Geochemical 

Prospecting Abstracts 

July 1952-December 1954

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1000-G

CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, 

JULY 1952-DECEMBER 1954

BY JANE EBNER ERIKSON'

INTRODUCTION

This bulletin is the second in a series of Geochemical Prospecting 

Abstracts. The first, Bulletin 1000-A, by John W. Harbaugh includes abstracts of most, of. the/literature through June 1952. The 

present bulletin carries the abstracts forward through December 1954 

and includes a few abstracts for earlier years not included in Bulletin 1000-A. References to geochemical prospecting for petroleum 

are not included in the report.

Wherever possible, the abstracts of the authors were used. Other 

abstracts, particularly abstracts of foreign publications, were taken 

from Annotated Bibliography of Economic Geology, Bibliography 

and Index Exclusive of North America, Chemical Abstracts, and 

Geophysical Abstracts. Where it was impossible to prepare an abstract, only the reference to the report is given.

Most of the foreign titles of reports have been translated. The 

language in which the article is written is the same as that indicated 

in the title of the reference unless otherwise indicated.

ABSTRACTS !

1. Adams, J. A. S., 1954, Uranium content of Wisconsin rivers and their use 

in geochemical prospecting [abs. of paper presented at the meeting in Los 

Angeles, Nov. 1-3] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1225.

More than 100 samples from 18 stations on Wisconsin rivers1 , including the 

Mississippi, have been analyzed fluorimetrically for uranium. Uranium content from 0.01 to 1.1 parts per billion were found, with an over all average of 

0.45 parts per billion. Experiments indicate an average error of ±6.4 percent 

of the amount present.

At different seasons of the year one station on the Mississippi showed unsystematic variations from 0.08 to 0.82 parts per billion, and other stations 

on large rivers showed similar variations. Small northern Wisconsin rivers 

systematically had their maximum uranium concentrations) in winter; it is 

believed that ground water is responsible for most of the uranium, in these 

streams. Southern Wisconsin rivers systematically had their maximum ura- '357 '.;'
358 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

nium concentrations in the spring; it is believed that uranium from phosphate 

fertilizer is responsible for this springtime peak. Analyses of representative 

samples of phosphate fertilizer used last spring in Wisconsin showed uranium 

contents from 22 to 56 parts per million, which would give uranium concentrations of about 8 pounds per square mile of fertilized land. These data and 

material balances based upon them are very useful in suggesting a pattern of 

geochemical prospecting based upon sampling ground and surface waters. 

Author's abstract.

2. Agnew, A. F., 1953, Application of geology to the discovery of zinc-lead ore 

in the Wisconsin-Illinois-Iowa district [abs. of paper presented at the joint 

meeting of the Soc. of Bcon. Geologists and the Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng., 

Los Angeles, Feb. 16-19, 1953]: Econ. Geology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 322.

Geochemical prospecting has shown that MgO/CaO ratio, heavy metal content, 

and locally, percentage of insoluble material increase near ore; these increases 

may be used as guides to ore. Author's abstract.

3. Almond, Hy, 1953, Determination of traces of cobalt in soils: Anal. Chemistry, v. 25, p. 166-167.

The growing use of geochemical prospecting methods in the search for ore 

deposits has led to the development of a field method for the determination of 

cobalt in soils. The determination is based on the fact that cobalt reacts with 

2-nitroso-l-napthol to yield a pink compound that is soluble in carbon tetrachloride. The carbon tetrachloride extract is shaken with dilute cyanide to 

complex interfering elements and to remove excess reagent. The cobalt content 

is estimated by comparing the pink color in the carbon tetrachloride with a 

standard series prepared from standard solutions. The cobalt 2-nitroso-l-naptholate system in carbon tetrachloride follows Beer's law. As little as 1 ppm can 

be determined in a 0.1-gram sample. The method is simple and fast and requires only simple equipment. More than 40 samples can be analyzed per manday with an accuracy within 30 percent or better. Authors' abstract.

4. Almond, Hy, 1953, Field method for determination of traces of arsenic in

soils confined spot procedure using a modified Gutzeit apparatus: Anal. 

Chemistry, v. 25, p. 1766-1777. [Originally released as a U. S. Geol. Survey 

open-file report. See abs. 93]

Traces of arsenic are usually determined by either the Gutzeit method or the 

molybdenum blue metnoa, but tne latter is not suitable under field conditions because of the interference of SiO» and PO^. In the Gutzeit method the sample is

dissolved by fusing a wetted sample with KOH. Zinc is then, added to an acidified aliquot in the apparatus, and the gases are passed through lead acetate to a 

confined spot on HgCU paper. The reaction of HgCla with HaS is prevented by

filling the glass pipe of the apparatus with glass wool which has heen saturated 

with lead acetate.

At least eight samples can be analyzed for arsenic in 90 minutes -with suitable 

sensitivity. Amounts as low as 5 ppm can be determined in a 0.1-gram soil

, and a range from 50 to 2,000 ram is covered by using the 2-ml aliauot

Tollable ractore, sucn as tne rate or evolution of Hydrogen, tne amount

of arsenic remaining behind, and the absorption of arsine in the lead acetate,

may affect tne accuracy or a determination Dy tne Gutzeit apparatus. Detailed

descriptions of the preparation of standards and the procedure used in the test 

are given.
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 359

5. Almond, Hy, Stevens, R. E., and Lakin, H. W., 1953, A confined-spot method 

for the determination of traces of silver in soils and rocks: U. S. Geol. Survey 

Bull. 992, pt. 7, p. 71-81.

A procedure for estimating traces'of silver in soils and rocks was developed 

to provide a method suitable for geochemical prospecting. Silver can be determined in a 0.5-g sample in concentrations between 0.2 and 20 ppm. A 

specially designed extractor prevents bumping during the acid digestion of a 

soil and upon cooling automatically filters the acid digest. The final estimation is made with a chromograph, a device which automatically controls the rate 

of flow to test solution through a confined spot on filter paper. A preliminary 

ignition of the sample to eliminate organic matter and mercury is followed by 

a nitric acid digestion. Silver is separated from the colored ions in the nitric 

acid solution by collecting the silver salt of p-dimethylaminobenzalrhodanine at 

the interface between amyl alcohol and the aqueous solution and then discarding 

the aqueous extract. This silver precipitate is dispersed by adding ethyl alcohol 

and is then collected on a confined spot by means of the chromograph. The 

intensity of the red color on the filter paper, compared with spots prepared from 

standard solutions, is a measure of the silver content of the original sample. 

About 20 samples can be analyzed per man-day. Author's abstract.

6. Anderson, R. T., and Kurtz, E. B., 1954, Factors influencing uranium accumulation in plants [abs. of paper presented at the meeting in Los Angeles, 

Nov. 1-3]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1226.

In an attempt to account for the great variability in the accumulation of 

mineral salts by plants growing in the field, detailed laboratory studies have been 

made of the factors that influence accumulation with respect to uranium. 

Plants were grown in the greenhouse by nutrient-culture methods and analyzed 

by the alpha-scintillation method. Results indicate that different species vary 

markedly in their ability to accumulate uranium. By determining the relative 

ability of each species to accumulate uranium under standard conditions it 

should be possible to correlate among species in the field. Uranium accumulation seems to be a linear function of uranium concentration in the soil medium. 

Some plants increase their uranium content with age, while others decrease 

their content with age. In two plants the older organs contained the most 

uranium, but in a third plant the younger organs contained the most. Low 

levels of soil phosphate greatly increased the accumulation of uranium, probably 

by increasing the availability of uranium in the soil. High levels of phosphate 

delayed flowering in oats; however, high levels of uranium, which would be 

expected to tie up the phosphate, also delayed flowering. Other factors being 

studied include soil acidity (pH), transpiration, variation within the species 

in the ability to accumulate uranium, and mineral nutrition. Refinement of the 

present field methods of biogeochemical prospecting should be possible by determining the importance of each factor for each species used. Authors' abstract.

7. Arndt, R. H., and Kuroda, P. K., 1953, Radioactivity of rivers and lakes in 

parts of Garland and Hot Spring Counties, Ark.: Econ. Geology, v. 48, 

no. 7, p. 551-567.

A wide range of radon content in surface waters was noted incidental to 

studies of radon in spring and well waters of Hot Spring and Potash Sulphur
360 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

Springs, 'Garland County, Arkansas. Subsequently a reconnaissance survey.of 

radioactivity of nearby streams and lakes showed the radon contents of streams 

range from 0.0084 to 1.07 millimicrocuries per liter of water,.and those of lakes 

range from less than 0.001 to 0.123 millinlicrocuries. Streams flowing over 

Ordovician black shales contained an average of 0.275 millimicrocurie radon per 

liter of water. Those flowing over black Stanley shale of Mississippian age 

contained an average of 0.064 millimicrocurie radon per liter of water.

The radon content in Potash Sulphur Creek where it flows over the uraniumbearing rocks of the Potash Sulphur Springs syenite complex ranged from 0.09 

to 3.16 millimicrocuries per liter of water. Ground water in a drill hole in 

uranium-bearing rock contained an average of 58.75 millimicrocuries per liter 

of water. Waters from small. springs were shown to lose as much as 41.3 

percent of total radon content in the first 4 feet of surface flow below the 

point of emergence. The methods of radon determination in the field are believed 

applicable to prospecting for low-grade uraniferous deposits, especially in black 

shale areas, in areas of heavy overburden, and in areas of saturation by ground 

water where ordinary detection devices may be somewhat limited. Authors' 

abstract.

8. Biringuccio, Vannoccio, 1540, Pirotechnia, Venice, translated by C. S. Smith 

and M. T. Ginudi, Am. Inst. Min. Eng., v. 1942, p. 15. ..

. A discussion of how water samples are evaporated to obtain certain residues, 

and how these residues are then analyzed for constituents.

9. Bischoff, C. T., 1954, Testing for copper and zinc in Canadian glacial soils: 

Min. Eng., v. 6, no. 1, p. 57-61.

This paper describes the results of testing with colorinietric methods, using 

"dithizone," soil samples taken over various known copper and zinc deposits 

covered by glacial till. Variation in results is shown for different depths and 

types of overburden as well as grade and type of deposit. Limiting factors 

for the practical application of this work are discussed. The method has proved 

successful for copper and zinc deposits under clay and fine sand with depths 

up to at least 30 ft. but fails in coarse sand and gravel unless depths are very 

Shallow. Swamps require penetration to the underlying subsoil for sample 

material. Author's abstract.

10. Bloom, Harold, 1953, Methods used in geochemical prospecting analytical 

laboratory [abS. Of paper presented at the joint meeting of the Soc. Econ.

Geologists and the Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng., Los Angeles, Feb. 16-19, 

1953] : Econ. Geology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 322-323.

The field tests that have been developed for geochemical prospecting and 

tried during the past four years, have Utidel'gOnO SOHie CliangeS leading tO tlie improvement of some and the de-emphasis of others.

The [table on p. 361] shows the elements, methods, productivity, and sensitiVlty ID partS PCI" million, Of SOine Of the methods In use by the laboratory.

 Wuipment for running any of these tests COStS under $100. Over 24,000 

determinations have been made for these metals on 11,000 samples during the

past year in this laboratory. jA.-u,tJior's abstract.
GEO:CHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS; JULY 1952-DEC. 1954, 361

Elements

Zinc_..._l ________

Lead.. _______j___

Copper. -..___-_-.

Heavy Metal.

Nickel. .__' _ ._.-.

Copper. __________

Silver _ __________

Tungsten ___ _____

Molybdenum ______

Antimony. ________

Arsenic. __________

Manganese. _______

Method . ,

Dithizone. _______l__--_;.____--

Dithizone _____^___________-___-

Chromograph. _-__-___-___-_--__

Thiocyanate-stannous chloride.

Rhodamine B__. ________________

 Modified Gutzeit ___ ._-__-_--__

Permanganate _.____-_-_-_-__._-

No. determinations 

per manday ;

100

60

60

100

100

100

30

40

40

40

60

60

Sensitivity 

ppm

20 '10

10

50

15

10

0.2

10i

1 ;

10

50

11. Brundin, Nils, Rornford, England, 1939, Method of locating metals and 

minerals in the ground: U. S. Patent 2,158,980, May 16, 1939.

This invention relates to a method of detecting the presence and location of 

metals and ores in the ground, which comprises the steps of taking samples of 

vegetable material of the same species at substantially regular intervals along 

lines distributed over the area to be investigated; ashing the samples; subjecting the ash to spectrographic analysis; and plotting the results obtained in 

the form of a graph or map of the area investigated so as to exhibit areas of 

greatest concentration of the metal. Claim allowed, 1. Geophysical Abstracts 

100, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 925, p. 44.

12. Butler, J. R., 1954, Spectrographic estimation of lead in twig samples: 

Analyst, v. 79, no. 935, p. 103-104.

This method was devised for the semiquantitative estimation of Pb in twigs 

from several types of trees growing over mineralized ground. Eleven twig 

samples of known concentration were supplied by Dr. J. Webb and were analyzed using a Hilger medium spectrograph. ,Pb was detected only when present 

to the extent of several hundredths of/a percent in oven-dry material. In the 

arc, the ^excitation of lead was found to be more intense, and the simple procedure used is described. - . The limit of detection was about 0.5 ppm in oven-dry material or half the 

value taken by Webb and Millman as background count for twigs from trees in 

barren areas. The reproducibility for line intensities corresponding to Pb 

contents of as much as 50 ppm was found to be ± 50 percent; the error increased 

at higher concentrations. The results obtained using this method .were in 

close agreement with the known values, and the method is adequate for 

geochemical prospecting. The time required for running the 11 samples was 

50 minutes.

13. California Division of Mines, 1953, Geochemical prospecting: Calif. Diy^ 

Mines Mineral Inf. Service, v. 6, no. 3, p. 1-5. ."" '

A brief summary of geochemical prospecting including sections on chemical, 

biogeochernical, and geobotanical 1 methods is presented.

422443 57-
362 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

14. Canney, F. 0., Hawkes, H. B., and Richmond, G. M., and Vhay, J. S., 1953, 

A preliminary report of geochemical investigations in the Blackbird district: 

U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept, 20 p., 4 pis.

(See abs. 36.)

15. Cannon, Helen L., 1952, The effect of uranium-vanadium deposits on the 

vegetation of the Colorado Plateau: Am, Jour. Sci., v. 250, p. 735-770.

A study has recently been made by the U. S. Geological Survey of the relation 

of plants to uranium-vanadium deposits in several districts of the Colorado 

Plateau. The deposits occur mainly in the Salt Wash sandstone member of 

the Jurassic Morrison formation. The ore contains unusual concentrations of 

uranium, vanadium, and selenium, and plants growing near shallow ore deposits 

accumulate small amounts of these metals. To investigate the extent of this 

relationship, basic biogeochemical studies were made in the Thompsons district, 

Grand County, Utah. The information gained from these studies is being used 

in the development of biogeochemical methods of prospecting for uranium ores 

in sandstones of the Colorado Plateau.

Three lines of investigation have been pursued. The effects of these concentrations of metals on plant growth have been observed, the absorption of 

uranium and vanadium by plants has been investigated, and the ecology of 

the plants in several uranium districts has been studied. Because of the 

association of selenium-indicator plants with the uranium deposits of the 

Thompsons district, the distribution of various species of indicator plants 

was mapped in detail.

