# STRATEGIES FOR REDUC ING RESIDENTIAL WOOD SMO KEStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 1 Publication No. EPA

- 456/B

- 13

- 001

Revised March 2013



# STRATEGIES FOR REDUC ING RESIDENTIAL WOOD SMOKE

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards

Outreach and Information Division

Innovative Programs and Outreach Group

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 2 

### T ABLE OF CONTENTS

I. REGULATORY PROGR AMS

................................ ................................ ............................. 6 A. Woo d

- Burning Curtailment Programs

................................ ................................ ......... 6
B

. Opacity and Visible Emission Limit s
................................ ................................ ............... 7 C. Wood Moisture Content

................................ ................................ ................................ 8
D. Removal of Old Wood Stove Upon Re s ale of a Home

................................ .......... 8
E. Require EPA Certification

................................ ................................ .............................. 9
F

. Ban the Use of Non

- EPA

- Certified Wood Stoves

................................ .................. 10 G

. Restrictions on Wood

- Burning Devices in New Construction

................................ 10
H. Hydronic Heater Rules

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 10
I. Requirements for Wood

- burning Fireplaces

................................ .......................... 11
J. State/Tribal/Local Wood

- Heating Emission Standards

................................ ...... 12
K. New Source Performance Standards fo r New Residential Wood

........................

Heating Appliances

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 13

II. VOLUNTARY PROGRA MS

................................ ................................ ............................. 13 A. Wood Stove, Hyd r onic Heater, and Fireplace Replacements

............................ 13
B. Hydronic Heaters

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 15 C. Wood

- burning Fireplaces

................................ ................................ .......................... 16
D

. Particulate Matter (PM) Advance

................................ ................................ ............. 16

III. EDUCATION AND O UTREACH

................................ ................................ ..................... 16 A. Burn Wise Education and Outreach

................................ ................................ ......... 17
B. Air Quality Forecasts and Reports to the Public

................................ .................... 20 C. Additional R esources Available to State, Tribal and Local

................................ ....

Governments for Public Education

................................ ................................ ............ 20

IV. FUNDING MECHANIS MS

................................ ................................ .............................. 21 A. Dis counts/Vouchers

................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 21
B. Tax Credits

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 21 C. Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE)

................................ ................................ 22
D. F ederal Programs to Support Replacements

................................ ......................... 22
E. Supplemental Environmental Projects and Mitigation Projects

........................... 23

V. PARTNERSHIPS

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 24 A. H earth, P atio & B arbecue A ssociation (HPBA)

................................ ....................... 24
B. American Lung Association (ALA)

................................ ................................ .............. 24 C. Chimney Safety Institute of America ( CSIA )

................................ .............................. 24
D. The Alliance for Green Heat

................................ ................................ ..................... 25
E. State Energy D epartments

................................ ................................ ......................... 25
F. Other Potential Partners

................................ ................................ ............................. 25

VI. OTHER TOOLS

................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 25 A. County

- level Emission Inventory for Residential Wood Combustion

.................. 25
B. Wood Stove and Fireplace Changeout/R etrofit Emissions C alculator

............. 25 C. Residential Wood Combustion Surveys

................................ ................................ ... 26
D. Residential Wood Combustion Control Measure s
................................ ................. 26Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 3 E. Residential/M obile Wood Smoke Monitoring

................................ ....................... 26
F

. Spatial Modeling

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 27

SUMMARY

................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 28

APPENDIX A : EXAMPLE WOOD SMOKE P ROGRAM

................................ ........................ 2 9

APPENDIX B : POTENTIAL COMPONENTS OF A WOOD S MOKE REDUCTION PLAN

... . .... 32

APPENDIX C: HEALTH STUDIES

................................ ................................ ........................ 35



### APPENDIX D: RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION CONTROL MEASURES

............ . ... 40

COVER PHOTO PROVIDED BY FA IRBANKS NORTH STAR B OROUGH AIR QUALITY D IVISIONStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 4 

### I N T R O D U C T I O N

This document identifies strategies to help state, tribal , and local air officials reduce fine particle pollution (PM 2.5 ) that is attributed to residential wood smoke

. For areas that are not meeting, or are close to exceeding the national ambient air quality standards for fine particles (PM 2.5 NAAQS) , developing a wood smoke reduction plan can help achiev e meaningful emission reductions and improve public health in the l ocal community

. Developing and implementing a plan before exceedances occur will lower the likelihood of violations of the national standards, may limit the number of Clean Air Act requirements that apply in the future, or can be used to help an area comp ly with requirements that may apply in the future. To learn more about EPA’s PM 2.5 regulations, visit : http://epa.gov/airquality/particlepollution/actions.html

.

This document also provide s education and outreach tools , information on regulatory approaches to reduce wood smoke, as well as information about voluntary programs that communities around the country have used to replace old, inefficient wood stoves, hydronic heaters , and f ireplaces. It includes EPA federal actions to help communities address residential wood smoke throughout the United States (U.S.)

. In addition, this document includes possible approaches for funding replacement programs, methods for calculating emission r eductions, and the basic components of a wood smoke reduction plan for fine particles in areas where wood smoke is of concern.



### W H Y I S R E S I D E N T I A L W O O D S M O K E A C O N C E R N ?

Residential wood smoke contains PM 2.5 , carbon monoxide (CO), toxic air pollutants (e.g. , benzene and formaldehyde), and climate gases (e.g. methane and black carbon). According to EPA estimates , 1 wood stoves, hydronic heaters, and fireplaces emit more than 345,000 tons of PM 2.5 into the air throughout the country each year

– mostly during t he winter months. Nationally, residential wood combustion accounts for 44 percent of total stationary and mobile polycyclic organic matter (POM) emissions, nearly 25 percent of all area source air toxic cancer risks and 15 percent of noncancer respiratory effects.

Residential wood smoke can increase particle pollution to levels that cause significant health concerns (e.g., asthma attacks, heart attacks, premature death). Wood smoke causes many counties throughout the U.S. to either exceed the national h ealth

- based standards for fine particles, or places them on the cusp of exceeding the standards. Because wood stoves, hydronic heaters, and other similar appliances can be used around the clock in residential areas, they can cause significant and varying health and quality of life issues.



### G R O W I N G D E M A N D F O R C H E A P E R R E S I D E N T I A L H O M E H E A T I N G

There is renewed interest in burning biomass (wood, corn, switch grass) to help save money on home heating bills, and reduce our dependence on foreign oil. T he federa l government and various states have provided economic incentives to increase the utilization of renewable energy. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), wood consumption in homes rose over a 10 year period (2000

- 2010), reversing a trend seen in the last two decades of the 20th century. In 2009, U.S. households co nsumed about 0.5 quadrillion Btu (quads) of wood. Household fuel oil consumption, by

1 http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/trends/Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 5 comparison, was only slightly higher at 0.6 quads. In homes a cross the U.S., wood is most commonly used as a secondary source of heat and is second only to electricity as a supplemental heating fuel.



### C H A L L E N G E S A N D B E N E F I T S

Unlike other air pollution sources, such as industrial factories and commercial operations that may be regulated by states and tribes, existing wood stoves, fireplaces , and hydronic heaters are usually owned and operated by homeowners. This makes increasing the efficiency and decreasing the emissions of these sources challenging. Today, we bel ieve there are over 29 million fireplaces, 243,000 hydronic heaters , and 12 million wood stoves nationwide

.

The health benefits associated with reducing PM 2.5 emissions, includin g wood smoke, are significant. Studies indicate that PM 2.5 pose s a serious public health problem. Exposure to PM 2.5 can cause premature death and harmful effects on the cardiovascular system (the heart, blood, and blood vessels). P art icle pollution exposure is also linked to a variety of other public health problems, including respiratory diseases. People with diseases that affect the heart or lung (including asthma), older adults, children, and people living in lower socioeconomic co nditions are at greatest risk from PM 2.5 exposure. Research indicates that pregnant women, newborns, and people with certain health conditions, such as obesity or diabetes, may also be at increased risk

. EPA estimates that if all of the old wood stoves in the U.S. were replaced with cleaner

- burning hearth appliances, an estimated $ 56

- 126 billion in health benefits per year w ould be realized. For more information, go to: http://www.epa.gov/ airquality/benmap/sabpt.html

.



### C O M P O N E N T S O F A S U C C E S S F U L P L A N

As a first step in developing a residential wood smoke reduction plan, EPA recommends that air quality personnel evaluate monitoring and emissions data (e.g., wintertime organic carbon) to determine the nature and magnitude of residential wood smoke contri butions in your airshed. In addition, conducting a local survey can help estimate how much wood is burned and the percentages of homes with fireplaces, wood stoves , and/or hydronic heaters. These specific data will prove extremely useful in planning an overall wood smoke program.

Within this document, state, tribal and local air pollution control officials will find a comprehensive list of strategies and associated case studies to help identify appropriate wood smoke reduction measures for their communi ties. This includes:

 regulatory approaches to reduce wood smoke;

 voluntary programs to replace old wood stoves, hydronic heaters and fireplaces;

 education and outreach tools;

 air quality forecasting and public notification systems;

 funding approaches f or wood

- burning appliance replacement programs;

 federal actions to reduce residential wood smoke; and

 methods for calculating emission reductions.

65 PERCENT (7.8 MILLION) OF THE NATION’S WOOD STOVES ARE OLDER, INEFFICIENT DEVICESStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 6 EPA recommends a combination of regulatory, voluntary , and educational strategies to ensure a successful woo d smoke program with measurable emission reductions . Even communities who do not have an air quality monitor but believe wood smoke is causing air quality problems can use the tools in this document.



### I. REGULATORY PROGR AMS

A variety of regulatory options exist to address residential wood smoke. Each community should decide which measures are most appropriate given the nature and extent of their wood smoke problem. Communities should also gauge the knowledge and familiarity with air quality and wood smok e issues among elected leaders and the public. A public awareness program, along with a voluntary wood smoke curtailment program, may be a good first step. In communities where residential wood smoke continues to impact air quality despite active educati on and outreach efforts, local officials may choose to implement a regulatory prog ram. There are several types . M andatory curtailment program s prohibit the use of wood stoves and other devices under certain circumstances. Designing a curtailment program calls for the coordination of many factors, including provisions for homes that use wood burning as their only source of heat. Other types of regulatory programs include visible emission limits from chimney s, setback requirements, f irewood moisture content requirements, and restrictions on the use and sale of

non
- EPA

- certified wood stoves, all of which are discussed below.



### A. WOOD

- BURNING CURTAILMENT PROGRAMS

Cold weather often coincides with an increase in wood burning and air inver sions which can lead to unhealthy levels of air pollution. One of the quickest and most effective ways an air quality agency can reduce wintertime wood smoke is by developing a mandatory curtailment program , often known as “burn bans.” Some communities i mplement both a voluntary and mandatory curtailment program , depending on the severity of their wood smoke problem. Curtailment programs often have two stages: S tage 1 allowing EPA

- certified wood stoves to operate , and Stage 2 banning the use of all wood

- burning appliances unless wood burning is the household’s only source of heat. Stage 2 bans could also exempt pellet appliances, as they typically tend to burn cleaner throughout their burn cycle and cannot be loaded with unseasoned wood, like wood stove s.

