for a family of this

size, as defined by the U.S. Census

Bureau (see Appendix 3 in 19).

Adjustments are not made for variations

in cost of living in the place where the

respondent resides. This measure is

shown only for respondents aged 20–44

to exclude potentially misreported or

incompletely reported household

incomes by teenagers. Similarly, current

health insurance coverage is shown only

for respondents aged 20–44 to minimize

the extent of misreporting. The

categories shown for health insurance

are based on those used in other

national surveys (see Appendix 3 in 19).

For example, persons covered only by

the Indian Health Service (IHS) or

single-service plans, such as vision and

dental plans, are grouped with uninsured

persons.

The definitions of Hispanic origin

and race used in this report take into

account the reporting of more than one

race, in accordance with 1997 guidelines

from OMB (20). For convenience in

writing, the short term ‘‘non-Hispanic

black’’ will be used instead of the full

phrase, ‘‘non-Hispanic black or African

American, single race.’’ Similarly, the

term ‘‘non-Hispanic white’’ will be used

instead of the full phrase, ‘‘non-Hispanic

white, single race.’’ The full forms of

these category labels are shown in the

tables. In selected tables where sample

sizes permit, Asian persons are shown

separately, and persons of Hispanic

origin have been classified by whether

they were born in the United States.

For women, Table 2 also shows

overall HIV testing experience by

experience of a completed pregnancy.

For men aged 25–44, Table 2 shows two

additional characteristics for overall HIV

testing experience: whether he had ever

served in the military or ever been in

prison, jail, or a detention center. The

duration of military service or type of

military service was not ascertained.

Similarly, the questions on prison

experience do not ascertain the nature of

the offense, whether the respondent was

convicted of any offense, or the duration

of the incarceration. Despite the

limitations of these measures, they are

included because HIV testing experience

may vary based on men’s experience

with military service or incarceration.

HIV testing policies related to the

incarcerated population are determined

by each state’s department of corrections

and by the Federal Bureau of Prisons. In

2009, CDC released guidelines to

standardize and promote HIV testing in

correctional settings. Since 1985, the

U.S. military has conducted routine HIV

screening, and in 2004, the Department

of Defense set a standard testing interval

of 2 years for all service members

(21–23). These questions on prison

experience and military service were not

asked of women in NSFG because this

experience is relatively rare among

women in the general household

population. The measures are based on

men aged 25–44 to capture more

complete reporting of this experience.

Military experience is presented as a

dichotomous variable due to the sample

sizes available, while the prison

experience variable separates out those

with prison experience within the past

year.

In some tables in the report, HIV

testing information is also shown in

relation to selected HIV risk-related

behavior measures. These have been

described in further detail in earlier

reports (12,13), but include the

following:

+	 Number of opposite-sex sexual

partners in lifetime or in last 12

months.

+	 Sexual contact with same-sex

partners, distinguishing, when sample

sizes permit, those who have ever had

such contact, but not within the past

12 months, from those who have had

recent same-sex sexual contact.

+	 Sexual identity, categorized as

‘‘heterosexual or straight,’’

‘‘homosexual or gay (or lesbian),’’

and ‘‘bisexual.’’

+	 Treatment for a sexually transmitted

disease (STD) other than HIV in the

last 12 months

+	 Sexual risk-related behaviors in the

last 12 months, as defined as

measures 1–6 in a previous NSFG

report (13). These include: men who

have had sex with men (MSM) in the

past year, women who have had sex

with MSM in the past year, having

five or more opposite-sex partners in

the past year, exchanging sex for

drugs or money in the past year,

having sex with an illicit drug

injecting partner in the past year, or

having sex with an HIV-positive

partner in the past year.

+	 HIV risk-related summary measure

for last 12 months, consisting of all

measures listed for ‘‘sexual riskrelated behaviors’’ above, in addition

to treatment in the past year for a

non-HIV STD and drug-related risk

behaviors in the past year. Drugrelated risk behaviors include illicit

drug injection, use of crack cocaine,

or use of crystal methamphetamine in

the past year, to be consistent with

measurement used in prior NSFG

reports (12,13). None of these

drug-related behaviors were reported

by sufficient numbers of respondents

to be able to analyze them separately.

The strengths and limitations of the

2006–2010 NSFG data for studying

HIV-related behaviors in the U.S.

household population have been

described in a prior report (13), but of

particular note for this report on HIV

testing are the following. Sensitive

questions associated with sexual

behavior, reproductive health, or illicit

drug use were collected using ACASI

methods, which have been found to

yield more complete reporting of

sensitive behaviors, and also avoid the

large amounts of missing data often

encountered in self-administered,

paper-and-pencil questionnaires

(13,17,18). As a household-based sample

survey of persons aged 15–44, NSFG

excludes from the sampling frame those

who are currently homeless, currently

incarcerated or otherwise

institutionalized, and those living on

military bases in the United States. To

the extent that groups excluded from the

NSFG sample may have different

patterns of HIV testing behavior, the

survey results cannot be generalized to
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012	 Page 5

those populations. Also, the data

presented in this report are bivariate

associations that may be explained by

other factors not controlled for in the

tables or included in the report. This

report is intended to provide basic

descriptive statistics for key population

subgroups that may guide future

multivariate analyses.

Statistical analysis

All estimates in this report are

based on sampling weights designed to

produce unbiased estimates of men and

women aged 15–44 in the United States.

The statistical package SAS, Version

9.2, was used to produce all estimates of

percentages and numbers in this report

(http://www.sas.com). SAS

SURVEYFREQ procedures were used to

estimate the sampling errors of the

statistics because these procedures take

into account the use of weighted data

and the complex design of the sample in

calculating estimates of standard errors

and significance tests. Each table in this

report includes standard errors as a

measure of the precision of each point

estimate (percentage) presented.

Significance of differences among

subgroups was determined by standard

two-tailed t tests using point estimates

and their standard errors. For selected

comparisons, Wald chi-square tests of

overall association were also performed

within SAS PROC SURVEYFREQ, and

symbols denoting these test results are

included in selected tables. No

adjustments were made for multiple

comparisons. Terms such as ‘‘greater

than’’ and ‘‘less than’’ indicate that a

statistically significant difference was

found. Terms such as ‘‘similar’’ or ‘‘no

difference’’ indicate that the statistics

being compared were not significantly

different. Lack of comment regarding

any difference does not mean that

significance was tested and ruled out.

In the description of the results

below, when the percentage being cited

is below 10%, the text will cite the

exact percentage to one decimal point.

To make reading easier and to remind

the reader that the results are based on

samples and subject to sampling error,

percentages above 10% will generally

be shown rounded to the nearest whole

percentage. In this report, percentages

are not shown if the denominator is less

than 100 cases, or the numerator is less

than 5 cases. When a percentage or

other statistic is not shown for this

reason, the table contains an asterisk (*)

to signify that the statistic does not meet

standards of reliability or precision. For

most statistics presented in this report,

the numerators and denominators are

much larger.

Results

Overall HIV testing

experience (Tables 1 and 2)

The majority of this report focuses

on HIV testing outside of blood

donation, for which NSFG collects more

detailed information such as recency and

reasons. However, Tables 1 and 2 first

describe the overall HIV testing

experience of men and women aged

15–44 to show basic patterns in HIV

testing that may occur in any context,

including blood donation. Among all

persons aged 15–44 in 2006–2010, 33%

had never been tested for HIV in any

context, 17% had only been tested as

part of blood donation, and 51% have

ever been tested outside of blood

donation (Table 1). This distribution was

similar to the pattern seen for all

persons aged 15–44 in 2002. HIV

testing experience varies significantly by

sex. Among men in 2006–2010, 38%

had never been tested for HIV in any

context, 20% had only been tested as

part of blood donation, and 42% were

ever tested outside of blood donation.

Among women, a lower percentage

(13%) than for men (20%) had been

tested only as part of blood donation,

but a significantly higher percentage

(59%) than for men (42%) had ever

been tested for HIV outside of blood

donation. This sex difference in testing

outside of blood donation is largely

driven by prenatal HIV testing, as

shown in more detail in Tables 5 and 7.

As a result of these differences by sex, a

lower overall percentage of women

(28%) than men (38%) have never been

tested for HIV in any context.

+	 Having never been tested for HIV in

any context was more common

among younger persons and those

who were never married and were not

currently cohabiting. Among those

never married, not currently

cohabiting persons, a higher

percentage of those who had never

had sexual intercourse had never been

tested (77%) compared with those

who had ever had sexual intercourse

(33%).

+	 No significant association was seen

between educational attainment and

HIV testing outside of blood

donation, but persons aged 22–44

with bachelor’s degrees or higher

were more likely to have been tested

as part of blood donation (23%) than

those with no high school diploma or

GED (7.9%). As a result of these

patterns, persons with no high school

diploma or GED were more likely

(32%) to have never been tested for

HIV in any context than those with

bachelor’s degrees or higher (21%).

+	 A higher percentage of persons aged

20–44 with a household income

below 100% of poverty had never

been tested for HIV in any context

(29%) compared with those with

household incomes 400% of poverty

or higher (23%).

+	 A higher percentage of Asian (46%)

and Hispanic (40%) persons had

never been tested for HIV in any

context, compared with non-Hispanic

white (31%) and non-Hispanic black

(26%) persons. In addition, a higher

percentage of Hispanic persons not

born in the United States (45%) had

never been tested for HIV in any

context, compared to U.S.-born

Hispanic persons (36%).

+	 Having been tested for HIV only as

part of blood donation was more

common among men (20%) than

among women (13%). Persons aged

20–44 with household incomes 400%

of poverty or higher were about twice

as likely (21%) as those with
Page 6	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

household incomes below poverty

level (10%) to have been tested for

HIV only as part of blood donation.

+ Looking at current health insurance

coverage, those aged 20–44 with

private insurance were less likely

(54%) to have ever been tested for

HIV outside of blood donation than

those with Medicaid or statesponsored insurance (73%) or those

with military, Medicare, or other

government-sponsored insurance

coverage (76%).

This section focuses on overall HIV

testing experience in any context,

according to selected behavioral

characteristics for women and men

(Table 2).

+ For women, pregnancy experience

(by time of interview) was

significantly associated with overall

HIV testing experience. Three-fourths

(76%) of women who ever had a

completed pregnancy had ever been

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation, significantly more than the

32% of women who had not had a

completed pregnancy. Women with a

completed pregnancy were about

one-half as likely (9.3%) as women

without a completed pregnancy (19%)

to have been tested only as part of

blood donation. As a result of this

distribution, only 14% of women with

a completed pregnancy were never

tested for HIV in any context, while

nearly one-half (49%) of women with

no completed pregnancies were never

tested for HIV in any context.

+ Higher number of opposite-sex sexual

partners (up to time of interview) was

associated with higher percentages

ever tested outside of blood donation

and lower percentages tested only as

part of blood donation. As a result,

women and men with fewer oppositesex partners in their lifetimes were

more likely to have never been tested

for HIV in any context. However, the

percentages never tested were

consistently higher for men. For

example, 37% of women and 53% of

men with one opposite-sex partner in

lifetime had never been tested for

HIV in any context, compared with

7.4% of women and 19% of men

with 15 or more partners in lifetime.

Among women and men who had

never had sex with an opposite-sex

partner, a similar percentage of

women (79%) and men (75%) had

never been tested for HIV in any

context.

+	 Both women and men who have had

sexual contact with same-sex partners

were less likely than those with no

such contact to have never been

tested for HIV in any context. Among

women, 30% of those with no

same-sex contact had never been

tested, compared with 13%–18%

never tested among those with

same-sex contact, and recency of this

contact did not appear to be related to

HIV testing experience. Among men,

39% with no same-sex experience

were never tested for HIV in any

context, compared with 14%–24% of

those who ever had same-sex sexual

contact. Similar to the results seen for

women, no significant association

was seen with HIV testing and

recency of the same-sex sexual

contact for men.

+	 Bisexual women (66%) were

significantly more likely than

heterosexual women (59%) to have

ever been tested for HIV outside of

blood donation. Among men, 79% of

gay men were ever tested for HIV

outside of blood donation, higher than

the 41% of heterosexual men and

50% of bisexual men who were ever

tested outside of blood donation.