Four conclusions have been drawn from this work. First, the plants growing 

on dumps and areas of mine seepage where the metals are oxidized show chlorotic 

symptoms and dwarfing, but those rooted in unoxidized ore are not noticeably 

affected. Second, it has been demonstrated that plants absorb small amounts of 

uranium and vanadium that can be detected by analyzing a given part of the

plant. The amount of uranium is consistently greater where the plants are 

rooted in ore than where rooted in barren sandstone. Third, a uranium-tolerant 

flora has been recognized and a list of the plants compiled from a study of thirteen1 areas. The flora is characterized by selenium-indicator plants and by sulfuraccumulating members of the mustard and lily families. Fourth, where seleniumbearing ores lie at shallow depth and where the geography and rainfall are 

favorable for plant growth, the distribution of selenium-indicator plants is 

shown to accord with that of the carnotite ores. Certain species of seleniumindicator plants, depending on the quantity of selenium in the ore, can be 

mapped in a particular area as a guide to exploration. Author's abstract.

16. Cannon, Helen L, 1953, Geobotanical reconnaissance near Grants, N, Mei:

U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 264, 8. p.

The application of geobotanical methods of prospecting in uranium-bearing 

areas in McKinley County, near Grants, N. Mex., has been investigated briefly. 

The uranium deposits occur in the Todilto limestone member of the Wanakah 

formation and in the overlying Morrison formation, tooth of Jurassic age. 

GfllbOnaceOUS Uranium ore in the Morrison formation contains a high percentage of selenium, and selenium-indicator plants are commonly associated 

with these deposits. Such plants have not been observed on the Todilto deposits.

The average uranium content in the ash of trees rooted in ore deposits of 

the Todilto limestone member is more than 20 parts per million, and trees
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 363

rooted in barren limestone average about 10 ppm. The uranium content of the 

plant ash is detectable by fluorimetric methods. Uranium analysis of trees 

growing on the Todilto bench and mapping of selenium-indicator plants of the 

sandstones of the Morrison formation are recommended as a method of prospecting. Author's abstract.

17. Cannon, Helen L., 1954, Botanical methods of prospecting for uranium: 

Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 199, p. 217-220; Tech. Paper 3724-L, p. 

217-220; Min. Eng., v. 6, no. 2, p. 217-220.

Botanical methods of prospecting for metalliferous ores are based on the 

premise that deposits at depth may be reflected chemically in surface vegetation. 

Plant physiologists have shown that uranium is a necessary nutrient for plant 

growth and therefore is present in all plants. The amount present is small 

but measurable. Selenium and sulfur, two elements associated with uranium 

and vanadium in ores of many districts, are necessary in large quantities only 

to certain groups of plants. These indicator plants are present only in soils 

and rocks containing large amounts of Se and S. Bisymbrium altissimum, 

Toxicoscordion gramineum, Eriogonum inflatum, Lepidium montanum, Stanleya 

pinnata, and Allium acuminatum are sulfur-indicator plants common in uranium 

districts. Astragalus confertiflorus, A. preussi var. arctus, A. tJiompsonae, A. 

pattersonii, Oryzopsis hymenoides, and Aster venusta are Se-indicator plants 

common in uranium districts. The Astragalus species are the most effective indicators in carnotite districts. The accuracy of predicting mineralized ground 

is of a high order. More than 2 ppm U in trees is indicative of geologically favorable ground. Prospecting by plants was tested in the Thompson district, Utah, 

where plants were mapped over an area of 6 sq. mi. and where 1,000 holes were 

subsequently drilled. Of 194 holes drilled in areas supporting the growth of 

indicator plants, 90 were in mineralized ground. Four ore bodies of 10 discovered in the Yellow Cat (Utah) area would not have been found by means 

of the grid pattern of exploration drilling had it not been for the additional 

information furnished by the shrubs. Uranium is absorbed through the roots 

of plants, and much of the U is precipitated within the cells of the roots and 

held there; a lesser amount is transported to the branches and leaves and suffices for reconnaissance prospecting. The U content vai'ies with the species, 

time of year, and availability of the metal in the soil. It is rare for the U in the 

ash of any species growing in nonmineralized sandstone to be greater than 1 

ppm. A uranium content of several parts per million is common in the ash of 

plants rooted in ore. Any species of plant can be used in a systematic sampling 

program if that plant is widely distributed and the roots penetrate the ore zone. 

O. W, Schuck, in Chem. Abs., v. 48, no. 10, col. 5748.

18. Carpenter, R. H., 1954, Exploration geology in mining: Min. Gong. Jour., 

v. 40, no. 2, p. 62-64.

A brief summary of geochemical prospecting activities during 1953 and of 

discoveries of ore bodies using geochemical prospecting techniques is presented.

19. Clark, O. M., Jr., 1953, Geochemical prospecting for copper at Ray, Arizona: 

Econ. Geology, v. 48, no. 1, p. 39-45.

Copper assays of oak and mesquite leaves and the soil derived from them were 

made from trees growing over the Ray ore body and vicinity. Results show a 

marked increase of copper in plants and soil over the ore body as compared with
364 CONTRIBUTIONS 'TO GEOCHEMICAL -PROSPECTING FOR- MINERALS

samples taken from areas' beyond the limits of mineralization. The copper content of'trees growing in the stream bed below the ore body was lower than expected. Soil assays are affected by type of rock, drainage, and extent of leach-' 

ing: High erroneous assays are found in regions contaminated by smelter : 

smoke. Author's abstract.

20. Craven, C. A. U., 1954, Statistical estimation of the accuracy of assaying: 

Inst. Min. Metallurgy [London], Trans. v. 63, 1953-54, pt. 12, p. 551-563.

The method described here is a simple application of the techniques of mathematical statistics. It is set out so that it can be successfully applied without any 

knowledge of analysis used in geochemical prospecting and by a second example 

in which it was applied to check the reliability of a custom assayer. The potential field of application of this statistical technique covers all methods of 

analysis, whether by chemical or physical means. Author's abstract.

21. Davidson, Patrick, 1953, Geochemistry a new weapon in Australian prospecting: South African Min. Erig. Jour., v. 64, pt. 1, no. 3157, p. 987.

A discussion of Debharn's work on Mt. Isa is presented. (See abs. 23.)

22. Davidson, Patrick, 1953, The use of geochemistry in prospecting at Mount 

Isa,"Australia: Min. Jour. [London], v. 240, no. 6164, p. 669-670.

A discussion of Debham's work on Mt. Isa is given. (See abs. 23.)

23. Debham, A. H., 1954, Geochemical prospecting at Mt. Isa, Queensland: Inst. 

; Min. Metallurgy Bull. 568, p. 269-283.

Geochemical anomalies in soils over zones of lead mineralization were studied, 

both in known mineralized areas and in areas of suspected mineralization. The 

anomalies were readily detected and outlined by using a dithizone technique 

on acid extracts of soil samples collected from grid systems.

 'By assuming the principles of mechanical mixing of the mineralized rock with 

other material during soil formation, and of downhill migration of soils, the 

anomalies-were correlated with, the zones of their origin: the asymmetric anomalies' discovered are typical of such conditions. , ,. .

Applied to areas of suspected mineralization the geochemical prospecting was 

responsible for the discovery of two bands of lead mineralization and several 

large lead and copper, anomalies. The method proved to be extremely useful

for indicating the most favorable areas for more detailed prospecting such as

diamond or churn drilling and geophysical methods. Author's abstract.

24. Engineering and Mining Journal, 1953, "Diphenylthiocarbazone Australians 

are using it to find ore: v. 154, no. 10, p. 134.

(See abs. 22.)

25. iMcke, Karl, 1953, Heavy metal content of mineral springs: Zeitschr. Erzbergbau Metallhiittemv. [Stuttgart], Band 6, p. 257-265.

:A general discussion as to whether the mineral content of springs has its origin

In tnermal action upon old ore deposits or wnetner It originates in new sources.

In addition to Chloride, COz, and Li, traces of Gs, Ru, Ni, and Co are reported.

Thirty, references. -H". Stoertz, in Cheni. Abs., v. 47, no. 20, col. 10774d.
;-GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 195,2-DEC. 1954 365

26. Fujiwara, Takshira, 1951, On geochemical prospecting for metallic ore deposits [abs. of paper read before the Geol. Soc. of Japan, 58th Annual meeting] : Geol. Soc. Japan Jour., v. 57, no. 670, p. 331. [Japanese.]

A very general discussion of geochemical prospecting is presented.

 27. Furon, Raymond, 1949, La' bioge"6chimie applique"e ft la prospection miniere 

[Biogeochemistry applied to prospecting for minerals] : Ann4e Biol. [Paris], 

v. 25, no. 5-6, p. 111-113. [French.]

The locating of mineral deposits by means of analyzing plant ash is discussed. 

W. G. ToUe, Chem. Abs., v. 46, no. 21, col. 10057.

28. Gaskin, A. J., 1950, Geochemistry: Australasian Inst. Min. Metallurgy Proc., 

no. 156-157, p. 20-25.

Geochemical methods are of great value in the search for economic minerals. 

Spectrographic analysis of samples for trace elements carried out over an area 

can be used for localizing concentrations of elements. Unfamiliar rare elements 

may have obscure modes of occurrences in minerals. In such a search, economic 

quantities of indium, are found by spectrographic examination of cassiterites, 

which are likely to be host for minute amounts of indium. Establishment of 

minor-element association may make the making of inferences on origin of deposits easier. Geobotanical estimation of trace elements in plants may indicate 

the presence of underlying ore deposits. S. Mouy, in Chem. Abs., v. 48, no. 9, 

col. 5032.

29. Gawel, Antoni, 1947, O pewnej chemicznej metodzie poszukiwania kurszcow 

[A probable chemical method of analyzing soils] : WaidomoSci Muz. Ziemi 

[ Polish Geol. Mag. ], v. 3, p. 71-77.

The methods and principles of geochemical prospecting for ore deposits are 

discussed. Bibliography and Index of Geology Exclusive of North America, v. 

16, p. 108,1951.

30. Geneslay, Raymond, 1948, GSophysique applique"e; me'thodes sismiques et 

methodes diverses [Applied geophysics; seismic methods and diverse 

methods] : Ge"ologie appl. et prospection min. [Nancy], no. 3-4, p. 237-248.

The principles and applications of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting 

are described. Bibliography and Index of Geology Exclusive of North America, 

v. 16, p. 109. 

31. Gilbert, Ray E., 1953, Testing geophysical exploration methods: Min. Eng., 

v. 51, p. 50-52.

A discussion of geochemical, electrical, and magnetic methods as applied 

to the search for new ore bodies in the Park City mining district, Utah, is presented. The author concludes that only geochemical techniques used on residual 

soils collected for lead and zinc are applicable to the direct search for ore.

A more detailed abstract of the geochemical work in the area can be found 

in Bulletin 1000-A, by J. W. Harbaugh, abstract 27.

32. Gross, W. H., 1950, A study of the spatial relation of gold ore to intrusive

bodies in northwestern Ontario: Geol. Assoc. Canada Proc., v. 3, p. 123-139.

i 

Radioactivity determinations by alpha-counts were made around four intrusive

rock masses. For three of these, variation in SiO2 content paralleled variation hi
366 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

radioactivity, and in one of the three also paralleled variation in ZrO2 content. 

This indicates that Zr, Si, U, and Th were all concentrated in late-cooling parts of 

the rock masses and that the direction of flow of the solutions can thus be 

deduced. Michael Fleischer, in Chem. Abs., v. 46, no. 1, col. 9754g.

83. Gross, W. H., 1952, Radioactivity as a guide to ore: Econ. Geology, v. 47, 

no. 7, p. 722-742.

One of the principles of prospecting is to confine detailed exploration to relatively small areas considered most favorable for the occurrence of ore. Ore is 

often found in and around the boundaries of igneous intrusives and a method 

is given for localizing ore-search around intrusives ranging in size from small 

Stocks to batholiths. The method is based on the occurrence of broad areas of 

higher-than-normal radioactivity in the igneous rock in the vicinity of ore structures. Nine intrusives were examined and high radioactive anomalies occurred 

in the neighborhood of associated ore bodies, whereas no such concentration was 

f ound in two intrusives barren of ore.

The distinctive association of radioactivity with ore is believed to be inde« 

pendent of whether the so-called igneous body was formed from a cooling magma 

or from heated and recrystallized sediments; or whether the ore solutions were 

genetically related to the present erosion surface or were derived from unknown 

sources at some greater depth. Author's abstract.

34. Groves, A. W., 1951, Geochemical prospecting: Colonial Geology and Min. 

Res. [London], v. 2, no. 4, p. 333-337.

Developments in the various fields of geochemical prospecting are discussed.

35. Haberiandt, Herbert, 1953, Die systemiatische Grundlage und die Fortschritte 

in der Erforshung der Spurenelemente als geochemische Leitelemente in 

Mineralien und Erzen [Systematic basis and advances in the study of trace 

elements as geocheniical indicator elements in minerals and ores] : Fortsehr. 

Mineralogie, Band 31,1952, p. 76-89.

A review of the literature regarding the distribution of trace elements in 

minerals and ores, with special reference to Austrian investigations, a summary 

o* the probable types Of binding of such elements, and suggestions for reaching 

correct conclusions as to their significance relative to the origin of the minerals 

and ores. A. N. Winchell, in Bibliography and Index Of Geology Exclusive of North America,^ is.

36. Hawkes, H. E., 1952, Geochemical pFOSpeCttng in the Blackbird cobalt district, Idaho [abs. of paper presented at the joint meeting Of SOC, Econ. GeolOgiStS and the Geol. Soc. America, Boston, Mass., Nov. 13-15, 1952] : ECOB, 

Geology, v. 47, no. 7, P. 771-772; Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 63, no. 12, pt. 2, 

p. 1260.

DliriBS V^- *Q5i field season, the U. S. Geological Survey conducted an experimental geochemical prospov«~« «t«ay in the Blackbird cobalt district, Lemhi 

County, Idaho. The purpose WES to determine wottxe,. the distribution of 

minor amounts of cobalt and copper in soil could be correlated WltD to^ <««~u«1.. 

tion of cobaltite ore. More than 1,800 samples of soil and stream sediment were 

collected and analyzed for cobalt and copper by rapid chemical methods, developed 

by Hy Almond of the Geological Survey. The data of this investigation show 

that: (1) the mean cobalt content of soil outside the mineralized district is 20 

ppm (parts per million); and (2) within an area of about 2 square miles
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 367

enclosing almost all the known cobaltite occurrences of the district, the mean 

cobalt content of the soil is 100 ppm. The amount of cobalt within the anomalous 

area, in excess of that over unmineralized ground, is in the order of 1,000 times 

the amount of cobalt in all the known deposits, when both amounts are expressed 

as tons per foot of depth. The cobalt content of soils over known cobalt ore 

ranges from 200 ppm to 1,000 ppm. Trenching on the basis of geochemical data 

uncovered a zone strongly mineralized with cobaltite in a previously unexplored 

and unknown area. In some parts of the area studied the variation in copper 

content parallels the variation in cobalt content; elsewhere the cobalt and copper 

patterns appear to be independent. The content of cobalt and copper in stream 

sediment closely reflects the content of those metals in the soils in the drainage 

basin upstream. Author's abstract.

