1

In its Contractor Lease Agreement Western states that it operates under permit MC 171961

issued by the Interstate Commerce Commission. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 91–4361.

Phillip David MOREY, a Representative Underwriter at Lloyd's of London, Individually and on

Behalf of All Underwriters Subscribing to Motor Truck Cargo Policy MC4/90294 Plaintiff Counter

Defendant–Appellant Cross Appellee,

v.

WESTERN AMERICAN SPECIALIZED TRANSPORTATION SERVICES, INC., Defendant

Counter Plaintiff–Appellee Cross Appellant.

Aug. 14, 1992.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.

Before, BROWN, GARWOOD and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

JOHN R. BROWN, Circuit Judge:

In this diversity action involving a truck cargo insurance policy, the District Court found on

cross-motions for summary judgment that the cargo claims at issue were covered by the policy and

the exclusion championed by the insurer did not apply. Additionally, the District Court found that

the insurer's denial of coverage, albeit erroneous, was not arbitrary, capricious or made without

probable cause and that, therefore, the insured was not entitled to statutory penalties and attorneys'

fees. We affirm.

A trucker's tale

Plaintiff–Appellant Philip David Morey (Insurer) represents a number of insurance

underwriters at Lloyd's ofLondon (Lloyd's). Lloyd's issued a Motor Truck Cargo Policy (the policy)

for Defendant–Appellee Western American Specialized Transportation Services, Inc. (Western), a

common-carrier trucking company authorized by the Interstate Commerce Commission to provide

trucking services in the 48 contiguous states.1 The policy, with effective dates of April 14, 1989 to

April 14, 1990, covered liability for damage sustained by the cargo Western hauled for its customers.
 

2Brackets inserted for ease of reference as to clauses [i] through [v]. 

 

3Section 16 of the lease provided as follows:

This agreement is intended to create the relationship of CARRIER and

independent contractor, not an EMPLOYER/EMPLOYEE relationship. Neither

the OWNER, nor its employees are to be considered employees of the CARRIER,

at any time, under any circumstances or for any purpose. Neither party is the

agent of the other and neither party shall have the right to bind the other by

contract or otherwise except as herein specifically provided. 

An exclusion clause in the policy provided as follows:

This insurance does not insure the liability of the Insured for:—

(m) Loss or damage otherwise recoverable hereon unless

(a) [i] the trucks are owned by the Insured, or [ii] leased by him for his exclusive use,

AND [iii] providing the trucks are operated exclusively by [iv] the Insured [v] and/or

his own full time salaried employees2

or

(b) the trucks are operated by owner operators who are under lease to the Insured for

a period of 30 consecutive days or more.

Since its own fleet of company-owned trucks is relatively small, Western frequently leases

trucks and trailers from various owners in order to transport and deliver its customers' cargo. In

some instances, the owner of the Western-leased truck actually drives the vehicle. Often, however,

the owner of the leased truck provides a separate driver to move the trailer and its cargo.

In the lease contracts executed byWestern and the truck owners on these occasions, the lease

provided that the driver was to be an independent contractor with respect to Western, not an

employee.3 The driver, however, had to be approved by Western, took his orders from Western, and

was eligible to participate in Western's health and life insurance plans by paying his own premiums

as an "affiliate" rather than an "employee." These non-owner drivers were not provided any of the

other employee benefits Western furnished to its regular employees, e.g., vacation pay or sick leave,

nor were theypaid on an hourlyorsalaried basis as were Western's employees. Instead, Western paid

these drivers a percentage of the truck owner's "share of freight."
On six occasions during the effective dates of the policy, Western-leased trucks driven by

non-owner driverssuffered cargo damage. Western's claim of coverage for each loss was denied by

Insurer on the basis of the policy's exclusion clause.

Convoy to the courthouse

No doubt anticipating an impending legal challenge, the Insurer struck first and filed a

complaint seeking a declaratory judgment that five, later amended t o include all, of Western's six

claims were not covered by the policy. Western, contending that the exclusion did not apply, asserted

also a counterclaim against Insurer for statutory penalties and attorneys' fees. The counterclaim

alleged that Insurer, in denying coverage under the policy, had acted arbitrarily, capriciously or

without probable cause, thus violating Louisiana Revised Statutes § 22:658. With each side's legal

pedal to the metal, the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment.

The district court (i) denied Insurer's motion for summary judgment, (ii) granted Western's

motion for summary judgment as to coverage of allsix claims, and (iii) denied Western's motion for

summary judgment as to penalties and attorneys' fees. Their rest stop finished, both parties find

themselves on the road again, this time to appeal the denial of their respective motions.