Sexual identity did not appear to be

related to HIV testing as part of

blood donation for women. In

contrast, heterosexual men were more

likely (21%) to have only been tested

as part of blood donation, compared

with gay men (4.1%). As a result of

this distribution, heterosexual men

(39%) and bisexual men (36%) were

significantly more likely than gay

men (17%) to have never been tested

for HIV in any context.

+	 Among men aged 25–44, 64% of

those with any experience with

prison, jail, or detention centers had

ever been tested for HIV outside of

blood donation, compared with 46%

of men with no such experience.

Among men with incarceration

experience within the past year, 11%

had been tested for HIV only as part

of blood donation, and 26% had

never been tested for HIV in any

context.

+	 Men aged 25–44 who have ever

served in the military were more

likely than men with no military

service to have ever been tested for

HIV outside of blood donation (84%

compared with 48%), and less likely

to have been tested only as part of

blood donation (11% compared with

21%). In sum, men with military

service were significantly less likely

(4.7%) to have never been tested for

HIV in any context, compared with

men with no military service (32%).

HIV testing outside of blood

donation, by demographic

characteristics (Table 3 and

Figures 1–3)

The remainder of this report focuses

on HIV testing outside of blood

donation. While Table 1 shows the

percentage of all persons aged 15–44

who were ever tested outside of blood

donation, Table 3 shows these

percentages separately by sex, along

with the percentages tested for HIV

within the past year. Among women

aged 15–44, 59% had ever been tested

for HIV outside of blood donation, with

21% being tested within the past 12

months (Table 3). A significantly lower

percentage of men (42%) in this age

range had ever been tested for HIV

outside of blood donation, with 13%

being tested within the past 12 months.

This sex difference in HIV testing is

apparent across almost all demographic

characteristics included in Table 3.

+	 For women, the percentage ever

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation increased significantly from

35% of women aged 15–44 in 1995

to 55% in 2002 and (again,

significantly) to 59% in 2006–2010.
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012	 Page 7

NOTE: Data for 2006–2010 also shown in Table 3 of this report. 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 1995, 2002, and 2006–2010. Percent 

35 

19 

55 

20 

59 

21 

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

Ever tested for HIV Tested for HIV in past year 

1995 2002 2006–2010 

95% confidence interval. 

Figure 1. HIV testing outside of bookd donation among women aged 15–44: United States,

1995, 2002 and 2006–2010

NOTE: Data for 2006–2010 also shown in Table 3 of this report. 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2002 and 2006–2010. 

47 

15 

42 

13 

0 

20 

40 

60 

80 

100 

Ever tested for HIV Tested for HIV in past year 

Percent 

95% confidence interval. 

2002 2006–2010 

Figure 2. HIV testing outside of blood donation among men aged 15–44: United States,

2002 and 2006–2010

The percentages of women tested for + While data for men aged 15–44 are

HIV within the past year did not only available from NSFG since

change significantly over this period, 2002, the percentage ever tested

ranging from 19% to 21% (Figure 1). outside of blood donation fell

significantly from 47% in 2002 to

42% in 2006–2010. As seen among

women, no significant change was

seen in percentage of men tested in

the past year; 15% in 2002 and 13%

in 2006–2010 (Figure 2).

+	 As expected, the percentages ever

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation increased with age for both

women and men, although among

women there was a significant

decrease among women aged 40–44.

Testing within the past year was

reported most often by women in

their 20s and early 30s. Among men,

testing within the past year was less

clearly associated with age.

+	 Currently cohabiting women (33%)

were more likely to have been tested

for HIV in the past year than

currently married women (19%).

Among men, a less pronounced, but

still significant, difference was seen,

with 16% of cohabiting men and 11%

of married men having been tested

for HIV in the past year.

+	 Lower levels of education were

associated with higher percentages of

HIV testing in the past year for

women aged 22–44: For example,

30% of women with less than a high

school diploma were tested for HIV

in the past year, compared with 17%

of women with a bachelor’s degree or

higher. Among men, the percentages

tested for HIV in the past year did

not vary significantly by education.

+	 Women aged 20–44 living in

households with incomes below

poverty (below 100% of poverty)

were more likely to have been tested

for HIV in the past year (32%) than

women in households with incomes

400% of poverty or more (19%). No

such association between percentage

of poverty level and recent HIV

testing was seen for men.

+	 With regard to current health

insurance coverage, women aged

20–44 who were covered currently by

Medicaid or other state-sponsored

health care program were more likely

than women with private insurance to

have ever been tested outside of

blood donation, as well as tested
Page 8	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

within the past year. For example,

44% of women on Medicaid or

related health care coverage had been

tested in the past year, compared with

19% of women with private

insurance. In contrast, men with

Medicaid or other state-sponsored

health care program (17%) had about

the same percentage tested in the past

year compared with men with private

insurance (12%).

+ For both women and men, place of

residence was associated with HIV

testing within the past year. Those

living in nonmetropolitan areas or

suburban areas were less likely to

have been tested for HIV in the past

year than those who lived in central

cities of metropolitan areas. For

example, 9.6% of men living in

nonmetropolitan areas were tested in

the past year, compared with 17% of

men living in metropolitan, central

cities.

+ For both men and women, the

proportions ever tested for HIV

outside of blood donation were

similar for Hispanic persons and

non-Hispanic white persons, roughly

6 in 10 among women and 4 in 10

among men. A significantly higher

proportion of non-Hispanic black

women (75%) and non-Hispanic

black men (61%) had ever been

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation compared with other

race/ethnicity groups. Asian women

(48%) and Asian men (30%) were

less likely than other racial or ethnic

groups shown to have ever been

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation.

+ Looking at recent HIV testing,

non-Hispanic black women (38%)

and non-Hispanic black men (27%)

were more likely than other racial or

ethnic groups shown to have been

tested for HIV within the past year.

Percentages tested within the past

year were similar within gender

groups for non-Hispanic white and

Asian persons. For example, 17% of

non-Hispanic white women and 18%

of Asian women were tested in the

past year.

+	 Given the patterns of HIV testing by

metropolitan residence, Hispanic

origin, and race, Figure 3 shows more

detail on HIV testing in the past year.

Non-Hispanic white men living in

central-city metropolitan areas were

more likely (15%) to have been

tested in the past year than white men

living in suburban or nonmetropolitan

areas (both 8.7%). For non-Hispanic

black men, the key difference in

recent HIV testing was between those

living in central metropolitan areas

(28%) and those in suburban areas

(15%). The data suggest that black

men living in central cities were also

more likely to have been tested in the

past year than black men in

nonmetropolitan areas (18%), but the

numbers of black men in these areas

were relatively small.

+	 Among non-Hispanic black women,

those living in central cities were

significantly more likely (40%) than

black women in nonmetropolitan

areas (27%) to have been tested for

HIV in the past year. No significant

association with metropolitan

residence and recent HIV testing was

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010. Percent

26 

18 

40 

15 15 

28 

24 

16 

39 

12 

8.7 

15 

29 

17 

27 

9.9 8.7 18 

0 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

Metropolitan, central city Metropolitan, suburban Nonmetropolitan 

Hispanic Non-Hispanic 

white, single 

race 

Non-Hispanic 

black, single 

race 

Non-Hispanic 

white, single 

race 

Non-Hispanic 

black, single 

race 

Women 

Hispanic 

Men 

95% confidence interval. 

Figure 3. HIV testing ouside of blood donation in past year among women and men aged

15–44, by metropolitan residence, Hispanic origin, and race: United States, 2006–2010

seen for Hispanic women or nonHispanic white women (Figure 3).

HIV testing in past year and

HIV risk-related behaviors

(Table 4 and Figure 4)

HIV testing within the past year

(outside of blood donation) was

associated with several behaviors and

measures that may increase the risk of

HIV transmission or acquisition

(Table 4). While the temporal

sequencing of these risk-related

behaviors and the HIV test cannot be

ascertained from the NSFG data, the

significant associations noted indicate

that testing within the past year occured

more often among individuals reporting

potentially HIV risk-related behaviors.

+	 Women and men with higher numbers

of opposite-sex partners in the past

year were more likely to have been

tested for HIV in the past year. For

example, 43% of women with five or

more male partners in the past year

were tested for HIV in the past year,

compared with 6.2% of women with
70 

One or more behavior No behaviors 

60

50 

55 

45 

40

Percent 

40 

15 

37 39 

10 

37 

25 27 

8.7 

30

22 

20 

10 

0

Hispanic Non-Hispanic 

white, single 

Non-Hispanic 

black, single 

Hispanic Non-Hispanic Non-Hispanic 

white, single black, single 

race race race race 

Women	 Men 

95% confidence interval.
 

NOTE: Data also shown in Table 4 of this report, including further detail on HIV risk-related behaviors.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010. 


National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012	 Page 9

no male partners in the past year and

23% of women with one male partner
 

in the past year.
 

+ For both women and men, having

exchanged sex for drugs or money in

the past year was associated with

higher percentages tested for HIV in

the past year. For men, 29% of those

who reported such exchange in the

past year were tested for HIV in the

past year, compared with 13% of men

who did not report such exchange.

For women, 50% of those who

exchanged sex for drugs or money in

the past year were tested for HIV in

the past year, compared with 21% of

those who did not report such

exchange.

+ MSM who were sexually active in

the past year were more likely (39%)

than non-MSM (12%) to have been

tested for HIV in the past year.

Conversely, note that 61% of MSM

had not been tested in the past year.

+ Women who had a male partner in

the past year who also had sex with

men were more likely (32%) than

other women (21%) to have been

tested for HIV in the past year.

+ Treatment in the past year for a

non-HIV STD, such as gonorrhea or

chlamydia, was associated with recent

HIV testing for both women and

men. Nearly one-half (49%) of

women and 45% of men with recent

STD treatment were tested for HIV

within the past year, compared with

20% of women and 12% of men who

were not treated for a non-HIV STD

in the past year.

As Table 3 illustrates, non-Hispanic

black men and women were more likely

than other racial or ethnic groups to

have been tested for HIV within the past

year. The bottom panels of Table 4 show

two summary measures of HIV

risk-related behaviors, by Hispanic

origin and race, to examine whether the

racial differences in HIV testing are still

seen. The first of these measures is

comprised of sexual behaviors related to

HIV risk, and the second summary

measure includes these HIV risk-related

sexual behaviors, as well as selected

Figure 4. HIV testing outside of blook donation in past year, by sex, HIV risk-related

behaviors in past year, Hispanic origin, and race: United States, 2006–2010

drug behaviors and STD treatment

within the past year; both of these

measures have been used in previous

NSFG reports (10,11).

+	 As expected, both measures were

strongly associated with the

percentages tested for HIV within the

past year. For example, based on the

broader summary measure that

includes treatment for a non-HIV

STD and sexual and drug behaviors

related to HIV risk, 43% of women

and 34% of men reporting one or

more of these HIV risk-related

indicators were tested for HIV within

the past year. Among women and

men reporting none of these riskrelated indicators, 20% of women and

11% of men were tested for HIV

within the past year.

+	 Within the subgroup of men and

women reporting one or more of

these HIV risk-related indicators,

significant race and Hispanic origin

differences were seen (Figure 4).

Among women reporting one or more

of these risk indicators, 55% of

non-Hispanic black women were

tested for HIV in the past year,

significantly higher than both the

37% of Hispanic women and 40% of

non-Hispanic white women in this

category who were tested in the past

year. Among men reporting one or

more of these indicators, the racial

difference was less striking, but 45%

of non-Hispanic black men and 39%

of Hispanic men were tested in the

past year, both percentages

significantly higher than the 27% of

non-Hispanic white men in this

category who were tested in the past

year.

+	 Among men and women reporting

none of the HIV risk-related

indicators in the two summary

measures shown, non-Hispanic black

persons were still the most likely to

have been tested for HIV in the past

year. For example, 37% of nonHispanic black women were tested

for HIV in the past year, higher than

both the 15% of non-Hispanic white

women and 25% of Hispanic women

who were tested. Among men

reporting none of these indicators, the

percentage of non-Hispanic black
Page 10	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

men tested for HIV within the past

year was more than double (22%) the

percentages seen for Hispanic men

(10%) and non-Hispanic white men

(8.7%) (Figure 4).