37. Hawkes, H. E., 1953, Instructions for sampling in geochemical prospecting: 

U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept, 8 p.

Before sampling an area the author states that two factors must be considered: 

(1) what to sample, and (2) where to sample. No universal rules can be followed 

in sampling because not enough geochemical prospecting has been done to predict 

the problems that arise. A test area to determine the nature of these problems 

should be tried in the vicinity of known deposits to evaluate reliability of results, 

and once the distribution of traces of metals around known deposits is established and the reliability of results ascertained, reconnaissance sampling can 

proceed with some assurance. Background (the average composition of normal 

material rock, soil, and vegetation in the absence of mineralization) must be 

established in an area before an intelligent interpretation of geochemical 

anomalies can be made.

Sampling procedures for rock (primary halos), residual soil, stream sediment, vegetation, and water are discussed. Other factors such as size of sample, 

spacing of sample points, spacing of traverse, depth, size fraction, contamination, 

and field procedure are considered.

38. Hawkes, H. E., 1953, Some recent American developments in geochemical 

prospecting for minerals [abs. of paper presented at the joint meeting of 

the Soc. of Econ. Geologists and the Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng., Los Angeles, 

Feb. 16-19,1953]: Econ. Geology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 327.

Developmental research and practical application of geochemical methods of 

prospecting for minerals have been progressing rapidly since the last general 

progress report at the San Francisco A. I. M. E. meeting four years ago. New 

or improved chemical procedures developed by the Geological Survey will be discussed in the paper by Harold Bloom. Experimental field projects have been 

conducted by the Survey in ten major mining districts in the United States; six 

other Survey field projects in progress. At least 25 privately sponsored geochemical prospecting crews are active in the United States at the present time. 

Geochemical soil surveying has been most generally effective, and has assisted 

materially in several major discoveries. Botanical methods have been successfully applied in one major district. Studies of traces of epigenetic metals in 

rocks adjoining or overlying ore deposits show promise in a wide variety of 

geological environments. The distribution of traces of metals resulting from 

upward migration of metal from bedrock sulfides also shows promise where the 

bedrock is buried beneath a blanket of glacial or alluvial material. Author's 

abstract.
368 'CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

39. Hayashi, Shoichiro, Sekine, Setsuro, and Kishi, Haruo, 1951, Chemical prospecting-by natural water in the Kidogawawa mine, Totigi Prefecture [abs. 

of paper read before the Geol. Soc. of Japan at its 58th meeting] : Geol. Soc. 

Japan Jour., v. 57, no. 670, p. 331. [Japanese.]

In October 1950, about 250 water samples were collected from geologically 

significant points, and the pH and Zn, Cu, and SO4 content were determined. The 

region is composed of Miocene green tuff, prophylite with flow structure, and 

quartz-trachyte, and the ore consists chiefly of chalcopyrite, zincblende, .and 

pyrite.

Results of analyses are shown on the accompanying table. The eastern part 

of Minamizawa seems to be promising and should warrant further exploration. 

Abstracted from translation by P. K. Kuroda, U. S. Geological Survey.

Results of analyses expressed in mg/1

Locality

Surface water near dump;__

Sabizawa River (lower

 course).

Chalcopyrite outcrop at

Sabiwara. 

Abandoned quarry at Totaizawa. 

Maenozawa __ __ _ _ __

Ookunozawa .. _ __

pH

7. 4-7. 6

4. 5-6. 6 

5. 7-7. 1

7. 0-7. 1

SO4

20-25 1-10

.10 5-25

Cu (dithizone 

method)

0. 2 -0. 6

0. 001-0. 02

0. 005-0. 02

Zn (dithizone method)

0. 4-1. 4

0. 18-0. 38

0 downstream) . 

0. 5-1. 2

0. 3-0. 6

0. 2-0. 4

40. Huff, L. C., 1952, Abnormal copper, lead, and zinc content of soil near metalliferous veins: Econ. Geology, v. 47, no. 5, p. 517-542.

Samples of normal soils and soils near metalliferous veins' were tested to 

investigate the behavior of copper, lead, and zinc during the formation of residual 

soil. The copper, lead, and zinc content of uninineralized bedrock ranges from 

20 to 200 parts per million of each metal, and the content Of these metals is 

of the same general magnitude in normal soil. The content of these metals is 

only slightly higher in soils from hillsides just above most of the fourteen veins 

studied. The soil directly over or immediately downhill from a vein commonly 

contains much higher concentrations of metal and may contain as much as 

1O,OOO parts per million (1 percent). The ratios of the highest to the lowest

metal value determined near each vein range up to 106 to 1 for copper, 170 *.> * f<~ i~«i, ~~* ** <~ ^ * '."><-- ~0t m nmcti mrnGmiii in imc auna is

high enough to permit easy detection of most of the geochemical anomalies by

quick or "field-type" analytical methods. "' -. 

The geochemical anomaly in soil near veins is broad and low in contrast to 

the sharp, high anomaly in the unweathered rock. The anomaly in soil is characteristically asymmetric, with normal or "background" values just uphill 

from the vein, an abrupt high near the vein, and progressively lower values ex-
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 369

tending as much as several hundred feet downhill. In general, the anomalies in 

soils have characteristics that can be explained by assuming a simple mechanical mixing of the vein and wall rock materials during weathering, and a downhill creep of the weathered product.

At some veins, chemical analysis of soils revealed the presence of significant 

quantities of ore metals for which no corresponding ore minerals were identified 

in the vein outcrop. Chemical analysis of soils also revealed the location of 

other veins even though they were completely hidden by residual soils. Two 

examples are described where chemical methods were used to locate concealed 

extensions of known veins. Prospecting by sampling surface soil at 50- to 100-feet 

intervals, and analyzing by quick tests apparently can locate some veins concealed by residual soil; however, there are many problems that must be solved 

before the limitations of this prospecting method can be defined adequately. 

Author's abstract.

41. Huff, L. C., 1953, A "fossil" geochemical anomaly near Jerome, Arizona 

[abs. of paper presented at the joint meeting of the Soc. of Econ, Geologists 

and the Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng., Los Angeles, Feb. 16-19, 1953]: 

Econ. Geology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 327. [This has since been published as U. S. 

Geol. Survey Bull. 1000-C, 1955.]

The Precambrian copper deposits at Jerome, Arizona, and their enclosing 

metamorphic rocks are overlain unconformably by the Tapeats sandstone of 

Cambrian age. Samples of the Tapeats sandstone were analyzed to determine 

if copper eroded from these ore deposits was incorporated in the Tapeats 

sandstone as it was deposited. Trace analyses of these samples reveal anomalous 

copper concentrations of more than 100 parts per million in the basal Tapeats 

sandstone throughout an area extending at least two miles from Jerome in 

contrast to a background elsewhere of about 20 parts per million. Anomalous 

zinc concentrations of more than 100 parts per million are distributed in roughly 

the same area as the copper, but abnormal lead concentrations are limited to 

the immediate vicinity of the mines.

The geochemical anomaly in the Tapeats sandstone is interpreted as a feature 

formed as the sandstone was deposited. By comparison with geochemical 

anomalies exhibited in residual soil, in alluvium, or in other sediment of Recent 

geologic age, the preserved anomaly in the Tapeats might be considered a 

"fossil" anomaly. The search for such geochemical anomalies may offer a new 

approach to prospecting areas in which the ore-bearing formation is covered 

unconformably by younger sediments. Author's abstract.

42. Hunt, E. C., and Wells, R. A., 1954, Inorganic chromotography on cellulose; 

pt. 15 A rapid chromotographic method for the determination of niobium in 

low-grade samples: Analyst, v. 79, p. 351-359.

A rapid and simple chromotographic method is described for the determination of niobium in u hydrofluoric acid solution of an ore by upward diffusion on 

a paper strip. The niobium is detected as a yellow band on spraying the strip 

with aqueous tannic acid. An accurate determination of niobium is made by 

direct visual comparison of the band with standard strips. The chromotographic 

separation takes 20 minutes, and a simple technique is described for carrying out 

ten separations simultaneously. The accuracy is 10 per cent on ores containing 

more than 0.10 per cent of niobium pentoxide. Authors' aJbstract.

422443 57 3
370 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

43. Hunt, E. C., North, A. A., and Wells, R. A., 1954, The application of paper 

chromatographic methods of analysis to geochemical prospecting: Chem. 

Research Lab. Unclassified S'ci. Rept. CRL/AE 114, 31 p., Teddington, England. [This report has since been published in the Analyst, v. 80, p. 172-194, 

1955.]

Rapid and simple methods are described for the determination of copper, 

cobalt, nickel, niobium, tantalum, lead and uranium in soils. Following the 

breakdown of the samples and dissolution of the trace metals by methods applicable in the field, the trace metal or metals are separated chromatographically by 

upward diffusion on slotted sheets of paper, enabling ten separations to be performed simultaneously. The trace metals are detected by spraying the strips 

with sensitive reagents and the amount present determined by visual comparison 

with standards. Copper, cobalt, and nickel are determined after a single separation. The same soli extract is used for the determination of both niobium and 

tantalum. Authors' summary.

44. Imai, Hideki, editor, 1949, Geology and mineral deposits, and geophysical 

prospecting: Tokyo Special Comm. Explor. and Research, v. 1, 206 p.; v. 2, 

222 p., 1951. [Japanese.]

The methods and results of geochemical prospecting in certain mineralized 

areas are discussed.

64. Ishida, Y, Kishi, H., and Kata, K., 1953, Geochemical prospecting at Kuroiwa 

section of Yonaihata mine, Fukushima Prefecture: Japan Geol. Survey Bull. 

4, p. 447-460. [Japanese.]

Zinc and sulfate in the natural water, and Zn, Cu, Ca, and sulfate in soils of 

this area were analyzed, and the authors found that Ca and sulfate are useful for 

indicators of gypsum ore, and Zn, Cu, and sulfate for kuromono (black ore). 

The presence of a gypsum ore deposit, 300 in long and 30-60 m wide, was indicated by this prospecting. In some part, the presence of kuromono ore deposit

was also presumed. K. Yagi, in Chem. Abs., v. 48, no. 10, col. 5746.

46. Jedwab, J., 1953, La signification des traces d'etain dans certains mineraux

communs des pegmatites [Traces of tin in certain minerals common to the

pegmatites] : Annales Soc. G6ol. Belgique, Bull, et Mem., v. 76, no. 4-7, p. 

B101-B105.

Spectroehemical analysis shows that the muscovite of nonstanniferous pegmatites contain quantities of tin comparable to that contained in the stanniferous 

pegmatites, while the feldspars of different pegmatites contain amounts of Sn 

depending upon their mineralization. A semi-quantitative method of analysis is 

employed in which results are reported to ±20-25 percent. G. E. Klein, in 

Chem. Abs., v. 47, no. 20. col. 104151

47. Kennedy, V. C., 1952, Geochemical studies in the Coeur d'Alene mining district, Idaho; U. S. Geol. Survey Clrc. 168,15 p.

A Study Of the lead, zinc, and copper content of soils near veins in the Coeur 

d'Alene mining district of northern Idaho was begun during the summer and 

fall of 1950. All samples were analyzed by a quick field test which consisted 

of a nitric acid digestion followed by an estimation of the lead, zinc, and/or 

copper using the organic reagent dithizone (diphenylthiocarbazone), Relatively large quantities of these metals were found to be dispersed in the soil for
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 371

several hundred feet downslope from the projected extension of many of the 

veins. It was possible to trace the Little Pittsburg vein by detailed sampling 

even where the amount of lead or zinc added to the soil from the vein caused 

an increase in the concentration of these metals of less than 0.01 percent. From 

these data the writer concludes that analysis of soils probably would offer an 

effective method of prospecting in the Coeur d'Alene mining district. Author's 

abstract.

48. Kimura, Kenjiro, and Shima, Makoto, 1954, Geochemical prospecting for ore 

deposits: Japan, Sci. Research Inst. Jour., v. 48, p. 49-58. [English.]

A semiquantitative or qualitative analytical method, using dithizone or other 

analytical methods, to detect traces of elements the indicator elements in 

natural water and soil were described. Although the reagents of extreme purity 

are required, only a simple equipment is needed, and the test can be carried out 

in a short time in the field. The anomalies of distribution of indicator elements 

can be explained by assuring two factors, physical and chemical, during weathering. The distribution of indicator elements in soil and in natural water 

reveals the location of ore deposits, even if they are completely hidden. 

Authors' abstract.

49. Kimura, Kenjiro, and Shima, Makoto, 1954, On geochemical prospecting: 

Min. Geology [Tokyo], v. 4, no. 11, p. 34-35. [Japanese.]

(Not reviewed.)

50. Kimura, Kenjiro, Fujiwara, Shizuo, and Nagashima, Kozo, 1951, Chemical 

prospecting in the Takara mine district: Chem. Soc. Japan Jour., Pure 

Chemistry Sec., v. 72, p. 434-438. [Japanese.]

Copper and zinc contents of 275 samples of surface and pit waters of the 

Takara mine, Yamanashi Prefecture, were determined by the dithizone method. 

A close relation exists between the Zn content in the river water and the location of the ore bodies composed of pyrites and "black ores." It is probably due 

to the special character of Zn which is easily soluble in water and is not reprecipitated from the solution, while Cu is easily reprecipitated and removed from 

river water. Thus, if a trace amount of Cu is detected in river waters, it is a 

good indication of ore bodies in the vicinity. K. YamasaJci, in Chem. Abs., v. 

46, no. 4, col. 1399.

51. Koehler, G. F., Hostetler, P. B., and Holland, H. D., 1954, Geochemical prospecting at Cobalt, Ontario: Econ. Geology, v. 49, no. 4, p. 378-388.

A program of geochemical prospecting was carried out in the summer of 1952 

near Cobalt, Ontario. The area in which this work was done lies in the Precambrian shield of Canada, about 320 miles north of Toronto. Much of the area is 

covered by glacial deposits. The known ore bodies are predominantly thin veins of 

silver, and nickel and cobalt arsenides found as mesothermal fissure fillings in 

vertical faults and joints of the area. The cobalt concentration in samples of 

glacial material, collected on a horizontal and vertical grid over an area of proven 

mineralization at depth, was determined in order to test the applicability of 

geochemical prospecting techniques in locating ore bodies in similar situations. 

A cobalt anomaly in the overburden was located; subsequent drilling proved up 

mineralization in non-commercial quantities in the bedrock. It is concluded that 

the present technique is applicable in locating ore bodies where mineralization
372 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

extends to the bedrock surface in geologic setting similar to those in the Cobalt 

area, Ontario. Authors' abstract.

52. Leutwein, Friedrich, and Pfeiffer, Ludwig, 1954, Ergebnisse und Anwendungamoglichkeiten geochemischer Prospektions-methoden auf hydrosilikatische 

Nickelerze [Results and possible uses of geochemical prospecting methods on 

hydrosilicate nickel ores] : Geologie, Band 3 [Berlin], Nr. 6-7, p. 950-1008.