"Operate" defined

Our task requires usto interpret a key term in the cargo policy. Specifically, we must define

the policy term "operat e" as it appears in Exclusion (m). We direct our attention, therefore, to

subparagraph (a), clauses [i] through [v] of the exclusion clause.

The policy exclusion does not apply if, inter alia, [i] the trucks are owned by Western or [ii]

leased byWestern for its exclusive use AND [iii] providing the trucks are operated exclusively by [iv]

Western [v] and/or Western's own full-time salaried employees. Recognizing that the requirement

of clause [ii] is fulfilled, both parties agree that the trucks were leased by Western for its exclusive
 

4The concurrence points out the unchallengeable fact that "paragraph (a) uses the personal

pronoun "him' and "his,' not "it' or "its' as would be appropriate if all [I]nsureds were

corporations." 

use. The duel arises, however, over clause [iii] because each party disagrees as to the proper

definition and scope of the term "operated."

The Insurer arguesfor a restrictive definition of "operated" (i.e., "driven") and claimsthat the

trucks were not operated by Western since they were, instead, driven by non-company employees.

That is, the Insurer declaresthat "operate" as used in clauses[iii] and [iv] can have no meaning other

than "to drive." Accordingly, forgetting that a corporation is incapable of physical action, Insurer

maintains that Western is provided coverage under the phrase "operated exclusively by the Insured"

only if the assured actually put its corporate hands on the steering wheel, pressed its corporate foot

on the accelerator, and caused the trucks to function "by direct personal effort."

In de-emphasizing that the insured need not always be a corporation, the concurrence is

correct that "the policy, however, appears to contemplate the ... possibility that the [I]nsured may be

an individual,"4but that likelihood does not either justify or compel a different definition of the term

"operate."

Western, travelling the other side of the white line, argues for a broader definition of

"operated" (i.e., put or kept in operation) and claimsthat, although literally driven by individuals(as,

of course, they must be), the trucks were, in the contemplation of the policy, operated or controlled

exclusively by Western.

Rejecting Insurer's restrictive definition, the District Court interpreted Exclusion (m) in

Western's favor stating:

The second requirement [of Exclusion (m) ] is satisfied if the trucks are operated either by
 

5After all, the only way a corporation can act is through its agents and employees. Chapotel v.

Bailey Lincoln–Mercury, Inc., 363 So.2d 451, 454 n. 7 (La.1978) (citation omitted). It follows

that a corporation can operate a vehicle where the agent or employee operates the truck for the

corporation, not necessarily by driving the truck but by controlling the activity of the driver

himself. Therefore, once "operate" is given a broad definition, it follows that the corporate entity

Western, via its own management personnel who actually dictated the day-to-day routes of the

leased trucks, indeed operated the trucks.

As for the various drivers of the trucks, each truck lease in question designated the

driver as an "independent contractor" working for Western, nevertheless, such designation

is not determinative. Instead, the drivers are regarded by I.C.C. regulation to be Western's

statutory employees for the term of the lease. 49 U.S.C. § 11107 (West 1992); 49 C.F.R.

§ 1057.12(c) (1992); White v. Excalibur Ins. Co., 599 F.2d 50, 52–52 (5th Cir.1979). 

Western American or by one ofitsfull time salaried employees. Western American exercised

exclusive authority in dictating the movements of the trucks and their cargo; the drivers

simply took orders from Western American. Under these circumstances, the trucks were

"operated exclusively by the Insured' as contemplated by the policy language. Thus, ... the

exclusion is inapplicable, and the losses at issue are covered (emphasis in original).

District Court's Ruling at p. 3.

We review the District Court'sinterpretation of Exclusion (m) de novo, applying substantive

Louisiana law. Massie v. Inexco Oil Co., 798 F.2d 777, 779 (5th Cir.1986). In reaching a definition

of the term "operate," we bear in mind that Louisiana contract law requires that "some effect ... be

given to everyword or clause if possible for a court may not impute to the partiesthe use oflanguage

without meaning or effect." Lambert v. Maryland Cas. Co., 418 So.2d 553, 560 (La.1982).

Moreover, Louisiana followsthe well-established principle oflaw that insurance contractsshould not

be interpreted so as to lead to absurd conclusions. Fertitta v. Palmer, 252 La. 336, 344, 211 So.2d

282, 285 (1968); Caraway v. Royale Airlines, Inc., 559 So.2d 954, 959 (La.App. 2nd Cir.1990).