Main reason for most recent

HIV test (Tables 5–7)

Respondents who ever had an HIV

test outside of blood donation were

asked their main reason for having the

test, or their most recent test if they had

been tested more than once. The full

distribution of reasons reported by

women and men aged 15–44 is shown

in Table 5.

+ The most commonly reported reasons

for women were prenatal care (36%),

medical procedure or checkup (26%),

and finding out if infected (21%). For

men, the most common reasons were

finding out if infected (32%), medical

checkup or procedure (31%), and

requirement for job or military

service (10%).

+ A lower percentage of women were

tested for HIV as ‘‘part of a medical

checkup or procedure’’ (26%)

compared with men (31%); however,

36% of women did report that their

most recent HIV test was part of

prenatal care, indicating that a

majority of women (62%) had their

most recent HIV test due to some

form of medical care.

+ Higher percentages of men than

women reported that their most recent

HIV test was required for health or

life insurance, for a marriage license,

for job or military service, or for

immigration or travel. For example,

10% of men were tested for their job

or military service, compared with

1.7% of women. Nearly 2% (1.5%)

of men had their most recent HIV test

due to incarceration; this reason could

not be shown separately for women

because the numbers reporting it were

too small.

+ A lower percentage of women were

tested primarily because they wanted

to find out if they were infected

(21%) compared with that of men

(32%).

+	 Similar percentages of women (4.2%)

and men (4.4%) were tested because

of a possible exposure from sexual or

drug behavior.

Table 6 shows the main reason for

the most recent HIV test among men

aged 15–44, by key demographic and

behavioral characteristics. The reasons

have been collapsed from the detail

shown in Table 5, as described in

‘‘Methods.’’

+	 Thirty-one percent of men 15–44

were tested as part of a medical

procedure or checkup, 26% were

required to be tested for nonmedical

reasons, 41% had personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected, and 2.2% were tested

for other reasons. The percentage

required to be tested for HIV for

nonmedical reasons increased with

age from 13% among young men

aged 15–24 to 31% among men aged

30–44.

+	 Among currently married males, 34%

were tested as part of a medical

checkup or procedure, 41% were

required to be tested for nonmedical

reasons, and 22% were tested for

personal or relationship-based reasons

to find out if infected. Currently

married (34%) and currently

cohabiting (37%) men were similar in

percentages tested for HIV as part of

a medical checkup or procedure.

Married men were more likely (41%)

than cohabiting men (18%) to report

their most recent HIV test was

required for nonmedical reasons.

+	 Men aged 20–44 who were currently

covered by private health insurance

were fairly evenly split across the

reasons shown for their most recent

HIV test. In contrast, men who were

currently covered by Medicaid or

other state-sponsored insurance were

significantly less likely to have been

tested for nonmedical reasons (8.8%)

than as part of a medical checkup or

procedure (42%) or for personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected (48%). About 48% of

men who were currently covered by a

single-service plan, IHS, or uninsured

at time of interview reported personal

or relationship-based reasons for

finding out if infected, similar to the

percentage seen among men covered

by Medicaid and state-sponsored

programs.

+	 Non-Hispanic black men (47%) were

more likely to have had personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected, compared with

non-Hispanic white men (39%).

Non-Hispanic black men (16%) and

Hispanic men (23%) were less likely

to report that their most recent HIV

test was required for nonmedical

reasons than non-Hispanic white men

(30%).

+	 Looking at behavioral characteristics

such as numbers of female sexual

partners in lifetime, among men ever

tested for HIV who had one female

partner in their lifetime, 43% were

tested for a medical checkup or

procedure, 38% were required to be

tested for nonmedical reasons, and

16% were tested for personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected. By comparison,

among ever-tested men with 15 or

more female partners in their lifetime,

31% were tested for a medical

reason, 23% were required to be

tested for nonmedical reasons, and

44% were tested for personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected.

+	 Among ever-tested men who were

treated for an STD in the past year,

58% were tested for personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected compared with 40% of

men who were not treated for an

STD in the past year.

+	 Men who ever had sexual contact

with a same-sex partner had a higher

percentage who were tested for

personal or relationship-based reasons

for finding out if infected (58%)

compared with men who never had

same-sex sexual contact (39%).

+	 A higher percentage of ever-tested

gay (72%) and bisexual (62%) men

reported they were tested for personal
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012	 Page 11

or relationship-based reasons for

finding out if infected compared with

heterosexual males (39%).

+ A higher percentage of ever-tested

men who reported one or more of the

included sexual risk-related behaviors

(62%) were tested for personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected compared with 38%

who reported none of the included

sexual HIV-risk related behaviors in

the past year. A similar differential

was seen based on the broadest

summary measure of HIV risk-related

indicators, including sexual behavior

risk, drug behavior risk, and recent

STD treatment: 59% of men reporting

one or more of these indicators were

tested for personal or relationshipbased reasons for finding out if

infected compared with 37% of men

reporting none of these indicators.

Table 7 shows the main reason for

the most recent HIV test among women

aged 15–44, by demographic and

behavioral characteristics, with the

reasons collapsed as described in

‘‘Methods,’’ analogous to the groupings

for men. Given the large percentage of

women reporting that their most recent

HIV test was part of prenatal care, this

category is shown separately from ‘‘part

of medical checkup or procedure.’’ Also,

this enables comparison by gender of

the percentages reporting ‘‘part of

medical checkup or procedure’’ for their

most recent HIV test.

+ Twenty-seven percent of ever-tested

women aged 15–44 were tested as

part of a medical procedure or

checkup, 37% were tested as part of

prenatal care, 7.7% were required to

be tested for nonmedical reasons,

27% had personal or relationshipbased reasons for finding out if

infected, and 2.4% were tested for

other reasons.

+ Among ever-tested, currently married

women, 50% were tested as part of

prenatal care, 21% were tested as part

of a medical checkup or procedure,

16% were tested for personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected, and 10% were

required to be tested for nonmedical

reasons. Currently cohabiting women

had a lower percentage than married

women who were tested as part of

prenatal care (36% compared with

50%), and a higher percentage than

married women who were tested for

personal or relationship-based reasons

for finding out if infected (30%

compared with 16%).

+	 Non-Hispanic white (28%) and

non-Hispanic black women (30%)

were similar in the percentages tested

for HIV for personal or relationshipbased reasons for finding out if

infected compared with 19% of

Hispanic women.

+	 Looking at behavioral characteristics,

among ever-tested women who had

one male partner in their lifetime,

about one-half (51%) were tested as

part of prenatal care, 24% were tested

for a medical checkup or procedure,

12% were tested for personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected, and 11% were

required to be tested for nonmedical

reasons. By comparison, among

ever-tested women with 15 or more

male partners in their lifetime, the

most common reason for testing

(40%) was personal of relationshipbased reasons for finding out if

infected, 28% were tested for a

medical reason, 25% were tested as

part of prenatal care, and 5.9% were

required to be tested for nonmedical

reasons.

+	 Ever-tested women who ever had

sexual contact with a same-sex

partner had a higher percentage tested

for personal or relationship-based

reasons for finding out if infected

(40%) compared with ever-tested

women who had never had same-sex

sexual contact (24%).

+	 A higher percentage of ever-tested

gay or lesbian (45%) and bisexual

(36%) females reported that they

were tested for personal or

relationship-based reasons for finding

out if infected compared with

heterosexual females (26%).

+	 Among ever-tested women treated for

an STD in the past year, 46% were

tested for personal or relationshipbased reasons for finding out if

infected compared with 26% of

ever-tested women not treated for an

STD in the past year.

+	 A higher percentage of ever-tested

women who reported one or more of

the included sexual risk-related

behaviors (41%) were tested for

personal or relationship-based reasons

for finding out if infected compared

with 26% who reported none of the

included sexual HIV-risk related

behaviors in the past year. A similar

differential was seen based on the

broadest summary measure of HIV

risk-related indicators, including

sexual behavior risk, drug behavior

risk, and recent STD treatment: 42%

of ever-tested women reporting one

or more of these indicators were

tested for personal or relationshipbased reasons for finding out if

infected, compared with 25% of

women reporting none of these

indicators.

HIV testing among women

with a recent completed

pregnancy (Table 8)

Two-thirds (67%) of women with a

completed pregnancy in the 12 months

prior to interview in 2006–2010 were

tested for HIV as part of prenatal care,

another 4.8% were tested in another

context within the past 12 months, 13%

were tested longer ago than the past 12

months, and 15% were never tested for

HIV outside of blood donation.

+	 The percentages tested as part of

prenatal care did not vary by age at

interview, but women aged 30–44

were more likely to have been tested

longer ago than the past 12 months

(18%) than those aged 15–24 (11%)

or those aged 25–29 (10%).

+	 Among recently pregnant women

aged 20–44, those with a high school

diploma or GED or less education

were more likely to have been tested

in the past 12 months as part of

prenatal care (74%) compared with

women with any college (62%).

Women with a recent completed

pregnancy who attended any college
Part of medical 

checkup or 

procedure 

Part of prenatal care 

Required for 

nonmedical reasons 

Personal or 

relationshipbased reasons 

Other 

4.7 

4.6 

15 

19 

13 

9.7 

3.5 

21 

11 

0 5 10 15 20 25

Men 

Women 

Percent 

95% confidence interval. 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010. 

30

Page 12	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

Figure 5. Percentage not receiving test results from most recent HIV test, by main reason for the test, among ever-tested men and

women aged 15–44: United States, 2006–2012

were more likely to have never been

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation (17%) compared with their

counterparts with a high school

education or less (9.6%).

+ Among women aged 20–44 who had

a completed pregnancy in the past

year, the percentage tested for HIV as

part of prenatal care was higher for

those with a household income below

poverty (77%) compared with those

with a household income 100% of

poverty or higher (64%).

+ Among recently pregnant women

aged 20–44, those covered currently

by Medicaid or other state-sponsored

program were less likely (3.3%) than

those currently covered by private

insurance (19%) to have never been

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation, but more likely to have

been tested in the last 12 months as

part of prenatal care (83% compared

with 59%).

+ Women with a recent completed

pregnancy who were treated for a

non-HIV STD in the past year were

more likely to have HIV testing as

part of prenatal care (80%) than those

who were not treated for an STD in

the past year (66%).

Nonreceipt of HIV test

results (Table 9 and Figure 5)

Among all persons aged 15–44 in

the general U.S. household population,

13% of women and 11% of men did not

receive the results of their most recent

HIV test outside of blood donation.

Nonreceipt of HIV test results does not

necessarily indicate lack of knowledge

of the test result, for example, because

individuals may assume that they will

only be contacted if they are HIVpositive, and absence of notification

signifies they were HIV-negative. They

may therefore report ‘‘no’’ on receiving

the test results because they were never

personally contacted by the testing

facility. However, not receiving test

results may sometimes reflect true

unawareness of the test result or

possibly a reluctance to respond to the

NSFG question, despite assurances built

into the question series that the precise

test result will not be asked. To examine

how nonreceipt may vary by individual

characteristics, Table 9 presents these

percentages for key population

subgroups.

+	 A higher percentage of currently

married women did not receive their

most recent HIV test result (16%)

compared with currently cohabiting

women (10%). This difference

between currently married men (14%)

or cohabiting men (11%) was not

significant.

+	 A higher percentage of men with a

bachelor’s degree or higher did not

receive their most recent HIV test

result (13%) compared with men with

less than a high school education

(8.3%). This difference by education

was not significant among women.

+	 Ever-tested men aged 20–44 who

were currently covered by military

insurance, Medicare, or other

government-sponsored insurance were
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012 Page 13

more likely not to have received their

most recent HIV test result (24%)

than those in the other health

insurance categories shown.

+ Non-Hispanic black men (6.9%) were

less likely not to receive their most

recent HIV test result, compared with

non-Hispanic white men (12%).

Among women, non-Hispanic black

women (8.0%) were also less likely

not to receive their most recent HIV

test result compared with nonHispanic white (14%) or Hispanic

(14%) women.

+ The data suggest that a higher

percentage of heterosexual women

did not receive their most recent HIV

test result (13%) than lesbian (6.2%)

or bisexual (8.9%) women. While a

similar pattern was seen for men by

sexual identity, there were too few

gay men who did not receive their

test results to be able to show these

percentages in the report.

+ Significant associations were seen

between nonreceipt of HIV test

results and the HIV risk-related

measures included in this report.