Quantitative spectrochemical analyses of Ni and qualitative spectrochemical 

determinations of Co, Or, Mn, V, Sn, Ge, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ag, As, Sb, Bi, and Ba were 

made on 677 samples, taken from six profiles that cut weathered serpentinites, 

high in Ni. The samples, ashed at 800° before analysis, included 231 soils, 136 

samples of humus, and 290 plants. The latter included 22 varieties, most of the 

analyses being made on birch (Betula verrucosa), spruce (Picea aMes), and 

pine (Pinus silvestris). The metal content of a given plant may vary greatly at 

different seasons and may be very different for needles, twigs, and bark. The 

results indicate that the method can be used, with proper precautions, as a 

means of prospecting. Ni contents (in g/ton) of more than 300 in soils, more 

than 500 in the ash of pine bark, more than 600 in the ash of birch leaves, and 

more than 1,000 in spruce bark were observed only above rocks enriched in Ni. 

Qualitative data indicate that Co and Cr could be used as indicators of Ni. 

Michael Fleischer, in Chem. Abs., v. 49, no. 5, col. 2960.

53. Ljunggren, Pontus, 1951, The biogeochemistry of manganese : Geol. foren. 

Stockholm Forh., v. 73, p. 639-652. [English.]

Thick layers (up to 5 mm) of inorganically or organically precipitated MnO2 

occur as coatings on stones and boulders in most water courses in northern 

Vermland in Sweden. They originate from weathering solutions from manganeserich areas. To locate their source, spruce (Picea excelsa) needles were ashed, 

at least 300 needles of an age of 3 years being taken from each test tree, and 

the Mn content of the ashes was determined by the bisrnuthate method. The 

locations of the test trees are described. The bed rock of the area consisted of 

granite. The manganese content of the ashes varied from 1.3 to 7.6 percent 

with the following average, in percent, old river beds 7.6, moraine 2.9, river 

gravels 2.7, bogs and swamps 2.7, gravel ridge 2.4, fluviatile sand deposits 1.9.

Differences in water supply seem to affect the manganese content. Moraine

sites were found to be suitable for sampling. The determination of the manganese content in spruce needles in a profile over a distance of approximately

32 km and covering gneisses, hyperite, granites, dolerites, sandstones, ana

porphyries revealed the presence of too great variations (0.9-7.8 percent) to be of 

practical value. The expected differences in the manganese content of the

sj>rnce-neecile a sties nave been largely compensated for by certain conditions,

including those regulating the manganese fixation in the plant. It is possible

that Mn2* will become built up in the chlorophyll instead of Mg24 , and the fixation of manganese may partly be responsible for the slight variations in the

content of manganese in various rocu types, wim an ammaant supply 01

magnesium from basic rocks, the magnesium excess may somewhat prevent 

the uptake of manganese. Chemical analysis of water from the Lika River 

gave Fe 0.98 mg/liter, Mn 0.05, Ca 7.0 ; pH 5.6-6.3. Kalervo Rankama, in Chem. 

Abs., v. 46, no. 11, col. 4972 .
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 373

54. Macfall, R. P., 1954, Desert plants a new key to uranium: Sci. and Mech., 

v. 25, no. 2, p. 79-81.

Geobotanical reconnaissance work for uranium in the Colorado Plateau has 

been undertaken by the U. S. Geological Survey under the direction of Helen 

Cannon. Two varieties of milkvetch, Astragalus preussi and Astragalus pattersoni have been found to tolerate relatively large amounts of metals, especially 

selenium, which was found around 13 of the 26 prospect holes in the Yellow 

Cat uranium district. The narrow leafed saltbush (Atriplex canescens) does 

not grow around carnotite deposits, but the shadscale saltbush (Atriplex confertlr 

folia) replaced it there. The sagebrush and hopsafe (Grayia) are very intolerant of uranium and selenium.

In the Thompsons district, Grand County, Utah, the vegetation was mapped 

in an area of 6 square miles, and 1,000 holes were drilled. Of these, 194 were 

drilled on the evidence of indicator plants and nearly half discovered mineralized 

ground. In ground where the geology was favorable to ore, 180 indicator plants 

were found.

Portions of plant and tree parts have been analyzed in geobotanical work, 

and the ash from plants in a carnotite region contained 40 ppm of vanadium 

oxide and 1.5 ppm of uranium oxide, whereas plants rooted in the carnotite contained as much as 300 ppm and 100 ppm, respectively. Plants growing in 

unmineralized ground averaged rarely greater than 1 ppm, but ground where 

the plants contained 2 ppm was regarded as favorable for prospecting. Two 

earnotite deposits were found in the Thompsons district alone, and several 

new carnotite bodies were discovered in the Grants area, New Mexico. Most of 

the uranium is concentrated in the roots of the plants; the method of analysis 

is useful for finding ore under as much as 50 feet of cover, but this method 

should be used by someone who has geologic knowledge and experience.

55. Maliuga, D. P., 1950, Concerning biogeochemical provinces in the southern 

Urals : Akad. Nauk SSSB Doklady [Moscow], torn 70, p. 257-259. [Russian.]

During the earlier investigations of the author, a high content of Fe, Mn, Ni, 

Co, Cu, and other metals was identified in soils of the Urals. A very significant 

gradation of Ni, Co, and Cu content takes places in soils, plants, and waters in 

the area of the beds. See table.

Content, in percent

Average water __ _____________

Water in the area of serpentinite 

in the S. Urals, average of 6

Soil of a nickel occurrence, S. 

Urals, average of 20 analyses __ 

Ash of Linosyrisvillosa Benth. et 

Hook, Ni occurrence, average 

20 analyses___________ _____

Ash of Stipa Johannes Czelak, 

Ni occurrence. ______________

Ash of Anemonepatens L., normal 

form. ______________________

The adequate anomalous blank 

form of a Ni occurrence. _____

Co

1.0-10-8

2. 0-10-7

2. 4- 10-"

7. O-IO-7

1. MO-2 

1. 8-10-3

2. 5- 10-"

2. 6- 10-"

1. 4-10-3

Ni

4. 0-10-3

4. O-IO-7

7.0- 10-"

4. l-lO-o

2. 5-10-J 

1. 8-10-1

3. 8-10-3

7. 8- 10-"

3. 7-10-2

Cu

2. O-IO-3

2. 0-10-6

1.4-10-3

1. 4-10-8

1. 0-10-2 

1. O-IO-2

5. 0-10-3

1. 3-10-3

1. 3-10-2

Co:Ni:Cu

1:4:2

1:2:10

1:3:6

1:6:2

1:15:0. 6 

1:10:5. 5

1:15:20

1:3:5

1:26:9
374 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

The appearances of anomalous forms in the area of the beds can be noticed by 

prospecting. (V. I. Vernadskiy, Inst. Geochem. Anal. Chemistry, Acad. Sci. 

U. S. S. R.) . Translated from abstract by A. Mirtshing, Zentrabl. fiir Minerologie, 

Jahrg. 1951, Teil 2, Heft 2-3, p. 168, 1952.

56. Maliuga, D. P., and Makarova, A. I., 1954, Cobalt content of soils and plant 

ashes of Tuva : Akad. Nauk SSSR Doklady, torn 98, p. 811-813. [Russian.]

Cobalt is a typical dispersed element and never appears concentrated in 

specific mineral deposits. It is characterized in its geochemical average amount 

of 1.1X10"7 percent; only in ultrabasic rocks cobalt-containing sulfide ores are 

observed which enrich cobalt in the oxidation zones. In siliceous rocks its 

concentration is 4X10"* percent (in peat podzols) and 0.1 percent (in soils 

above ore deposits). Such a cobalt-enriched soil occurs in Tuva (Central Asia) 

between the Altai, NW Mongolia, the Sayan Mts., and the Tannu-Ola Range, 

with Cambrian effusive rocks covered by Silurian and Devonian sedimentsPlant ashes show specific enrichments in cobalt in the same local conditions 

as the soil on which they have grown. The corresponding enrichments in Co 

varying from 4X10"8 percent Co to 1X10'1 percent Co indicate underlying sulfide

ore deposits with primary cobalt contents and are very important lor ore

prospecting purposes. W. Eitel, in Chem. Abs., v. 49, no. 7, col. 4917.

67. Marmo, Vladi, 1950, Kasveista alustan kallioperan indikaatoreina [Concerning plants as indicators of bedrock] : Terra [Helsinki], arg. 62, no. 2, 

p. 49-61. [Finnish, German summary.]

With reference to research done in Finland, the role of plants as indicators 

of the petrologic composition of bedrock in general and the role of certain 

species as indicators of the presence of lithium, zinc, and other elements in 

particular are discussed. Bibliography and Index of Geology Exclusive of 

North America, v. 17, p. 2&2, 1952.

58. Marmo, Vladi, 1953, Biogeochemical investigations in Finland : Econ. Geology, 

v. 48, no. 3, p. 211-224.

In the present paper a discussion is given of the relationship of the Cu, Zn, Ni,

and Mo contents of the rock, of the ground water, and of the ash of certain

plants, based on observations made by the present author within limited regions, characterized by sulfide schists containing pyrrhotite, pyrite, chalcopyrite,

and sphalerite, or by granite containing small amounts of molybdenite and

chalcopyrite. The results of these investigations are given in part as concentration Curves, and the question Of the sensitivity of biogeochemical methods

in the conditions obtained in Finland is discussed. AnthofS

59. Marmo, Vladi, 1953, Geochemical and biogeochemical prospecting: GeolOgi

CECelsinlii3 , v. S, J>. 2 S. A pyiTnOtlte-Dearin? pnyiiite at iwa & Finland> locally containing

percent Cu and 0.5 percent Zn, was followed by analyzing ground H20. Lowest

pH values in H2O corresponded to highest magnetic anomalies. GrOUDd HsO 

YCU'ieci in pH from 3.8 (minutes observed) tnrougii <0 (suaflae-ricii areas)

and <6 (suifide-poor areas) to 6-7 (sulfide-free phyllite). The Cu and Zn

in tllC aSllCS Of mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) leaves
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 375

corresponded to the results of geomagnetic and geochemical investigations. At 

Toivakka in Finland very small fluctuations in the Cu and Zn contents of bedrock 

were reflected in the corresponding contents in ground H2O. At Rautio in 

Finland the Mo content of the ashes of Labrador tea (Ledum pabustre) corresponded to the Mo content in rocks underlying the substratum. Kalervo Rankama, in Chem. Abs., v. 47, no. 10, col. 4802.

60. Miholic", Stanko, 1949, Tin in some samples of plutonic rocks: 

Soc. chim. Belgrade Bull., v. 14, p. 121-127. [English summary.]

The following rocks were analyzed: coarse-grained and fine-grained pink 

gneiss-granite and gray gneiss-granite from Forshem, Vastergb'tland (Sweden), 

augite schist from the western and eastern part of Mount Medvednica (Croatia), 

granite (Carboniferous age) (I) and two granulites from Mount Bukulja (Serbia) ; the percentage of tin is: 0.0010, 0.0041, 0.0028, 0.0041, 0.0016, 0.0069, 

0.0069, and 0.0056, respectively. Since tin is the predominant element in the 

thermal waters in the vicinity of Mount Bukulja and since the tin content of I 

approaches the values found in granites connected with tin deposits elsewhere, 

there is a possibility of finding tin ore deposits in the vicinity of this mountain. 

S. E. B., in Chem. Abs., v. 46, no. 10, col. 4442e.

61. Minguzzi, Carlo, and Vergnano, 0., 1948, Contribute alia conoscenza della 

distribuzione del nichel nella biosfera: il contenuto di nichel nelle ceneri di 

Alyssum bertolinii Desv. [Contribution to the knowledge of the distribution 

of nickel in the biosphere: the content of nickel in the ash of Alyssum 

"bertolonii]: Rend. soc. mineralogie italiana, anne"e 4, p. 37-38; Soc. toscana 

sci. nat. Atti, Mem. 55, ser. A., p. 49-74, Pisa.

The particularly high nickel content of the ash is discussed from the geochemical and botanical standpoint. The nickel was determined separately in 

different parts of the plant: the leaves contain 10 percent NiO in the ash, the 

seeds 9.24 percent, the roots 5.76 percent, while the soil on which the plants grew 

is an ophiolite of Impruneta, Toscana, which contained only 0.42 percent NiO. 

This concentration is still highly toxic: no other plant observed on the same 

soil was able to concentrate the Ni in such a high degree as Alyssum. The alcohol chlorophyll extract contained in the ash residue: 11.72 percent NiO; 9.77 

percent MgO; 4.99 percent CaO; 1.04 percent SiO2 ; the benzene extract (with 

some oil and carotenoids) 4.22 percent NiO in the ash. Numerous additional 

analytical data are given. Evidently, there is a strong specific adsorption ruled 

by the physiological conditions of the plant tissue: this assumption is confirmed 

by the observation that the ratio between Ca and Ni in the ashes is rather constant: 4.2-4.7, which is in equilibrium with another rather constant ratio 

(Mg -f Ni) : Ni = 1.3-1.7. The Mg concentration in the serpentine-containing 

soil is exceedingly high. From the geochemical standpoint it is important that 

Alyssum concentrates Ni in such a specific manner. There is a distinct systemic 

increase from the low Ni content of the primary rock (magmatic gabbro), to 

that of the weathered soil minerals, and the plant ash which illustrates the 

transition of the Ni from the lithosphere to the biosphere with an enrichment 

factor which is unusually high (1:1000). Another more practical viewpoint is 

the importance of such observations for "geobotanic prospecting" for nickel ore 

deposits. W. E., in Chem. Abs., v. 44, no. 19, col. 9003-9004.
376 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

62. Mining World, 1953, Northfield explores Idaho cobalt, v. 15, no. 9, p. 55.

Reference is made to the geochemical exploration work done in this area by 

the U. S. Geological Survey. A summary of the work already completed and 

plans for the 1953 program are presented.

63. Mitcham, T. W., 1952, Indicator minerals, Coeur d'Alene silver belt: 

Econ. Geology, v. 47, no. 4, p. 414--150.

Deeply buried, high-grade oreshoots in carbonate-quartz veins are found in the 

Silver Belt of the Coeur d'Alene district by the application of various geologic 

criteria. Exploration is costly, and additional indications of the proximity of 

ore are highly desirable. The purpose of this study is to examine significant 

mineralogical features of the district in an attempt to develop additional helpful 

criteria.

A search is made for indicator minerals; i. e., minerals, the spatial distribution 

of which may be indicative of the position of ore. In this respect, the spatial 

distribution patterns of most of the vein and country-rock minerals are discussed, and the genesis and time relationships of the minerals are interpreted 

as an aid in the evaluation of these patterns.

Arsenopyrite is believed to be an indicator, apparently forming envelopes 

around oreshoots. Similarly, late hydrothermal chlorite is considered to be an 

indicator. Sericite and carbonates of prehydrothermal-vein origin have a negative significance as indicators; i. e., little ore has been found in areas where 

these minerals are concentrated. Since beds rich in detrital quartz are the best 

ore horizons, such quartz is considered to be an indicator of limited practicability.

An attempt is made to clarify the genetic classification of the various minerals, and within genetic types a few minerals not previously described in the 

district are listed. Six genetic types of chlorite are defined.

The hydrothermal-vein history of the district is divided into three stages. 