 Although curtailment programs are not always popular with the public, this measure can be highly effective at reducing wood smoke and has been successfully implemented in a number of communities. While there are certainly other strategies the Sacram ento Air Quality Management District is implementing, the curtailment program alone has resulted in 40 pe rcent fewer days above the NAAQS for PM 2.5
.

 Sacramento enacted a mandatory, episodic wood

- burning curtailment program. The first stage occurs when PM 2.5 concentrations are forecast to exceed 31 ug/m 3

. The second stage of the curtailment program occurs when PM 2.5 concentrations are forecast to exceed 35 ug/m 3 . In addition to mandatory curtailment, a voluntary curtailment begins at 25 ug/ m 3

.

 During a Stage 1 no

- burn day, burning is prohibited except in EPA

- certified stoves or pellet stoves as long as they do not emit visible smoke. During a S tage 2

no
- burn day, all wood

- burning is prohibited. The rule does not apply to fireplaces and stoves that burn gaseous fuels. Also, the rule exempts burning that is the sole source of heat or in financial hardship situations.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 7  To ensure the success of your curtailment program, i t is essential to have some

enforcement capabilities and an air quality forecasting and public notification system in place. Forecasting air quality and having a notification system in place will help educate the public about air pollution in their community and facilitate efficient communication about actions the public are requested to take when a voluntary or regulatory burn ban is called. To learn more about air quality forecasting , go to the AirNow website at: www.AirNow.gov

.

 Educating the public about the health benefits of reducin g wood smoke in the community is critical to gaining support from the public and community leaders. The following links provide examples of existing curtailment programs:

 Puget Sound Clean Air Agency website outlines a two

- stage burn ban system and freq uently asked questions like , “What is a burn ban , ?” and “How can I find out when a burn ban is called?” For more info rmation go to : www.pscleanair.org/airq/burnban/default.aspx . See als o the Puget Sound Clean Air Agency woo d smoke burn ban rule language: apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=70.94.473 ;

 Sacramento Air Quality Management District implements a two

- stage “Check B efore You Burn” curtailment program from Nov ember to Feb ruary. F or more info rmation, see : www.sparetheair.com/burncheck.cfm ; and
Jackson County, Oregon, implements a Wood

- Burning Advisory Program. T his curtailment program designates days as green, yellow, or red depending on the amount of partic le pollution in the air. For more information, see: www.co.jackson.or.us/page.asp?navid=2492

.



### B. OPACITY AND VIS IBLE EMISSION LIMITS

“ Opacity ” m easure s how much your view is blocked by smoke. One hundred percent opacity means you are not able to see anything through the smoke. At 20 percent opacity , t here is very little smoke and you can see almost perfectly through it. A well

- controlled wood

- burning appliance will have less than 20 percent opacity and typically no visible emissions.

To help control smoke from chimneys or flues , and to encourage cl eaner burning techniques , some states and localities have laws or rules that require no “visible emissions” or that limit the opacity of emissions

. Burning dry seasoned wood in newer technology wood

- burning devices will typically limit visible emissions. Prohibiting “v isible emission s” means no smoke should be seen coming out of a chimney for a given amount of time . I f smoke is seen, it could be considered a violation.

VISIBLE EMISSION LIMITS ARE TYPICALLY EASIER TO IMPLEMENT AND ENFORCE THAN OPACITY LIMITSStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 8 Opacity l imits are restrictions on the percentage of light that may be prevented from passing through the smoke plume and require personnel qualified as an opacity reader to determine compliance. See EPA Test Method 22 for details on determination of visible emissions: epa.gov/ttn/emc/methods/method22.htm l , and EPA Test Method 9 : epa.gov/ttn/emc/metho ds/method9.html
, for details on determination of opacity

.

 Effectively i mplementing an opacity limit or visible emission s program requires public awareness and a trained e nforcement staff. For more details about th e s e control

measure s, see section 3.7 of EPA’s “Guidance Document for Residential Wood Smoke Combustion Emission Control Measures Document” available at: epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/EPA

- 450

- 2

- 89

- 015.pdf

.

 Opacity: Washington State has an opacity rule that applies to wood burning i n private residences: apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=173

- 433

- 110

. In particular, the rule requires that “ a person shall not cause or allow emission of a smoke plume from any solid fuel burning device to exceed an average of 20 percent opacity for six consecutive minutes in any one hour period.” This program has been in effect for more than 10 years.

Visible E missions: The Maricopa County Air Quality Department in Arizona has a wood smoke regulation that prohibits the presence of visible emissions during restricted burn periods. Fo r specific language , see : maricopa.gov/aq/divisions/planning_analysis/rules/docs/P26

- 0803.pdf

.



### C. WOOD MOISTURE CONTEN T

Wood that is not properly seasoned will burn less efficiently and release more harmful pollutants. T o increase the likelihoo d that stove owners will burn seasoned wood , some air pollution control agencies have encouraged the use of wood moisture meters. Puget Sound Clean Air Agency in Washington sends wood moisture meters to community members. For more information go to: http://www.pscleanair.org/2012chinook/ . Households may purchase a basic wood moisture meter at woodworking specialty shops or online for less than $25

. Some areas deem i t illegal to sell, advertise or supply wood unless the wood moisture content is 20 percent or less. For more information on moisture meters and wet wood, see “Wet Wood is a Waste ” Brochure at : http ://epa.gov/burnwise/burnwisekit.html

.

 Sacramento Air Quality Management District’s regulation requires that the wood moisture content may not exceed 20 percent. For more information, see:

ww w.airquality.org/rules/rule417.pdf ( sections 214, 303 , and 501.2)

.



### D. REMOVAL OF OLD WOOD STOVE UP ON RESALE OF A HOME

O ld wood stoves are usually made of metal, weigh 250 to 500 pounds , and last for decades. As a result, households are less likely to replace an old stove with newer , cleaner

- burning technology or remove the old stove

- especially if they are not using it often . To help get these old stoves “off

- line , ” some local communities require the removal and destruction of old wood
stoves upon the resale of a home. This requirement has proven effective in locations like Mammoth Lakes, CA ; Washoe County, NV ; and the State of Oregon

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 9  Mammoth Lakes, California, requires that all non

- EPA

- certified wood

- burning appliances

(except pellet stoves) be removed or rendered inoperable upon the sale of a dwelling. Since 1990, approximately 2,500 wood stoves have been removed and 2,900 fireplaces have been re trofitted

. See Town of Mammoth Lakes, California : Link to Rule 431

- Particulate Matter, section E : www.gbuapcd.org/rulesandregulations/PDF/Reg4.pdf

.

 Washoe County, Nevada : Link to Wood S tove/ F ireplace Emissions Rule section 040.051: www.washoecounty.us/repository/files/4/prohibitedemissions2.23.06.pdf

.

 Oregon ’s “Heat Smart” legislation requires the removal and destruction of old , uncertified wo od stoves upon resale of a home anywhere in the state.

 Legislation: http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/rules/oars_300/oar_340/340_262.html

.

 Notification and r emo val form: www.deq.state.or.us/aq/burning/docs/notificationForm.pdf

.

 Disposal receipt: www.deq.state.or.us/aq/burning/docs/heatsmart/disposalReceipt.pdf

.



### E. REQUIRE EPA CERTIFIC ATION

C ertified wood stoves must adhere to regulatory emission requirements established by EPA

. EPA is in the process of expanding its requirements to apply to other types of wood

- burning appliances beyond wood stoves. At this time, wood stove manufacturers may only sell wood stoves and wood stove inserts that meet EPA's mandatory smoke emission limit of 7.5 grams of smoke per hour (g/h) for non

- catalytic stoves and 4 .1 g/h for catalytic stoves. Wood stoves offered for sale in the state of Washington must meet a limit of 4.5 g/h for non

- catalytic stoves and 2.5 g/h for catalytic stoves. P ellet stoves are typically cleaner than wood stoves.

Fireplaces and hydronic h eat ers (outdoor wood boilers) are not currently regulated by EPA. However, manufacturers of these appliances may choose to meet voluntary emission levels set by EPA. Appliances that meet the voluntary requirements are considered "EPA

- qualified." While these u nits are not certified by EPA, they do burn cleaner than older, unqualified models. Several states currently regulate hydronic heaters emissions. To learn more, visit : http://epa.gov/burnwise/choosing. html

.

Some states have adopt ed laws that make it illegal to install certain hearth appliances in homes. T he Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) established a law in 1991 stipulating that only DEQ

- certified and EPA

- certified st oves made after 1 9 86 can be resold

. The Oregon State Building Codes Division passed a complementary law in the early 1990s prohibiting the installation of any uncertified stove (pellet stoves and cook stoves are exempt) in homes or outbuildings

. Though t his type of mea sure may be difficult to enforce over a long period, it may result in significant emissions reductions. Washington State has a similar law. Building department inspectors enforce wood stove certification rules in some areas. For more information, go to : http://www.deq.state.or.us/aq/burning/woodstoves . To find a list of EPA

certified stoves, go to : http://www.epa.gov/Compliance/resources/publications/monitoring/caa/woodstoves/certified wood.pdf

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 10 

### F. BAN THE US E OF NON

- EPA

- CERTIFIED WOOD S TOVE S

For areas that do not meet the national particle standards due in part to wood smoke, the local jurisdiction may consider banning the use of non

- EPA

- certified wood stoves . The case of Lincoln

County, Montana , is instructive on how to implement a ban on old stoves. In 2005, Lincoln County first provided low

- income homes full replacement co sts (which averaged $2,900) to upgrade to an approved cleaner

- burning appliance, typically an EPA

- certified wood stove. For other community members with an old wood stove or wood furnace, the County provided vouchers up to $1,750. The goal was to
encourage all households to voluntarily replace their old wood stoves with cleaner

- burning technologies to address the county’s particle pollution challenges.

In 2006, following the donation of stoves to low

- income households and cash incentives for other homes, the County passed a regulation that banned the use of non

- EPA

- certified wood stoves. The local government decided that each home using a “Solid Fuel Burning Device” (e.g., wood stove or fireplace) must have an operating permit. To enforce the regulation , Lincoln County air program personnel periodically look for visible emissions from chimneys. If there are visible emissions and the household does not have an operating permit, the county may issue a notice of violation for failure to have a permit. To read the regulation, go to: www.lincolncountymt.us/environmentalhealth/docs/NewAirOrdinanceFinal.pdf

.



### G. RES TRICTIONS ON WOOD

- BURNING DEVICES IN N EW CONS TRUCTION

S ome areas may choose to reduce or prevent further degradation of air quality by banning the installation of any wood

- burning hearth appliances in new construction , or restrict ing the number and density of new wood

- burning appliances in a given area. For example, see California’s South Coast Air Quality District rule: www.aqmd.gov/rules/reg/reg04/r445.pdf . For frequently asked questions related to this rule go to: www.aqmd.gov/rules/doc/r445/Builders_FAQ.pdf

.