We hold that the District Court correctly interpreted "operate," in the situation of a corporate

or individual assured, to mean something more than merely "to drive." Considering Exclusion (m)

in its entirety, especially clauses [iii] and [iv], compels the conclusion that Insurer and Western

understood that there would have to exist some means by which Western could "operate" the trucks,

that is, put them effectively to use.5 Insurer's contention that the corporation must actually drive the

vehicle assumes a physicalimpossibilityand isthus absurd. Practically, Insurer's interpretation would
 

6

See LSA–R.S. 32:401, et seq. 

 

7Despite the parties' inability to locate any cases defining "operate," this is not the first time the

Fifth Circuit has defined the term to mean something more than merely "to drive." Blue Bird

Body Co. v. Ryder Truck Rental, 583 F.2d 717, 725 n. 4 (5th Cir.1978) (person who directed

backing up of truck, though not in actual physical control of truck, nevertheless was operating the

truck within the meaning of an insurance policy requiring only lessor or lessor's employees to

operate truck); see also State Farm Ins. Co. v. Coughran, 303 U.S. 485, 491, 58 S.Ct. 670, 672,

82 L.Ed. 970 (1938) ("The term "operate' has varying meanings according to the context. One

may operate singly with his own hands, or jointly with another, or through one or more agents").

Furthermore, the broad definition of operate is consistent with the letter of the

I.C.C. regulation governing Western's leases, 49 C.F.R. § 1057.12 (1988), which requires

that "the authorized carrier lessee shall have exclusive possession, control, and use of the

equipment for the duration of the lease" and that "the authorized carrier lessee shall

assume complete responsibility for the operation of the equipment for the duration of the

lease." 49 C.F.R. § 1057.12(c) (1988). 

 

8

"But the words "and/or' commonly mean "the one or the other or both.' " Local Div. 589,

Amalgamated Transit Union v. Massachusetts, 666 F.2d 618, 627 (1st Cir.1981), cert. denied

457 U.S. 1117, 102 S.Ct. 2928, 73 L.Ed.2d 1329 (1982). 

effectivelywrite the phrase "operated exclusively bythe Insured" out ofthe policybecause, of course,

only a human being can be licensed to drive a vehicle.6 For the phrase to have any meaning at all, it

can be interpreted in one way only: Western exclusively operated the trucks by statutorily controlling

their use and destination.7 This interpretation would contemplate the selection of, or acquiescence

in the selection by the lessor of, the driver who would thus be doubling in brassto constitute an agent

of the lessee and lessor.

This broad definition of "operate" applies to an Insured who is an individual, a collection of

individuals, or a legal entity (e.g., a trust). Indeed, as is often the case, the grammatically

unacceptable "and/or" works against, not in favor of, the Insurer. As to leased trucks (clause [ii] ),

coverage exists if either the truck is [iii] operated exclusively by [iv] the insured, [v] and/or its full

time salaried employees or both. In this formula, "operator" (to operate) includes any agent selected

by the Insured, or on its behalf by the lessor, whether a full time salaried employee or some other

authorized person not a full time salaried employee. Given the accepted usage of the term "and/or,"8

coverage exists by the literal terms of clauses [iii] and [iv] where a driver furnished by the lessor

constitutes an agent of the lessee Insured in operation of the truck. That is, the "or" option of
 

9

In fact, Insurer, as reflected in the paragraph titled DEFINITIONS, chose to define only three

policy terms: "truck," "accident," and "unattended." 

 

10In Insurer's first request for admissions, Request # 2, which was admitted by Western, read

as follows:

REQUEST NO. 2:

At the time of the incident described in Paragraph 8(a) of the Complaint,

the vehicle transporting the damaged cargo was operated by Virgil Riley.

In addition to Request No. 2, Insurer sought five identical admissions, covering the

various incidents of loss described in separate paragraphs of his complaint, all of which

were admitted by Western. Like Request No. 2 above, these admissions established that

the vehicles transporting the damaged cargo were "operated," that is, driven by Terry

White, James R. Hensley, Jr., Ronald Gene Little, Richard Palmer and Johnnie

Williamson, but, applying our definition of "operated," these drivers were operating the

vehicles for Western. 

"and/or" leaves the condition "full time salaried employees" an unnecessary, optional coverage

requirement in this case.

The advantage of this analysis is that the term "operate" has the same definition when the

insured is a corporation or an individual or a group of individuals (e.g., a partnership). Additionally,

this analysis gives preemptive reading to the overpowering I.C.C. regulations by effectively reading

the regulations into the policy. See 49 C.F.R. § 1057 (1988); 49 U.S.C. § 11107 (West 1992).

Insurer, as drafter of the policy, chose at its peril not to define the term "operate."9 Instead,

this left it to the District Court to declare the only meaningful definition of the word in the context

of this otherwise unambiguous policy. We adopt the District Court's interpretation.