In chronological order these are: (1) the bleaching alteration stage, (2) the 

carbonate-quartz stage, and (3) the sulfide stage. The hydrothermal bleaching 

alteration Of large areas of the country-rock is largely the destruction of the 

rock pigments, and no strong sericitization is involved as previously thought 

Author's abstract.

64. MitChell, Blanche B,, 1954, "Indicator-flora" plants which aid prospectors: 

Uranium Mag., v. 1, no. 4, p. 16-17.

A discussion of the work of the U. S. Geological Survey on the Colorado Plateau 

flora which serve as indicator plants and their relation to uranium deposits is

presented,

65. Montgomery, Arthur, 1950, Geochemistry of tantalum in Harding pegmatite, 

Taos County, N. Mex.: Am. Mineralogist, v. 35, p. 853-866.

The notable tantalum enrichment in the Harding pegmatite, in northern New

Mexico, is believed due to (1) a parental tantalum-rich granite, (2) a uniquely

*e^orable «^teo-~«,»t < s> .^.^ -*.»-o. o* tttntalttra-bea rine ei3hene from all adjacent granite, (4) long-continued deformation acting upon crystam.ms

granite and pegmatite.

A more indirect factor, affecting the type Of tantalum mineralogy peculiar to 

this pegmatite and perhaps responsible for a vertical mineralogical zoning, is
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 377

believed to have been a chemical control exerted by pegmatite assimilation of 

country rock.

A complex series of geochemical events, all affecting each other, seems necessary for any such rare-element concentration. Author's abstract.

66. Morris, H. T., and Levering, T. S., 1952, Supergene and hydrothermal dispersion of heavy metals in wall rocks near ore bodies, Tintic district, Utah: 

Econ. Geology, v. 47, no. 7, p. 685-716.

Part I, T. S. Levering

Preliminary work in the Tintic district, Utah, determined the relative distance of migration of ore metals in moist carbonate and silicic wall rocks near 

ore, and in ground water having a very sluggish circulation through mineralized 

ground. The analyses of efflorescences in the Tintic Standard mine openings 

at suitable localities indicated that under the conditions existing during the 

past 25 years lead has not moved perceptibly; gold has migrated only a few 

inches; copper has moved a few score feet at most and only in acid solutions; 

and zinc has traveled hundreds of feet, but not as far as some silver. Silver 

may travel far in the oxidized zone, but if it comes in contact with sulfides its 

migration is quickly halted.

The chief chemical factors that influence the migration of metals in supergene solutions are the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of hydrolysis of the 

metal ion, the solubility of sulfates of the metals, and the position of the metals 

in Schuermann's series if the solutions are in contact with sulfides for a 

considerable time.

Part II, H. T. Morris

Primary dispersion gradients of lead, copper, and zinc, slightly modified 

by supergene solutions locally, have been recognized in the Tintic district, Utah, 

in hydrothermally altered wall rocks of gold- and silver-bearing lead-copper 

veins in monzonite and in dolomite near lead-zinc replacement ore bodies.

The metal content of the rocks near ore seems to decrease logarithmically, 

and the plotted curves strongly suggest diffusion; the precipitation in the 

wall rocks at a short distance from the ore must have entailed a concomitant 

drop in concentration of the metal ions in the mineralizing solution, which in 

turn would tend to maintain the initial concentration gradient. The curves 

indicate a short-lived source.

Evidence was found of supergene leaching and precipitation of zinc in the wall 

rocks near ore bodies in the oxidized zone above the water table, but lead is 

apparently static under surface conditions and reflects primary dispersion 

patterns. Copper appears to be relatively stable in a carbonate environment, 

but moves locally in hydrothermally altered monzonite.

The dispersion patterns of lead in the oxidized zone and locally the patterns 

of zinc and copper as well are similar to those adjacent to primary sulflde 

ore bodies 700 feet below the water table and 2,600 feet below the surface.^ 

Authors' abstracts.

67. Murray, A. N., 1953, Identification of geological formations by growing 

vegetation: Tulsa Geol. Soc. Digest, v. 21, p. 48-51; Shale Shaker, v. 4, no. 

4, p. 5-6,8.

A brief review of factors affecting the occurrence of vegetation and some 

results of botanical prospecting are presented.
378 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

68. Nackowski, M. P., 1952, Geochemical prospecting applied to the IllinoisKentucky fluorspar area: Unpublished Ph. D. thesis, University of Missouri 

144 p.

The applicability of geochemical methods of prospecting for fluorspar in the 

Illinois-Kentucky fluorspar area was investigated. Because a thick soil cover 

over the bedrock limits direct geological methods of prospecting to date, churn 

drilling and diamond drilling principally have been used to explore favorable 

areas. A possible method is geochemical prospecting which utilizes the varying 

concentrations of elements known as "indicators," which to be of optimum value 

must occur in media near the surface that can be sampled systematically, be

spatially related to fluorspar deposits, and be subject to rapid analysis.

Soil near bedrock was chosen as the best medium for sample analysis. Samples were analyzed for selected indicator elements, fluorine, vanadium, barium, 

strontium, and the heavy metals copper, lead, and zinc which were determined 

together as zinc equivalent. Barium, strontium, and vanadium were analyzed 

spectrographically; fluorine, volumetrically; and the heavy metals as zinc 

equivalent by a non-specific dithizone procedure.

Three areas were sampled in the search for geochemical dispersion halos. 

Areas Nos. 1 and 2 in Hardin County, Illinois, are underlain by bedding replacement deposits which are from 150 feet to 450 feet below the surface. Dispersion 

halos in these two areas are buried by loessal soil, are secondary, and were 

expected to be diffused, interrupted, and difficult to distinguish from the normal 

elemental content of the soil. Area No. 3 is along the Babb fault system in 

Crittenden County, Kentucky, and the nearly vertical fractures containing the 

vein deposits reach the bedrock surface. The dispersion halos in this area 

are also buried, are secondary, and were expected to be more intensely developed 

than the halos over the bedding replacement deposits.

In Areas Nos. 1 and 2, the fluorine content of the soil fraction less than 

.75 millimeters in diameter ranged from 0.017 percent to 0.051 percent. The 

mean was about 0.034 percent fluorine, and the positive anomalies were only 

about 21 percent higher than the mean. In Area No. 3 the fluorine content 

ranged from 0.034 percent to 0.140 percent. The mean was about 0.065 percent 

and the positively anomalous concentrations were about 54 percent higher than 

the mean.

The vanadium concentrations and anomalies were similar in the three sample

areas. The vanadium content ranged from O.OO3 to O.O2 percent, and the mean

was about 0.005 percent. It is suggested that the anomalies represent vanadium 

which was immobilized as a fluo-vanadate and was not a constituent derived 

from the mineral zones.

In Area No. 8, barium and strontium showed positive anomalies which were

related partly to the traces of vein fractures. No dispersion halos were recognized in Areas Nos. 1 and 2. These elements were derived from the mineralized 

zones where they occur as components of gangue minerals.

The heavy metal analyses for copper, lead, and zinc, determined as zinc

equivalent, ranged from nil to 100 parts per million, The normal content in

Areas Nos. 1 and 2 was 12 parts per million; higher values were considered

positively anomalous.

0:6 tlae elements used as indicators, tlie neavy metals confer, lead, and zinc,

snow tne most promise as Indicators of mineralization, Tne fluorine is technically unsuited as an indicator element. Author's abstract.
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 379

69. The Northern Miner, 1954, Geochemical newest aid employing old-time 

panning technique latest method determines amounts of metals dissolved 

in soils, plants [compiled by Canadian exploration geophysicists]: v. 39, 

no. 47, p. 18.

A review of the principles and the application of geochemical prospecting 

by means of chemical analyses of rock, soil, water, and vegetation is presented.

70. Ohashi, Shigeru, 1951, Geochemical studies on the ore deposits in Ishikawa 

Prefecture, pt. 1 Chemical constituents of the mine waters at Ogoya mine: 

Chem. Soc. Japan Jour., Pure Chemistry Sec., v. 72, p. 793-796. [Japanese.]

The waters of the mine show pH values of about 3 and dissolved salts are 

mainly sulfates. The amounts are SO* 56-2280, Cu 0.2-123, and Zn 1.1-339 

mg/liter. The waters collected from the upper parts of a vein contain more 

total residue, sulfate, and zinc than those of the lower parts, while for copper 

this relation does not hold. K. Yamasaki, in Chem. Abs., v. 46, no. 13, col. 

6046f.

71. Ohashi, Shigeru, 1952, Geochemical studies on the ore deposits of Ishikawa 

Prefecture, pt. 2: Chem. Soc. Japan Jour., Pure Chemistry Sec., v. 73, p. 

353-355. [Japanese.]

Sulfate, copper, and zinc contents of about 160 water samples1 near Ogoya 

mine, Ishikawa Prefecture, were determined. Close relation exists between 

zinc content of waters and the location of ore deposits. K. Yamasaki, in Chem. 

Abs., v. 47, no. 6, col. 2913.

72. Osberger, Rudolf, 1953, Die geobiochemische Prospektionsmethode [The 

biogeochemical prospecting method]: Berg- u. hiittenm. Monatsh. [Vienna], 

Band 98, Heft 9, p. 197-202.

(Not reviewed.)

73. Ostle, D., 1954, Geochemical prospecting for uranium: Min. Mag., v. 91, 

no. 4, p. 201-208.

In recent years, following the development of highly-sensitive analytical methods for the quantitative determination of heavy metals in soils, alluvium, vegetation, and surface waters1, it has become possible to explore for metallic mineral deposits by mapping geochemical. anomalies. In prospecting for uranium 

these techniques have been little used, as a consequence of the ease with which 

small quantities of the radioactive elements can be detected by radiometric 

monitoring. Systematic sampling and analysis of surface waters, however, can 

be a rapid and easy means of investigating the distribution of uranium within 

a drainage system. A study of the distribution of this element in the Fal River, 

Cornwall, has shown that appreciable anomalies caused by uranium in the waste 

dumps and old workings of the South Terras mine can be detected in stream 

water more than six miles downstream.

The analytical technique described utilizes anion exchange resins for the 

concentration of uranium from water samples. The amount of uranium extracted is then estimated quantitatively by comparing the intensity of fluorescence which it imparts to a fluoride-carbonate flux of standard weight with that 

of phosphors containing known amounts of uranium. Author's abstract.
380 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

74. Petrascheck, W. E., 1953, Zur Anwendung der geochemischen Erzsuche in 

Osterreich [On the application of geochemical search for ore in Austria]: 

Berg- u. hiittenni. Monatsh. [Vienna], Band 98, Heft 9, p. 194-197.

(Not reviewed.)

75. Pierce, A. P., and Diaz, M. B., 1950, Os metodos geoquimicos na prospecgao de 

jazidas minerals [The geochemical methods in prospecting for mineral deposits] : Bol. Soc. Estudos Colonia Mogambique Lourenc.o Marquis, Ano. 20, 

no. 67, p. 99-114.

A review of some methods of geochemical prospecting is given.

Results of a geochemical survey of surficial materials over a blind copper ore 

body in Jefferson County, Colorado, are described. Heavy-metal anomalies, 

due to copper, zinc, and lead, were found in weathered rock, stream waters and 

in partially melted snow above the known position of the ore body. A comparison of the geochemical data with the data of magnetic and spontaneous 

potential surveys of the same area indicated a more direct correlation between 

the geochemical anomaly and the position of the ore body than could be observed 

with the geophysical anomalies. A. P. Pierce.

76. Riddell, J. E., 1950, A technique for the determination of traces of epigenetic 

base metals in rocks and its application to samples of unaltered rocks surrounding ore bodies of the Amulet mines, Noranda, P. Q.: Quebec Dept. Mines 

Prelim. Kept. 239, 23 p.

In recent years, the dithizone method has been extensively used for the determination of traces of heavy metals in water, soils, and organic matter. 

Lovering has applied the method to rocks. Modification of this method renders 

it useful in the determination of traces of metals in unweathered rocks.

Field tests carried out on samples from the vicinity of ore bodies at the

Amulet mine, Noranda, indicate that as an ore body is approached, the determinable heavy metal content increases from less than 1 part per million to over 

20 parts per million. This metal content is not the total content Of the IOCK, 

but probably represents the epigenetic metal introduced by mineralizing solutions. 

The method used should prove of value in exploring for hidden base metal 

concentrations. Author's abstract.

77. Riddoll, J. E., 1052, Anomalous copper ana zinc values in trees in Holland 

Township, Gasp6-North County: Quebec Dept. Mines Prelim. Kept. 269,15 p.

During the period September 17th. to September 23rd, 1950, a biogeochemical 

survey was carried out over the Needle Mountain copper deposit of the Gaspe

Copper Mines, Ltd, tO determine the Copper and zinc content in the twigs of 

balsam fir trees. The results of this survey indicate that higher than average 

copper values are present in the trees growing in soil immediately over the outcrop of the mineralized zone. This increase in copper is accompanied by an 

increase in the ratio of copper to zinc. A second zone of high anomalous copper 

values was indicated close to the known mineralized zone.

A short biogeoohemical survey ao,-oss pn>-t o* «.« Hoii^a oiap^ <=]~i.«s revealed a positive anpmaiy, but at foe present time insufficient Work has been

carried out on these claims to evaluate the biogeochemical results.

The surveyed areas lie on the flanks of Needle Mountain at elevations between 

2,000 feet and 2,700 feet above sea level.
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 381

The bedrock is overlain by soil only slightly displaced from its original position 

by mass-wasting and local glaciation. Deposition due to continental glaciation 

was not noted in the area. Author's abstract.

78. Eiddell, J. E., 1952, Preliminary report on hydrocheinical analyses of streams 

and rivers in the Gasp6 Peninsula: Quebec Dept. Mines Prelim. Kept. 268, 

lip.

During September, 1950, certain streams and rivers of the Gaspe peninsula 

were tested for their heavy metal content. The heavy metal content was determined by the dithizone method described by Huff (4), modified so as to make 

use of the "neutral grey end-point" titration of Warren and Delavault (14). 

Specially purified and standardized reagents, packaged in ampoules, were supplied by Anachemia Ltd., of Montreal. With minor exceptions these reagents 

maintained their purity throughout the period of field work.

The heavy metal content of the streams tested ranged from less than 0.001 

parts per million to 0.01 parts per million. In the Marsouis river, contamination 

by drainage from tailings of the Candego mine resulted in an abnormally high 

metal content of up to 0.25 parts per million. Author's abstract.

79. Riddell, J. E., 1954, Geochemical soil and water surveys in Lemieux Township, Gasp6-North County: Quebec Dept. Mines Prelim. Kept. 302, 23 p.

An area of about 40 square miles in Lemieux Township was explored in 1953 for 

base metals by means of reconnaissance-type geochernical soil and water surveys. 

The deposits of economic importance within the area are fissure veins carrying 

sphalerite and galena in a quartz-carbonate gangue. Chalcopyrite and pyrite 

veins are present but not of economic interest. Most of the bedrock is concealed 

by a blanket of residual soil.

"The choice of method was subject to the following considerations:

(a) The area is well dissected and most of the surface is sloping.

(b) The residual soils show pronounced downhill movement due to soil 

creep, solifluction and debris slides.