### H. HYDRONIC HEATER RULE S

Hydronic heaters, also known as outdoor wood boilers, are used to provide heat and hot water to homes and other buildings. These devices can be a significant local s o urce of smoke

– see photo at right

. EPA recommends state, tribal , and local agencies that are in PM 2.5 nonattainment areas, or areas at risk, to adopt regulations that use or improve upon the emission limits in the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) Outdoor Hydronic Heater model rul e. A 2007 study

– Dispersion Modeling Assessment of Impacts of Outdoor Wood Emissions in Support of NESCAUM’ s Model Rule

– showed that smoke from a single old hydronic heater can cause significant air quality problems. S ome local jurisdictions have chosen to ban hydronic heaters in their townships . Other jurisdictions chose to regulate the minimum distances th ese heaters must be set back from property lines to ensure the heaters are not used in close proximity to neighbors

. Several states developed proposed rules or adopt edStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 11 emission standards. See: www.nescaum.org/topics/outdoor

- hydronic

- heaters for the NESCAUM

m odel r ule and the dispersion modeling analysis that supports the need for local or s tate regulations to avoid exceedances of the national fine particle standards

.

If hydronic heaters are permitted, EPA recommends that only EPA

- qualified, Phase 2 units that are appropriately sized be allowed and that the area incorporate setback requirements. See NESCAUM’s model rule for their setback recommendations : http:/ /www.nescaum.org/topics/outdoor

- hydronic

- heaters

. The following are examples of state or local hydronic heater regulations:

 In March 2011, the State of Indiana adopted a rule establishing emission limits for new outdoor hydronic heaters. In addition, t he rule includes a fuel use restriction, stack height requirements, and a limited summertime operating ban for existing units. A copy of the rule is available at : www.in.gov/legislative/ iac/T03260/A00040.pdf and a fact sheet

at: http://www.in.gov/idem/files/factsheet_outdoor_hydronic_heater_rule.pdf

.

 The State of Vermont’s hydronic heater rule requires the removal of, “ Any OWB [outdoor wood boiler/hydronic heater] in the state that is not certified under the air pollution control regulations to meet the Phase I, Phase II, or a more stringent emission limit shall be retired on or before Dec ember 31, 2012, if the OWB is located within 200 feet of a residence, school, or health care facility... or has resulted or results in a complaint regarding emissions...”

 Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation , Final Rule :

www. vtwoodsmoke.org/pdf/Final07Rule.pdf

.

 Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, List of Outdoor Wood

- Fired Boilers State and Local Ordinances: http://www.vtwoodsmoke.org/regl

- other.html

.



###  Town of Rosendale, NY: www.nescaum.org/documents/rosendaleny

- final

- heater

regulations

- 2009.pdf

.



###  Maine Department of Environmental Protection: www.maine.gov/sos/cec/rules/06/096/096c150.doc



### I. REQUIREMENTS FOR WOOD

- BURNING FIREPLACES

Over 29 million wood

- burning fireplaces exist in homes throughout the U.S. Fireplaces should not be used for primary heating . Fireplaces contribute significantly to air quality problems

- especially in high density urban settings. For example, f ireplaces may represent as much as 75 percent of the pollution from wood

- burning devices on bad air quality days in the San Francisco Bay Area (an area that currently exceeds the PM 2.5 NAAQS) and m ay be responsible for 20

- 25 percent of ALL sources of PM 2.5
. 

### IT IS BETTER TO GET A PROPERLY SIZED BOI LER THAN TO DEAL WIT H WOOD SMOKE COMPLAINT S LATER. MANY STATE RESIDENTIAL CODES REQUIRE THAT BOILERS (GAS, OIL, ETC.) BE SIZED TO ACTUAL LOAD

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 12 EPA has a voluntary wood

- burning fireplace program that qualifies new, cleaner

- burning fireplace models and retrofit devices for existing fireplace s. Where fireplaces are allowed in new construction, EPA recommends the installation of only EPA

- qualified, Phase 2 units. If installed and operated properly, EPA

- qualified fireplaces can reduce air pollution by approximately 70 percent. For more information go to : http://epa.gov/burnwise/fireplaces.html . For example, beginning in January 2013, the Klamath Falls, Oregon area will only allow fireplaces that emit less than or equal to the Phase 2 emission level of the EPA wood

- burning fireplace program in all new housing construction. For more information go to: http://www.klamathcounty.org/depts/countycounsel/Coun tyCode.pdf

EPA also recommends that air programs consider purchase incentives for households that install EPA

- qualified, Phase 2 retrofit devices on existing fireplaces. For example, manufacturers have developed and tested catalysts, log lighters , and ot her retrofit devices that may reduce PM 2.5 emissions from existing fireplaces. For the list of EPA qualified appliances, go to : http://epa.gov/burnwise/fireplacelist.html . See section II C for more details.

The California Bay Area Air Quality Management District ( BAAQMD ) developed a wood smoke ordinance for fireplaces and wood stoves to regulate new sources of particle pollution in their communities. The ordinance allows the installation of on ly natural gas fireplaces, EPA

- certified wood heaters, pell et

- fueled wood heaters, and EPA

- qualified, Phase 2 fireplaces that have emissions no greater than those of a certified wood heater. The Bay Area District calculates significant emissions reduction s due to the ordinance. For more information related to the BAAQMD’s model rule go to: www. baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Communications

- and

- Outreach/Air

Quality

- in

- the

- Bay

- Area/Wood

- Burning/Background

- On

- Model

- Wood

- Smoke

- Ordinance.aspx

.



### J. S TATE/TRIBAL / LOCAL WOOD

- HEATING EMISS ION STA NDARDS

EPA is planning to revise the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for residential wood heaters established in 1988 (see section K. below). In the meantime, some states and local governments are developing regulations requiring that any wood

- heating ap pliance sold in their jurisdiction must meet lower emission levels than the current NSPS emission limits. For example, since 1995, the State of Washington has had “solid fuel burning devices” emission limits that are more stringent than those set in EPA’s wood heater NSPS.

For details on Washington’s emission standards go to: apps.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=70.94.457

.

F IREPLACES MAY REPRES ENT AS MUCH AS 7 5% OF THE POLLUTION FROM WOOD

- BURNING DEVICES ON B AD AIR QUALITY DAYS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREAStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 13 

### K. NEW SOURCE PERFORMAN CE S TANDARD S F 0 R NEW RESIDENTIAL WOOD HEATING APPLIANCES

EPA is considering tightening the air pollution emission limits for new wood heaters , reducing the types of appliances that are exempt ; and adding regulations for new hydronic heaters, furnaces , and masonry heaters . EPA expects t o pro pose the revisions and new standards in 2013 , and anticipates that the rule will be finalized in 2014 . The revised wood heater NSPS would reduce future residential wood smoke from new appliances throughout the U.S. For more information , go to : www.epa.gov/burnwise/ordinances.html

.



### II. VOLUNTARY PROGRA MS

In addition to regulatory approaches, communities may implement voluntary wood smoke control strategies to achieve wood smoke reductions. This section provides information on wood stove and fireplace replacements, hydronic heaters, manufactured (low mass) fireplaces, fireplace retrofit devices , and masonry fireplaces.



### A. WOOD STOVE , HYDRONIC HEATER, AND FIREPLACE REPLAC EMENTS

EPA recommends t hat states, tribal governments, and local communities implement voluntary wood stove, hydronic heater , and fireplace replacement/retrofit programs to motivate households to replace older technologies with safer, more efficient, cleaner burning technologies

. These programs are most effective when they also include education and outreach to en sure households burn more efficiently and clean ly . Wood stove replacement programs address both indoor and outdoor air quality, reduce fine particle and toxic air poll ution, improve energy efficiency, and red uc e the risk of chimney fires. See : epa.gov/burnwise/how

- to

- guide.html for more information. Over the last s everal years, more state and local agencies have implemented wood stove and fireplace replacement programs to help address wood smoke issues. EPA

est im ates that more than 24,000 wood stoves and fireplaces have been replaced or retrofitted in 50 communities, resulting in ap proximately 3,700 tons of fine particle emissions reduced each year, and an estimated $135

- 329 million per year of health benefits. Communities may consider only allowing replacement stoves that meet stricter emission stan dards than those mandated by the EPA. For example, a Maryland program allows the use of wood stoves that emit up to 3 grams of PM 2.5 an hour and pellet stoves up to 2 grams of PM 2.5 an hour

.

 Wood Stove and Hydronic Heater Changeout and Removal Program (Fairbanks, A laska ): Leveraging l ocal , state , and federal funds, th e Fairbanks North Star Borough implement ed a wood stove and hydronic heater changeout and removal program as part of th e area’s PM 2.5 reduction strategy. The Borough developed education and outreach materials and investigated several voluntary programs, including dry kiln and utility subsidy programs. T he program also provided funds for repairs and retrofits . Visit : www.aqfairbanks.com/wood

- stoves/

.



### CHANGING OUT ONE OLD , DIRT Y, INEFFICIENT WOOD STOVE IS EQUIVA LENT TO THE PM 2.5 

### POLLUTION REDUCTION OF TAKING FIVE OLD DIESEL BUSES OFF THE ROADStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 14  Low

- income Weatherization Program (Sacramento, C alifornia ):

The Sacram ento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District (SMAQMD) partnered with the local weatherization program from 2008

- 2011 to replace stoves in the areas, with 50 percent in environ mental justice areas. The program paid up to $2,500 for a wood stove/insert and up to $3, 500 for a gas stove, while the low

- income weatherization program paid for installation labor. Currently, SMAQMD is continuing the low income program as a voucher system. Vouchers are available for up to $1,500 towards the purchase/installation of a less polluting device or remova l of a wood

- burning device. More details can be found at : http://www.airquality.org/woodstove/assistance.shtml and epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/SacrementoLowIncomeWeateriztionProgram.pdf

.

 Entir e Town Wood Stove Changeout and Emissions Reduction Data (Libby, M ontana ): Using significant financial contributions from the hearth i ndustry , U.S. EPA, Montana Department of Environmental Quality , and funds appropriated by Congress, the Lincoln C ounty Health Department replaced the majority of wood stove s in Libby. EPA, the State of Montana, the H earth, P atio & B arbecue A ssociation (HP BA) , and the University of Montana supported the monitoring of air quality before and after the changeout, indoors and out

.
W intertime outdoor PM 2.5 pollution levels dropped after over 1,100 old wood stoves were replaced with cleaner burning technologies

. The old stoves were replaced with properly installed and vented EPA

- certified wood stoves and indoor PM 2.5 emissions were reduced by 70 percent.

For a report, including air quality emissions data, testimonials and a video summarizing this effort, go t o : woodstovechangeout.org/index.php

.

 Small Town Low

- interest Loan Wood Stove Changeout Program (Pendleton, O regon ): The City of Pendleton used funds from a Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Commu nity Development Block Grant to provide initial funding for the purchase of new

stove s . The money was then paid back by households that participated in the program
. C ity contributions provided additional funding. Several programs have been implemented i n Pendleton including one in which the property owner borrows money interest free and a lien is placed on the property pending repayment

. The full principal amount of the loan is due at the sale of the home. Approximately 125 wood stoves have been change d out. For more info rmation go to: epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/PendWoodStoveReplacementSumforEPA.pdf

.

 Wood Stove Bounty Program (Methow Valley, W ashington ) : The W ashington State Department of Ecology (DOE) sponsored a “woodstove roundup” near Winthrop, W ashington . Stove owners were offered up to $250 for turning in an old wood stove. A total of 69 stoves qualified for the program and all were disposed and recycled. W ashi ngton DOE estimates that the program has resulted in the removal of approximately 3 tons of PM 2.5 out the Methow Valley Airshed each year . For more info rmation, contact Sean Hopkins : seho461@ECY.WA.GOV or go to: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/news/2012/189.html

.