Using the broadest measure of ‘‘HIV

risk-related behaviors in the past 12

months,’’ 5.9% of men reporting one

or more of these indicators did not

receive the results of their most

recent HIV test, compared with 12%

of men who reported none of those

indicators. For women, 8.2%

reporting one or more of these

indicators did not receive the results

of their most recent HIV test,

compared with 13% of those who

reported none of these indicators.

+ Given the patterns seen in reasons for

HIV testing shown in Tables 5–7,

Figure 5 examines whether nonreceipt

of HIV test results is associated with

the main reason given for the test.

Similar percentages not receiving

their HIV test results were seen

among men and women reporting

each specific type of reason for their

most recent HIV test result. Men and

women whose test was required for

nonmedical reasons, such as health or

life insurance or employment, were

most likely to have not received test

results: 21% of men citing these

reasons and 15% of women citing

these reasons. About one in nine

(11% of men and 13% of women)

whose most recent HIV test was part

of a medical checkup or procedure

did not receive their test results, and

19% of women whose test was part

of prenatal care did not receive their

test results. In contrast, among those

who reported that they had personal

or relationship-based reasons for

finding out if infected, less than 5%

(3.5% of men and 4.6% of women)

did not receive their test results.

Conclusion

This report provides nationally

representative statistics related to HIV

testing in the U.S. household population

aged 15–44. Women were significantly

more likely than men to have ever been

tested for HIV outside of blood

donation, largely due to testing during

pregnancy. Estimates for HIV testing as

part of prenatal care from the 2006–

2010 NSFG were comparable to

findings from earlier surveys (14).

HIV testing within the past year

was more often reported among men

and women reporting HIV risk-related

behaviors and measures in the past year.

Within the subgroups of men and

women reporting one or more HIV

risk-related indicators, significant race

and Hispanic origin differences were

seen. Even among those reporting none

of these HIV risk-related behaviors,

non-Hispanic black men and women

were more likely to have been tested in

the past year than their white

counterparts. In addition, it was found

that MSM who were sexually active in

the past year were more likely than

those who did not report this risk-related

behavior, to have been tested for HIV in

the past year. However, the majority of

MSM had not been tested in the past

year. As specified as part of the U.S.

HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategy (1) and

the 2006 revised recommendations on

HIV testing in health care settings (4),

persons at high risk for HIV infection,

including sexually active MSM, are

advised to test for HIV at least annually.

These findings suggest that more work

is needed to increase the number of

people who know their HIV status,

particularly among high-risk groups,

such as MSM.

Further analyses of the NSFG data,

as well as comparisons with other

household-based surveys, are needed to

fully understand and describe trends in

the general population over time, as the

data included in this analysis are subject

to the limitations described previously in

this report. The patterns and trends seen

in HIV testing outside of blood

donation, based on the 1995, 2002, and

2006–2010 NSFG, appear to be similar

to those based on the National Health

Interview Survey, a large, national

household-based survey (24). In

addition, a recent analysis of the

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance

System (BRFSS), a state-based randomdigit-dial telephone survey, showed

similar trends in the HIV testing

experience of different population

subgroups (25). The analysis used the

2005, 2008, and 2009 BRFSS data from

all 50 states, the District of Columbia,

and Puerto Rico because these years

included HIV risk-related behavior data

for the past year along with HIV testing

data. BRFSS data showed similar

associations of HIV testing in the past

year with demographic and behavioral

characteristics as presented based on the

NSFG data in Table 4 and Figure 3.

Similar to NSFG, BRFSS data showed

higher percentages recently tested for

HIV among women compared with men,

and among Hispanic persons and

non-Hispanic black persons compared

with non-Hispanic white persons. In

addition, despite some differences in

measurement and mode of interview,

BRFSS and NSFG results were similar

with respect to HIV testing in the past

year by age, education, income, and

HIV risk-related behaviors.

Additional work is ongoing to

evaluate and improve measurement
Page 14	 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

techniques, to collect data needed to

evaluate prevention programs, and to

identify those population groups most at

risk for HIV and those who may not be

reached by current HIV testing efforts

(26). In combination with local surveys

and surveys of high-risk populations,

nationally representative, populationbased surveys like NSFG, with its

ACASI-collected array of HIV riskrelated behaviors along with HIV testing

information, can provide useful

information to help evaluate and guide

national HIV prevention strategies.

References

1.	 Office of National AIDS Policy.

National HIV/AIDS Strategy.

Washington, DC: The White House.

2010.

2.	 Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. Revised guidelines for

HIV counseling, testing, and referral.

MMWR 50(RR–19):1–57. 2001.

3.	 Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. Revised

recommendations for HIV screening

of pregnant women. MMWR

50(RR–19):63–85. 2001.

4.	 Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. Revised

recommendations for HIV testing of

adults, adolescents, and pregnant

women in health-care settings.

MMWR 55(RR–14):1–17. 2006.

5.	 Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. HIV surveillance—

United States, 1981–2008. MMWR

60(21):689–93. 2011.

6.	 Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. MMWR 52(15). 2003.

7.	 Marks G, Crepaz N, Janssen RS.

Estimating sexual transmission of

HIV from persons aware and

unaware that they are infected with

the virus in the USA. AIDS

20(10):1447–50. 2006.

8.	 Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. Vital signs: HIV testing

and diagnosis among adults—United

States, 2001–2009. MMWR

59(47):1550–5. 2010.

9.	 Lepkowski JM, Mosher WD, Davis

KE, et al. The 2006–2010 National

Survey of Family Growth: Sample

design and analysis of a continuous

survey. National Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 2(150).

2010. Available from: http://

www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_02/

sr02_150.pdf.

10. Groves RM, Mosher WD, Lepkowski

J, Kirgis NG. Planning and

development of the continuous

National Survey of Family Growth.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 1(48). 2009.

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nchs/data/series/sr_01/sr01_048.pdf.

11. Anderson JE, Chandra A, Mosher W.

HIV testing in the United States,

2002. Advance data from vital and

health statistics; no 363. Hyattsville,

MD: National Center for Health

Statistics. 2005. Available from:

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/

ad363.pdf.

12. Anderson JE, Mosher WD, Chandra

A. Measuring HIV risk in the U.S.

population aged 15–44: Results from

Cycle 6 of the National Survey of

Family Growth. Advance data from

vital and health statistics; no 377.

Hyattsville, MD: National Center for

Health Statistics. 2006. Available

from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/

ad/ad377.pdf.

13. Chandra A, Billioux VG, Copen CE,

Sionean C. HIV risk-related

behaviors in the United States

household population aged 15–44:

Data from the National Survey of

Family Growth, 2002 and 2006–

2010. National health statistics

reports; no 46. Hyattsville, MD:

National Center for Health Statistics.

2012. Available from: http://

www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/

nhsr046.pdf.

14. Anderson JE, Sansom S. HIV testing

in a national sample of pregnant US

women: Who is not getting tested?

AIDS Care 19(3):375–80. 2007.

15. Recommendations to decrease the

risk of transmitting acquired immune

deficiency syndrome (AIDS) from

blood donors. Memorandum to

Establishments. Office of Biologics

Research and Review, National

Center for Drugs and Biologics,

Food and Drug Administration.

March 24, 1983.

16. Martinez GM, Marin BV, SchouaGlusberg A. Translating from English

to Spanish: The 2002 National

Survey of Family Growth. Hispanic J

Behav Sci 28(4):531–45. 2006.

17. Turner CF, Ku L, Rogers SM,

Lindberg LD, Pleck JH, Sonenstein

FL. Adolescent sexual behavior, drug

use, and violence: Increased

reporting with computer survey

technology. Science 280(5365):867–

73. 1998.

18. O’Reilly JM, Hubbard ML, Lessler

JT, Biemer PP, Turner CF. Audio and

video computer-assisted self

interviewing: Preliminary tests of

new technologies for data collection.

J Off Stat 10(2):197–214. 1994.

19. National Center for Health Statistics.

2006–2010 National Survey of

Family Growth user’s guide.

Hyattsville, MD. 2011. Available

from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg/

nsfg_2006_2010_puf.htm.

20. Office of Management and Budget.

Revisions to the standards for the

classification of federal data on race

and ethnicity. Fed Regist

62FR58781–90. Statistical policy

directive 15. 1997.

21. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. HIV testing

implementation guidance for

correctional settings. 2008. Available

from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/

testing/resources/guidelines/

correctional-settings.

22. Beckwith CG, Zaller ND, Fu JJ,

Montague BT, Rich JD.

Opportunities to diagnose, treat, and

prevent HIV in the criminal justice

system. J Acquir Immune Defic

Syndr 55 Suppl 1:S49–55. 2010.

23. Armed Forces Health Surveillance

Center (AFHSC). Updates: Routine

screening for antibodies to HIV-1,

civilian applicants for U.S. military

service and U.S. Armed Forces,

active and reserve components.

MSMR 18(8):15–22. 2011.

24. Barnes PM, Ward BW, Freeman G,

Schiller JS. Early release of selected

estimates based on data from the

January–September 2011 National

Health Interview Survey. National

Center for Health Statistics. March

2012. Available from: http://

www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.

25. Robinson KT, Sanders SA, Boyd JL.

High-risk HIV minorities in the

United States: Who gets tested and

where? Am J Health Behav

36(3):348–59. 2012.
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26. Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention. Risk, prevention, and

testing behaviors related to HIV and

hepatitis infections—National HIV

Behavioral Surveillance System:

Injecting drug users, May 2005–

February 2006. HIV Special

Surveillance Report 7. 2011.
Page 16 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

Table 1. Percent distribution of persons aged 15–44 by overall HIV testing experience, according to selected demographic

characteristics: United States, 2002 and 2006–2010

Only tested Ever tested

Never tested for HIV for HIV

Number in for HIV in as part of outside of

Characteristic thousands Total any context blood donation blood donation

Percent distribution (standard error)

Total for 2002................................... 122,708 100.0 34.0 (0.7) 15.1 (0.5) 51.0 (0.8)

Males ...................................... 61,147 100.0 36.5 (1.0) 17.0 (0.9) 46.5 (1.2)

Females. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,561 100.0 31.5 (0.8) 13.2 (0.6) 55.3 (0.9)

Total1 for 2006–2010 .............................. 123,882 100.0 33.0 (0.6) 16.5 (0.7) 50.5 (0.8)

Sex

Male ........................................ 62,128 100.0 38.3 (0.9) 19.8 (0.9) 41.9 (0.9)

Female ...................................... 61,755 100.0 27.7 (0.7) 13.2 (0.6) 59.1 (1.0)

Age

15–19 years.................................... 21,294 100.0 70.6 (0.9) 13.7 (0.8) 15.7 (0.7)

20–24 years.................................... 20,758 100.0 34.1 (1.2) 21.4 (1.7) 44.5 (2.2)

25–29 years.................................... 21,293 100.0 26.4 (1.2) 16.8 (1.0) 56.8 (1.3)

30–34 years.................................... 18,415 100.0 20.6 (1.1) 15.2 (1.0) 64.3 (1.2)

35–39 years.................................... 20,943 100.0 19.3 (1.1) 16.1 (1.1) 64.6 (1.4)

40–44 years.................................... 21,178 100.0 25.4 (1.3) 15.8 (1.2) 58.8 (1.5)

Marital or cohabiting status

Currently married ................................ 48,962 100.0 24.0 (1.0) 18.8 (0.9) 57.2 (1.2)

Currently cohabiting ............................... 14,464 100.0 23.0 (1.2) 12.4 (1.1) 64.5 (1.5)

Formerly married, not cohabiting ....................... 8,909 100.0 15.7 (1.4) 9.9 (1.3) 74.4 (1.6)

Never married, not cohabiting ......................... 51,548 100.0 47.4 (0.9) 16.6 (0.8) 36.0 (1.1)

Ever had sexual intercourse ........................ 34,184 100.0 32.7 (0.9) 17.1 (0.8) 50.2 (1.1)

Never had sexual intercourse ....................... 17,364 100.0 76.5 (1.7) 15.4 (1.6) 8.1 (0.6)

Education2

No high school diploma or GED ....................... 15,058 100.0 32.4 (1.6) 7.9 (0.9) 59.7 (1.7)

High school diploma or GED ......................... 22,067 100.0 26.5 (1.1) 12.5 (0.9) 61.0 (1.3)