(c) The main brooks in the area are more or less parallel to the main vein 

structures, whereas many of the tributary streams are transverse to 

structure for part of their length.

(d) The main veins are long and continuous, and although strong mineralization is confined to shoots, weak mineralization is commonly 

present throughout the length of the vein.

(e) Weathering and solution have been active, particularly in the better 

mineralized parts of the veins, and the products of these processes 

could be expected to migrate away from the mineralization, downhill towards the nearest drainage channel."

The method used in the Lemieux area would not provide sufficient coverage 

in an area where the drainage pattern is not well defined.

When the results of the two types of geochemical surveys are compared, soil 

sampling appears to more accurately indicate the presence of base metal mineralization. The method of analysis used was one developed by Bloom and 

Crowe. (See abs. 93.)

80. Roberts, R. O., 1953, Geochemical investigations in Nigeria in 1948 and 1949: 

Colonial Geology and Min. Res. [London], v. 3, p. 347-357.

In geochemical investigations in 1948-49 in the zinc-lead areas of Abakaliki 

Division, Nigeria, 118 samples, mostly soil, were taken along traverse lines;
382 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

Pb-Zn and Pb were determined by the dithizone technique. It was found that 

Pb values were more reliable, possibly since ZnSO< is more soluble and leaches 

out of the surface soil, and that peaks on the Pb curve could be related to known , 

ore bodies. In such Pb-Zn areas this technique could be an aid in prospecting; 

however, in using the Zn values, topography must be taken into account. J. L.

 Charles, in Chem. Abs., v. 48, no. 8, col. 4385.

81. Salmi, Martti, 1954, Turvekemiallinen malminetsintamenetelma . [A peatchemical prospecting method]: Geologi [Helsinki], no. 7. *

(Not reviewed.) ,

.-82. Shapiro, Leonard, and Brannock, W. W., 1953, A field method for the determination of titanium in rocks: Econ. Geology, v. 49, no. 4, p. 282-287; U. S. 

Geol. Survey open-file rept, 1954, 3 p.

About 4 mg of rock powder measured with a scoop is fused with potassium 

:bisulfate in a test tube. Tiron is added to the cool melt and the mixture is 

dissolved in a buffer solution. Sodium dithionite is added and the approximate , 

concentration of TiO2 is determined by comparing the resulting yellow solution 

with permanent standards, which are simple to prepare.

The results obtained by this field method for TiOa on 72 rock samples of 

various types are compared with those obtained by laboratory methods. 

Authors' abstract.

83. Shima, Makoto, 1953, Geochemical prospecting for gold, silver, copper, lead,

and zinc ore deposits; pt. 1 Prospecting for gold and silver ores: Japan, ^ 

Sci. Research Inst Repts., v. 29, p. 111-115. [Japanese.]

From the zinc (the indicator element) content of surface H2O, the prospective

 deposits were located, and the assays (colorimetric in dithizone-CCU with the 

sample filtrates of 0.01 N HC1 extracts) of soil and rocks from the pits of zinc 

.and copper (from which silver in ores could be estimated) were directed towards 

the gold and silver veins whose ores were assayed for checking. J. O. Yoshioka, 

in Chem. Abs., v. 47, no. 22, col. 12145.

.84. Shima, Makoto, 1953, Geochemical prospecting for gold, silver, copper, lead, 

and zinc ore deposits; pt. 2 Prospecting for zinc and manganese ore deposits: Japan, Sci. Research Inst. Repts., v. 29, fl. 116-120, [Japanese.]

From the assay of surface H2O for Zn (with dithizone), Mn (colorimetric in 

NH2OH), and Fe (colorimetric in NH4SCN), the Zn and Mn deposits were lo-

 cated. Zn and Mn occurred generally together in ores, but Fe not necessarily. 

J. O. TosMoka, in Chem. Abs., v. 47, no. 22, col. 12145. 

85. Shima, Makoto, 1953, Geochemical prospecting for gold, silver, copper, lead,

and zinc ore deposits; pt 9-DisiributiOn Of GOIp1 , iQUfl, M flffi ID Mlffi

districts: Japan, Sci. Research Inst. Repts., v. 29, p. 207-218. [Japanese.]

Prom the distribution of Cu, Pb, and Zn In mine districts determined by the

,-assay of surface fibO and soil, tne geologic history *r9m metamorpwc rocks to

surface heavy-metal minerals was traced and used for prospecting for heavy y.

.metals. J. G. YoshioJca, in Chem. Abs., v. 47, no. 22, col. 12145.
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JTJLY 1952-DEC. 1954 383

86. Shima, Makoto, 1953, Geochemical prospecting for gold, silvtr, copper, lead, 

and zinc ore deposits; pt. 4 Gold: Japan, Sci. Research Inst. Repts., v. 29, 

p. 245-248. [Japanese.]

An abandoned mine was rediscovered by geochemical (not by geologic) prospecting, with Cu and Zn as the indicator elements. The Au ore was separated 

by sedimentation, dissolved in aqua regia, and titrated for Au with dithizone. 

J. G. Yoshioka, in Chem. Abs., v. 48, no. 3, col. 1207.

87. Shima, Makoto, 1953, Geochemical prospecting for manganese ore deposits: 

Japan, Sci. Research Inst. Repts., v. 29, p. 99-110. [Japanese.]

The Mn content (determined by the Ag2 0 method) of surface H2O revealed 

a prospective site of Mn ores (pH and Fe content not so important),-and the 

assay of soil for Mn02 and Fe203 showed the distribution of the ores, and that 

of H2O from the pits indicated the quality of the ores. This prospecting method 

as applied in central Japan was successful. J. G. Yoshioka, in Chem. Abs., v. 

47, no. 22, col. 12148.

88. Shima, Makoto, 1953, Geochemical prospecting for sulfur, pyrite, and limonite 

ore deposits: Japan, Sci. Research Inst. Repts., v. 29, p. 249-258. [Japanese.]

The natural H2 0, soil, and rocks were analyzed for sulfate as indicator for 

sulfur and pyrite and for iron as indicator for limonite. Combined with the 

geological and physical prospecting, this method located the deposits accurately. J. G. Yoshioka, in Chem. Abs., v. 48, no. 3, col. 1211.

89. Sofronov, N. I., and Solovov, A. P., 1935, The applications of spectrographic 

analysis to the search for tin deposits: Razvedka Nedr, vyp. 24, p. 24-27.

(Not reviewed.)

90. Sugawara, Ken, Oana, Shinya, and Morita, Yosimi, 1948, The distribution of 

copper and zinc; pt. 2 The modification of SandelFs dithizone method for 

the determination of copper and zinc: Chem. Soc. Japan Jour., Pure Chemistry Sec., v. 69, p. 174-176. [Japanese.]

(Not reviewed.)

91. Tkalich, S. M., 1952, Botanical methods in geological exploration: Botanicheskil Zhurnal S. S. S. R. [Moskya], torn 37, vyp. 5, p. 660. [Russian.]

(Not reviewed.)

92. Umernoto, Shunji, 1953, Studies on the chloride and sulfate content of 

waters and the amounts of chloride and sulfate fixed to the soil in the mineral springs district; pt. 7 possibility of chemical prospecting of mineral 

springs: Okayama Univ., Repts. Balneological Lab., no. 10, p. 1-2. 

[Japanese.]

The results of the previous (I-VI) were synthetically discussed and the possibility of the chemical prospecting of mineral springs was concluded. That is 

by determining the chloride and sulfate content of water. Temperature of well 

waters and the amounts of chloride and sulfate fixed to the soil, the existence 

of mineral springs will be prospected^ Author's English abstract.
384 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

93. U. S. -Geological Survey, 1953, Additional field methods used in geochemical 

. prospecting. by the U. S. Geological Survey: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file 

rept., 42 p.

Simple field methods are given for the determination of antimony in soils 

and rocks by F. N. Ward and H. W. Lakin, arsenic in soils by Hy Almond, cobalt 

in water by Hy Almond, soluble copper, zinc, and lead in soils and rocks (nitric 

acid digestion) by Harold Bloom and H. E. Crowe, germanium in coal by Hy 

Almond, ammonium citrate-soluble heavy metals in soils and sediment by 

 Harold Bloom, manganese in soils by Hy Almond, niobium in rocks by F. N. 

Ward and A. P. Marranzino, and vanadium in rocks by F. N. Ward and A. P. 

Marranzino. The methods for the determination of antimony, arsenic, and 

niobium have also been released as separate reports in journals, and abstracts 

of these methods can be found in this report under abstracts numbers 96, 4, 

and 97, respectively.

Traces of cobalt in water react with 2-nitroso-l-naphthol in a slightly alkaline 

solution to yield a pink cobalt 2-nitroso-l-naphtholate that is soluble in CC1«. 

As little as 4 parts per billion can be detected with this method.

In the procedure for the determination of Cu, Pb, and Zn, a simple attack 

of the sample with 1+3 nitric acid serves to effect adequate solution of the 

heavy metals for purposes of geochemical prospecting. Cu, Pb, and Zn can be 

determined on a single sample solution prepared in this way. Ajbont 30 

samples per day can be analyzed.

A field method for the determination of germanium was developed with slight 

modification of the phenylflurone absorptiometric method described by Cluley. 

The sample decomposition was modified from a fusion of NaaCO3 to one with 

NaOH. The distillation apparatus is an all-glass Erlenmeyer wash bottle to> 

which a pipette is attached. A pink-orange color is developed in an aliquot of 

the distillate, and gum arabic is added to stabilize the color.

In the method for the determination of ammonium citrate-soluble heavy 

metals, the sample is shaken with an ammoniacal solution of citrate and a

solution of dithizone in xylene, and is then allowed to stand for 30 seconds

to permit the phases to separate. Colors from green, to blue, and finally to 

red in the xylene layer reflect increasing amounts of heavy metals.

The field method for the determination of manganese in soils, adopted from

methods described in the literature, consists of a potassium bisulfate fusion 

followed by acid leachings which dissolves most of the manganese present. 

The color is developed by boiling1 the resulting solution, and the purple color

is compared with permanganate standards.

Vanadium (III) reacts with thiocyanate in an acid medium in the field 

test for vanadium, and produces a yellow-colored ion or compound. The

CQPHjptex ion is extracted from the acid phase with ethyl ether. Vanadium

(V) does not react with thiocyanate, but the higher valence is readily reduced

by stannous chloride to vanadium (III). Molybdenum, rhenium, tungsten, 

niobium, and uranium are liKely to interrere because tney react witn tniocyanate

to form colored compounds extractaDle witn effler, However, molybdenum

thiocyanate will usually fade within a half hour; rhenium occurs in such 

extremely small amounts in the earth's crust that it is unlikely to interfere; 

tungsten is sufficiently complexed in the presence of citrate; niobium may 

interfere if it is in large amounts: and uranium is not considered to be a serious

interference because the reaction is not sensitive, The vanadium procedure

is relatively rapid, and about 66 determinations can be made in 4% hours.
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY i'952-DEC. 1954 385

94. Valyashko, M. G., and Korenehko, 0. M., 1950, Hydrochemical prospecting

signs of potash deposits: Gidrokhim. Inst. [Novocherkassk.] Gidrokhim.

' Material, torn 18, p. 67-74. [Russian.] :

,-Coefficients of specific elements (ratios of any one element to the total salts 

In the natural waters or to any one of the elements) obtained from the analytical 

data on the natural waters are signs of sources of salts and can be used in 

prospecting for these. With the coefficients of ocean water as the standard, 

the probable source of certain elements can be judged by comparing the respective coefficients. The natural waters in the areas of potassium deposits give 

coefficients that show the validity of the approach for determining the migration 

of potassium. J. 8. Joffe, in Chein. Abs., v. 47, no. 11, col. 5321.

95. Vitorov, S. V., 1947, Biological indicators in geology: Usp. sovreni Biol. 

[Moskva], torn 23, vyp. 2, p. 181-192. [Russian.]

The distribution of certain plants in geologic formations, especially ore deposits, is discussed. Translated abstract by Hans Himmel, Zentrablatt. fur 

Mineralogie, Jahrg. 1952, Tell 2, Heft 2-3, p. 237, 1953.

96. Ward, F. N., and Lakin, H. W., 1954, Determination of traces of antimony 

in soils and rocks : Anal. Chemistry, v. 26, p. 1168-1173.

A relatively simple, rapid, and moderately accurate method for the determination of traces of antimony in soils and rocks is based on the reaction 

of pentavalent antimony with rhodamine B in isopropyl ether after extraction 

o.f the antimony from 1 to 2 M hydrochloric acid. The suggested procedure is 

applicable to samples containing from 0.5 to 50 ppm of antimony, and with modifications it can be used on samples containing larger amounts. Four determinations on two rocks containing less than 2 ppin of antimony agree within 0.4 

ppm, and four determinations on seven soils containing 2 to 10 ppm of antimony 

agree within 1 ppm of the mean. The conditions for oxidation of the antimony 

and subsequent extraction of the pentavalent form with isopropyl ether have been 

established. Experiments show that the antimony-rhodamine B compound is 

stable in isopropyl ether for more than 3 hours. The suggested procedure permits 

the determination of 2 y of antimony in the presence of 30,000 y of iron, 250 y

 of arsenic, and 300 y of gold and/or thallium. Data are given to show the 

applicability of the method to routine laboratory and field use. Under field

 conditions the method has been used to determine traces of antimony in as many 

as 20 soil samples in an 8-hour day. Authors' abstract.

97. Ward, F. N., and Marranzino, A. P., 1954, A rapid quantitative chemical 

 procedure for analysis of niobium : Science, v. 1.19, p. 655.

A reliable rapid procedure for the determination of small amounts of niobium 

lias been a critical need; such a procedure has recently been developed and is 

<of direct value in the current search for new sources of the metal. The new 

method is a modification of the thiocyanate colorimetric method to determine 

niobium in rocks containing 20 to 2,000 parts per million (ppm) of the element. 

'The range may be extended to rocks containing larger amounts after proper 

dilution of the sample solution. The procedure has found application also in 

field work when visual methods of color comparison are used.
The thiocyanate reaction is carried out from solutions 4 molar in hydrochloric 

acid and 0.5 molar in tartaric acid, and the thiocyanate complex is concentrated 

by extraction with ether. The interference of vanadium is prevented by ex- ^ 

traction of the thiocyanate complexes with ether prior to reduction and subsequent removal of the iron by reduction with stannous chloride. The addition of acetone to the ether extract of the niobium thiocyanate inhibits the 

polymerization of the thiocyanate ion and establishes the nobium thiocyanate 

color. Absorbancy measurements are made with a Beckman spectrophotometer 

at a wavelength of 385 millimicrons (385 m/n). Actual quantities are then read 

from a previously prepared standard transmission curve. The procedure per- N 

mits the determination of 20 micrograms (20 jug) of niobium in the presence of 

1,000 fig of iron, titanium, or uranium of 500 fig of vanadium, or of 100 /jg of tungsten and/or molybdenum.

The precision of the method is good. Five determinations each on two rocks 

Containing as much as 100 ppm Of niobium agree within 5 ppm of the mean. 

The coefficients of variation of three rocks containing between 300 and 2000 ppm of 

niobium do not exceed 15 percent. The results also compare favorably with \ 

figures obtained by spectrographic and x-ray fluorescence techniques. Authors' 

abstract.