Insurer argues that in Western's responses to Insurer's pretrial requests for admissions,

Western admitted that the drivers of the leased trucks "operated" the trucks and that such a response

amountsto a judicial admission that "operate" means "to drive."10 This argument, however, does not

bar Western's recovery. Western's admitting that a truck was "operated" by an individual does not

imply that the truck was not at the same time operated by Western, the Insured, as well. In fact,
because the drivers were Western's statutory employees, when the drivers operated the trucks,

Western operated the trucks.

Arbitrary, capricious or without probable cause ... NOT!

 Louisiana Revised Statutes § 22:658 states that when an insurer fails to pay a claim within

thirty days from submission of proof of loss, and when such failure is found to be "arbitrary,

capricious, or without probable cause," the insurer shall be subject to a penalty of ten percent of the

claim amount, plus reasonable attorneys' fees.

Western unconvincingly argues that because Insurer litigated the coverage issue at its peril,

it should, therefore, pay penalties and attorneys' fees simply because, on the determination of two

courts, itsinterpretation ofthe policywasincorrect. This Court, however, has taken the position that

an unfavorable judgment does not automatically subject an insurer to penalties under La.R.S. §

22:658. Graham v. Milky Way Barge, Inc., 824 F.2d 376, 384–385 (5th Cir.1987); see also Rudloff

v. Louisiana Health Services Indem. Corp., 385 So.2d 767 (La.1979) (on rehearing) (a finding in

favor of coverage but against fees and costs is not always inconsistent). Here, Western failed to

introduce any evidence to the District Court that Insurer acted arbitrarily, capriciously, or without

probable cause and now alleges no reason for such a finding on appeal other than the adverse verdict

below. Moreover, our analysis of the coverage issue has shown that Insurer's interpretation of the

language contained in Exclusion (m), although erroneous, is not so unreasonable as to support a

finding that Insurer violated LSA—R.S. § 22:658. Therefore, the District Court was correct in

denying summary judgment on Western's penalty and attorneys' fees claims.

End of the road

We affirm the summary judgment in favor of Western and conclude that the policy covered

each ofWestern'ssix cargo claims. Additionally, we affirm the summary judgment in favor of Insurer

that denial of coverage was not arbitrary, capricious or without probable cause.
 

***********Judge Brown correctly notes that the words "and/or" in paragraph (a) mean "the one

or the other or both," with the result that paragraph (a)'s "operated exclusively by" requirement

may be fulfilled if the truck is "operated exclusively" either by the insured, or by his own full time

salaried employees, or by both the insured and his own full time salaried employees. From this

common sense observation, Judge Brown draws the remarkable conclusion that the "operated

exclusively by" requirement is fulfilled if the truck is operated exclusively by an agent of the

insured who is not the insured's full time employee, from which it would necessarily follow that

the requirement would also be fulfilled by operation exclusively by the insured's part time

employees, contrary to the facially evident intention of paragraph (a) to exclude that situation. 

AFFIRMED.

GARWOOD, Circuit Judge, joined by EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judge, concurring

specially:

I join in the affirmance, and I agree with the holdings on penalties and attorneys' fees and that

exclusion (m) is inapplicable. As to exclusion (m), however, I rely on its paragraph (b) rather than

the second clause of its paragraph (a). The force of Judge Brown's reasoning as to the second clause

of paragraph (a) ultimately derives from the assumption that all insureds are corporations. The

policy, however, appears to contemplate the not unreasonable possibility that the insured may be an

individual (e.g., paragraph (a) uses the personal pronoun "him" and "his," not "it" or "its" as would

be appropriate if all insureds were corporations). Thus, the presence in paragraph (a)'s second clause

of the words "the Insured" is necessary to allow coverage under (a) when the vehicle is driven by the

insured, as well as when it is driven by "his own full time salaried employees." The later phrase,

however, plainly indicates an intention to exclude from (a) vehicles driven by agents of the insured

who are not his full time employees. To construe paragraph (a)'s "operated" to cover operations on

behalf of the insured by his agents—as Judge Brown does—is necessarily to bring within paragraph

(a) vehicles driven by the insured's part time employees, which is what (a) facially intends to

exclude.************ Paragraph (b), however, contains nhing comparable to indicate an intent to

exclude agency operation; nor does (b) contain (a)'s restrictive "exclusively." An "owner operator"

need not be an individual, and indeed one of the six claims at issue here involves a corporate owner

operator. Paragraph (b) is hence ambiguous as applied to the situation where the leased truck is

driven by the owner operator's employee. Such ambiguity regarding the scope of exclusion (m) is
properly resolved against the insurer under Louisiana law.