Some college, no bachelor’s degree..................... 24,630 100.0 20.2 (1.0) 19.2 (1.4) 60.6 (1.7)

Bachelor’s degree or higher .......................... 27,864 100.0 20.6 (0.9) 22.8 (1.1) 56.6 (1.4)

Percent of poverty level3

0%–99% ...................................... 18,209 100.0 29.0 (1.3) 10.1 (1.0) 60.9 (1.6)

100%–199% ................................... 21,626 100.0 25.7 (1.2) 14.2 (1.1) 60.1 (1.5)

200%–399% ................................... 38,685 100.0 24.7 (1.0) 19.5 (0.9) 55.8 (1.2)

400% or higher.................................. 24,067 100.0 22.8 (1.2) 21.2 (1.2) 56.0 (1.5)

Current health insurance coverage3

Private ....................................... 64,530 100.0 24.9 (0.8) 20.8 (0.9) 54.3 (1.1)

Medicaid, CHIP, or state-sponsored program ............... 9,344 100.0 20.2 (1.5) 6.5 (1.0) 73.3 (1.6)

Military, Medicare, or other government-sponsored programs ..... 3,574 100.0 14.3 (1.9) 9.6 (2.5) 76.0 (3.1)

Single-service plan, IHS, or uninsured.................... 25,142 100.0 29.6 (1.3) 12.4 (0.8) 58.0 (1.5)

Metropolitan residence

Metropolitan, central city ............................ 40,484 100.0 30.8 (1.0) 15.0 (1.4) 54.2 (1.8)

Metropolitan, suburban ............................. 58,769 100.0 34.2 (0.8) 16.5 (0.7) 49.3 (0.8)

Nonmetropolitan ................................. 24,629 100.0 34.1 (1.2) 18.9 (1.3) 47.0 (1.5)

Hispanic origin and race

Hispanic or Latino/a ............................... 22,321 100.0 40.4 (1.1) 10.9 (0.7) 48.6 (1.1)

U.S.-born .................................... 11,110 100.0 36.0 (1.4) 13.6 (1.1) 50.4 (1.4)

Not U.S.-born ................................. 11,204 100.0 44.8 (1.5) 8.3 (0.9) 46.9 (1.5)

Non-Hispanic:

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,667 100.0 31.4 (0.8) 20.7 (0.9) 47.9 (1.1)

Black, single race ............................... 15,792 100.0 25.6 (1.0) 6.2 (0.6) 68.2 (1.1)

Asian, single race ............................... 4,862 100.0 45.5 (3.0) 15.4 (1.7) 39.1 (2.8)

1

Total includes persons of other or multiple-race groups not shown separately.
 2

Limited to persons aged 22–44 at time of interview.
 3

Limited to persons aged 20–44 at time of interview.
 

NOTES: Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding. Numbers in thousands include those with missing information on HIV testing. GED is General Educational Development diploma. CHIP
 

is Children’s Health Insurance Program. IHS is Indian Health Service. Single-service plans, such as vision or dental plans, typically cover one aspect of health care.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2002 and 2006–2010.
 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012 Page 17

Table 2. Percent distribution of women and men aged 15–44 by overall HIV testing experience, according to selected behavioral

characteristics: United States, 2006–2010

Only tested Ever tested

Never tested for HIV for HIV

Number in for HIV in as part of outside of

Characteristic thousands Total any context blood donation blood donation

Percent distribution (standard error)

Women aged 15–441 .............................. 61,755 100.0 27.8 (0.7) 13.2 (0.6) 59.0 (1.0)

Ever had a completed pregnancy2

Yes ......................................... 37,555 100.0 14.4 (0.7) 9.3 (0.6) 76.3 (0.9)

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,200 100.0 48.7 (1.2) 19.1 (1.0) 32.2 (1.1)

Number of opposite-sex partners in lifetime3

None (never had sex).............................. 6,515 100.0 78.5 (2.0) 15.8 (1.6) 5.7 (0.8)

1 partner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,410 100.0 37.2 (1.4) 19.3 (1.7) 43.4 (1.8)

2–4 partners ................................... 17,330 100.0 23.2 (1.1) 14.1 (1.0) 62.7 (1.3)

5–9 partners ................................... 14,081 100.0 14.4 (0.9) 10.0 (0.9) 75.5 (1.1)

10–14 partners .................................. 4,658 100.0 9.7 (1.5) 9.9 (1.4) 80.4 (1.8)

15 or more partners ............................... 5,436 100.0 7.4 (1.2) 4.9 (0.9) 87.8 (1.4)

Sexual contact with same-sex partner4

Never........................................ 52,752 100.0 29.7 (0.7) 14.0 (0.7) 56.3 (1.1)

Ever, but not in past 12 months........................ 5,751 100.0 13.4 (1.5) 7.7 (1.1) 79.0 (1.7)

Within past 12 months ............................. 2,609 100.0 17.7 (2.1) 9.8 (1.9) 72.5 (2.7)

Sexual identity or orientation

Heterosexual or straight ............................ 57,300 100.0 27.8 (0.7) 13.4 (0.7) 58.8 (1.0)

Homosexual, gay, or lesbian.......................... 744 100.0 24.3 (4.7) 11.9 (3.6) 63.8 (5.4)

Bisexual ...................................... 2,567 100.0 22.0 (2.2) 11.7 (2.2) 66.3 (2.7)

Men aged 15–441 ................................ 62,128 100.0 38.5 (0.9) 19.9 (0.9) 41.6 (0.9)

Number of opposite-sex partners in lifetime3

None (never had sex).............................. 6,856 100.0 75.3 (2.7) 15.0 (2.8) 9.6 (1.4)

1 partner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,680 100.0 53.1 (2.4) 28.1 (2.3) 18.8 (1.7)

2–4 partners ................................... 13,586 100.0 42.5 (1.7) 26.1 (1.7) 31.4 (1.3)

5–9 partners ................................... 12,188 100.0 31.7 (1.7) 19.3 (1.4) 49.0 (1.8)

10–14 partners .................................. 6,098 100.0 20.1 (2.0) 19.8 (2.0) 60.2 (2.6)

15 or more partners ............................... 13,050 100.0 19.0 (1.3) 12.8 (1.2) 68.2 (1.6)

Sexual contact with same-sex partner4

Never........................................ 58,407 100.0 39.4 (0.9) 20.4 (0.9) 40.2 (0.9)

Ever, but not in past 12 months........................ 1,859 100.0 24.0 (4.2) 16.1 (2.9) 59.9 (4.4)

Within past 12 months ............................. 1,274 100.0 14.0 (3.1) 7.1 (2.6) 78.9 (4.2)

Sexual identity or orientation

Heterosexual or straight ............................ 59,147 100.0 38.5 (0.9) 20.5 (0.9) 41.0 (0.9)

Homosexual or gay ............................... 1,055 100.0 16.7 (3.8) 4.1 (1.9) 79.2 (4.2)

Bisexual ...................................... 770 100.0 36.3 (6.2) 14.0 (5.7) 49.8 (6.1)

Experience with prison, jail, or detention center5

Never........................................ 28,668 100.0 31.5 (1.3) 22.3 (1.1) 46.2 (1.3)

Ever, but not in past year ........................... 9,582 100.0 22.0 (1.7) 14.1 (1.3) 63.9 (1.8)

Within past year ................................. 2,453 100.0 25.7 (3.1) 10.8 (2.5) 63.6 (4.0)

Ever served in military5

Yes ......................................... 4,253 100.0 4.7 (1.4) 11.4 (1.9) 83.9 (2.2)

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,656 100.0 31.8 (1.2) 20.6 (0.9) 47.7 (1.1)

1

Includes persons with missing information on numbers of sexual partners in lifetime, same-sex sexual experience, sexual identity, prison experience, or military experience.
 2

A completed pregnancy may have ended in live birth, induced abortion, or spontaneous loss.
 3

Includes all opposite-sex partners with whom respondent has had vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
 4

Same-sex experience for men refers to oral or anal sex with a male partner. Same-sex experience for women refers to oral sex or other sexual contact with a female partner.
 5

Limited to men aged 25–44 at the time of interview.
 

NOTES: Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding. Numbers in thousands include those with missing information on HIV testing.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010.
 
Page 18 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

Table 3. Percentage of women and men aged 15–44 tested for HIV outside of blood donation, by selected demographic characteristics:

United States, 2006–2010

All women aged 15–44 All men aged 15–44

Percent ever Percent tested Percent ever Percent tested

Number in tested in past year Number in tested in past year

Characteristic thousands (standard error) (standard error) thousands (standard error) (standard error)

Total1 for 2006–2010........................... 61,755 59.1 (1.0) 21.4 (0.7) 62,128 41.9 (0.9) 13.0 (0.5)

Age

15–19 years ................................ 10,478 19.8 (1.2) 14.3 (1.0) 10,817 11.8 (0.9) 7.7 (0.8)

20–24 years ................................ 10,365 55.0 (2.5) 31.6 (1.9) 10,394 34.2 (2.3) 15.3 (1.6)

25–29 years ................................ 10,535 67.7 (1.6) 29.3 (1.4) 10,758 46.1 (1.6) 18.0 (1.3)

30–34 years ................................ 9,188 75.1 (1.4) 24.8 (1.8) 9,228 53.5 (1.8) 11.9 (1.3)

35–39 years ................................ 10,538 74.3 (1.6) 17.3 (1.3) 10,405 54.8 (2.0) 13.7 (1.2)

40–44 years ................................ 10,652 64.5 (1.8) 11.8 (1.2) 10,526 53.1 (2.4) 11.1 (1.2)

Marital or cohabiting status

Currently married ............................. 25,605 67.3 (1.3) 18.9 (1.0) 23,357 46.1 (1.6) 10.6 (0.9)

Currently cohabiting ........................... 6,910 75.7 (1.7) 32.8 (2.0) 7,554 54.4 (2.6) 16.4 (2.0)

Formerly married, not cohabiting ................... 5,659 78.2 (1.9) 25.7 (1.8) 3,250 67.8 (2.8) 19.3 (2.3)

Never married, not cohabiting ..................... 23,581 40.8 (1.4) 19.7 (0.9) 27,967 32.0 (1.2) 13.2 (0.7)

Ever had sexual intercourse ..................... 15,334 59.2 (1.4) 29.0 (1.1) 18,850 42.8 (1.3) 17.5 (0.9)

Never had sexual intercourse .................... 8,247 6.4 (0.7) 2.5 (0.5) 9,117 9.6 (1.1) 4.3 (0.7)

Education2

No high school diploma or GED .................... 6,844 76.4 (1.7) 29.8 (1.8) 9,004 46.9 (2.5) 13.9 (1.5)

High school diploma or GED ...................... 11,578 71.0 (1.5) 24.1 (1.4) 12,068 51.4 (1.9) 13.0 (1.0)

Some college, no bachelor’s degree ................. 13,702 69.8 (1.6) 22.4 (1.4) 13,206 51.1 (2.2) 15.5 (1.3)

Bachelor’s degree or higher ...................... 15,083 61.9 (1.7) 17.1 (1.1) 12,781 50.3 (2.1) 13.6 (1.0)

Percent of poverty level3

0%–99% .................................. 10,554 71.3 (1.8) 32.0 (1.6) 7,656 46.6 (2.4) 14.8 (1.5)

100%–199% ................................ 11,588 71.9 (1.8) 25.0 (1.3) 10,038 46.5 (1.9) 14.0 (1.0)

200%–399% ................................ 18,856 63.8 (1.6) 18.9 (1.1) 19,829 48.2 (1.5) 13.6 (0.9)

400% or higher .............................. 10,279 63.5 (1.8) 18.5 (1.4) 13,789 50.4 (2.1) 14.4 (1.2)

Current health insurance coverage3

Private ................................... 31,919 62.9 (1.4) 18.5 (0.9) 32,611 45.9 (1.4) 11.7 (0.7)

Medicaid, CHIP, or state-sponsored program ............ 6,674 82.5 (1.7) 44.1 (2.2) 2,670 50.4 (3.9) 16.9 (2.7)

Military, Medicare, or other government-sponsored programs . . 1,531 78.9 (3.4) 31.9 (4.0) 2,042 73.9 (4.3) 38.6 (4.6)

Single-service plan, IHS, or uninsured ................ 11,153 68.6 (1.4) 21.6 (1.2) 13,989 49.5 (2.0) 15.3 (1.2)

Metropolitan residence

Metropolitan, central city ........................ 20,024 61.6 (2.4) 25.2 (1.3) 20,460 47.1 (1.7) 16.9 (1.1)

Metropolitan, suburban ......................... 29,497 58.9 (1.0) 19.8 (0.9) 29,272 39.6 (1.2) 11.6 (0.7)

Nonmetropolitan ............................. 12,234 55.6 (1.8) 19.3 (1.5) 12,395 38.6 (2.0) 9.6 (1.3)

Hispanic origin and race

Hispanic .................................. 10,474 59.2 (1.3) 25.2 (1.1) 11,847 39.3 (1.5) 13.3 (1.0)

U.S.-born ................................ 5,369 56.9 (1.8) 23.9 (1.6) 5,741 44.3 (2.1) 16.0 (1.4)

Not U.S.-born.............................. 5,104 61.6 (2.0) 26.7 (1.6) 6,100 34.6 (2.0) 10.6 (1.4)

Non-Hispanic:

White, single race ........................... 37,384 56.4 (1.3) 16.9 (0.8) 37,283 39.4 (1.3) 10.2 (0.6)

Black, single race ........................... 8,451 74.6 (1.3) 38.1 (1.3) 7,341 60.8 (1.7) 26.7 (1.5)

Asian, single race ........................... 2,456 47.7 (4.0) 18.1 (3.1) 2,406 30.4 (3.7) 8.1 (1.7)

1

Total includes persons with missing date of most recent HIV test and persons of other or multiple-race groups not shown separately.
 2

Limited to persons aged 22–44 at time of interview.
 3

Limited to persons aged 20–44 at time of interview.
 