 Annual Wood Stove Changeout Program (Yakima, W ashington ): Yakima Regional Clean Air Agency has partnered with local hearth retailers and others to impleme nt a recurring wood stove changeout campaign. They have changed o ut over 700 wood s toves. For a summary of their program go to: epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/yakima.pdf

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 15  Tribal Wood Stove Changeout Program, Indoor Air Quality Focus (Swinomish Tribe, W ashington ): The focus of this program was on improving indoor air quality and addressing tribal members’ asthma. Before and after stove replacements, indoor air quality sampling was conducted in seve ral homes. Every tribal member’s home with an old wood stove was changed out to a cleaner burning appliance ( epa.gov/burnwise/tribal.html#case

- studies ).



### B. HYDRONIC HEATERS

EPA ’s Hydronic Heater program encourages manufacturers to design cleaner and more efficient hydronic heater models. These heaters are commonly referred to as outdoor wood boilers (OWB). See : http://www .epa.gov/burnwise/owhhlist.html for more details and a current list of the qualified models.

 EPA

- qualified, Phase 2 models are 90 percent cleaner than unqualified models

.

 Thirty

- five models have qualified at the Phase 2 emission level

.

The replacement of old , inefficient hydronic heaters with new cleaner

- burning units can result in local air quality improvements. Retrofitting existing hydronic heaters to address wood smoke emissions may be another option. Limited testing of hydronic heater retrofit devices has been conducted and more is needed to determine if these devices can be a cost effective measure.

 The Vermont Air Pollution Control Division (APCD) has offered a voluntary OWB Change

- Out Program that provides financial incentives to encourage people to replace their old OWBs with cleaner, more efficient heating systems. The Program has offered $6,000 for replacement and $1,000 for a manufacturer rebate match. For more information, visit : http://www.anr.state.vt.us/air/htm/OWBchangeoutprogram.htm

.

 NESCAUM has researched the effectiveness of retrofitting hydronic heaters to help reduce emissions. Field tests have also been done with some mixed results. Newer retrofit device technologies have been developed to address some of the initial problems. In 2013, EPA plans to conduct limited testing to help better characterize

t he overall effectiveness of hydronic heater retrofit devices. For more information on NES CAUM’s study go to:Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 16 http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/air/wood_stove_furnaces/ctdep_woodsmokefinalrep

ort.pdf

.



### C. WOOD

- BURNING FIREPLACES

EPA’s wood

- burning fireplace program encourages fireplace manufacturers to develop cleaner

burning fireplaces for consumers. The voluntary program sets a qualifying emission level for new firepl aces , including pre
- manufacture d and site

- built masonry fireplaces

. Similar to the hydronic heater voluntary program the fireplace program sets Phase 1 and Phase 2 qualifying emission limits . However, the time period for Phase 1 qualification has expired , and all 21 fireplace models qualified under the voluntary fireplac e program have qualified at the Phase 2 emissions level. In communities that allow wood

- burning fireplaces in new construction, EPA recommends that homeowners and developers consider installation of cleaner

- burning, EPA Phase 2 qualified models

.
EPA adop ted ASTM method 2558 specifically for wood burning fireplaces when the method was finalized in 2009. ASTM E

- 2558 is the recognized test method accepted for qualification by EPA for the Wood

- B urning Fireplace Program. EPA has a separate test (Method 28) for wood heaters, including wood stoves for compliance with the NSPS

.

EPA also recommends that air districts consider creating incentives to encourage the installation of retrofit devices on e xisting fireplaces to reduce emissions. The qualifying Phase 2 emissions level remains the same for retrofit devices as it is for new fireplaces. EPA’s fireplace program has qualified certain catalysts, log lighter , s and other retrofit devices that reduc e fine particle emissions from existing fireplaces to help improve air quality . For information related to the EPA wood

- burning fire http://sarahj.store.willowhouse.com/category.aspx?zcid=289 place program, go to: www.epa.gov/burnwise/participation.html#fireplace

.



### D. PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) ADVANCE

PM Advance is a collaborative effort between EPA, state, tribal , and local air agencies to reduce PM 2.5 to help participating areas continue to meet the PM 2.5 NAAQS . Areas that have high levels of PM 2.5 , but not designated as “nonattainment” areas, are working w ith EPA and others to reduce emissions from sources such as residential wood smoke and diesel vehicles. In many areas, wood smoke is a major contributor to high levels of particle pollution. Go to : epa.gov /ozonepma dvance to see if your area is a good candidate for participation.



### III. EDUCATION AND O UTREACH

Wood smoke education is a n important part of reducing PM 2.5 in your community. Engaging the public and giving them the tools to make informed decision s about what they burn and how they burn is the first step in an overall wood smoke reduction plan. Enough education programs have been in effect long enough that we know they are effective. W ith proper burning techniques and well

- seasoned wood, emissions ( even in older wood

- burning appliances) can be significantly reduced. While a new wood stove , hydr onic heater, or wood

- burning fireplac e will typically pollute less than o lder appliances when used properly , it is important to emphasize that how a user operates their appliance is equally important in maximizing energy efficiency and reducing emissions.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 17 “T HE C ITY SHALL ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN AN ON

- GOING PROGRAM TO EDU CATE THE PUBLIC ON T HE
PROVISIONS OF THIS O RDINANCE AND THE HEA LTH IMPACT OF WOOD S MOKE

. T HE EDUCATION PROGRAM

SHALL ALSO IDE NTIFY THE VARIOUS TY PES OF WOOD

- BURNING APPLIANCES A ND GAS FI REPLACES , AND

INSTRUCT RESIDENTS H OW TO BURN FIRES MOR E CLEANLY

. T HE C ITY WILL EDUCATE THE PUBLIC THAT
FIREPLACE AND WOOD S TOVE ( PROPER OPERATION AND ) MAINTENANCE ARE ALSO EFFECTIVE IN MINIMIZING
AND REDUCING WOOD

- BURNING EMISSIONS , ENCOURAGE CLEANER

- BURN ING ALTERNATIVES SUC H AS GAS

FUELED DEVICES , PROPER WOOD BURNING TECHNIQUES TO BUILD HOTTER , MORE EFFICIENT FIRES

. T HE C ITY
WILL INVESTIGATE WAY S TO ASSIST THE PUBL IC WITH REPLACEMENT OR REMOVAL , THROUGH PROGRAMS OR

SERVICES .”

- B AY A REA Q UALITY M ANAGEMENT D ISTRICT A commitment from local community leaders to support wood smoke reduction programs is important for the success of an education campaign. A plan for education and outreach to the public should definitely be included w hen introducing burn ban ord inances or wood

- burning appliance replacement programs to elected leaders. The following is an example policy statement from the California Bay Area Air Quality Management District that could be used in other communities to help advance education and outr each campaigns

.



### A. BURN WISE EDUCATION AND OUTREACH

EPA’s Burn Wise program can be an important resource for states and communities. Burn Wise is a way to encourage the importance of burning the right wood, the right way, in the right wood

- burning appliance to protect your home, health and the air we breathe. The program offers a website, outreach tools and information to help consumers make informed decisions about what it means to burn wise. For more information visit the Burn Wise website at: www.epa.gov/burnwise

.

We encourage air pollution professionals to work with local hearth retailers, local firefighters, chimney sweeps, insurance agents, doctors, teachers , and others to deliver the Burn Wise message to the public. EPA’s Burn Wise e ducation and outreach tools promote responsible wood

- burning techniques for those who choose to burn wood . The goal is to educate people on the connection between what they burn, how they burn, and the impacts on their health and the environment. In addi tion, it promotes safety, cost savings, and energy efficiency. EPA is “fuel neutral” and does not encourage wood heat over gas, electric, propane, or other fuel types. However, if people choose to burn wood , it is important to provide tools and knowledge so they burn responsibly. KEY EPA BURN WISE MESSAGE:

IF YOU CHOOSE TO BURN WOOD, BURN THE RIGHT WOOD, THE RIGHT WAY, IN THE RIGHT APPLIANCEStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 18  Burn the Right Wood : People should only burn dry , seasoned wood (i.e. 20 percent or less moisture) or wood pellets. Dry hardwoods or pellets have the best combustion efficiency and create less smoke inside and outside the home. EPA recommends that local wood smoke reduction campaigns share information on what not to burn as well . People should never burn garbage, plastic, or pressed and treated wood in their wood stove , hydronic heater , or fireplace. The toxic chemicals released in the air are harmful a nd can potentially damage wood

- burning appliance s . Also, people should never burn wet or “green” w ood that is not properly seasoned. While it may be cheaper and easily available, burning wet or green wood is inefficient and creates more smoke and less heat when burned. To learn about four easy steps for drying wood , see “Wet Wood is a Waste” Brochur e at: www.epa.gov/burnwise/burnwisekit.html

.

 The Right Way : When heating with wood, people should maintain a bright, hot fire and not let it smolder. More smoke means decreased efficiency and more creosote build

- up which could lead to a chimney fire. W ood stoves and fireplaces should be inspected each year by a certified Chimney Safety Institute of America (CSIA) service technician. A list of CSIA

certified technicia ns in your area can be found at: www.csia.org/search

.

 In the Right Appliance : Replacing an old wood stove (i.e. manufactured before 1990), hydronic heater, or fireplace with an energy
- saving wood pellet stove o r an EPA

- approved wood stove or EPA

- qualified appliance that is installed by a professional will improve air quality and efficiency

. Wood heating appliances should be properly sized for the area they will heat. An appliance that is too large or too small will not operate at peak efficiency and will create more pollution. To learn more about EPA certified and qualified wood

- burning appliances visit : www.epa.gov/burnwise/appliances.html

.
To supp ort the Burn Wise education campaign, EPA , with help from the hearth industry, CSIA, U.S. Forest Service, states, tribes , and others , developed the following tools and initiatives for state, tribal , and local communities. Most materials are available online at: www.epa.gov/burnwise/burnwisekit.html and a few are available in hard copy. C ontact the EPA library at : www.epa.gov/nscep to or der hard copies



### .

 Burn Wise Website

– provide s outreach tools, key messages, case studies and additional information to help state, tribal and local communities reduce residential wood smoke www.epa.gov/burnwise

.

 Burn Wise Widgets

– are small images that display wood

- burning tips directly on your Web page and link back to the Burn Wise website. Once a widget is added to your Web page there is no technical maintenance; Burn Wise will update the content automatica lly www.epa.gov/burnwise/widgets.html

.

 Burn Wise Video PSAs

– promote best burn tips and can be used on websites or television. EPA has video public service announcements (PSAs) that are available on YouTube at:Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 19  Wet Wood is a Waste: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM2WGgRcnm0 ;

 Split, Stack, Cover, Store: Four Simple Steps for Drying Wood: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yo1

-- Zrh11s ;

 The Pledge: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ev4XogvRbME ;

 Meet Carl, Learn or Burn: www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fDWWOBhWsc ; and

 Learn Before You Burn, Super Sketch: www.youtube.com/watch?v=CuhUcLa64VA

.
If you would like a higher resolutio n video, contact Leigh Herrington, herrington.leigh@epa.gov

.

 Burn Wise Live

- read PSAs

– available in 15

- , 30

- or 60

- second lengths, these radio public service announcements help promote best burn tips: www.epa.gov/burnwise/burnwisekit.html

.