98. Warren, H. V., and Delavault, R. E., 1952, Biogeochemistry and hydrogeochemistry: Precambrian, v. 25, no. 5, p. 9-12.

A description of the results of investigations in biogeochemistry and hydrogeochemistry are discussed. *

99. Warren, H. V., and Delavault, R. E., 1953, Biogeochemical investigations in 

eastern Canada [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 64, p. 1487-1488.

(Seeabs. 101.)

100. Warren, H. V., and Delavault, R. E., 1953, Geochemical prospecting finds 

widespread application in British Columbia: Min. Eng., v. 5, no. 10, p. 

980-981.

Developments in the fields of hydrogeochemistry, pedogeochemistry, and biogeochemistry in British Columbia are discussed. The emulsion technique developed by Delavault was first used in the Tweedsmuir Park area; anomalous 

metal content was discovered in two creeks. Additional water testing has been 

tried and sufficient soil sampling has been done by the authors so that where 

either copper or zinc minerals occur, anomalous amounts of the appropriate 

metal may be expected in the soil. No large mine has been located entirely 

by biogeochemical means. Some species of trees, such as silver birch (Betula 

papyrifera), hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and balsam (Abies lasiocarpa), 

collect zinc, manganese, and molybdenum, respectively, and may be used as indicators in that particular locality in preference to soil. "Pathfinders" or 

minerals found in close association with the elements or minerals being sought 

Which Can be more readily found or have more anomalous features may prove 

to be important.

101. Warren, H. V., and Delavault, R. E., 1953, Some biogeochemical investigations in eastern Canada [abs.]: Bcon. Geology, v. 48, no. 7, p. 629-630.

During the past five years the authors have investigated the practicability of

using biogeochemical methods in prospecting for buried ore bodies in Eastern 

Canada. } 

t-
GEOCHEmCAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 387

On the basis of more than five thousand analyses "normals" are tentatively 

suggested for copper and zinc in most of the more common species of trees and 

lesser plants, including the Jack Pine (Pinus Banksiana,), Black and White 

Spruce (Picea, mariana and Picea glauca), Tamarack (Larix laricina), Balsam 

(Abies balsamea), Poplar (Populus tremuloides), White Birch (Betula papyrifera), and Labrador Tea (Ledum groenlandicum).

The influence of underlying mineralization has been found to parallel that 

observed in the Pacific Northwest.

In the light of data presently available, variations above "normal" of more 

than fifty percent in copper and thirty percent in zinc may be considered possibly 

anomalous, and more than one-hundred percent in copper and fifty percent in 

zinc probably anomalous.

The most important conclusions are that:

(1) With reasonably propitious conditions, practically all trees or lesser plants 

are capable of reflecting buried mineralization.

(2) There is no. direct relationship between the metal content either of dry 

plant or ash and the metal content of the underlying mineralization.

(3) With present techniques biogeochemistry can only, except under unusually favorable circumstances, yield useful results where muskeg or 

overburden is less than thirty feet thick.

(4) Just as geologists can point to metallogenetic provinces so the biogeochemists can outline trace element provinces. Authors' abstract.

102. Warren, H. V., and Delavault, R. E., 1953, Water testing for minerals: 

Western Miner and Oil Rev. [Canada], v. 26, no. 7, p. 38.

The procedures! for preparing several reagents used in water testing are 

described. The remainder of the article contains essentially the same information as it is included in abstracts 105 and 107.

103. Warren, H. V., and Delavault, R. E., 1954, Geochemical prospecting in 

British Columbia: Western Miner and Oil Rev. [Canada], v. 27, no. 5, p. 

48-52.

This article contains essentially the same information as the report by Warren 

and Delavault entitled "Geochemical prospecting finds widespread application 

in British Columbia." (See abs. 102.)

104. Warren, H. V., and Delavault, R. E., 1954, Variations in the nickel content of 

some Canadian trees: Royal Soc. Canada Trans., Sec. 4, v. 48, p. 71-74.

The following conclusions were drawn by the authors: "On the evidence of 

more than two hundred determinations, it seems clear that biogeochemical methods in some areas may prove useful in any search for buried nickel mineralization. 

Geochemical techniques generally may be particularly useful in sorting out geophysical anomalies caused by magnetite and/or pyrrhotite alone from those in 

which these minerals are accompanied by significant nickel mineralization.

"Except for very young tips and stems more than four years old, the leaves and 

needles of most trees run from .2 (10) to 2 (100) ppm over the more common 

geological formations. Over nickel mineralization, the nickel contents may rise 

from five to twenty times the above figures, with weak nickel occurrences providing intermediate results.

"The ease with which even slightly abnormal amounts of nickel can be detected 

In some trees suggests that it may be considered a pathfinder element for base
388 CONTRIBUTIONS'TO GEOCHEMICAL. PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

metal deposits such as zin'c, much as molybdenum may, on occasion, be used for 

copper."

The analytical method used was adopted from one by E. B. Sandell (1951) 

with minor modifications.

105. Warren, H. V., and Delavault, R. E., 1954, Water testing in geochemical 

i prospecting: Min. Gong. Jour., v. 40, no. 4, p. 82-85, 99. -

The earlier tests devised by Huff in the United States and Sergeyev in U. S. S. R. 

were not successful in British Columbia, and a new "emulsion" technqiue was 

developed by the authors. A few drops of HC1 or acetate buffer were added to 

100 cubic centimeters of water to be tested; a few drops of dithizone dissolved 

in water-soluble acetone were added as well as an emulsion of xylene.

The emulsion breaks up in the acid liquid, and the resulting droplets come to 

the top of the beaker having collected both the dithizone and dithizone-metal 

complex. The amount of metal present can be determined by adding a set amount 

of dithizone and comparing the final color with a scale of colors.

Three suggestions were made for water testing: (1) Water testing should be 

restricted to relatively shallow streams, (2) A stream should be sampled at least 

every quarter of a mile, and (3) When testing water, the samplers should be 

careful that the water table has not fallen below the zone of oxidation.

Plant analysis can be used for closer exploration of an area after water testing 

is no longer usable.

106. Warren, H. V., Delavault, R. E., and Fortescue, J. A. C.,' 1954, Sampling in 

biogeochemistry [abs. of paper-submitted for the Seattle, Wash., meetings, 

Mar. 26-27] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 65, no. 12, pt. 2, p. 1353.

In previous reports the writers have stressed the importance of sampling in 

biogeochemical work. This paper emphasizes the desirability of accurate sampling and, with the aid of diagrams, demonstrates that it is essential not only to 

compare organs of the same age, but that to achieve optimum results it is necessary to select that organ which responds best to the element being investigated.

Furthermore, anomalies can best be detected if one remembers that the tops and 

sides of trees may have significant variations in their content of some metals. 

The response of tips of one season's growth or less in contrast to that Of older 

growth may vary widely with different metals, notably zinc, and molybdenum.

Data suggest that some species reflect more readily geochemical anomalies of 

a specific metal than cio others; this emphasizes the importance of selecting 

suitable species for biogeochemical studies. All/tlbOrs' abstract.

107. Warren, H. V., Delavault, R. E., and Irish, R. I., 1953, Acetonic dithizone in 

geochemistry : Econ. Geology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 306-311.

In a ^previous paper, the authors described a dithizone-emulsion technique by 

Which it was feasible to detect as little as 0.001 ppm (parts per million) of copper 

and zinc in natural waters.

In practice this method has one major drawback. The dithizone has to-be 

introduced in the form of an ammoniacal aqueous solution which is not stable and 

normally must be renewed once or twice each day.

An acetonic solution of dithizone is much more stable than an aqueous one. 

This stability makes it possible in the field to use an acetonic solution of dithizone 

for weeks, or even months if temperatures remain below 80° to 90° F. . '

The use of acetonic dithizone affords new possibilities in field and laboratory 

techniques which are discussed. Authors' abstract.
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 389

108. Warren, H. V., Delavault, R. E., and Routley, D. G., 1953, Preliminary studies 

of the biogeochemistry of molybdenum: Royal Soc. Canada Trans., v. 47, 

sec. 4, p. 71-75.

Molybdenum anomalies in vegetation appear to be greater than those of copper 

or tungsten, and thus, may be the most valuable of the three in bi'ogeochemical 

prospecting. There were 140 analyses made of dry needles, tips, or second-year 

stems of Alpine Fir, Lodgepole Pine, and Creosote Bush. The results showed 

0.1 to 0.5 ppm of Mo in areas where there is no recognizable Mo mineralization, 

2 to 5 ppm in the presence of modest amounts of Mo, and 40 to 60 ppm where 

there are potentially economic amounts of Mo. Mere presence of Cu in the 

vegetation does not appear to increase the Mo intake. Absorption of Mo by 

plants is determined by the absolute amounts of Mo available, the pH of the 

soil, and the concentration of other elements in the soil. If other factors are 

equal, the most Mo will be absorbed in the presence of'phosphate salts, and 

the least in the presence of sulfate salts. The Mo was determined by the following method, developed by the authors: The sample of dried plant material, about 

1 g, is ashed at about 600° for 5 hours. The ash is dissolved in warm HC1 

and is placed in a test tube. One milliliter of 5 percent NH4CNS and 0.5 ml 

of 10 percent SnCl2 in 2 N HC1 are added in that order. The volume is made 

up to 10 ml with 10 percent HC1. Exactly 1 ml of isopropyl ether is added, the 

tube is stoppered and inverted, and shaken for not more than 30 sec. The same 

operation is repeated on standards, except that standards with more than 20 y 

of Mo, or samples with colors in that range, are not shaken with ether; the 

latter are compared directly with the appropriate standards.' This method 

makes no allowance for interference by W, since spectroscopic analysis had 

shown that W was not a measurable factor. W. R. Averett, in Chem. Abs., v. 

48, no. 10, col. 5748.

109. Webb, J. S., 1953, A review of American progress in geochemical prospecting: Inst. Min. Metallurgy Trans. [London], v. 62, 1952-53, pt. 7, p. 321-348.

American achievement in geochemical prospecting is reviewed in the light of 

information gained during a recent visit to America and from published literature. Briefly, experimental work, largley pioneered by the U. S. Geological 

Survey, has yielded encouraging results. -Systematic soil analysis .has, under 

certain conditions, proved particularly successful in locating sub-outcropping 

mineralization, and this technique is now a standard prospecting practice in 

some districts. In all, some fifteen mining companies operating in America and 

Canada are including experimental and applied geochemical studies in their 

exploration programmes. It is known that the new methods have assisted in 

the discovery of at least two commercial base-metal deposits, uranium-vanadium 

ores, a promising cobalt mineralization, and several sub-commercial mineral deposits. In addition, faulted and pinched extensions of known ore bodies have 

been traced by geochemical techniques on a number of occasions. Further research on the application of the methods and the development of new techniques 

is being vigorously pursued, but it is already clear that supplementary geochemical aids offer great promise in many areas where the established methods of 

prospecting yield incomplete information.

Critical investigations of geochemical methods should be carried out iii British 

territory on a scale appropriate to the long-term need for new mineral resources. 

A coordinated programme of work is proposed, the ultimate aim being to provide 

the British mining industry with additional methods of exploration particularly
390 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

applicable in difficult tropical terrain. The first step in this programme should 

be to provide selected British personnel, drawn largely from overseas, with a 

firm background in geochemical prospecting methods. Author's abstract.

110. Webb, J. S., and Millman, A. P., 1953, Heavy metals in natural waters as 

a guide to ore; a preliminary investigation in West Africa [with discussion]: 

Inst. Min. Metallurgy Trans. [London], v. 59, p. 323-349.

An abstract of the paper is included in U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1000-A .(see 

abs. 143). The above reference includes the original report and a discussion 

of it.

111. Webb, J. S., and Millman, A. P., 1953, Heavy metals in vegetation as a 

guide to ore a biogeochemical reconnaissance in West Africa: Inst. Min. 

Metallurgy Trans. [London], v. 62, p. 73-76.

An abstract and the discussion of the paper are included in U. S. Geol. Survey

Bull. 1000-A (see abs. 144). The above reference is a reply by the author to 

the discussion.

112. Western Miner and Oil Review, 1954, Water testing for minerals: Canada, 

v. 27, no. 10, p. 54.

A description of the water kit manufactured by McPhar Geophysics, Ltd., is 

included, and the test procedure using buffer solution and dithizone in chloroform is described. A color chart is also included with the kit to aid in reading 

results. Any reading below 0.02 ppm is discounted, but this level will vary from 

area to area. Anomalous metallic content seems to drop off markedly below 

waterfalls, but in placid streams the metallic content below a source of metallization may stay constant for several thousands of feet. The use of chemicals 

of high purity is of extreme importance in this type of work to prevent any 

accidental contamination.

113. White, W. H., and Alien, T. M., 1954, Copper soil anomalies in the Boundary 

district of British Columbia: Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. Trans., v. 199, p. 

49-52; Min. Eng., v. 6, no. 1, p. 49-52.

The Boundary district was investigated for new ore bodies, and in addition

to the basic detailed geologic work, magnetometer and self-potential surveys were 

made. Potential areas were tested further by a study of copper distribution in

tree twigs and (or) in the soil. A deviation from the regular copper method

using hydroxylamine hydrochloride to remove all oxidizing influences was utilized. Examples of soil anomalies in the Deadwood, Summit, and Phoenix camps 

are described and illustrate some of the main characteristics of copper soil 

anomalies. Most of the area was covered with glacial drift.

The authors drew the following conclusions:

"1. Soil sampling and analysis for copper is a valid technique which properly

can be inciuaed in a program of exploration for copper ore deposits.

"2. Probably its greatest use will be of secondary testing of geological Dets

or anomalies obtained by geophysical methods. The cost, although not prohibitive, still is too high to permit wide use of the technique for primary prospect- ins-

"3. Isolated spot testing is useless, Copper soil anomalies are valid only

When they appear as rational contours on the map of an area that has been

sampled systematically.
GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING ABSTRACTS, JULY 1952-DEC. 1954 391

"4. These anomalies must be interpreted with due regard to the geomorphic 

history of the area. They may correspond closely to the source of the copper, 

 or, alternately, they may have spread and migrated considerable distances. 

Probably in the latter instance a tail could be detected leading back to the 

source of the copper.

"5. In the Boundary district of British Columbia the normal copper content 

of the soil is less than 100 ppm, averaging about 27 ppm. Copper values over 

100 ppm can be considered anomalous. Probably in another district having 

different types of rocks and soils and a different climate other values would 

represent normal and anomalous relations.

"6. A copper soil anomaly does indicate the presence of unusual amounts of 

copper in the underlying and contiguous bedrock, but it does not indicate, necessarily, the presence of a commercial ore body. It follows that a strong anomaly 

is no better indication of an ore body than a weak anomaly."

114. Williams, David, 1954, Geochemical Prospecting Research Centre at the 

Royal School of Mines, Imperial College of Science and Technology: Inst. 

Min. Metallurgy [London], v. 64, pt. 2, p. 51-58.

Plans are presented for a Geochemical Prospecting Research Center to further 

research and development of geochemical techniques of mineral exploration in 

the British territories.