NOTES: Numbers in thousands include those with missing information on HIV testing. GED is General Educational Development diploma. CHIP is Children’s Health Insurance Program. IHS is
 

Indian Health Service. Single-service plans, such as vision or dental plans, typically cover one aspect of health care.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010.
 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012 Page 19

Table 4. Percentage of women and men aged 15–44 who had an HIV test outside of blood donation in the past year, by selected

behavioral characteristics: United States, 2006–2010

Women aged 15–44 Men aged 15–44

Percent Percent

tested in tested in

Number in past year Number in past year

Characteristic thousands (standard error) thousands (standard error)

Total1 for 2006–2010 ..................................... 61,755 21.4 (0.7) 62,128 13.0 (0.5)

Number of opposite-sex partners in past 12 months2

None ............................................... 10,627 6.2 (0.6) 11,205 7.4 (0.9)

1 partner ............................................. 41,997 22.8 (0.8) 38,107 10.8 (0.6)

2–4 partners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,267 33.5 (1.7) 9,453 22.9 (1.6)

5 or more partners ....................................... 1,071 43.4 (5.1) 2,371 35.4 (3.5)

Exchanged sex for money or drugs in past 12 months

Yes ................................................ 459 50.4 (7.6) 791 28.6 (4.2)

No ................................................. 60,866 21.3 (0.7) 61,021 12.7 (0.5)

Male who had sex in past 12 months with a male3

Yes ................................................ . . . . . . 1,274 38.5 (4.9)

No ................................................. . . . . . . 60,266 12.4 (0.5)

Had male partner in past 12 months who also had sex with other men3

Yes ................................................ 862 31.7 (5.0) . . . . . .

No ................................................. 60,195 21.2 (0.7) . . . . . .

Treated for non-HIV STD in past 12 months

Yes ................................................ 2,490 48.9 (3.1) 1,580 45.0 (4.3)

No ................................................. 58,740 20.4 (0.7) 60,102 12.1 (0.5)

HIV risk-related sexual behaviors in past 12 months4

and race and Hispanic origin

1 or more reported for past 12 months5 ............. ............. 2,353 40.9 (3.0) 4,414 34.2 (2.5)

Hispanic or Latino ...................................... 407 38.5 (5.4) 869 41.5 (5.5)

Non-Hispanic white, single race ............................. 1,299 35.4 (4.1) 2,216 30.2 (3.8)

Non-Hispanic black, single race ............................. 414 53.0 (5.6) 994 41.0 (3.8)

None reported for past 12 months5.............. .............. 58,313 20.7 (0.7) 56,552 11.3 (0.5)

Hispanic or Latino ...................................... 9,745 24.8 (1.2) 10,647 11.2 (0.9)

Non-Hispanic white, single race ............................. 35,676 16.2 (0.8) 34,683 9.0 (0.6)

Non-Hispanic black, single race ............................. 7,864 37.7 (1.4) 6,153 24.4 (1.6)

HIV risk-related behaviors in past 12 months6

and race and Hispanic origin

1 or more reported for past 12 months5 ............. ............. 4,849 43.0 (2.2) 6,329 33.5 (2.1)

Hispanic or Latino/a..................................... 764 36.9 (4.2) 1,363 38.7 (4.2)

Non-Hispanic white, single race ............................. 2,696 39.9 (3.2) 3,129 27.4 (3.1)

Non-Hispanic black, single race ............................. 894 55.3 (4.3) 1,372 45.2 (3.7)

None reported for past 12 months5.............. .............. 55,783 19.7 (0.7) 54,574 10.6 (0.5)

Hispanic or Latino/a..................................... 9,354 24.5 (1.3) 10,147 10.1 (0.9)

Non-Hispanic white, single race ............................. 34,284 15.1 (0.8) 33,726 8.7 (0.6)

Non-Hispanic black, single race ............................. 7,379 36.5 (1.5) 5,759 22.3 (1.6)

Experience with prison, jail, or detention center7

Never ............................................... . . . . . . 28,668 11.9 (0.7)

Ever, but not in past year................................... . . . . . . 9,582 16.0 (1.2)

Within past year ........................................ . . . . . . 2,453 27.4 (3.5)

Ever served in military7

Yes ................................................ . . . . . . 4,253 28.1 (2.8)

No ................................................. . . . . . . 36,656 12.1 (0.6)

. . . Category not applicable or data not collected. 1

Total includes those with missing information on number of opposite-sex sexual partners and same-sex sexual contact. 2

Includes all opposite-sex partners with whom respondent has had vaginal, oral, or anal sex. 3

Same-sex sexual contact with a male partner includes oral or anal sex. 4

This summary measure includes all sexual risk behaviors for HIV as described in the Methods section [men who have sex with men (MSM), having five or more opposite-sex partners, sex in
 

exchange for drugs or money, women with MSM partners, sex with illicit-drug-injecting partners, sex with HIV-positive partner].
 5

Includes those of other or multiple-race groups, not shown separately.
 6

This summary measure includes sexual risk behaviors (as described in footnote 4), treatment for non-HIV STD, and drug risk behaviors (including illicit drug injection) in the past year. See
 

Methods for further details.
 7

Limited to men aged 25–44 at time of interview.
 

NOTE: STD is sexually transmitted disease.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010.
 
Page 20 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

Table 5. Percent distribution of women and men aged 15–44 who had an HIV test outside of blood donation, by the main reason reported

for their most recent HIV test: United States, 2006–2010

Women aged 15–44 Men aged 15–44

ever tested for ever tested for

HIV outside of HIV outside of

Characteristic blood donation blood donation

Number in thousands1 ...................... 36,497 26,019

Total1 ................ ................ 100.0 100.0

Part of medical checkup or procedure ............ 26.1 (0.9) 30.5 (1.2)

Part of prenatal care ....................... 36.1 (1.2) . . .

Required for health or life insurance.............. 3.4 (0.3) 7.0 (0.7)

Required for marriage license or to get married....... 1.7 (0.3) 4.9 (0.6)

Required for job or military service............... 1.7 (0.2) 10.4 (1.1)

Required for immigration or travel ............... 0.9 (0.2) 2.2 (0.4)

Required for incarceration .................... . . . 1.5 (0.3)

Finding out if infected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.8 (0.7) 31.9 (1.0)

Possible exposure from sexual or drug behavior ...... 4.2 (0.4) 4.4 (0.5)

Someone suggested it ...................... 2.5 (0.3) 4.4 (0.4)

New partner ............................ 0.3 (0.1) 0.5 (0.2)

Other reason ............................ 1.2 (0.2) 1.0 (0.2)

. . . Category not applicable or data not collected.
 1

Total includes those with missing information on reason for most recent HIV test.
 

NOTES: Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding. Number in parentheses is standard error.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010.
 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012 Page 21

Table 6. Percent distribution of men aged 15–44 ever tested for HIV outside of blood donation, by the main reason for their most recent

HIV test: United States, 2006–2010

Personal or

relationshipPart of medical Required for based reasons

Number in checkup or nonmedical for finding out

Characteristic thousands Total procedure1 reasons2 if infected3

Percent distribution (standard error)

Total4 ........................................ 26,019 100.0 31.3 (1.2) 26.0 (1.3) 40.5 (1.2)

Age

15–24 years.................................... 4,831 100.0 26.5 (2.2) 13.4 (2.0) 58.6 (2.5)

25–29 years.................................... 4,960 100.0 24.0 (2.2) 23.1 (2.7) 50.5 (2.6)

30–44 years.................................... 16,227 100.0 35.0 (1.6) 30.6 (1.7) 32.0 (1.6)

Marital or cohabiting status

Currently married ................................ 10,762 100.0 33.6 (2.4) 41.3 (2.3) 22.4 (1.8)

Currently cohabiting ............................... 4,108 100.0 37.0 (3.0) 18.2 (2.4) 42.7 (2.9)

Formerly married, not cohabiting ....................... 2,204 100.0 30.9 (3.0) 19.4 (2.7) 47.1 (4.0)

Never married, not cohabiting ......................... 8,945 100.0 26.0 (1.4) 12.9 (1.3) 59.5 (1.5)

Education5

No high school diploma or GED ....................... 4,227 100.0 35.3 (2.7) 21.7 (2.8) 41.8 (2.5)

High school diploma or GED ......................... 6,199 100.0 29.7 (2.2) 28.9 (2.6) 40.0 (2.7)

Some college, no bachelor’s degree..................... 6,742 100.0 31.8 (2.3) 27.4 (2.3) 37.6 (2.3)

Bachelor’s degree or higher .......................... 6,430 100.0 32.1 (2.1) 31.1 (2.4) 33.7 (2.1)

Current health insurance coverage6

Private ....................................... 14,960 100.0 32.0 (1.5) 28.5 (1.6) 36.7 (1.6)

Medicaid, CHIP, or state-sponsored program ............... 1,345 100.0 41.7 (3.9) 8.8 (2.1) 48.4 (4.4)

Military, Medicare, or other government-sponsored programs ..... 1,509 100.0 39.3 (7.2) 39.5 (6.2) 20.5 (3.9)

Single-service plan, IHS, or uninsured.................... 6,926 100.0 27.0 (1.9) 23.5 (2.2) 47.6 (2.2)

Hispanic origin and race

Hispanic or Latino ................................ 4,659 100.0 35.3 (2.1) 23.3 (2.0) 40.1 (2.4)

Non-Hispanic or Latino:

White, single race. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,687 100.0 28.2 (1.7) 30.1 (2.0) 38.8 (1.6)

Black, single race ............................... 4,466 100.0 35.4 (2.0) 16.1 (1.5) 47.1 (2.2)

Most recent HIV test in past 12 months

Yes ......................................... 8,003 100.0 36.0 (2.2) 20.8 (2.0) 41.7 (2.1)

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,684 100.0 28.8 (1.4) 28.5 (1.5) 40.1 (1.4)

Number of opposite-sex partners in lifetime7

None (never had sex).............................. 673 100.0 27.2 (5.0) 18.2 (5.5) 53.0 (6.4)

1 partner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,678 100.0 43.2 (4.2) 38.1 (4.6) 15.5 (2.7)

2–4 partners ................................... 4,304 100.0 26.8 (2.4) 31.1 (3.0) 39.5 (3.2)

5–14 partners................................... 9,692 100.0 31.9 (1.8) 25.4 (1.6) 40.9 (1.8)

15 or more partners ............................... 8,939 100.0 30.5 (2.1) 22.6 (1.9) 44.4 (2.0)

Ever had sexual contact with same-sex partner8

Yes ......................................... 2,145 100.0 22.2 (3.3) 18.1 (3.8) 58.2 (3.9)

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,632 100.0 32.1 (1.3) 26.7 (1.4) 38.9 (1.2)

Sexual identity or orientation

Heterosexual or straight ............................ 24,418 100.0 31.8 (1.3) 26.9 (1.4) 39.1 (1.2)

Homosexual or gay ............................... 838 100.0 22.7 (5.5) 5.1 (2.1) 71.8 (5.8)

Bisexual ...................................... 383 100.0 19.7 (6.0) 16.0 (5.4) 62.4 (7.5)

Treated for non-HIV STD in past 12 months

Yes ......................................... 1,207 100.0 28.5 (4.4) 12.9 (3.3) 57.9 (4.9)

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,625 100.0 31.4 (1.3) 26.6 (1.4) 39.7 (1.2)

HIV risk-related sexual behaviors in past 12 months9

1 or more reported for past 12 months ................... 2,938 100.0 25.9 (2.7) 10.2 (1.8) 62.3 (3.2)

None reported for past 12 months ...................... 22,666 100.0 31.8 (1.3) 28.2 (1.5) 37.7 (1.2)

See footnotes at end of table.
Page 22 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

Table 6. Percent distribution of men aged 15–44 ever tested for HIV outside of blood donation, by the main reason for their most recent

HIV test: United States, 2006–2010—Con.