 Burn Wise Facebook and Twitter

– provide weekly best burn tips and wood smoke information through www.fac ebook.com/EPABurnWise and twitter.com/epaburnwise

.

 Burn Wise Photo Flickr

– provides over 200 wood

- burning related photos that may be downloaded for use in presentations or materials. www.flickr.com/photos/epaburnwise

.

 EPA State Implementation Plans: Residential Wood Smoke V ideo

– Training video module for state, local, and tribal governments to learn more about PM 2.5 implementation and wood smoke: www.epa.gov/apti/video/Larry%20Brockman%20Revised %20051410.wmv

.

 Chimney Safety Institute of America (CSIA) Online Training

– developed by EPA as a free, 2

- day online training for CSIA continuing education credits. Chimney sweeps looking to earn or maintain CSIA accreditation may take the course that p rovides information on EPA’s wood heaters NSPS , voluntary programs, health effects of wood smoke and best burn tips. The course is currently available online to CSIA members at : www.csia.org

.

 Hearth , Patio and Barbecue Association (HPBA) Educational DVD and Videos

– HPBA developed several videos to promote best burn tips. Visit HPBA ’s Home Heating YouTube Channel : www.youtube.com/user/HomeHeatingHelp to view the following videos:

Introduction to Wood Stoves , How to Buy, Split and Store Wood ,
Five Rules to Foll ow for an Efficient Fire ,
How to Burn Wise with an EPA Non

- Catalytic Stove , How to Burn Wise with an EPA Catalytic Stove , Safety and Maintenance Information for Wood Stoves and Fireplace Inserts , and

Troubleshooting Information for Wood Stoves and Fireplace Inserts

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 20 You may o rder the complete high resolution “Burn Wise: A Video Guide to Operating

Your Wood Stove Efficiently” DVD at : www.hpba.org/consumers/hearth/responsible

wood

- burning

.


### B. AIR QUALITY FORECAS TS AND REPORT S TO THE PUBLIC

EPA has tools for states, tribes, and local communities to use to help raise awareness about wood smoke. We recommend that air agencies incorporate these tools in their education campaigns and wood smoke curtailment programs
.
AIRNow.gov provides the public with easy access to national air quality information. The

w ebsite offers daily A ir Quality Index (AQI) forecasts as well as real

- time AQI conditions for

over 400 cities across the U

. S

. , and provides links to more detailed s tate and local air quality

w ebsites. An AIRNow app is also available for iPhone and Android devices at m.epa.gov/apps/airnow.html

.

EPA recommends that air quality officials include a commitment to forecast PM 2.5 and provide reports to the public that includes an e

- mail alert system, like EPA’s EnviroFlash air quality notifications: www.envirofl ash.info

.
EnviroFlash.info is a free air quality notification system that sends air quality forecasts to the subscriber’s e

- mail, smart phone or mobile device. Individuals who receive EnviroFlash notifications can ad just their wood

- burning practices on unhealthy air quality days. Knowing the air quality forecast is important for everyone. People most at risk from particle pollution include people with diseases that affect the heart or lung (including asthma), older a dults, children, and people of lower socioeconomic status. States, tribes, and local agencies can tailor the EnviroFlash messages and send special alerts related to smoke and wildfires. If your area does not forecast particle pollution or use EnviroFlash, contact John White at white.john@epa.gov to learn more. E PA recommends that a ir quality officials include a commitment to forecast PM 2.5 and provide reports to the public that i ncludes an e

- mail alert system like EPA’s Enviroflash air quality notifications www.enviroflash.info

.



### C. ADDITIONAL RES OURCES AVAILABLE TO S TATE, TRIBAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FOR PUBL IC EDUCATION

EPA wood smoke educational materials are available for copying and distribution. Materials may be ordered from the EPA library at : www.epa.gov/nscep/ or online at : www.epa.gov/burnwise/burnwisekit.html

.
The following are examples of resources available on the EPA Burn Wise web site:

 Burn Wise Tip Sheet

– Provides information about best burn practices, how to burn a proper fire and keep your home and community safe from wood smoke. This full

- color fact sheet is available in English (document # 456F09004 ) and Spanish (document # 456F11 006 ) at: www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/BurnWiseTips.pdf and www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/BurnWiseTipsESP.pdf

.

 Wood Stove “Dirty Little Secrets” Brochure and Poster

– This tri

- fold color brochure and poster explain the difference between old and new stoves, health effects from breathing wood smoke, and links to more information on the website. Both the brochure (document #456F11002) and poster (document #456H11001) are available from theStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 21 EPA libra ry www.epa.gov/nscep/ or online at:

www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/dirtysecretbrochure2011.pdf and www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/dirtysecretposter/pdf

.

 Wet Wood is a Waste Brochure

– EPA, along with the Northwest Tribal Air Group, developed a tri

- fold brochure (document #456F10003) that provides four simple steps to dry firewood: Split, Stack, Cover, and Store. Hard copies are available through the EPA library at at www.epa.gov/nscep/ and online at www.epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/TribalBrochure.pdf

.

 Modular Wood Shed Plans

– This two

- page fact sheet developed by The Makah Nation provides a list of materials and detailed construction diagrams to build a modular wood shed. Plans may be printed from epa.gov/burnwise/pdfs/WoodShedDiagram.p df

.


### IV. FUNDING MECHANIS MS

Financial incentives may be a necessity to encourage households to replace or retrofit old wood

burning appliances. Such incentives could include a low

- cost means to purchase cleaner

- burning appliances. The following approache s may assist communities:



### A. DISCOUNTS/ VOUCHERS

The Hearth, Patio and Barbe c ue Association ( HPBA ) , along with retailers and manufacturers , work s with organizations to provide discounts for wood stove changeout campaigns. In the past, industry discounts have range d between 10 to 15 percent off the price of a cleaner

- burning appliance . For more information, contact John Crouch of HPBA at crouch@hpba.org

.



### B. TAX CREDITS

Tax credits can reduce the amount of tax es owe d

. Periodically, s tate and /or f ederal tax credits may apply to cleaner

- burning appliances. Tax credits, deductions, and rebates can be very effective (for example, a s they are with Energy Star appliances ) to steer consumers to the cleanest and most efficien t products. EPA encourages jurisdictions considering such incentives for biomass heating appliances to focus on the cleanest devices and require appliance destruction through recycling the metal. EPA also encourages jurisdictions that may want to use efficiency thresholds to qualify units for a tax credit to require third party testing and use the Canadian Standards Administration B415.1 test protocol to verify efficiency numbers.

In past years, federal tax legislation has provided 10

- 30 percent tax credits for purchase and installation expenses of up to $1,500 for c leaner wood and pellet stoves. Go to: http://energy.gov/savings or http://www.dsireusa.org/ for curren t tax credit information.

Some states have offered tax credits , which are typically limited in their duration:

 Monta na
- offered an Alternative Energy Systems Credit ($500) against income tax liability for the cost of purchasing and installing an energy system in a principal home that uses " . . . a low emission wood or biomass combustion device such as a pellet or wood stove." For more information, go to : www.deq.state.mt.us/Energy/renewable/taxincentrenew.asp#15

- 32

- 201

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 22  Idaho

- offer ed taxpayers who b ought new wood stoves, pellet stoves, or natural gas or

propane heating units for their residences a tax deduction (up to $5,000) to replace old, uncertified wood stoves. For more information go to : www.deq.state.id.us/air/prog_issues/burning/wood_stove_tax_deduction_brochure.pdf

.

 Oregon

- offer ed a Residential Energy Tax Credit Program for the highest energy efficient wood and pellet stoves that meet specific criteria. The tax credit amount wa s based on the estimated average first year energy savings and cost for equipment. For wood and pellet stoves that qualif ied , the tax credit amount wa s 25 percent of the net cost up to $300. For more information, go to : www.oregon.gov/ENERGY/CONS/RES/tax/HVAC

- Biomass.shtml

.



### C. PROPERTY AS SESSED CL EAN ENER GY (PACE)

PACE is a n innovative way to finance energy efficiency and renewable energy upgrades for buildings and homes. Interested property owners evaluate measures that achieve energy savings and receive 100 percent financing, and then must repay the f unds to the local government as a property tax assessment for up to 20 years. For detailed information go to: pacenow.org/about

- pace/what

- is

- pace/

.



### D. F EDERAL PROGRAMS TO S UPPORT REPLACEMENTS

The following are examples of various federally supported programs or mechanisms for possibly replacing and/or retrofitting older inefficient or unsafe wood

- burning appliances with cleaner, more energy efficient and safer heating appliances.

DOE Low

- income Weatherization Program (WAP) : enables low

- income families to permanently reduce their energy bills by making their homes more energy efficient. New EPA

- certified wood stoves are 50 p ercent more energy efficient than older wood stoves

. Older wood

- burning appliances like wood stoves are sometimes improperly installed and vented and/or have cracks rendering the appliance unsafe. This can cause indoor air quality problems and risk of fir e. WAP funds can be used to replace heating appliances for “health and safety” reason s
. To pursue a potential partner ship with your local weatherization program to changeout old dirty inefficient wood stoves, go to the following website : apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/

.
Department of Health and Human Services: Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP): This program is a Federally

- funded program that helps low

- income households with their home energy bills. The local LIHEAP program determines if a household ’s income qualifies for the program. LIHEAP may offer one or more of the following types of assi stance:

 Bill payment assistance ;

 Energy crisis assistance ;

 Weatherization ; and

 Wood stove energy efficiency upgrades, repairs and replacements.

To pursue a potential partner ship with your local LIHEAP office to changeout old dirty inefficient wood stov e s, go to the following website: www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/liheap/

.
Department of Agriculture : The Rural Housing Repair and Rehabilitation Loan and Grant Program s enable low

- income , elderly (62 +) households to remove health and safety hazardsStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 23 from their homes. Changing out old or improperly installed wood stoves may be eligible under this program. Funding availability is determined by the local service center. For m ore info rmation and to loca te your service center , go to: www.rurdev.usda.gov/rhs/

. Department of Housing and Urban Development : Several programs provide funding for wood smoke mitigation

. You can find programs located in your area at: www.hud.gov/offices/adm/grants/fundsavail.cfm and click on “Information by State.” You will need to search Housing Preservation Grants , Rural Housing Development Program, Housing Blo ck Grant Program, and the Community Development Block Grant Program. The following are sample programs:

 Indian Housing Block Grants : Tribes have discretion to use these funds on most housing

related projects. Wood stove changeouts are an eligible activity for low income households. For more information, go to: www.hud.gov/recovery/native

- american

formula.cfm

.

 Rural Housing and Economic Development Program: This program provides support for innovative housing and economic development activities in rural areas. Eligible applicants are local rural non

- profits, community development corporations (CDC’s), federally recognized Indian tribes, state housing finance agencies (HFA’s), and state community and/or economic development agencies. For more information, go to: www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/economicdevelopment/programs/rhed/

.

 Indian Community Development Block Grants : This program funds a variety of community development activities, including wood stove changeouts as part of “housing rehabilitation”. For more information , go to: www.hud.gov/offices/pih/ih/grants/icdbg.cfm

.