The threefold aim of the Centre is to make critical investigations of known 

geochemical prospecting methods under a variety of conditions, to develop new 

techniques to meet different demands, and to carry out research on the fundamental principles involved in the formation and detection of geochemical dispersions and anomalies. The organization consists essentially of three sections: 

(1) field investigations, (2) routine analyses, and (3) analytical research.

"The purpose of the Analytical Research Laboratories will be to furnish essential analytical procedures that still remain to be developed, to improve existing 

techniques and to overcome difficulties that commonly appear when a procedure 

is applied under novel conditions. The routine Analytical Laboratory will deal 

with large numbers of samples, including those sent in during the course of 

field investigations and the series of trial samples that Geological Surveys and 

Mining companies will be encouraged to collect. The main function of the 

analytical ^actions will be to provide essential services to the field section."

"The Field Section will concern itself primarily with the critical investigation 

of the various geochemical methods in selected field areas, with a view to developing techniques of practical value to mineral exploration."

115. Williams, W. Rees, 1953, Some notes on geochemical correlation with regard 

to copper in the district of Mpwapwa, Tanganyika [abs. of paper presented 

at the Fifth East African Inter-Terr. Geol. Conf., 1952]: Colonial Geology 

and Min. Res. [London] v. 3, no. 3, p. 248.

A brief description is given of work being done by the author in the investigation of copper deposits in Tanganyika. The area in which copper is 

known to occur now includes 1,500 sq. miles in the districts of Mpwapwa, Kongwa, 

and Kilosa. The copper occurs in ultra-basic pegmatite, mica-pegmatite and 

quartz reefs, and has recently been found in mica-pegmatitic rocks of the Basement, basic rocks and felspathic quartzites. Evidence now available indicates 

that in the south the copper occurs in mica-pegmatites, quartz reefs, and acidic 

rocks, whilst in the north it occurs only in ultrabasic rocks.
392 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR MINERALS

All the known occurrences have been sampled and analyses are being carried 

o.ut to determine both the copper content and any significant trace metals, such 

as cobalt and nickel, which might indicate a common centre of origin. The. 

scarps in the area show obvious signs that both iron and copper are very mobile. 

Soil samples have therefore been taken at intervals down the scarp slopes to 

the plains below, where there are numerous cupriferous occurrences. The metal 

content of the soil of the plains may be more closely related to the metal content 

of the rocks in the scarps above than to that of the underlying rocks. On the 

other hand, it might also indicate a long process of copper migrations from a 

secondary ore body below; this is suggested by the minute centres of copperoxidation which are found in the felspathic quartzites occurring at the base of 

one of the scarps of the Mangalissa mountains. Author's abstract.

116. Wilson, H. D. B., 1953, Geology and geochemistry of base metal deposits: 

Econ. Geology, v. 48, no. 5, p. 370-407.

The geochemical character and principles of distribution of the elements hi 

igneous rocks are summarized. The geology and geochemistry of the base 

metals are then discussed in turn. Chromium and titanium are small lithophile 

ions related in size and distribution to ferric iron; thus they are concentrated! 

in early magmatic differentiates associated with ultrabasic and basic rocks,, 

respectively. The thiophile elements nickel, copper, cobalt, zinc, and lead are 

concentrated in sulphide bodies. Immiscible sulphide deposits can separate 

only from ultrabasic and basic magmas because of the solubility of sulphur in 

silicate melts; hence the only thiophile elements that concentrate in the sulphide 

.segregations are copper, nickel, and cobalt which are strongly concentrated in. 

basic rocks and magmas. Nickel sulphide occurs almost entirely in these 

magmatic sulphide ores because of the small size of the nickel ion, but the somewhat larger cobalt and copper ions may be concentrated in liydrothermal as well 

as. magmatic sulphide deposits. The hydrothermal deposits may be typed ac.-

cording to whether they are copper or copper-cobalt, copper-zinc, zinc-copper-lead 

or lead-zinc deposits. Each type is associated with specific compositions of 

igneous rocks or magmas in which the elements are most concentrated because of. 

their geochemical character and association. Many of the principles outlined cam 

be used in assessing deposits and areas for exploration and development. 

Author's abstract. .-...,, r . .. f. f,.. ... ' "i~

117. Yokoyama, Yuji, 1949, Chemical prospecting of manganese deposits: Chem.

Soc. Japan Jour., Pure Chemistry Sec., v. 70, p. 402-403. [Japanese] 

Tlie manganese contents of mineral waters, underground waters, and river

water on the manganese deposit area of Awano town, Tochigi Prefecture, were

determined. Some relations -were found between the Mn contents of the water

and the Mn deposits. It seems possible to prospect the Mn deposits by the

chemical method. K. YmmU, in Chem, Abst,, v* 45, no, 7, co.L 3102,195L
INDEX

Abstract

: Accumulator plants. See Plants, ac- 

; cumulator. 

, Alluvium

.1 Cobalt '__"_"____"_" 14, 36 

Copper .___-" ~'.-'-.'.- 14, 36 

Sampling 37 

Analytical procedures. .See Chemical 

; analysis, Chromograph, 

Spectrochemical analysis, Spectographic analysis.

Arizona - 19, 41 

Arkansas __ 7 

Australia _______ - 21, 22, 23, 24 

Austria ___ . 35, 74 

Background

Determination 37 

Biogepchemical prospecting. See 

Plants, accumulator indicator and tolerant.

Bog and lake deposits :_ 81 

Botanical prospecting. See plants, 

accumulator and indicator and tolerant.

British Columbia__ 1- 100, 103, 113 

Canada -__'.'- 9, 99, 1.01, 104 

Chemical analysis, soils and rocks

Antimony__--_I_-l_ __ 10, 93, 96 

Arsenic__". __- 4, 10, 93

Cobalt____ _______ 3, 43, 93 

Copper _.:_____ ._ 10, 43, 90, 93

Germanium 93 

Heavy metals________ 10, 76, 93

Lead._____________- 10,43,93 

Manganese. - 1_ 10, 93 

Molybdenum '-- _ : 10 

Nickei__lIL_l __ 10, 43 

Niobium _1______"__1_"_ 42, 43, 93, 97

Silver _____________-_ " 5,10 

Tantalum __ ----- 43

Titanium'l_ll_ _ l- ^ 82 

Tungsten __ 10 

Uranium'____________ 43, 73 

Vanadium _ ____ ' 93

Zinc_______-________ 10, 90, 93 

Chemical analysis, water

Copper _ - 50 

Zinc ___' .___1___^__.__ 50 

Chloride - Water" ____'_______' ___ p2

Chromograph _ li-_ 42,43 

Cobalt

Alluvium ____________ 14,36

Glacial cover ' 51. 

Plants _______"________ 55, 56

Residual cover _______ 3, 36, 55, 56 

Water ___ 55

Abstract

Colorado ________________ 75

ColoraUo Plateau __"_'_____;_ 15, 54, 64

Columbium. See Niobium.

Contamination '" ' '

Smoke _____________;_ 19 Copper - 

Alluvium _ . ____________ 14, 36

Glacial cover ______"____ 9,113

Plants ___ 55, 58, 59, 77, 99, 101, 113

Residual cover _1_ 14, 19; 21, 22, 23, 24,

36, '40, 47, 55, 79, 83, 85, 86,

 - ' ' 115

Rocks --__:_ __:__ 41, 58, 66, 75

Snow ________________ 75

Water _::_ 50, 55, 58, 59, 70, 71, 75, 85

Dispersion lialbs, primary. See Leakage" halos,' Wall-rock" halbs.

Elements, gebcliemical indicator__ 35,116 

Cobalt" ___!!_'_". 11 - -^ 52 

Copper ________________ 68, 86 

Chromium _'.!-' L-L1-1____^ 52 

Lead ___1__1_____'.__ __ 68 

Molybdenum _______ L _____ 104 

Nickel __'_______;_____ 104 

Zinc 1 ____________ 68,'83, 86

England _________________ 73

Finland __1___________!__ 57, 58, 59

Fluorspar

Residual coVe'r"_ - ____^____ 68

Glacial cover"1!__1_!_____.___ 9 

Cobalt '_1_I_1I______J___ 51 

Copper __1 __'__'____"_1__ 113

Gold

Res'iduai cover __1'__1_______ 83,86 

Water !_______'________ 83

Heavy metals

Plants _1______!__!_____ 1.11 

Rocks ______________^1_ 70 

WaTer '_"_"_' _"______':___ 8, 25/78, 79,

; " " 100, 102, 105, 107, 110, 112

Idaho ___,__! ____ _ 14,36,47,62,63

Illinois ____^r,_^_^__.-__._^^__ ._ 2, 68

Indicator plants. See Plants, indicator. ... , ..

Iowa -----r- _ ___ -+^---^ ±___'__ 2

Iron ...

Residual cover _______1__ 115 

Water __ _-____ _______ 84

Italy'___1__1_______!__ '-'. . -61

.Japan ________39/44, 45, 48, 50, ,70, 71, 

' 83, 84, 85, 86i 87, '.88', 92J' 117

Kentucky' __ ___"_'111_"_' !'__ . t 68

Lead , " 

Deposits _'_ ____ _'_'_ __L 2 

Residual cover _ 21, 

22, 23, 24, 40, 47, 79, 80, 85

393
394 INDEX

Lead Continued . Abstract 

Rocks _____________- 41, 66,75 

Snow 75 

Water ___________ 75,85

Leakage halos " 37

Lithium

Plants _________ _ "57

Loessal cover_ 68

Manganese

Plants -__ _ _ 68 

Residual cover ___ 87 

Water _________ 84,87,117

Minerals, Indicator

Arsenopyrite __ 63 

Chlorite _____________ 63 

Quartz ___________ __ 63

Molybdenum

Plants ____________ 58,69,108 

Rocks _ 68 

Water _ __ 58

New Mexico __________ 16, 65

Nickel

Plants ______________ 62,58,61,104

Residual cover ______ 52, 55, 61

Rocks _ 58 

Water _ _ 68

Nigeria _____-___________- 80

Niobium

Rocks _______________ 42, 97

Ontario _______________ 32, 61

Pathfinders. See Elements, geochemIcal Indicator.

Peat. See Bog and lake deposits.

Plants, accumulator

Cobalt __ _-________ 55,56

Copper 19, 55, 58, 59, 77, 99,101,113 

Heavy metals ______ 111

Manganese _ 63 

Molybdenum __________ 58, 69,108

Nickel _________ 52, 55, 58, 61, 104

Sampling _________________ 37

Sulfur _________________ 16 

Uranium ________ 0, 15, 10, 17,- 54 

Vanadium _ ____ ___ 15, 54 

Zinc __ _ 58, 59, 77, 99, 101

Plants, indicator

Lithium _____________ 57 

Sampling _ 37 

Selenium __________ 15,16,17, 64 

Sulfur -. __ ____ 17, 64 

Zinc - - 57

Plants, symptoms ______:________ 15 

Plants, tolerant

Selenium _ ___________ 54

Uranium 15

Potassium

Water __._ __ _ 84

Primary halos. See Leakage halos, 

Quebec .___ II.l-_ __-_ 76, 77, 78, 79 

Radioactivity ___________ 32,33

Water

Residual cover Abstract 

Barium _ ____ 68 

Calcium 45- 

Cobalt ________- 14,36, 55, 5» 

Copper ______________ 14.19, 36,

40, 45, 47, 55, 68, 79, 85, 115 

Fluorine 6& 

Iron ________________ 55,115 

Lead ___.__ 31, 40, 47, 68, 79, 80. 85 

Manganese . : - 55. 87 

Nickel _______________ 52,55,61

Sampling 37 

Strontium 68 

Sulfate _________ 45, 88- 

Tantalum 43 

Vanadium ____ 68- 

Zinc ___ 31,40,45,47,68,79,80,85

Reviews of geochemical prospecting

General 13, 18, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 38,

44, 48, 49, 69, 72, 75, 98, 109

Botanical__ 11, 27, 28, 30, 67, 91, 95

Royal School of Mines Research

Center ______ _ 114

Rocks

Copper_______________ 58 

Heavy metals____ ______ 7fr

Molybdenum ____________ 58 

Nickel_______________ 58

Radioactivity____________ 3& 

Silicon _______________ _ 32 

Sulfate__ ____ __ 88 

Tantalum- _________ __ 65-

Thorium______________ 32 

Tin__________________ 46, 60 

Uranium- __ _ ____ 32

Zinc____ _____ ___ 58 

Zirconium ____________ 32

Sampling techniques : 37 

Plants ___ _____ 106

Secondary halos. See residual cover, 

glacial cover, plants.

Selenium

Plants 15, 16, 17, 64

Silver

Residual cover._......_... 83

Water__ _____________ 83

Snow

Copper __ ____________ 75

Lead _________ 75

Zinc _____ _______-______ 75

Soil. See residual cover, glacial

cover. 

Spectrochemlcal analysis

Antimony _ 

Arsenic _

___ 52

. __ _ :_ 52

____ 52 

52 

52

__ 02

___ 52

Germanium __ ________ 52

Lead ____ ________ 52

Manganese _ __ _____ 52

Barium _ :

Blsmutn

Cobalt

Copper

Chromium
INDEX 395

Spectrochemlcal analysis Con. Abstract 

Nickel________ 52

Silver__ _______ 52 

Tin_______________ 46, 52, 89

Vanadium 52

Zinc _________________ 52 

Spectrographic analysis

Lead__ _ 12 

Statistics

Assaying 20 

Sulfate

Residual cover 88

Rocks__ _____ __ 88

Water__ 39, 70, 88, 92 

Su,lfur

Plants ___________ 17, 64

Sweden _ 53 

Tanganyika _ ____ ____ 115 

Tantalum

Rock ________ ________ 65

Tin

Rocks 46, 60, 89 

Trace elements _ 85 

Utah_______________ 15, 17, 81, 66 

Uranium

Plants____________ 6, 15,16,17

Water__ _ _ _ __ 1, 7, 73 

U. S. S. R_______________ 55, 56 

U. S. Geological Survey ____ 93 

Vanadium

Plants___________ _____ 15, 17

Abstract

Wall-rock halos__ _ __ 37, 66 

Water

Calcium ____ _ ____ 53 

Chloride_______________ 92 

Cobalt_________,______ 55 

Copper____39, 55, 58, 59, 70, 71, 85 

Heavy Metals_______ 8, 25, 78, 

79, 100, 102, 105, 107, 110, 112 

Iron_________________ 83, 84 

Lead______ ____ 85 

Manganese__ __ 53, 84, 87, 117 

Molybdenum _ 58 

Nickel________________ 55, 58 

pH______________ 39, 53, 59, 70 

Potassium __ _______ 94 

Radon . 7 

Sampling__ _ ______ 87 

Sulfate________ 39, 45, 70, 88, 92 

Uranium __ 1, 73 

Zinc__ 39, 45, 58, 59, 70, 71, 83, 84, 85 

West Africa_______________ 110 

Wisconsin______ ________ 1, 2 

Zinc

Deposits __ 2 

Glacial soil__ ____ 9 

Plants_____ 57, 58, 59, 77, 99, 101 

Residual cover__40, 47, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86 

Rocks_____________ 41, 58, 66, 75 

Snow______ ,__ 75 

Water__ 50, 58, 59, 70, 71, 75, 83, 84, 85

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987