Characteristic

Number in

thousands Total

Part of medical

checkup or

procedure1

Required for

nonmedical

reasons2

Personal or

relationshipbased reasons

for finding out

if infected3

HIV risk-related behaviors in past 12 months10 Percent distribution (standard error)

1 or more reported for past 12 months ...................

None reported for past 12 months ......................

4,194

21,421

100.0

100.0

26.4 (2.3)

32.0 (1.4)

13.0 (1.8)

28.7 (1.5)

59.4 (2.8)

36.9 (1.3)

1

Includes those who said a doctor or other medical care provider suggested the test.
 2

Required for health or life insurance, employment (including military service), marriage license, immigration, travel, or incarceration.
 3

Includes those who said a sexual partner suggested they be tested, they were tested due to starting a new relationship, or they were potentially exposed to HIV through sexual or drug behavior.
 4

Total includes those of other or unknown race groups not shown separately and those with missing information on reason for HIV test, number of opposite-sex sexual partners, or same-sex
 

sexual contact. Total also includes those reporting other reasons for their most recent HIV test, not shown separately, such as potential exposure to HIV through accidents at work. For this reason,
 

along with rounding, percentages will not add to 100.
 5

Limited to persons aged 22–44 at time of interview.
 6

Limited to persons aged 20–44 at time of interview.
 7

Includes all female partners with whom he has had vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
 8

Includes all male partners with whom he has had oral or anal sex.
 9

This summary measure includes all sexual risk behaviors for HIV as described in the Methods section [men who have sex with men (MSM), having five or more opposite-sex partners, sex in
 

exchange for drugs or money, sex with illicit-drug-injecting partners, sex with HIV-positive partners].
 10This summary measure includes sexual risk behaviors (as described in footnote 9), treatment for non-HIV STD, and drug risk behaviors (including illicit drug injection) in the past year. See
 

Methods for further details.
 

NOTES: GED is General Educational Development diploma. CHIP is Children’s Health Insurance Program. IHS is Indian Health Service. Single-service plans, such as vision or dental plans,
 

typically cover one aspect of health care. STD is sexually transmitted disease.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010.
 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012 Page 23

Table 7. Percent distribution of women aged 15–44 ever tested for HIV outside of blood donation, by the main reason for their most

recent HIV test: United States, 2006–2010

Personal or

Part of relationshipmedical Required for based reasons

Number in checkup or Part of nonmedical for finding

Characteristic thousands Total procedure1 prenatal care2 reasons3 out if infected4

Percent distribution (standard error)

Total5 .................. .................. 36,497 100.0 26.7 (0.9) 36.5 (1.2) 7.7 (0.5) 26.8 (0.9)

Age

15–24 years ................................ 7,767 100.0 32.9 (1.7) 27.1 (1.8) 3.1 (0.6) 34.6 (1.8)

25–29 years ................................ 7,136 100.0 24.9 (1.6) 39.2 (2.2) 6.1 (1.0) 27.0 (1.8)

30–44 years ................................ 21,593 100.0 25.0 (1.2) 39.0 (1.4) 9.8 (0.7) 24.0 (1.1)

Marital or cohabiting status

Currently married ............................. 17,234 100.0 21.2 (1.2) 50.1 (1.5) 10.2 (0.8) 16.3 (1.0)

Currently cohabiting ........................... 5,228 100.0 28.6 (1.9) 36.2 (2.3) 3.2 (0.7) 29.9 (2.0)

Formerly married, not cohabiting ................... 4,424 100.0 28.9 (2.2) 28.7 (2.3) 8.3 (1.2) 31.7 (2.2)

Never married, not cohabiting ..................... 9,611 100.0 34.2 (1.6) 15.9 (1.4) 5.3 (0.7) 41.7 (1.7)

Education6

No high school diploma or GED .................... 5,233 100.0 28.0 (2.0) 39.6 (2.2) 4.5 (0.8) 26.8 (2.4)

High school diploma or GED ...................... 8,225 100.0 24.8 (1.6) 39.2 (1.7) 8.5 (1.0) 26.2 (1.4)

Some college, no bachelor’s degree ................. 9,563 100.0 28.3 (1.6) 35.5 (1.9) 7.9 (0.9) 25.5 (1.4)

Bachelor’s degree or higher ...................... 9,341 100.0 23.6 (1.7) 37.7 (2.5) 10.6 (1.2) 24.0 (1.7)

Current health insurance coverage7

Private ................................... 20,062 100.0 26.0 (1.1) 36.5 (1.7) 9.8 (0.8) 24.8 (1.0)

Medicaid, CHIP, or state-sponsored program ............ 5,504 100.0 23.3 (1.6) 47.1 (2.3) 3.2 (0.7) 26.1 (1.9)

Military, Medicare, or other government-sponsored programs . . 1,207 100.0 29.1 (5.5) 25.3 (3.9) 17.3 (5.1) 25.1 (5.6)

Single-service plan, IHS, or uninsured ................ 7,652 100.0 28.8 (1.8) 34.2 (2.0) 5.3 (0.8) 29.2 (2.2)

Hispanic origin and race

Hispanic or Latina ............................ 6,198 100.0 28.2 (1.7) 44.9 (1.7) 6.4 (0.8) 18.8 (1.7)

Non-Hispanic or Latina

White, single race ........................... 21,081 100.0 23.1 (1.2) 37.4 (1.7) 8.6 (0.7) 28.3 (1.2)

Black, single race ........................... 6,303 100.0 33.9 (2.1) 26.9 (2.0) 6.2 (0.8) 30.3 (1.5)

Most recent HIV test in past 12 months

Yes ..................................... 13,199 100.0 33.4 (1.3) 32.3 (1.5) 5.8 (0.6) 26.6 (1.4)

No ...................................... 23,153 100.0 22.9 (1.1) 38.9 (1.5) 8.6 (0.6) 27.0 (1.0)

Number of opposite-sex partners in lifetime8

None (never had sex) .......................... 370 100.0 53.9 (8.2) . . . 6.2 (3.4) 25.5 (6.7)

1 partner .................................. 5,424 100.0 23.9 (2.0) 50.7 (2.6) 10.8 (1.6) 11.9 (1.5)

2–4 partners ................................ 10,869 100.0 25.7 (1.2) 40.0 (1.4) 7.8 (0.8) 24.1 (1.3)

5–14 partners ............................... 14,394 100.0 27.6 (1.4) 33.3 (1.6) 7.0 (0.7) 30.2 (1.4)

15 or more partners ........................... 4,771 100.0 27.7 (2.4) 24.6 (2.3) 5.9 (1.2) 39.8 (2.4)

Ever had sexual contact with same-sex partner9

Yes ..................................... 6,445 100.0 25.6 (1.8) 26.1 (2.0) 4.3 (0.8) 39.9 (2.0)

No ...................................... 29,770 100.0 26.8 (0.9) 38.9 (1.3) 8.4 (0.6) 24.0 (0.9)

Sexual identity or orientation

Heterosexual or straight ......................... 33,739 100.0 26.6 (0.9) 37.5 (1.2) 7.8 (0.5) 25.9 (0.9)

Homosexual, gay, or lesbian ...................... 477 100.0 23.6 (5.7) 7.3 (2.4) 12.7 (6.2) 45.4 (6.6)

Bisexual .................................. 1,704 100.0 29.6 (3.5) 26.2 (3.5) 5.6 (1.8) 35.6 (3.7)

Treated for non-HIV STD in past 12 months

Yes ..................................... 2,141 100.0 23.0 (3.2) 26.6 (3.1) 4.7 (1.3) 45.6 (4.1)

No ...................................... 34,116 100.0 26.9 (0.9) 37.2 (1.3) 7.9 (0.5) 25.6 (0.8)

HIV risk-related sexual behaviors in past 12 months10

1 or more reported for past 12 months................ 1,696 100.0 28.5 (3.5) 23.6 (3.2) 4.7 (2.2) 40.6 (4.0)

None reported for past 12 months .................. 34,251 100.0 26.6 (0.9) 37.2 (1.3) 7.8 (0.5) 26.0 (0.9)

See footnotes at end of table.
Page 24 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

Table 7. Percent distribution of women aged 15–44 ever tested for HIV outside of blood donation, by the main reason for their most

recent HIV test: United States, 2006–2010—Con.

Characteristic

Number in

thousands Total

Part of

medical

checkup or

procedure1

Part of

prenatal care2

Required for

nonmedical

reasons3

Personal or

relationshipbased reasons

for finding

out if infected4

HIV risk-related behaviors in past 12 months11

1 or more reported for past 12 months................

None reported for past 12 months ..................

3,787

32,140

100.0

100.0

26.0 (2.5)

26.7 (0.9)

25.2 (2.2)

37.9 (1.3)

5.1 (1.2)

8.0 (0.5)

42.2 (3.0)

24.9 (0.9)

. . . Category not applicable.
 1

Includes those who said a doctor or other medical care provider suggested the test.
 2

Includes those who reported prenatal testing for a completed pregnancy within the past year.
 3

Required for health or life insurance, employment (including military service), marriage license, immigration, travel, or incarceration.
 4

Includes those who said a sexual partner suggested they be tested, they were tested due to starting a new relationship, or they were potentially exposed to HIV through sexual or drug behavior.
 5

Total includes those of other or unknown race groups not shown separately and those with missing information on reason for HIV test, number of opposite-sex sexual partners, or same-sex
 

sexual contact. Total also includes those reporting other reasons for their most recent HIV test, not shown separately, such as potential exposure to HIV through accidents at work. For this reason,
 

along with rounding, percentages will not add to 100.
 6

Limited to persons aged 22–44 at time of interview.
 7

Limited to women aged 20–44 at time of interview.
 8

Includes all male partners with whom she has had vaginal, oral, or anal sex.
 9

Same-sex experience for women refers to oral sex or other sexual contact with a female partner.
 10This summary measure includes all sexual risk behaviors for HIV as described in the Methods section [having five or more opposite-sex partners, sex in exchange for drugs or money, women
 

with MSM (men who have sex with men) partners, sex with illicit-drug-injecting partners, sex with HIV-positive partners].
 11This summary measure includes sexual risk behaviors (as described in footnote 10), treatment for non-HIV STD, and drug risk behaviors (including illicit drug injection) in the past year. See
 

Methods for further details.
 

NOTES: GED is General Educational Development diploma. CHIP is Children’s Health Insurance Program. IHS is Indian Health Service. Single-service plans, such as vision or dental plans,
 

typically cover one aspect of health care. STD is sexually transmitted disease.
 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010.
 