### E. S UPPLEMENTAL ENVIRON MENTAL PROJECTS AND MITIGATION PROJECTS

Settlement agreements for violation of federal and state environmental laws may include Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs) and/or mitigation projects. SEPs used to implement a wood

- burning appliance replacement/retrofit program are an effective way to leverage resources and significantly improve public health and the envi ronment. These types of projects can be used to address various types of pollutants including PM 2.5 , CO, vol a tile organic compounds, and hazardous air pollutants. Over the last 5 years, state and federal settlement agreements have included more than $5.5 million for wood

- burning appliance replacement/retrofit projects.

 A SEP is an environmentally beneficial project that a violator of an environmental law voluntarily agrees to undertake in the settlement of a civil enforcement action. The goal of a SEP is to improve the environmental health of a community that has been placed at risk due to a violation of an environmental law.

 A mitigation project is an environmentally beneficial project performed as part of a settlement of alleged violations which tends to compensate the environment for past environmental harms caused by the alleged violations. The project should be related to the same media (e.g. air, water, waste) and should have a similar nexus (e.g. location) as the alleged violations.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 24 Several wood stove replacement SEP/mitigation projects have been implemented throughout the country, including a $750,000 mitigation project for a coal

- fired power plant that was administered by a health organization . The project replaced 425 old wood stoves with pellet, gas and EPA

- certified wood stoves and included education on proper burning and appliance operation. To learn more about this project go to: www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/decrees/civil/caa/srp

- cd.p df

.
Example wood

- burning appliance replacement consent decree language and a mitigation plan are available at: www.epa.gov/burnwise/funding.html

.
EPA encourages air pollution control personnel to w ork with and educate air enforcement personnel and management about the potential use of wood

- burning appliance (wood stove, fireplace and hydronic heater) replacement and/or retrofit projects in settlement s
. Often SEPs and mitigation projects are finaliz ed a t the end of long settlement process es
. If your community is engaged in a settlement process, and there is interest in a wood

- burning appliance replacement project, EPA recommends that you draft a project plan to share with the company that may want to implement a SEP in that area.

Some settlement agreements are not site specific because the company has operations throughout the U.S. In these cases the company may choose a location to implement a wood

burning appliance replacement project. EPA maintains a list of possible locations for a company to implement such a project; visit http://epa.gov/burnwise/funding.html#SEP . If you would like to add an area to the list, contact Larry Brockman at brockman.larry@epa.gov . For more information about SEPs, go to: http://www.epa.gov/woodstoves/Documents/Process/Funding/ws_sepguide_042807.pdf

.



### V. PARTNERSHIPS

To implement a residential wood stove replacement program, EPA fi nds that partnerships are very helpful in leveraging resources and reaching out to the public. Below are some suggested organizations

to contact.



### A. H EARTH, P ATIO & B ARBECUE A SS OCIATION (HPBA) is a trade organization that represents more than 1 , 000 hearth retailers and manufacturers across the country. HPBA

can potentially support replacement program s and help with outreach initiatives to reduc e wood smoke emissions. C ontact HPBA’s John Crouch at crouch@hpba.org for more information

.



### B. AMERICAN LUNG AS SOCI ATION (ALA) can help bring experience to your wood smoke public education campaign. In addition to public education , ALA has been a partner and supporter of wood stove changeouts

. C ontact your l ocal A LA office to request their assistance in helping raise awareness about wood smoke health effects and your wood smoke control program. Go to www.lungusa.org to find your local ALA office.



### C. CHIMNEY SAFETY INS T ITUTE OF AMERICA ( CS IA ) is a non
- profit, educational organization dedicated to chimney and venting system safety. T he organization represents more than 1 , 000 chimney sweeps throughout the country . C himney sweeps are an excellent source of information an d may provide insight on local wood

- burning practices. CSIA may also assist in identify ing chimney sweeps in most communities

. Contact Melissa Heeke at mheeke@csia.org or go to www.CSIA.org for more information.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 25 

### D. THE ALLIANCE FOR GRE EN HEAT is a non
- profit environmental organization that promotes cleaner

- burning technology. The Alliance for Green Heat works with environmental and forestry organizations, air quality experts, the wood and pellet stove industry, and others in the wood

- burning community. Contact John Ackerly at jackerly@forgreenheat.org or go to http://www.forgreenheat.org for more information.



### E. S TATE ENERGY DEPARTM ENTS have worked with state and local air offices to help fund and implement wood stove changeouts. For example, biomass programs in Maryland and New Hampshire encourage cleaner biomass technology to reduce clima te gases and improve air quality.



### F. OTHER POTENTIAL PART NERS There are many other organizations that may be able to offer resources and assistance in addressing wood smoke in your community:

 Firefighters;

 Health Organizations;

 Environmental Groups; and

 Lo cal Businesses.



### VI. OTHER TOOLS

A. COUNTY

- LEVEL EMISS ION INVEN TORY FOR RES IDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION

EPA, along with state, local, and regional planning organizations, created a methodology to estimate emissions from residential wood

- burning appliances for the purposes of developing an emission inventory. The result is a tool that calculates emissions at the county level. The five inputs to the tool include: (1) percentage of people that burn wood in each appliance; (2) the number of occupied housing units i n the county; (3) the amount of wood burned in each appliance; (4) the density of the wood; and (5) the amount of emissions (per pollutant, in mass units) emitted per ton of wood burned. The result is a county level emission inventory for residential wood combustion appliances.

EPA initially populated the tool with default data based on regional averages. The tool has the capability to use state

- specific data. To date, 15 states have submitted state

- specific data which EPA has incorporated into the tool (2011 ).

More information on the tool may be obtained by contact ing Roy Huntley at Huntley.Roy@epa.gov

. The web address for the CHIEF website is: www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiinformation.html . Any agency wanting to incorporate state

- specific inputs is encouraged to contact Roy Huntley for assistance.



### B. WOOD STOVE AND FIREP LACE CHANGEOUT/RETRO FIT EMISS IONS CALCULATOR

E PA has developed a simple emissions calculator to estimate PM 2.5 and toxic air emissions reductions from wood stove or fireplace changeouts. Users of the calculator should use site specific inputs (e.g., cords of wood burned) rather than the defaults in the program , if available. However, site specific data must be added in the same units (e.g., pounds of pollutant emission per ton of wood burned) as the default inputs to the calculator. The references for the default inputs are defined on the readme tab of the calculator. For a copy of the calculator , go to theStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 26 EPA web site at: epa.gov/burnwise/resources.html#air and click on “Wood S tove and Fireplace Changeout Emissions Calculator (Excel). ” Contact Roy Huntley at Huntley.Roy@epa.gov for assistance.

V ariable s to the calculator include:

 number of stoves/fireplaces changed out ;

 cords of wood burned ;

 the fraction of the changeouts expected to be new certified wood stoves;

 wood stove efficiency ; and

 wood density

.

A wood d ensity variable is necessary because wood is usually bought by the “cord,” which is a unit of volume, and the emission factors used in the calculator are in units of mass. Default emission factors are included in the calculator in units of pounds of pollution emitted per ton of

oven
- dried wood burned . The default density (1.162 tons per cord) used in the calculator comes from the Energy Information Administration ( U

. S

. Department of Energy ).



### C. RES IDENTIAL WOOD COM BU STION S URVEYS

Collecting information on wood burning (e.g., number of stoves and fireplaces, amount of wood burned) about your community is a critical step in determining whether to develop a wood smoke reduction program. For examples of past wood smoke related surveys that may assist a local community in developing and conducting their own survey, go to: omni

test.com/publications/Comp2.pdf

.



### D. RES IDENTIAL WOOD COM BUSTION CONTROL MEAS URES

EPA has developed a table that lists residential wood combustion control measures that air quality officials may implement to reduce PM 2.5 and other pollutants. The table includes estimated control efficiency and cost effectiveness numbers along with additional information. See Appendix D of this document.



### E. RES IDENTIAL / MOBILE WOOD SMOKE MONITORING

Tools for wood smoke monitoring in the ambient air are fairly limited, but a few techniques are available. Almost all state, tribal and local monitoring programs already employ continuous PM 2.5 monitors located at long term monitoring stations. The monitors provide useful background informati on on the PM levels for an area, but are limited in their ability to characterize PM exposures resulting from residential wood smoke if they are not located in the specific neighborhood or street of concern. These monitors typically report hourly data on monitoring agency web sites and to Airnow.gov as described in III.B above.

To support characterizing PM exposures in locations with elevated wood smoke, monitoring agencies can deploy temporary PM 2.5 monitors; however, these are often expensive and sitin g and logistics can be challenging. Alternatives to fixed site PM 2.5 mass continuous monitors exist, but the concentration units are primarily used as a screening tool and not compared to health based standards.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 27 A ne phe lometer can be used to identify w ood smoke if it is configured with a UV channel , and it

can be used to provide light scattering. NESCAUM has developed an integrated system to

measure PM 2.5 from wood smoke at recepto r locations impacted by local wood

- burning sources

. The monitoring kit can help address wood smoke complaints and for research projects . The residential/mobile wood smoke PM monitoring kit includes : a ThermopDR

- 1500 nephelometer for PM 2.5 (BGI cyclone inlet), and a Gill 2

- d heated sonic wind and sonic temperature sensor. The kit can accommodate an additional monitor such as an electrochemical CO sensor, or a recording GPS for mobile use.

The system is remotely accessible and designed to be deployed outside in all winter weather conditions. It can als o be used for other PM sources such as prescribed burns, wildfires, or road dust when configured to measure PM 10
. Mobile monitoring of wood smoke or other PM sources can be done with 1

- second resolution to provide larger spatial scale assessments. The ki t includes on

- site training, Standard Operating Procedures, and extended support. If your agency is interested in learning more about the kit and how to acquire one, please contact George Allen at: gallen2@nesca um.org
. In 2012, the Lake Michigan Air Director’s Consortium (LADCO), in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin

- Stevens Point (UWSP), conducted an air quality study of RWC emi ssions in Grand Rapids, Wisconsin , using fixed and mobile monitoring techn iques. T he final report can be found here: http://ladco.org/reports/wood_smoke/grand_rapids_wood_smoke_case_study_final_report_8_31 _2012.pd f

.



### F. S PATIAL MODELING / MONITORING

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) commissioned a study to evaluate the effect of wood combustion on local air quality in the Adirondacks of New York. The study approach used topography, U.S. Census data, property assessments, and other relevant publicly accessible databases as inputs into a geographic i nformation system model. The model provides a map of predicted wood smoke PM 2.5 spatial variability across a region.

The predicted spatial pattern of wood smoke PM 2.5 was compared to observed ambient levels at fixed monitoring sites and with data collect ed using mobile monitoring to gauge the prevalence of high wood smoke spikes. This approach may provide emission inventory developers with a better sense of the prevalence of outdoor wood boilers and other high emitting wood smoke sources compared to assu mptions made in inventory models. The monitoring results showed that wood combustion was responsible for most of the PM 2.5 measured in the Adirondacks during the study.

The model coupled with the monitoring field campaign demonstrates that U.S. Census i nformation can be combined with additional survey and property assessment data to provide a broadly applicable estimate of wood smoke spatial patterns and population exposure in the Adirondacks. This approach is a promising method for screening potential w ood smoke problem areas in complex terrains across the Northeast and elsewhere in the U.S. For more information about this study contact Dr. Ellen Burkhard at egb@nyserda.ny.gov

.