National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012 Page 25

Table 8. HIV testing (outside of blood donation) among women aged 15–44 with a completed pregnancy in the past 12 months:

United States, 2002 and 2006–2010

Ever tested outside of blood donation

Never tested Tested in Tested in

outside of Tested longer past 12 months past 12 months

Number in blood ago than but not in as part of

Characteristic thousands Total donation 12 months prenatal care prenatal care

Percent distribution (standard error)

Total for 2002 ................................ 6,354 100.0 13.6 (2.0) 14.8 (1.6) 4.5 (0.8) 67.2 (2.1)

Total1 for 2006–2010 ............................ 5,865 100.0 14.6 (1.6) 13.3 (1.3) 4.8 (0.9) 67.2 (2.0)

Age

15–24 years ................................. 2,057 100.0 16.7 (2.5) 10.5 (1.8) 6.0 (1.8) 66.8 (2.9)

25–29 years ................................. 1,458 100.0 18.8 (2.9) 10.3 (2.3) 3.6 (1.7) 67.2 (3.9)

30–44 years ................................. 2,350 100.0 10.2 (2.1) 17.8 (2.5) 4.5 (1.5) 67.2 (3.9)

Marital or cohabiting status

Currently married .............................. 3,084 100.0 17.5 (3.0) 12.3 (1.8) 2.8 (1.1) 67.5 (3.0)

Currently cohabiting ............................ 1,140 100.0 11.1 (2.8) 14.6 (3.1) 2.8 (1.6) 71.5 (3.9)

Formerly married, not cohabiting..................... 363 100.0 7.4 (3.0) 15.2 (6.4) 5.8 (2.9) 71.6 (7.2)

Never married, not cohabiting ...................... 1,278 100.0 12.9 (2.9) 14.3 (2.4) 11.3 (3.0) 61.5 (3.8)

Education2

High school diploma, GED, or less ................... 2,108 100.0 9.6 (1.8) 12.0 (2.1) 4.9 (1.3) 73.5 (3.1)

Any college. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,515 100.0 17.2 (2.7) 17.0 (2.3) 3.7 (1.4) 62.1 (3.5)

Hispanic origin and race

Hispanic or Latina.............................. 1,312 100.0 16.6 (3.5) 7.9 (1.9) 3.6 (1.8) 71.9 (3.8)

Not Hispanic or Latina:

White, single race ............................ 3,007 100.0 15.2 (2.2) 17.0 (2.3) 2.6 (0.9) 65.1 (2.9)

Black, single race ............................ 1,095 100.0 5.9 (1.7) 8.6 (2.0) 9.7 (3.0) 75.8 (3.5)

Percent of poverty level2

Less than 100% ............................... 1,502 100.0 5.9 (1.4) 12.8 (2.3) 4.6 (1.4) 76.7 (2.8)

100% or more ................................ 3,799 100.0 16.5 (2.2) 14.9 (1.8) 5.0 (1.2) 63.6 (2.7)

Current health insurance coverage2

Private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,589 100.0 18.9 (2.9) 17.9 (2.5) 4.0 (1.3) 59.1 (3.3)

Medicaid, CHIP, or state-sponsored program ............. 1,548 100.0 3.3 (0.9) 8.7 (1.8) 5.3 (1.7) 82.7 (2.5)

Military, Medicare, or other government-sponsored program.... 171 100.0 11.6 (6.0) 10.7 (4.8) * 74.9 (9.1)

Single-service plan, IHS, or uninsured ................. 993 100.0 15.6 (3.6) 14.3 (3.1) 6.8 (2.9) 63.4 (5.4)

Treated for non-HIV STD in past 12 months

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 100.0 * 7.2 (3.2) 10.2 (4.4) 80.2 (4.6)

No ....................................... 5,338 100.0 15.8 (1.7) 13.9 (1.4) 4.4 (0.9) 65.9 (2.2)

HIV risk-related behaviors in past 12 months3

1 or more reported for past 12 months ................. 667 100.0 4.9 (1.6) 11.0 (3.1) 9.1 (3.5) 75.0 (4.6)

None reported for past 12 months.................... 5,115 100.0 16.1 (1.7) 13.8 (1.5) 4.3 (0.9) 65.9 (2.3)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision.
 1

Total includes those of other or unknown race groups not shown separately and those with missing information on number of opposite-sex sexual partners or HIV risk-related behaviors.
 2

Limited to women aged 20–44 at time of interview.
 3

This summary measure includes sexual risk behaviors, treatment for non-HIV STD, and drug risk behaviors (including illicit drug injection) in the past year. See Methods section for further details.
 

NOTES: Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding. GED is General Educational Development diploma. CHIP is Children’s Health Insurance Program. IHS is Indian Health Service. STD is

sexually transmitted disease. Single-service plans, such as vision or dental plans, typically cover one aspect of health care.

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2002 and 2006–2010.
Page 26 National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

Table 9. Percentage of persons aged 15–44 ever tested for HIV outside of blood donation who did not receive their most recent HIV test

results: United States, 2006–2010

All persons aged All women aged All men aged

15–44 tested for HIV 15–44 tested for HIV 15–44 tested for HIV

Percent who Percent who Percent who

did not receive did not receive did not receive

Number in test results Number in test results Number in test results

Characteristic thousands (standard error) thousands (standard error) thousands (standard error)

Total ever tested for HIV outside of blood donation1 ....... 62,516 11.8 (0.6) 36,497 12.7 (0.8) 26,019 10.6 (0.8)

Age

15–24 years ................................ 12,599 10.1 (1.0) 7,768 10.9 (1.3) 4,831 8.9 (1.7)

25–29 years ................................ 12,097 10.0 (0.9) 7,136 10.8 (1.1) 4,960 8.9 (1.4)

30–44 years ................................ 37,821 13.0 (0.7) 21,593 14.1 (1.1) 16,227 11.6 (1.1)

Marital or cohabiting status

Currently married ............................. 27,996 15.1 (0.9) 17,234 15.8 (1.2) 10,762 14.1 (1.5)

Currently cohabiting ........................... 9,336 10.2 (1.1) 5,228 9.9 (1.2) 4,108 10.5 (2.0)

Formerly married, not cohabiting ................... 6,628 10.4 (1.2) 4,424 12.2 (1.7) 2,204 6.8 (1.7)

Never married, not cohabiting ..................... 18,556 8.3 (0.7) 9,611 9.2 (1.0) 8,945 7.4 (0.9)

Education2

No high school diploma or GED .................... 9,460 10.2 (1.0) 5,233 11.8 (1.4) 4,227 8.3 (1.3)

High school diploma or GED ...................... 14,424 12.0 (1.2) 8,225 12.7 (1.2) 6,199 11.0 (2.0)

Some college, no bachelor’s degree ................. 16,305 12.5 (0.9) 9,563 14.0 (1.2) 6,742 10.4 (1.5)

Bachelor’s degree or higher ...................... 15,771 13.3 (1.0) 9,341 13.4 (1.3) 6,430 13.1 (1.6)

Current health insurance coverage3

Private ................................... 35,022 12.7 (0.8) 20,062 13.8 (1.1) 14,960 11.2 (1.0)

Medicaid, CHIP, or state-sponsored program ............ 6,849 10.1 (1.2) 5,504 10.8 (1.4) 1,345 7.2 (2.5)

Military, Medicare, or other government-sponsored program . . 2,716 20.1 (2.5) 1,207 15.0 (3.5) 1,509 24.2 (4.4)

Single-service plan, IHS, or uninsured ................ 14,577 9.8 (1.0) 7,652 11.8 (1.6) 6,926 7.6 (1.1)

Hispanic origin and race

Hispanic or Latino/a ........................... 10,858 11.8 (1.1) 6,198 13.8 (1.9) 4,659 9.1 (1.7)

Not Hispanic or Latino/a:

White, single race ........................... 35,768 13.1 (0.8) 21,081 14.0 (1.0) 14,687 11.9 (1.1)

Black, single race ........................... 10,769 7.6 (0.8) 6,303 8.0 (1.1) 4,466 6.9 (1.0)

Most recent HIV test in past 12 months

Yes ..................................... 21,201 12.6 (0.9) 13,199 13.4 (1.1) 8,003 11.2 (1.5)

No ...................................... 40,836 11.4 (0.6) 23,153 12.2 (0.9) 17,684 10.3 (1.0)

Ever had sexual contact with same-sex partner4

Yes ..................................... 8,590 10.0 (1.3) 6,445 10.0 (1.1) 2,145 10.0 (3.7)

No ...................................... 53,401 12.2 (0.6) 29,770 13.3 (0.9) 23,632 10.7 (0.9)

Sexual identity or orientation

Heterosexual or straight ......................... 58,157 12.2 (0.6) 33,739 13.1 (0.8) 24,418 11.0 (0.9)

Homosexual or gay............................ 1,314 3.1 (1.5) 477 6.2 (3.5) 838 *

Bisexual .................................. 2,087 8.5 (1.7) 1,704 8.9 (2.1) 383 6.7 (2.8)

Treated for non-HIV STD in past 12 months

Yes ..................................... 3,348 7.7 (1.5) 2,141 7.2 (1.4) 1,207 8.5 (3.0)

No ...................................... 58,741 12.1 (0.6) 34,116 13.1 (0.8) 24,625 10.7 (0.8)

HIV risk-related behaviors in past 12 months5

1 or more reported for past 12 months................ 7,981 7.0 (0.9) 3,787 8.2 (1.2) 4,194 5.9 (1.1)

None reported for past 12 months .................. 53,560 12.6 (0.6) 32,140 13.2 (0.8) 21,421 11.7 (1.0)

* Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision.
 1

Total includes those of other or unknown race groups not shown separately and those with missing information on number of opposite-sex sexual partners and same-sex sexual contact.
 2

Limited to persons aged 22–44 at time of interview.
 3

Limited to persons aged 20–44 at time of interview.
 4

Same-sex experience for men refers to oral or anal sex with a male partner. Same-sex experience for women refers to oral sex or other sexual contact with a female partner.
 5

This summary measure includes sexual risk behaviors, treatment for non-HIV STD, and drug risk behaviors (including illicit drug injection) in the past year. See Methods section for further details.
 

NOTES: Women who only reported HIV testing as part of prenatal care for their most recent completed pregnancy are counted as having received their test results. GED is General Educational

Development diploma. CHIP is Children’s Health Insurance Program. IHS is Indian Health Service. Single-service plans, such as vision or dental plans, typically cover one aspect of health care.

STD is sexually transmitted disease.

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010.
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National Health Statistics Reports n Number 58 n October 4, 2012

Acknowledgments

The 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) was conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center

for Health Statistics (NCHS) with the support and assistance of a number of other organizations and individuals. Interviewing and other tasks

were carried out by the University of Michigan’s Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, under a contract with NCHS. The

2006–2010 NSFG was jointly planned and funded by the following programs and agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services:

• Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development • Office of Population Affairs • NCHS, CDC

• Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC

• Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, CDC

• Division of Reproductive Health, CDC • Children’s Bureau of the Administration for Children and Families

• The Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation

NCHS gratefully acknowledges the contributions of these programs and agencies, and all others who assisted in designing and carrying out the

2006–2010 NSFG. This report was prepared under the general direction of Charles J. Rothwell, Director of NCHS Division of Vital Statistics

(DVS), and Stephanie J. Ventura, Chief of the Reproductive Statistics Branch of DVS. The authors appreciate the valuable comments provided

by William Mosher, Stephanie Ventura, Robert Anderson, DVS Acting Associate Director for Science, and Jennifer Madans, NCHS Associate

Director for Science. We also thank Yashodhara Patel and Isaedmarie Febo-Vazquez for their helpful contributions to the preparation of this

report. The report was edited and produced by CDC/OSELS/NCHS/OD/Office of Information Services, Information Design and Publishing Staff:

Betsy M. Finley edited the report; typesetting was done by Annette F. Holman; and graphics were produced by Sarah Hinkle.

Suggested citation

Chandra A, Billioux VG, Copen CE, et al. HIV

testing in the U.S. household population aged

15-44: Data from the National Survey of

Family Growth, 2006-2010. National health

statistics reports; no 58. Hyattsville, MD:

National Center for Health Statistics. 2012.

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the

public domain and may be reproduced or

copied without permission; citation as to

source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health Statistics

Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D., Director
 

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate Director
 

for Science
 

Division of Vital Statistics

Charles J. Rothwell, M.S., Director

For free e-mail updates on NCHS publication releases, subscribe online at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/govdelivery.htm.
 

For questions or general information about NCHS: Tel: 1–800–232–4636 • E-mail: cdcinfo@cdc.gov • Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs
 

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2013–1250 • CS234575