The model is available at: www.nyserda.ny.gov/~/media/Files/EIBD/Economic%20Development/spatial_modeling_ monitoring_residential_woo dsmoke.pdf?sc_database=web

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 28 PM 2.5 i n Outdoor Air Near Outdoor Wood

- Fired Boilers

N ew York State D epartment of Health scientists investigated the potential for hydronic heaters to increase outdoor levels of PM 2.5
. Real

- time measurements of PM in ambient air at residences

near hydronic heaters were compared to levels at nearby residences

. Evaluation of the monitoring data showed statistically significant increases in PM 2.5 at five of six study locations, correlated to hydronic heater distance, direction and meteorological conditions. This report and other information can be found here : http://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors /air/owb/index.html

. Dispersion Modeling Assessment of Impacts of Outdoor Wood Boiler Emissions in Support of NESCAUM’s Model Rule

As mentioned earlier in this document, a dispe r sion modeling assessment was undertaken by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) in 2007 to assess the air quality impacts of existing hydronic heaters. This study was conducted in support of the NESCAUM model rule for hydronic heaters. The results of the study show that hydr onic heaters produce 2 4

- hr PM 2.5 air quality impacts in excess of 100 ug/m 3 at distances up to 40 meters from the hydronic heater. In addition, they produced air quality impacts in excess of the 24

- hr PM 2.5 NAAQS of 35 ug/m 3 at distances up to 150 meters from the hydronic heater. For more information go to: http://www.vtwoodsmoke.org/pdf/NY

- Modeling.pdf

.
Fireplace Dispersion Modeling

A dispersion modeling study was undertaken by EPA in late 2009 to assess the air quality impacts of the cleaner EPA Phase 2 qualified fireplaces. The results of the study show that the corresponding modeled impact of a fireplace for comparison to the 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS was approxim ately 2.7 ug/m 3 . This impact occurred at a distance of 15 to 20 meters from the chimney. The impact of a typical fireplace would likely be twice this impact. For further information on this study, go to: http://e pa.gov/burnwise

.



### SUMMARY

Wood smoke contains PM 2.5 and toxic air pollutants and significantly impacts air quality, both indoors and outdoors. Depending on the circumstances in your area, EPA recommends that communities concerned with wood smoke emissions consider the following strategies that have proven to be effective: (1) compile wood

- burning

- related information; (2) take steps to implement an education and outreach campaign; (3) provide a wood

- burning appliance (wood stove, hydronic heater, fireplace) replacement/retrofit program; (4) implement a wood smoke curtailment program; and (5) adopt the NESCAUM hydronic heater model rule and/or a new fireplace construction rule. If your agency or community has other suggestions or “lessons learned” about addr essing wood smoke, please share your recommendations with your EPA Regional Office. EPA will update and improve this document periodically.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 29 

### Appendix A: Example Wood Smoke Program

The following is an example of a fictitious community that implements mo st of the key steps and components of a residential wood smoke reduction plan.

Every winter in a mid

- sized, rural town , wood smoke can be seen hanging over the valley, particularly on days with f reezing temperatures and little wind. As more information about the health problems from breathing fine particle pollution (PM 2.5 ) became available, the local health and air quality officials realized that wood smoke was negatively impacting community members’ health and dirtying the skies. As you drive through, you can see smoke streaming out of chimneys and, where there is smoke, there is an inefficient fire.
Local air quality officials decided on a multi

- pronged approach for this community of 30,000 people to address its wood smoke problem. That approach incl uded:

 Implementation of EPA’s Burn Wise education and outreach campaign,

 Incentives to replace old dirty wood stoves

 Incentives to retrofit existing fireplaces, and

 Implementation of a wood smoke curtailment program.

The 24

- hour PM 2.5 design value 2 for the community is 42 micrograms per cubic meter ( ug/m 3 ). This exceeds the PM 2.5 NAAQS of 35 ug/m 3 . Through analysis of air quality data, emissions inventory and wood stove survey information, officials identified the exceedances of the NAAQS in the a rea as occurring in the winter and influenced by wood smoke. For the area to meet the 24

- hour PM 2.5 NAAQS, it would require a minimum reduction of 20 percent in the monitored PM 2.5 air quality concentrations. Local air quality and health officials decide d to replace 50 percent of the non

- EPA

- certified wood

stoves and retrofit 20 percent of the fireplaces in the area. In addition, they initiated a two stage burn ban based on the air quality forecast made by local meteorologists and air quality public offi cials.
Also, to increase the likelihood that the people in the community would participate in the replacement and retrofit program and wood smoke curtailment program, air quality officials decided to spend the first six months raising awareness about wood smoke health effects and ways to burn cleaner and more efficient.

E D U C A T I O N A N D O U T R E A C H C A M P A I G N

Establish a baseline

Before implementing the campaign, the town established a baseline assessment of residents’ wood

burning habits. They polled their loca l hearth retailers to see how many EPA

- certified stoves were bought in previous years. They also spoke with local chimney sweeps to understand how often people had their wood

- burning appliances inspected and maintained and the types of appliances (e.g., o ld wood stoves, new stoves, fireplaces) in which people were burning the most wood. To cross check what the chimney sweeps reported and to get additional information, they conducted informal telephone interviews to determine people’s perspectives on wood smoke (i.e., is it a health problem?), how much wood do people burn, and what appliances are used in the community. This information allowed officials to target their messages and their audience and provided a baseline to evaluate the program at the end o f the winter season.

2 http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/values.htmlStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 30 Enlist local spokespersons

The town decided to partner with several groups to help convey the Burn Wise messages. First, they identified physicians, particularly pulmonologists and pediatricians. They provided these physicians with Burn Wise posters and brochures that could be handed out to patients and/or displayed in the waiting

room. Second, they worked with the local fire department to set up two Burn Wise community workshops. The workshop included a demonstration of an old woo d stove next to an EPA

- certified wood stove to show the difference in smoke. A local retailer provided the old stove and a new stove at no cost to help demonstrate that the new stoves can be operated with no visible emissions. A county health official
sp oke about health effects from wood smoke, and a local chimney sweep provided demonstrations on how to choose the best firewood and how to build a hot fire; the firefighter emphasized the importance of annual chimney inspections and proper wood

- burning tech niques to prevent chimney fires. In addition, they provided free wood moisture meters to anyone who showed up to the workshops.
Tap into the media

The air program officials placed scripted public service announcements (PSAs) with the local radio station. These PSAs ran during commuting drive times and throughout the day. Air program officials used the scripts from EPA’s web site and tailored them with specific information. The local radio station carried the PSAs for the entire wood

- burning season from S eptember through March.
The town also placed a Burn Wise banner on the town’s home page. The banner listed the Burn Wise tips and provided links to EPA’s web site.
In addition to the Burn Wise workshop article, the town worked with the local newspaper to run another story about wood

- burning issues in the community. They invited the press to the demonstration at the firehouse to take pictures and interview local citizens.

After one burn season, the town ran a follow

- up survey with local hearth retailers, chimney sweeps, and citizens. From the retailers, the officials learned that replacement sales of old wood stoves to EPA

certified wood

- burning appliances had increased. From the chimney sweeps, they learned that more households had scheduled maintenance checks of their wood

- burning appliances after hearing the radio PSAs, and from another informal telephone survey the town found that citizens were now more aware of the Burn Wise messages and made changes in their wood

- burning habits.

WOOD

- B U R N I N G A P P L I A N C E R E P L A C E M E N T A N D R E T R O F I T P R O G R A M

The town has 3,000 wood stoves, of which 2,000 are non

- EPA

- certified, and 5,000 existing fireplaces. Wood stoves in the town emit 123 tons per year of fine particle pollution and fireplaces 40 tons per year. The area will use hearth industry discounts and $600,000 from a recent Supplemental Environmental Project to changeout 1,000 old wood stoves over a four year period and retrofit 200 fireplaces to gas. The area plans to changeout and recycle 250 of these old wood s toves and retrofit 50 fireplaces each year for the next four winters. They expect that the 250 non

- EPA

- certified wood stoves will be changed out for 200 EPA

- certified wood stoves and 50 gas stoves before the next winter. The resulting reduction in PM 2.5 emissions from the wood stove changeouts and fireplace retrofits will be more than 10 tons each winter, or 40 tons (32.5 percent) over the four

- year period. Officials calculated the emissions reductions with the EPA Wood Stove and Fireplace Changeout Emis sions Calculator found at the EPA web site: epa.gov/burnwise/resources.html#air

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 31 B U R N B A N

To reduce the likelihood of exceedances of the 24

- hour PM 2.5 health standard, the public officials also initiated a two stage burn ban to begin the following winter. The Stage 1 burn ban is implemented when meteorologists and public officials forecast the next day’s air quality for PM 2.5 to reach 30 g/m3. A Stage 2 burn ban is implemented when PM 2.5 is forecast for the next day to reach 35 ug/m 3 . Under a Stage 2 burn ban, no wood burning may take place, except where it is the only source of home heat. Based on data analysis from other communities that have imple mented burn bans, officials anticipate their Stage 2 ban will reduce the concentration of fine particles in the outdoor air by approximately 10 ug/m 3

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 32 

### APPENDIX B: POTENTI AL COMPONENTS OF A W OOD SMOKE REDUCTION PLAN

For all areas with residential wood s moke concerns, development and implementation of a wood smoke reduction plan is vital to attaining and/or maintaining healthier air and compliance with the national
health

- based fine particle standards. Wood smoke reduction plans are especially important in areas that are designated nonattainment for the 24

- hour or annual PM 2.5 NAAQS. These plans can provide early emission reductions that may enable the area to redesignate to attainment before state implementation plan (SIP) nonattainment planning documen ts need to be approved. If early redesignation is not possible, the wood smoke reduction plan can be readily used in developing an attainment SIP for the area.

In some communities, wood smoke is the dominant source of PM 2.5 emissions; in others, it may no t be the overriding contributor to nonattainment, but wood smoke emission reductions may provide an opportunity to obtain air quality improvements. In addition to the regulatory measures implemented for industrial, commercial, and mobile sources, voluntar y wood smoke reduction measures may play an important role in helping a community attain the PM 2.5 standards.

Areas designated as nonattainment for the PM 2. 5 NAAQS are required to develop a SIP within 18 months of the effective date of the designations. In the interim, EPA encourages these areas to develop and implement a wood smoke reduction plan expeditiously to curtail wood smoke emissions where those emissions are a significant contributor to nonattainment. Those areas may be able to obtain 3 years of “clean data” before SIPs are due and thereby be exempt from reasonable further progress, attainment demonstration, and contingency measure requirements under the EPA 2004 Clean Data Policy: www.epa.gov/pmdesignations/1997standards/documents/Clean_Data_ Policy.pdf

. The wood smoke reduction plan can readily be augmented for conversion to a CAA section 175(a) maintenance SIP if the area can be redesignated to attainment. Otherwise if the area is still nonattainment, the wood smoke reduction plan can be in corporated into attainment planning.

Below are possible components of a wood smoke reduction plan that may be useful when developing a SIP if required:

 Description of the area (physical, topographic, common meteorology, population, economic activity, common, and meteorolog ical )

.

 Description of outreach and education efforts on wood smoke issues.

 Air quality data analysis: i nvolves reviewing the composition of fine particle air quality data and meteorological conditions on the highest PM 2. 5 days (for example, days exceeding 25

- 30 ug/m3) for recent years.

o What is the design value for the area? How much does it exceed the standard?

o Do the highest days occur primarily in the winter, or during other times of year too?

o What are typical meteorological conditions (e.g. inversion conditions, wind direction) on the high days?

o How does the composition vary on the high days? Is the same PM 2.5 component (such as organic carbon) always the largest component on the high days, or does it vary?Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 33 From composition data, conclusions can be drawn regarding key contributing

sources. For example, data showing that organic carbon is a large percentage of the PM 2.5 mass on the highest days is often an indicator of high wood smoke emiss ions.

 Emissions inventory and survey of wood

- burning devices in the area.

o See section VI for information on emissions inventory tools and related information.

o See various case studies throughout this document regarding survey techniques successfully u sed in other communities.

o Characterize emissions for EPA

- certified and non

- certified wood stoves, outdoor wood boilers, and fireplaces.

 Possible emission reduction measures

o See section I for regulatory measures

.

o See section II for voluntary measures

.

o The use of emissions and air quality data from case studies (e.g., Libby, MT) could help identify potential emissions reductions and air quality changes that could be expected from certain types of emission reduction programs (such as wood stove replacem ents or burn bans)

.

o For example:

 W hat was air quality improvement after “x” number of wood stove replacements?

 How much improvement can be attributed to a burn ban on a specific day?

 Analysis of emission reductions needed to reach attainment by the attainment date (or target year)

.

o Projection of emission s and air quality in target year, with anticipated growth and no control measures

.

o Analysis of candidate measures (through modeling, emissions rollback, or other techniques) and associated emissions reductions and air quality improvement to be achieved by attainment/target year

.

 A nnual or seasonal emission reduction milestones for relevant control measures

.

 Compilation of enforceable state regulations adopted to require implementation of an y mandatory programs (e.g. changeout program or burn ban

. )

 Measures to track progress in terms of program implementation, emission reductions, and ambient monitoring. Milestones could be developed for the following:Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 34 o Number of noncompliant wood stoves taken out of use or replaced by EPA

- certified

units;

o Number of wood fireplaces converted to gas;

o Number of problem hydronic heater units shutdown, moved or replaced;

o Estimated wood smoke emissions reductions;

o Target design val ue ;

o Percent reduction in number of AQI alert days ;

o Reduction in number of monitored violations ; and

o Reduction of visual smoke reports on burn curtailment days

.

 Measures that will be implemented in the Wood Smoke Reduction Plan automatically if the area fails to attain by its a ttainment date, or meet key milestones such as emission reduction or ambient monitoring milestones . Measures could include:

o Increased funding for replacement programs ;

o Increased and targeted outreach and education efforts ;

o Increased enforcement efforts or fines for burn curtailment violations ;
o More protective triggers for burn curtailment days ; and

o If included, submit state rules for changeout program and burn curtailment

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 35 

### APPENDIX C: HEALTH STUDIES 3

Barregard, L., Sallsten, G., Gustafson, P., Andersson, L., Johansson, L., Basu, S. & Stigendal, L., 2006. Experimental exposure to wood

- smoke particles in healthy humans: effects on markers of inflammation, coagulation, and lipid peroxidation. Inhalation toxicology 18: 845

- 853.

Bunnell JE , Garcia LV , Furst JM , Lerch H , Olea RA , Suitt SE , Kolker A . 2010. Navajo coal combustion and respiratory health near Shiprock, New Mexico. J Environ Public Health. 2010;2010:260525.Epub 2010 Jun 30.

Butterfield, P., Edmunson, E., LaCava, G., and Penner, J. 1989. Woodstoves and Indoor Air. J. Environ. Health 59: 172

- 173.

Chapin, F. S. 1974 , Human activity patterns in the city. New York: Wiley

- Interscience.

Collins, D.A., Martin, K.S., and Sithole, S.D., 1990. Indoor Woodsmoke Pollution Causing Lower Respiratory Disease in Children. Trop. Doctor 20: 151

- 155

Danielsen, P., Brauner, E., Barr egard, L., Sallsten, G., Wallin, M., Olinski, R., Rozalski, R., Møller, P., & Loft, S., 2007. Oxidatively damaged DNA and its repair after experimental exposure to wood smoke in healthy humans. Mutat. Res. 642: 37

– 42.

Demarest, G. M., Hudson, L.D., and Altman, L.C., 1979. Impaired Alveolar Macrophage Chemotaxis in Patients with Acute Smoke Inhalation. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 119:279

- 286.

ERMD. 2000. Characterization of Organic Compounds from Selected Residential Wood Stoves and Fuels. Emissions Research an d Measurement Division, Environmental Technology Advancement Directorate, Environment Canada. Report ERMD 2000

- 01.

Hart JF, Ward TJ, Spear TM, Rossi RJ, Holland NN, Loushin BG.2011. Evaluating th e effectiveness of a commercial portable air purifier in homes with wood

- burning stoves: a preliminary study. J Environ Public Health. 2011;2011:324809. Epub 2011 Jan 27.

Honicky, R.E., Akpom, C.A., and Osborne, J.S., 1983. Infant Respiratory Illness and I ndoor Air Pollution from a Woodburning Stove. Pediatrics 71: 126

- 128.

Honicky, R.E., Osborne, J.S., and Akpom, C.A., 1985. Symptoms of Respiratory Illness in Young Children and the Use of Woodburning Stoves for Indoor Heating. Pediatrics 75: 587

- 593.

Hon icky, R.E., and Osborne, J.S., 1991. Respiratory Effects of Wood Heat: Clinical Observations and Epidemiologic Assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 95:105

- 109.

I Barn P, Larson T, Noullett M, Kennedy S, Copes R, Brauer M. 2008. Infiltration of forest fire and residential wood smoke: an evaluation of air cleaner effectiveness. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008 Sep;18(5):503

- 11. Epub 2007 Dec 5.

3 For more information on the science on PM and health, see the Integrated Science Assessment prepared for the recent review of the PM 2.5 NAAQS at http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546

For risk and exposure assessments, v isit http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_2007_risk.htmlStrategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

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Page 40 

### APPENDIX D: PM 2.5 

### C ONTROL EFFICIENCY AND COST EFFECTIVENESS OF CERTAIN RESIDENTIAL WOOD

C OMBUSTION CONTROL MEASURES

APPLIANCE MEASURE ESTIMATED COST EFFECTIVENESS

CONTROL (2012 $/ton) EFFICIENCY* except where

noted DESCRIPTION/NOTES/CA V EATS

Fireplaces Use EPA Phase 2

Qualified Units 70% $9,500 ** If new fireplace construction is allowed, approve only EPA Phase 2 qualified models. Under the EPA Wood

- burning Fireplace Program, cleaner wood

- burning fireplaces are qualified when their PM 2.5 emissions are at or below the Phase 2 PM 2.5 emissions level. For a list of Phase 2 qualified cleaner burning fireplaces , go to: http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/fireplacelist.html

. Fireplaces Use Gas Logs in

Existing Wood

burning Fireplace s 100% $11,000 I ncentives by various air districts in CA have helped retrofit thousands of open f ireplaces to gas log sets. In addition to vented gas log sets, the option exists to install vented gas stove inserts into a wood

- burning fireplace. Unlike gas logs , which pr ovide little heat , a gas stove insert can be an efficient and clean way to heat a

room. T he cost per ton of PM 2.5 reductions will likely be greater as gas stove inserts cost more than gas log sets.

Fireplaces Install R etrofit

D evices into Existing W ood

- b urning
F ireplaces 70% $9,500 Provide incentives to encourage use of fireplace retrofit devices. Under the EPA Wood

- burning Fireplace Program, retrofit devices are qualified when the ir PM 2.5 emissions are at or below the program Phase 2 PM 2.5 emissions level. For a list of Phase 2 qualified retrofits , go to: http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/fireplacelist.html

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 41 APPLIANCE MEASURE ESTIMATED COST EFFECTIVENESS

CONTROL (2012 $/ton) EFFICIENCY* except where

noted DESCRIPTION/NOTES/CA V EATS

Hydronic Heaters (OWHH, OWB) Install Cleaner

Wood

- burning Hydronic H eaters

vs. Old T echnolog y 90% $740 If hydronic heaters are allowed, only allow EPA Phase 2 qualified models. A Partnership Agreement (PA) is in place between EPA and
wood

- burning hydronic heater manufacturers. Under this PA, cleaner burning hydronic heaters are qualified at or below the Pha se 2 particulate emissions level. For a list of Phase 2 qualified hydronic heaters go to: http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/owhhlist.html

.

Wood S toves Wood to Wood

Replacement Program 60% $ 9 , 90 0 (2010$) Implement a program and provide incentives to replace old uncertified wood stoves with new EPA

- certified wood stoves. Education on proper wood stove use (e.g., burn only dry wood) and
maintenance is critical. See for more info: http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/how

- to

- guide.html

.

Wood S toves Wood to Gas

Replacement P rogram 99% $7, 20 0 (2010$) Implement an incentive program to replace old , uncertified wood stoves with new gas stoves or gas logs. Incentives to switch to a wood pellet stove are another good option. See for more info: http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/how

- to

- guide.html

. Fireplaces, Hydronic Heaters, Wood Stoves Curtailment

Program (“Burn Ban”) 75% $8,700 (2010$)

Full curtailment State and local air quality agencies forecast next day air quality

levels. When it is expected to be near or above the 24

- hr PM 2.5 NAAQS, limited (e

. g
. , wood pellet only) or full curtailment of wood burning is required. A public awareness campaign and en f orcement are critical to accomplish 75% control efficiency.

Fireplaces, Hydronic Heaters, Wood Stoves Burn Dry Seasoned

Wood n/a n/a Implement a program to allow only the sale of and/or burning of dry seasoned wood (e.g., <20% moisture content) in wood

- burning appliances.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 42 APPLIANCE MEASURE ESTIMATED COST EFFECTIVENESS

CONTROL (2012 $/ton) EFFICIENCY* except where

noted DESCRIPTION/NOTES/CA V EATS

Fireplaces, Hydronic Heaters, Wood Stoves No V isible Em issions n/a n/a Implement a local program that allows no visible wood smoke. This option is typically easier to enforce/implement than an opacity

program.
.

Fireplaces, Hydronic Heaters, Wood Stoves Opacity Program n/a n/a L imit wood smoke emissions by establishing a mandatory opacity
limit.

Wood Combustion Appliances Education

Campaign n/a n/a Focus the Campaign on Best Burning Practices, such as those contained on the EPA Burn Wise web site: http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/burnwisekit.html

.

* Control efficiency applies to an individual residential wood combustion (RWC) appliance, except for the curtailment program w here it applies to the entire local area. Inferences about adequate environmental protection should not be made from these control efficiencies.
**Indicates incremental cost of installing a Phase 2 qualified RWC appliance instead of a non

- Phase 2 RWC appliance.

Other pol lutants controlled by all measures may include: carbon dioxide, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, methane, toxics , and black carbon. To review the input and assumptions into these calculations, go to: www.epa.gov/burnwise/resources

.Strategies for Reducing Residential Wood Smoke

Page 43 

### United States

Environmental Protection

Agency Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards

Outreach and Information Division

Research Triangle Park, NC Publication No. EPA

- 456/B

- 13

- 001



### March 2013